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msmarco_passage_00_412312981 | Invasive Species » Factors and Effects | Invasive Species » Factors and Effects
Posted by Kayla Mainzer
Factors and Effects
Human Introduction
Invasive species, primarily, are introduced by humans for a numbers of reasons. One reason may be to alleviate another species problem. However, the primary reason for human introduction of certain species is to intensify the competition in different markets. In the fishing market, the Northern Snakehead was originally introduced for a recreational purpose. Since, the Northern Snakehead has spread throughout the state of Virginia and the United States. Other organisms are accidentally introduced, such as the zebra mussel which was released from the ballast tanks of sea-bearing ships from the Baltic Sea of Europe.
Climate Change
Regarding the category of invasive species, one of the major factors affecting invasive species is climate change. Global warming is defined as “a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants”. In the past years, individuals have heard that the effects of global warming are gradually getting worse. From one hundred to fifty years ago, global warming has not been considered a major issue because of a lack of technologies, or at least the mass of technologies (Cars, Factories etc) to be concerned about. As the human population grows, the result is a growth of those technologies. In turn, this will result in an increase in the amount of emissions going in the atmosphere. This increase of emissions may contribute to a greater dispersal of invasive species.
Species-based Factors
In addition to climate change, invasive species are facilitated through a plethora of factors. Once a species in introduced into an environment, it may become invasive in that it has fast growth, rapid sexual reproduction, and high dispersal ability (1). Like the zebra mussel in the United States, invasive species can be migrate into different parts of a country. Similarly, the Northern Snakehead fish was introduced in the Potomac River of Northern Virginia and Maryland. However, this predatory fish has migrated to parts of the Chesapeake Bay, the Rappahannock River, and parts of Florida (2). Because of the high dispersal rate, invasive species become very difficult to limit their scope to just one area. In connection with a high dispersal rate, invasive species disperse at a high rate because of a tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions (1). This can be seen with the Brown Tree Snake on the island of Guam. As a habitat generalist, the Brown Tree Snake does not particularly stay in the forest away from human interaction. The Brown Tree Snake has been found in the glove boxes of Jeeps, on human-placed fences, and on power lines.
Additionally, invasive species are facilitated by an ability to live off of a wide range of food types, thus having a generalist diet (1). On the island of Guam, Brown Tree Snake populations are sustained by the feeding on lizards and the nearly extinct Avifauna of Guam. The Northern Snakehead also consumes many different organisms, such as plankton, aquatic insects, mollusks, other fish (carp), frogs, and small mammals in rare cases (2). Once a species is introduced, it tends to coexist with other organisms until it starts to out-compete many of those same organisms for nutrients and resources. In other cases, an introduced invasive species may be able to access resources that native organisms did not have access to (1).
Ecosystem-based Factors
The primary factor that facilitates invasive species once introduced is the edge effect. Once certain continuous sections of lands is fragmented, a new boundary is made. This boundary creates a set of winners and losers in the ecosystem (1). Because some species cannot cross the threshold of the fragmented land, only the ones impartial to human disturbed can cross the threshold. A prime example of this is the Brown Tree Snake. The Brown Tree Snake is not shy when it comes to fragmented land; it is a habitat generalist which creates a disadvantage for native species unable to cross the newly fragmented land. This ability to cross the threshold of human fragmented land comes from phenotypic plasticity, which is the ability to alter growth form to suit current conditions (1). Seen in the Brown Tree Snake compared to other snakes, its slender body allows it to climb trees and telephone poles. This slenderness is a trait of phenotypic plasticity, thus allowing the Brown Tree Snake to interact and thrive in human disturbed ecosystems.
Effects of Invasive Species
Once certain invasive species are introduced into a new environment, the species can cause adverse effects to many things. Invasive species can alter the function of an ecosystem (1), thus having ecological effects. Invasive plants can alter the fire regimen and nutrient cycling in native ecosystems (1). However, invasive species cause competition among native species, which can result in the endangering of many different species throughout the world. Using the Brown Tree Snake as an example of this, many avian fauna on the island of Guam have gone extinct or are endangered because of the predatory nature of the snake.
In addition to ecological effects, invasive species can have economic effects. Invasive species can benefit different ecosystems in that they can limit pollution in water, allow the restoration efforts of other species, and come allow key genetic aspects that can facilitate sustainable functions of ecosystems (1). However, invasive species can damage human-made infrastructure, such as the zebra mussel clogging up pipes in certain areas of the United States and the destruction of power grids on Guam by the Brown Tree Snake.
Citations
(1) Invasive Species. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species
(2) Snakehead (fish). (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakehead_ (fish)
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msmarco_passage_00_415289833 | Do French Kids Eat Better Than American Kids? - WSJ | Do French Kids Eat Better Than American Kids? - WSJ
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Do French Kids Eat Better Than American Kids?
By Karen Le Billon
April 3, 2012 2:00 pm ET
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Ever heard of cardoons? Don't worry: until our family moved to France for a year, neither had I. It turns out they're a toddler-appropriate variety of artichoke, at least according to the Society of French Pediatricians, which also recommends that parents feed their youngsters other equally quirky vegetables, like salsify (Jerusalem star, a vegetable I'd never even seen, much less thought of giving to my kids).
Early encounters with exotic foods are one reason that French kids eat everything -- or almost. In surveys, they do actually admit to food dislikes, with oysters, beef tongue, cooked endive, turnip, liver, brain (source unspecified), tripe, creamed chestnuts, and kidney (the organ, not the bean) topping the list. Now, with the possible exception of turnip, many American parents (including me) have not tasted most of these foods, much less attempted to feed them to their children. But most French kids are regularly served all sorts of foods -- and are generally happy to eat them. Don't get me wrong: French kids love ice cream, pasta, pizza, fries and ketchup. However, those aren't the only things they eat.
Take, for example, this preschoolers' four-course lunch menu from Versailles (home of the chateau, outside of Paris) last January: sliced radish and corn salad with vinaigrette dressing and black olive garnish; roast guinea fowl with sauteed provencal vegetables and wheat berries; Saint Paulin cheese (a semi-soft, buttery cheese originally made by Trappist monks); with vanilla flan and meringue cookies for dessert.
This menu is not particularly unusual. Six million French children sit down to similar school lunches every day, happily consuming favorites like beet salad. Admittedly, it helps there is only one tasty menu on offer, vending machines are banned, and packed lunches from home are strongly discouraged. It also helps that teachers in France get the same menu as the kids (perhaps an incentive we could use in our battle for tasty, healthy school lunches). But the real reason French kids eat these things is simple: they like them.
We saw this at work in our own family. When we moved to France for a year, my two young daughters were absurdly picky eaters (we counted goldfish crackers as a separate food group). The lessons we learned in French food education (in homes, school, and daycare) had an astounding effect, converting them into happy eaters-of-almost-everything -- from mussels to mackerel, broccoli to beets. But before I allowed myself to be convinced of the French approach, I actually looked up the statistics. Just under half (42%) of French children eat the recommended two-and-a-half cups of fruits and vegetables per day, and many of the rest are pretty close. In contrast, generous estimates suggest that 10% of American children and adolescents meet the recommendations. And keep in mind that just under half of fruit intake in American toddlers is fruit juice, and the most common type of "vegetable" consumed by American kids is the French fry (up to one-half of all vegetables consumed, in some cases).
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msmarco_passage_00_415487987 | Blood Pressure Numbers | Blood Pressure Numbers
Blood Pressure Numbers
What Do Blood Pressure Numbers Mean?
The two numbers that measure your blood pressure are written like a fraction: one number on top and one on the bottom -- for example, 128/82. The number on top is called the "systolic pressure." Systolic blood pressure measures the pressure inside your blood vessels at the moment your heart beats. The number on the bottom is your diastolic pressure. Diastolic blood pressure measures the pressure in your blood vessels between heartbeats, when your heart is resting.
Because your blood pressure changes so often throughout the day, it is best to use more than one reading to figure out your average blood pressure. This is because, from day to day, a person's blood pressure usually fluctuates within a certain range. Posture, exercise, tension, and nicotine use are a few things that can make a person's blood pressure change within a few minutes. Blood pressure can also run high or low in families. When comparing your blood pressure numbers to what's considered "normal," it's important to look at your:
Family history
Overall health
Diet
Lifestyle.
What's Too High?
To find your average blood pressure, you will need to have your blood pressure taken two or more times, and each reading should be from a different day. Anything under 120/80 is considered normal blood pressure, but very low blood pressure can also be a health concern. Average numbers for blood pressure between 120/80 and 139/89 are considered to indicate " prehypertension ." If the average of your blood pressure numbers is more than 140/90, you have high blood pressure.
One reading of more than 140/90, however, doesn't necessarily mean that you have high blood pressure. Although it's likely that your doctor will want to watch your blood pressure over a certain period of time to see if it stays there. You can also have high blood pressure if the average of only one of the numbers in your readings is too high.
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msmarco_passage_00_415500078 | Normal Blood Pressure | Normal Blood Pressure
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Blood Pressure Home > Normal Blood Pressure
Normal Blood Pressure
Many people define normal blood pressure as an average reading of 120/80 or below. An average blood pressure can only be determined when multiple readings are taken over at least three days. Several things (such as lifestyle and family history) can affect a person's blood pressure range. Be mindful of this when comparing your reading to what's considered "normal blood pressure."
Introduction to High Blood Pressure
This video clip offers an introduction to high blood pressure.
Watch This and Other Videos Now >
What Is a Normal Blood Pressure?
Blood pressure is the amount of force (pressure) that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels as it passes through them. Most healthcare providers agree that healthy blood pressure can fall anywhere within the normal blood pressure range. However, blood pressure can also be too high or too low -- both of which can cause problems.
Measuring Blood Pressure
To measure your blood pressure, a fabric cuff is wrapped around your arm and then slightly inflated. The blood pressure is measured by a gauge attached to the cuff. Your healthcare provider reads the numbers from the gauge as air is released from the cuff. The device that reads blood pressure is called a sphygmomanometer. Blood pressure can also be measured with a special machine.
The two numbers that measure your blood pressure are written like a fraction: one number on top and one on the bottom. Healthcare providers consider a normal blood pressure reading to be 120/80 or below. However, it can actually fall anywhere in a range from 90/60 to 120/80 -- it's not just one set number.
The number on top of the reading is called the systolic pressure. It measures the pressure inside your blood vessels at the moment your heart beats. The number on the bottom is your diastolic pressure. It measures the pressure in your blood vessels between heartbeats, when your heart is resting.
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Last updated/reviewed: January 26, 2017
Written by/reviewed by: Arthur Schoenstadt, MD
Last reviewed by: Arthur Schoenstadt, MD
Blood Pressure Information
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood Pressure
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure Numbers
Normal Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure Readings
Taking Blood Pressure
Sphygmomanometer
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msmarco_passage_00_422393752 | Quicksilver Boat Propellers - iboats.com - iboats.com | Quicksilver Boat Propellers - iboats.com - iboats.com
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msmarco_passage_00_42326582 | U.S. "Theft" of Mexican Territory | U.S. "Theft" of Mexican Territory
This section of the site Citizenship Rights has been moved to
Web Editor:
Vernellia R. Randall
Professor of Law
The University of Dayton
Compiled by Chris Schefler
Chris Schefler's Home Page
Did you know that until 1848 California, New Mexico and other portions of the Southwest were internationally recognized provinces of free Mexico, until the U.S. decided it wanted those provinces, declared war on Mexico, and stole them? Read on for the chronology of these events, and then ask yourself : "Who are the real illegal in California?"
Prior to 1822
What is today Mexico, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and California are all Spanish colonies.
1822
Mexican colonists, following the American revolution, rebel against Spain and win their own revolutionary war, making Mexico a free nation just like America.
1844
James Polk campaigns for the U.S. presidency, supporting expansion of U.S. territories into Mexico.
February, 1845
James Polk, on his inagauguration night, confides to his Secretary of the Navy that a principal objective of his presidency is the acquisition of California, which Mexico had been refusing to sell to the U.S. at any price.
Early 1845
The Washington Union, expressing the position of James Polk, writes: "...who can arrest the torrent that will pour onward to the West? The road to California will be open to us. Who will stay the march...?" "A corps of properly organized volunteers...would invade, overrun, and occupy Mexico. They would enable us not only to take California, but to keep it."
Early 1845
John O'Sullivan, editor of the Democratic review writes it is "Our manifest destiny to overspread the continent ...for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions."
Early 1845
James Polk promises Texas he will support moving the historical Texas/Mexico border at the Nueces river 150 miles south to the Rio Grande provided Texas agrees to join the union. "The traditional border between Texas and Mexico had been the Nueces River...and both the United States and Mexico had recognized that as the border." (Zinn, p. 148)
June 30, 1845
James Polk orders troops to march south of the traditional Texas/Mexico border into Mexican inhabited territory, causing Mexicans to flee their villages and abandon their crops in terror.
"Ordering troops to the Rio Grande, into territory inhabited by Mexicans, was clearly a provocation." (Zinn, p. 148)
"President Polk had incited war by sending American soldiers into what was disputed territory, historically controlled and inhabited by Mexicans." (John Schroeder , "Mr. Polk's War")
Early 1846
Colonel Hitchcock, commander of the 3rd Infantry regiment, writes in his diary: "...the United States are the aggressors....We have not one particle of right to be here....It looks as if the government sent a small force on purpose to bring on a war, so as to have a pretext for taking California and as much of this country as it chooses....My heart is not in this business."
May 9, 1846
President Polk tells his cabinet: "...up to this time...we have heard of no open aggression by the Mexican Army."
May 10, 1846
Violence erupts between Mexican and American troops south of the Nueces River. Of course Polk claims Mexicans had fired the first shot, but in his famous "spot resolutions" congressman Abraham Lincoln repeatedly challenges president Polk to name the exact "spot" where Mexicans first attacked American troops. Polk never met the challenge.
May 11, 1846
President Polk urges congress to declare war on Mexico.
May 12, 1846
: Horace Greeley writes in the New York Tribune: "We can easily defeat the armies of Mexico, slaughter them by thousands, and pursue them perhaps to their capital; we can conquer and "annex" their territory; but what then? Who believes that a score of victories over Mexico, the "annexation" of half of her provinces, will give us more Liberty, a purer Morality, a more prosperous Industry...?
1846
Congressman Abraham Lincoln, speaking in a session of congress "...the president unnecessarily and unconstitutionally commenced a war with Mexico....The marching an army into the midst of a peaceful Mexican settlement, frightening the inhabitants away, leaving their growing crops and other property to destruction, to you may appear a perfectly amiable, peaceful, un- provoking procedure; but it does not appear so to us."
after war is underway, the American press comments:
February 11, 1847. The "Congressional Globe" reports: "...We must march from ocean to ocean....We must march from Texas straight to the Pacific ocean....It is the destiny of the white race, it is the destiny of the Anglo-Saxon Race."
The New York Herald: "The universal Yankee Nation can regenerate and disenthrall the people of Mexico in a few years; and we believe it is a part of our destiny to civilize that beautiful country."
American Review writes of Mexicans "yielding to a superior population, insensibly oozing into her territories, changing her customs, and out-living, exterminating her weaker blood."
1846-1848
U.S. Army battles Mexico, not just enforcing the new Texas border at the Rio Grande but capturing Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, and California (as well as marching as far south as Mexico City).
1848
Mexico surrenders on U.S. terms (U.S. takes over ownership of New Mexico, California, an expanded Texas, and more, for a token payment of $15 million, which leads the Whig Intelligencer to report: "We take nothing by conquest....Thank God").
(date unknown)
General Ulysses S. Grant calls the Mexican War "the most unjust war ever undertaken by a stronger nation against a weaker one."
Primary Source: "We take nothing by conquest, Thank God", in A People's History Of the United States, 1492-Present, Howard Zinn, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. (This book is available on the shelf at virtually every bookstore in America. The New York Times Book Review says it "...should be required reading for a new generation of students...." )
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msmarco_passage_00_427898890 | Natural Homemade Laundry Detergent | Bonzai Aphrodite | Natural Homemade Laundry Detergent | Bonzai Aphrodite
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the farm
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Natural Homemade Laundry Detergent
April 28th, 2009 - filed under: The Farm » Home
Just 3 months back I wrote the very first Itty Bitty Bonzai about the dangers of bleach, and included a simple recipe for a homemade substitute. Since then, I’ve been sort of obsessed with diy, non-toxic cleaning solutions. I’ve tinkered and tested and mixed (and messed) so much, I feel like a modern alchemist! But the work has paid off, a nd so finally I’m proud to share this, the first of my many concoctions: Sayward’s Homemade Laundry Soap
This stuff works great! It’s so much safer than synthetic chemical cleaners, and it’s also quite a bit cheaper than pre-made ‘eco-friendly’ detergents. It’s just five simple, all-natural ingredients.
White Vinegar – Vinegar is simply acetic acid: diluted, mild, and edible, but acid nonetheless. As such, it will dissolve dirt, mildew, mineral build-up, and soap scum. Vinegar is something of a wonder cleanser, and you’ll be seeing a lot more of it around here in the near future. Available everywhere.
Baking Soda – Baking soda is another amazing all-purpose cleaner, but it’s also an excellent deodorizer. As well, it softens water and helps to maintain neutral pH so that detergent can work more efficiently. It keeps your colored clothes from fading and also gets whites brighter. Available everywhere, but check the bulk bins at your local co-op.
Washing Soda – Baking soda’s badass cousin. Washing soda is much more alkaline and cuts oils like a pro, so it’s great in the laundry. It also helps to deodorize, but fighting grease and stains is the primary purpose. Look for it in the drug store or supermarket, in with the laundry and cleaning supplies.
Borax – Borax is awesome! It’s a natural stain remover and an excellent alternative to bleach, because it’s an anti-fungal/anti-mold and all-around disinfectant. Coupled with regular soap, it greatly increases cleaning power. Look for it in the drug store or supermarket, in with the laundry and cleaning supplies.
Castile Soap – ‘Castile’ isn’t a brand, but a type of soap: one that is made using only vegetable oils (as opposed to most soaps which render from animal fat). So not only is it vegan and cruelty-free, but it’s much easier on the environment as well. Castile soap is a superior gentle cleanser, and quickly biodegrades. I use Dr. Bronner’s lavender scented soap, and I absolutely adore it. Available at most ‘natural’ stores, and many Trader Joe’s.
Recipe:
1 1/4 cups white vinegar
1 cup baking soda
1 cup washing soda
1 cup borax
1/4 cup liquid castile soap
Mix in a large, non-metal bowl. I re-used (and decorated!) my previous soap tub, which worked great. Start with the vinegar and continuously stir as you add each powder. Try to stir out and break up any clumps. Finish with the liquid soap. It will seem wet, like a thick paste, but keep stirring and it will begin to flake and crumble into a moist ‘powdered detergent’. KEEP STIRRING! If you quit too early, you’ll find a very hard mass the next time you go to use it. So use them biceps and stir it to completion. You’ll end up with a sort of soft clumpy cake-y ‘loaf’, that will easily crumble off for use.
If you use plain non-scented castile soap, you may add a few drops of your favorite essential oil.
Store in a lidded container and use about 1/4 cup per load.
Enjoy, and happy green laundering!
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JM • 8 years ago
The Environmental Working Group rates Borax as an F. Definitely toxic!
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Tristan Chris Heiss JM • 7 years ago
The EWG’s Skin Deep Database lists it as a 5-6 (or moderate hazard), but trying to find the studies they used for their rating proved difficult, and the ones I did find were the nebulous “borax or boric acid” test studies.Borax, also known (most predominately in the way we’re talking about right now) as sodium tetraborate, is a boron mineral and salt that’s mined directly from the ground.
Borax is not boric acid.
That’s where the majority of the online confusion appears. With no surprise; at least half of the studies I’ve found and citations I’ve read have listed their testing matter as “either sodium borate or boric acid.”
The difference between the two is: Boric acid is produced when borax is reacted with another acid (like sulfuric or hydrochloric acid). The result is an acid structure (pH of 5.0), rather than alkaline, as borax is (9.3 pH). (I’m not going to get into the “is boric acid safe or not” question here, because that’s a whole ‘nother can of worms.)
Borax and boric acid are found together in many places, especially volcanic areas where the borax has naturally reacted with sulfur. You can also find both compounds in seawater.
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Tristan Chris Heiss Tristan Chris Heiss • 7 years ago
sometimes 'greenies' are annoying with their incomplete statements... ;)
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the rose JM • 6 years ago
thanks for letting me know that Borax is toxic also it is not cruelty free. so u know by the warning lable on the product hundreds of animal had to suffer to make and package this product. so if u love animals for gods sake please look for the cruelty free sign or a picture of a rabbit.
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ActualChemist • 10 years ago
Nice stuff.
So let me clarify about the vinegar and sodium bicarbonate. This will react and form CO2, and sodium acetate. So the part about acid doing some work is not entirely correct. However, the acetate does help in solubilising certain materials, like calcium salts. In this way it helps getting stuff out of the clothes and into the water, which is exactly what one would want. Good luck optimising your recipies everybody!
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Pól ActualChemist • 5 years ago • edited
How I sigh whenever I see a Vinegar + Bicarb household recipe .
It's basic school chemistry: Acid + Base = Salt + Water + "Ooh look... Bubbles!" - Essentially they cancel each other out! Better to add the Vinegar in the conditioner tray where it adds subsequently with the rinse cycle and acts as a softener. If you live in a hard water area, this also helps dissolve limescale; far more helpful than neutralising the sodium bicarbonate. And no, curiously your clothes won't smell like a bag of chips after!
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Jen (and Ken) • 10 years ago
In a big stock pot Ken mixes 2 cups of washing soda, 2 cups of borax, and 1/4 cup of (Lavender) Bronners, and 20 drops of lavender oil. Then he adds water (half to 3/4 full) and brings it to a soft boil, stirring the whole time. Then pour the whole thing into a 5 gallon bucket and top the bucket off with hot water and cover, leaving it over night. In the morning we pour it into old laundry soap jugs or washed bleach bottles. We also follow up with a Vinegar rinse, adding it to the cycle in our fabric softener place. We use HE washers and wash LOTS of sheets and towels using this and it works like a charm!
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Laetitia Russ Jen (and Ken) • 9 years ago
How mush of this do you use per load?
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479efg Jen (and Ken) • 9 years ago
Yes I'd like to know how much per load too please!
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Sayward Rebhal Mod 479efg • 9 years ago
The full instructions are here - http://bonzaiaphrodite.com/...
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Kristin • 9 years ago
Arm and Hammer tests on animals, and 20 Mule Team borax is made by the Dial Corp., which also tests on animals. You can buy cruelty-free baking soda and borax here: http://www.mountainroseherb...
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Adam • 12 years ago
You know, just as a bit of knowledge here, the vinegar isn't doing anything here. You've neutralized it with the soda, which is basic, so the vinegar is really just detracting from the efficiency of the sodas' cleaning abilities.
You should try it without the vinegar, and see how that goes.
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New mummy • 8 years ago
Borax is poison : ( looking for alternatives - anyone got any?
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Archie New mummy • 7 years ago
Just can't get enough of these "Internet Scientist"..Especially the ones who remind me of "Edith Bunker". Oxygen is a poison Edith so stop breathing.
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SarahP • 8 years ago
THANK YOU for posting a liquid detergent. As silly as it may be, I was super turned off of making my own detergent b/c I don't want to grate a bar of soap when there is awesome castile soap already out there in a usable form. :)
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Jen (and Ken) • 10 years ago
There is a fill line where you put the soap in, but I don't even fill it to full. Maybe 1/2 cup or so?
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Barbara Smith Jen (and Ken) • 4 years ago
how much of your own concoction are you putting into YOUR HE washer machine? I mean...Can you MEASURE it precisely please and tell us?
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Catanya Curry • 8 years ago
I'm a bit confused because you are NOT suppose to mix vinegar and castile soap... Could you please explain how this works, mixing them?
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Catanya Curry Catanya Curry • 8 years ago
http://lisa.drbronner.com/?...
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Sayward Rebhal Mod Catanya Curry • 8 years ago
I don't know what to tell you. This laundry detergent definitely works, no doubt. I guess if you're really concerned you can leave out the vinegar, and just add it as a rinse agent? Buuuuut . . . you're not actually gonna make this, right?
I'm reworking this recipe anyway since I'm no longer using borax.
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Melynda Sayward Rebhal • 8 years ago
I reworked my recipe to eliminate borax, too. I had been using a powder recipe similar to this one you posted. I made two new versions, both powder (because I read somewhere washing soda stays potent longer in powder form). The stronger version is 1.5 cups of washing soda and one bar of Dr. Bronner's Castile soap grated fine. I used the side of my box grater with the pokey things and the soap basically turned to powder. I used the citrus scent of soap and added 10 drops of lemon essential oil. This stronger one is not as strong as the borax recipe, but that's fine with me because my blacks were fading fast and my new sweater was pilling like crazy. It seems to be strong enough to get clothes clean. For a gentler version (delicate clothes, sensitive skin) I used 1 cup of baking soda, 1 cup of washing soda, one bar of lavender Castile soap, and ten drops of lavender essential oil. I also read Lisa Bronner's advice on never mixing vinegar with Castile soap and I pour vinegar in the fabric softener dispenser to use as a rinse agent. I've used each of these several times and I'm happy with them. I hope this helps your efforts in reworking your recipe!
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Sayward Rebhal Mod Melynda • 8 years ago
Ooh thanks for this Melynda!
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Sharon Catanya Curry • 6 years ago
The vinegar actually clashes with the castile soap - causing the soap to become all oily and yuck.
If you message the people from Dr Bronner they can give you more information - more accurate information but it is highly discouraged...
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Sharon Sharon • 6 years ago
Using vinegar and castile soap together is highly discouraged.
Messaging the Dr Bronner website is a good idea :)
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RandyAllison Stapleton • 6 years ago
can this be used in HE machines
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Sayward • 12 years ago
@ Alex - The lavender odor is pretty strong. My clothes definitely carry the scent, although I wouldn't say it's overwhelming at all. Maybe instead you could try the plain castile (that's the one they carry at Trader Joe's) and add a drop of essential oil. I bet something citrus-y would be really nice.
@ Amber - Of course! And let me know how it goes.
@ sarah - Thank you! The start-up of this project can be a bit higher, since each of the ingredients come in a big box of its own. Still, you'll have enough to last forever - definitely worth a little investment (probably still under $20).
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Darlene Bocek • 9 years ago
I made this today. Well, when we mix it up, it forms bubbles (I suppose that is the CO2), but then those evaporate, I guess. (I've heard that carbonated water is useful for removing some stains) I mixed all these dry ingredients and ended up with 10 loads worth (2.5 cups of detergent). I wondered about why to add the vinegar at this point. Am still wondering about adding it along with the powdered soap, so that the CO2 happens in the washer as it is already washing. I was also wondering about the chemistry of having to stir so long. What exactly is happening? Are we waiting for the vinegar to evaporate? For a new compound to form? Would appreciate any pointers or advice from people who know...
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Sayward Rebhal Mod Darlene Bocek • 9 years ago
The stirring just keeps the solution from hardening into one solid mass. It's not necessary for the mixture to be effective. Sometimes I skip the stirring and just chip off my laundry powder with a chisel, as needed. =)
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Kaitniss Trust • 5 years ago
Will the results be the same if I replace Borax with Hydrogen Peroxide?
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Alec Leamas • 5 years ago
Why add white vinegar with the two forms of soda? Doesn't the washing and baking soda neutralizer the acid in the vinegar?
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Melissa Corcoran • 6 years ago
I heard that mixing vinegar and castile soap is not good. I forgot the reason besides when mixed they get clumpy like spiked milk. Buy something along the lines that they are both used for the same reason and when u put them together thwy basically void each other out bis this true? Have you had any issues with mixing or with using in an HE washer?
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Natb • 6 years ago
I have read that Castile soap is a base and vinegar is an acid which cancels each other out. How does the solution not do the same?
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Eli • 6 years ago
Have you ever thought about using or could you use powdered vinegar??? Thanks eojr2@yahoo.com thanks
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Xzigalia • 6 years ago
Vegetable oils are NOT cruelty free! Most of time, vegetable oils are palm oil or a palm oil blend (though the US has a lot of corn oil, too). Palm oil is causing massive deforestation, threatening the habitat of the orangutan and has a high carbon footprint. Tallow, on the other hand, is a byproduct of beef or pork from animals that are being slaughtered for food. Unfortunately, vegan does not always mean eco-friendly and cruelty-free. Don't follow a label or a type of product blindly. Know your origins.
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Sayward Rebhal Mod Xzigalia • 6 years ago
I'd like to see *any* reputable source that would back up your statement that "most vegetable oils are palm oil".
Most (like, the vast majority) of commercial vegetable oils are either soy, corn, or canola. icky in their own right, but not imported from the other side of the world, and definitely not contributing to the habitat destruction of orangutans.
This is taken directly from Dr Bronner's web site.
"Why is palm kernel oil now in the liquid soap? Is it sustainable?
As our company continues to grow, we are able to partner with more and more organic & Fair Trade projects around the world, thereby supporting organic farming practices, fair wages, and economic development. Adding Organic & Fair Trade Palm Kernel Oil to our soaps allows us to support the good work being done by Natural Habitats in Ecuador, where small-scale farmers grow oil palms sustainably and receive a fair price for their palm fruits. Because the fatty acid profile of coconut and palm kernel oils are so similar, they can used interchangeably in soapmaking, where they produce an identical rich and copious lather.
No rainforest habitat or wildlife is harmed in the production of their palm kernel oil, and Natural Habitats is certified under IMO’s “Fair for Life” program, the most rigorous fair trade and sustainable certification in the world, that also certifies Dr. Bronner’s existing fair trade coconut and palm oil sister companies, Serendipol and Serendipalm.
Extensive careful evaluation and blind customer trials have confirmed that using a small amount of palm kernel oil alongside coconut oil results in no change to our soaps’ unsurpassed quality. Thus we are excited to partner with Natural Habitiats and small-holder farmers who demonstrate how to produce palm kernel oil sustainably, and support their families and communities over the long-term."
I think your heart is in the right place, but you need to educate yourself before you attack people and spread misinformation.
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Xzigalia Sayward Rebhal • 6 years ago
I typed a reply but it disappeared, so I'll just re-post the links:
http://libcloud.s3.amazonaw...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wik...
There are over 200 names for palm oil and its derivatives. Many of these used to be made from tallow and milk but now aren't, as palm is cheaper and Vegan. The most common ones are Sodium Laureth / Lauryl Sulfate, Capric / Caprylic Acid, Cetyl Alcohol, Magnesium Stearate and Glycerin. Usually these ingredients can be made from animal derivatives, palm and coconut oils (as they can be made into fatty acids), or synthetically. Palm's usually the cheapest.
I'm allergic to the stuff, I do know my facts.
Coffee Creamer, Whipped Topping, soap, shampoo, most cosmetics, and most household cleaners have it. Look for creaminess in Vegan foods. Foaming agents in detergents. Moisturising and lubricating ingredients in cosmetics. I had to look through three countries to find a toothpaste. I wash my hair with baking soda too.
Certified sustainable is great, but like organic and free-range claims, there is a lot of greenwashing, and often it's nowhere near as ethical as it seems. I have Vegan friends and we have learned, sadly, that sometimes the Vegan alternative is worse (like vinyl instead of leather, because it pollutes our oceans for thousands of years). But that doesn't mean that another alternative can't be found (like natural rubber latex!)
I've had no choice but to look for natural household alternatives due to the mind-boggling number of products palm oil is in. I'm really glad about the discoveries I've made, but there is still a lot I can't find or make yet. It's in working together that we can find the best alternatives, and warn each other of anything we're worried about.
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Jamie • 6 years ago
Has anyone tried this with cloth diapers?
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Sayward Rebhal Mod Jamie • 6 years ago
This is what I used on my cloth diapers! With the occasional bioklean oxygen bleach to freshen them up.
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mummyrabbit • 6 years ago
I want to modify this recipe to take put the washing soda and borax, so how much of the other ingredients do I use?
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Steve Medeiros • 6 years ago
Some washers get enticed to buy laundry detergents in store because of its artificial fragrance. However, artificial fragrances can trigger asthma and allergy.
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Sara • 6 years ago
DON’T ADD VINEGER TO CASTILE SOAP:
Definitely DO NOT Do this as an acid-base reaction will
occur between the acetic acid and all the alkali ingredients in the detergent,
you'll get a nice foaming reaction, a bit of carbon dioxide will come off, and
you'll be left with a useless neutral mix of chemicals. Adding Vinegar
to castile soap totally will deactivate your soap. Instead, add the vinegar to
the rinse cycle of your laundry machine, or use vinegar as a final rinse after
washing your hair with Castile Soap, or even use vinegar as a rinse after
washing the floor with Castile Soap. But, if you combine castile soap with vinegar,
just like mentioned above, you will be left with a deactivated soap that is now
a neutral mix of chemicals. A lot of recipes are floating around the internet
claiming to add vinegar to the recipe. You will only be burning your hard
earned money if you do this. Vinegar is totally meant to be used after the initial
application of the castile soap, and then the vinegar will wash down any leftover
soap reside and so on…
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FrustratedSkeptic • 6 years ago
I love looking for DIY recipes for household chemical products so that I can use a simple set of bulk materials. This reduces cost, is more efficient, and allows me to use ingredients I know are rather benign to both the environment and myself. However, in doing this research I am simply appalled at the amount of ignorance displayed by those claiming to do this research and know how to make such recipes. For instance, a commenter on here mentioned that EWG (environmental WORRY group) rates borax as toxic, which is, forgive my french, complete bullsh*t. Commenters are not the only ones guilty of ignorance of basic chemistry, whoever posted this recipe is as well. Vinegar is acetic acid, and as its name implies it is an ACID. Borax (sodium borate), washing soda (sodium carbonate), and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), are all BASES. Now, if you took a basic chemistry class, you would know that acid and bases are on opposite sides of the PH scale. Adding an acid to a base reduces the effectiveness of each. This, and the fact that acid is often more harmful to many household objects, is why most commercial cleaning products have a higher PH (they are basic-Soaps, washing soda etc) or are compatible with higher PH products (ethers, solvents).
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Sayward Rebhal Mod FrustratedSkeptic • 6 years ago
Lolz
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Liv • 7 years ago
to JM where on EWG did you find that? I always thought borax was very eco conscious if you could give a link I would so appreciate it!
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Ninisoxan • 7 years ago
Hi, I'm not a hippie, thought I should clarify first. But I'm looking for ways to clean my house and my family, that are safe for the environment, because that is what I'll leave for my kids, and ways that will not harm my family's health
I heard of making soap with the ashes of the fireplace, just ashes from burnt wood
Putting those ashes with boling water, in a big bat (sorry, I don't remember the ratio, think it was 1-3, but not sure) and leaving it for two days, they also gave the tip of placing a potato, to see if it sinks or floats as a way to know if it was ready
After that they skimmed the solution, getting rid of the water, and were left with a sort of slippery gel that was ready to use as soap, for laundry, dishes and house cleaning
I suppose the Castile soap would be better for personal use, but this recipe has no chemicals
For white clothes, if you wash, and don't rinse but hang dry outside, so the sun can "bleach" your clothes, leaving them all afternoon, specially when the sun is at its strongest, noon, and rewash afterwards, you will have really white clothes
And for cleaning the house, I just use vinegar and water, the smell fades within half an hour, but it desinfects well
And for the shower/tub, I mix dawn dish detergent with vinegar, half and half, on a spray bottle, spray on your tub, leave for an hour, and then rinse while whipping, no need to scrub
Hope someone has the recipe for the burnt wood soap, and hope this helps someone
Have a nice day to all
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Sara Danielle Marlin • 7 years ago
Can I make this recipe and then add gain fabric softener for the scent?
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colleen • 7 years ago
Have you made a new recipe without borax yet?
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Sayward Rebhal Mod colleen • 7 years ago
Not yet, eep! I will definitely post it when I do!
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mhikl Sayward Rebhal • 7 years ago
Sayward, may I suggest that you check out Walter Last’s “The Borax Conspiracy” at
http://www.health-science-s...
I have been using Borax in my homemade laundry detergent for years and I and my dog consume it daily in small dosages. It is purported to clean out mites and such from the dog’s fur. My Corgi’s fur gets powdered in it regularly to make sure she is clean of mites etc. I use it to dust my carpets, rake it in leaving it there for a day or two and then vacuum it up. I also use it in a mixture of baking soda, magnesium chloride and iodine added to some water to bathe my skin, daily. (See Mark Sircus) I do not dry it off but let my skin dry on its own. I understand that it is unlikely to be absorbed by the skin, but I have some eczema on my legs which is mostly gone and I suspect it is the borax on the open sores that is helping.
It is needed for stronger teeth and bones and other functions you will find on Walter’s site. It has anti-fungus, bacterial (slight), mould, parasitical and other good properties. It along with baking soda is my tooth paste.
I also wipe my walls in my kitchen with a solution of borax and I no longer get those darn little flies sticking around if I miss wiping a spot that has a sugary treat for them and my beer tins no longer house the little pests. Bugs and borax do not get along.
If thou do make up a laundry detergent recipe nix the Borax, please keep your other one available. I have it by memory and in safe keeping elsewhere but those in the know will want to use the borax recipe. And here, good lady, is another informative site I am sure you will find interesting—the lady does her research. http://www.earthclinic.com/...
Namaste and care,
mhikl
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Gazou • 8 years ago
You should look up Borax on Wikipedia, see the section on toxicity.
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This blog is a collection of my own musings and is not meant to displace or augment professional direction. Bonzai Aphrodite is not responsible for the use or misuse of information presented here. Knowledge is power, so do your own research and always consult with a specialist.
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msmarco_passage_00_429644865 | Boonville-Oneida County Fair | Boonville-Oneida County Fair
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We’ll see you July 27th – August 1st, 2021
133rd Annual
Boonville Oneida County Fair
Just In:
All Acts Scheduled for 2020 will be Rescheduled for the 2021 Fair including
Jo Dee Messina and Mark Wills!
Ticket sales date is yet to be determined.
Go to Etix to check for availability .
Jo Dee Messina and Mark Wills
Rescheduled – July 31st, 2021
Check ETIX for ticket availability
A passionate, high-energy performer, Jo Dee has nine No. 1 hits, sixteen Top 40 songs, sold over five million albums worldwide, and was honored by the ACM Awards, CMA Awards, and GRAMMY Awards
Multi-Platinum recording artist and ACM Winner Mark Wills has captivated fans for more than two decades. His seven albums have garnered 16 billboard-charting singles.
Learn More
We look forward to seeing you July 27 – August 1, 2021!
“Our concern is is first and foremost the safety and well being of each and every person, attendees and volunteers who make each year’s fair a success,” President Dave Hyatt said. “It’s impossible for us to adhere to all of the CDC standards and recommendations and still provide a safe and entertaining event.”
A big country music show was scheduled for Saturday night of the Fair, featuring Jo Dee Messina and Mark Wills, just one of several entertainment acts that Hyatt hopes will still return for 2021. “Everyone has different schedules,” he said. “We’re hoping that we can keep all of the entertainment that we had scheduled for this year and get them to come next year.”
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msmarco_passage_00_434572390 | Helen holding her Oscar, 1955 - World Leader 1946-1968 - Helen Keller Kids Museum | Helen holding her Oscar, 1955 - World Leader 1946-1968 - Helen Keller Kids Museum
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Helen holding her Oscar, 1955
Helen's life has been the subject of movies, books, and plays for many decades. In 1955, Helen received an Academy Award for the documentary about her life, Helen Keller in Her Story (originally called The Unconquered ). In 1959, Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke starred in the Broadway play The Miracle Worker. The play, written by William Gibson, was based on Anne's earliest efforts to teach Helen how to communicate. Three years later, Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke starred in a movie version of the play. Both women won Academy Awards for their performances.
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msmarco_passage_00_437191514 | Jessica Hecht | Breaking Bad Wiki | Fandom | Jessica Hecht | Breaking Bad Wiki | Fandom
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Jessica Hecht is the American actress who plays Gretchen Schwartz on Breaking Bad. She is married to director Adam Bernstein .
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msmarco_passage_00_440073993 | Quarter Horse Stallions – Bridgeman Land & Livestock | Quarter Horse Stallions – Bridgeman Land & Livestock
Quarter Horse Stallions
At Bridgeman Land & Livestock we stand nine American Quarter Horse breeding stallions.
Disposition, personality, and trainability are all qualities that we breed for. Our horses are easy to train and go on to have many different careers. They can be used for simple trail riding horses or can go on to be top show or rodeo horses. Quality is our main focus. They must be conformationally correct as well as having a sound mind. Horses from our program have gone on to be AQHA point earners, futurity winners, and great youth horses.
Silky TA Fame
Silky TA Fame a 2015 palomino stallion was purchased in October 2017 and his first foals are expected in spring 2019.
By Dash TA Fame who is the number 1 leading barrel horse sire.
Out of Silky French Pie by Frenchmans Guy who is the number 2 Leading barrel horse sire. Silky french pie was the 2006 leading 5yr old futurity horse with earnings over $40,000.00.
Gage is very athletic with a super disposition. Gage is the most athletic horse Kristy says she has ever ridden. He is running a nice pattern and Kristy hopes to get him out to some jackpots and maybe some Derby's this summer and fall. Tyler is going to start heading some steers as well as we think he will excel at this.
Pedigree
Brays Eye Full
Brays Eye Full was introduced in 2013 from Oklahoma. He is a son of Mr Eye Opener who has a SI of 106 and has sired multiple race and barrel racing winners. "Dillon's" dam is a daughter of First Down Kelly that has a SI of 93. "Dillon" was never raced due to an injury as a yearling.
Dillon's foals are proving to be very trainable and athletic.
He sired the 2015 NDNBHA 1D Champion "Bullys First Bug". She is also an NDRA and RRA Ladies barrel racing finals qualifier in 2017.
Foals are eligible for the CBHI and Western Fortunes incentives.
Pedigree
SDP Snow Man
SDP Snow Man was introduced into our program in 2015.
He is a son of TR Dual Rey out of RW Snow Kitty who is a daughter of High Brow Cat out of a daughter of Docs Stylish Oak.
"Snow Man" was lightly shown in the cutting pen before we purchased him.
We are riding some of his foals and have some customers riding some. They are athletic, trainable and willing. Look for some at the rope horse futurities in fall 2021.
Pedigree
MBar Blue
MBar Blue was introduced into our program in 2018
With bloodlines of Two Eyed Jack and Leo "Blue" has sired a few rope horses already for his previous owner. We are looking forward to crossing him with some of our Boggies Flashy Dell and MRH Fancy Money daughters to produce some head horses.
Pedigree
HA Chairmans Prophet
HA Chairmans Prophet is a 2005 Chestnut stallion by IM Chairman out of Peppy Rey Jean an own daughter of Peppy San Badger.
His foals are great looking and very trainable.
His foals are very cowy and proving to be great rope horses.
Dancin Doc Doll from his first foal crop is a saddle winner and multiple jackpot & rodeo money winner as a heel horse.
Pedigree
Mitos Apache Ghost
Mitos Apache Ghost a 2012 Perlino stallion by Mitos Perfection.
Ghost produces lots of color with very correct conformation and great dispositions. We haven't kept many as they are usually sold as babies but are hearing great things from customers about their trainability.
Pedigree
Boggies Wrangler
Boggies Wrangler a 2015 Buckskin stallion by Boggies Flashy Dell out of a daughter of Solanos Peppy San who is out of a Two Eyed Twister mare
Wrangler's first foal crop was in 2020. He was ridden as a 3 yr old with hopes to keep going but he had other duties to fulfill in summer 2019 when another stud got hurt. He is a very kind, athletic horse that is siring some really well put together colorful babies.
Boggies Wrangler Quarter Horse (allbreedpedigree.com)
Mitos Mister Sonny
Mitos Mister Sonny a 2012 bay stallion by Mitos Perfection out of KSC Bugs Alive on of our programs greatest broodmares.
Pedigree
Lenas Wild Cat 1997-2018
Lenas Wild Cat adds the foundation bloodlines into our program. He is registered with the National Foundation Quarter Horse Association as well as the AQHA. The NFQHA recognizes horses that have ancestors that were the founding sires of the Quarter Horse breed. With this they are trying to bring back the traditional style Quarter Horse also.
He is an 87% foundation buckskin stallion with bloodlines of Doc O'Lena and Peppy San.
He sires very gentle, easy going foals that always come up to you in the pasture and really love people.
Pedigree
Leo Drift Ash - Deceased
Leo Drift Ash a 1998 AQHA Buckskin stallion by Ciderwood. Double bred Driftwood. Ciderwood is a 3/4 brother to Wilywood.
Horses with these bloodlines have proven themselves as team roping horses, barrel horses, tie down horses and great using type ranch horses.
Pedigree
Mitos Perfection 1991-2013
Mitos Perfection Mito was our main stallion since 1995.
He was a buckskin son of Mito Cody that sired easy going, trainable foals. Mitos foals have been very well regarded by anyone who has ever owned one for their personality and gentle way of doing things. He has sired AQHA point earners as well as many futurity winners as well as ranch horse competition winners and rope horses.
We have a number of his daughter in our broodmare band who are crossing very well on our other stallions!
Pedigree
MRH Fancy Money 1999-2018
MRH Fancy Money a 1999 AQHA Red Dun stallion by On The Money Red. On The Money Red was the 2002 leading sire of barrel horses and continued to stay on the top 10 leading sire list long past his death. "Boomer's" dam goes back to Easy Jet, Triple Chick, Flit Bar and King.
Boomer was a 1D/rodeo money earner himself until Kristy retired him from the arena.
Sire of multiple 1D horses that can drag calves in the branding pen or head a steer too.
Moneys Superman is a Pro Rodeo winner & money earner in Canada & the US as well as a multiple large jackpot 1D winner.
Money At Par was the 2014 NAERIC Barrels of Cash futurity champion.
Foals are eligible for the CBHI and Western Fortunes incentives.
Pedigree
Boggies Flashy Dell 1999-2017
Boggies Flashy Dell was a buckskin stallion by Boggies Flashy Jac who's offsprings earnings exceed $400,000 in reining earnings.
"Flashy" himself was shown in reining and is an AQHA point earner in that event.
His foals are trainable and extremely athletic. Many have great cow sense and are being used in a variety of events excelling in team roping and barrel raching.
Flashy sired the 2016 MBRA Open 1D Champion Boggies Sheza Lady
Pedigree |
msmarco_passage_00_442011138 | Fiber-Optic Internet In the United States at a Glance | Fiber-Optic Internet In the United States at a Glance
Fiber-Optic Internet in the USA
Written by
Tyler Cooper
Mar 23, 2021
Enter your zip code below to find providers in your area.
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32%
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The biggest benefit of fiber is that it can offer much faster speeds over much longer distances than traditional copper-based technologies like DSL and cable.
While fiber is the fastest home internet option by far, availability is still scattered. Due to the high cost of installing fiber service directly to homes, even major cities are still predominantly served by cable. Chicago, for example, only has 21% fiber availability as of 2020. Dallas has about 61% — and that’s actually high availability compared to other major metros in the US.
For more details about the number of fiber optic providers and what communities they serve, we’ve compiled a full list of a every provider offering fiber optic internet service in the United States. We’ve also developed a ranking of cities with the most FTTH infrastructure.
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If you’re in a fiber-rich city like Atlanta (58%) or Denver (46%), fiber will generally provide the fastest speeds at a price point comparable to high-end cable service in fiber-poor areas. Fiber internet is particularly useful for large homes with multiple users, and for work-from-home setups.
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Because fiber broadband is the fastest internet available, you can transfer large amounts of data quickly and seamlessly. This means that whether you are watching a movie on Netflix or video chatting with family in Asia or Europe your connection will be seamless and quick (provided they are on fiber too).
Next Generation Technology
Because fiber-optics uses light instead of electricity to transmit data, the frequencies that are used are much higher and the data capacity is much greater. The fiber-optic cable itself is made from glass or plastic which is not susceptible to electromagnetic interference like metal cables. This allows data to flow over great distances without degrading. Interference and energy loss is the limiting factor for all types of communication transmissions and fiber optics handles these factors much better than other modes of transmission. In the future, more and more of our world will be connected via fiber optics as we outgrow older copper-based infrastructures. Cities like Brooklyn New York and Kansas City have already moved nearly all homes onto fiber networks. Even though Google Fiber has struggled to maintain profits and withdrawn from some cities in recent years, incumbent providers like AT&T and Verizon are still expanding fiber footprints in markets like Richmond and San Diego.
Limitations of Fiber
New Infrastructure Requirements
The biggest limitation hindering widespread fiber optic adoption is the cost requirements of implementing new fiber optic lines when old infrastructures such as DSL and cable are still serving customers.
Installing a new fiber optic network is a large capital expenditure for service providers. However, as the cost to maintain aging copper networks increases over time, more and more will choose to upgrade to fiber if not purely for financial reasons. Of course as consumer demand for better and faster broadband increases, service providers will have to install fiber-optic networks to meet that demand. Our mission is to bring that power to the consumer.
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What is fiber broadband?
Fiber broadband is the fastest method of delivering high-speed Internet to residences and businesses.
Similar to DSL, cable, and fixed wireless, fiber broadband connections bridge the “last mile” between the mainstream Internet “backbone” and customer residences.
Fiber broadband connections bridge the “last mile” between the mainstream Internet “backbone” and customer residences.
BROADBANDNOW
While DSL and cable utilize existing phone and TV infrastructure to transmit data as frequency “vibrations” over copper wires, fiber networks transmit data using light over specialized cables packed with glass fibers. [1]
Frequencies over airwaves vs Frequencies over copper vs Light over fiber-optic cable
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Light moves very fast (186,000 miles per second, to be specific), enabling speeds up to 1,000 Megabits (one Gigabit) per second on fiber-optic networks — almost 100 times faster than the US broadband average of 11.7 Megabit per second. [2]
Consumers think of fiber as a new technology, but the Internet “backbone” network connecting cities and countries has been built with fiber-optic cables since the dawn of the Internet. The first submarine fiber-optic cable connected the US to France and Britain back in 1988, and hundreds currently criss-cross the ocean floor all around the world. [3]
Fiber submarine map
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The only thing that’s “new” about fiber broadband is the use of fiber-optic cables to connect the “last mile” directly to consumer residencies, which has been slow to expand due to the high cost of installing new cable networks. Some of the first FTTH networks were installed by incumbent providers like Verizon Fios, who started building out consumer fiber service in the early 2000s and expanded into markets like Baltimore and Boston at the turn of the decade.
How fiber optic cables work
The Digital data is packaged in zeros and ones, also called “binary.” Everything you see when you surf the Web is the product of streams of binary information — like the dots and dashes of morse code.
Transmitting that stream of binary data via light pulses is straightforward: a pulse means 1, no pulse represents 0.
Binary Pulse
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Fiber-optic cables are designed to transmit those pulses quickly over long distances.
The inside of a fiber-optic cable is packed with optical fibers made of glass, each about as thick as a human hair. Light particles that enter one end of an individual fiber exit at the other side.
A transmitter at one end of the fiber transmits light pulses as ultra-fast LED or laser pulses. A single flash can travel as far as 60 miles before it begins to degrade. [4]
This is possible because of a light phenomena called “total internal reflection.” Below a critical angle, light particles “bounce” within the fiber, like a marble dropped down a long pipe. Each fiber is wrapped in a layer of glass or plastic “cladding” that has a lower optical density than the core fiber, causing total internal reflection to occur where they meet.
Fiber total internal reflection
BROADBANDNOW
When light pulses reach the end of the fiber a receiver translates them back into binary data.
Anatomy of a fiber-optic cable
Individual optical fibers are surrounded by several layers of material that strengthen, protect, and help keep light from escaping.
Single Optical Fiber
BROADBANDNOW
A typical fiber-optic cable is packed with dozens to hundreds of individual optical fibers, allowing a high volume of data to travel over a single connection.
Single-Mode vs Multimode
There are two types of optical fiber: single-mode and multimode.
Single-mode has a smaller core and carries laser diode transmissions over large distances. Multimode transmits LED light through a bigger core, where light “bounces” in multiple paths over shorter distances.
Multimode is significantly cheaper than single-mode, making it common for shorter distances within city networks.
Single-Mode fiber vs Multimode fiber
BROADBANDNOW
Cable Construction: Ribbon vs Loose Tube
Complete fiber-optic cables come in two basic varieties: ribbon and loose tube.
Ribbon is cheaper and packs fibers more closely, while loose tube offers more padding and protection against the elements.
There are many different sizes and varieties of cables available in either type, but the concept is always the same: bundles of fibers wrapped in protective material.
Note that these examples are not representative of all cable products — there will be less or more protective layers based on application purpose, and the number of fibers contained in a cable can be anywhere from two to several hundred.
Cable Construction: Ribbon
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Cable Construction: Loose Tube
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Fiber-Optic Cables are Color Coded
When all the fibers within a cable are of the same type, the cable’s outer layer will be color-coded accordingly. Additionally, individual bundles of fiber within the cable are color-coded so installers can identify which interior bundles to connect when splicing cables together. [5]
Color coded fiber-optic cables
BROADBANDNOW
Simplex vs Duplex
Fiber-optic connections usually go two ways, so cables are sold in two packaging styles: simplex and duplex.
Simplex vs Duplex
BROADBANDNOW
Duplex cables include two separate fiber-optic cables connected by the outer coating, with two entry/exits on either end. Data only flows in one direction on either cable, making them a good fit for high-traffic connections like backbone ports, fiber switches and servers.
Dark Fiber
Cables are often installed with additional unused fibers. These “dark fibers” can be lit up in the future if more capacity is needed. This makes fiber-optic networks highly scalable compared to DSL or coaxial cable, allowing a network to easily grow without burying additional cables. Dark fiber was installed rapidly during the original dot-com boom. As a result, cities like Washington DC have huge quantities of dark fiber still “unlit.”
Components of a fiber-optic network
Components of a fiber-optic network
BROADBANDNOW
Fiber-optic cable: Cable that carries data as light pulses from one place to another.
Transmitter: Device that translates digital signal into light pulses and sends them through a fiber-optic cable. Some transmitters can send multiple signals simultaneously using different wavelengths (colors) of light, multiplying the capacity of a single optical fiber. This technique is called Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM).
Receiver: Device that translates light pulses into digital signal for delivery to a digital device. When WDM is used, the receiver is designed to translate multiple wavelengths from a single optical fiber.
Amplifier: Device that amplifies light signals within a fiber-optic network. Amplifiers are used when the cable is too long for a single pulse to reach the other end undiminished — for example, connections between cities, or submarine cables connecting continents. [6]
Note that transmitters/receivers are often contained in the same product — called a transceiver — since data will usually go both ways on a simplex fiber-optic cable.
Connection Types
Companies that sell fiber broadband often describe themselves as “100% fiber networks”.
That term is misleading because there are several tiers of fiber broadband service recognized by the FCC, and most of them switch to coaxial or ethernet cable at some point between the ISP office and your modem jack. [7]
Fiber Connection Types
BROADBANDNOW
Implementation Challenges
High cost
The biggest challenge to the growth of fiber broadband in the US is the high cost of installing it. This has hamstrung expansion by carriers like Verizon and caused even major innovators like Google Fiber to back out of some markets citing cost to deploy. Fios ultimately sold large parts of their network to other carriers, primarily Frontier, in cities like Tampa, Florida.
The FCC recognizes the high cost of laying cable as a “substantial barrier” to broadband infrastructure growth in the US. [8] Analysts estimate the cost of Google Fiber’s nationwide expansion plan to be $3,000–$8,000 per home. [9]
High competition
The increased viability of services like fixed wireless for “last mile” could cut into the market for high-speed cable alternatives.
Companies like Starry Wireless are currently experimenting with urban wireless service that could rival wired broadband speeds.
Lobbyists and politics
Fiber is a common choice for cities that want to invest in municipal public broadband infrastructure.
Unfortunately, complex state laws (many created under pressure from telecom lobbyists) often prohibit cities from installing their own fiber, on the grounds that it puts them in competition with private businesses. [10]
Pros and Cons of Fiber broadband
pros
Highly scalable
Next-generation 1Gb speeds
Resistant to electrical interference like storms that affect DSL, cable & wireless
cons
Expensive to install
Speeds dramatically higher than average subscriber needs
More fragile than coaxial cable
Largest Fiber Providers
AT&T Fiber
11.12% Coverage
> 11.12
Verizon Fios
10.74% Coverage
> 10.74
Crown Castle Fiber
10.70% Coverage
> 10.70
EarthLink Fiber
10.31% Coverage
> 10.31
CenturyLink
5.78% Coverage
> 5.78
Frontier Communications
2.95% Coverage
> 2.95
Monmouth Telephone & Telegraph
2.57% Coverage
> 2.57
States with the most Fiber coverage
Rhode Island
84.2% Coverage
84.2
District of Columbia
74.8% Coverage
74.8
New Jersey
68.4% Coverage
68.4
New York
64.3% Coverage
64.3
Colorado
63.7% Coverage
63.7
Maryland
61.8% Coverage
61.8
Delaware
56.6% Coverage
56.6
Fiber Providers: Availability by State
State
Population Covered
% Population Covered
# of Providers
Alabama
1,452,590
29.6%
74 Fiber Providers
Alaska
66,725
8.9%
25 Fiber Providers
Arizona
3,815,838
55.6%
59 Fiber Providers
Arkansas
676,225
22.4%
65 Fiber Providers
California
13,430,815
34.7%
126 Fiber Providers
Colorado
3,397,324
63.7%
101 Fiber Providers
Connecticut
314,461
8.7%
35 Fiber Providers
Delaware
533,065
56.6%
26 Fiber Providers
District of Columbia
466,800
74.8%
43 Fiber Providers
Florida
7,708,484
38.8%
115 Fiber Providers
Georgia
4,827,677
47.0%
130 Fiber Providers
Hawaii
796,954
56.1%
16 Fiber Providers
Idaho
224,785
13.5%
55 Fiber Providers
Illinois
2,537,025
19.5%
147 Fiber Providers
Indiana
2,561,885
38.6%
103 Fiber Providers
Iowa
1,128,587
36.4%
215 Fiber Providers
Kansas
1,209,386
41.4%
102 Fiber Providers
Kentucky
2,019,122
45.3%
82 Fiber Providers
Louisiana
1,236,556
26.9%
58 Fiber Providers
Maine
91,685
6.8%
35 Fiber Providers
Maryland
3,690,331
61.8%
68 Fiber Providers
Massachusetts
2,893,829
43.6%
55 Fiber Providers
Michigan
2,860,670
29.1%
108 Fiber Providers
Minnesota
1,550,568
28.4%
136 Fiber Providers
Mississippi
882,196
29.3%
52 Fiber Providers
Missouri
2,130,463
34.7%
114 Fiber Providers
Montana
167,526
16.3%
40 Fiber Providers
Nebraska
702,777
37.4%
78 Fiber Providers
Nevada
590,258
20.1%
51 Fiber Providers
New Hampshire
417,224
31.1%
30 Fiber Providers
New Jersey
6,107,398
68.4%
66 Fiber Providers
New Mexico
325,978
15.1%
54 Fiber Providers
New York
12,588,966
64.3%
120 Fiber Providers
North Carolina
3,889,101
38.4%
97 Fiber Providers
North Dakota
317,832
45.9%
41 Fiber Providers
Ohio
2,930,958
25.3%
109 Fiber Providers
Oklahoma
991,314
25.5%
84 Fiber Providers
Oregon
1,816,322
45.5%
87 Fiber Providers
Pennsylvania
5,693,397
44.2%
94 Fiber Providers
Puerto Rico
26,786
0.7%
11 Fiber Providers
Rhode Island
884,393
84.2%
25 Fiber Providers
South Carolina
1,517,756
31.2%
56 Fiber Providers
South Dakota
285,360
33.9%
54 Fiber Providers
Tennessee
3,060,886
46.3%
102 Fiber Providers
Texas
11,148,425
41.3%
190 Fiber Providers
Utah
1,267,873
42.5%
54 Fiber Providers
Vermont
143,803
22.8%
26 Fiber Providers
Virginia
4,311,377
51.5%
106 Fiber Providers
Washington
2,796,125
39.5%
102 Fiber Providers
West Virginia
95,911
5.1%
32 Fiber Providers
Wisconsin
1,204,555
20.7%
113 Fiber Providers
Wyoming
80,448
13.6%
31 Fiber Providers
Written by Tyler Cooper
Tyler Cooper is the Editor-in-chief at BroadbandNow. He has more than a decade of experience in the telecom industry, and has been writing about broadband issues such as the digital divide, net neutrality, cybersecurity and internet access since 2015.
Originally Published: 2020-09-15 |
msmarco_passage_00_443334719 | Clearing Thick Mucus From Bronchial Tubes | Clearing Thick Mucus From Bronchial Tubes
Suffering from Cough that Just Doesn't Go Away?
Cough... Cough... Cough... It just lingers for weeks and doesn't stop. The coughing doesn't let you sleep and makes you feel weak and exhausted. The doctor told you it's bronchitis, gave you some pills that don't help. You don't know what to do anymore...
Read this site in detail and discover how to soothe your COUGHING ATTACKS!
clearing thick mucus from bronchial tubes
What is Bronchitis?
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the air tubes that deliver air to the lungs. There are two types of bronchitis:
Acute bronchitis is ussually caused by a viral infection and may begin after a cold. It begins with a dry cough. After a few days it progresses to a productive cough. The cough may last up to several weeks.
Chronic bronchitis is caused by exposure to tobacco smoke or other irritants. Inflammation and extra mucus cause severe coughing. Phlegm production and inflammation over many years may lead to permanent lung damage.
clearing thick mucus from bronchial tubes proved to be the foundation for the writing of this page. We have used all facts and definitions of clearing thick mucus from bronchial tubes to produce worthwhile reading material for you.
Bronchial Cough Relief and Lung Support
Bronovil kit is a set of three natural products beneficial for anyone suffering from persistent cough.
Bronchial Cough Relief Drops is a pharmaceutical grade medicine formulated to gently soothe your cough. †
Respiratory Health Formula is a supplement formulated to support strong immune system and respiratory health. *
Soothing Chest Cream is formulated with eucaliptus, pepermint and lavender to open up airways and soothe and comfort irritated lungs. *
Bronovil Bronchial Cough Relief
Bronovil Bronchial Cough Relief is a pharmaceutical grade medicine formulated to gently soothe your cough.
Used for relief of
Dry tickling cough †
Congestive cough †
Rattling cough †
Immune system support †
Expectorant †
Recurring coughing attacks †
Dry barking cough †
Bronovil Bronchial Cough Relief is a non-prescrition medicine, formulated with officially recognized active homeopathic ingredients, as listed in the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS), which is an FDA-recognized compendium for homeopathic medicine. U.S. government required disclaimer: There is no scientific evidence that homeopathic products work and product's claims are based only on theories of homeopathy from the 1700s that are not accepted by most modern medical experts. Important Product limitations .
Bronovil Respiratory Health Supplement
Bronovil dietary supplement was formulated to support respiratory health in several ways: *
Strengthen immune system to help faster recovery*
Soothe respiratory system with natural botanicals*
Relieve minor pains without feeling drowsy*
Help clear up your lungs by thinning mucus so you can breathe better*
Fight inflamation with anti-inflammatory flavonoids*
Read about important product limitations before ordering.
Ingredients in Bronovil Bronchial Cough Relief
Bronovil Bronchial Cough Relief is a homeopathic medicine that contains active ingredients that are listed in the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States (HPUS).
Active ingredients purpose as per homeopathic Materia Medica †
Antimonium tartaricum .............................. Rattling cough †
Coccus cacti .................................................. Congestive cough †
Drosera .......................................................... Dry tickling cough †
Echinacea ...................................................... Immune system support †
Hepar sulphuris calcareum ........................ Expectorant †
Pertussinum ................................................. Recurring coughing attacks †
Spongia tosta ............................................... Dry barking cough †
Important Product limitations
† No statements or other information contained on this Website have been evaluated or approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These statements are based upon traditional homeopathic practice. Homeopathic remedies may not be effective for everyone. Always use our natural products as a complement to your physician’s guidance and counsel. U.S. government required disclaimer: There is no scientific evidence that homeopathic products work and product's claims are based only on theories of homeopathy from the 1700s that are not accepted by most modern medical experts.
Ingredients in Bronovil Respiratory Health Formula
Bronovil Respiratory Health Formula contains natural ingredients from plants, trees or herbs. Bronovil's gentle herbal formula helps stimulate the immune system and activate natural killer cells enabling the body's own defense mechanism.*
PELARGONIUM SIDOIDES is a medical plant native to Africa. Clinical studies suggest it supports respiratory heatlh [1,2,3,4]. Additionally it supports the immune system. [5] *
WILD CHERRY is native to North America. Native Americans traditionally used it to treat lung complaints. Later, European settlers used it in respiratory syrups. [24] It contains prussic acid, that calms the coughing reflex. [25] *
N-ACETYLCYSTEINE (NAC) is an amino acid found in eggs. NAC is widely used in Europe for lung health. Clinical studies have found that NAC supports healthy respiratory system [7,8,9,10]. It thins mucus and helps clear up lungs [7]. NAC protects lung tissue through its anti-oxidant activity [12] .*
QUERCETIN is a flavonoid present in apples, citrus fruits and strawberries. It is the secret behind the saying "An apple a day keeps the doctor away" . Quercetin has amazing health-supporting antioxidant effects. Studies have shown better lung function for people with high apple (with Quercetin) intake [13,14,15]. It helps balance out the negative effects of pollution in our lungs.*
MULLEIN is plant growing in Europe and Asia. Mullein leaf has been used in Europe for thousands of years as a remedy for the respiratory tract. It is approved by the Commission E (European equivalent of FDA) for respiratory support. The saponins in mullein help discharge of phlegm from the lungs [16]. *
REISHI mushroom is called "the mushroom of immortality" in China. It has been used in Oriental Medicine for lung health for over 2,000 years. In one study of more than 2000 Chinese people who took reishi within two weeks, 90% felt better [17]. Reishi contains immune-enhancing polysaccharides.*
PANAX GINSENG is a plant growing in Asia that contains ginsenosides, which have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits. In one study patients that took ginseng showed recuced bacterial counts the bronchial systems [18]. Another study showed ginseng may help support the immune system [19] .*
BROMELAIN is an enzyme found in pineapples. Bromelain is beneficial in supporting respiratory health because of its powerful anti-inflammatory and mucus thinning properties. It reduces phlegm in lungs. Double blind clinical trial found that 85% of patients taking bromelain showed an improvement in breathing [20] .*
BUTTERBUR plat grows in northern parts of Europe and Russia. For many centuries Butterbur has been used as an herbal remedy for lung health. A clinical study showed that Butterbur may help improve lung ventilation [21].
ZINC & SELENIUM are minerals found plentiful in nuts. They are vital to the production of the two most powerful anti-oxidant and anti-aging enzymes in the body. That's why they are essential for a strong immune system. A study showed that patients who received zinc and selenium had improved respiratory health [23] .*
Order Today and Receieve
20 Proven Tips for Healing Bronchitis e-book
$19.99 value yours at No Cost
In this e-book, you'll learn about 20 key tips to stop bronchitis in its tracks. This no-nonsense e-book offers practical advice on what YOU can do today to feel better instantly.
How to stop coughing
How to strengthen your immune system
How to prevent secondary infection
How to stop nausea
How to avoid lung irritants
Remedies that will make you feel better
A must-read for those who want to put an end to a painful inconvenience today.
Order now and receive this free e-book INSTANTLY by email, so that you can start applying the advice and START FEELING BETTER TODAY!
Read about important product limitations before ordering.
Patience was exercised in this article on clearing thick mucus from bronchial tubes. Without patience, it would not have been possible to write extensively on clearing thick mucus from bronchial tubes.
100% Satisfaction Guarantee
We stand behind our products! All Bronovil products are manufactured in FDA registered facilities that exceed the highest standards for quality control, safety and ingredient purity.
Try our product for 60 days. If you don't see a significant improvement, simply send us your unused portion and we'll promptly return EVERY PENNY, including original shipping costs.
Money Back Guarantee
Try our product for 60 days. If you don't see a significant improvement, simply send us your unused portion and we'll promptly return EVERY PENNY, including original shipping costs.
60 Day Money Back Guarantee.
We refund both opened and unopened bottles.
Your order ships the same or next business day.
We never sell your personal information to anyone.
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Purchase Bronovil Products with Confidence
with 60 Days Money Back Guarantee
Choose Your Package
Bronchial Cough Relief Kit
Combo for MAXIMUM RELIEF
Bronchial Relief Drops
Respiratory Health Formula
Soothing Chest Cream
Important product limitations.
$249.95 - 3 Month Supply
$169.95 - 2 Month Supply
$99.95 - 1 Month Supply
$79.95 - Monthly Autoship
Bronchial Cough Relief
per homeopathic Materia Medica used for
Congestive cough *
Dry tickling cough *
Immune system support *
Expectorant *
Recurring coughing attacks *
Important product limitations.
$37.95
Respiratory Health Formula
soothe the respiratory system *
strengthen your immune system *
relieve minor pain *
help clear up your lungs *
reduce inflammation *
Important product limitations.
$47.95
Soothing Chest Cream
Botanical formula designed to
Soothe irritated lungs *
Open up airways *
Expel mucus from the lungs *
Important product limitations.
$17.95
LEGAL DISCLAIMERS
† No statements or other information contained on this Website have been evaluated or approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These statements are based upon traditional homeopathic practice. Homeopathic remedies may not be effective for everyone. Not every user will experience relief for one or more of the symptoms intended to be treated by any product promoted on this website. Always use our natural products as a complement to your physician’s guidance and counsel. U.S. government required disclaimer: There is no scientific evidence that homeopathic products work and product's claims are based only on theories of homeopathy from the 1700s that are not accepted by most modern medical experts.
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
NO PRODUCT SOLD FROM THIS WEBSITE IS INTENDED TO TREAT, CURE OR PREVENT ANY DISEASE AND WE DO NOT MAKE ANY CLAIMS TO THIS EFFECT. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD YOU USE ANY OF THE PRODUCTS SOLD FROM THIS WEBSITE AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR SEEKING MEDICAL TREATMENT OR DIAGNOSIS OR PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL ADVICE. WE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES TO YOU FOR ANY TYPE OF DAMAGES YOU MAY INCUR, OF WHATEVER KIND OR NATURE, FROM ANY PRODUCTS THAT YOU OBTAIN THROUGH THIS WEBSITE.
|
msmarco_passage_00_449912015 | In What Hours Are Coffee Futures Traded? | Budgeting Money - The Nest | In What Hours Are Coffee Futures Traded? | Budgeting Money - The Nest
In What Hours Are Coffee Futures Traded?
Euro vs. Dollar Futures
i
Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
After picking up you daily dose of caffeine at the local coffee shop each morning, you might want to find a way to earn some of that money back. With coffee futures you can make a leveraged bet on the price action of the beans that go into your daily brew. Unlike the stock markets, electronic futures trading operates nearly around the clock from 6 p.m. Sunday to 5:15 p.m. Friday, 5 1/2 days a week.
Coffee Futures Contract
The Coffee C futures contract calls for the delivery of 37,500 lbs. of Arabica coffee. The quoted price is in dollars per pound with a minimum increment of 5/100ths of a cent or 0.0005 cent. For example, on a day in April 2013, the futures price was $1.3715, making one coffee contract worth $51,431.25. Pit trading of the Coffee C futures takes place on the London and New York trading floors of the Intercontinental Exchange -- ICE. An electronic version of the coffee futures also trades on the CME Globex system.
ICE Trading Hours
Floor trading of coffee futures occurs simultaneously in London and New York. On the London ICE trading floor, trading hours are 8:30 a.m. to 7 p.m. Monday through Friday. This means trading in New York starts at 3:30 a.m. Eastern Time and goes until 2 p.m. Traders working in the New York coffee trading pit go to work very early in the morning, and probably need some of what they are selling. If you want to trade coffee, the electronic trading hours will be more convenient.
CME Globex Trading Hours
The CME Globex is an electronic futures system that extends the available trading hours beyond the pit hours to provide almost 24-hour trading. The NYMEX Coffee futures -- as it is called by the CME Group -- starts trading at 6 p.m. Eastern Time on Sunday and continues until 5:15 p.m. Friday, except for 45-minute breaks starting at 5:15 p.m. Monday through Thursday. The 45-minute breaks are used by the exchange and brokers to update accounts.
Trading a Coffee Contract
You can trade coffee futures by opening an account with a registered commodity futures broker. Futures contracts trade in either direction. If you think the price of coffee is going up, you can buy one or more contracts. If you think the price will fall, you can "sell to open." The opposite orders -- sell and buy, respectively -- close out the positions in your account. The broker will require you to put up an exchange-mandated margin deposit for each contract you trade. On a day in early April 2013, the coffee futures margin amount was $4,950. The use of margin allows you to trade coffee futures with just a 10 percent deposit on the contract value.
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References
ICE: Coffee C Futures
CME Group: NYMEX Coffee Futures
Writer Bio
Tim Plaehn has been writing financial, investment and trading articles and blogs since 2007. His work has appeared online at Seeking Alpha, Marketwatch.com and various other websites. Plaehn has a bachelor's degree in mathematics from the U.S. Air Force Academy. |
msmarco_passage_00_450663136 | How Much Can a Married Couple Put in Their IRA Every Year? | Budgeting Money - The Nest | How Much Can a Married Couple Put in Their IRA Every Year? | Budgeting Money - The Nest
How Much Can a Married Couple Put in Their IRA Every Year?
Can My Wife Have an IRA?
i
Jupiterimages/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images
Retirement is expensive. So, unless you are relying on a large inheritance to carry you though, you'll need to save as much as possible for retirement during your working years. The government encourages people to save as much as possible by providing a tax break on the contributions made to an IRA, or individual retirement account. But, the Internal Revenue Service sets limits on how much you can contribute each year to an IRA. There are different limits for single taxpayers and married couples because the government recognizes a couple will likely need twice as much money to retire on than one person.
Contribution Limits
The maximum anyone under the age of 50 can contribute to an IRA is $5,000 per year. The maximum limit for couples is $10,000, and it doesn't matter if that comes from one person or both. IRS rules allow married couples to each make the maximum contribution even if one of the spouses didn't work that year or earn any income.
Income Requirements
Even if only one of the spouses earned income during the tax year, the income reported to the IRS must be greater than the combined contributions the couple makes to their IRA. In other words, if a couple earned $8,000 in a year, but makes a $9,000 total contribution to one or more IRAs, it would raise red flags with the IRS.
Income Limits
The IRS uses a Modified Adjusted Gross Income calculation to determine your IRA eligibility. Married couples making more than $173,000 can't contribute to a Roth IRA. The rules are different for traditional IRAs. Anyone with sufficient income can contribute the maximum amount to a traditional IRA in any year -- the only question is whether the contribution is tax deductible. As of the 2012 tax year, for example, married couples who are covered by retirement plans at work lose their tax deduction on IRA contributions once their income reaches $92,000. But married couples who have no retirement plans at work can deduct their IRA contributions no matter how much they make.
Over 50 Rules
If you're looking for one more reason to grow old together, you might find one with a slightly bigger IRA contribution. The maximum contributions for single filers goes up to $6,000 when you turn 50. If your spouse is also at least that old, your couple's cap goes up to $12,000.
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References
Moolanomy: 2011-2012 IRA Contribution Limits for Traditional and Roth IRAs
Smart Money: An IRA Primer
Writer Bio
Tim Grant has been a journalist since 1989 and has worked for several daily newspapers, including the Charleston "Post & Courier," the "Savannah News-Press," the "Spartanburg Herald-Journal," the "St. Petersburg Times" and the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette." He has covered a variety of subjects and beats, including crime, government, education, religion and business. He graduated from The Citadel with a Bachelor of Science in business administration. |
msmarco_passage_00_456617261 | Admission Requirements and Application Procedures | Bulletin | Marquette University
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Admission Requirements
Admission Requirements and Application Procedures
Select the emailaddress below to ask a question of an admissions official at the School of Dentistry.dentaladmit@mu.edu
Admission Requirements
Marquette University School of Dentistry requires the successful completion of a minimum of 90 semester hours or 135 quarter hours from an accredited college or university.
The following are scholastic requirements:
Chemistry— 16 semester hours (24 quarter hours)
Eight semester hours (at least two courses) in general inorganic chemistry including laboratory work are required. A course in quantitative and qualitative analysis may be accepted in lieu of one course in general inorganic chemistry. Eight hours of organic chemistry (at least two courses) including laboratory work are required.
Physics— 8 semester hours (12 quarter hours)
College physics courses including laboratory work are required.
Biology— 8 semester hours (12 quarter hours)
Zoology and a course in comparative vertebrate anatomy are preferred but not mandatory. Only four semester hours of botany or that portion of a general biology course pertaining to botany apply toward the biology requirement. Laboratory work must be included.
English— 6 semester hours (9 quarter hours)
Six semester hours of English. Composition, literature and/or comparative literature fulfill the requirement.
Biochemistry— 3 semester hours (5 quarter hours)
Three semester hours in biochemistry. This course must be taken at a four-year institution. Laboratory work is not required.
Note: The School of Dentistry does not accept AP course work for prerequisite science requirements. All requirements must be completed before students begin their freshman year in the School of Dentistry. Any exceptions to this policy must be approved by the dean or designee.
Recommended Electives
Suggested pre-doctoral science electives include anatomy, cell biology, genetics, microbiology and physiology. Math courses are suggested in preparation for physics and advanced chemistry.
Students are advised to gain, through their college studies, an understanding and an appreciation of various cultural backgrounds in preparation for their futures as professionals and community leaders.
With these ideas in mind, it is recommended that courses in English composition and literature, speech, history, philosophy, sociology, political science, economics, psychology, second language and the like be included in the schedule of pre-dental studies.
Application Procedures
Application for admission to Marquette University School of Dentistry may be made through the Associated American Dental Schools Application Service (AADSAS). All AADSAS applicants must submit an online application. The application may be accessed at www.ADEA.orgin mid-May and should be submitted in early June prior to the year for which admission is being sought. Individuals who do not have computer access should contact AADSAS by phone at (202) 289-7201or (800) 353-2237or by mail at 655 K Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington, D.C. 20001.
The completed application should be submitted to AADSAS in the month of June. For optimum consideration, completed credentials should be received no later than Sept. 1.
After completing the AADSAS application, the student should forward a $45 processing/application fee to the Marquette University School of Dentistry as soon as possible. Three letters of recommendation (at least two from science professors) should be submitted to AADSAS. Qualified candidates that the Admissions Committee chooses to pursue are invited for personal interviews that occur during October and November.
Every applicant is required to take the Dental Admissions Test (DAT). The computerized DAT is offered, by appointment, through the Dental Admissions Testing Program and local Prometric Testing Centers across the country. Applications for the DAT may be obtained by writing to: Department of Testing Services, American Dental Association, 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611 or online at www.ada.orgor www.adea.org.
All students entering the Marquette University School of Dentistry must be immunized against Hepatitis B, measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) and tetanus-diphtheria. Students who do not have proof of immunization are required to show immunity through a blood titer. A negative or equivocal blood titer result on any of these vaccine-preventable diseases requires students to be vaccinated. Students are also required to have an annual TB skin test and show immunity to varicella-zoster through a blood titer. Students should receive immunizations through their personal physician or contact MU Student Health Services for further information. Students are also required to provide proof of health insurance coverage.
The School of Dentistry’s Admissions Committee accepts applicants based on scholarship, Dental Admission Test scores, a personal interview and the applicant’s overall suitability for the study of dentistry. An applicant may be accepted provisionally, pending receipt of the grades earned in the balance of courses taken or the results of the Dental Admission Test. All test scores, as well as complete and final transcripts from colleges and universities previously attended, must be submitted before a student finally enrolls in classes. No consideration is given to an applicant with an outstanding balance of $3,000 or more owed to Marquette University.
Accepted applicants must respond in writing within the deadlines stated in the letter of acceptance. A $1,000 non-refundable deposit is required to reserve an applicant’s position in the class. Special deposit and insurance fees are required of international students.
Admission for International Students
International students must submit the necessary application forms, fees, official transcripts and any other items that are required by the School of Dentistry. All documents must be issued by the appropriate source and must bear fresh-ink printing, signatures, stamp, seal or other mark of certification as an official document. All materials not in the English language must be accompanied by official language translations.
International students must also have an adequate command of both written and spoken English. If English was not the language of a student’s formal education, the student must take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) administered by the Educational Testing Service or submit other evidence of English proficiency. Information concerning the TOEFL can be obtained from: TOEFL; Box 6155; Princeton, NJ 08541-6155, U.S.A, or www.ets.org/toefl
Once accepted, prospective dental students who are not citizens or lawful permanent residents of the United States work with the Office of International Education toward completion of the university and student legal arrangements required before enrollment. Each prospective Marquette F-1 or J-1 visa student must document financial resources for the full duration of the Marquette program before the student’s required Certificate of Eligibility can be issued for subsequent governmental arrangements.
Non-immigrant students must abide by the regulations of their legal status in the United States, including those regarding their defined educational objectives, academic load and employment. Students are to consult with the Office of International Education regarding maintenance of proper legal status throughout the years of dental education.
Minority and/or Disadvantaged Applicants
Prospective students who consider themselves socioeconomically disadvantaged and/or from racial minority groups are encouraged to utilize the services of the Office of Diversity and Inclusion. The School of Dentistry’s commitment to the recruitment, retention and graduation of underrepresented minority dentists has been in operation since 1977. Services and activities for students include application assistance, tutorial support and academic and personal counseling. Contact the Office of Diversity and Inclusionfor more information about programs and services for disadvantaged and/or minority students.
Advanced Standing Admissions
Transfer Admissions
Students who desire a transfer to the Marquette University School of Dentistry from another recognized School of Dentistry must submit to the Admissions Committee official transcripts of their dental school and pre-dental college and/or university records along with their application and application fee. In addition, transfer applicants must submit the results of their DAT and National Board, Part I score (if taken). Most importantly, a letter from the dean of the dental school stating rationale for the requested transfer is also required. Students seeking a transfer must complete three years of study at Marquette.
Foreign Trained Dentists
Dentists, who were trained in countries outside the United States, but wish to practice here, may apply for advanced standing admissions. These candidates are required to complete three years of study at Marquette. Interested parties may apply through the Centralized Application for Advanced Placement for International Dentists (CAAPID). The CAAPID application may be accessed at www.adea.org.Along with an application and application fee, these candidates are also required to submit a translated, course-by-course evaluation of their dental school transcripts, three letters of recommendation and TOEFL test results, if English was not the language of the student’s formal education. National Board, Part I results are strictly required. Selected candidates are invited for an interview with the Admissions Committee.
Note:Any candidate accepted with advanced standing is required to complete three years of study at Marquette. These candidates join the rising freshman class after acceptance. (Limited spaces may be available on an annual basis.)
Residency for Tuition Purposes Policy
To be considered a resident for tuition purposes, in the state of Wisconsin, you must meet one of the following criteria:
Graduate from a Wisconsin high school and maintain residency in the state of Wisconsin.
Graduate from a Wisconsin high school and still have at least one parent residing in the state of Wisconsin for at least 12 continuous months preceding the beginning of the term to which the student plans to enroll. If both parents are deceased, the last surviving parent must have resided in Wisconsin at the time of their death.
Live in Wisconsin for a period of at least 12 continuous months, immediately preceding the beginning of the term to which the student plans to enroll. Students may not complete course work at any educational institution during this 12-month period. Wisconsin state income taxes must have been filed as a full-year resident of Wisconsin for this period.
Be the spouse or dependent of a person who was relocated to the state of Wisconsin by their current employer for full-time, permanent employment. The position must have been offered and accepted prior to making the move to Wisconsin and prior to the spouse or dependent applying for admission.
The determination of residency for tuition purposes is only necessary for students entering as first-time freshmen. The state subsidy is not available for students who enter as advanced standing or transfer students.
Note:Wisconsin residency requirements for tuition purposes differ from those requirements for taxes, voting, etc. Any questions regarding the appropriate determination of residency for tuition purposes may be directed to the State of Wisconsin Higher Educational Aids Board.
Minimum Technical Standards Policy for Admissions and Matriculation at MUSOD
The Marquette University School of Dentistry is committed to the principle of diversity in all areas. In that spirit, admission to the School is open to all qualified individuals and complies with section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act (1993).
The Marquette University School of Dentistry recognizes the award of a Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.) degree carries with it the full authority of the institution and communicates to those who might seek the services of the bearer that they are competent to practice dentistry. The D.D.S. degree is unique in that the graduate is prepared and, upon licensure, is allowed to practice all disciplines of the dental profession. This requires that the student acquire didactic knowledge as well as learning skills and attitudes essential to the profession and agreed upon by the faculty as requisite for the practice of dentistry. The student requires both cognitive and technical skills to negotiate the curriculum.
The Marquette University School of Dentistry is aware of the unique nature of the dental curriculum. Applicants must possess the skills and abilities that allow them to successfully complete the course of study and receive the full benefit of the education. In the process the student is required to manage or perform treatment on the patients of the school. The school has the responsibility of ensuring the well-being of patients. This includes the completion of treatment safely and within an acceptable amount of time. With this in mind, the student must be able to meet the following technical standards with or without accommodation.
Standards:
1. Motor Skills
General: Candidates and students must have sufficient motor functions to execute movements reasonably required to provide general care and treatment to patients within an acceptable amount of time.
Specific: A candidate must possess the motor skills necessary to directly perform palpation, percussion, auscultation and other diagnostic maneuvers, basic laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures. Such actions require coordination of gross and fine muscular movements, equilibrium and functional uses of the senses of touch and vision.
Specific: A candidate must be able to perform basic life support (including CPR), transfer and position disabled patients, physically restrain adults who lack motor control and position and reposition self around patients. A candidate must be able to operate controls utilizing fine movements, operate high or low speed dental instruments within less than one millimeter and utilize hand instruments (including scalpels for surgical procedures).
2. Sensory/Observation
General: A candidate must be able to acquire a defined level of required information as presented through demonstrations and experiences in the basic and dental sciences.
Specific: This includes, but is not limited to, information conveyed through physiologic and pharmacological demonstrations in animals; and microbiological cultures and microscopic images of microorganisms and tissues in normal and pathologic states. A candidate must be able to acquire information from written documents and to visualize information presented in images from paper, films, slides, video and computer. A candidate must be able to interpret unannotated radiographs (X-rays) and other graphic images, with or without the use of assistive devices. A candidate must have functional use of visual, auditory and somatic sensation while being enhanced by the functional use of sensory modalities.
General: A candidate must be able to observe a patient accurately, at a distance and close at hand and observe and appreciate auditory and non-verbal communications when performing dental operations or administering medications.
Specific: A candidate must be able to perform visual and tactile dental examinations and treatment, including use of visual acuity, accommodation and vision to discern the differences and variations in color, shape and general appearance between normal and abnormal, soft and hard tissues. Use of tactile senses may be by direct palpation or indirect through instrumentation. A candidate must also possess the visual acuity to read charts, records, small print and handwritten notation and distinguish variations in colors intra- and extra-orally. A candidate must be able to sense and distinguish sounds for patient safety, both verbal- and non-verbal including, but not limited to, a verbal request for help, non-verbal sounds of distress such as choking and sounds of equipment problems or failure.
3. Communication
General: A candidate must be able to communicate effectively and sensitively with patients and/or guardian; convey or exchange information at a level allowing development of a health history; identify problems presented; explain alternative solutions; and give directions during treatment and post-treatment. For effective patient treatment, the candidate must be able to communicate effectively and efficiently with all members of the health care team, orally and in writing.
Specific: A candidate must have sufficient facility with English to retrieve information from literature, computerized data bases and lectures, to communicate concepts on written exams and patient charts; elicit patient backgrounds; describe patient changes in moods, activity and posture; and coordinate patient care with all members of the health care team.
4. Cognitive
General: A candidate must be able to measure, calculate, reason, analyze, integrate and synthesize. Specific: A candidate must be able to comprehend three-dimensional relationships and to understand the spatial relationships of structures. Problem solving, a critical skill demanded of a dentist, requires all of these intellectual abilities. A candidate must be able to perform these problem-solving skills in a timely fashion for effective patient treatment.
5. Behavioral
General: A candidate must possess the emotional health required for full utilization of their intellectual abilities, the exercise of good judgment, maintenance of patient confidentiality, the prompt completion of all responsibilities attendant to the diagnosis and care of patients and the development of mature, sensitive and effective relationships with patients.
Specific: A candidate recognizes the curriculum is physically, mentally and emotionally taxing. They must be able to tolerate demanding workloads, to include functioning effectively under stress, adapting to changing environments, displaying flexibility and learning to function in the face of uncertainties inherent in the clinical problems of patients. Compassion, integrity, concern for others, interpersonal skills, interest and motivation are all personal qualities that are assessed during the admission and educational processes. A candidate must also be able to manage apprehensive patients with a range of moods and behaviors in a tactful, congenial, personal manner so as not to alienate or antagonize them. A candidate must reasonably be expected to accept criticism and respond by appropriate modification of behavior.
The school considers for admission any applicant capable of acquiring the necessary knowledge and having the ability to perform, or learn to perform, the skill specified in these standards. The school has determined that these skills are essential to the program of instruction.
Although the school may not inquire whether an applicant has a disability prior to making a decision on admission, an applicant may disclose during the admissions process a disability for which they wish accommodation during the admissions process or upon admission. If this occurs, the school requests the applicant to provide documentation of the disability to the director of Admissions. The Admissions Committee considers the applicant based on the published criteria for admission of all applicants. The Admissions Committee makes a determination as to whether the applicant can perform the essential functions of the educational program, taking into account the accommodations that the applicant has requested or alternative reasonable accommodations that the institution can offer.
After admission, a student who discloses a disability and requests accommodation may be asked to provide documentation of their disability for the purpose of determining appropriate accommodations, including modification to the program. The school provides reasonable accommodations but is not required to make modifications that would fundamentally alter the nature of the program or provide auxiliary aids that present an undue burden to the school. The student must be able to perform all of the technical standards with or without accommodation to matriculate or continue in the curriculum. Costs of reasonable accommodations are borne by the school unless otherwise funded.
Requests for accommodation should be initiated with the associate dean for Academic Affairs.
Criminal Background Check Policy
Applicants to Marquette University School of Dentistry apply through the Associated American Dental Schools Application Service (AADSAS). The AADSAS application requires disclosure of any misdemeanor or felony convictions other than minor traffic violations. Non-disclosure/falsification of any aspect of the AADSAS application may lead to an offer of admission being rescinded by the School of Dentistry.
A criminal background check is completed on all provisionally accepted applicants to Marquette University School of Dentistry, prior to matriculation, as follows:
The criminal background check is initiated at the time the applicant is provisionally accepted.
The criminal background check is not a component of the application, interview or initial decision-making process for the school. It is the final component of the admissions process. The letter sent by the School of Dentistry to each provisionally accepted applicant includes information regarding this requirement, indicating that the final admissions decision is made after institutional review of the provisionally accepted applicant’s criminal background check report.
Appropriate authorization to initiate the criminal background check is received from all Marquette University School of Dentistry applicants at the time of their formal interview. Interviewees are made aware that the background check is only initiated if they are provisionally accepted for admission.
Final decisions regarding provisionally accepted applicants whose criminal background check reveals negative information are made by an ad hoc committee appointed by the associate dean for academic affairs of the Marquette University School of Dentistry.
No information derived from a criminal background check automatically disqualifies any provisionally accepted applicant from final acceptance. A final decision regarding acceptance is made only after a careful review of the negative information. Offenses revealed by the background check may disqualify a provisionally accepted applicant. The School of Dentistry uses the Wisconsin Caregiver Law as a guide in making such decisions.
All information obtained through the criminal background check is used in accordance with state and federal laws.
Enrolled students are required to disclose any felony convictions, including deferred adjudications that violate the Wisconsin Caregiver Law, within thirty days of occurrence to the associate dean for academic affairs. Non-disclosure or falsification of conviction status may be grounds for dismissal or degree revocation.
Deferment Policy
Students may request that their offer of admission be deferred for one year. These steps must be followed:
Students must have been offered an appointment to the class and paid a deposit to reserve that space before a deferment request is entertained.
The request for deferment must be submitted, in writing, to the attention of the director of admissions. The request for deferment must include plausible rationale and reasons for consideration.
The decision to grant or reject the deferment is made by the director of admissions in collaboration with the associate dean for academic affairs and student services. Requesting a deferment does not guarantee that one is granted. Decisions are based on the quality of the reason(s) cited in the deferment request and are consistent with current selection criteria. Deferments are contingent upon the recipient maintaining the academic standard illustrated at the time of the original offer of admission.
Candidates that are granted a deferment are asked to formally reapply for the following year. All other supporting credentials are kept on file. Candidates is not required to submit a new tuition deposit. The tuition deposit carries over to the following year at the time the deferment is granted. The tuition deposit is nonrefundable if candidates do not enroll for the academic year following the deferment.
Candidates are required to confirm their appointment by January 15 of the year of enrollment. Students are expected to pay the tuition rate current to the year of actual enrollment. Students' residency status remains the same as it was at the time of the original offer of admission.
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2020-21 Bulletin
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Minority and/or Disadvantaged Applicants
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Criminal Background Check Policy
Deferment Policy
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msmarco_passage_00_457747431 | Xander McCormick | Bunk'd Wiki | Fandom | Xander McCormick | Bunk'd Wiki | Fandom
Xander McCormick
“
I'm all about the rules girls.
”
—Xander in Welcome to Camp Kikiwaka
Xander McCormick
Season 2
Season 1
Little Xander
Full Name
Alexander McCormick
Nickname (s)
Sweetie, Baby, Cutie (By Emma)
Xandy (by Emma and Hazel)
Xan-man (by Gerald McCormick)
Xandy-Candy (by Lou purposely)
Age
17 (Season 1)
18 (season 2)
8 (Little Xander)
Gender
Male
Eye Color
Brown
Hair Color
Brown
Affiliations
Camp Kikiwaka
Friends
Emma Ross
Griff Jones (Close Friend/Adoptive Brother)
Zuri Ross
Luke Ross
Ravi Ross
Lou Hockhauser
Tiffany Chen
Jorge Ramirez
Mrs. Kipling
Family
Griff (Adoptive Younger Brother)
Mrs. McCormick (Mother)
Gerald (Father)
Enemies
Gladys
Eric
Hazel
Romances
Emma (Girlfriend/possible ex-girlfriend,unknown status)
Amanda (ex-girlfriend)
Season (s)
1, 2
First Appearance
" Welcome to Camp Kikiwaka "
Last Appearance
The Great Escape
Actor
Kevin G. Quinn
Mason Patrick Mahay (Young Xander)
Alexander "Xander" McCormick was a main character in the show Bunk'd from seasons 1 and 2. He is a popular counselor at Camp Kikiwaka . He is dating fellow camp counselor, Emma Ross despite his departure from camp.
Xander is was portrayed by Kevin G. Quinn .
Contents
1
Summary
2
Personal Appearance
3
Relationships
3.1
Emma Ross
3.2
Ravi Ross
3.3
Griff
3.4
Lou
3.5
Zuri Ross
3.6
Tiffany
3.7
Jorge
3.8
Hazel Swearengen
4
Appearances
4.1
Season 1
4.2
Season 2
4.3
Season 4
5
Trivia
6
Quotes
7
Gallery
Summary
Xander is handsome and well-known, but despite his exterior image, he does hide insecurities. He's sometimes dim-witted. He loves to write songs and poems, and he also sings and plays the guitar. Additionally, he is a counselor at the summer camp, and he and Emma are dating. He was the head counselor of the Grizzly cabin before being replaced.
Xander is an out-going teenage boy. He is very average at guitar (he only knows open chords and not even barre chords). Most think he's the coolest guy in camp. He loves fishing and wishes to open his own guitar shop. Some people think he's the perfect man, but he has some flaws too. He once got fungus on his foot. Then his toenail fell off and he uses it as a guitar pick.
It was revealed that Xander has a fake pinky toe in Luke's Back .
He had an ex-girlfriend named Amanda as revealed in Gone Girl. After they broke up, Amanda went to acting camp.
Personal Appearance
Xander is thought to be handsome by most of the girl campers. His physique is lanky but athletic with a lean, muscular build. He appears shirtless a few times in the series and his body and looks are often the subjects of discussion among his female peers. He has a slightly dark complexion, brown hair, and light blue eyes. He usually wears a necklace around his neck, and also puts gel in his hair. He also likes to wear tee shirts and shorts.
Relationships
Emma Ross
Girlfriend/In Love With/Close Friends
Main article: Emma and Xander
Emma and Xander first meet in the Pilot episode, and both seem to like each other. Emma and Hazel seem to have bad blood because they both crush on Xander. Hazel even went as far as to sabotage Emma.
Emma and Xander in Smells Like Camp Spirit!
They go on their first date in Gone Girl. After misinterpreting a conversation between Xander and Lou, Ravi warns Emma that Xander is going to kill her on their first date. In the end, it turns out that Xander just wanted to have a nice date with Emma, which causes her to apologize. Xander accepts and they continue to grow closer to each other.
Xander cares very much about Emma, as seen from his actions from the first episode. Xander helped clean off the mud off of Emma when Hazel made Emma fall in the mud, thinking that he would hate her from that. Xander was also very worried when he found out that Emma and Zuri were in the woods alone at night. When he found Emma, they shared a hug.
In the episode The Ones That Got Away, it was shown that Xander and Emma don't have much in common. They had got in a fight when they went fishing and Emma did not want to lose their relationship so she went back to tell him that even though they have many differences she would like them to stay together. However, before Emma was even able to tell him, he told her that he feels like they should only be friends but he actually secretly wants to be with her.
Ravi and Xander in the mess hall.
He only told her that because he felt like she wanted that, so then Emma pretended to be happy with it and said yes. Then later on Xander was sitting alone on the bench telling the chef of the camp that he didn't want to lose Emma but he knew he had to move on. They become a couple in Counselors' Night Off. In the episode Dance in My Pants, Emma and Xander get into an argument but, they make up go to the dance with each other and they share their first kiss.
In the episode Tidal Wave, Xander messed things up because he didn't know how to tell her his feelings and left her broken-hearted, but he saved it when he wrote her " Tidal Wave " that expressed everything he felt for her. He told her she was beautiful and sweet and was his everything and they share a hug. In several episodes, it is constantly talked about how they go to The Spot at night to 'talk' even mentioned by Jorge .
Ravi Ross
Close Friend
Xander and Lou (and Hazel) in the camp.
Main Article: Ravi and Xander
They share a cabin together and are close friends. Xander sometimes helps Ravi find his way of being a CIT. They are shown to be good friends.
Griff
Close Friend/Adopted Brother/Cabin Mate
Griff is a reformed delinquent who was in juvenile hall for stealing. He used to steal food to survive when he was younger but eventually started stealing other things like skateboards, TVs, and motorcycles among other things. They both are bunkmates and got off on the wrong foot when he borrowed some of Xander's stuff but he usually returns it. He was accused of stealing Xander's guitar which he didn't do. Xander believed him when Ravi defended him to other campers. It was Hazel who stole Xander's guitar. After that Griff and Xander became fast friends. In Dreams Come True, Xander asks his parents to adopt Griff so he doesn't have to go back to juvenile hall.
Lou
Best Friend
Main Article: Lou and Xander
Xander and Lou are shown of being good friends in Gone Girl and Camp Rules. In Gone Girl, Xander shared his perfect date with Emma to Lou. Also, Lou came to the spot to stop Ravi from ruining their date.
Zuri Ross
Zuri and Xander at camp.
Close Friend/Cabin Mate
Main Article: Zuri and Xander
Xander and Zuri are friends. Ravi (Zuri's brother) and Xander are both a part of the Grizzly Cabin. They've had many subplots together throughout the show. Xander is currently dating Zuri's sister, Emma Ross .
Tiffany and Xander in the promotional images.
Tiffany
Close Friend
Main Article: Tiffany and Xander
Tiffany and Xander seem to be good friends. They've had many subplots throughout the show and in Secret Santa, they were together throughout the entire episode.
Jorge
Close Friend/Cabin Mate
Main Article: Jorge and Xander
Jorge and Xander in the Grizzly Cabin.
Jorge and Xander are both a part of the Grizzly Cabin. When Jorge missed his family in There's No Place Like Camp, Xander helped the others make him feel better. Xander is kind to him and even puts up with his farts.
Hazel Swearengen
Enemy
Main Article: Hazel and Xander
Hazel has a crush on Xander but Xander doesn't feel the same way about her. He has also shown many times his big dislike towards Hazel.
Appearances
Appearances: 37/109
Season 1
" Welcome to Camp Kikiwaka "
" Gone Girl "
" Camp Rules "
" Smells Like Camp Spirit "
" The Ones That Got Away "
" Can You Hear Me Now "
" Waka, Waka, Waka! "
" Secret Santa "
" Counselors' Night Off "
" There's No Place Like Camp "
" Luke's Back "
" No Escape "
" Close Encounters of the Camp Kind "
" Crafted and Shafted "
" Boo Boos and Birthdays "
" For Love and Money "
" Bride and Doom "
" Live From Camp Kikiwaka "
" Xander Says Goodbye "
Season 2
" Griff Is in the House! "
" Dance in My Pants "
" Queen of Screams "
" Luke Out Below "
" Camp Kiki-slasher "
" Treehouse of Terror "
" Tidal Wave "
" Fog'd In "
" How the Griff Stole Christmas "
" Food Fight "
" Mother May I? "
" Mud Fight "
" Dog Days of Summer "
" Camp Stinky Waka "
" Cabin vs. Cabin "
" Dreams Come True "
" We Didn't Start the Fire "
" The Great Escape "
Season 4
” Inn Trouble ” ('mentioned')
Trivia
Xander is an outdoorsman. He is into spelunking, hiking, and rock climbing. He is also into fishing. These are the main reasons why he and Emma don't have anything in common, except she is okay with fishing and the main reason why they decided to stay friends. Emma was okay with it, but Xander wasn't. He was hurt and he was still in love with Emma, though she didn't know it at the time.
Xander has been absent for four episodes throughout the series.
He was absent in Friending with the Enemy, Love Is for the Birds, Zuri Has a Little Lamb, and Weasel Out and the entirety of Season 3.
Xander is into music, songwriting and writing poetry.
Xander is somewhat aware of his looks and is confident or shy about them, depending on whom he is interacting with.
In We Didn't Start the Fire, Griff said that fire destroyed his Justin Bieber figurines, meaning that he is a big fan of Justin Bieber.
He has a fake pinky toe and cried the first time he met Eric, a camper from Camp Champion. However, this was because he was run over by a jet ski by Eric.
His father calls him Xanman.
He uses a jockstrap that was used by his father and his grandfather.
Has appeared shirtless a few times throughout the series, the only character to do so.
He almost left camp in Xander Says Goodbye.
He has the same last name as Sierra McCormick who played (Creepy) Connie Thompson on Jessie.
It is revealed he is ticklish in "Dance in my Pants"
Xander, Tiffany, and Jorge did not return for Season 3, due to three campers taking the role.
Xander gets lost easily.
He once got lost in his circle driveway.
He also gets lost easily when hiking, so his friends make him wear a bell.
When Lou startled him in " We Didn't Start the Fire ", he cried like a girl in a comedic sense.
He almost kissed Lou in Dance in My Pants, Season 2, Episode 2.
He is mentioned in the Season 4 episode, Inn Trouble.
Quotes
Season 1
Xander
Welcome to Camp Kikiwaka
“
I'm not really big on rules. Except always wear shower shoes. I once got fungus so bad, I lost a toenail. But it's cool, 'cause now I use it as a guitar pick.
”
Gone Girl
“
Ugh, I hope not. That was gruesome. I'm glad Amanda is gone forever.
”
“
And I can't wait to knock Emma off her feet with this.
”
“
Then, before Emma has the chance to catch her breath, I'm going to whip out my trusty axe... and get to shredding!
”
“
Xander: What did he say about me?
Emma:: Not you, Eunice, the, the laundry lady. She's been, uh, stealing socks to create a puppet army.
”
“
It won't cut through anything if it's not sharp. Otherwise I'll just be hacking and hacking, and hacking and hacking I get it! All righty. Check this out!
”
“
No! She just got mad when I broke up with her, so this year she's at theater camp, acting like I don't exist.
”
Camp Rules
“
Awww! This makes me feel all warm inside; which is good cause I think I have hypothermia.
”
Gallery
The image gallery for Xander McCormick may be viewed here.
[show]v • e • d Bunk'd characters
Main characters
Emma Ross • Ravi Ross • Zuri Ross • Lou Hockhauser • Xander McCormick • Tiffany Chen • Jorge Ramirez • Matteo Silva • Finn Sawyer • Destiny Baker • Noah Lambert • Ava King • Gwen Flores • Parker Preston
Recurring characters
Hazel Swearengen • Gladys • Timmy • Murphy • Griff Jones • Lydia • Chef Jeff • Barb Barca
Guest characters
Luke Ross • Christina Ross • Bertram Winkle
Retrieved from " https://bunkd.fandom.com/wiki/Xander_McCormick?oldid=43797 "
Categories:
Males
Teens
Main Characters
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Season 2 Characters
Season 1 Characters
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. |
msmarco_passage_00_45789815 | Revenue Definition | Types | Accounts List | Financial Accounting | Revenue Definition | Types | Accounts List | Financial Accounting
Home Accounting Introduction Revenue Accounts
Revenue Accounts
Revenue is the total amount received by a business or recognized as earned when the business sells something, usually services and goods. In modern accountancy, revenue is recorded when it is earned not when the cash is received from customers. For example when a phone service provider records revenue when calls are made not at the time when you pay the bills. This principle is known as revenue recognition principle.
Types of Revenues
Revenues can be classified as operating revenue and non-operating revenue.
Operating revenues are those that originate from main business operations. For example: Sales, etc.
Non-operating revenues are earned from some side activity. For example: Interest Revenue, Rent Revenue (except in case where the business' main industry is renting industry).
Revenue Accounts List
Following are the common revenue accounts:
Revenue/Sales/Fees: These accounts are used interchangeably to record the main revenue amounts. However most companies/businesses give their revenue account a more specific name like: fees earned, service revenue, etc.
Interest Revenue: is used to record the interest earned by the business.
Rent Revenue: is the revenue from buildings or equipment of the business on rent.
Dividend Revenue: is used to record the dividend earned on the stock of other companies which is owned by the business.
Following accounts are called contra revenue accounts because they have exactly opposite characteristics of revenue accounts. Important contra revenue accounts are:
Sales Returns: Sometimes goods are retuned by the customers for some defect or due to some other reason. These are recorded in sales returns account which is a contra sales account.
Sales Discounts: This account records the discounts given to customer on the gross amount.
by Irfanullah Jan, ACCA and last modified on Dec 24, 2010 |
msmarco_passage_00_458371298 | Burn Statistics | Burn Injury Guide | Burn Statistics | Burn Injury Guide
Burn Statistics
The American Burn Association states that roughly 450,000 patients receive hospital and emergency room treatment for burns each year. This statistic does not account for burn injuries treated in hospital clinics, private medical offices, or community health centers. Of these burn injuries, roughly 3,400 burn injury deaths occur each year. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), burns and fires are the third leading cause of death in the home. In 2010, a fire-related death occurred every 169 minutes. A fire injury occurred every 30 minutes.
Burn Cause Statistics
The American Burn Association states that:
44 percent of all admissions to burn centers result from fire or flame burns.
33 percent of all burn center admissions result from scalding injuries caused by wet or moist heat.
Direct contact with a hot source accounts for nine percent of burn center admissions.
Electrical burns account for four percent of burn center admissions.
Chemical burns account for three percent of all burn center admissions.
The remaining seven percent of burn center admissions are caused by other, miscellaneous sources.
Pediatric Burn Statistics
The American Burn Association reports the following pediatric burn statistics for 2000:
Scalding is the most common burn injury in children under four years old, accounting for 200,000 injuries per year.
An estimated 50 percent of scalds are from spilled food and drinks, while the remainder are primarily from hot tap water and hot objects such as irons, stoves, and heaters.
Each year, roughly 250,000 children under age 17 require medical attention for burn injuries.
Roughly 15,000 children require hospitalization for burn injuries.
About 1,100 children per year die from fires and burn injuries.
Burn Death Statistics
The American Burn Association states that of the 3,400 U.S. burn injury deaths each year:
2,550 of these deaths are a result of residential fires.
300 of these deaths result from vehicle crash fires.
The remaining 550 result from other causes, such as flames, smoke inhalation, scalding, and electricity.
Burn Cost Statistics
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides the following statistics for costs related to burns:
Males account for roughly $4.8 billion, or 64 percent, or total fire and burn-related costs each year, while females account for the remaining $2.7 billion, or 36 percent.
Fatal burn and fire injuries cost roughly $3 billion, which accounts for two percent of the total cost of fatal injuries.
Burn and fire hospitalization accounts for $1 billion, or one percent of hospitalized injury costs.
Non-hospitalized burn and fire injuries account for two percent of non-hospitalized injury costs, or $3 billion.
Sources:
“Avoid complications with pediatric burn injuries.” ED Nursing 1 May 2008. Academic OneFile. Web. 20 Dec. 2014.
“Burn Incidence and Treatment in the United States: 2012 Fact Sheet.” American Burn Association. American Burn Association. Web. 20 Dec 2014. <http://www.ameriburn.org/resources_factsheet.php>.
“Fire Deaths and Injuries: Fact Sheet.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 11 Oct 2011. Web. 20 Dec 2014. <http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/fire-prevention/fires-factsheet.html>.
Muller, Michael J., and David N. Herndon. “The Challenge of Burns.” The Lancet 343.8891 (1994): 216-20. ProQuest. Web. 20 Dec. 2014.
Xu, Rong Xiang, Xia Sun, and Bradford S. Weeks. Burns Regenerative Medicine and Therapy. Basel: Karger, 2004. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 27 Dec. 2013.
|
msmarco_passage_00_459109551 | A Conceptual Mapping Resource Advantage Theory, Competitive Advantage Theory, and Transient Competitive Advantage - Expert Journal of Business and Management | A Conceptual Mapping Resource Advantage Theory, Competitive Advantage Theory, and Transient Competitive Advantage - Expert Journal of Business and Management
Jasanta PERANGINANGIN
A Conceptual Mapping Resource Advantage Theory, Competitive Advantage Theory, and Transient Competitive Advantage
Expert Journal of Business and Management
3 (2)
pp. 140-149
The Author (s). 2015
Received: August 22, 2015
Accepted: September 7, 2015
Published: September 10, 2015
Competitive advantage is the main purposed of the business entity focusing on market base view. Resource advantage theorists put their concern to empowering resources development with resources based view, in the other side needs to redefining competitive advantage. All the competitive advantage are transient, concluded the end of competitive advantage. Redefining competitive advantage by selling migration and shrewdness outward. This research to emphasize innovation capability rarely appears in the future.
Keywords and Transient Competitive Advantage C-A Theory R-A Theory
JEL Classification M21
Full Article
1. Introduction
Recent marketing literature has already been vastly developing. Such phenomenon has developed the marketing literature into a dynamic science, even beyond its era. To this date, there have been at least twelve schools of marketing according to Shaw and Jones (2005). It is predicted that further development shall continue in the near future.
The development of marketing theories has been correlated to interaction among other disciplines (Jaw and Lee, 2007). Such interaction has created marketing to be a robust subject matter in which varied topics are developed and examined. In customer behavior subject, marketing science interacts with psychology, in resource-based advantage it interacts with engineering, and so on.
In examining business problems related to which strategy should be applied in winning the competition game has become an interesting debate over time. There are some advantage theories that have been elaborated by marketing pioneers, including resource advantage theory by Shelby D. Hunt, competitive advantage theory by Michael E. Porter, and Transient Competitive Advantage theory by Rita Gunther McGrath. These three theories contribute with insights to different viewpoints of advantage, so that in-depth analyses are necessary in order to create comprehensive literature reviews related to business activities.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Resource Advantage Theory
Resource advantage theory is an evolution of two basic theories by which it is developed. First, a theory proposed by Conner (1991) that organizations are expected to be able to explain factors that constrain them as well as reasons for their existence. This viewpoint is based on resource-based theory that focuses on heterogeneous demands and moving resources. Second, a competitiveness theory for differential advantage from Alderson (1957) and Alderson (1965).
Shelby D. Hunt and Madhavaram’s 2006 and 2012 studies propose that resource advantage is capable of explaining important strategies in organizations, including resource-based strategy, competency-based strategy, industrial-based strategy, market-oriented strategy, brand equity strategy, market segmentation strategy, and relational marketing strategy.
The resources referred to resource advantage are those available, either tangible or intangible, which, in turn, are produced effectively and efficiently to be offered to particular market segments (Hunt and Madhavaram, 2012).
Resource advantage theory is built on mistakes in focus on organizational strategies in the pursuit of organizational advantage. Traditionally, the organizations have tended to focus on industrial competition. It is only after research from Hunt and Morgan (1999) and Hunt (2011) that organizational leaderships have started to focus on distinct product and service development strategy, which the competitors are unable to imitate. The ability to create these three conditions will result in advantage and improvement of organizational performance (Ferdinand, Widiyanto, and Sugiarto, 2012).
The resource advantage theory is built upon several thoughts as follows:
a. Heterogeneous demands in single industry, between industries with dynamic characteristics.
b. Information received by the customers is incomplete and expensive.
c. Human motivation in fulfilling their needs.
d. Organizational goals are to expect maximum advantages.
e. Information held by the organizations is incomplete and expensive.
f. Resources held by the organization consist of financial, physical, legal, human, organization, information, and relation.
g. Resources are heterogeneous and are in unstable movement.
h. Managerial roles in acknowledging, comprehending, creating, selecting, implementing, and restructuring current strategies.
i. Dynamic competition needs innovation from within organization.
Structure and foundation of resource advantage lie within ability of the organization to innovate and differentiate by means of available resources. Differentiation and innovation are implemented to accomplish the optimal advantage, in which organizational advantage shall enhance it to learn to maintain its advantage and to improve its product value.
Structure and foundation of resource advantage can be explained by the following figure:
Figure 1. Resource Advantage Theory Competition Scheme
Source: Hunt (2011)
The above scheme explains that competition contradicts equilibrium, a sustainable learning and it makes optimal efforts in order to accomplish the advantage. The advantage will give a better position and higher market place to the organization in the competition
Resource advantage is an evolution of the absence of equilibrium during the competitive process, in which organizational innovation and learning stem from its internal resources. Both organization and customers have incomplete information, in which entrepreneurship, agencies, and government policies will affect the economic performance.
Following the resource advantage, competitive position can be elaborated as presented in the following figure:
Figure 2. Competitive Position Matrix
Source: Hunt (2011)
Market position in the competitive is in box 3A, for example, in the segment A the organization output, relative to the competitors, resources to be created and to be offered to the customers will fulfil superior criteria for the segment or have a lower price from the competitors. Each competition in the above matrix has different market segments.
Resource advantage theory emphasizes the importance of building values through resources, which organization internally possesses. It will differ from neoclassical theory, which posits that internal resources are within three dimensions: land/soil, employment, and capital. The resource advantage theory explains the internal resources more broadly, i.e. financial, legal, legality, human, organization, and relation. The following table summarizes the difference in concept of resources between neoclassical and resource advantage theories:
Table 1. The Difference Between Neoclassical and Resource Advantage Theories
Resources
Neoclassical Theory
Resource Advantage Theory
Land
Financial (SD Cash, access to financial market)
Employment
Physical (plant, equipment)
Capital
Legal (brand, license)
Human (expertise and knowledge)
Organizational (competency, monitoring, policy, culture)
Information (customers’ knowledge and competitive intelligence)
Relational (relation with suppliers and users)
Barney (1991) contends that an organization will be able to maintain its advantage if the organization is capable of giving added-value to the customers and if the competitors is unable to duplicate the strategy. The competitive advantage of the organization does not depend on how long it maintains the advantage, but on the extent to which the organization does not duplicate the other organizations.
According to Zemanek and Pride (1996), an organization has strengths to direct its customers, such as price, quantity, product line, advertising and promotion, service, stock availability, credit to the customers, and display. The organization is expected to make the optimal use of its resources in order to maintain the advantage.
Hunt (2010) establishes that in resource advantage theory the characteristics of the products are highly heterogeneous, the information is incomplete, and the available resources are also heterogeneous. Therefore, innovation is necessary to help the organization obtain a better growth, sales, and profit. In addition, the growth may be obtained by efficiency and effectiveness of the innovation. Organizational growth occurs in the form innovation:
a. Improving attribute value given by the customers through value-added use.
b. Improving value given to the customers through adding value on resource quality and quantity.
c. Decreasing costs by improving added-value on quality and quantity.
d. Decreasing costs by making better use.
e. Identifying new opportunities to improve growth.
f. Identifying new opportunities for the newly built markets
g. Identifying opportunities to establish new organization and to build resources in the new market.
h. Improving quantity the organization offers through adding value of the quality and quantity the resources offer.
All these nine innovations will improve performance of the organization in the following forms:
a. Outputs obtained are derived from the pursuit of financial performance.
b. Production output growth proves the existence of the organization.
c. Production output growth is capable of creating new organization.
Gupta (2013), in his research, contends that in order to accomplish business success and advantage an organization must possess good ability in innovating things that are difficult to be duplicated by prospective competitors in the future. Wang, Wang, and Liang (2014) explains that successful organizations have advantages to share knowledge and to possess strong intellectual capital. The advantage an organization possesses must be improve over time in form of such unique, difficult innovations that the competitors cannot duplicate.
2.2. Competitive Advantage Theory
Porter (1980) states that to perform the correct strategy, an organization must account for testing the following consistencies:
a. Internal consistence. The organization must set rational and affordable targets. It also must have policies that support the target accomplishment, those which empower the overall lines of the organization.
b. Environmental adaptability. Targets and policies to be set must be able to create opportunities and to adapt with resources relative to competitive challenge. The organization must react timely to the current environment and to respond to external interests.
c. Resource adjustment. Resource availability must be equal to the competitors’ advantage and the strategy implementation must be timely to allow the organization to create change.
d. Communication and implementation. Objectives and targets of the organization must be truly comprehendible by the whole members. There must be a common agreement between the targets and the policy relative to the strategy implementation. The managers should be able to perform the strategy efficiently and effectively.
Porter (1990) and R.G McGrath, Tsai, Venkataraman, and MacMillan (1996), propose that organization is able to accomplish competitive advantage by innovation. The organizational innovation can be performed by vary methods and technologies. It will give advantages to the organization in many aspects.
Updated strategies and instruments towards multidimensional, either in product, marketing, or organizational design are necessary. Advantages can be obtained by market exploitation, threats neutralization, and cost efficiency (Sigalas et al., 2013).
Innovation performed by the organization must exceed the needs of a single segment because currently the competition is extremely global and transnational. Innovation must fulfil the preference and the needs of the international society. For example, the need for automobile of Indonesian customers is different from that of the American customers. Therefore, the organization innovators must be able to bridge or to mediate this difference in order for the products to fulfil the global needs. Ma (1999) said that a firm integrates both proactive efforts in enhancing a firm’s chances for the three generic sources of advantage, ownership, access, proficiency and preemptive efforts in reducing the rivals’ chances.
Creating competitive advantage in an organization needs role and support from the government to help create conducive atmosphere, market creation, and massive raw materials provision for the organizational operation survival. Factors that determine the competitive advantage can be found in the following figure:
Figure 3. Determining Factors of Competitive Advantage
Source: Porter (1990)
The conditional factor is a government role in helping provide infrastructures, experts, and other supports to create competitive advantage. Whereas strategy, structure, and support from the organization is to create, to organize, and to manage. Demand condition is the government ability to create a domestic market as market base for goods and services. Support from industries and other interest parties refers to government involvement in supporting the organization to respond to international competition.
Pitts and Lei (1996) and Gunday et al. (2011) appreciate that creating competitive advantage demands organization attractiveness. Attractiveness can be derived from available resources and macro environment. Internal and external environments are intervening factors that affect the competitive advantage. Five intervening factors need to be taken into account to build an industrial attractiveness: potentially new competitors, customers bargaining power, suppliers bargaining power, intensity of organizational rivalry within industry, potential substitution goods and services (Sarpong and Tandoh, 2015).
Figure 4. Intervening Factors of Attractiveness
The basis of the competitive advantage lies within the ability to align the organization ability with its environment where the competition takes place. Therefore, the organization must be able to find new opportunities, answer challenges, overcome weaknesses, maintain advantages and create new strengths in the new competition arena.
J. B. Barney and Clark (2007) posit that an organization will take the advantage if it can create added value to its human, physical, and organizational resources. The added value must involve three unique characteristics, which are difficult to duplicate and substituted. Once these characteristics become more apparent, the competitive advantage will prevail, which, in turn, helps the organization to maintain the advantage Gebauer, Gustafsson, and Witell (2011).
Ferdinand (2013), explains that in creating competitive advantage an organization must possess specific advantages. These specific advantages are obtained by resource management and organization. They refer to the ability of the organization to manage and to possess cost leadership and differentiation advantage.
2.3. The Transient of Competitive Advantage
The end of competitive advantage is still limited to leadership conceptual framework that the objective of any strategy is to maintain the advantage. Such conceptual framework is deemed sacred by most organizations. Indeed, it may not apply over time due to environmental change and uncertainty.
Ritha Gunther McGrath (2013) writes that organization that suffers from competitive loss still applies old-fashioned assumptions of the theory of competition. The organization must have new formulae to respond to the change in competition strategy, innovation, and organizational reform, which has been immediately taking place. Such condition may put the organization in trouble if it does not have new formulae to answer the competition.
For some organizations, the competitive advantage is deemed irrelevant to apply because of the change in technology (McGrath, 2013). The advance of the technology has caused competitive advantage to rise, but quickly to disappear. Furthermore, digitalization allows much easier duplications, globalization causes fierce competition in the global arena.
An organization gets involved in competition not only within its industrial environment but also in arena-specific strategies. The comparison of the competition based on industry to that of based on arena can be explained as follow:
Table 2. Extent of Competition: Industry versus Arena
Description
Industry
Arena
Objective
Positional advantage
Area domination
Success Parameter
Market segment
Areal opportunity potential
Customer Segment
Demography and geography
Behavior
Major Trigger
Price, function, and quality comparison
Providing total customer experience
Behavioral Skills
Intra-industry or diversification
New expertise beyond industrial constraint
Term
Chess
Source: McGrath (2013)
Current advantage is temporary. Therefore, the organization must simultaneously align between stability and agility in answering the competition. The organization must always create change combined with dynamism in line with the ongoing condition. The temporary advantage gives similar pressure at any aspect of the competitive life-cycle. The temporary advantage enables individual talent to grow as his or her ability does, building stable perspectives and heterogeneity of implementation.
Johannessen and Olsen (2009) conclude that in maintaining the advantage an organization must do a process of knowledge development by a systemic innovation. The government must possess dynamic and innovative abilities (Agha et al., 2012).
The temporary advantage strategy can be used for helping unhealthy business come out of difficulties. In anticipating the collapse, corporation must possess early warning about crises within it. This early warning is easier to be detected in marketing growth collapse. If the condition continues to be worsened, some efforts must be taken immediately in order to solve the problems, e.g., sales migration, corporate gain cut, discount endorsement, and acquisition of other corporations in order to limit the competition. Such strategy may help the corporation retain its advantage in the future.
Early warnings that the corporation must take into account for following potential crises are as follows:
a. Employees are unwilling to buy products or services made by their own firms.
b. Investment at the same level without expected gain.
c. Customers get more affordable, easier, and better products than those made by other producers.
d. Competition tends to sway to other direction than expected.
e. Customers are no longer impressed by the offer.
f. Leadership is losing trust from its employees.
g. The team is losing the best personnel.
h. Stock in possession is inadequate and of lacking quality.
i. Scientists are predicting a change in business that the corporation gets involved due to change in technology.
j. The corporation is no longer the priority target for job-seekers.
k. Corporation suffers from slow growth rate.
l. Lacking successful innovations in the past two years.
m. Corporation decreases profit margin.
n. Corporation provides risks to the employees.
o. Management always declines and argues each bad news (by giving excuse, even in reasonable manners)
The early warnings mentioned above are capable of detecting potential crises within the corporation. As long as it has the right indicators the corporation may survive the bankruptcy.
The temporary advantage strategy uses resources to produce intelligence in doing a business process. Such intelligence is seen from the ability to rebuild and to alternate business processes into easier, quicker, and better outputs. This strategy is in contradiction to other advantage strategies, which use resources to obtain or to preserve them by exploitation.
Intelligence can be made available by some ways, including proactively not using any out-of-date assets in the competitive environment. The corporation must leave outdated technologies behind. Creating an integrated organization with information technology and corporation can create new business opportunities.
Below are examples of corporate assets, which must be responded immediately to preserve its business advantage:
Table 3. Change in Corporation Assets
1960
2010
Computer Infrastructure
Big screen
Mini computer
AS/400
PC and Laptop
PDA Phone
Form of Computer
1 Corporation
1 Location
1 Deck
1Person
Available anywhere
Networks
Tape and Disc
Cable networks
Individual Corporation
LAN and Internet
WAN and Wireless
Computer Language
Factory and COBOL Languages
Factory and COBOL Languages
FORTRAN,PL and Pascal
Visual Basic, Perl, Javascript
Web
Data
VSAM
Management Information System
Relational Database
WWW
Cloud
Telephone
Fow, telephone with switchboard
PBX
First generation hand-phone
Hand-phone development
VoIP, Corporate VM
Source: Accenture (2010)
The above table shows a migration of corporate assets in technology in order to get advantage provided by the blue column. If those in the red columns are still preserved, the corporation may lag behind the other competitors. Strong will and motivation are necessary to support innovations. The tendency of most corporates to exploit the assets contrast with the temporary advantage strategy.
The most important factor for the temporary advantage strategy is the ability to build innovative skills. Innovative perspective in the temporary advantage strategy is very different in that continued and systematical innovations become the prime priority. Likewise, from managerial and budgetary perspectives, the innovation advantage complies with the ongoing business, whereas the temporary advantage strategy creates innovations by separate budgets. This strategic activity considers competitiveness to be a complement, whereas temporary advantage strategy deems it as dedication given over time.
There are six phases needed for building innovative skills:
1. Measuring current position and determining the most wanted growth.
2. Aligning all interests and available resources.
3. Creating process phase of innovation management.
4. Starting over system and socialization of the whole employees.
5. Beginning with something that is real.
6. Creating complement structures to do innovations.
In the temporary advantage strategy, creating innovations becomes the major key to creating the corporate competitiveness. Therefore, continued innovations must be obtained in the current global arena.
The temporary advantage strategy plays a significant role in creating advantage. The leadership must have his or her own perspective towards creating the advantage. He or she must hold assumption that innovations are created by pressures, always questioning status quo, involving other parties in the process, taking efforts immediately and precisely, enforcing new inventions, providing options, actively getting involved with externalities, and directing talents.
The temporary advantage will affect any individual within the team. Such strategy will change organizational system in favor of individual capacity, which, in turn, facilitates permanent career growth. Individual role is more dominant within the application of the temporary advantage strategy.
3. Discussion
3.1. The Comparison Between Resource Advantage, Competitive Advantage, and Transient Advantage Theories
Resource advantage theory focuses on the corporate internal resources, whereas competitive advantage theory focuses on the corporate external environment. In other words, the former theory is endogenous, whereas the latter theory is exogenous.
Meanwhile, temporary advantage theory focuses on resource value improvement in such a manner that competitors cannot imitate and distribute. The competitive advantage theory focuses on cost and differentiation. Below are points denoting the comparison of competition strategy between the theories O’keeffe, Mavondo, and Schroder (1996), as well as Hunt and Arnett (2003):
Table 4. Competitive Advantage vs. Resource Advantage
Explanation
Competitive Advantage
Resource Advantage
External analysis unit
Industry
Market segment
Market
Market as a whole
Market by segment
Main strategy
Alignment between industry and corporation
Organizational learning in building resources and capacities.
Management duties
Portfolio analysis and resource distribution
Resource creation and development
Advantage effects
Concentration on industry power over market
Giving superior value to customers
Deal Result I
Monopoly position
Great financial performance
Achievement
Surpass the barriers
Special skills due to resource ambiguity.
Source: O’Keeffe, Mavondo et al. (1996)
The above table (Table 4) shows that there are many principle differences between resource advantage and competitive advantage strategies. In applying each theory the corporation must be able to implement it. It is possible for the corporation to mingle both strategies should the conditions, i.e., externalities and internalities made it possible.
4. Conclusion and Recommendations
Fierce business competition has demanded corporations to be innovative. Products to be provided are expected to be so unique that competitors are unable to imitate or duplicate in order to gain competitive value. Changes in perspectives are necessary. The most important effort relates to human development supported by dynamic resources.
Development of strategic assets must be in line with human resource development. The corporate executives must consider human resource as an intellectual capital. To win the competition, the corporation must be able to give birth to intelligence, sales migration, and strategic alliance with continued and systematical innovations.
Below are capacities the corporation must possess to be effectively exploiting its potentials:
1. Quick adaptation
2. multi-line differentiation
3. product and service innovation, and
4. Timeliness in taking any measure or action.
Consideration of the correct data and business intuition has been obtained.
References
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Alderson, W. 1965. Dynamic Marketing Behavior: A Functionalist Theory of Marketing. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
Barney, J. 1991. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17 (1), pp.99-120.
Barney, J. B. and Clark, D. N., 2007. Resource-Based Theory : Creating and Sustaining Competitive Advantage. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Conner, K. R., 1991. A Historical Comparison of Resource Based Theory and Five Schools of Thought Within and Industrial Organization Economics : Do We Have a New Theory of the Firm ? Journal of Management, 17 (1), pp.121 – 154.
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Ferdinand, A.T., Widiyanto, I. and Sugiarto, Y., 2012. Readings In Theory Of Marketing And Entrepreneurship. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.
Gebauer, H., Gustafsson, A. and Witell, L., 2011. Competitive Advantage Through Service Differentiation by Manufacturing Companies. Journal of Business Research, 64 (12), pp.1270-1280. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.01.015
Gunday, G., Ulusoy, G., Kilic, K. and Alpkan, L., 2011. Effects of Innovation Types on Firm Performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 133 (2), pp.662-676. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.05.014
Gupta., 2013. Core Competencies for Business Excellence. Advances In Management, Vol. 6 (10), pg. 11-15.
Hunt, S. D., 2010. Sustainable Marketing, Equity, and Economic Growth : A Resource Advantage, Economic Freedom Approach. Academy Of Marketing Science, 39 (1), pp.7-20.
Hunt, S. D., 2011. Developing Successful Theories In Marketing: Insights From Resource Advantage Theory. Academy of Marketing Science Journal, 1 (2), pp.72-84.
Hunt, S. D. and Arnett, D. B., 2003. Resource Advantage Theory and Embeddedness : Explaining R-A Theory’s Explanatory Success. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 11 (1), pp.1-17.
Hunt, S. D. and Madhavaram, S., 2006. Teaching Marketing Strategy : Using Resource-Advantage Theory as an Integrative Theoretical Foundation. Journal of Marketing Education, 28, pp93-105.
Hunt, S. D. and Madhavaram, S., 2012. Managerial Action and Resource Advantage Theory: Conceptual Frameworks Emanating From A Positive Theory of Competition. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 27 (7), pp.582-591. doi: 10.1108/08858621211257356
Hunt, S. D. and Morgan, R. M., 1999. The resource-advantage theory of competition: Dynamics, path dependencies, and evolutionary dimension. Journal of Marketing, vol. 60, 4, pp.107-114.
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Article Rights and License
© 2015 The Author. Published by Sprint Investify. ISSN 2359-7712. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Corresponding Author
Jasanta Peranginangin,Ph.D. Marketing, Diponegoro University, Jl.Erlangga Tengah 17th Semarang, Indonesia 50241
Tags and Transient Competitive Advantage C-A Theory R-A Theory
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Jasanta PERANGINANGIN
Diponegoro University, Indonesia |
msmarco_passage_00_471524359 | Calhoun County Jail, FL Inmate Roster | Calhoun County Jail, FL Inmate Roster
Calhoun County Jail, FL Inmate Roster
Updated on: March 5, 2021
Visitation Hours
Sunday 7:30 Am to 2:30 PM
Monday 7:30 AM to 9:00 PM
Tuesday 7:30 AM to 9:00 PM
Wednesday 7:30 AM to 9:00 PM
Thursday 7:30 AM to 9:00 PM
Friday 7:30 AM to 9:00 PM
Saturday 7:30 Am to 2:30 PM
Holiday Closed
Calhoun County Jail Basic Information
Facility Name
Calhoun County Jail
Facility Type
County Jail
Address
20776 Central Avenue, East, Blountstown, FL, 32424-2276
Phone
850-674-5049
City
Blountstown
Postal Code
32424-2276
State
Florida
County
Calhoun County
Official Website
Website
Calhoun County Sheriffs Department / Calhoun County Jail
Sheriff
Glenn Kimbrel
Address
20776 Central Avenue East, Blountstown, Florida, 32424
Phone
850-674-5049
Email
ktanner@calhounsheriff.com
Website
http://www.calhounsheriff.com/index.html
Calhoun County Jail is a medium security detention center located in Blountstown, Florida. This jail is run by the Calhoun Sheriff’s Department and houses adult inmates who are awaiting trial or sentencing.
Glenn Kimbrel is the current Sheriff of Calhoun County, and he can be reached at ktanner@calhounsheriff.com. The current jail administrator is Lt. Trevor Ramos, and he can be reached at tramos@calhounsheriff.com.
Every year, Calhoun County Jail has approximately 1000 bookings, with a daily average of 50 inmates. Inmates at Calhoun County Jail are given three meals a day, medical care, recreation time each day, and programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous.
Inmate Search
The Calhoun County Jail roster is located here. This PDF is uploaded daily as new arrests are detained. Information about each inmate such as their arrest date and their charges can be found here. Each inmate listing also includes his or her mugshot.
Inmate Mail
All inmates at Calhoun County Jail can send and receive mail. To send mail to an inmate, use the following address:
Calhoun County Jail
Inmate name, ID number
20776 Central Avenue, East
Blountstown, FL 32424
All mail sent to an inmate at Calhoun County Jail must include the sender’s full and mailing address. Failure to include your mailing address will result in mail NOT being delivered.
Books and magazines may be sent to an inmate at Calhoun County Jail, but they must be sent directly from the publisher.
If you have any questions about inmate mail, you can call Calhoun County Jail at 850-674-5049.
Inmate Phone
Inmates may make collect calls to friends and family, but they may not receive calls. Recipients of the collect calls made from Calhoun County Jail are responsible for paying for the phone calls. All calls are monitored by Calhoun County Jail staff.
Inmate Visitation
Anyone wanting to visit an inmate at Calhoun County Jail must fill out an application, and applications may take up to 30 days for processing.
Inmate visitation hours are Monday through Friday 7:30 AM to 9:00 PM and Saturday and Sunday from 7:30 AM to 2:30 PM.
One 30-minute visit every day is permitted for every inmate in good standing. The visit can include 2 adults and 2 children under the age of 17. All children are required to stay with their legal guardian during the visit.
Inmates at Calhoun County Jail cannot have more than 3 visits per calendar week. Law enforcement, attorney or professional visits are exceptions to this rule.
Visitors should dress appropriately and not bring in cell phones during visitation. All visitations are overseen by Calhoun County Jail staff, and they have the right to refuse any visitors if rules are broken.
Originated in 1838, Calhoun County is currently a county located in the panhandle of Florida. Its county seat is Blountstown. As of the 2018 census, its population was 14,587 making it one of the least populous counties in Florida.
The city of Blountstown offers its citizens a peaceful, rural lifestyle, while being in close proximity to larger cities, such as Panama City, Tallahassee, and the Alabama and Georgia state lines.
Visitation Hours
Sunday 7:30 Am to 2:30 PM
Monday 7:30 AM to 9:00 PM
Tuesday 7:30 AM to 9:00 PM
Wednesday 7:30 AM to 9:00 PM
Thursday 7:30 AM to 9:00 PM
Friday 7:30 AM to 9:00 PM
Saturday 7:30 Am to 2:30 PM
Holiday Closed
Inmate Money Accounts
Looking to send money to an inmate? You can do so through the Calhoun County Jail in Florida. To begin the process of sending money to an inmate go to visit www.accesscorrections.com to create an account.
You can also call 1-866-394-0490 to deposit money into an inmate’s account. If you pay over the phone, you will have to pay a small fee.
You can also go into the Calhoun County Jail and deposit money. Since there is a north jail and a south jail, you will need the address.
Visit the Calhoun County Jail facility:20776 Central Avenue, East, Blountstown, FL, 32424-2276
You can also mail money to an inmate by sending it to the jail at:
Calhoun County Jail
INMATE NAME & ID NUMBER
20776 Central Avenue, East, Blountstown, FL, 32424-2276
If you have a question, please call 850-674-5049. They can answer any questions you have about sending an inmate money. There is usually a small fee if you’re going to send money through the website or over the phone.
Calhoun County Courthouse
The Calhoun County Courthouse is located at 20859 Central Avenue E, Room 130 in Blountstown, Florida. Carla A. Hand is the current Clerk of Court and can be reached at bcc@calhounclerk.com
You can find more information on the Calhoun County Courthouse at this website, including paying fines and court cases. The hours of operation are Monday through Friday 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM.
Calhoun County Prison Statistics
Calhoun County Prison Population
Female Prison Population
15
Total Prison Population
122
Male Prison Population
107
Calhoun County Prison Population By Race
Black Prison Population
33
White Prison Population
87
Other Prison Population
2
Native Prison Population
-
Latino Prison Population
-
Asian Prison Population
-
Calhoun County Jail Admissions By Race
Asian Jail Population
-
Native Jail Population
-
White Jail Population
35
Latino Jail Population
-
Black Jail Population
3
Calhoun County Jail Admissions
Total Jail Population
55
Male Jail Population
38
Total Jail Admissions
1,495
Female Jail Population
9
Calhoun County Pretrial Jail Population
Female Pretrial Jail Population
5
Male Pretrial Jail Population
20
Pretrial Jail Population
30
Calhoun County Prison Admissions
Latino Prison Admissions
-
Asian Prison Admissions
-
Black Prison Admissions
8
Female Prison Admissions
6
Native Prison Admissions
-
Other Prison Admissions
-
Total Prison Admissions
44
White Prison Admissions
36
Male Prison Admissions
38
Calhoun County, Florida Warrants, Arrests
Calhoun County Arrest Warrants
Calhoun County Child Support Warrants
Calhoun County Arrest Warrants
Calhoun County Arrest Records
Calhoun County Clerk's Office Court Records
Calhoun County Most Wanted
Calhoun County Pistol Permits & Gun Licenses
Calhoun County Sheriff's Office Website
Calhoun County Clerk's Office Court Records
Calhoun County Sex Offender Registry
Calhoun County Sex Offender Registry
Nearby Jail/Prison
Sneads Jail
Quincy Jail
Chattahoochee Jail
Marianna Jail
Liberty County Jail
Jackson County Corrections Facility
Other Prison Types
94 City Jail
152 State Prison
9 Federal Prison
2 Federal RRM |
msmarco_passage_00_47238585 | Charles Lindbergh Biography - First Solo Flight Across the Atlantic
His childhood, his years as an airmail pilot, his transatlantic flight, and global fame. Pictures of him and his airplane - the Spirit of St. Louis.
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Lindbergh,
page 2
Lindbergh,
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Other Aviation Pioneers
Charles Lindbergh
Lindbergh's entry in the Hall of Fame of the Air
Lindberg airmail stamp issued in 1927. Such was Lindbergh's fame that the Post Office broke its own rule against honoring living persons, although only Lindbergh's plane, not the man himself, was shown.
Lindbergh, in one of the many parades in his honor, this one in Hartford, CT.
Charles Lindbergh- The Lone Eagle
First Man to Fly the Atlantic Solo
By Stephen Sherman, Jan. 2001. Updated June 26, 2011.
On May 20-21,
1927 Charles Lindbergh made the first solo, nonstop
New York to Paris flight in the Spirit of St. Louis. After the
3,610-mile, 34 hour, flight across the Atlantic, Lindbergh became an
international hero, and the most famous man in the world. Today, his
airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, hangs in the atrium of the
National Air and Space Museum.
After bursting into international fame with his
transatlantic
flight, Lindbergh remained in the public eye, often the subject of
controversy. Retiring in later years to the island of Maui, Hawaii, he
died there in 1974.
Youth
Born on February 4, 1902, Lindbergh was mechanically inclined from
childhood. The son of a Swedish immigrant, Charles August "C.A."
Lindbergh, and his second wife, Evangeline Land, young Charles had a
rootless and somewhat solitary childhood. For many years he and his
mother moved between their primary home in Little Falls, Minnesota, her
family's house in Detroit, and Washington, D.C., where his Congressman
father spent a most of his time. His father's house is now a National Historic Landmark. Charles had no siblings his age (two
much older half-sisters) and few close friends his own age. He learned
to love nature, the outdoors, solitude, and developed a passion for
collecting and analyzing things.
Barnstormer & Air Mail Pilot
Fascinated with aviation, he earned his pilot's license, and in 1923
bought a Jenny to take up barnstorming.
In 1924, Lindbergh entered a U.S. Army flying school at San
Antonio, Texas. He graduated first in his class the following year, then became the
first air mail
pilot between Chicago, Illinois, and St, Louis, Missouri. He became the
first three-time member of the Caterpillar Club, that exclusive
fraternity of people who had saved their lives with parachutes. While
he loved flying of any sort, the airmail routine was tedious. He heard of a fine new airplane, the Wright Bellanca, whose engine
promised to give it a range of 4,000 miles. He pondered what could be
achieved in such a machine.
His Transatlantic Flight
In 1919, New York hotel businessman Raymond Orteig had offered a
$25,000 prize for the first nonstop flight between New York and Paris. Several attempts had been made to capture the prize, notably by French
WWI ace, Rene Fonck, in 1926. The transatlantic challenge became
somewhat of a national obsession. Lindbergh convinced a group of St. Louis businessmen to back him in an
attempt to win the Orteig prize. They committed $10,000 for his plan. On a tight budget, he went looking for an airplane. At first, Charles
Levine, the owner of the Wright Bellanca offered it to him for only
$15,000, a great discount from its cost of $25,000. His backers okayed
the extra funds. After excitedly traveling to New York to finalize the
deal, Lindbergh was dismayed to learn that while Levine would sell him
the Bellanca, he insisted on naming the pilot himself. Lindbergh looked
for other aircraft. Other manufacturers were unhelpful.
At this time, early 1927, the Orteig challenge was heating up,
amidst great publicity. Rene Fonck was rumored to be preparing another
attempt in a new Sikorsky biplane. Richard Byrd, of North Pole fame,
had an expensive Fokker trimotor for his effort. Levine and Clarence
Chamberlin announced they would try it in the Wright Bellanca. Another
pair of Americans, Noel Davis and Stanton Wooster, would also enter. The race was on.
Spirit of St. Louis
A small manufacturer, the Ryan Aeronautical Company of San Diego,
agreed to build a plane for Lindbergh, for $6,000 plus the cost of the
engine. He went to their small plant in San Diego and supervised the
design modifications and the construction his monoplane. Essentially,
the Spirit of St. Louiswas a custom-built airplane, designed
expressly to fly Lindbergh across the Atlantic. A. Scott Berg, in Lindbergh,
called it a "two-ton flying gas tank." Lindbergh sacrificed every
possible bit of weight for more fuel capacity. No parachute, no radio,
no brakes, not even a forward-facing window (a small periscope would
do). Twenty-seven feet long, as the design evolved, the wings grew to
forty-five feet, to help lift the 2700 pounds (400+ gallons) of gas. The rest of the airplane, the engine, and its pilot only weighed about
2500 pounds.
Powered by a state-of-the-art 223hp Wright Whirlwind J-5C
engine, the plane could cruise for 4,200 miles. Ryan employees worked day and night to finish the aircraft in just two
months. Its tail identified the aircraft as "N-X-211 RYAN NYP" "N" was
the international aeronautical code for the United States. "X" stood
for experimental. It was the 211th such licensed plane. "RYAN NYP"
abbreviated "Ryan New York - Paris."
Check out the NASM Spirit
of St. Louisweb page. Engine installed, Ryan charged him $10,580. The press (Lindbergh's nemesis for the rest of his life) got word of
this new entrant, and began to tell the country about the handsome
young man and his bold, solitary plan. A lone pilot in a single-engine
plane allowed little margin for error. In April, as the Spiritneared completion, Noel Davis and Stanton Wooster crashed and died
while testing their plane, the American Legion. Commander
Byrd's Fokker, America, cracked up and injured three of its
crew. Clarence Chamberlin and Levine's Bellanca, named the Columbia,
smashed up it landing gear.
By May, after short test flights around Southern California,
Lindergh and the Spirit of St. Louiswere ready. On the 8th
came dramatic news, two French aviators, Charles Nungesser (a WW1 ace)
and Francois Coli, had taken off from Paris in L'Oiseau Blanc,
the White Bird. They were never heard from again. Undeterred, Lindbergh flew to New York. Stopping briefly in St. Louis
to re-fuel, he set a new record for the California-to-New York run,
flying it in less than 22 hours. Photographers and reporters greeted
him on his arrival at Curtiss Field on Long Island. The other
competitors had various problems - Levine was held up by lawsuits,
Byrd's trimotor needed work. On the 19th, Lindbergh was ready. They needed to check out the plane thoroughly, which required several short flights around the field. As they finished the preparations for the long flight, reports came in of heavy fog over Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, postponing his take-off.
The Flight
But on the morning of May 20, 1927, an improved weather forecast suggested no advantage in further delay. They installed and sealed the barograph, and serviced and checked the plane, then Lindbergh took off from
Roosevelt Field on Long Island. For food, he brought five sandwiches. "If I get to Paris, I won't need any more. And if I don't get to Paris,
I won't need any more, either," Lindbergh noted drily. Fox Movietone
captured his Ryan monoplane, loaded with 451 gallons of fuel,
struggling and bouncing along the runway, barely clearing the telephone
wires at the far end. After clearing St. John's, Newfoundland, the
25-year old aviator was hidden from the world. The world waited,
spell-bound for word of Lindbergh. Rumors flew. (My Dad,
eight years old at the time, recalled waiting for news of Lindbergh. His older brother "came stumping into the house and reported that
Lindbergh had crashed. My mother broke down and cried. But of course it
wasn't so." - SS)
Encountering fog and sleet, he was compelled to fly blind part of the
way at an altitude of 1500 feet. At times he flew only 10 feet above
the waves. Sighting the coast of Ireland, he turned south towards
France. He flew over England and the Channel, and sighted the lights of
Paris at 10 o'clock. He shortly touched down at Paris' Le Bourget
Field, 33 hours and 30 minutes after he left Long Island. He had
covered a distance of 3,610 miles. By making the flight, Lindbergh
collected Orteig's $25,000 prize.
You can read an excellent book devoted to this event, entitled The Flight of the Century: Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of American Aviation
The world, and his life, had changed
forever. Hundreds of
thousands of people met him in Paris. Lionized throughout the city,
U.S. Ambassador Myron Herrick took him in, and even arranged for a
tailor to sew him new clothes. His triumphant tour of Europe included
meeting the kings of Belgium and Britain.
The picture at left shows him during a parade in his honor in
Hartford, Connecticut, riding in a car with Governor John Trumbull and
Mayor Houghton Bulkley.
The U.S. Navy cruiser Memphisreturned the hero to
America. First to Washington, where President Coolidge received him,
and then to New York City and its largest ticker tape parade ever. The
U.S. Post Office issued an unprecedented commemorative airmail stamp in
his honor. U.S. stamps never feature living persons, and thus only
Lindbergh's plane and a map of his route were shown.
As part of his backers' agreements, he had given the New York
Times exclusive coverage of his story and the rights to his authorized
story. Lindbergh was so disgusted with ghost-writer Carlyle MacDonald's
corny and inaccurate articles that first appeared, he vowed to control
anything ever published in his name. He also realized the importance of
careful documentation, and began saving all his correspondence and
personal papers. (This has been a boon to scholars and historians.)
Committed to produce a 40,000 word book, he buried himself at
Falaise,
Harry Guggenheim's Long Island estate, and wrote Wein one month. It was well-written, spare and accurate, and became an
immediate best-seller. (Check out a lengthy reviewof Weat Amazon.)
In December, 1927, he flew the Spiritto Mexico,
Guatemala, Belize, and other Cental American countries. In Mexico, he
first met Ambassador Dwight Morrow and his daughters.
On his return to the U.S., he devoted himself to the development
of aviation, helping to start the airline that would become TWA.
Continue
reading Lindbergh article, page 2
Sources:
PBS - The
American Experience, Lindbergh episode- lots about his America
Firster days and his peculiar political ideas
Lindbergh
Foundation website
Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against American
Intervention in WWII, Wayne Cole, Harcourt Brace, 1974.
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msmarco_passage_00_473651177 | Area Codes for Washington, DC | Call Washington, DC | Area Codes for Washington, DC | Call Washington, DC
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Area Codes for Washington, DC
There are several area code s actively in use in the Washington, DC metropolitan area, including: 202, 703, 301. Washington, DC proper uses only the 202 area code. Nearby, northern Virginia uses 703 and 571 area codes and Maryland uses 301 and 240.
In Washington, DC, area codes are always included in written telephone numbers and area codes must be dialed for all calls, even for local calling. All US phone numbers are 10-digits total, including a 3-digit area code and a 7-digit local subscriber number.
Washington, DC / Northern Virginia / Maryland area code information:
Area codes in & near Washington, DC
Area codes by town
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Washington, DC area code maps
Washington, DC area codes:
202, 703, 301
more...
Area codes are used to route phone calls to a specific geographic area within a country. All area codes in the United States are exactly 3-digits long.
In the past, a given region often had just one area code. Nowadays, many cities and towns in denser urban areas have 2 or more area codes. Washington, DC as yet does not, but overlays are in place in both northern Virginia and Maryland.
To make an inbound international call (or domestic long distance call) to a Washington, DC landline or mobile phone, you need to dial the appropriate 3-digit area code, followed by a 7-digit local subscriber number.
If you don't have a fully specified 10-digit phone number, including area code, you will not be able to complete an inbound call.
Lookup Washington, DC phone numbers
Area Codes Used In & Near Washington, DC
There are several area codes used in Washington, DC and surrounding areas. As yet, Washington, DC has not implemented any 'overlay' area codes, but northern Virginia and Maryland have. Overlay area codes provide additional phone number capacity without disturbing existing phone number assignments.
Here are the area codes in use for greater Washington, DC metro area.
Washington, DC Area Codes
Area Codes
Main Locations
202
Washington, DC
703
571
northern Virginia locations, including Alexandria, Annandale, Arlington, Burke, Centreville, Chantilly, Dale City, Fairfax, Groveton, Herndon, Leesburg, McLean, Mount Vernon, Oakton, Reston, Springfield, West Springfield, Woodbridge
301
240
Maryland locations, including Bethesda, Bowie, College Park, Frederick, Gaithersburg, Germantown, Greenbelt, Hagerstown, Landover, North Laurel, Potomac, Rockville, Silver Spring, South Laurel, Wheaton-Glenmont
See maps and other area code listings below for further information.
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Area Codes for Towns in Washington, DC Area
Here are the area codes for the 20 or so largest cities and towns in and around Washington, DC (in alpha order).
Town
Area Code (s)
District of Columbia area code
Washington, DC area code
202
Northern Virginia area codes
Alexandria area code
703 / 571
Annandale area code
703 / 571
Arlington area code
703 / 571
Centreville area code
703 / 571
Chantilly area code
703 / 571
Fairfax area code
703 / 571
Falls Church area code
703 / 571
Herndon area code
703 / 571
Leesburg area code
703 / 571
Manassas area code
703 / 571
McLean area code
703 / 571
Oakton area code
703 / 571
Reston area code
703 / 571
Tyson's Corner area code
703 / 571
Springfield area code
703 / 571
West Springfield area code
703 / 571
Woodbridge area code
703 / 571
Maryland area codes
Bethesda area code
301 / 240
Bowie area code
301 / 240
College Park area code
301 / 240
Frederick area code
301 / 240
Gaithersburg area code
301 / 240
Germantown area code
301 / 240
Greenbelt area code
301 / 240
Hagerstown area code
301 / 240
Landover area code
301 / 240
North Laurel area code
301 / 240
Potomac area code
301 / 240
Rockville area code
301 / 240
Silver Spring area code
301 / 240
South Laurel area code
301 / 240
Wheaton-Glenmont area code
301 / 240
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Lookup Washington, DC, Northern Virginia, and Maryland Area Codes
To find the area codes (or ZIP codes) used in the Washington, DC area, please use the WhitePages.com search widgets. The first widget looks up area codes and ZIP codes by town. The second widget does reverse lookup by area code or ZIP code.
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Washington, DC Area Code Maps
The following maps show area codes for Washington, DC and nearby areas of Virginia and Maryland.
Washington, DC Area Code Map
Source: Wikipedia
Maps may not be completely up to date. Check other map links below if this appears out of date.
For additional area code maps, please visit WhitePages.com
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City Codes vs. Area Codes
In some cases, area codes may be referred to as city codes. However, a ' city code ' more correctly refers to the codes used to designate airports and other geographic locations. These codes are issued under the United Nation's UN/LOCODE system and/or the IATA airport coding system. The city code for Washington, DC is WAS.
Other Area Code Information
NANPA - area codes search
NANPA - USA area code maps
Verizon - USA area code maps
WhitePages.com - USA area code maps
NANPA - US national area code map
NANPA - planned area code changes
Washington, DC online telephone directories
Washington, DC dialing steps
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msmarco_passage_00_475906593 | Five Reasons Why We Choose to Serve the Lord | Calvary Nexus | Five Reasons Why We Choose to Serve the Lord | Calvary Nexus
Five Reasons Why We Choose to Serve the Lord
by Bruce Zachary | Sep 27, 2017 | Pastor Bruce | 12 comments
What does it mean to serve God? We serve and glorify God by sacrificially serving others. We are called to serve our spouse, children and parents, our fellow-workers or students, our neighbors, and in a local church or ministry. Through the years that I’ve been a follower of Jesus, I’ve discovered many reasons why we should serve the Lord. Today I want to share a few with you …
At the Mount of Olives, Jesus answered the disciples’ questions about when He would return, and what would be the sign of His Coming. After sharing several signs [Matt.24], Jesus shared parables to encourage us to be ready and remain faithful. We’re considering the Parable of the Talents. The main idea is that God has entrusted you with resources (time, talents, and treasure) not only for your pleasure but to advance His kingdom by serving others.
1. Our resources are a gift from God entrusted to us for His good pleasure and ours [15-16]
God’s kingdom is like a man who entrusts his workers to advance his interests while he is away [14]. During the church age, from Pentecost – the beginning of the church until His Second Coming, Jesus’ followers have the privilege and responsibility to advance His kingdom. The term “servant” refers to a steward [14]. A steward is entrusted with resources and is expected to responsibly use them to advance the master’s interests. All resources – time, talent, and treasure are entrusted to man by God. Your family and friends are a gift from God. The gifts, abilities, and strengths that you manifest at work or school are from God. Recognizing God as the source, helps you to understand the responsibility to sacrificially serve family, at work or school, your community and church with the purpose of glorifying God. These resources are not solely for your pleasure and comfort, but also intended to advance God’s kingdom. A “talent” [15] was the heaviest measure of dry weight in the Roman world (about 70 pounds). Because of this parable, we use the term to describe a gift, skill, or ability. Each received various resources (5,2,1) [15], and there were no specific instructions what to do. Why don’t people serve the Lord with their time, talents, and treasure? Perhaps, they don’t know how to get started, or aren’t sure of what they want to do. Maybe, it relates to a fear of failure or commitment. Unfortunately, it may be due to apathy, selfishness, and a lack of love for God and others. Ultimately, it is a failure to recognize that your resources are a gift from God entrusted to you for His good pleasure as well as your own. To whom much is given, much is required [Lu. 12:48].
2. We yearn to hear Jesus say, “Well done good and faithful …” [17-23]
Two of the three stewards used the entrusted resources for the master’s gain, and the third did not [16-18]. The master ultimately returns and settles accounts with the stewards. Those who used their entrusted resources for the Lord were equally blessed and praised even though the gain was different (one gained five and the other two) [20-23]. They are both called good, and commended for a job well done. They are approved as faithful. I know that one day I will stand before Jesus and will have to give an account of how I used the time, talents, and treasure God entrusted to me [2Cor. 5:10, 1Cor. 3:12-15, Rev.22:12]. I want to hear Jesus commend me that I did not selfishly waste my life and neglect God and my responsibility to Him, His kingdom, and others. I yearn to hear Him say, “Well done good and faithful.” Each of us, will give an account for our lives. What will you hear?
3. Our service to God brings us and Him joy [21, 23]
Kingdom workers enter into the joy of the Lord in one sense that they spend eternity in Christ’s presence. But there is also the sense that kingdom workers get to experience the joy of serving God today. You might be thinking that you’ll be really happy serving yourself, or by being served by others. But the pursuit of personal pleasure, without serving Jesus and others, doesn’t satisfy. Serving God is not the obstacle to joy, but is where you’ll discover joy. We serve Christ by serving people made in God’s image, and that blesses Him and brings Jesus joy. We are encouraged to, “Serve the Lord with gladness” [Ps. 100:2]. Undoubtedly, serving God will be challenging, but there is nothing that can bring greater joy. Because nothing else that you can do will impact eternity like service to God. Don’t you want to bring joy to Christ, and experience His joy?
4. Our faithful service yields greater kingdom roles [21, 23]
Twice the master declares, “You were faithful over a few things, I will make you ruler over many things” [21, 23]. The kingdom workers discover that their part (“a few things”) was just a relatively small part of the greater work of God. It is comforting to know that my part, no matter what it is, is just a relatively small part compared to God’s work. Their faithful service results in greater kingdom roles eternally and today. I’ve discovered that God often allows greater kingdom opportunities for those who have proven themselves faithful [28-29]. Those opportunities generally cause people to grow in Christ as He equips them for new challenges. Learn to be faithful to serve in what God has called you to in this season, and try to avoid comparing your calling with someone else’s.
5. We don’t want to be characterized as wicked and discover that we aren’t saved [24-30]
The third steward did not use the resources for his master and blames the master. He justifies himself by accusing his master of being harsh and exploiting [24-25]. The master indicates that at the very least the steward could have done something conservative to bring some gain for the master [26-27]. The master gives a harsh rebuke and calls the servant “wicked and lazy” [26]. We would tend to think of people who don’t serve God and others as selfish, apathetic or unmotivated, but we generally wouldn’t consider them wicked. The failure to use resources for the master reveals their lack of love for the master. The talent was taken and given to others who were faithful [28-29]. The Greek term translated “unprofitable” refers to useless or good for nothing. The lack of desire to serve God and use the resources entrusted to advance God’s kingdom revealed that person wasn’t saved. Thus, they experience the judgment of God [30]. This is such a sobering warning. Therefore, it is wise for you to humbly examine your life.
We are not saved by serving, but we are saved by grace through faith in Christ [Eph. 2:8]. All who are truly saved will seek to be like Jesus who came to serve not to be served [Mk. 10:45]. Jesus served to advance God’s kingdom and bring glory to the Father [Jn. 17:4]. Are you using your time, talents, and treasure to glorify God and advance His kingdom? Do you serve God and glorify Him by serving others in every realm: your marriage, family, career, community and church?
Today, we’ve considered five reasons to serve the Lord, but the underlying reason is God’s love for you displayed at the cross and the gospel. We serve Jesus, because He restored us to God by His perfect sacrifice. Our sacrificial service to God of our time, talents, and treasure is simply a reasonable response to all that He has done for us. |
msmarco_passage_00_477388246 | This is Me | Camp Rock Wiki | Fandom | This is Me | Camp Rock Wiki | Fandom
This is Me
Demi Lovato, Joe Jonas - This Is Me (From "Camp Rock" Sing-Along)
This is Me is the fourth single from Camp Rock, and is the main song for Demi Lovato's character, Mitchie Torres. It was released on June 17, 2008 on iTunes digital music store for its acoustic full version. A live version is also included on "Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience". It was written and produced by Adam Watts and Andy Dodd.
Song Information
"This is Me" is a midtempo pop song with influences from pop rock and power pop. This is the first song that Demi Lovato's character, Mitchie Torres, sang in Camp Rock with Joe Jonas's character, Shane Gray. Mitchie wrote the song in the beginning of the movie, and was later heard on piano, but not seen, by Shane, who set out to search for the girl behind the amazing voice. After most people performed already in the "Final Jam" session, Mitchie sang the song (original version), and Shane saw her and sang part of the song he wrote, "Gotta Find You". The two songs are combined to make the original version, as featured on the Camp Rock soundtrack CD.
Lyrics
Mitchie:
Verse #1
I've always been the kind of girl that hid my face so afraid to tell the world what I've got to say but I have this dream right inside of me I'm gonna let it show, it's time to let you know (2 times)
Chorus: This is real, this is me I'm exactly where I'm supposed to be, now gonna let the light, shine on me now I've found, who I am there's no way to hold it in no more hiding who I want to be this is me
Verse #2
Do you know what it's like to feel so in the dark to dream about a life where you're the shining star even though it seems like it's too far away I have to believe in myself It's the only way
Chorus: This is real, this is me I'm exactly where I'm supposed to be, now gonna let the light, shine on me now I've found, who I am there's no way to hold it in no more hiding who I want to be this is me
Shane: You're the voice I hear inside my head the reason that I'm singing I need to find you, I gotta find you you're the missing piece I need the song inside of me
Shane & Mitchie: I need to find you, I gotta find you this is real, this is me I'm exactly where I'm supposed to be, now gonna let the light, shine on me now I've found, who I am there's no way to hold it in no more hiding who I want to be this is me you're the missing piece I need the song inside of me (this is me, yeah) you're the voice I hear inside my head the reason that I'm singing now I've found, who I am there's no way to hold it in no more hiding who I want to be this is me
Links
Camp Rock Soundtrack
This is me Wikipedia Page
This is me lyrics
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msmarco_passage_00_481549727 | Can I Give My Baby Beans? | Can I Give My Baby Beans?
Can I Give My Baby Beans?
Watching your baby try new foods like beans is a joyous experience. They may love, or hate, the food you put in front of them—the tastes, the colors, the textures. All of these are a new experience for your child. Watching their face as they discover these new foods is a very precious moment in a parent’s life.
But when it comes to feeding your baby solid foods, some parents often wonder which foods are safe and when is the appropriate time to start feeding certain foods to your child. If you have any concerns regarding your child’s diet, it is best to consult their physician for guidance.
One food that is on the minds of parents are beans. They are a type of legume and come in many different shapes, sizes, colors, tastes and textures. Packed with fiber, beans also contain a great source of minerals, vitamins and proteins. Not only will the fiber content help your child have regular bowel movements, but their nutritional value will also help your child’s growth and development.
Can I Give My Baby Beans? Answer: From 8-10 Months
Since beans are high in proteins, it is recommended to be served to children between eight and ten months of age. At this age, your child’s digestive system has had time to mature, making it easier to accept new foods. By ten months, your child should also be able to sit with support and has probably mastered finger foods. Beans are known to cause gas, and because of this, may be hard for a younger baby’s digestive system to break down. Beans are usually also very small, and can easily be lodged in your child’s throat, causing him or her to choke.
Serving Suggestion
When your child starts solid foods, it is always best to serve them foods that have been mashed or pureed. You should always cook your beans before giving them to your child. Once cooked, beans become more smooth and more easy to mash. The mashed substance is easy for your child to chew and swallow. Though beans become softer after they have been cooked, it is still best to serve to your child in mashed form. Even if your baby has mastered eating finger foods, the small size of beans can easily get lodged in your child’s throat.
Knowing how to cook beans is pretty standard. Once you have cooked one bean, you have mastered how to cook them all. If you would prefer to serve beans to your child in the form of a meal, there are plenty of baby-safe recipes available on the Internet or in baby-friendly cookbooks.
Switch it Up
Since beans come in a variety of types, they make a great addition to your baby’s meals. You can switch the type of bean served to your child, yet still provide them with a great source of protein, fiber, vitamins and minerals. You can give your baby kidney beans on Monday, and butter beans on Tuesday.
When you first introduce beans to your little one, make sure to either serve it alone or with another food your child has already enjoyed. Even though beans are not known to cause many allergic reactions, it is always best to wait three days in between feeding your child new foods. This way, if your child does have an allergic reaction, you will know which food caused it.
Bean Qualities
Remember, beans are a great food for your child to consume once they are between eight and ten months old. Before then, the high protein found in beans may not be easy enough for your child’s digestive system to break down. Beans are very high in fiber, which will help your child have regular bowel movements. They are also high in vitamins and minerals, which is great for growth and development. Just remember to always cook beans first and then mash them up for your child. This makes it easier for them to chew and prevents any choking hazards.
As always, if you have any questions about your child’s diet, whether or not to serve them beans, or how to prepare beans for your baby, it is always best to consult with your child’s physician. He or she will be able to answer your questions and discuss your concerns in more thorough detail.
Add Your Own Answer to Can I Give My Baby Beans? Below |
msmarco_passage_00_491752931 | Jamaica January Weather | Caribya! | Jamaica January Weather | Caribya!
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Weather in Jamaica in January
Jamaica in January still offers temperatures that are warm and balmy, and the winter season means dry days and nights on this island, making it one of the best times of the year to visit, especially if you are visiting from the north. It is perhaps because of the fine weather that so many travelers choose January as the perfect time to visit Jamaica.
Typical Weather in January
January temperatures in Jamaica range from an average low of 72.0 degrees to an average high of 82.0 degrees
Jamaica in January: Key Facts
Monthly Averages
High
Low
Rainfall
(inches)
No. of Days
with Rain
82.0° F
72.0° F
2.7
N.A.
On any given day during January in Jamaica, you can expect early morning temperatures to be around 73.3 degrees. In January, temperatures typically rise to around 81.6 degrees by early afternoon. By early evening, temperatures in Jamaica generally decline to around 76.8 degrees. Temperatures in Jamaica average around 76.8 degrees during January.
January Temperatures in Jamaica by Time of Day
Early Morning
Late Morning
Early Afternoon
Late Afternoon
Early Evening
Overall
73.3° F
79.9° F
81.6° F
80.5° F
76.8° F
76.8° F
Rain
During January, rain is most likely to occur around 7:00 PM , and least likely to occur around 1:00 AM . As shown below, if a thunderstorm occurs in January, it is most likely to occur around 4:00 PM .
January Rainfall in Jamaica by Time of Day
Percent Frequencies of Hourly Observations
Hour
Rain
and/or
Drizzle
Thunder-
storms
1:00 AM
5.4 %
0 %
4:00 AM
5.8 %
0 %
7:00 AM
9.7 %
0 %
10:00 AM
8.3 %
0 %
1:00 PM
6.2 %
0 %
4:00 PM
10.5 %
.2 %
7:00 PM
11.8 %
0 %
10:00 PM
5.6 %
0 %
ALL
7.9 %
*
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msmarco_passage_00_493933260 | The all-new Mazda CX-5 is coming soon. Will it be a ’21? New 2021 Mazda CX-5: changes, release date, more | The all-new Mazda CX-5 is coming soon. Will it be a ’21? New 2021 Mazda CX-5: changes, release date, more
The all-new Mazda CX-5 is coming soon. Will it be a ’21?
Posted by: Chuck Giametta
2020 Mazda CX-5
By Ed Piotrowski and CarPreview staff
What changes will make the 2021 Mazda CX-5 different?
A complete redesign of this compact crossover is just over the horizon – but only Mazda knows when it’ll arrive. If it lands for model-year 2022, the ‘21 CX-5 will be a carryover of the 2020 model. We should know by fall 2020.
Regardless of its model-year designation, the most significant change for the all-new second-generation CX-5 is sure to be new styling and a fresh interior design. It’ll remain a five-seater available with front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive (AWD) and will reprise the 2020’s gasoline and turbodiesel four-cylinder engines – and possibly add a novel new gas four-cylinder that promises vastly improved fuel economy.
The first-generation CX-5 debuted for model-year 2013, was refreshed for 2017, and stands as the Japanese automaker’s top-selling U.S. vehicle. It launched Mazda’s Skyactiv manufacturing and engineering processes intended to minimize weight and maximize efficiency. The CX-5 consistently rates among the best-driving crossovers in the segment – even if its sales place it just midpack in a crowded field of some 20 entries.
Should I wait for the 2021 CX-5 or buy a 2020?
2020 CX-5
If you want Mazda’s most up-to-date styling and features, wait for the redesigned CX-5, whatever model year it turns out to be. Count on eye-catching styling, lively road manners, and a continued march upscale in amenities and pricing.
For a bird in the hand, buy a 2020 CX-5. It remains a style leader and a top performer in the class and is among the very few compact crossovers available with a diesel engine in lieu of a hybrid option. And a ’20 CX-5 will almost certainly cost less than a ’21, redesigned or not.
In fact, pricing may be particularly vital for some CX-5 intenders. As Mazda repositions its vehicles to near-premium status, CX-5 prices already touch the upper echelon of the compact-crossover segment. The 2020 CX-5 flagship, the Signature model, comes with Nappa leather upholstery and real wood interior trim and has a base price of $38,100 with the turbocharged gas engine and around $42,300 with the diesel. Further, Mazda avoids heavy incentives, which helps maintain brand image and resale values but can cut out price-sensitive shoppers.
Both the first- and second-generation CX-5 will continue to slot in Mazda’s crossover stable between the smaller, compact-class CX-3 and CX-30 and the midsize, seven-passenger CX-9.
The redesigned CX-5 will likely feature a four-model lineup consisting of Base, Preferred, Premium, and flagship Signature trims. Expect AWD to be standard on the Signature and optional in place of front-drive on the others.
Should the ’21 be a carryover, its five-model lineup will probably mirror that of the 2020 CX-5: Sport, Touring, Grand Touring, Grand Touring Reserve, and Signature. AWD would remain standard on the Grand Touring Reserve and the Signature.
Will the styling be different?
2020 CX-5
Yes, if it’s redesigned for model-year 2021. If it isn’t redesigned, the ’21 CX-5 will continue with the touches applied as part of the 2017 refresh. Tweaks to nose and tail brought its look in line with that of most other Mazdas, including the Mazda 3 and 6 cars and the CX-9 crossover.
Expect the second-generation CX-5 to be about the same size while taking visual inspiration from the redesigned 2019 Mazda 3 hatchback. Minimal gingerbread, sophisticated lines, and smooth contours would be the order of the day. Thankfully, the CX-5’s larger canvass should allow stylists to avoid the awkward rear-end proportions that sully the 3 hatchback.
The next-gen CX-5 interior should also mimic the newest 3’s, with an uncluttered layout of instruments and controls. An 8.8-inch tablet-style infotainment screen would replace the first-generation’s 7- and 8-inch display options. Users would govern most functions via a console-mounted dial controller, and the interface would be a generational leap over the current CX-5’s. Expect Apple CarPlay and Google Android Auto to be standard across the board; the smartphone interfaces were unavailable on the 2020 CX-5 Sport but were otherwise standard.
2020 CX-5
We hope the redesign includes reshaped front seats that are more comfortable for those of wider frame. Legroom should remain generous in both seating rows. We’d advise Mazda to retain the 40/20/40 split/folding rear seatbacks instead of the more common 60/40. We’d also encourage it to allow the rear bench to slide fore and aft to benefit passenger or cargo space. Of the latter, the first-generation CX-5 is slightly below class average, with 30.9 cubic feet behind the rear seat and 59.6 with them folded. The redesigned model could see a modest bump on both fronts.
Expect Mazda to continue to pursue a premium image with class-above interior materials. As with the first generation, the redesigned Grand Touring and above would include leather upholstery as standard, with the Signature featuring upgraded leather, custom stitching, wood veneers, and ambient lighting.
Any mechanical changes?
Quite likely for the redesigned CX-5. No change if the 2021 model is a carryover.
The next-gen CX-5 would be an ideal candidate for Mazda’s new Skyactiv-X engine, a naturally aspirated 2.0-liter four-cylinder that employs both gasoline-spark ignition to optimize fuel efficiency and diesel-type compression ignition to maximize torque. Figure around 180 horsepower and 170 pound-feet of torque. It would be the entry-level engine, standard on the Base and Preferred grades.
If a Skyactiv-X engine isn’t on the bill, the base powerplant would likely be the 2.5-liter four-cylinder carried over from the 2020 Sport, Touring, and Grand Touring models. It would again make around 187 horsepower and 186 pound-feet of torque. First-gen or second, the CX-5 should be one of the lightest vehicles in its competitive set, so acceleration with the 2.5-liter should remain more than satisfying for most buyers.
Expect the other 2021 CX-5 models to retain a turbocharged 2.5-liter four-cylinder. For ’20, it was rated at 250 horsepower and 320 pound-feet of torque using super-premium 93-octane gasoline and 227 horsepower and 310 pound-feet on 87-octane regular. In our tests this engine delivered strong scoot off the line and impressive acceleration to merge or pass. We observed no noticeable performance degradation on 87-octane gas.
2020 CX-5
Likely returning as an option for the Signature model would be a 2.2-liter turbodiesel four-cylinder with 168 horsepower and 290 pound-feet of torque. Mazda had not made a diesel Signature available for testing in time for this review. On paper, it’s an intriguing proposition, promising strong pickup and highway fuel economy over 30 mpg – pretty good for an AWD compact crossover with that much torque. You’d pay a premium, though: the turbodiesel adds a rather stiff $4,000 to the 2020 gas-powered Signature, although Mazda cushions the hit with 2 years/30,000 miles of complimentary scheduled maintenance as an exclusive perk.
We suspect it’s unlikely, but we hope Mazda replaces the next CX-5’s six-speed automatic transmission with something more sophisticated. The six-speed works well enough, but a transmission with more gears would allow the engines to really stretch their performance legs and potentially get even better fuel economy.
Switching to a cost-cutting rear suspension set back the 2019 Mazda 3’s road manners but we don’t think such a fate awaits the redesigned CX-5. It should continue with a fully independent suspension that delivers enthusiast-grade control and confidence-inspiring composure. Ride quality will likely remain on the firm side without turning uncomfortable, even if Mazda takes tires and wheels up a size from the 19-inchers that were the biggest available on the first-generation model.
2020 CX-5
The new CX-5 should also benefit from improved suppression of noise, vibration, and harshness thanks to engine refinements and extra sound insulation. We foresee it among the most refined vehicles in the class, quieter even than the already hushed 2020 CX-5.
Mazda is likely to again make AWD standard with the 2.5-liter turbo engine and with the turbodiesel. It’ll remain a mainstream system that shuffles power rearward when the front tires slip.
To the 2020 Grand Touring Reserve and Signature models Mazda added a feature called off-road traction assist. The automaker says it can “potentially help the driver when adventuring on uneven terrain.” When the diagonal tires lose traction, off-road traction assist stops reducing engine torque and increases brake force on them. This transfers power to the tires with grip. Even with a reasonable 8.2 inches of ground clearance, though, it doesn’t transform the CX-5 into an off-roader. Nonetheless, expect off-road traction assist to be available on the next-generation CX-5.
Will fuel economy improve?
2020 CX-5
Depends. If the redesigned model CX-5 for 2021 and gets the Skyactiv-X engine, its EPA ratings could increase up to 30 percent over the current 2.5-liter’s. That would mean ratings of approximately 33/40/36 mpg city/highway/combined with front-wheel drive and 31/39/34 with AWD – exceptional for a crossover without hybrid-electric propulsion.
Should a redesigned CX-5 premiere with the carryover 2.5-liter four, gas mileage could still see a marginal boost from aerodynamic and mechanical enhancements. That would mean ratings around 26/32/29 mpg with front drive and 25/31/27 with AWD.
Barring a new transmission, ratings with the AWD-only 2.5-liter turbo and 2.2-liter turbodiesel may not change, repeating at 22/27/24 mpg and 27/30/28, respectively. A 2019 gas-powered Signature averaged 25.1 mpg in our testing.
Will there be new features?
Unlikely: there’s not much to add after Mazda laudably made its full suite of safety features standard across the entire 2020 CX-5 lineup. Its i-Activesense kit includes autonomous emergency braking with pedestrian detection; lane-departure warning with automatic steering correction; and adaptive cruise control that maintains a set distance from traffic ahead, even in stop-and-go driving. Also returning as standard on the ’21 CX-5 would be automatic highbeam headlights, blind-spot and rear cross-traffic detection, and rain-sensing windshield wipers.
Other standard features that should repeat would be pushbutton ignition and two front USB charging ports. Expect Apple CarPlay and Android Auto to also be standard on the ’21 CX-5, whether it’s redesigned or not.
Look for models above the base level to again include keyless access, leatherette upholstery, heated front seats, dual-zone automatic climate control, a power driver’s seat, and USB power points for rear occupants.
The carryover Grand Touring and Grand Touring Reserve, or a redesigned Premium grade, would include power-folding exterior mirrors, leather upholstery, driver-seat memory, power front-passenger seat, ventilated front seats, heated outboard rear seats, heated steering wheel, head-up display, and Bose-brand audio system.
Any future Signature model would continue with unique interior trim, imbedded GPS navigation, a wireless garage-door transmitter, and a surround-view camera.
Will 2021 prices be different?
They’ll likely increase — very modestly if the ’21 CX-5 is a carryover, more significantly if it’s redesigned.
Either case, Mazda might be wise to show restraint. All its vehicles are getting costlier as it attempts to reposition itself as an upscale brand. Granted, each of its models can boast a near-premium sheen versus most direct competitors. Trouble is, much of the buying public still seems to view Mazdas as mainstream and affordable rather than aspirational and pricey.
For reference, here are base prices for the 2020 Mazda CX-5, including the $1,045 manufacturer destination fee.
The 2020 CX-5 Sport started at $26,135 with front-wheel drive and at $27,535 with AWD, the Touring at $27,775 and $29,175, respectively, and the Grand Touring at $31,255 and $32,655.
With AWD and the turbocharged gas engine standard, the ’20 CX-5 Grand Touring Reserve was priced from $36,080 and the Signature at $38,100. Base price for the 2020 Signature with the diesel engine was not released in time for this report; our estimate is around $42,300.
Expect options to remain minimal. For 2020, the main extras were packages for the Touring and Grand Touring, at $1,375 and $1,625, respectively, that included features standard on higher trims. A redesigned CX-5 may forego such packages, leaving only some extra-cost paint colors as the sole factory options.
When does it come out?
2020 CX-5
If Mazda redesign the CX-5 for model-year 2021, expect a release date in early calendar 2021. Should the ’21 be a carryover, figure a release date around November 2020.
Best competitors
Chevrolet Equinox and Trailblazer, Ford Escape, GMC Terrain, Honda CR-V, Hyundai Tucson, Jeep Cherokee and Compass, Kia Sportage, Mitsubishi Outlander, Nissan Rogue, Subaru Forester, Toyota RAV4, Volkswagen Tiguan
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2019-11-19
Chuck Giametta |
msmarco_passage_00_494647784 | Cost of Brakes - Car Repair and Maintenance - CostHelper | Cost of Brakes - Car Repair and Maintenance - CostHelper
CostHelper > Cars > Brakes
Brakes Cost
How Much Do Brakes Cost?
At a Repair Shop: $130-$800 per axle
At a Car Dealership: $350-$850 per axle
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Brake pads can last tens of thousands of miles but they wear down over time, and should be inspected and replaced when needed.
Brake rotors/discs (the part the pads rub against to stop the vehicle) may last through two or three sets of pads before needing to be replaced; slightly scratched rotors can sometimes be resurfaced (shaving off enough metal to make them smooth again).
A brake caliper holds the brake pad and piston in place around the rotor; a caliper typically lasts longer than pads or rotors, but may need replacing if sticking or leaking brake fluid.
Typical costs:
Brake repairs typically cost $130-$900 per axle, depending on the make and model of the vehicle and what is included -- whether it is only a basic inspection and brake pad replacement or if it includes replacing pads and either resurfacing or replacing rotors; or if it includes pads, rotors, calipers and flushing the brake fluid system. Prices are typically higher at car dealerships than at standard repair shops (such as independent or chain car-repair companies, or muffler or tire shops).
For example, from 2010 to 2012 CostHelper readers reported paying $140-$799 for an average of $349 for brake repairs on one axle in standard repair shops; or $350-$850 at dealerships for an average of $504.
For work on front and back brakes, CostHelper readers reported paying $273-$1,025 for an average of $567 at standard repair shops, or $280-$935 for an average of $578 at dealerships.
Repairs tend to be more expensive on vehicles with higher initial purchase prices; these sometimes have more complex systems that require more labor. For example, a CostHelper reader reported paying $965 for front and back brake pads and front rotors on a Mercedes.
Related articles: Wheel Alignment, Replacing a CV Boot, Replacing a Timing Belt, Tires, Oil Change
What should be included:
A brake job typically includes road testing the vehicle to check its current operating condition; removing the wheels and inspecting the brake pads, rotors, bearings and calipers; inspecting and/or replacing brake hoses, mounting clips, anti-rattle shims and brake pads; cleaning the components; inspecting and possibly resurfacing or replacing the brake rotors; and cleaning and repacking bearings. Nevada Mobile Automotive service describes what should be included [ 1] .
Most front-wheel drive cars have hub bearings, which are typically inspected and replaced if necessary, rather than being serviced. Some vehicles also require a hydraulic brake system flush.
Brakes may need to be replaced when the wheels make a high-pitched screeching or grinding noise; if the brakes fail to slow or stop the car normally; if the brake pedal slowly drops to the floor after the brakes are engaged; if the vehicle pulls to one side while braking; or if vibrations can be felt from the pedal while the brakes are applied. DriverSide.com explains how to know [ 2] when it is time to change brake pads.
Discounts:
Some repair shops offer discounts for AAA [ 3] members.
Edmunds provides do-it-yourself instructions [ 4] for replacing brake pads, calling it an "easier-than-expected DIY project" that requires standard tools and takes about an hour, for a savings of about $250 in labor costs on most cars. CostHelper readers report paying $23-$285 for an average of $104 for materials for brakes on one axle, and $135-$439 for all parts for both front and back brakes, for an average of $304.
CostHelper readers who bought the needed replacement parts and then paid a mobile mechanic or one at a local shop or gas station to install them report total costs of $80-$430, for an average of $251.
Shopping for brakes:
Ask for details about why the brake parts need replacing, and the quality of the replacements (whether they are made by the original vehicle manufacturer or are manufactured by another company). The Family Handyman magazine describes potential brake-job rip-offs [ 5] .
The National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence provides a searchable directory [ 6] of certified shops.
Consumer Reports lists tips for finding a good mechanic [ 7] .
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You may not be able to host the large family gathering for the holidays, but there are still many ways to pick up items curbside to spruce up your indoor space for your everyday enjoyment and to bring a more festive spirit. || Posted December 30 2020
7 Lesser-Known Discounts for the 50+ Crowd
As they age, members of the Baby Boomer generation don't like to admit that they're senior citizens, but they love getting discounts. It's kind of a quandary, because some of the best deals available are reduced prices for older folks. || Posted October 21 2013
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front end Brake pads calipers rotors brake lines $540
Amount: $540.00
Posted by: Athena1318 in Lake City, FL.
Posted: May 6th, 2020 11:05AM
Car Make: Lexus
Car Model: Gs 300
Auto Shop: Wishes Auto
300,000.00 miles
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Front and rear brake pads and brake fluid exchange
Amount: $499.24
Posted by: Heidi L. in Naples, FL.
Posted: March 25th, 2020 04:03PM
Car Make: Honda
Car Model: CRV
Auto Shop: Kurt’s Automotive
A coupon for Kurt's Automotive came up so I went to his shop to get a second opinion from what the dealership told me for a free brake job inspection. He told me of ways he could save me on cost where no other repair shop would probably offer this information. Kind of reminds me of back in the old days. He gave me printed estimates and decided to have him do the job because the estimates he gave me were right on spot with driverside.com, actually driverside was just a tad more expensive than Kurt's estimate and decided to have Kurt do the work. Entering the shop this morning there was a customer waiting and we got to talking and he had told me he would go to no other shop but this one and proceeded to give me tidbits on how you can tell if it is a good shop. I decided to add on a service, brake flush, and Kurt showed me I did need one per a test he had, so I had that done. The cost exceeded my expectations, because I actually thought in the end it would be a little more than the
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Brake fluid exchange, front & rear brake pads and resurface rotors
Amount: $634.85
Posted by: Heidi L. in Naples, FL.
Posted: March 17th, 2020 06:03PM
Car Make: Honda
Car Model: CRV
Auto Shop: Germain Honda of naples
This is the estimate they gave me. Breakdown is brake fluid exchange would be 134.95 (too much it seems). front brake pads and resurface rotors $249.95 and same amount for the rear. Problem is my rotors might not need resurfacing, hope they don’t charge me for that.
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Front Pads 1 rotor
Amount: $388.00
Posted by: Lisa Gialucci in Kenneth City, FL.
Posted: November 6th, 2019 12:11PM
Car Make: Oldsmobile
Car Model: Alero
Auto Shop: Kenneth City, Fl.
Car was making a thumping sound in R. front tire, with every rotation-very annoying and not so much when the brakes were engaged very
much. Glad it’s fixed .
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BRAKE PADS (front and back)
Amount: $260.00
Posted by: CaliSunshine in Columbus, OH.
Posted: November 17th, 2018 11:11AM
Car Make: Honda 2012
Car Model: Civic LX
Auto Shop: Independent
Replaced all four pads in little over an hour. Pads bought at Advance Auto. Mechanic works full time for some company but also has his own shop at his home.
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Brakes serviced
Amount: $1,449.00
Posted by: J.Wade in Columbia, MD.
Posted: May 11th, 2018 12:05PM
Car Make: Honda
Car Model: CRV
Auto Shop: Jim Coleman
Car had noise when applying brakes. (No service lights on.) Went back to dealership and was charged $1440.00 for inspection, rear pads and rotors brake fluid and left rear caliper.
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Front and back brake pads and all rotors replaced
Amount: $275.00
Posted by: NJDealGuy in Langhorne, PA.
Posted: February 20th, 2018 08:02AM
Car Make: Honda
Car Model: Accord LX 2010
Auto Shop: Craigslist & Advance Auto Parts
My strategy whenever I feel theres a problem with the car is to first take it to a dealer that tests and diagnoses what needs to be done (such as brakes, alternator, etc). Was quoted approx $850 by the Honda dealer in this case to replace all brake pads and rotors on my car (and in addition suggested calipers, and other shocks/struts bs). Then went to advance auto parts with 20% off coupon and purchased front/back premium wearever brand ceramic brake pads and 4 rotors and a can of brake fluid for approximately $205 in total including tax.
Found a 'mobile mechanic' who came to my place on craigslist who was a professional that actually works for a dealer and does this work for some side income and did the replacement work for me and charged $70 (and took about 2 hours for him to do the work).
I've used this strategy for several different things as needed over the years and believe it is the way to avoid getting ripped off and also have control over what is being done on the car
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replaced all brakes and turned rotors and new brake fluid
Amount: $304.00
Posted by: a user in houston, TX.
Posted: July 22nd, 2017 08:07PM
Car Make: nissan
Car Model: pathfinder
Auto Shop: sears
Fair price for what they did ceramic pads and used 80 dollar coupon found online
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Brakes and rotors FRONT ONLY
Amount: $500.00
Posted by: DRIVING MACHINE in Oakland, CA.
Posted: March 13th, 2017 03:03PM
Car Make: Lincoln
Car Model: MKS
Auto Shop: Dealership
New front brake pads, new rotors, brake component test, system inspection and road testing. Only original Lincoln Motor Company parts were used. I feel it may look price first but not that expensive if I compare other luxury car brand. Pads come with lifetime warranty, rotors come with 2 yrs warranty
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Brakes
Amount: $1,200.00
Posted by: Siameezkat in Indianapolis, IN.
Posted: March 7th, 2017 06:03AM
Car Make: Infiniti
Car Model: G35
Auto Shop: Infiniti
Sooooo took my Infiniti to Meinkie and they replaced the back brakes a month later I smell something burning so caliper on passengers side was stuck, they gave me some line about it was some electrical problem that made my emergency brake engage. Yeah right....so I take it to Infiniti and they say I need new brake pads, rotors and calipers and might as well do the other side to. Haven't got the bill yet but looks like around 1500 not to mention the job I paid for at Meinke around 400.00!
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Our 2012 Honda Accord Requires new Brake Pads FREQUENTLY!
Amount: $234.00
Posted by: frustratedHondaOwner in Santa Clara, CA.
Posted: July 23rd, 2016 05:07PM
Car Make: Honda
Car Model: Accord 2012 LXP
Auto Shop: Japanese Beatle
Man our 2012 Honda ACcord LX-P is only 6 years old but I can't count how many times we've had to change the brake pads! Finally switched to a local mechanic instead of paying dealership prices. This was for the rear brake pads. REally liked the mechanic at this place, Japanese Beatle. I also asked his advice about some scratches on the bumper and he told me the local Maaco sometimes has bumper specials, which I might try to catch sometime.
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Front and rear brake pads and rotors
Amount: $1,030.00
Posted by: James C in Chicago, IL.
Posted: June 23rd, 2016 12:06AM
Car Make: Cadillac
Car Model: CTS4
Auto Shop: Grossinger AutoPlex
Made decision to use dealer thinking warranty would help,...my mistake, should have said no on estimate, but I was traveling and in a rush.
Would have been cheaper at independent shop in Chicago
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Rear brake rotors
Amount: $20.00
Posted by: Jeffrey G in Deerfield beach, FL.
Posted: June 10th, 2016 12:06PM
Auto Shop: Mobile mechanic
Had my friend replace the rear brake rotors on my toyota highlander 4 cyl.
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Brake Pads, Rotors, Sensors, Hardware, Hoses,Brake Fluid & Labor
Amount: $724.48
Posted by: Mercedes88 in King of Prussia, PA.
Posted: April 7th, 2016 11:04AM
Car Make: Mercedes
Car Model: 560SL
Auto Shop: MIDAS
Rebate of $100.00 on installation of $724.48. Mercedes dealer in West Chester, PA quoted a price of $540.00 for front pads and brakes?? Pep Boys quoted a price of $496.00??????
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front breaks and break fluid
Amount: $370.00
Posted by: van81 in yonkers, NY.
Posted: April 6th, 2016 12:04PM
Car Make: dodge
Car Model: durango
Auto Shop: mavis
I bought this car used. now a year later and I have to repair breaks. I so feel the dealership, should pay.
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front brake pads and rotors
Amount: $312.00
Posted by: dcw in marion, VA.
Posted: March 29th, 2016 01:03PM
Car Make: Honda
Car Model: Accord EXL
I bought new rotors and pads. Paid 85.00 for the labor to install. I could have bought cheaper parts but paid extra for low dust pads and rust resistant rotors
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Rear brake pads and new rotors.
Amount: $360.00
Posted by: Toeser in The Villages, FL.
Posted: March 11th, 2016 10:03AM
Car Make: Subaru
Car Model: Outback
Auto Shop: NAPA
Pads were an upgrade from basic. I probably could have done better, but don't know any service providers in the area.
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Front and Back Wagner Ceramic Brakes and Wagner Rotors
Amount: $135.11
Posted by: Yoder in Pueblo, CO.
Posted: February 9th, 2016 01:02PM
Car Make: VW
Car Model: Jetta
Auto Shop: DIY
Let the car sit for two years and rotors and breaks were nice and rusted. Couldn't get the wheels off so I paid $14 for a tire rotation and they quoted me $350 for all pads and rotors. I still thought that was way too much.
Front Ceramics - $34.36
Rear Ceramics - $20.83
Front Rotors - $24.14x2
Rear Rotors - $15.82x2
plus about 2 hours of my labor as the rotors were rusted to the hub as well.
Then paid $40 to the same shop to bleed the brakes and I supplied them with the brake fluid.
First time ever changing the brakes and they stop better than when I fist got the car, just do a little research and go for it.
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Rear Brakes
Amount: $151.00
Posted by: TAS in sparta, NJ.
Posted: February 2nd, 2016 06:02AM
Car Make: Infiniti
Car Model: Q45
Auto Shop: Home-self
I do my own brakes not only to save money, but to do it right, I drive high miles. Poor jobs can squeak, rust out your calipers and damage ABS. I did a full rear job, fully rebuilt calipers (one stuck, did both sides), new rotors, pads, shims, fluid flush/bleed. Took 4 hrs going slow, longest time to rebuild calipers. Costs: Caliper rebuild kit ($5 x 2) Caliper piston ($14 x 2) Caliper giude pins w grease ($12 x 2) ceramic pads ($27 set) rear rotors ($23 x 2) brake fluid, 32 oz ($7) pad quiet spray ($6) brake cleaner ($6). Did proper job, following the vehicle specific repair manual. I found garages lack diligence and skip steps. DO IT RIGHT, do it yourself!
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Toyota 2003 Celica GTS Front Brakes
Amount: $336.69
Posted by: Stuart Z in Columbus, OH.
Posted: January 27th, 2016 03:01PM
Car Make: Toyota
Car Model: Celica GTS
Auto Shop: Voss Toyota
My son reported "squishy" brakes. In addition, I heard an odd sound from the right rear tire area. Upon taking our car to the Toyota dealer (I have a Platinum maintenance warranty good until 5 years 2017 or 100K miles, now at 4 years and 70K miles) it was determined that lack of tire rotation caused uneven wear on the right rear, producing the odd rotational noise. The brake issue was determined to be a frozen right front caliper. The work include resurfacing 2 front rotors, installation of 2 new pads, shims, and a new right front caliper. Total parts $209.19 labor $227.50. A discount was applied since I had a few more items taken care of plus oil and power steering flush/fluid, cabin air filter, removal of dysfunctional power antenna, and tire rotation. Sure - dealerships cost more....but with my warranty I did the only prudent thing!
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Front- New Pads & Rotors, Rear- New Shoes & Refinish Drums, Oil & Filter Change, Changed 2 bulbs ( brake & rear )
Amount: $450.00
Posted by: Liz4rmLA in Northridge, CA.
Posted: January 18th, 2016 06:01PM
Auto Shop: L.B. Auto Service
Very nice. Showed me what he was going to do and what was wrong. Took a few hours since they were busy and gave me a lift home so I wouldn't have to wait there.
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Rear rotors and pads
Amount: $324.94
Posted by: Neatfix in Monmouth Junction, NJ.
Posted: September 9th, 2015 11:09AM
Car Make: Subaru
Car Model: 2003 Legacy wagon
STS tire and auto worked fast, did a good job, finishing in aboult an hour. Charged $114 for quick work, $89.95 for pads and $120 for two new disc rotors. Professional treatment.
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Front pads and replaced rotors
Amount: $359.00
Posted by: DJones in Minneapolis, MN.
Posted: September 4th, 2015 07:09AM
Auto Shop: National Tire & Battery
Sept 2015, not 2014 -Quoted $325 when I purchased new tires. Returned 2 weeks later quoted $395. Negotiated $350. Then found on line a coupon @ Tires Plus for $60 off per axel. Pays to shop around.
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Rear brakes, pads and rotors
Amount: $480.00
Posted by: TJ WV in Wheeling, WV.
Posted: July 15th, 2015 02:07AM
Auto Shop: Straub Nissan
Overcharged. Bought the car there and went back for "free" state inspection. They placed a rejection sticker on the car which gave me 5 days to repair. Scheduled the work there, quoted $350. Charged $130 more than quoted. Never again!
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Brakes
Amount: $350.00
Posted by: Dawn Boline in Spokane, WA.
Posted: July 10th, 2015 07:07AM
Car Make: Saturn
Car Model: Ls
They didn't make any noise or go to the floor
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Front/Rear Pads/Rotors/Sensors
Amount: $883.27
Posted by: Chris, Germany in Kaiserslautern, Germany, Other.
Posted: July 9th, 2015 03:07AM
Car Make: BMW
Car Model: 325xi
Auto Shop: Bosch Auto Services
Sensor came on but nothing felt wrong while on the autobahn. Took it to the Bosch shop in my hometown and got the call for 800Euro. Seems the discs weren't thin or warped but "damaged/old." The good news is they had new QuietCast (TM) Premium Rotors and Pads in. Spent two days in the shop.
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Front brake pad replacement 2000 Chevy silverado
Amount: $38.00
Posted by: Betty Norris in Riverside, CA.
Posted: June 22nd, 2015 05:06AM
Auto Shop: Mom's place
I just did my daughters truck brakes. Never did a truck before been doing my own on cars for 30 years. With truck it was just super sized. Did have problem with one of the caliper bolts. After a few hours I managed to get it off. I don't go auto shops cause I'm tired of being taken advantage of cause of being female.
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External Resources:
www.nvmobileautoservice.com/blog/2010/11/16/What-Is-Included-In-A-Complete-Brake-J...
www.driverside.com/auto-library/car_brakes_how_do_you_know_when_to_change_them-22
www.aaa.com/scripts/WebObjects.dll/ZipCode.woa/wa/route?stop=yes&
www.edmunds.com/how-to/how-to-change-your-brake-pads.html
www.familyhandyman.com/DIY-Projects/Home-Repair/Vehicle-Repairs/Auto-Repair-Tips/a...
www.ase.com/Landing-Pages/Car-Owners/Find-a-Repair-Shop/Shop-Locator.aspx
www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/12/how-to-find-a-great-car-mechanic/index.htm
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msmarco_passage_00_494950742 | Cost of a Motorhome RV - Car Repair and Maintenance - CostHelper | Cost of a Motorhome RV - Car Repair and Maintenance - CostHelper
CostHelper > Cars > Motorhome RV
Motorhome RV Cost
How Much Does a Motorhome RV Cost?
Camper Vans: $40,000-$125,000+
Class C Motorhomes: $50,000-$140,000
Class A Motorhomes: $50,000-$800,000+
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Motorhomes are the motorized version of a recreational vehicle, and the most widely known type of RV. The driver typically sits in a pilot's seat, and the living area might vary from basic eating/sleeping combinations to a full bedroom, living room, kitchen and bath, plus slide-out additions that expand the living space when parked.
There are three categories -- Class A motorhomes are the largest (21'-40' long) and typically the most luxurious; Class Bs are the smallest (16'-26'); and Class C are mid-sized (20'-32)' and typically have a bed over the driver's cab.
Typical costs:
Prices start at $50,000-$100,000 for a basic Class A motorhome, which resembles a bus or semi-truck. Upgraded models can cost $200,000-$500,000 with features such as a slide-out, a rear camera to make backing up easier or a plush decor. Customized Class As can be $500,000-$800,000 with options such as multiple hard-sided slideouts, an entertainment center and a gas fireplace. Diesel engines are more expensive than gas-powered engines, and diesel-pushers (with the engine in back) cost more than front-engine motorhomes.
Camper Vans, also known as Class B motorhomes, cost $40,000-$80,000 for a standard model, and $90,000-$125,000 or more for luxurious versions. They look like a standard van and are typically15'-26' long.
Sometimes called mini-motorhomes or mini-RVs, Class C motorhomes start at $50,000-$80,000 depending on size (typically 16'-26') and options. More luxurious Class Cs (up to 36' feet long, on a heavy-duty van or truck chassis) can cost $85,000-$140,000, with features such as a larger bathroom, full-sized appliances or a home theater system.
Motorhomes start depreciating [ 1] as soon as they leave the dealership, so a well-maintained motorhome that's a few years old can be 20% to 30% below its original purchase price.
Related articles: Class A Motorhome, Class B Motorhome Camper Van, Class C Motorhome, RV Insurance, RV
What should be included:
At a minimum, a motorhome contains bed (s), a table, a food preparation area and storage space. Smaller versions may convert a dining table and benches into a bed; larger motorhomes may also have a separate bedroom with a queen- or king-size bed.
Additional costs:
Class As average about 8-10 miles per gallon, with a typical fuel tank holding 100-150 gallons. At $2.50-$4 a gallon, a fill-up could cost $250-$600 and last 800-1,500 miles. Class B Camper Vans are similar to a standard family van, getting 10-25 mpg depending on make and model, engine size, vehicle weight, city or highway miles and speed driven. Class C motorhomes average 10 mpg with fuel tanks holding 25-55 gallons; at $2.50-$4 a gallon a fill-up could cost $60-$220 and last for 250-550 miles.
Campground or RV park fees cost about $10-$50 a night per vehicle, depending on the desirability of the location, whether the site provides utility hookups (electric, sewer and water), or other amenities.
Before buying an RV, shop around for RV insurance rates; premium costs vary considerably. Vehicle registration fees vary by state, but typically average $50-$400 a year.
Items like tires, brakes and filters will wear out in direct proportion to the mileage covered. Some Class A motorhome owners recommend having a maintenance/repair fund of $3,000-$5,000 a year, especially if living in the motorhome full time.
Renting an RV storage space can run $20-$100 a month outdoors and $45-$450 a month indoors. Renting a Class A motorhome costs $1,400-$3,500 for a 7-day, 700-mile trip; a Class C typically rents for $1,000-$2,500 for seven nights and up to 700 miles.
Shopping for a motorhome rv:
RV shows [ 2] offer many makes and models in one place; admission can be free or $5-$10.
Most dealer prices are negotiable. At message boards hosted by Woodall's [ 3] and MotorHome Magazine, RV buyers and owners describe buying a new Class A motorhome for 25% or more below the manufacturer's suggested retail price.
Unlike new car dealers, RV dealers are not required to post the MSRP on the vehicle's window. And the MSRP on identical make and model RVs can vary significantly depending on floor plan and features like flooring, cabinetry, light fixtures, etc. RV dealer markup can be 10%-70% over wholesale costs, according to video tips [ 4] from Charles Davis of RVFinancing.com. RV Magazine explains how to negotiate and finance [ 5] an RV purchase.
For used motorhomes, NadaGuides.com provides a tool to estimate prices [ 6] and Changingears.com explains how to determine a fair market price [ 7] with the Nada Guides as a starting point. Consignment seller PPL Motor Homes posts its actual RV selling prices [ 8] .
Changingears.com provides checklists for inspecting a motorhome [ 9] before buying it, and for road testing a motorhome [ 10] . Roaming Times posts reviews [ 11] of specific models.
Find local dealers through the National Recreational Vehicle Dealers Association [ 12] or GoRVing.com [ 13] .
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10 Quick and Inexpensive Home Makeover Projects To Do While At Home
You may not be able to host the large family gathering for the holidays, but there are still many ways to pick up items curbside to spruce up your indoor space for your everyday enjoyment and to bring a more festive spirit. || Posted December 30 2020
7 Lesser-Known Discounts for the 50+ Crowd
As they age, members of the Baby Boomer generation don't like to admit that they're senior citizens, but they love getting discounts. It's kind of a quandary, because some of the best deals available are reduced prices for older folks. || Posted October 21 2013
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37 foot
Amount: $2,000.00
Posted by: Becky Schaner in cedar springs, MI.
Posted: April 28th, 2017 08:04AM
Manufacturer: Fleetwood pace arrow
Features: Most
What's this worth descent condition n ,42000 miles n newer tires n generator 5000
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External Resources:
www.rversonline.org/ArtNewUsedRV.html
www.gorving.com/where-to-find/rv-shows
forums.woodalls.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/thread/tid/23571442/srt/pa/pging/1/page/1...
www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEFv71FzYIg
www.rvmagonline.com/features/0808rv-rv-buying-tips/negotiating.html
www.nadaguides.com/RVs
changingears.com/rv-art-determining-rv-fmv.shtml
www.pplmotorhomes.com/sold/soldmenu.htm
changingears.com/rv-checklist-inspection.shtml
changingears.com/rv-checklist-road-test-motor-home.shtml?sec-checklist
www.roamingtimes.com/consumer/index.aspx
www.rvda.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Dealer_Info&template=/DealerSearch/Custom/dea...
www.gorving.com/where-to-find/dealers
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msmarco_passage_00_495052046 | Cost of Ignition Switch Replacement - Car Repair and Maintenance - CostHelper | Cost of Ignition Switch Replacement - Car Repair and Maintenance - CostHelper
CostHelper > Cars > Ignition Switch Replacement
Ignition Switch Replacement Cost
How Much Does Ignition Switch Replacement Cost?
Average Part: $50-$250
Typical Replacement: $100-$400, Parts and Labor
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There are actually two parts that might be referred to as an ignition switch: the ignition lock cylinder that the key is inserted into to start the car, and the actual electronic ignition switch (located behind the lock cylinder) that provides power to the starter motor. In some vehicles the lock cylinder and ignition switch are a single unit, but in others they are separate components. The main symptom of a bad ignition switch is failure to start when the key is turned, although this can be caused by other factors.
Typical costs:
An ignition switch can cost $12-$550 or more but averages about $50-$250, depending on the make and model of vehicle, if it is a single part or a combined unit (both ignition switch and lock cylinder), and whether the part is aftermarket (produced by a company other than the original vehicle manufacturer) or OEM (from the vehicle manufacturer). For example, Autozone [ 1] charges $39 for an aftermarket ignition switch for a 2008 Honda Accord, $37 for a 2008 Dodge Ram 1500 truck, $52 for a 2008 Ford Focus and $294 for a 2008 Lexus LS640. OEM parts from a dealership typically cost more than aftermarket products.
Installing an ignition switch typically takes 1-1.5 hours, at $50-$120 an hour, depending on local rates and whether the work is done at an independent or chain repair shop, or a dealership (typically the most expensive). This brings typical total costs (parts and labor) for professional installation to about $100-$400, although total costs can be $75-$100 with aftermarket parts and inexpensive labor, and $400-$600 or more for high-end vehicles with OEM parts at a dealership.
Related articles: Ignition Lock Cylinder Replacement, Ignition Coil Replacement, Starter Motor Replacement, Alternator, Car Battery, Towing a Car
What should be included:
If the vehicle has anti-theft devices (common in newer cars), attempting to remove an ignition switch without proper tools may make the car inoperable. The exact procedure varies by vehicle, but but for some vehicles replacing an ignition switch requires disassembling the plastic steering column covers. A mechanic provides a video demonstration [ 2] of replacing an ignition switch on a Saturn S series.
Additional costs:
If the ignition switch has shorted out, the surrounding wires may be melted or burned, and will also need to be replaced, which will increase the total cost slightly.
Shopping for ignition switch replacement:
An ignition switch can be replaced by a car dealership, an independent repair shop, or car-repair chains like Pep Boys [ 3] or Sears [ 4] . Both the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence [ 5] and the International Automotive Technicians Network [ 6] provide a searchable directory of repair shops.
Consumer Reports lists tips for finding a good mechanic [ 7] .
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What People Are Paying - Recent Comments
Ignition Switch
Amount: $270.00
Posted by: Rudy D in Phoenix, AZ.
Posted: February 7th, 2018 04:02PM
Car Year: 1992
Auto Shop: Pacific Motors
I have a 1992 Pontiac Firebird. The ignition cylinder with keys cost me about $30 w/S&H, installation and chip reprogramming cost $240. I’m not sure if that was a good price or not but the car finally turns over.
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Ignition Switch
Amount: $230.00
Posted by: Ford Owner in Durham, NC.
Posted: November 15th, 2017 01:11PM
Car Year: 2008
Auto Shop: Northgate Auto Express
Great job. 24 month warranty.
2008 Ford Focus SES
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Car ignition replacement
Amount: $749.00
Posted by: Josephine Sairras in Miami, FL.
Posted: October 13th, 2017 07:10AM
Car Year: 2006 sonata
Auto Shop: Midas
I paid $749.00 for parts and labor. After 2 days my car does not start again. I called the company. Im waiting for them to call me back. Im frustrated. Ripped off.
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Ignition Switch
Amount: $703.42
Posted by: Colt Champ in Tulsa, OK.
Posted: July 20th, 2017 12:07PM
Car Year: 2007
Auto Shop: Bill Knight
Definitely got ripped off!! Took it to the dealer knowing it was the ignition switch was charged for 3hrs diagnostics on top of the $245.00 part!! Most dealerships apply diagnostic fees towards work. No way this is a 3hr job!! Absolutely ridiculous!! Definitely won't refer business or return to Bill Knight in Tulsa, OK.
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Egnition switch
Amount: $200.00
Posted by: Parker Edwards in Tulsa, OK.
Posted: July 1st, 2017 02:07AM
Car Year: 1994
Auto Shop:
My car a gmc jimmi 94',is shifting gears, I think its stuck in 3rd hear, but have found out it's most likely the egnition switch is out or burned up . How much would cost to have a ignition switch out in
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ignition switch replacement in jeep 2002
Amount: $175.00
Posted by: pmh in boca raton, FL.
Posted: March 10th, 2017 12:03PM
Car Make: jeep
Car Model: grand cherokee limited
Car Year: 2002
Auto Shop:
triple A field repair shop, 175.00 took 45 minutes
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Ignition switch
Amount: $364.89
Posted by: M.I. Moreno in Midland, TX.
Posted: July 8th, 2016 07:07AM
Car Year: 2008
Auto Shop: Carrillos Automotive
Remove & install Ignition switch.
Part $103.99
Labor $241.50
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Mustang
Amount: $1,000.00
Posted by: Linda Blankenburg in Fort Worth, TX.
Posted: June 21st, 2016 01:06PM
Car Year: 1995
Auto Shop:
Just find the keys and I know that the starter is gone on it.Been sitting awhile.
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Lost keys, replaced lock cylinder
Amount: $350.00
Posted by: Sig in Las Vegas, NV.
Posted: March 17th, 2016 04:03PM
Car Make: Ford
Car Model: Windstar
Car Year: 2001
Auto Shop: 24/7 Locksmith
****AVOID 24/7 LOCKSMITH.....24/7!!!
After doing a little research, admittedly I should've done beforehand, this price was a rip off. Now, I accepted the price, but they only gave us one key. I thought it was a mistake, called them and twice, by a Customer Serv. Rep. and the tech who worked on it the day before, they promised to come by and make a 2nd one at no charge. "No problem". Then eventually refused everything. Terrible.
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Ignition Switch
Amount: $37.50
Posted by: InABrownPaperBag in Hallandale Beach, FL.
Posted: December 6th, 2015 04:12PM
Car Make: Chevrolet
Car Model: Trailblazer
Car Year: 2003
Auto Shop: O\'Reilly\'s
With a little help from YouTube I was able to diagnose the problem, buy he part, and fix it myself. I've replaced the ignition switch twice (I'm not sure why the first replacement lasted less than two years). It took me about two hours the first time as I was very nervous that I would mess up and my car would be inoperable.
The second time replacing the switch took me 35 minutes. It was much quicker and definitely mor sure-footed. Since I'm not a car girl, I feel like a genius when I'm able to repairs on my car.. ...a genius who is saving lots of money!
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ignition switch
Amount: $250.00
Posted by: vhart in Catawba, SC.
Posted: July 21st, 2015 08:07AM
Car Make: Kia
Car Model: Optima
Car Year: 2009
Auto Shop:
The switch locked and would not turn at all. A local mechanic said I needed a locksmith and recommended one that he would call had I towed my car to his shop. The locksmith could not find a switch for my car locally and had to special order overnight. When he came out to replace it, it only took him about 30 min.
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Ignition switch
Amount: $35.00
Posted by: brian s in POLLOCK PINES, CA.
Posted: March 31st, 2015 09:03PM
Car Year: 1995
Auto Shop: Autozone
bought the part at autozone for $35 and replace myself in about 20 minutes. It's very easy and there are plenty of how to videos on YouTube.
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Ignition Switch
Amount: $265.00
Posted by: Rob8 in Neptune, NJ.
Posted: December 24th, 2014 11:12AM
Car Make: Ford
Car Model: Focus SE
Car Year: 2001
Auto Shop: America\'s Locksmith
Was quoted fixed fee of $170. Tech came out, said he needed another part and returned next day with a lock cylinder. Replaced cylinder and said fee was $265. Rip off. I suggest anyone needing a lock cylinder replacement first call Pep Boys or Autozone and find out what a new lock cylinder costs. A new cylinder comes with 2 new keys. Knowing the cost of parts, you can negotiate a fixed fee for labor. Don't let these guys rip you off because of ignorance. It's disgusting. It only takes a qualified tech about an hour to swap out a lock cylinder. That's not worth $170/hr.
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ignition switch
Amount: $325.00
Posted by: Paul B. in Dawsonville, GA.
Posted: November 16th, 2014 06:11AM
Car Make: Ford
Car Model: Escort
Car Year: 1995
Auto Shop: Tower Auto Repair
I was ripped off!They also charged me a $70.00 diagnostic fee! Another shop told be they would've done it for $179.00 and no diagnostic fee because they could tell in 5 minutes if it was the ignition switch or the starter. I asked them to lower the bill $75.00 which they refused to do! After bringing both my cars to them for 5 years, they lost my business forever! How stupid can you be!
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Ignition Switch
Amount: $200.00
Posted by: Jazz Duran in South Gate, CA.
Posted: October 3rd, 2014 07:10PM
Car Year: 1998
Auto Shop: Maestros Auto Shop
I think he totally stole from me. Googling now, that part cost atleast $39 dollars...so that means 170 went for labor. And now youtubing shows that it's not a very hard process.
In the beginning he had said $200 but it was going to come with a change of keys and whatever so of course it made sense. But then he showed me what he actually changed which is the small part of the ignition switch and he rings me up and says $220!!! Are you joking?! I got so mad and he then lowered it to $200. I've never been so angry! I could've easily done it myself and it wouldn't have taken me a whole 2 days!
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Comment On Your Experience With Ignition Switch Replacement
External Resources:
www.autozone.com/autozone/parts/Ignition-Switch/_/N-9n859?filterByKeyWord=ignition...
www.youtube.com/user/richpin06a?feature=watch
storelocator.pepboys.com/pepboys/
www.sears.com/automotive/v-1020005
www.ase.com/Landing-Pages/Car-Owners/Find-a-Repair-Shop/Shop-Locator.aspx
autorepair.iatn.net/
www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/12/how-to-find-a-great-car-mechanic/index.htm
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msmarco_passage_00_501705072 | Tuition, Expenses, & Financial Aid - Kennesaw State University - Acalog ACMS™ | Tuition, Expenses, & Financial Aid - Kennesaw State University - Acalog ACMS™
May 19, 2021
2015-2016 Graduate Catalog
Select a Publication DRAFT 2021-2022 Undergraduate Catalog DRAFT 2021-2022 Graduate Catalog Student Handbook 2019-2020 Faculty Handbook 2020-2021 University Handbook 2020-2021 2015-2016 Graduate Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]
2015-2016 Graduate Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]
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2015-2016 Graduate Catalog
[ARCHIVED CATALOG]
Tuition, Expenses, & Financial Aid
Tuition and Fee Payment
Tuition Rates
Financial Aid
Graduate Student Work Opportunities
Tuition and Fee Payment
Expenses include in-state tuition, out-of-state tuition, student services fees and other special fees. All fees are due and payable at the time of registration, and registration is not complete until all fees have been paid.
Cash, checks, and money orders drawn on U.S. banks and payable in U.S. dollars are accepted. Electronic checks and credit cards will only be accepted on the web. Payment by credit card will incur an additional convenience fee charged by a third party credit card processor.
The University reserves and intends to exercise the right to withhold copies of transcripts and other student education records and/or to withdraw students who have unpaid or past due fee balances.
Students are required to pay in-state tuition and, when applicable, out-of-state tuition, for enrollment in all courses even if no credit is earned.
Per Board of Regents’ policy, at Kennesaw State University all tuition, fees, or other charges are subject to change at the end of any academic term. (BOR Policy 10.2.3)
Collection of outstanding balances
Kennesaw State University reserves the right to use a collection agency and to pursue legal action in order to collect the balance of any debt. Once an account is placed in collection or legal action is pursued by the collection agency, the student will be liable for all collection fees, which will be in addition to the amount of the original debt. At this point, the student will no longer be able to pay the University directly, and any communication or correspondence with the University about such debt must be directed through the collection agency.
Tuition Rates
Published tuition and fees are estimates and subject to change. These amounts should be used only as a planning guide for future payments. Tuition charges can vary based on state residency status and degree program. Residency status is determined by the Office of Admission at the time of acceptance. Students are either classified as a resident or non-resident of Georgia for tuition purposes in accordance with the regulations of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia.
See kennesaw.edu/finance/bursar/tuitionfees.html for the latest information on tuition and fees.
Motor Vehicle Parking Fee
A parking permit fee ranging from $20.00 to $83.00 is assessed separately and is optional if you are a student who does not drive to campus and has no need for a parking space. To opt-out of the parking permit fee, bring the hangtag or decal to Card Services. All vehicles used on campus must display a valid KSU parking decal. Vehicles without a valid decal will be ticketed and/or booted.
Each student is issued one parking decal that is not transferable from car to car.
New decals are issued annually to campus residential students. All other parking decals are valid for the duration of your official status with KSU. The Card Center will notify campus via the KSU furnished e-mail when decals are available to new students and employees for in-person pickup. The parking decal is registered to a student who is responsible for any use of this decal until it has been reported lost and/or stolen.
Replacement parking decals are available and are usually subject to fees. One day passes are available as appropriate at the Card Services Center in the Carmichael Student Center, Suite 207.
It is the responsibility of all KSU students to review and abide by Kennesaw State University Parking Policies and Procedures available online at parking.kennesaw stateauxiliary.com. Questions concerning parking regulations should be directed to the Parking and Security Division of Public Safety, located in the Office Annex, Building #14, Room #111 or phone (470) 578-9003. Questions related to your parking decal can be answered by the Card Services Center. Students may report lost/stolen decal information to either office.
Student Health Fees
A mandatory insurance plan is in effect for the following student categories:
All graduate students receiving a tuition waiver as a result of a GRA, GTA, or GSA assistantship award.
All undergraduate, graduate, and ESL international students holding F or J visas.
All undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in programs that require proof of health insurance.
All graduate students receiving fellowships that fully fund their tuition.
A waiver of the health insurance fee may be applied for directly with the insurer. For insurance plan and waiver information, go to: kennesaw.edu/finance/files_bursar /healthins.pdf. This plan is optional for all other students.
Housing Fees
Through a cooperative venture between the KSU Foundation and the university, KSU was able to begin offering student housing in 2002. All communities are co-managed by Residence Life and KSUF Housing Management, LLC staff for a seamless on-campus experience. For more specific information regarding reserving a room, rates and life in Residence, please go to kennesaw.edu/housing or call (470) 578-4388.
Coles Doctor of Business Administration Program Fees
The cost for the 3-year program is $96,500. This fee includes a nonrefundable deposit of $5,000 which is due upon acceptance to the program to reserve a seat in the class. The remaining $91,500 is prorated over each semester. Meals, textbooks, and course software (for Windows Operating Systems only) are included. Tuition does not include travel and lodging to KSU for the residencies/weekend sessions or to meet with faculty, nor does it cover personal technology needs, printing costs, academic association memberships, conference travel, or research costs.
In addition, there is a non-refundable $100 application fee, a non-refundable $100 workshop fee (if invited to attend), and any institutional fees outside the program tuition and fees.
Coles MBA (Kennesaw and Galleria) Fees
Program Fees: Students pay a fee of $56 per credit hours in-state; $204 per credit hours out-of-state for any MBA course, in addition to the regular graduate in-state or out-of-state tuition rate.
Course Fees: Some courses are subject to additional fees for materials and services relevant to a particular course.
Off Campus Course Fees: Students taking courses at the Cobb Galleria are charged an additional fee per course to cover facility rental.
NOTE: These fees will be listed in the Schedule of Credit Courses and are subject to change without notice.
Coles MBA (Dalton) Fees
The cost of the MBA (Dalton) program is $17,728, which includes the tuition for ten courses. All costs are subject to change without notice.
Coles Executive MBA Program Fees
The cost for the 18-month program is $56,884. This fee includes a nonrefundable deposit of $500 which is due upon acceptance to the program. The remaining $56,384 is prorated over the length of the program. Included in the cost of the EMBA Program are: textbooks and course materials, meals on class weekends and meals and lodging for Opening Residency and International Residency.
Georgia WebMBA
The cost of the Georgia WebMBA is $22,170, or $739 per credit hour + $265 Institutional fee billed at $4,633 per term, plus a one time orientation fee of $600. This includes tuition and mandatory fees for five consecutive semesters of two courses each. Costs associated with travel to the program orientation, books and other course materials, and graduation fees are not included in this total. All costs are subject to change without notice.
The Master of Science in Conflict Management Program Fees
The cost of the program is $28,165, which includes tuition, fees, books and class materials, meals on class weekends, travel to an international conference, membership in a professional organization and a subscription to an ADR journal. The cost includes a non-refundable reservation fee of $500 which is due upon official notification of acceptance in order to reserve a place in the program.
NOTE: Insurance premiums associated with insurance required by the University for all international students are not included in the cost of the program.
All MSCM applicants are encouraged to apply for financial aid in the event of an emergency that could prevent fulfilling their commitment to the program.
See the Master of Science in Conflict Management section of this catalog for further details on deadlines and fees.
Special Fees and Expenses
Diploma Fee: A diploma fee of $35.00 is required of all degree candidates and is payable at the time a petition to graduate is presented to the registrar. The fee is nontransferable and nonrefundable. It entitles the student to one diploma.
Diploma Replacement Fee: When a request is received to reorder a diploma (lost in fire, move, etc.), a fee of $30.00 will be assessed.
Academic Transcript Fee: A fee of $5 per individual request is assessed for academic transcripts.
Fax Fee: Priority fee for electronic transmission (fax) of unofficial transcripts or certifications forms/letters will be $10.00 per document.
Late Payment Fee: A $50 late payment fee will be assessed for tuition and fee payments received after the end of late registration and drop/add. This fee may apply at other times as well. For specifics, contact the Bursar’s Office.
Late Registration Fee: Students requesting a late registration or drop/add after all official registration periods have ended will pay a late hand-registration fee of $30.00 per transaction.
Penalty Fee for Returned Check: A penalty fee of $25 will be assessed for each check returned by the bank.
Registration Fee Waiver for Senior Citizens
Pursuant to the provisions of an amendment to the Georgia Constitution, legal residents of Georgia who are 62 years of age or older on the first day of class for a term may have their standard tuition and fees waived (with the exception of supplies, laboratory fees, special course or major fees, premium program fees and online tuition). A driver’s license or birth certificate together with the Application for Senior Citizen Waiver must be presented to the Bursar’s Office.
Details are available at: kennesaw.edu/finance/bursar/waivers.html.
Individuals 62 and over wishing to enroll in one of Kennesaw State’s Executive Programs (the Coles Doctor of Business Administration, the Coles Executive MBA, the Master of Science in Conflict Management, the Master of Science in Applied Computer Science or the Georgia WebMBA) will be required to pay all costs of these programs in excess of standard graduate program tuition and fees.
Withdrawal/Refund of Student Fees
To withdraw from one or more classes, students must withdraw online through Owl Express.
Students dropping from classes before the end of late registration and drop/add are entitled to a 100% refund. After that date, students will be granted a percentage refund of tuition and fees only if they withdraw completely from the university. Lab, specialized course/major, and insurance fees are not refundable if withdrawal from course (s) is made after the end of late registration and drop/add.
KSU Institutional Refund Policy
The refund amount for students withdrawing from the institution shall be based on a pro rata percentage determined by dividing the number of calendar days in the semester that the student completed by the total calendar days in the semester. The total calendar days in a semester includes weekends, but excludes scheduled breaks of five or more days and days that a student was on an approved leave of absence. The unearned portion shall be refunded up to the point in time that the amount earned equals 60%.
Students who withdraw from the institution when the calculated percentage of completion is greater than 60% are not entitled to a refund of any portion of institutional charges. (BOR 7.3.5.1)
Students enrolled summer term who withdraw from second-session courses on the first day of those classes will receive a 100% refund. After the first day, no refunds will be processed.
Students should refer to the Schedule of Credit Courses for specific dates of each refund period.
Students who do not formally withdraw, those suspended for disciplinary reasons, and those who leave the university when disciplinary action is pending are not eligible for a refund on any portion of any fee.
A refund of all nonresident fees, matriculation fees, and other mandatory fees shall be made in the event of the death of a student at any time during any academic semester. (BOR 7.3.5.2)
Refunds will be disbursed by the university’s internet bank partner. Students may use their KSU Debit Card to select a refund payment method: electronic fund transfer or paper check. Details are available at: ksuone.higheroneaccount.com.
Military Service Refunds and Re-enrollment
Subject to institutional policies, full refunds of tuition and mandatory fees and pro rata refunds of elective fees are hereby authorized for students who are:
military reservists (including members of the National Guard) and who receive emergency orders to active duty after having enrolled in a USG institution and paid tuition and fees;
Commissioned officers of the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC) and who receive deployment orders in response to a public health crisis or national emergency after having enrolled in a USG institution and paid tuition and fees;
active duty military personnel and who receive an emergency reassignment after having enrolled in a USG institution and paid tuition and fees; or
those who are otherwise unusually and detrimentally affected by the emergency activation of members of the reserve components or the emergency deployment of active duty personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States and who demonstrate a need for exceptional equitable relief. (BOR 7.3.5.3)
Students who are members of the Georgia National Guard or other reserve components of the U.S. Armed Forces who are re-enrolling after having been summoned to active duty in an emergency situation are to be accorded special consideration regarding class registration, financial aid processing, payment of fees, etc., so as to expedite their re-enrollment.
Military personnel on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces who, before the end of their present station assignment, receive emergency orders for a temporary or permanent change of duty location who later wish to resume their education are to be accorded special consideration regarding class registration, financial aid processing, payment of fees, etc., so as to expedite their re-enrollment.
Tuition and fees awarded by scholarship or grant from an agency or authority of the State of Georgia on behalf of a student receiving a refund under this policy shall be reimbursed to such agency or authority.
Definition of Legal Residents
Individuals who enter the institution as out-of-state students but who wish to later qualify as legal residents must fill out a Petition for Georgia Residence Classification form, which can be obtained in the Office of the Registrar, online at kennesaw.edu/enrollmentservices/lawfulpresence.html, or by contacting the Residency Officer for Kennesaw State University at (470) 578-7744. A student’s resident status is not changed automatically, and the burden of proof that the student qualifies as a legal resident under the regulations of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia rests with the student. A student is responsible for registering under the proper residency classification. A student classified as out-of-state who believes that he or she is entitled to be reclassified as a legal resident may petition the Residence Committee for a change in status. The petition must be filed no later than 60 days after the semester begins in order for the student to be considered for reclassification for that semester. If the petition is granted, reclassification will not be retroactive to prior semesters.
If there is any question in the mind of the student concerning his/her resident status, application for clarification should be made immediately or not later than two weeks prior to the registration date in order to avoid delay and inconvenience of registration.
Applications should be addressed to Kennesaw State University Attn: Residency Committee, 1000 Chastain Road, Mailbox #9110, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144.
Board of Regents Policies Governing the Classification of Students for Tuition Purposes and Out-of-State Tuition Waivers
USG BOR policy on classification of students for tuition purposes and out-of-state tuition waivers may be found in the BOR Policy Manual section 4.3.2 and 7.3.4.1 at www.usg.edu/policymanual.
Waiver forms must be filed within 60 days of the first day of class of the semester in order for the student to be considered for the waiver.
Financial Aid
Kennesaw State University is committed to ensuring that a post-secondary education is accessible to qualified graduate students. In order to accomplish this commitment, the financial aid office subscribes to the following goals to assist students in paying for their educational investment:
Evaluate the family’s financial ability to pay for educational costs;
Distribute limited resources in an equitable manner; and
Provide a balance of gift aid and self-help aid.
A wide variety of financial aid programs from scholarships, grants, employment, and loans are available to help students with educational costs. Most awards are based on financial need while some are awarded in recognition of merit or achievement.
For more information, visit the Financial Aid Office, view the website at financialaid.kennesaw.edu, call our automated telephone system at (770) 423-6074, fax at (470) 578-9096, email at finaid@kennesaw.edu, or write to:
Office of Student Financial Aid
Kennesaw State University
585 Cobb Avenue, NW MD #0119
Kennesaw GA 30144-5591
Determination of Need-Based Awards
Awards based on need are determined by a process called financial need analysis. The analysis is standardized by the U. S. Department of Education (USDE) using a financial formula called Federal Methodology. The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is the application that is required to begin this process. The electronic FAFSA is the easiest and quickest way to apply. The processing time for USDE is approximately four days. The electronic FAFSA may be accessed on our website at financialaid.
kennesaw.edu or www.fafsa.gov. Prior to completing the electronic FAFSA, students and parents of dependent students should obtain a PIN at www.pin.ed.gov.
When completing the electronic FAFSA for KSU attendance, use the Federal Title IV Code of 001577. KSU will receive your FAFSA information electronically. Students must reapply annually to qualify each academic year.
Loan Programs
Federal Stafford Loan - Unsubsidized
Students borrowing through the Unsubsidized Stafford Loan Program are responsible for the interest on the loan. The interest rate is 6.21% for graduate students. The origination fee for Stafford Loans is 1.073% if disbursed prior to October 1, 2015. Funds are disbursed to the student through the university in two installments. The student must be enrolled in at least 5 hours each term to receive a Federal Unsubsidized Stafford Loan as a graduate student. For the most up to date information on interest rates and loan fees, please visit: studentaid.ed.gov/types/loans/interest-rates.
The maximum amount of unsubsidized loans available is $20,500.
Federal Graduate PLUS Loan
Graduate students are eligible to borrow under the PLUS Loan Program up to the cost of attendance minus other financial assistance. Students must not have an adverse credit history. The fixed interest rate is currently 7.21%. While the student borrower is enrolled in school on at least a ½ time basis (5 credit hours), the student is eligible for an in-school deferment that allows postponement of payments until graduating or dropping below ½ time. The Federal Direct Grad PLUS Loan has a federal origination fee of up to 4.292% if disbursed prior to October 1, 2015. Students are required to complete the FAFSA application. For the most up to date information on interest rates and loan fees, please visit: studentaid.ed.gov/types/loans/interest-rates.
Emergency Loan Program
Tuition and Fees and Personal Loans
The Emergency Loan Program is designed to provide temporary assistance to students during their matriculation at KSU. An emergency loan for in-state tuition and fees or an emergency personal loan for mitigating circumstances that produces a hardship may be available to currently enrolled students. The student must be currently enrolled and be in good academic standing (3.0 GPA). A maximum of three tuition and fees and personal loans are allowed while a student is enrolled at KSU. A KSU student is allowed only one such loan per academic year. (An academic year is defined as the first day of class in August through the last day of finals in July.) A student is ineligible to receive an additional emergency loan if the student received such a loan the last semester attended. Students may not request both a tuition and fees and a personal loan in the same term. Students who need emergency funds for in-state tuition and fees or for personal circumstances should complete an application on-line on the Financial Aid website on the specified date. Funds for emergency loans are limited. Loans are made on a first come, first serve basis.
A service charge of $10 will be added to the tuition and fees and/or the personal loan. The loan must be repaid within 45 days. If it is not repaid, a $25 late charge will be added to the emergency loan. If a student is late paying an emergency loan, the student is considered delinquent in payment and is no longer eligible for any emergency loans during their academic career at KSU. Students will not be allowed to register for the following semester if they have not repaid their emergency loan.
NOTE: Students cannot take both the emergency tuition loan and the personal loan out in the same term.
Monies for this fund have been received from the following sources:
Geral Dean Boggs Memorial: Established by the students of Kennesaw Junior College in 1967 to honor the memory of their fellow student, Geral Dean Boggs.
James V. Carmichael Memorial
Phillip B. Rice Memorial: Established in memory of Phillip B. Rice
Kennesaw State University Civitan Club
Kennesaw State University Women’s Club
The Southwest Women’s Club
Marietta Civitan Club
John L. Dees Memorial
Smyrna Lions Club
Betty H. McNiece Memorial: Established by Kennesaw College in 1984 to honor the memory of an employee, Betty H. McNiece
Kennesaw State University Rotary Club
Student Activities Budget Advisory Committee
For more information on the Emergency Loan Program, please visit: financialaid.kennesaw.edu/aid/emergency_loans.php.
Alternative Loan Program
Alternative or Private student loans are different from federal student loans in that they are not guaranteed by the federal government, require a credit check, and often a co-signer. Loan approval, interest rates, and repayment requirements are prescribed by the lender. Additional information and application procedures are available from the Office of Student Financial Aid or the lender. Students must maintain satisfactory academic progress.
Graduate Student Work Opportunities
Graduate Research Assistantships
Graduate programs may award a limited number of Graduate Research Assistantships. Graduate Research Assistants work closely with faculty on specific projects and, in return, receive a stipend and waiver of tuition. Graduate Research Assistantships are not available for the MBAEP or WebMBA programs. Students interested in the Graduate Research Assistantship program should contact the program director of the specific degree program.
Federal Work Study Program (FWS)
This program provides part-time jobs for undergraduate and graduate students who demonstrate financial need based on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). FWS gives the student an opportunity to earn money to help pay for educational expenses while working on campus or in community service work. Early application with the FAFSA is recommended.
Institutional Employment
There are a limited number of part-time jobs available in each division of the university. Funds for these jobs are provided by the department or college that employs the student. Interested persons should contact the particular division or department of the university or the KSU Career Services Center for information.
Career Services
KSU’s Career Services Center maintains a listing of full-time and part-time off-campus jobs for students who need assistance in locating off-campus employment. Regular job listings are posted online at careerctr.kennesaw.edu. For more information, contact the director of career services.
Satisfactory Academic Progress Standards Policy
Federal regulations, HEA Sec. 484 (c), §668.16, 668.34, require all schools participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs to have a Satisfactory Academic Progress (SAP) policy that conforms to the requirements detailed below. These requirements apply to all students as one determinant of eligibility for financial aid.
Your SAP status is based on your entire academic record, at all schools attended (includes all transferrable hours), regardless of whether you received financial aid.
SAP is calculated each semester after grades have been posted to academic history by the Registrar’s Office.
Students can view their SAP Status at any time via Owl Express. Students who are put on a warning or failure status are notified via their student email address and mailed a letter via US Mail to their mailing address on record.
If after the first term of attendance you are not making SAP, you will be put on a Warning status and allowed to keep aid for one term. Your continued eligibility will be determined after the next term checkpoint.
If your SAP status is Failure after the check is performed, you will not qualify for financial aid for the following term.
If your SAP status is Failure and you cannot mathematically attain SAP requirements following the next term, an appeal will not be permissible. Documented mitigating circumstances may allow continued eligibility on a case-by-case basis and will require an academic plan.
A student may appeal their SAP Failure status only twice during their academic career at KSU. Documented mitigating circumstances may allow additional appeals on a case-by-case basis.
Quantitative and Qualitative Requirements
1. Quantitative Requirement - The quantitative requirement has two parts:
A maximum time frame
A required completion ratio
Undergraduate Students
Maximum time frame (maximum attempted credit hours) - You must earn your degree before reaching 185 attempted credit hours, which includes transferrable credits attempted at any school prior to and while enrolled at Kennesaw State University (KSU). Students who are seeking a second undergraduate degree different from their first degree may be granted additional hours to complete the second degree requirements. Note “Determining Maximum Time Frame” below.
Once you reach the maximum attempted credit hours, you are no longer eligible for financial aid as an undergraduate student. Federal regulations stipulate that the maximum time frame for an undergraduate student cannot exceed 150% of the published length of the academic program.
Completion Ratio - You must complete and pass at least 67% of all credit hours you attempted. Courses earned include grades of A, B, C, D, or S. Courses attempted include any course in which grades of A, B, C, D, F, W, WF, I, S, U or IP are given.
Graduate Students
Maximum time frame - To determine the maximum time frame, multiply the total hours required for the degree by 150%. As an example, if the program required 33 hrs. x 150% = 50hrs. This includes credits attempted at any school prior to and while enrolled at Kennesaw State University (KSU).
Completion Ratio - You must earn at least 67% of all attempted credit hours.
Qualitative Requirement - The qualitative requirements sets a minimum Cumulative Grade Point Average for all students. Each student must maintain a 2.00 GPA each term to remain in good academic standing at KSU. The cumulative GPA includes grades of A, B, C, D, F, WF and I. The cumulative GPA, which is determined by the Registrar’s Office processes, will be checked each term for SAP.
Undergraduate Students - The cumulative GPA requirement is 2.00 for each term.
Graduate Students - The cumulative GPA requirement is 3.00 for each term.
Policy Details
When is SAP determined?
Initial Review - You are considered to be meeting SAP during your first KSU term.
End of Every Semester Review - Your SAP status is calculated at the end of each semester, after grades are posted to your academic history by the Registrar’s Office.
What happens when you do not meet the requirements?
You are no longer eligible for financial aid - including work study, loans, grants or scholarships. If you’re on a Warning Status - eligibility may continue (note below).
Because you do not qualify for financial aid, you must pay your tuition and fees by the payment deadline or your registration will be cancelled by the Bursar’s Office.
Maximum Time Frame (maximum attempted credit hours) - When you have attempted the maximum credit hours, you are no longer eligible to receive financial aid.
Is there extended eligibility for a 2nd bachelor’s degree? - Yes. You may attempt a total of 150% of the hours needed to complete your first degree plus 60 additional hours. The standard is 123 x 150% = 185 + 60 = 245 attempted hours.
Is there extended eligibility for a 2nd master’s/graduate degree? - Yes. You may attempt a total of 150% of the hours needed to complete each degree.
Low Completion Ratio - There are two statuses for low completion ratio before your eligibility for financial aid is cancelled. Probation status is only allowed for one term.
Warning Status - The first time you fall short of meeting the required completion ratio, your status is Warning. You remain eligible to receive financial aid while in warning status. If placed on “No Progress” status (note “No Progress” subheading), the student does not receive a Warning Status but goes to Failure Status immediately (note below).
Failure Status - After attending one semester on Warning status, if you do not meet the required completion ratio, your status becomes Failure Status. You are no longer eligible to receive financial aid until the required standards are met. You must successfully appeal to regain eligibility.
Probation Status - After being placed on a Failure Status, AND a student has successfully appealed and financial aid has been reinstated, the student is eligible to receive financial aid. This status is only for one term and quite often will carry conditions and/or stipulations for continued eligibility.
How do you regain eligibility?
SAP Appeal - If extenuating circumstances during a specific term of enrollment prevented you from meeting the requirements, you may file a SAP Appeal.
Appeal Requirements:
A typewritten explanation of extenuating circumstances associated with Failure Status. Indicate how these circumstances have changed so that you can comply with regulations in the future. Attach supporting documents to corroborate extenuating circumstances mentioned in the letter.
Include a “student plan of action” for academic improvement. This requires that you meet with your Academic Advisor and receive a plan for getting back in good academic standing.
Attach at least one letter of support from someone that can substantiate the extenuating circumstances. This individual should not be a family member. Examples would include a medical doctor, clergy, professional, etc.
Attach the SAP Appeal form.
The appeal form must be provided to the Financial Aid Office within the prescribed dates as noted on the SAP Appeal Form. Failure to provide these within the prescribed dates will result in a delayed determination.
An objective committee, composed of selected individuals outside the Financial Aid Office, determines whether the appeal is approved. The decision of the Appeals Committee is final and cannot be appealed further.
Appeal Denials or Non-appeals - If you are denied an appeal or you decide not to appeal, you must complete the necessary hours and earn the appropriate grades. Once you have reached the prescribed standards you become eligible to receive financial aid.
You change from undergraduate to graduate - If you reach Failure Status as an undergraduate, and then are admitted to a graduate degree program, you will be eligible to receive financial aid as a graduate student. You must be in a degree-seeking status and fully accepted into the graduate program.
Academic Circumstances that Affect Your Status:
Changes in major, double majors or minors - may cause you to reach your maximum attempted hours, and lose your eligibility before earning a degree.
Incomplete grades, missing grades, failing grades, course withdrawals - all reduce your completion ratio, because they are counted as attempted, but not earned credits. They also count against your maximum attempted hours.
Repeated courses - count as attempted credit hours each time you register for them. They also count against the allowed maximum. This can also reduce your completion ratio because repeated credits count as earned credits only once. NOTE: The U. S. Dept. of Education allows only one retake for Title IV credit.
Academic Fresh Start - count against your maximum attempted credits, and also lower your completion ratio because the credits count as attempted but not earned.
Transfer credits, credits taken while cross-registered, enrolled in study abroad, transient study - count toward your maximum attempted credits and your completion ratio. NOTE: Credits count as attempted, but not earned, until your official transcript is reviewed and processed by the KSU Registrar’s Office. This could cause you to be in a Failure Status.
Remedial courses - count as attempted and earned credits and are included in the GPA calculation.
Late posted grades or grade changes - Once notification is received from the Registrar’s Office of grade changes, the SAP status will be recalculated.
Dismissal and Return - students who are suspended academically or choose not to attend because of SAP Failure will not be automatically eligible for financial aid upon their return. Student must meet both qualitative and quantitative standards of SAP. If below standards, a student must appeal or use means other than financial aid for educational expenses. Absence does not restore eligibility for financial aid. It remains the responsibility of the student to be knowledgeable of their SAP standard when returning to school after dismissal or choosing not to return because of SAP Failure.
Summer Term Courses - all hours attempted and completed in the summer terms are treated as any other semester hours in determining SAP status. SAP will be checked following the summer term as well.
Audit Courses - students are not eligible to receive financial aid for audit courses. Audited courses are not included in hours attempted or earned for SAP determination.
Students pursuing dual bachelor’s/master’s degrees - Students who are pursuing dual degrees are subject to the maximum time frame rules but may be reviewed on a case by case basis by the Office of Student Financial Aid.
The Office of Student Financial Aid reserves the right to review denied appeals, cumulative GPA’s and completion rates on a case by case basis.
Veteran’s Benefits
The university is on the approved list of the Georgia State Approving Agency for the training of veterans, disabled veterans and the children and widows of deceased veterans who are eligible for benefits under the G.I. Bill. Students in training under the G.I. Bill are required to pay all fees, as regular students, since they are paid benefits directly through the Veterans Administration. Each V.A. beneficiary should make financial preparation for at least one semester because benefit checks are sometimes delayed.
Students in training under the G.I. Bill are required to pay all fees as regular students, since they are paid benefits directly through the Veterans Administration. KSU and the VA do not have an agreement to process tuition/fee waivers; therefore, failure of the VA to pay students in a timely manner does not eliminate or delay a student’s financial responsibility to Kennesaw State University. Each VA beneficiary should make financial preparation for at least one semester because benefit checks are sometimes delayed.
Veterans receiving Vocational Rehabilitation benefits must contact the VA Regional Office to be assigned a counselor to help with the application process. All other benefits can be applied for on line at www.gibill.va.gov . Students in training under the G.I. Vocational Rehabilitation program should check with the university Business Services Office regarding the handling of their account for fees, supplies, etc.
Eligible veterans, children and widows of veterans must make application to their regional Veterans Administration Office. Application forms are available at Kennesaw State University in the Registrar’s Office. Certain requirements must be met before students may be certified for noncredit remedial courses for V.A. payment purposes.
Students attending on the G.I. Bill are certified for V.A. benefits only for those courses required in their particular programs of study. Such students must maintain Kennesaw State University standards for academic performance. Those students who are academically dismissed from school will have their benefits interrupted. Upon readmission and recertification of benefits at Kennesaw State University, the V.A. will decide if further benefits may be paid for continuation of the program in which the academic deficiency occurred.
Current V.A. standards require that students attend class and that benefits be terminated when the student has been suspended for academic or disciplinary reasons. (Since V.A. regulations are subject to periodic change, it is the student’s responsibility to keep up-to-date on requirements for V.A. benefits while in attendance at Kennesaw State University.)
Any veteran or dependent wishing to use the GI Bill benefits must contact the VA Coordinator. The office of the VA Coordinator is located in the Office of the Registrar.
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msmarco_passage_00_509270602 | Effective Tips for Removing Cat Dander | LoveToKnow | Effective Tips for Removing Cat Dander | LoveToKnow
Effective Tips for Removing Cat Dander
By Kelly Roper LoveToKnow Editor and Cat Fancier
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If someone in your life is an allergy sufferer, it's important to know how to get rid of cat dander. The tiny flakes result from your cat's saliva in the grooming process, and they easily become airborn or are deposited on surfaces your cat touches. There are several things you can do to minimize the dander in your home.
Tips for Removing Cat Dander
There are many ways of removing cat dander from your environment and protecting yourself from an allergic reaction to your cat. Choose as many methods as are practical for your circumstances.
Groom Your Pet
Perhaps you're one of the brave souls who attempt to live with your allergies rather than give up your cat. If so, there are a few things you can do grooming-wise to cut down on the dander and lighten the workload for your allergy medication.
Bathe your cat once a week. You don't have to handle the task yourself. You can always hire a groomer, but make sure she understands that it's essential to wash your cat's face and ears thoroughly along with the rest of his body.
Use hypo-allergenic pet wipes in between baths. These wipes help remove the allergen contained in dander.
Use a vacuum hose on your cat's fur. Some cats like this, some cats don't. If yours does, you can remove a lot of loose fur and dander before it makes its way into the atmosphere.
Clean Your House to Rid It of Pet Dander
Remove pet dander by bathing your cat.
Source
If you currently live with a cat but suffer from allergies, you'll want to take special care to remove the dander from your furniture, the carpet, and walls. Obviously, the more you clean, the more you reduce allergens in your home.
Wash your walls and ceiling with hot soapy water.
Use a vacuum with a HEPA filter and vacuum everything. This is especially important in crevices where dander becomes trapped such as around baseboards, windowsills, draperies and even lamp shades. Don't forget to vacuum your cat's bedding and play area.
Operate an air cleaner with a HEPA filter in your bedroom and main living areas.
Steam clean carpets and upholstery periodically.
Use an anti-mite product such as X-Mite to remove mites and dander from upholstery and carpets.
Use anti-mite covers on your bed.
Change/clean your furnace filters every three months.
Add a layer of cheese cloth over the furnace vent in your bedroom to provide additional filtering of dander from your furnace. Launder the cloth at least once a month, depending on the severity of your allergy.
Choose a dust-free cat litter over clay litter.
Wear gloves and a facial mask when cleaning the litter box, and handle the task outside whenever possible.
Drastic Solutions to Get Rid of Cat Dander
Sometimes, simply cleaning your house thoroughly is not going to do the trick. This is especially true for non-cat owners who end up living in a home that was previously owned by cat-owners. If your find that even with your best attention, your allergies are still acting up, you may need to take more drastic measures.
Repaint the interior of your house every few years.
Replace or completely remove carpeting whenever practical.
Consider replacing any fabric furniture with furniture in leather or vinyl. Fabric tends to trap dander, and vinyl and leather are easier to clean.
Have your furnace and duct work professionally cleaned twice a year.
Be Diligent to Control Allergies
Cleaning pet dander is an endless battle that is never truly won. To help minimize allergic reactions, remember to take your allergy medication and keep a few areas in your house, such as your bedroom, as a cat-free zone. Keeping up with your cleaning routine, and the cat's grooming routine is generally effective to keep dander at bay.
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Sara • 7 years ago
Do you think that using a sticky brush to remove the cat hair will also remove the dander? Or am I fooling myself?
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nelore Guest • 7 years ago
my cat is never outside killing mice. what animal do you like? Oh wait could be the butt sniffer called a dog..
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Jeremy Hodder Guest • 6 years ago
so you don't like cats, doesn't mean you have to come on this forum and announce to the world that you're a douche about it. oh well
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Daza Guest • 6 years ago
What a knob you are . I would rather have my cats than associate with the like of you ...IDIOT
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guest Daza • 6 years ago
wow cat owners really ARE pleasant!
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Abraham Yunis • 7 years ago
Hi, So to help everyone out let me tell you what I have done. #1 give your cat a "lion cut". meaning buzz all the hair and only leave the head, toes, legs, and tail. #2 put a sweater on your cat and change the sweater every 2 days. In between sweater changes, wipe the fur and clean it with anti-allergenic wipes. #3 vacuum (Hippa pet filter) and clean everything! and Dr.carpet your carpets if you have any. #4 use an air purifier in the bedroom and living room (preferably just don't allow the cat in the bedroom or sleeping area unless you love cuddling with them :) ) If you take a weekend to do all of this at the same time..all at once..you have officially eliminated allergenic from cats in your home. period.
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Edward Dergosits Abraham Yunis • 6 years ago
This is ridiculous in my opinion. If you cannot be around cats do not abuse them. Ed
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Guest Abraham Yunis • 7 years ago
lion cut aw
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william matthews • 3 years ago • edited
My tests do not show positive for pet allergy. Can I still be allergic? Also, I wish every site would adopt the New York Times comment policy: Zero tolerance for personal comments on other commentators. Sad that a site as useful as this has to be cluttered with that crap.
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KellyRoper Mod william matthews • 3 years ago
Hi William, and welcome to the site. Do you show symptoms of a pet allergy even after testing? If so, you should press the subject with your physician until you get some help. Retesting may be necessary, but it's possible you might be allergic to something else in your environment that's causing similar symptoms.
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william matthews KellyRoper • 3 years ago
Thanks, Kelly. I still have multiple allergic symptoms. I took shots weekly but tired of the spotty improvement. Went to Florida for winter and stayed in a house where a cat had lived for years. Allergies seemed worse but may have been due to the tree and grass pollen. After I returned to KY/TN in May I still have multiple symptoms. Thanks for the retesting suggestion. Scheduled for 11 September. Also, since millions of people suffer from allergies, do you know why there is no advocacy organization like the ones for OTHER major health issues? Most people just seem resigned to popping a pill and living with them. Again, thanks for what you are doing.
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KellyRoper Mod william matthews • 3 years ago
Hi William. These are some lay organizations you might want to check into. I can't say how useful any of them might be, but it's a start.
https://www.aaaai.org/about...
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Edward Dergosits • 6 years ago
My own experience is that some cats groom themselves so well that they do not have dander that will cause allergic reactions for most people. The advice to bath your cat weekly may not be needed. Some cats will be emotionally traumatized by doing this and exhibit behavior problems. If you do bath your cat be sure to use a very very mild shampoo as most cats have skin that will dry easily..
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Abraham Yunis Edward Dergosits • 6 years ago
Edward...your "own Experience" doesn't change the "facts". Dander comes from saliva...that dries on fur...then falls off; Dander = Saliva. I think you meant Bathe your cat not bath your cat. Anyhow, you should educate yourself more as to the problem being discussed before writing anything on a topic
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Jennifer White Abraham Yunis • 5 years ago • edited
Dander and Dandruff are two different things here. All cats have dander that is usually unseen. Dandruff dead skin and is bigger and often indicative of underlying health issue but grooming would possibly help so I think that's what Edward was referring to. it's easily confused and no need to talk down to someone especially when you probably didn't know these were two different things either, Abraham!
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Abraham Yunis Jennifer White • 5 years ago
Take it easy with the exclamation marks Jennifer...its not that exciting or serious. Of course I know the difference between dandruff and dander...but the title of this article is about Removing cat dander...so if you want to talk about "Dandruff" you can go start another article about it.
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Jennifer White Abraham Yunis • 5 years ago
The point is the two are confused. It is actually part of this conversation. Also for others who will be able to comprehend another subject coming in to play with another ...dander can be contained in dandruff so dealing with dandruff can lessen dander effects. I will leave this here for others who are capable to ponder while you continue to misunderstand things.
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Nazer Basam Jennifer White • 5 years ago • edited
Jennifer...Abraham never said anything about dandruf...his advice was about dander. Your the only one talking about dandruf and accusing him of not knowing what that is...not like it's on every shampoo bottle even for us humans :0 Abraham...your the man.
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Nelson Andrade Nazer Basam • 4 years ago
I think Jennifer was relating to the mixup of both things. People who are new to cats wouldn't know a dander from a dandruff from just plain ole cat hairs (hair vomit). Thanks for making the distinction, Jen. That helped me.
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Grapplingvine Edward Dergosits • 6 years ago • edited
The cat allergen is a protein in their saliva, sebaceous glands of their skin, and urine, and the protein is deposited on the fur when they lick themselves. So there is no way they could lick the protein off while grooming themselves.
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Edward Dergosits Grapplingvine • 6 years ago
My experience has been very different. Perhaps I have been influenced in my observations by the opinion of the cat vet I have been using fopr the past 34 years. He claims that the allergen is the dander itself and claims that some cats are able to groom themselves enough to remove the dander that causes contact allergic reactions. Long haired cats generally cause an allergic reaction to a much greater extent than short haired cats. Ed
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Abraham Yunis Grapplingvine • 6 years ago
Thank you! exactly lol
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msmarco_passage_00_516435557 | Nicki Minaj Height | Nicki Minaj Height
How tall is Nicki Minaj
Nicki Minaj's Height
5ft 2 (157.5 cm)
American singer best known for songs such as "Super Bass", "Starships", "Anaconda" and "Pound the Alarm". In one song she sings "I'm like 5"2" and on twitter added an inch, claiming "Im 5'3". She also mentioned her shoe size was "5 1/2 - 6" .
Photo by PR Photos
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You May Be Interested
Iggy Azalea
5ft 9 ½ (177 cm)
Jessie J
5ft 8 ¼ (173 cm)
Ariana Grande
5ft ½ in (154 cm)
Miley Cyrus
5ft 4 ½ (164 cm)
Add a Comment 104 comments
Your Guess (Optional) 5ft 0 5ft ¼ 5ft ½ 5ft ¾ 5ft 1 5ft 1 ¼ 5ft 1 ½ 5ft 1 ¾ 5ft 2 5ft 2 ¼ 5ft 2 ½ 5ft 2 ¾ 5ft 3 5ft 3 ¼ 5ft 3 ½ 5ft 3 ¾ 5ft 4
Average Guess (82 Votes)
5ft 1.9in (157.2cm)
heyyyyyyyy said on 23/Feb/21
I think she's 5'3" tbh
Christian 6'5 3/8" said on 26/Dec/20
@stumpclub
Please explain more clearly.
Mbong said on 24/Dec/20
Perfect listing, and she is a rapper not a singer.
stumpclub said on 8/Oct/20
@christian she went straight from 5'1 to 5'3...and thats possible... she's been 5'3 for the last decade!!!!
onika said on 7/Oct/20
@ christian she said she went straight from 5’1 to 5’3 . she’s been 5’3 for the last decade.
Christian 6'5 3/8" said on 21/Sep/20
@stumpclub
That didn't make sense. If you grow from 5'1" to 5'3", then you had to be 5'2" at some point.
stumpclub said on 18/Sep/20
she is 5'3 she said it herself. she said she went from 5'1 to 5'3 she was never 5'2!!!!!
Leesheff85 said on 8/Sep/20
I bet her and lady gaga would be exactly the same height barefoot. Both 5ft 1. Cant believe gaga claims she's 5ft 4. To see her barefoot she clearly isn't that tall
Nik Ashton said on 24/Jun/20
I’d love to hear her sing “I’m like 5’2””! Maybe Rob wrote the song!
5.9 legit guy said on 4/May/20
Strong 5ft 1,nothing more she is obviously a short girl with short legs,always wearing massive platforms
Very good singer
Andy5'9 1/2 said on 28/Apr/20
After looking at a few angles im convinced ariana grande edges her out a bit she could. 5’0-5’0 1/4 if i was being exact to the mm id probably guess her as 5’0.1 but i think 5’0 is a fair guess
Shanon said on 16/Feb/20
I think she is shorter than 5'2 she looks like she is struggling to look 5'1 in alot of photos.
Stranger things fan said on 11/May/19
probably a strong 5’2
Tjrk said on 11/Apr/19
I think she is 5'3.5"
Tjrk said on 11/Apr/19
I think her big hips make her look short. I think she is 5'2.5" - 5'3.5"
Michael Christman said on 25/Feb/19
Nicki is 5’2”, she always looked like a short girl. She is 5’2” and no taller.
HauteCouture97 said on 16/Feb/19
5'1-1.5/155-56cm
Nik said on 8/Nov/18
I love her comment "I'm like 5"2"!
Arch Stanton said on 1/Nov/18
Her dress reminds me of one of those hotels in Las Vegas LOL!
Sandy Cowell said on 30/Oct/18
I bet the guys like Nicki in that little gold number! Take a look at this, Gladstone!
I reckon Nicki looks the full 5ft2!
James Keffer said on 27/Oct/18
She's a good bit shorter than 6ix9ine (5'5) when wearing 3 inch heals but I can't agree that she's shorter than Ari. Nicki seems to be edging Ari by .5 in this photo Click Here . I'll give her 5'1.25.
4'11 girl said on 20/Jul/18
Shes shorter then ari who is listed at 5ft
Wowemily said on 14/Mar/18
She is shorter than ariana grande.
Billy nator said on 28/Feb/18
Nicki is 5f 3.5 inches in heels
Ariana Grande is 5f 4/ 4.5 in heels
Ariana Grande is slightly taller than Nicki Minaj on live stages
Upgrade Ariana height bare foot - 5f 2.5 - high heels - 5f 4.5
Degrade Nicki Minaj height bare foot - 5f 2/ 1.5 - high heels - 5f 3.5
MAD SAM said on 15/Dec/17
She’s more like 156 cm
Ben said on 15/Oct/17
Man she gotta put on some clothes
Sally said on 4/Oct/17
I guess she is this height
Person said on 23/Sep/17
5"3 maybe?
Slim 182 cm said on 20/Jul/17
A stab in the dark, since we can't see her shoes.
5'1.5
even said on 18/Jul/17
5'2" and probably around 110 pounds
Ally said on 5/Jul/17
I think she is 5,2.5
Crystal said on 5/Jul/17
21/Aug/17
maybe 5'3
Kelly said on 16/Jun/17
Hmmm 5,2 with bearded feet
Megrace said on 14/Apr/17
Idk 😐 maybe 5ft1 3/4
andy said on 25/Feb/17
I think she needs a downgrade. Ariana is an inch or so taller than her. And Ariana is listed as 5'0. Either Nicki needs a downgrade or Ariana an upgrade.
Boombass said on 30/Jan/17
It's soo funny how Blac Chyna looks like Nicki Minaj. I wonder if she's trying to look like Nicki.
Ben said on 29/Nov/16
5ft 1 is better
Chr said on 15/Oct/16
Can you change this photo of her? It's almost insulting. She has many better photos, and you have used decent photos of nearly every other celebrity.
Editor Rob
I will give her a better photo, at the time on prphotos (the main service I use) there was a rather limited choice.
me said on 12/Oct/16
she could use a better photo
M.A.R.S. said on 1/Nov/15
On her instagram there is a pic of her and Beyonce in the same shoes. Beyonce must be really small because they are not that much difference in height. Go look!
s said on 15/Jun/15
she postet a new video on instagram and wrote that she's 5'3. Which i would think is more realistic if you look at pics of her and kim k.
Lensah said on 23/May/15
No she looks tall because she always be wearing killer heels that's why but trust she is really tall
Jasmine said on 8/May/15
Tall or short she really doesn't looks bad this way.. She's just the perfect type!
crazy702 said on 18/Apr/15
idfk i think shes 5´1
Tania said on 3/Mar/15
The picture you've chosen is scary as hell.
Anyway, she's only 5'2"? I thought she'd be taller tbh, like 5'5" ish.
Ally said on 23/Feb/15
Is it just me or does she look somewhat tinier here? Like 4'11 or 5'
Brad said on 7/Jan/15
New Rolling Stone says 5' 3"....they never get heights right in any feature article. Nice dynamite/package quote.
White Chocolate said on 19/Dec/14
Dynamite comes in small packages and can cause major damage. Well, she blow me away any day or time. Stay hot!!!!!
hastag7 said on 16/Dec/14
WHAT IS SHE REALLY? SHES DEFINETLY SMALLER THAN CHERYL COLE AND SHES TINY.
yonika mineki said on 18/Sep/14
she is so pretty thought 5'6 or more she looks so tall and real life barbie
killa mike said on 21/Mar/14
I she was a heck of a lot taller than that how do they make her look so tall in the videos
Editor Rob
big heels and small dancers?
hi said on 14/Feb/14
I thought she was like 5'7, she looks a lot taller.
richkid123 said on 27/Oct/13
Why do people keep saying she looks tall, she is very small
wendz said on 4/Oct/13
she look like tall because her legs are longest than her body ! thats the perfect one :))
Billy said on 9/Sep/13
In a picture of her and Britney Spears, Britney seemed to be about 5" taller, considering how this website lists Britney at 5'4" I would say she was 5' (and Britney 5'5").
Chris said on 9/Aug/13
Shes 5'0 if u type nick minaj kim kardashian , kim is taller by 2 inches and nick is the same height asbkim sister whose 5'0 ft tall
Chainsaw said on 12/Jun/13
Never mind! I just found out that the song exsists!!! I feel embarrassed because I'm a huge fan of Nicki Minaj... : (
Brad said on 22/Apr/13
Paula wears massive built up footwear as a 24/7 365 thang. NM would take her by 1.5 barefoot to barefoot.
Heightgirl said on 19/Apr/13
I found the video of Nicki next to Paula Abdul who is imo 4f10 or under. I found the entire show video on a page but you have to go to the 13:47 mark where Paula approaches Nicki and at 13:52 is when they look the same height. Click Here What do you guys think?
Heightgirl said on 18/Apr/13
I watched American Idol tonight and Nicki was next to "teeny tiny peanut" Paula Abdul and they looked the same height. I am starting to think that maybe she is under 5f. Now Paula was wearing mad platforms but Nicki usually does too. I tried to find pics and video but nothing up yet but if I see any then I will surely post them.
Heightgirl said on 28/Mar/13
Two words. Stripper shoes lol Kim was not wearing them in the most recent photo. She was wearing modest heels without a platform. Nicki was in boots with a one inch heel in their first photo and Kim was probably in high heels with platforms. She's not as small as I thought but she isn't more than 5f1. Click Here Click Here Click Here
Chainsaw said on 14/Mar/13
I didn't know she sang "I'm like 5"2". She looks taller.
Me said on 1/Mar/13
I think her height is 5'4 because in this pic she seems taller than Kim Kardashian, who is 5'2: Click Here
Accurate Guy said on 25/Dec/12
She's not 5'2, nowhere near it.
I'd say 4'10 - 5'0 max.
She's always wearing some high shoes to make her look tall, but she's NOWHERE NEAR 5'5 lol.
I'd say 4'11.
jo said on 15/Dec/12
No way she would be 5´2 thats close to 5´3 which usually looks normal height but she always looks short around 4´11-5´1 tops even though she wears extra high heels most of the time. Here´s a photo with 5´1 Kim Kardashian she is way shorter: Click Here
op said on 1/Dec/12
She's 5'5 . Get your facts straighr
Heightgirl said on 19/Oct/12
She doesn't look 5f2 at all, more like 4f11 - 5f. Next to 5f2 or 5f1 Kim Kardashian she seemed 2 inches shorter.
Crido said on 10/Oct/12
i think she is exactly 5ft2
Mimi Luvs U said on 28/Sep/12
@wizofoz wayne is 5'6-5'7 so nicki is 5'3-5'4
Dom said on 22/Sep/12
Looks at least 5'3"
Claire said on 3/Sep/12
If she said "like 5ft2" she'd probably around 5'1-5'1.5".
People always round their heights..
Lee said on 24/Aug/12
Ok AK maybe 5ft 2 - 5ft 3, but most of her pics can be deceiving (She always wears heels? Look above. LOL)
Monique said on 22/Aug/12
I'm 5'9 and when I took a picture with her she seemed really short like around 5'0- 5'2
AK said on 20/Aug/12
Remember she ALWAYS wears about 4-5 inch heels so 5'2" sounds right (someone said pushing 5'5" - wtf?)
Lee said on 18/Aug/12
5ft 4 seems accurate, could be pushing 5ft 5. Looks tall on most pics.
Mimi Luvs U said on 8/Aug/12
5'3-5'3.5 still looks taller than coco , 4 inch heels = 1 inch shorter than 5 ft 8 in big sean
jaycurry15 said on 1/Aug/12
Yea I Think She Is About 5'2" Because I Saw Her In Concert In St.Louis And She Looked Short But In Pictures She Look Way Bigger
Sion said on 10/Feb/12
Yeah, she looks about 5' 2". Shortest, 5' 1". Tallest, 5' 2". I noticed she wasn't much shorter than Madonna during the recent Super Bowl performance actually. Apparently Madonna is about 5' 3", so that makes sense.
angels said on 27/Jan/12
just as I thought.she doesn't seem so tall.like in fireball she is and willow almost have thesame height while willow is just about 152cm.
Danielle said on 14/Jan/12
She looks so much taller in pictures, I would say 5ft4. She wears a lot of heels though, it's hard to tell, but 5ft4 at max
Monica said on 29/Nov/11
Wow I thought she was like 4'11. She looks like that when she stands alone, but she looks taller next to someone else (tall or short) She must be 5'2 at least.
kiana said on 19/Nov/11
Nope.... 5'3.5
Daphne said on 12/Nov/11
sniper is right. She can be 1.60cm in any case!!! She is something like 153cm...She is nor tiny or skinny and she seems even shorter than her actual height which is 153cm... Any other height listed is bull---t!!!
sniper said on 25/Oct/11
she is shorter like 153cm
jzzz said on 14/Oct/11
she is always wearing at least 5in -6in heels that have high platforms. she does occasionally wear boots on stage where her dancers tower over her
NIA said on 4/Oct/11
my friend is 5ft2 and she is only 14 wow nicki and she is a big fan!!!!
5'8.675859601 said on 7/Sep/11
agree with what MD said
Oh Blissful said on 1/Sep/11
Oh really? That's interesting. Heels can work wonders.
superbass said on 22/Aug/11
Nicki Minaj is 5'3 because I met her @ Brit tour and we were the same height and she had on houseshoes
Legend said on 20/Aug/11
I thought she was like 5'1
wizofoz said on 19/Aug/11
Click Here she is with him with FLAT boot shoes on her performance at the Billboard Awards Click Here
wizofoz said on 19/Aug/11
Nicki is a solid 5'2 how can she be 5'1 and Lil Wayne is only 5'5 and he doesnt tower over her 4-5 inches Click Here she had on 6 inch heels and she towers over him Click Here
A said on 19/Aug/11
I agree with Alex
Mathew said on 18/Aug/11
Alex says on 17/Aug/11 I dont see much of her enough to tell her height very well but looks in the 5'1-5'2 range. Saying "I'm like 5'2" sounds like it could be rounding up from 5'1 1/2. That whole post is about exactly what I was going to post, so I'll just say seconded on every account.
Alex said on 17/Aug/11
I dont see much of her enough to tell her height very well but looks in the 5'1-5'2 range. Saying "I'm like 5'2" sounds like it could be rounding up from 5'1 1/2.
lea said on 16/Aug/11
wow. I thought she was 5'3.I was wrong
A said on 16/Aug/11
@MD before she was added to this site, a lot of people on the height request page were saying she was 5'4". So like i've been saying, a lot of people seem to overestimate a person's height by 2 inches.
Kostas said on 15/Aug/11
lol I had no idea that she sings about her height
Raychah said on 14/Aug/11
I think she is 5'2.5 shes the same height as Justin Bieber wit Click Here
h 4 inch heels heres the shoes Click Here
Shannon said on 14/Aug/11
YAY! Nicki! shes the same height as me! it does seem accurate tho
MD said on 13/Aug/11
Everybody seems to think she's so incredibly short, but she's really not that far off average. The hear people talk about her, you'd think she was under five feet. She is built pretty wide and thick, which definitely could give the appearance of her being shorter than she is, but she's not Snooki-sized, either.
the shredder said on 13/Aug/11
Is 5'2 her Booty size ? lol
Alex said on 13/Aug/11
I met Nicki Minaj, I'm 5'4 and she was wearing about 3 inch heels and she was a bit taller than me so I think around 5'2 or 5'3 is right.
Enigma said on 13/Aug/11
about time Rob! and 5'2 seems right for Nicki. |
msmarco_passage_00_518244173 | Packaging, Shipping, and Producing - Cells & Organelles | Packaging, Shipping, and Producing - Cells & Organelles
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the smallest organelle in a cell, but they have a big job. They are made of two subunits, a large and a small, and they perform protein synthesis.
Protein synthesis is where RNA comes into a ribosome after copying DNA. There, the RNA's copy gets transformed into a protein when the specific order of amino acids is read. So, in short, ribosomes make all of the cell's proteins, which are needed to do everything in the cell.
Ribosomes are first made in the nucleus, but they can be found on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) and freely floating around in the cell's cytoplasm. Ribosomes work with every organelle in the cell due to their making of proteins, which are needed to build everything.
Rough Endoplasmic Riticulum (Rough ER)
The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) is found in the cytoplasm, branching off of the nuclear envelope. It is a complex network of tubes and sacks, which are all enclosed in a phospholipid bi-layer membrane. The rough ER is studded with many ribosomes and it is the site of protein synthesis. The rough ER also attaches things to proteins and is the main source of transportation of proteins from the ribosomes to the Golgi body, where they will be shipped all around the cell. They could also be shipped straight from the rough ER to the cell membrane, where the proteins can be shipped out of the cell.
The rough ER is part of a system of producing, packaging, and shipping with the cell membrane or possibly the Golgi body. The rough ER is the start of the process with the making of the proteins and shipping them along the line to the Golgi body.
Smooth Edoplasmic Riticulum (Smooth ER)
The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) is like the rough ER. It is a network of tubes and channels that are surrounded by a phospholipid membrane. But, the big difference between rough ER and smooth ER is that the smooth ER has absolutely NO ribosomes. Because of the lack of ribosomes, the smooth ER is not involved with protein synthesis. Instead, it's involved with lipid synthesis. During lipid synthesis, the smooth ER can package lipids and attach things to them that need to be sent out elsewhere in the cell. It can even modify the rough ER's proteins. The smooth ER also breaks down toxins, such as alcohol, and regulates the body's calcium level as part of its functions or jobs.
The smooth ER works with the Golgi apparatus and some of the rough ER. It ships packaged lipids to the Golgi and can even modify some rough ER proteins before shipping them to the Golgi as well.
The Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)
The Golgi apparatus is the final stop for a protein or packaged lipid sent from the Smooth and Rough ERs. The Golgi is a bunch of flat membranes called cisternae and it looks a little like a stack of pancakes. At the top of this "stack" is the cist- face. It is the receiver of proteins and lipids being sent to the Golgi. Then, after transferring all the way through the "stack", the modified proteins or lipids reaches the trans-face, or the transport vessel of the Golgi, where it finally gets shipped out one last time to either a different part of the cell, or to the cell membrane.
The Golgi's function, if not concluded already, is to modify and package proteins and lipids. It works with the Smooth and Rough ERs to do this, since they make and package the proteins and lipids before they even reach the Golgi.
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msmarco_passage_00_519050002 | 2010 Census Population of Pikeville, Kentucky - CensusViewer | 2010 Census Population of Pikeville, Kentucky - CensusViewer
2010 Census Population of Pikeville, KY
Analyze the 2010 Pikeville, Kentucky population by race, age, gender and Latino/Hispanic origin etc. CensusViewer delivers detailed demographic statistics from the 2010 Census and other sources.
The idea behind CensusViewer's innovative solution is to use a familiar online mapping environment in combination with Moonshadow's cutting-edge database technology, to provide a blazing-fast and intuitive platform for accessing and analyzing the data.
Click on any map link to see why CensusViewer sets a new standard for ease of use in demographic analysis of population statistics and interactive census data mapping.
CensusViewer maps, data and statistics pages for all states, counties and cities.
Pikeville, Kentucky - Overview
2010 Census
Counts
Percentages
Total Population
Total Population
6,903
100.00%
Population by Race
American Indian and Alaska native alone
8
0.12%
Asian alone
130
1.88%
Black or African American alone
183
2.65%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific native alone
5
0.07%
Some other race alone
37
0.54%
Two or more races
112
1.62%
White alone
6,428
93.12%
Population by Hispanic or Latino Origin (of any race)
Persons Not of Hispanic or Latino Origin
6,783
98.26%
Persons of Hispanic or Latino Origin
120
1.74%
Population by Gender
Female
3,582
51.89%
Male
3,321
48.11%
Population by Age
Persons 0 to 4 years
415
6.01%
Persons 5 to 17 years
943
13.66%
Persons 18 to 64 years
4,644
67.28%
Persons 65 years and over
901
13.05%
|
msmarco_passage_00_51935402 | BOLC - What does BOLC stand for? The Free Dictionary | BOLC - What does BOLC stand for? The Free Dictionary
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Basic Officer Leader Course
BOLC
Best On Line Casinos (est. 1997; website)
BOLC
Belgisch Oog Laser Centrum (Dutch: Belgian Laser Eye Center)
BOLC
Bread of Life Church (Mission, TX)
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At the Basic Officer Leader Courses ( BOLCs ), new officers are being taught how to think and perform as junior leaders while simultaneously being equipped with an academic foundation for all areas of logistics: supply, maintenance, and transportation.
Growing Talent in Tactical Sustainment Leaders
With the rewrite of Field Manual (FM) 3.0, Operations, came changes to the CBRN BOLC course flow and lesson plans.1 Over the last year, OTD has worked tirelessly with the USACBRNS Department of Training to review, rewrite, recreate, and redesign instruction about how newly appointed CBRN officers are taught so that they receive the skills and knowledge needed to advise commanders on how to integrate CBRN assets and fight; survive; and win large-scale, peer-to-peer conflicts within a CBRN environment.
84TH CHEMICAL BATTLION CBRN OTD TRAINING AND INTEGRATION INITIATIVES
The MI BOLC is following suit by implementing a similar certification program for both their officer and NCO instructors.
Leader Development for the Military Intelligence Officer Corps at Fort Huachuca
Physical fitness training was included for all trainees during their entire BOLC course.
A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Methylsulfonylmethane Versus Placebo to Prevent Knee Pain in Military Initial Entry Trainees
BOLC III is akin to the Air Force logisticians technical school training offered at Lackland AFB, Texas.
Functional experts for campaign planning: how does the air force develop logisticians to satisfy the operational level of war?
According to Captain Casey Giese, BOLC II company commander, "ALM is a system that promotes self-actualized learning via weakly structured situational problems." Captain Alec Barker, who applies ALM in his red teaming approach, says, "ALM espouses institutionalized inductive reasoning in order to prepare leaders for the complex wars of the future." (19) At a course using ALM, according to Major Paul Wilcox, former BOLC II company commander:
When do we teach the basics?
Slide 2 consisted of supply side statements that came from the young officers from ECCC and BOLC. For example, "Explosive hazard team leader in Task Force Troy.
Building momentum for the future
In the near future, this course may become an integral part of BOLC III for all branches.
Advances in property accountability training
In BOLC I, soldiers learn warrior tasks, adaptive leadership development techniques, team building, and many other tasks.
Army News Service (Oct. 11, 2007): Army to accelerate leader development
Concilium Oecumenicum Vaticanum Secundum, texto latino en colaboracion con el P Ignacio ACEVEDO, S.J., basado en el libro aleman del Padre Emil Schmitz, con fotos de Walter BOLC, Stutgart 1966.
Eduardo Cardenas Guerrero (1926-2006): in memoriam
The new basic-level OES features three phases of the Basic Officer Leadership Course ( BOLC ).
Basic Officer Leadership Course: an essential element to transforming the Officer Education System
BOLC classes now have fewer lectures and more student discussions than they had previously.
Train for Real: Experiential Training in the Basic Officer Leader Department: Lieutenants at logistics Basic Officer Leader Courses are learning how to support real-world missions through relevant classroom training and realistic field training exercises
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msmarco_passage_00_520274416 | Medial Branch Blocks - Center for Pain Medicine, P.A. | Medial Branch Blocks - Center for Pain Medicine, P.A.
Medial Branch Blocks
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A medial branch nerve carries pain signals from the facet joint of the spine.
What is Medial Branch block?
Medial branch block is an injection of a local anesthetic (numbing medication) near a medial branch nerve. A medial branch nerve carries pain signals from the facet joint of the spine. The facet joints are located between the bones of your spine (vertebrae). Facet joints provide stability while allowing the spine the ability to bend and twist. With wear and tear and with normal aging, the facet joints can become painful.
What is the goal of a Medial Branch block?
A medial branch block is a diagnostic injection. The goal of the injection is to temporarily numb the facet joint to see if it is the source of your pain. If you experience pain relief immediately following the procedure, your physician is assured that one or more facet joints are causing your pain. Pain relief is temporary as the local anesthetic wears off after a few hours. If medial branch blocks produce temporary relief, then radiofrequency ablation may be used to treat your pain.
How is the procedure done?
You will be lying on your stomach on an X-ray table. Blood pressure, heart rate and breathing are monitored. The injection site is cleansed with an antiseptic soap. Your physician inserts a small needle into the skin, muscle and soft tissues under fluoroscopy (X-ray) guidance. A small amount of local anesthetic (numbing medication) will be administered around the nerve. This procedure takes approximately 15 minutes.
What are the side effects and complications?
Side effects and complications are uncommon. Potential side effects and complications include:
Allergic reaction to medications
Increased pain at the injection sites
Temporary numbness and weakness in your arms or legs
How should I prepare myself for this procedure?
You should have a driver available to give you a ride home after the procedure.
If you are on any blood thinners, please call the clinic at 701-551-6980 to receive instructions about your medication.
When should I call my doctor?
You should call us immediately if any of the following occur:
If you experience any swelling, redness, or drainage from the site of the injection
If you have a fever greater than 100 degrees Fahrenheit
If you experience a new numbness or weakness in your arms or legs
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msmarco_passage_00_525781651 | Empathy | Empathy
Empathy
Explanations > Emotions > Empathy
Feeling what others feel | It's not sympathy | It's definitely not psychopathy | It has many benefits | So what
Feeling what other feel
Empathy is the ability to not only detect what others feel but also to experience that emotion yourself.
This can be both a bane and a boon. If you can read another person's emotions then you can both avoid making a faux pas and also utilize their state to move them in another direction. When people are in emotional states their ability to decide is often significantly impaired. Thus you cannot expect aroused people to make rational choices at this time.
Empathy is a bane if you end up experiencing all the bad feelings of everyone around you. This is one of the problems that therapists and other carers have to handle.
It's not sympathy
Empathy and sympathy are very close and are sometimes used as synonyms. The easiest way to separate them is to remember that empathy is about feelings whilst sympathy is about actions. Thus you may empathize with another person and then act on this by telling them how sorry or happy you feel for them.
Empathetic people are often very sympathetic - they can hardly stop themselves as they really do feel for the other person.
A person who is sympathetic but not empathetic may appear a little shallow, as they are less likely to show an emotional connection. 'Terribly sorry and all that, old chap' they might say, in a friendly but relatively cold voice.
It's definitely not psychopathy
A defining element of a psychopath is that they do not and probably cannot empathize with other people. They are often good at imitating this, but in doing so they are using it in a cold and manipulative way.
Having said this psychopaths have been described as having 'cold empathy' whereby they do not experience what others are feeling but nevertheless are able to detect emotions through reading non-verbal signs. In this way they can appear normal whilst simultaneously caring nothing for others.
This lack of empathy is one thing that makes a psychopath so dangerous. If we cannot empathize with others then we are unlikely to care about them. Psychopaths can this easily objectify other people, treating them like 'things' and even killing them without any remorse.
It has many benefits
The value of empathy comes not from understanding the other person's feelings, but what you do as a result of this.
Empathy connects people together
When you empathize with me, my sense of identity is connected to yours. As a result, I feel greater in some way and less alone. I may well, as a result, also start to empathize more with you.
In a therapeutic situation, having someone else really understand how you feel can be a blessed relief, as people with emotional problems often feel very much alone in their different-ness from other people. The non-judgmental quality can also be very welcome.
Empathy heals
Therapeutically, it can be a very healing experience for someone to empathize with you. When someone effectively says 'I care for you', it also says 'I can do that, I can care for myself.'
Empathy builds trust
Empathy displayed can be surprising and confusing. When not expected, it can initially cause suspicion, but when sustained it is difficult not to appreciate the concern. Empathy thus quickly leads to trust.
Empathy closes the loop
Consider what would happens if you had no idea what the other person felt about your communications to them. You might say something, they hated it, and you continued as if they understood and agreed. Not much persuasion happening there!
The more you can empathize, the more you can get immediate feedback on what they are experiencing of your communications with them. And as a consequence, you can change what you are saying and doing to get them to feel what you want them to feel.
So what?
So how do you do it? How do you find out what other people are feeling? All you have to go on are what they say, how they say it and what they do, which can also be described as 'words, music and dance'.
If you want to move someone, detecting their emotional state is the first step. If you can feel that state then that detection is even more accurate. When you can sense their emotion, you can then use this to move them in the direction you want them to take.
The trick in spotting feelings is to pay close attention to changes in the other person in response to external events. If you say 'How are you?' and the corners of their mouth turn down and their voice tone goes flat, then you might detect that all is not well.
The better you are at spotting small changes, the greater your potential ability at empathizing. Watch for small changes on the face. Watch for lower-body movements when the upper-body is under conscious control. Listen for tension in the voice and emphasis on specific words. Listen for emotional words.
To avoid getting swamped by their emotions learn to dip in and out of the association that makes you feel what they do. Go in, test the temperature and then get out to a place where you can think more rationally.
Unless you are really sure, it can be a good idea to reflect back to the other person what you are sensing of their feelings, to check that you have got it right. After all, the only person who can confirm empathy is the person whose emotions are being sensed.
Reflecting back itself has an effect, typically leading the other person to appreciate that you really care about them and hence increasing their trust in you.
Empathy is far more effective when it is offered, as opposed to when people ask for empathy (in which case a negotiation exchange dynamic is set up).
By the way, The usual caveat applies here - taking advantage of someone who is upset breaks many social rules and negative manipulation is likely to lead to betrayal effects.
See also
Empathetic Language, Create Empathy , Association and emotion , Empathizing vs. Objectifying , Sob Story
|
msmarco_passage_00_525808532 | Hope | Hope
Hope
Explanations > Emotions > Hope
What is hope? | The sliding scale | Greed | Hope as a destination | So what
What is hope?
Hope happens when someone sees something, decides that it is desirable, realizes that they may not get it, but believes that there is still a chance of getting it.
To put it tersely, though perhaps in a complex way, hope is expectation moderated by probabilistic estimation of a desired event.
For hope to be a strong force for tension, the person's estimation that the desired event will occur must be both high enough for them to consider there to be a reasonable chance of it happening, yet not so high that they become complacent.
Charles Revson, founder of the famous Revlon cosmetics empire famously said that what he sold was 'hope'.
In terms of how long an emotion lasts, hope is often long-lasting. It is also related to optimism, which can vary with the individual although we are all generally more optimistic than pessimistic.
Fear
Fear is a form of negative hope. Both are forms of anticipation as we forecast the future and experience emotions in line with our predictions.
The sliding scale
Hope is not a single thing. It is more of a sliding scale that ranges across a scale from virtual certainty to utter desperation. It can range within a single conversation across this whole spectrum. You can raise a person's hope, dash it on the rocks of uncertainty, raise it out of the waters and toss it around until the other person will grasp at whatever straw you throw at them.
The hope curve
The actual hope that people feel does not necessarily match the real probability of success. Typically we feel optimistic or pessimistic at the extremes.
At zero probability, we are realistically pessimistic, and we stay this way until there is sufficient probability to break out of the fear of loss. As the event becomes more likely, we become disproportionately optimistic.
Types of hope
There are (at least) three types of hope:
Desperation
Desperate hope is when a deep need is felt. Someone who is desperate will do almost anything to satisfy the hope (with 'almost anything' being in proportion to the level of desperation).
Optimism
Whereas desperate hope often has a negative connotation, optimistic hope is often positive. In both cases, the probability of achieving the hoped-for thing can be very variable, often sitting at a very low probability of occurring.
Realistic hope
Realistic hope is based on a fair estimation of probabilities. Thus, if something is over (say) 50% likely, then I might realistically hope that it will happen.
Hope as a destination
Robert Louis Stevenson said 'It is better to travel hopefully than arrive', indicating how hope can be a pleasant in itself. In particular, hope is often tinged with the fear both that you will not get what you want, and also that even when you achieve your goal, it will not be as perfect as your fantasized eventualities.
As a result, many people are happy just to hope. All you need to do is offer them this, as all casinos do to their hapless customers. Many such punters will merrily gamble away until their money is all gone, then return time and again just to experience that temporary thrill of hope.
So what?
Use hope in persuasion through the non-linear relationship between perception and reality. Build optimism by showing how real the chances of success are. Move people away from things by highlighting the chances of failure.
Beware, however, of betrayal effects . If the other person's hopes are dashed and you are perceived as the culprit, then you will become the target of their revenge.
Making up
Charles Revson, the founder of the Revlon cosmetics company, once famously commented that what they really sold was hope. (For some it is realistic hope, for others it is perhaps more like desperation.) Paradoxically make-up can also sow false seeds of hope in the other party. If I wear make-up, I am actually selling myself as more than I really am. There have been many cracks about the other person being beautiful the night before but not the morning after.
Gambling dens
As a very real example of managed hope in action, look no further than the nearest casino or gambling den. Casinos dangle large sums and glittering prizes whilst making the hoping as pleasant as possible with salubrious surroundings, free drinks, attractive members of the opposite sex and so on.
The gamblers are trapped in a cocoon of warmth as their money is steadily leeched away from them (note how the reality of money itself is hidden behind tokens and credit, preventing the unreality bubble from being burst).
See also
The Seven Virtues , Greed
|
msmarco_passage_00_527353549 | Grinning Man | Fictional Characters Wiki | Fandom | Grinning Man | Fictional Characters Wiki | Fandom
Grinning Man
This article needs more links. Please improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing article. (June 2018)
Grinning Man
Indrid Cold
Grouping
Cryptid
The Grinning Man is the name given to one or more mysterious figures that has become associated with various reports of paranormal activity. The Grinning Man is sometimes described as being an extraterrestrial, Man in Black or a hominid cryptid and was investigated by notable paranormal author John A. Keel and ufologist James Moseley. Arguably the best known Grinning Man was Indrid Cold, who appeared during the 1960s' Mothman sightings.
Reports
New Jersey
Perhaps the most famous sighting of a Grinning Man is reported to have taken place on October 11, 1966 in Elizabeth, New Jersey. The entity was sighted by two boys, James Yanchitis and Marvin Munoz, as they were walking home along Fourth Street and New Jersey Street when they reached a corner parallel to the New Jersey Turnpike (40°39'17.43"N, 74°11'29.48"W). The turnpike is elevated and there is an extremely steep incline going down from the busy street above which leads to Fourth Street. A very large, high wire fence runs along the edge of the other street below where the boys were walking, making it incredibly difficult to near impossible for anyone to want to climb up the incline to the turnpike above. There are bright street lights in that area, which gave the boys a good glimpse of what they called "the strangest guy we've ever seen." Yanchitis noticed the strange entity first. "He was standing behind that fence," he stated later to investigators. "I don't know how he got there. He was the biggest man I ever saw." "Jimmy nudged me," Marvin Munoz reported to police, "and said, 'Who's that guy standing behind you?' I looked around and there he was... behind that fence. Just standing there. He pivoted around and looked right at us... then he grinned a big old grin." There had been recent reported incidents of violence in the nearby neighborhood, such as a middle-resident being chased by a "tall green man" down that same street and on the same night, so the boys fled quickly.
Well-known author, paranormal investigator, and journalist John A. Keel visited the two boys in Elizabeth, New Jersey, three days after the incident. Along with Keel came UFO lecturer James Moseley and actor Chuck McCann. Munoz and Yanchitis were interviewed by Keel separately in the home of Mr. George Smythe and both boys told the exact same story. "The man was over six feet tall, they agreed, and was dressed in a sparkling green coverall costume that shimmered and seemed to reflect the street lights. There was a wide black belt around his waist." The boys also said "He had a very dark complexion, and little round eyes...real beady...set far apart." The most frightening and bizarre aspect of the encounter is the fact that " They could not remember seeing any hair, ears, or nose on this figure ."
The figure reported by witnesses became associated with extraterrestrials because it was sighted shortly after a UFO report near the same area. The report states that a "blazing white light as big as a car" almost hit the 550-foot tall television tower outside of Pompton Lakes, New Jersey. A policeman and his wife witnessed the object move in a slow manner north, and it then disappeared beyond the nearby hills. On the other side of the hills, Sergeant Benjamin Thompson and Patrolman Edward Wester, of the Wanaque Reservoir Police, also witnessed the same light at around 9:45 p.m. as it flew low over the reservoir. "The light was brilliantly white" officer Thompson stated, "It lit up the whole area for about three hundred yards. In fact, it blinded me when I got out of the patrol car to look at it, and I couldn't see for about twenty minutes afterwards."
West Virginia
Several Grinning Man reports were made in 1966, during the same period as the Point Pleasant, West Virginia Mothman sightings. These reports were recorded by John A. Keel in chapters 5 and 10 of his book The Mothman Prophecies .
The first encounter happened on November 2, 1966, a man named Woodrow Derenberger was driving home in his panel truck after a hard day of work. As he drove up a hill outside of Parkersburg on Interstate 77, he heard a sudden crash. A vehicle was speeding behind him, and it suddenly cut in front of him and slowed down. Derenberger looked in amazement as the vehicle that passed him looked like "an old fashioned kerosene lamp chimney, flaring at both ends, narrowing down to a small neck and then enlarging in a great bulge in the center." The "thing" blocked the road, and a door slid open on the side of it. Then a man stepped out, the man was around 6 feet tall, with long dark hair combed straight back. His skin was heavily tanned. He wore an outfit that was made out of some sort of "glistening green material," similar to the outfit worn by the other Grinning Man that was encountered in Elizabeth, New Jersey by the two boys. He was grinning broadly.
The man spoke to Derenberger telepathically and said his name was "Cold", and went off asking him strange questions, and the two talked for a few minutes. Then the strange entity said that he would visit Derenberger again, and he got back in the craft, and left.
Another case described in chapter 10 in the Mothman Prophecies book, happened in the home of the Lillys, a family living in a rural section of Point Pleasant. The Lillys were witnessing strange lights in the sky right above their home at least every night, as well as poltergeist-like manifestations inside of their home.
Mrs. Lilly said "We've seen all kinds of strange things...blue lights, green ones, red ones, things that change color. Some have been so low that we thought we could see diamond-shaped windows in them. And none of them make any noise at all." Automobiles near the Lilly home would stall unexplainably, and kitchen cabinets and doors inside the Lilly home would slam inexplicably in the middle of the night while everyone was asleep. Their living room door, which was chained and snaplocked at night, was sitting there wide open the next morning as if someone had opened it somehow from the outside. They would hear loud metallic sounds, "like a pan falling", and Mrs. Lilly said she heard a sound like "A baby crying" throughout the inside of the home. It seemed to come from only a few feet away from her in the house, but there were no babies in the home and she never saw anything. One notable fact is that the Mothman was known to utter a cry that sounded similar to a baby crying or woman screaming.
John A. Keel, who personally investigated and questioned the Lilly family, asked them "Did you ever dream that there was a stranger in the house in the middle of the night?" Linda Lilly, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Lilly then confessed her story. She described how she woke up one night and saw a very large figure towering over her bed. "It was a man, a big man. Very broad. I couldn't see his face very well, but I could see that he was grinning at me."
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msmarco_passage_00_538631384 | Glycolysis Summary
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Overview
Citric
Acid Cycle
Overview
Metabolism &
Energy Summary
Elmhurst
College
Glycolysis Summary
Pyruvic Acid - Crossroads
Chemistry
Department
Glycolysis Reactions
Glycogenesis
/ Glycogenolysis / Gluconeogenesis
Virtual ChemBook
Click
for larger image
Glycolysis Summary
Introduction to Glycolysis:
The most pressing need of all cells in the body is for an
immediate source of energy. Some cells such as brain cells have
severely limited storage capacities for either glucose or ATP,
and for this reason, the blood must maintain a fairly constant
supply of glucose. Glucose is transported into cells as needed
and once inside of the cells, the energy producing series of
reactions commences. The three major carbohydrate energy producing
reactions are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron
transport chain.
The overall reaction of glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm
is
represented simply as:
C6H12O6+ 2 NAD++ 2 ADP + 2 P -----> 2 pyruvic acid, (CH3(C=O)COOH
+ 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+
The major steps of glycolysis are outlined in the graphic
on the left. There are a variety of starting points for glycolysis;
although, the most usual ones start with glucoseor glycogento produce glucose-6-phosphate. The starting points for other monosaccharides, galactose and
fructose, are also shown.
Glycolysis- with
white background for printing
Link to: Great Animation of entire Glycolysis- John Kyrk
Click
for larger image
Important Facts about Glycolysis:
The major steps of glycolysis are outlined in the graphic
on the left. There are a variety of starting points for glycolysis;
although, the most usual ones start with glucose or glycogen
to produce glucose-6-phosphate. The starting points for other
monosaccharides, galactose and fructose, are also shown.
Glycolysis- with
white background for printing
There are five major important facts about glycolysis which
are illustrated in the graphic.
1) Glucose Produces Two Pyruvic Acid Molecules:
Glucose with 6 carbons is split into two molecules of 3 carbons
each at Step 4. As a result, Steps 5 through 10 are carried out
twice per glucose molecule. Two pyruvic acid molecules are the
end product of glycolysis per mono- saccharide molecule.
2) ATP Is Initially Required:
ATP is required at Steps 1 and 3. The hydrolysis of ATP to
ADP is coupled with these reactions to transfer phosphate to
the molecules at Steps 1 and 3. These reactions evidently require
energy as well. You may consider that this is a little strange
if the overall objective of glycolysis is to produce energy. This energy is used in the same way that it initially takes heat
to ignite the burning of paper or other fuels - you need to expand
some energy to get it started.
3) ATP is Produced:
Reactions 6 and 9 are coupled with the formation of ATP. To
be exact, 2 ATP are produced at step 6 (remember that the reaction
occurs twice) and 2 more ATP are produced at Step 9. The net
production of "visible" ATP is: 4 ATP.
Steps 1 and 3 = - 2ATP
Steps 6 and 9 = + 4 ATP
Net "visible" ATP produced = 2.
Click
for larger image
Important Facts about Glycolysis (cont.):
4) Fate of NADH + H+:
Reaction 5 is an oxidation where NAD+removes 2
hydrogens and 2 electrons to produce NADH and H+. Since this reaction occurs twice, 2 NAD+coenzymes
are used.
If the cell is operating under aerobic conditions (presence
of oxygen), then NADH must be reoxidized to NAD+by
the electron transport chain. This presents a problem since glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
while the respiratory chain is in the mitochondria which has
membrane that is not permeable to NADH. This problem is solved
by using glycerol phosphate as a "shuttle." - see graphic
on the left. The hydrogens and electrons are transferred from
NADH to glycerol phosphate which can diffuse through the membrane
into the mitochondria. Inside the mitochondria, glycerol phosphate
reacts with FAD coenzyme in enzyme complex 2 in the electron
transport chain to make dihydroxyacetone phosphate which in turn
diffuses back to the cytoplasm to complete the cycle.
As a result of the the indirect connection to the electron
transport at FAD, only 2 ATP are made per NAD used in step 5. If step 5 is used twice per glucose, then a total of 4 ATPare made in this manner.
If the cell is anaerobic (absence of oxygen), the NADH product
of reaction 5 is used as a reducing agent to reduce pyruvic acid
to lactic acid at step 10. This results in the regeneration of
NAD+which returns for use in reaction 5.
Electron
Transport Diagram
Click
for larger image
ATP Summary for Glycolysis:
Starting with glucose (six carbons) how many ATP are made
using aerobic glycolysis? E.T.C = electron transport chain
Step
ATP (used -) (produced +)
1
-1
3
-1
5 - NADH to E.T.C to FAD = 2
step 5 used twice
2 x 2 = +4
6 used twice
1 x 2 = + 2
9 used twice
1 x 2 = + 2
NET
6 ATP
Starting with glucose (six carbons) how many ATP are made
using anaerobic glycolysis? E.T.C = electron transport
chain
Step
ATP (used -) (produced +)
1
-1
3
-1
5 - NADH to pyruvic acid to lactic acid. E.T.C.
not used
0
6 used twice
1 x 2 = + 2
9 used twice
1 x 2 = + 2
NET
2 ATP
Quiz: Starting with glycogen to make
glucose-6-phosphate, how many ATP are made using aerobic glycolysis?
Answer
Everything is the same
as when starting with
glucose, EXCEPT
step 1 is not used. Therefore , you get
a NET 7 ATP.
Starting with glycogen to make glucose-6-phosphate,
how many ATP are made using anaerobic glycolysis?
Answer
Everything is the same
as when starting with
glucose, EXCEPT
step 1 is not used. Therefore , you get
a NET 3 ATP. |
|
msmarco_passage_00_542788265 | Chernobyl radiation cloud 1986 as it flew over Europe | Chernobyl radiation cloud 1986 as it flew over Europe
Chernobyl radiation cloud
polessky 09.10.2018
Chernobyl exclusion zone
Immediately after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, when smoke was still coming out of the reactor after a fire, between 3-4 and 10% of radioactive aerosols got into the atmosphere (according to various estimates, there is still no exact data). The heated particles rose to the height of many kilometers, where they were picked up by powerful air currents and carried to great distances. So there was a radiation contamination of large areas due to the movement of the Chernobyl radioactive cloud – a difficult path of altitude flows carried emissions over Belarus, Germany, Scandinavia and even Britain. Chernobyl radiation cloud was very dangerous.
Chernobyl radiation cloud map
Chernobyl radiation cloud path:
Eastern European countries (Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, the European part of the Russian Federation, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria, the republics of the former Yugoslavia);
Nordic countries (Sweden, Iceland, Norway, Denmark).
Around 7:00 AM on 28.04.1986, radiation contamination was detected by radiation monitoring sensors at the Forsmak NPP (Sweden), when station staff tried to get to their workplaces. Radiation cloud from chernobyl flew to Sweden in 2 days. 10 days after the accident, a radioactive cloud reached North America and Japan.
chernobyl cloud of radiation dangers
The first messages – Sweden is sounding the alarm
The first reports that an accident occurred in Chernobyl appeared in the Soviet media only on April 27, when about a day and a half had passed since the accident. And it was not at all the federal media – the evacuation of residents was reported on the Pripyat radio network. Although the residents of the small town of Pripyat at that time were so well informed that a catastrophe had happened.
Among the causes of the catastrophe were called the shortcomings of the reactor design and the human factor. The powerful emission of radiation claimed the lives of thousands of people, caused many diseases, caused great damage to the environment and, ultimately, influenced the course of history. The Chernobyl disaster became a symbol of the crisis of the Soviet system and to some extent precipitated the collapse of the totalitarian state.
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msmarco_passage_00_543566359 | V. Hypertrophy And Dilatation Of The Heart | V. Hypertrophy And Dilatation Of The Heart
Free Books / Health and Healing / Disease / A Manual Of Pathology /
V. Hypertrophy And Dilatation Of The Heart
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This section is from the book " A Manual Of Pathology ", by Joseph Coats, Lewis K. Sutherland. Also available from Amazon: A Manual Of Pathology.
V. Hypertrophy And Dilatation Of The Heart
Hypertrophy and dilatation concern chiefly the muscular substance of the heart, giving rise according to circumstances to enlargement of particular ventricles or auricles, or of the heart as a whole.
Causation
It will be found that this new-formation of muscular tissue is in nearly all cases Compensatory, that is, intended to make up for some defect in the heart itself or in the circulation. The needs of the organism assert themselves by the nervous connections of the body on the cardiac ganglia, and the contractions become more forcible. Within the limits of health, and without any increase of the volume of the cardiac muscles, there are great variations possible in the force of the cardiac contractions. But where the heart is for a long period impelled to unusually violent exertion, it becomes hypertrophied.
In many of these conditions there is a mechanical interference with the flow of the blood either in the heart itself or in the arteries, and as a consequence the heart is overloaded with blood, but in some the mechanical cause is not very obvious. As a general rule the cavities are dilated, -and the dilatation may indeed be the primary condition, the hypertrophy occurring as a secondary consequence. It is usual, therefore, to consider dilatation and hypertrophy together, there being commonly some dilatation along with the hypertrophy.
Hypertrophy From Overstrain. Idiopathic Hypertrophy
Pathologists have frequently observed that hypertrophy of the heart has existed without any mechanical hindrance in the circulation being-discoverable. Some of these cases have been traced to functional disorders of the heart, the organ contracting more frequently and violently than it should. But some cases are really due to frequent and violent exercise, which has been so prolonged as to have taxed the contractile power of the heart beyond its normal ability. An acute overstrain may be produced by prolonged muscular exertion, such as in hill-climbing (Allbutt), athletic exercises, etc. It has been induced experimentally by Roy and Adami, by narrowing the aorta. In that case dilatation of the heart, followed by incompetence of the auriculo-ventricular valve, was the result.
When frequently repeated, such overstrain will lead to hypertrophy, which may only partly compensate, and there may be a permanent over-dilatation with incompetence of the valves.
This has been observed under a variety of circumstances. It has been described as occurring amongst the Cornish miners, who after their work was over had to reach the surface of the earth by climbing ladders for an hour (Peacock), or in the case of people in hilly countries who are in the habit of carrying loads uphill (Miinzinger). It has been observed also in young soldiers, who, as a result of severe drill, have frequently attacks of palpitation. The ability of the heart varies greatly in different individuals; in some the strain of drill reveals a weakness which has come to be recognized in the army as "irritable heart" (Da Costa, Maclean and Myers). During campaigns, also, long marches may so overstrain the heart as to lead to dilatation and hypertrophy (Friintzel).
Adhesion of the pericardium and Valvular disease are further causes of hypertrophy. In both of them interference with the circulation exists, as will be seen further on.
Obstruction of the coronary arteries, leading to permanent loss of a portion of the muscular wall, will cause hypertrophy, both on account of the loss of tissue and of the derangement of the muscular apparatus of the wall.
Hypertrophy is a frequent result of Obstruction to the circulation in the lungs. In emphysema, for instance, there is great obliteration of the pulmonary vessels, and the right ventricle contracts more vigorously to compensate. A similar result may follow other chronic diseases of the lung, and even extensive pleural adhesions.
Interferences with the systemic circulation, especially Aneurysms and Rigidity of the arteries, are frequent causes of hypertrophy of the left ventricle.
Chronic Bright's disease leads to hypertrophy of the left ventricle by raising the general systemic blood-pressure. (See further under Diseases of the Kidneys ).
Forms Of Cardiac Hypertrophy
From what has gone before, it will be apparent that hypertrophies of the heart vary greatly in amount and in the distribution of the enlargement. The term General hypertrophy is used to express an enlargement of the heart in all its parts, while Partial hypertrophy expresses an enlargement limited to a part of the organ. As it is the ventricles which are specially exposed to the causes of hypertrophy, the partial forms are divisible into two, namely, hypertrophy of the right and left ventricles respectively.
In General hypertrophy the general shape of the heart is not much altered. The heart is enlarged in all its parts, the ventricles and auricles are increased in capacity, and their walls thickened. The heart is like that of a bullock in size, so that the name cm bovis is often applied to it.
When the right ventricle is mainly affected, the heart assumes a somewhat quadrilateral form (see Fig. 215). On examining the normal heart as it lies on its posterior surface, after removal from the body, the right ventricle is seen to occupy the greater part of the anterior aspect. The normal position of the septum, as shown in the accompanying figure, is slightly to the right of the left border, and it reaches the apex region slightly to the right of the true apex. In the heart the position of the septum is always indicated on the surface by a coronary artery, which, with its padding of fat, occupies a groove corresponding with the anterior border of the septum. In hypertrophy of the right ventricle, as shown by the dotted line in the figure, the apex is unduly obtuse, and it is often difficult to determine what is its exact seat. The septum is nearer the left border than usual, and it reaches the apex region rather to the left than the right of the most projecting point. The right ventricle also monopolizes the anterior aspect of the heart still more than in the normal condition. When the heart is laid open, the undue thickness of the right ventricle, as well as the enlargement of its cavity, become apparent.
Fig. 215. - Hypertrophy of right ventricle. The alteration in shape is indicated by the dotted line: «, superior vena cava; b, aorta; c, conus arteriosus; d, right auricle; e, left auricle; f, left ventricle.
(RlNDFLEISCH).
Fig. 216. - Hypertrophy of left ventricle. The alteration in shape indicated by dotted lines; g, the hypertrophied ventricle. (BlWDFLEISCH).
In Hypertrophy of the left ventricle the relations are very different, as shown in Fig. 216. The heart as a whole is more elongated and pointed than normal, and this is often very striking. The apex part especially appears greatly prolonged. When the heart is viewed on its anterior aspect the septum is seen to lie more to the right than is normal, and the true apex is much further to the left of the point at which the septum reaches the apex region. On laying open the heart, the thickening of the wall of the left ventricle is very obvious, and the septum is often greatly thickened. The septum belongs partly to the left and partly to the right ventricle, but as the left ventricle is much thicker than the right, the septum belongs more to the left. It will partake in the hypertrophy of either ventricle, and, in the case we are considering the thickening is often very striking. The thickened septum frequently bulges into the right ventricle, sometimes diminishing its capacity greatly, and even producing actual obstruction of the conus arteriosus. In transverse section the hypertrophy of the left ventricle is sometimes very manifest, the right forming merely a crescentic appendage (see Fig. 217).
Fig. 217. - Transverse section of ventricles of heart showing hypertrophy of the left, from a case of chronic Bright's disease.
Hypertrophy and dilatation of the auricles is less common, but may be very marked. The right auricle is specially liable to dilatation, in consequence of mitral or tricuspid stenosis (see Fig. 218), or obstruction to the pulmonary circulation. This dilatation may reach an extraordinary amount, as in Fig. 218, and in a case recorded by Middleton. Dilatation of the left auricle is less frequent. It occurs by no means regularly as a result of mitral stenosis, but occasionally does so.
Fig. 21S. - Great dilatation of right auricle. Stenosis of mitral and tricuspid orifices. The auricles are shown in transverse section, the right above much dilated. The contracted orifices are also shown.
The total Increase in weight in hypertrophy of the heart is greatest in cases where both ventricles are enlarged, and the weight of the heart in such cases not uncommonly reaches from 27 to 30 ounces-. It is least where the right ventricle alone is enlarged, because this ventricle, as a whole, weighs much less than the left, but in pure right ventricular hypertrophy a weight up to 17 ounces is not infrequent. In hypertrophy of the left ventricle, as in Bright's disease, the weight is frequently over 20 ounces.
The hypertrophied heart often presents a peculiarly firm condition of its wall, and this has been ascribed by Sir William Jenner to a Passive congestion of the heart. Cases of cardiac hypertrophy are very frequently such as to lead to a general venous engorgement, in which the heart itself, being related to the general venous system, partakes. Now, prolonged venous hyperremia produces in organs, as we have seen already, a certain hypertrophy and increased density of the connective tissue. Some part of the hypertrophy in such cases may even be due to increase of the interstitial connective tissue. Hence the result is that the walls of the heart are more rigid than normal, and when the cavities are laid open they do not collapse, but stand out with their outline retained, the walls having a tough leathery character. The muscular substance also is frequently of a very red colour, this being largely due to the excess of blood in the vessels.
Literature
Gairdnek (causes of dilatation), Brit, and For. Med. Chir. Review, 1853; Peacock, On some of the causes and effects of valv. dis. of heart, 1865; Leitz, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., xi. and xii.; Munzinger, do., xix.; Maclean, Brit. Med. Jour., Feb. 16, 1867, etc.; Myers, On diseases of the heart among soldiers, 1870; Fraentzel, Virchow's Arch., lvii., 215; Clifford Allbutt, St. George's Hosp. Rep., 1870, v., 23, and System of medicine, 1898, vol. v.; Da Costa, Am. Journ. of Med. Sc, 1871; Roy and Adami, Brit. Med. Jour., 1888, ii., 1321; Laache (Athletics), Internat. |Med. Congress, 1894, Brit. Med. Jour., 1894, i., 738; Jenner (Congested heart), Med. Chr. trans., 1860, p. 199; Middleton, Clinical Records, 1894.
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msmarco_passage_00_557785665 | Skin Tyte Cincinnati - Skin Tightening Cincinnati | Skin Tyte Cincinnati - Skin Tightening Cincinnati
Skin Tyte Procedures
Treating loose and lax skin has become increasingly easier with new technological advancements in the aesthetic industry. The Dermatology, Laser & Vein Center is proud to offer SkinTyte, a non-surgical skin tightening treatment that uses infrared light technology to treat skin laxity. This unique aesthetic treatment leads the way in treating loose and lax skin, which are often the result of extreme changes in body weight and aging. If you are interested in learning more about this amazing treatment, contact the experts at The Dermatology, Laser & Vein Center in Cincinnati today to find out if SkinTyte is a good option for you!
How Does It Work?
SkinTyte works by using an infrared light and skin cooling technology to heat the deeper layers of the skin. This heat causes the tissues to tighten and improves the overall tone of the skin. The combination of the deep heating of the skin tissues and surface level cooling allows for the tightening of the skin without causing trauma or injury to the skin. SkinTyte can also improve superficial skin damage and reduce patches of redness and flushing.
How It Helps
The SkinTyte treatments can help you achieve firmer, younger-looking skin. It helps treat and improve the appearance of loose and lax skin, which creates a tighter, more youthful appearance. This skin tightening treatment can be used effectively on most areas of the body, which allows you to easily achieve your aesthetic goals. Diet and exercise do not always address issues related to skin laxity, but SkinTyte offers an effective, non-surgical option to create a firmer, younger-looking appearance.
What Is Treatment Like?
Before having a SkinTyte treatment, you should remove all makeup and ointments from the skin in the designated treatment area (s). Unwanted hair should be removed prior to your treatment session for optimal results. We can apply a soothing gel to your skin prior to your treatment session to help to soothe any discomfort.
During the procedure, the infrared light is passed across the skin. Each SkinTyte treatment session takes about 45 minutes to complete. We typically recommend a series of two to five sessions for optimal results.
Results
Many patients experience visible results after just one treatment. Most of our patients report the experiencing the most visible results within three to six months of their treatment. Patients who experience optimal results of SkinTyte treatments are those with aging, loose or lax skin, those with skin pigmentation issues, or those with sun-damaged skin. Follow up treatments may be needed after two or more years. Individual results may vary.
SkinTyte has been helping many of our patients with loose or lax skin to achieve amazing results. Schedule your consultation today with aesthetic experts at The Dermatology, Laser & Vein Center in Cincinnati to begin combatting the visible effects of aging and tighten your skin!
*Before and after results will vary from patient to patient
*Unless otherwise stated, models are used throughout this website. Individual results may vary depending on many factors. Not all patients "feel" or achieve the same results.* |
msmarco_passage_00_559450654 | Aspirin | Circulation | Aspirin | Circulation
Home Circulation Vol. 125, No. 10 Aspirin
Free Access Brief Report
PDF/EPUB
Free Access Brief Report
PDF/EPUB
Aspirin
Jeremy S. Paikin
and MD, FRCPC
John W. Eikelboom
MBBS, FRCPC
Jeremy S. Paikin
Jeremy S. Paikin From the Division of Cardiology (J.S.P.) and Department of Medicine (J.W.E.), Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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and
John W. Eikelboom
John W. Eikelboom From the Division of Cardiology (J.S.P.) and Department of Medicine (J.W.E.), Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Originally published 13 Mar 2012 https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.046243 Circulation. 2012;125:e439–e442
Footnotes
The information contained in this Circulation Cardiology Patient Page is not a substitute for medical advice, and the American Heart Association recommends consultation with your doctor or healthcare professional.
Correspondence to Jeremy S. Paikin, MD, FRCPC,
Hamilton General Hospital, 237 Barton St E, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2 Canada
. E-mail paikinjs@mcmaster.ca
References
1. Vane JR . Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nat New Biol. 1971; 231:232–235. Crossref Medline Google Scholar
2. CURRENT-OASIS 7 InvestigatorsMehta SR, Bassand JP, Chrolavicius S, Diaz R, Eikelboom JW, Fox KA, Granger CB, Jolly S, Joyner CD, Rupprecht HJ, Widimsky P, Afzal R, Pogue J, Yusuf S . Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363:930–942. Crossref Medline Google Scholar
3. Wright RS, Anderson JL, Adams CD, Bridges CR, Casey DE, Ettinger SM, Fesmire FM, Ganiats TG, Jneid H, Lincoff AM, Peterson ED, Philippides GJ, Theroux P, Wenger NK, Zidar JP, Jacobs AK . 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/ Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Updating the 2007 Guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011; 123:2022–2060. Medline Google Scholar
4. Antithrombotic Trialists' (ATT) CollaborationBaigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R, Buring J, Hennekens C, Kearney P, Meade T, Patrono C, Roncaglioni MC, Zanchetti A . Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009; 373:1849–1860. Crossref Medline Google Scholar
5. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002; 324: 71–86. Crossref Medline Google Scholar
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7. Smith SC, Allen J, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Fonarow GC, Grundy SM, Hiratzka L, Jones D, Krumholz HM, Mosca L, Pasternak RC, Pearson T, Pfeffer MA, Taubert KA , AHA/ACC, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2006; 113: 2363–2372. Link Google Scholar
8. Prevention of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis with low dose aspirin: Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (PEP) trial. Lancet. 2000; 355:1295–1302. Crossref Medline Google Scholar
9. Pearson TA, Blair SN, Daniels SR, Eckel RH, Fair JM, Fortmann SP, Franklin BA, Goldstein LB, Greenland P, Grundy SM, Hong Y, Miller NH, Lauer RM, Ockene IS, Sacco RL, Sallis JF, Smith SC, Stone NJ, Taubert KA . AHA Guidelines for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: 2002 Update: Consensus Panel Guide to Comprehensive Risk Reduction for Adult Patients Without Coronary or Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases. American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. Circulation. 2002; 106:388–391. Link Google Scholar
10. Rooke TW, Hirsch AT, Misra S, Sidawy AN, Beckman JA, Findeiss LK, Golzarian J, Gornik HL, Halperin JL, Jaff MR, Moneta GL, Olin JW, Stanley JC, White CJ, White JV, Zierler RE, Jacobs AK . 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (Updating the 2005 Guideline): A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011; 124:2020–2045. Link Google Scholar
11. Pignone M, Alberts MJ, Colwell JA, Cushman M, Inzucchi SE, Mukherjee D, Rosenson RS, Williams CD, Wilson PW, Kirkman MS . Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, a scientific statement of the American Heart Association, and an expert consensus document of the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2010; 121:2694–2701. Link Google Scholar
12. Eikelboom JW, Hirsh J . Combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy: clinical benefits and risks. J Thromb Haemost. 2007; 5 (suppl 1): 255–263. Crossref Medline Google Scholar
13. Faxon DP, Eikelboom JW, Berger PB, Holmes DR, Bhatt DL, Moliterno DJ, Becker RC, Angiolillo DJ . Antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary stenting: a North American perspective: executive summary. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2011; 4:522–534. Link Google Scholar
14. Douketis JD, Berger PB, Dunn AS, Jaffer AK, Spyropoulos AC, Becker RC, Ansell J ; American College of Chest Physicians. The perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008; 133(6 suppl):299S–339S. Crossref Medline Google Scholar
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msmarco_passage_00_563826769 | It's cold…The dangers of electrical portable heating! | It's cold…The dangers of electrical portable heating!
It’s cold…The dangers of electrical portable heating!
Thu, December 24 2009 - 4:00 AM
Electric space heaters can be an economical choice for providing warmth to small spaces. They are convenient, portable and, unlike fuel-burning heaters, do not give off deadly carbon monoxide. However, electric space heaters can be very dangerous if not used properly. Nationally, the number two cause of fires in the home and the number three cause of fatal home fires is heating equipment. It’s important to be careful with heating equipment, especially portable heaters. During this time of year when portable heaters are being used at work and home, we may forget the dangers that they pose the danger of igniting combustible materials.
To prevent physical injury (or death) and damage to property, you should be aware of the dangers and take precautions when using these heaters.
Electric Shock
1. Like all electric appliances, electric space heaters can cause accidental electric shock. Avoid using these in bathrooms, kitchens and anywhere else in the home where high moisture and/or liquid spills are common.
Circuit Overload
2. Electric heaters use a lot of electricity. Their use can easily overload circuits, especially if other appliances are on the same circuit. This may cause a power failure or even a fire. Do not run several appliances at the same time you are running these heaters.
Also, avoid extension cords. Most electric heaters are not intended for use with an extension cord. You should read and follow all the manufacturer’s instructions about using the electric heater.
Burns
3. Some parts of the heater become very hot.
Children and the elderly are most susceptible to accidental burns; however, adults may also touch or brush against the heater, resulting in burns on the skin. In addition, clothing may catch fire.
Always monitor children (and pets) when running these heaters. Teach children not to touch any part of the heater.
House Fires
4.
House fires are one of the biggest dangers of any kind of space heater, including electric heaters.
Electric heaters may short-circuit, creating a fire from the spark. Additionally, paper, blankets or other materials positioned too close to the heater may combust, starting a house fire. You should never place a space heater near flammable materials or leave electric space heaters in a room unattended.
Falls
5. Space heater cords pose a tripping hazard. Keep cords securely out of the way to avoid falls. Make sure the cords are not tightly bound or covered by anything, however, as this may damage the cords and is a fire hazard.
Considerations
6. Check heaters regularly (each time before use, at least) for frayed wires; check for and remove accumulation of dust on grates, grills, coils and other elements of the heater (dust and debris could ignite). If the heater is an old model, consider getting a newer heater that has more safety features.
7. Most pets love the warmth of a space heater. Unfortunately, they may get too close, burning thier fur and skin or even knocking the heater over, causing a fire. Never leave a pet (or child) and a space heater alone in a room at the same time
Each year in the United States, an estimated 2,000 people receive hospital emergency room care for burn injuries due to contact with hot surfaces of space heaters. About 600 people die each year in fires that began with the careless use of space heaters. In addition, more than 100 people are killed annually by non-fire related carbon monoxide poisoning caused by improper operation of space heaters. For higher levels of safety when using space heaters, follow these rules:
• Keep a fire extinguisher handy and know how to use it.
• Follow all instructions regarding proper installation and operation of your heater.
• Teach young children to stay away from heaters. Place a protective cage around the heater if you have pets or very small children.
• Turn off the heater when you go to sleep, when you leave the room, and when you are not available to supervise your children.
• Never overload your power circuit.
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msmarco_passage_00_564909862 | The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights | The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
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msmarco_passage_00_565382811 | The Surrender Of The Confederate Armies | The Surrender Of The Confederate Armies
The Surrender of the Confederate Armies
"The final campaign of the Army of Northern Virginia began March 25, 1865, when Gen. Robert E. Lee sought to break Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's ever-tightening stranglehold at Petersburg, Va., by attacking the Federal position at Fort Stedman. The assault failed, and when Grant counterattacked a week later at Five Forks, 1-2 April, the thin Confederate line snapped, and Lees skeleton forces abandoned Richmond and Petersburg. Although fighting would continue for the next week, it would be to no avail. Lee was beaten and would ask for surrender terms on April 9."
This is what most consider to be the end of the Civil War. However, while the war in the East was over, there were still Confederate armies under arms elsewhere. When Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox he only surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia. The Confederacy itself could not surrender because by now there was no "Confederacy." Richmond had fallen, the government officials had fled, and many of the papers had been burned. It would be up to each commander in the field to surrender his army as the news from the East reached him. The following are brief descriptions of how each Confederate fighting force surrendered.
Gen. Robert E. Lee
April 9, 1865. Having arranged a truce and sent notes to Lt. Gen. Ulysses. S. Grant requesting a meeting, Confederate Gen. Robert E. lee awaited his response. Shortly after noon, 9 Apr. 1865, Grants reply came and Lee rode into the village of Appomattox to prepare for Grants arrival. Lees aide selected the home of Wilimer Mclean. Lee waited in the parlor.
At about 1:30 p.m. Grant arrived with his staff. The 2 generals exchanged greetings and small talk, then Lee brought up the object of the meeting. Grant wrote out the surrender terms himself in an order book and handed it to Lee to read.
The terms, proposed in an exchange of notes the previous day, were honorable: Surrendered officers and their troops were to be paroled and prohibited from taking up arms until properly exchanged, and arms and supplies were to be given over as captured property. After Lee had read the terms and added an omitted word, he ordered his aide to write a letter of acceptance. This done, at about 3:45 p.m. the generals exchanged documents.
Riding back to his lines, Lee was swarmed by his adoring troops, many nearly hysterical with grief. Trying to soothe them with quiet phrases--you have done all your duty. Leave the results to God...-- he rode slowly on, followed by many who wept and implored him to say that they should fight on. The next day he issued his eloquent farewell to his army.
On the morning of 11 Apr., following a spartan breakfast and tearful good-byes from his staff, the general mounted his warhorse, Traveler, and with a Union honor guard left Appomattox for home.
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston
April 26,1865. Following its strategic defeat at Bentonville, N.C., March 21, 1865, the Confederate army of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston was reduced to perhaps 30,000 effectives, less than half the size of Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's Federal command. Though the Confederates had fought well at Bentonville, their leader had no illusions about stopping his adversary's inexorable march through North Carolina. When Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield's force, joining Sherman at Goldsborough March 24, swelled the Union ranks to 80,000, Johnston saw the end approaching. Dutifully, however, he followed Sherman's resumed march northward April 10. En route the Confederate commander learned of the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond and of Gen. Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox. This ended his long-held hope of joining Lee to oppose the invaders of the Carolinas.
Arriving near Raleigh, Johnston at first attempted to have North Carolina Gov. Zebulon B. Vance broach surrender terms to Sherman. On April 12 Johnston went to Greensborough to meet with fugitive Confederate Pres. Jefferson Davis, whom he persuaded to authorize a peace initiative. Sherman was immediately receptive to peace negotiations, and on the 17th, under a flag of truce near Durham Station, met General Johnston for the first time "although we had been interchanging shots constantly since May, 1863."
The 2-day conference at the James Bennett home produced peace terms acceptable to both generals. But since these intruded on matters of civil policy (for example, recognition of the existing Southern state governments), officials in Washington quickly rejected the agreement and criticized Sherman's imprudence.
Disappointed, the Federal leader informed Johnston that unless more widely acceptable terms were reached, a 4-day armistice would end on the 26th. That day, however, the war-weary commanders met again at the Bennett home and thrashed out an agreement confined to military matters. At once Gen-in-Chief Ulysses S. Grant wired his approval, and May 3 Johnston's once-proud army laid down its arms, closing hostilities east of the Mississippi River.
Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor
May 4, 1865. At the wars end Confederate Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor, son of former U.S. president Zachary Taylor, held command of the administrative entity called the Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana, with some 12,000 troops.
By the end of Apr. 1865 Mobile, Ala., had fallen and news had reached Taylor of the meetings between Gen. Joseph E. Johnston and Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman. Taylor agreed to meet Maj. Gen. E.R.S. Canby for a conference a few miles north of Mobile. On 30 Apr. the 2 officers established a truce, terminable after 48 hours notice by either party, then partook of a "bountiful luncheon ... with joyous poppings of champagne corks ... the first agreeable explosive sounds," Taylor wrote, "I had heard for years." A band played "Hail Columbia" and a few bars of "Dixie."
The party separated: Canby went to Mobile and Taylor to his headquarters at Meridian, Miss. 2 days later Taylor received news of Johnston's surrender, of Pres. Jefferson Davis's capture, and of Canby's insistence that the truce terminate. Taylor elected to surrender, which he did 4 May 1865 at Citronelle, Ala., some 40 miles north of Mobile. "At the time, no doubts as to the propriety of my course entered my mind," Taylor later asserted, "but such have since crept in." He grew to regret not having tried a last-ditch guerrilla struggle.
Under the terms, officers retained their sidearms, mounted men their horses. All property and equipment was to be turned over to the Federals, but receipts were issued. The men were paroled. Taylor retained control of the railways and river steamers to transport the troops as near as possible to their homes. He stayed with several staff officers at Meridian until the last man was gone, then went to Mobile, joining Canby, who took Taylor by boat to the latters home in New Orleans.
Lt. Gen. E. Kirby Smith
May 26, 1865. From 1862 until the wars end Confederate Lt. Gen.. E. Kirby Smith commanded the Trans-Mississippi Department. By early May 1865 no regular Confederate forces remained east of the Mississippi River. Smith received official proposals that the surrender of his department be negotiated.
The Federals intimated that terms could be loose, but Smiths demands were unrealistic. Smith then began planning to Continue the fight. Lt. Gen. U. S. Grant took preliminary steps to prepare a force to invade West Texas should that prove necessary. It did not.
The wars last land fight occurred May 12--13 May at Palmito Ranch, where 350 Confederates under Col. John S. "Rest in Peace" Ford scored a victory over 800 overconfident Federals under Col. Theodore H. Barrett. But afterward the Confederates learned that Richmond had fallen and Gen. Robert E. Lee had surrendered more than a month earlier. The news devastated their morale, and they abandoned their lines.
A similar decay in morale occurred all over the department. On May 18 Smith left by stagecoach for Houston with plans to rally the remnants of the departments troops. While he traveled, the last of the departments army dissolved. On 26 May, at New Orleans, Lt. Gen. Simon B. Buckner, acting in Smiths name, surrendered the department. Smith reached Houston May 27 and learned that he had no troops.
Not all of the Trans-Mississippi Confederates went home. Some 2,000 fled into Mexico; most of them went alone or in squad-sized groups, but one body numbered 300. With them, mounted on a mule, wearing a calico shirt and silk kerchief, sporting a revolver strapped to his hip and a shotgun on his saddle, was Smith.
Brig. Gen. Stand Watie
June 23, 1865. When the leaders of the Confederate Indians learned that the government in Richmond had fallen and the Eastern armies had been surrendered, they, too, began making their plans to seek peace with the Federal government. The chiefs convened the Grand Council June 15 and passed resolutions calling for Indian commanders to lay down their arms and for emissaries to approach Federal authorities for peace terms.
The largest force in Indian Territory was commanded by Confederate Brig. Gen. Stand Watie, who was also a chief of the Cherokee Nation. Dedicated to the Confederate cause and unwilling to admit defeat, he kept his troops in the field for nearly a month after Lt. Gen. E. Kirby Smith surrendered the Trans-Mississippi May 26. Finally accepting the futility of continued resistance, on June 23 Watie rode into Doaksville near Fort Towson in Indian Territory and surrendered his battalion of Creek, Seminole, Cherokee, and Osage Indians to Lt. Col. Asa C. Matthews, appointed a few weeks earlier to negotiate a peace with the Indians. Watie was the last Confederate general officer to surrender his command.
Source: "Historical Times Encyclopedia of the Civil War" edited by Patricia L. Faust
This Page last updated 02/10/02 |
msmarco_passage_00_569147891 | The Most Popular Ballets of All Time | The Most Popular Ballets of All Time
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The Most Popular Ballets of All Time
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Aaron M. Green is an expert on classical music and music history, with more than 10 years of both solo and ensemble performance experience.
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Aaron Green
Updated January 16, 2019
There is more to classical music than just symphonies, operas, oratorios, concertos, and chamber music. Some of classical music's most recognizable pieces originated in the form of ballet. Ballet began in Italy during the Renaissance period and slowly evolved into a highly technical form of dance that required and demanded athletic and limber dancers. The first ballet company created was the Paris Opera Ballet, which formed after King Louis XIV appointed Jean-Baptiste Lully to be the director of the Académie Royale de Musique (Royal Academy of Music). Lully's compositions for ballet are considered by many musicologists to be a turning point in the development of ballet. Since then, the popularity of ballet ebbed and flowed from one country to the next, giving composers of different nationalities the opportunity to compose some of their most famous works. Below, you'll find seven of the world's most popular and beloved ballets. What makes these ballets so special? Their story, their music, and their brilliant choreography.
01
of 07
The Nutcracker
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Composed in 1891 by Tchaikovsky, this timeless classic is the most performed ballet of the modern era. It wasn’t until 1944 when the first production of The Nutcracker was performed in America by the San Francisco Ballet. Since then, it has become a tradition to perform during the holiday season, as it rightly should. This great ballet not only has some of the most recognizable music, but its story brings joy to children and adults alike.
02
of 07
Swan Lake
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Swan Lake is the most technically and emotionally challenging classical ballet. Its music far exceeded its time, noting that many of its early performers claimed it was too difficult and complex to dance to. Much is unknown of its original production, but its revised production by the famous choreographers Petipa and Ivanov is the base of the many versions we see today. Swan Lake will always be held as the standard of classical ballets and will be performed throughout the centuries to come.
03
of 07
A Midsummer's Night Dream
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A Midsummer’s Night Dream has been adapted to many styles of art. However, in 1962, George Balachine premiered his first full length (entire evening) ballet. A Midsummer’s Night Dream, a Shakespeare classic, served as the base of Balachine’s ballet. He gathered the music of Mendelssohn who composed an overture for A Midsummer’s Night Dream and subsequent incidental music in 1843. A Midsummer’s Night Dream is a popular and enjoyable ballet that almost anybody will love.
04
of 07
Coppélia
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Coppélia was composed by Delibes and choreographed by Arthur Saint-Léon. The story was written by Arthur Saint-Léon and Charles Nuitter after E.T.A. Hoffman’s Der Sandmann. Coppélia is a lighthearted tale portraying man’s conflict between idealism and realism, art and life, featuring bright music and lively dancing. Its world premiere with the Paris Opera was successful in 1871 and remains successful today; it is still in the theater’s repertoire.
05
of 07
Peter Pan
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Peter Pan is a marvelous ballet fit for the entire family. The dancing, scenery, and costumes are as colorful as the story itself. Peter Pan is relatively new to the world of ballet, and because there is no “set in stone” way to perform the piece, it can be interpreted differently by each producer, choreographer, and music director. Although each production may be different, the story remains nearly consistent—and that’s why it’s a classic.
06
of 07
The Sleeping Beauty
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The Sleeping Beauty was Tchaikovsky’s first famous ballet. His music was just as important as the dancing! The story of The Sleeping Beauty is a perfect match for ballet—royal celebrations in a magnificent castle, the battle of good and evil and the triumphant victory of everlasting love. What more could you ask for? The choreography was created by world-renowned Marius Pepita who also choreographed The Nutcracker and Swan Lake. This classical ballet will be performed as long as the world turns.
07
of 07
Cinderella
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Many versions of Cinderella exist, but the most common are those that use Sergei Prokofiev’s score. Prokofiev began his work on Cinderella in 1940 but paused during World War II. He finished the score in 1945. In 1948, choreographer, Frederick Ashton staged a full-length production using Prokofiev’s music which turned out to be a huge success. Cinderella isn’t just a movie, it’s a ballet too, and it deserves equal amounts of attention. |
msmarco_passage_00_569190236 | Classical Music Blog: Beethoven – ‘Moonlight’ Sonata | Classical Music Blog: Beethoven – ‘Moonlight’ Sonata
Classical Music Blog
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 – 1827)
Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 2
Musical and historical analysis of the sonata
Recordings review
Top 10 recordings of Beethoven’s ‘Moonlight’ Sonata
Download free printable sheet music (score)
Beethoven’s “Moonlight sonata”, a name coined by German music critic Ludwig Rellstab after Beethoven’s death, is one of the most widely known classical music pieces, and has been since it was composed some 200 years ago.
But let us examine it more closely and look at the facts surrounding the piece, find past and future musical connections and, of course, compare and choose the best recordings of the sonata.
It is said that Beethoven was inspired to write the sonata while visiting Lake Balaton, located in Hungary.
The sonata, which is in three movements, as most sonatas of the classical period, is best known for the first movement, Adagio sostenuto (there are about 10 times as many recordings of it than there are of the whole piece).
The descending bass-line, characterising the introduction, sometimes called the Phrygian progression, (which it, strictly speaking, isn’t in this case, because it detours to subdominant f-sharp before reaching the target dominant g-sharp ), had been used long before Beethoven:
Adagio from a Sonata by Albinoni, written 100 years earlier
And thus, borrowing the idea of this baroque rhetoric figure, Beethoven starts his Sonata.
But what really captured the public’s heart was the ever-imploring polyrhythmic motif making up the main theme:
Both the perpetual triplets and the polyrhythm were copied out of Mozart’s score – from the Commendatore’s death scene in ‘Don Giovanni’.
The unusual tonal progressions are what led Beethoven to title the sonata “Quasi una Fantasia”. Fantasia usually describes a free-form classical music piece.
The tonic major-to-minor progression, which initiates the modulation to the second subject, had frequently been used earlier by Mozart, and Beethoven just can’t resist:
Thematic comparison
Beethoven – ‘Moonlight’ Sonata
25 years earlier: Mozart – Sonata No. 4 in E-flat major (1775)
100 years later: Rachmaninoff – Piano Concerto No. 2 (1900)
There’s always been a discrepancy over the twelfth bar on whether to play the note c or b in the second triplet group:
But, in fact, there shouldn’t be a discrepancy, because, as per the counterpoint rules of the classical period, two separate voices mustn’t move in parallel octaves or fifths, unless one is doubling the other. Clearly, the middle triplet note is not doubling the (already-doubled) bass-line. And hence – c, and not b, should be played.
The first movement mostly adheres to the sonata form, but not without surprises. In the exposition, the second subject is not in the dominant key, as it usually is in classical sonata form, but instead sounds in B minor, which is not even a parallel key!
Towards the end of the first movement, the main motif is foretelling darker times ahead, moving into the left hand territory:
Moving forward, the second movement turns out to be a light-hearted exercise in classical harmony. Unfortunately, the main motif is hardly a melody, and, what’s more, it is repeated 20 times in the course of (fortunately, only) two minutes. Here are four of these (repetitions) from the opening:
The Trio is on par with the Allegretto. Two repeats of two eight-bar sequences. At least it’s contrasting. The Allegretto, as expected, is repeated da capo after the Trio.
(Excellent playing there by Daniel Barenboim in above examples.)
The third movement, a fierce fiery Presto in sonata form, starts with the same notes as the first movement, namely: c-sharp, g-sharp, c-sharp and e. Also, Beethoven adds an agitato instruction to the score. He then goes on to transform the original three-note motif into two lightning bolts, modifying the rhythmic pattern, with the second note on the weak beat, keeping the initial underlying harmonic structure the same.
Thematic comparison
1 st movement
3 rd movement
Again, Beethoven eyes a motif by Mozart for the first part of the second subject, and...repeats it six times until it gets him somewhere. Mind you, he even grabs the ornaments along.
Thematic comparison
Mozart – Sonata No. 1 in C major (1775)
Beethoven – Sonata, 3 rd movement
The theme continues its run until it bumps into a Neapolitan flattened supertonic (which comes from the third bar of the first movement), runs around a bit, bumps into it again an octave lower, runs around a bit, and finds its way into another theme, which, at last, leads to the controversial closing subject.
The exposition is repeated, traditionally. The development and recapitulation aren’t, and we will see why in a minute.
The development section starts off with the first subject arpeggios in tonic major, but quickly gives way to the cantabile theme from the second subject, which nicely relocates into the left hand, and off it goes, jumping down and down, until it arrives at the long dominant pedal point, predicting the reprise, just as it did in the first movement, albeit without the diminished seventh chords (Beethoven saves these for later).
We then get a reprise, which essentially duplicates the whole exposition section, except for the standard change of keys and a few minor alterations. And only afterwards comes the final ascent, one of the more effective ones from Beethoven – with two climax points, practically one after another.
At first there is an illusion that we are entering another development section. But here it becomes clear why only the exposition got a repeat: the whole second part – encompassing the development section, the full reprise and the elaborate ending – is twice as long as the exposition. But another important reason is that the climaxes would not have been successful the second time round.
Logically, the first climax is based on the first subject, while the more elaborate and emotional second climax develops on the second subject motif before rolling into triplet arpeggios – “down and up” several times – in Salieri’s style – up through a chromatic scale – trill! – descending again in a kind of improvisational figuration – and grinding to a halt: Adagio. Then... Tempo I più tranquillo, piano. The not-so-controversial-anymore pedal point returns for six bars, pianissimo. Then – Presto, forte – a final arpeggio ascent – sforzando – descent – and two blasts – fortissimo, senza Pedale.
Was it this that the first movement’s final bars prophesised?
(The unsurpassed Jenö Jandó in above examples.)
Recordings review
Playing this sonata may seem like an easy task for a professional pianist. But it isn’t. Firstly, there are literally hundreds of small directions in the score, some more controversial than others. Secondly, every pianist gives a personal rendition of each of the movements, almost always breaking at least some of the rules set by the composer.
So, what are we looking for in a recording? How do we choose the best ones?
Obviously, the technical aspects of the playing should be nothing less than perfect. But, first of all, we are looking for an interpretation, which is musical, in the full sense of the word. It must flow. It must sing. The three movements should be played in one breath.
Secondly, we expect well-chosen tempi, clear articulation that adheres to the score, proper use of the pedal, in line with the style of the late classical period.
Let’s begin with the first movement. The indicated tempo, Adagio, is one of the slowest existing tempo indications. Obviously, it should be slower than Andante.
In most recordings we hear a fairly moderate tempo.
Evgeny Kissin
What is played by Pletnev, Arrau, Lupu, Rubinstein, Serkin is really moving into the Lento territory –
Rudolf Serkin
– while Jandó, Horowitz, Kempff, Schnabel play a bit faster than usual.
Jenö Jandó
But, strictly speaking, the term Adagio refers to the tempo of the 1/4 notes (crotchets), and in that sense most pianist are within the relative limits. Perhaps only Schnabel’s is really too fast.
Technically, it turns out, most performers do not play the main motif correctly. They just don’t properly combine the triplets with the dotted quaver.
Only Barenboim, Kissin, Pletnev, Ashkenazy, Lupu and Rubinstein can be said to have a true polyrhythm.
Daniel Barenboim
Brendel, Kempff and Schnabel have really got it wrong.
Wilhelm Kempff
Barenboim’s first movement is exemplary, being objective and at the same time very personal. Pletnev, Jandó, Ashkenazy, Arrau, Lupu and Gieseking have also put a lot of thought into their interpretations, with all having a good singing tone, emotions, dynamics and flow.
Radu Lupu
The middle section, with ascending and descending diminished seventh chords, should continue to be played in triplets. They needn’t be accented, but if there is a hint of it after all, it must not under any circumstances be in duplets! Unfortunately, we do hear that in recordings by Gilels, Brendel, Pollini, Serkin and Kempff.
In the second movement, all of Barenboim, Jandó, Kissin, Pletnev, Tomšič, Serkin, Lupu, Gieseking, Schnabel and Horowitz maintain a good balance between the dance-like mood, the singing upper melody and the playful staccato chords.
The Trio, which starts with three sforzandi and continues – after the repeat – in pianissimo, should be contrasting, not complementing the Allegretto, which starts and ends in piano. Well done Kissin, Jandó, Pletnev, Rubinstein and Horowitz.
Jenö Jandó
There is only one perfect recording of the third movement, and it is by Jenö Jandó. The musicality as a whole, the interpretation, the technical aspects, the balance, the fine details – his playing has it all. You can practically hear Beethoven himself at the piano.
But while everyone is free to judge Jandó’s musicianship on their own, let us examine the technical side.
Beethoven knew exactly what he wanted, when he marked specifically the first note and the last three in each bar staccato, starting from the fifth bar of the second subject:
Jenö Jandó
Why then are these markings ignored by all of Kissin, Gilels, Rubinstein, Pollini, Serkin, Horowitz, Kempff, Schnabel? How can you just play it all on pedal?
Vladimir Horowitz
And this gets extreme when we talk about the final culmination point:
Jenö Jandó
Evgeny Kissin
Staccato!
But Kissin’s playing is unique in its own way. His playing of this movement is one of the fastest available, and, while in other recordings the speed degrades the quality of the pianist’s playing and hence the overall delivery, the fact that Kissin has such fine control of his technique, combined with his remarkable musical insight, the result is an amazing performance, perfect in its own way, and astoundingly different from Jandó’s.
At one point he is full of fire, a moment later – he is in a different, distant a world. Listen to his absolutely unique interpretation of the development section:
Evgeny Kissin
Both Daniel Barenboim and Mikhail Pletnev offer their personal renditions of the movement, interesting in their own ways.
There are many wrong notes in other recordings, and they are the result of ‘missing’ the right ones, but it is difficult to explain why Barenboim plays a d-natural instead of e towards the end of the third bar in the A major connecting theme:
Daniel Barenboim
in slow motion
Strange also that he doesn’t repeat this the second time round.
But what is completely and totally unacceptable is forgetting that Beethoven compressed the same connecting theme in the recap. And Barenboim does just that – forgets:
Jenö Jandó
Daniel Barenboim
And the deeper we dig into the recordings, the farther we find ourselves from the ideal and flawless performance.
Let’s listen to it again...
Jenö Jandó
And so, here are the top 10 recordings of Beethoven’s ‘Moonlight’ Sonata:
1. Jenö Jandó
Bonus: equally outstanding renditions of No. 8 ‘Pathetique’ and No. 23 ‘Appassionata’ sonatas 2. Evgeny Kissin
Bonus: unparalleled performance of Franck’s “Prelude, Choral & Fugue”, Variations on a Theme of Paganini by Brahms
3. Daniel Barenboim
Bonus: Sonatas No. 21 ‘Waldstein’ and No. 23 ‘Appassionata’
4. Mikhail Pletnev
Bonus: Sonatas No. 21 ‘Waldstein’ and No. 23 ‘Appassionata’
5. Emil Gilels
Bonus: Sonatas No. 8 ‘Pathetique’ and No. 12
6. Vladimir Ashkenazy
Bonus: Sonatas No. 8 ‘Pathetique’ and No. 23 ‘Appassionata’
7. Radu Lupu
Bonus: 5 Piano Concerti, Sonatas No. 8, No. 21, Variations in C minor, Piano Quintet, 2 Rondi
8. Claudio Arrau
Bonus: Sonatas No. 8 ‘Pathetique’ and No. 23 ‘Appassionata’
9. Dubravka Tomšič
Bonus: Symphony No. 7, Overture to “Fidelio”
10. Alfred Brendel
Bonus: Sonatas No. 8 ‘Pathetique’ and No. 23 ‘Appassionata’
Labels: beethoven, classical music, piano, sonata |
msmarco_passage_00_571954215 | Difference Between Secondary and Postsecondary Education | Synonym | Difference Between Secondary and Postsecondary Education | Synonym
Difference Between Secondary and Postsecondary Education
Middle school and high school are packed with core academic classes and fun, extracurricular activities.Working hard in middle school and high school also provides a solid foundation for success in college. Together, secondary and post-secondary education comprise the academic experience that a student receives after fifth grade. Secondary education, along with post-secondary education propels students into adulthood and aims to give them necessary career skills.
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Secondary Education
Post-Secondary
Purposes of Secondary and Post-Secondary Schooling
Equality and Access
1 Secondary Education
Secondary education refers to schooling that takes place during the middle and high school years, between sixth and twelfth grade. It is divided into courses in English, mathematics, social studies, science and foreign language. For some, secondary education includes electives such as music or drama. In the U.S., public secondary education is free and available to all. Secondary education is compulsory in the U.S. through the age of 16.
2 Post-Secondary
Post-secondary, or tertiary, education includes any educational program that takes place after you complete your secondary education. This includes community college, professional certification, undergraduate education and graduate school. Post-secondary education is more advanced and specialized than secondary education. Post-secondary education is also broad, allowing students to pursue the subjects that most interest them. Students can receive a wide range of degrees from a broad liberal arts degree that deepens critical-thinking skills to a more hands-on business degree.
3 Purposes of Secondary and Post-Secondary Schooling
The purpose of secondary education is to ready students to either pursue a post-secondary education or enter into a vocational career that does not require further formal study. Post-secondary education helps students develop skills and expertise they can apply in later professional careers. For example, a student who studies English may pursue a career as an editor. A medical student studies to become a doctor. A computer engineering student may become a computer scientist. The goals are twofold: to help students develop independent reasoning skills and to prepare them for the job market.
4 Equality and Access
In the U.S., income inequality affects the quality of secondary public education such that children from low-income families sometimes attend poorly performing schools that receive less funding. This can limit their access to post-secondary education opportunities and set them up for academic and financial struggles when they choose to further their studies. The number of women receiving post-secondary education surpasses that of men in the U.S., but subtle forms of gender inequality, such as a professor's preferential treatment of males, can deter some women from specializing in traditionally male-dominated fields, such as math and science. |
msmarco_passage_00_575817067 | 6. Humans Affect Climate | 6. Humans Affect Climate
Human activities are impacting the climate system.
Climate Literacy Principle 6
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Teaching about the human impacts on climate is supported by five key concepts:
Teaching this principle is supported by five key concepts: a. The overwhelming consensus of scientific studies on climate indicates that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the latter part of the 20th century is very likely due to human activities, primarily from increases in greenhouse gas concentrations resulting from the burning of fossil fuels.
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b. Emissions from the widespread burning of fossil fuels since the start of the Industrial Revolution have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Because these gases can remain in the atmosphere for hundreds of years before being removed by natural processes, their warming influence is projected to persist into the next century.
c. Human activities have affected the land, oceans, and atmosphere, and these changes have altered global climate patterns. Burning fossil fuels, releasing chemicals into the atmosphere, reducing the amount of forest cover, and the rapid expansion of farming, development, and industrial activities are releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and changing the balance of the climate system.
d. Growing evidence shows that changes in many physical and biological systems are linked to human caused global warming. Some changes resulting from human activities have decreased the capacity of the environment to support various species and have substantially reduced ecosystem biodiversity and ecological resilience.
e. Scientists and economists predict that there will be both positive and negative impacts from global climate change. If warming exceeds 2 to 3°C (3.6 to 5.4°F) over the next century, the consequences of the negative impacts are likely to be much greater than the consequences of the positive impacts.
These key ideas relate to the causes and effects of human-induced climate change.
The potential for human activities to increase the temperature of the Earth through greenhouse gas emissions has been described and calculated for over a century. Volumes of scientific research across multiple scientific disciplines agree that humans are warming the climate, and the 2013 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report states, "Human influence on the climate system is clear. This is evident from the increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing, observed warming, and understanding of the climate system." (From the IPCC AR5)
There is overwhelming evidence that human activities, especially burning fossil fuels, are leading to increased levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which in turn amplify the natural greenhouse effect, causing the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere, ocean, and land surface to increase. That greenhouse gases "trap" infrared heat is well established through laboratory experiments going back to the mid 1850s when Sir John Tyndall first measured the effect.
The well-documented trend of increasing of CO 2 in the atmosphere is caused by the burning of fossil fuels and massive land cover changes. The "smoking gun" that shows clearly that human activities are responsible for recent increases in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is provided by carbon isotopes (carbon atoms of different atomic weight). These isotopes allow scientists to "fingerprint" the source of the carbon dioxide molecules, which reveal that the increased CO 2 in the atmosphere is caused by fossil fuel burning ( see references ).
The human causes of climate change are some of the most important concepts to teach
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Due to the basic physics of heat-trapping gases and an exponential rise in population and energy consumption, humans have become a force of nature. Clearly, this is a topic with enormous political, socio-economic and emotional dimensions, but the scientific results show clearly that:
Human activities, particularly the combustion of fossil fuels, are altering the climate system.
Human-driven changes in land use and land cover such as deforestation, urbanization, and shifts in vegetation patterns also alter the climate, resulting in changes to the reflectivity of the Earth surface (albedo), emissions from burning forests, urban heat island effects and changes in the natural water cycle.
Because the primary cause of recent global climate change is human, the solutions are also within the human domain.
Because we understand the causes of climate change, that paves the way for effective solutions to be developed and deployed. (Learn more about teaching about solutions .)
Helping students understand these ideas
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Deforestation in Mexico. Credit: Jamie Dwyer
Provenance: Jamie Dwyer wikicommons
Reuse: This item is offered under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ You may reuse this item for non-commercial purposes as long as you provide attribution and offer any derivative works under a similar license.
The human impact on climate change is the most frequently misunderstood aspect of climate science. Some sectors of the public continue to debate whether these ideas can be true, despite the well-established science. There are several possible reasons why students may resist the conclusion that humans are altering the climate. This concept may be uncomfortable to students due to feelings of guilt, political resistance, or genuine lack of scientific understanding. Furthermore, projections of the effects of climate change on our society can frighten, overwhelm, or discourage students. This can result in denial or resistance to learning. Furthermore, even if a student possesses a firm grasp of this topic, it is nearly certain that at some point this knowledge will be challenged outside of class. Building a solid and careful scientific argument is essential.
Educators are encouraged to introduce this topic with generous scaffolding that establishes the foundations of the process of science, the underlying principles of climate science, and a reliance on the robust scientific research that supports this conclusion. Several strategies are presented on this page about Teaching Controversial Environmental Issues which emphasizes the affective and emotional aspects of student learning.
It may be tempting to have a debate about this topic, but that may not be the most effective way to characterize it. A debate suggests that there are two credible, opposing viewpoints, when in fact the scientific community is virtually unanimous about the human causes of climate change. Secondly, debating a topic can reinforce misconceptions and cause unnecessary controversy in the classroom. That said, careful discussion of diverse viewpoints is absolutely essential. Role playing can be one way to represent broad perspectives, while maintaining scientific accuracy.
Bringing these ideas into your classroom
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Carbon emissions have risen from less than 5 billion tons per year in the late 1950s to over 35 billion tons per year as of 2012. This graph shows a breakdown of carbon emissions coming from each type of fuel, and much more information is available from the source: Our World in Data https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions
Provenance: Wikipedia Commons- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Carbon_Emissions.svg
Reuse: This item is offered under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ You may reuse this item for non-commercial purposes as long as you provide attribution and offer any derivative works under a similar license.
Even though this topic can be a sensitive one, it is also an essential facet to understanding climate change. Educators are urged not to shy away from the human role in shaping the climate, but instead to approach it in a deliberate manner, with pacing and framing intentionally designed to help your students understand the science and reconcile the meaning.
When possible, use data-driven explanations.
Avoid assigning blame or judgement. As atmospheric scientist Scott Denning puts it, CO 2 traps heat "because of its molecular structure, not because capitalism is evil. It's just bad luck!" ( Scott Denning Research Group, ppt for Engaging Hostile Audiences)
Weave solutions into the discussion every step of the way. This prevents feelings of hopelessness and also shows the scientific and technical responses that are needed to curb the worst effects of climate change.
Foster a classroom environment where all perspectives are welcome. Invite students to voice their doubts, fears, or uncertainties. (Learn more about creating a validating classroom environment .)
Teaching materials from the CLEAN collection
Middle school
Using the Very, Very Simple Climate Model in the Classroom helps students learn about the connection between CO 2 emissions, CO 2 concentration, and average global temperatures.
Students can learn about the Keeling Curve and its famous data with this graphing exercise: Our Changing Atmosphere.
NASA's Deforestation in the Amazon and World of Change animations shows deforestation in Brazil. Loss of productive forests is another contributor to human-caused climate change.
Climate Change Basics video offers a simple and easy-to-understand overview of climate change and its causes.
2014 National Climate Assessment Report summarizes the impacts of climate change on the United States, now and in the future. The report can be explored by region and uses clear, simple messages to streamline the findings.
High school
Heating it Up: The Chemistry of the Greenhouse Effect is a sequence of activities that help students learn why greenhouse gases trap heat.
Climate scientist Richard Alley summarizes the case for human-caused climate change in this video segment, It's Us.
The National Academies of Science offers a series of short videos describing the evidence for climate change. Increased Emissions and How Much Warming? are both relevant to human-caused climate changes.
College
The activity Global Climate Change: The Effects of Global Warming examines trends in carbon dioxide emissions and considers the human influences on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
Using a mass balance model to understand carbon dioxide and its connection to global warming allows exploration of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon emissions.
Students can explore data-driven questions about economies, populations, energy, and emissions with Gapminder: Unveiling the beauty of statistics for a fact based world view.
Mann and Ramsdorf on IPCC 2013 features well-known climate scientists discussing public perceptions of climate science.
Because this particular fact of climate change is often misunderstood, activities such as Is That True? and Effectively Engaging with Climate Skeptics can help students navigate misinformation.
Find activities and visuals for teaching this topic
Search by grade level: middle school high school intro college upper college search all grade levels
References
National Climate Assessment, 2017, Chapter 1: Our Globally Changing Climate - Key Finding #3: "Many lines of evidence demonstrate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. Formal detection and attribution studies for the period 1951 to 2010 find that the observed global mean surface temperature warming lies in the middle of the range of likely human contributions to warming over that same period. We find no convincing evidence that natural variability can account for the amount of global warming observed over the industrial era."
Observed Climate Change from the 2014 National Climate Assessment: "Global climate is changing and this change is apparent across a wide range of observations. The global warming of the past 50 years is primarily due to human activities." Contains excellent, downloadable graphics.
And older, but still accurate IPCC document from 2007 also addresses this question: How do Human Activities Contribute to Climate Change and How do They Compare with Natural Influences?
How do we know that recent CO 2 increases are due to human activities? - a scientific summary from RealClimate.org
The human fingerprint in coral - This page from the Skeptical Science website provides clear answers to common questions and misunderstandings about climate change.
Solar Variability & Global Climate Change - This summary from the Stanford Solar Center describes the relationship between sunspots, solar irradiance and climate change
Causes of Climate Change - This NASA web page describes the greenhouse effect, the role of human activity and the evidence that changes in solar irradiance are not related to recent temperature increases.
Global Warming's Six Americas - This ongoing project tracks Americans' opinions and beliefs about climate change. This approach identifies six unique audiences within the American public that each responds to the issue in their own distinct way. This is a great way to learn about the possible audiences among your student population.
Examining the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change, P. Doran, M. Zimmerman. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2009, vol. 90, no. 3, p. 22, 200. This article compares the consensus views of scientists and the general public on climate change. |
msmarco_passage_00_579031606 | Phenytoin (Dilantin) Correction Calculator - ClinCalc.com | Phenytoin (Dilantin) Correction Calculator - ClinCalc.com
Phenytoin Correction Calculator
Dilantin correction calculator for hypoalbuminemia
ClinCalc.com » Neurology » Phenytoin (Dilantin) Correction Calculator
Press 'Calculate' to view calculation results.
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About This Calculator
Due to its narrow therapeutic index and non-linear pharmacokinetic profile, phenytoin therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended. Because phenytoin is highly protein bound and only unbound drug is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier to exert its pharmacologic effect, unbound (free) phenytoin levels may be more clinically relevant than total levels to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity. 3, 4
Although unbound (free) phenytoin levels can be measured by a laboratory assay, this method may not be available on-site at all institutions, or the turnaround time for a result may be so long that it limits its clinical utility. The Winter-Tozer equation was developed to help clinicians estimate an unbound (free) phenytoin concentration based on a total phenytoin level and a serum albumin level.
Corrected Total Phenytoin Level
In patients with hypoalbuminemia, a corrected equation must be used to account for reduced phenytoin protein binding. This calculator uses the revised versions of the Winter-Tozer correction equation for patients with normal renal function and those with end-stage renal disease. The original Winter-Tozer equations for these two patient populations have consistently been shown to be inaccurate, although one may still find the original equations in textbooks or other resources. 1, 2, 5
Patients without end-stage renal disease: C o r r e c t e d p h e n y t o i n ( e q u a t i o n 1) = ( M e a s u r e d p h e n y t o i n) 0.25 ∗ A l b u m i n + 0.1 C o r r e c t e d p h e n y t o i n ( e q u a t i o n 2) = ( M e a s u r e d p h e n y t o i n) 0.29 ∗ A l b u m i n + 0.1 Patients WITH end-stage renal disease or significant uremia: C o r r e c t e d p h e n y t o i n = ( M e a s u r e d p h e n y t o i n) 0.2 ∗ A l b u m i n + 0.1
Traditional Winter-Tozer Equation
The original Winter-Tozer equation 6 (displayed below) was developed in patients with epilepsy assuming a normal serum albumin of 4.4 g/dL and a free fraction of 10%. By simplifying the equation, a coefficient of '0.2' was originally suggested to calculate a corrected phenytoin level in patients without significant comorbidities. 7 In patients with renal dysfunction or end-stage renal disease, a coefficient of '0.1' was considered to be more appropriate due to reduced protein binding secondary to uremia, although this method has now been shown to poorly correlated with free phenytoin levels. 6, 8 When used in the Winter-Tozer equation, both of these coefficients are inaccurate and should not be used.
C o r r e c t e d p h e n y t o i n = ( M e a s u r e d p h e n y t o i n) A l b u m i n 4.4 ∗ 0.9 + 0.1 C o r r e c t e d p h e n y t o i n = ( M e a s u r e d p h e n y t o i n) C o e f f i c i e n t ∗ A l b u m i n + 0.1
Inaccuracies of the Traditional Winter-Tozer Equation
There is considerable controversy regarding the accuracy of the traditional Winter-Tozer equation. As previously mentioned, the traditional Winter-Tozer equation has repeatedly been shown to overpredict corrected phenytoin levels. 8 At least two equations, using a coefficient of 0.25 or 0.29, have been suggested to improve the accuracy of a corrected phenytoin level among patients without severe renal impairment. 1, 5 In addition, the historical equation designed for renal impairment (end-stage renal disease, severe uremia, or hemodialysis) has also been updated to improve the accuracy of the equation. 2 Despite the preponderance of data against the original Winter-Tozer equations, recent articles still support its use, particularly if the phenytoin assay is run at body temperature (not room temperature). 9
Correction Factors for this Calculator
On the basis of available literature, the following coefficients are provided by this clinical calculator:
Coefficient
Comments
Citation
0.25
Revised Winter-Tozer equation studied in elderly patients and severe head trauma; significantly more accurate than the traditional equation
5
0.29
Revised Winter-Tozer equation studied in neurointensive care unit patients; significantly more accurate than the traditional equation
1
0.2
Revised Winter-Tozer equation for patients with end-stage renal disease, severe uremia, or hemodialysis. Due to a small sample size supporting this revised equation, free phenytoin levels are strongly recommended whenever possible.
2
Because of limitations in the data, it is not clear whether a coefficient of 0.25 or 0.29 is superior in patients without renal impairment. 1, 5 For this reason, the calculator will report the average value between these two estimates. The individual values can be reviewed by clicking the "Equations" tab within the results area.
References and Additional Reading
Kane SP, Bress AP, Tesoro EP. Characterization of unbound phenytoin concentrations in neurointensive care unit patients using a revised Winter-Tozer equation. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47 (5):628-36. PMID 23606554.
Soriano VV, Tesoro EP, Kane SP. Characterization of Free Phenytoin Concentrations in End-Stage Renal Disease Using the Winter-Tozer Equation. Ann Pharmacother. 2017 May 1:1060028017707541. doi: 10.1177/1060028017707541. PMID 28470115.
May TW, Rambeck B, Jürges U, et al. Comparison of total and free phenytoin serum concentrations measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and standard TDx assay: implications for the prediction of free phenytoin serum concentrations. Ther Drug Monit. 1998;20 (6):619-23. PMID 9853976.
Soldin SJ. Free drug measurements. When and why? An overview. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1999;123 (9):822-3. PMID 10458831.
Anderson GD, Pak C, Doane KW, et al. Revised Winter-Tozer equation for normalized phenytoin concentrations in trauma and elderly patients with hypoalbuminemia. Ann Pharmacother. 1997;31 (3):279-84. PMID 9066931.
Winter MG, Tozer TN. Chapter 25. Phenytoin. In: Evans WE, Schentag JJ, Jusko WJ. Applied pharmacokinetics: principles of therapeutic drug monitoring. 3rd ed. Vancouver, WA: Applied Therapeutics, 1992:1-44.
Hong JM, Choi YC, Kim WJ. Differences between the measured and calculated free serum phenytoin concentrations in epileptic patients. Yonsei Med J. 2009;50 (4):517-20. PMID 19718399.
Mauro LS, Mauro VF, Bachmann KA, et al. Accuracy of two equations in determining normalized phenytoin concentrations. DICP. 1989;23 (1):64-8. PMID 2718487.
Mlynarek ME, Peterson EL, Zarowitz BJ. Predicting unbound phenytoin concentrations in the critically ill neurosurgical patient. Ann Pharmacother. 1996;30 (3):219-23. PMID 8833553. |
msmarco_passage_00_585236966 | What is Futsal and How is it Played? | What is Futsal and How is it Played?
What is Futsal and How is Futsal Played?
Eric Vogel
March 18, 2015
Futsal is a game played between two teams of five players on each side. One of the five players is a goalkeeper who unlike soccer/football is very active out on the field. The game of futsal is played on a hard court surface with flat lines on it like a basketball court for the boundaries. It is played with a smaller ball (futsal ball) that has less bounce than a regular soccer ball. To be great at the game of futsal you need to have great improvisation, technique, creativity, ball control and heightened awareness.
Here is a little interesting tidbit… the name futsal comes from the Portuguese Futebol de salão, which can be translated as “room football”. It was developed in Brazil in the 1930’s and 1940’s.
Futsal Field Pitch Size:
A futsal field can be any flat, smooth and non-abrasive material. The length of the field is in the range of 38–42 meters or 42–46 yards, and the width is in the range of 20–25 meters or 22–27 yards.
A rectangular futsal goal is positioned at the middle of each goal line.
The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 3 meters or 3.3 yards apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 2 m 2.2 yards above the ground.
The depth of the futsal goal is 80 cm or 31 inches at the top and 1 m or 3.3 feet at the bottom of the goal.
In front of each goal is an area known as the futsal penalty area. This area is a 6 meters or 6.6 yards radius from the goal line, centered on the goalposts.
The upper part of each quarter-circle of a is then joined by a 3.16 meters or 3.46 yard line running parallel to the goal line between the goalposts. The line marking the edge of the penalty area is known as the futsal penalty area line.
The futsal field penalty area marks where the goalkeeper is allowed to touch the ball with his hands. The penalty mark is six metres from the goal line when it reaches the middle of the goalposts. The second penalty mark is 10 meters or 11 yards from the goal line when it reaches the middle of the goalposts.
A penalty kick for futsal is awarded if a player commits a foul inside the penalty area.
The second penalty spot is used if a player commits his team’s sixth foul in the opposing team’s half or in his own half in the area bordered by the halfway line and an imaginary line parallel to the halfway line passing through the second penalty mark; the free kick is taken from the second penalty mark.
How is Futsal Played?
At the beginning of the futsal match, a coin toss is used to decide who will start the match.
A kick-off is used to signal the start of play in futsal and is also used at the start of the second half and any periods of extra time. It is also used after a goal has been scored, with the other team starting the play. After a temporary stoppage for any reason the referee will drop the ball where the play was stopped, provided that, prior to the stoppage, the ball was in play and had not crossed either the touch lines or goal lines.
If the ball goes over the goal line or touchline, hits the ceiling, or the play is stopped by the referee, the ball is out of play. If it hits the ceiling of an indoor arena, play is restarted with a kick-in to the opponents of the team that last touched the ball, under the place where it hit the ceiling
There is no offside rule in the game of futsal.
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msmarco_passage_00_587322232 | What Type of Coconut Oil is Best? How to Choose a Coconut Oil - Coconut Oil | What Type of Coconut Oil is Best? How to Choose a Coconut Oil - Coconut Oil
What Type of Coconut Oil is Best? How to Choose a Coconut Oil
by Brian Shilhavy
Health Impact News Editor
When we shipped the first “ virgin coconut oil ” from the Philippines into the U.S. back in 2001, there were only two other commercially available coconut oils being sold as edible oils in the U.S. market.
Coconut oil was certainly not popular 13 years ago and there were few choices. If you were using coconut oil as dietary oil back then, chances are you were getting your information about fats and oils from Dr. Mary Enig. Dr. Enig spoke up for saturated fats and condemned trans fats long before anyone else was blowing the whistle on the misinformation coming out of the U.S. edible oil industry.
Many of her writings have been featured in the Weston A. Price Foundation publications over the years, and we have featured her research at CoconutOil.com as well.
Today, one has a plethora of choices when it comes to purchasing coconut oil. So what I am going to do in this article is give you an insider view of the current market. Not all coconut oils are produced the same way and the type of coconut oil you purchase will depend on what you plan to do with it.
But first, in order to make an intelligent decision about which coconut oil best suits your needs, you need to understand what is currently on the market, and how they differ.
So let’s get started!
Refined Coconut Oil vs. Virgin Coconut Oil
There are two broad categories of coconut oils: those that are mass produced at an industrial level and need to be refined, and those that start with fresh coconut and have much less refining. Yes, you read that correctly, less refining.
Coconut oil by nature is a refined product, because oil does not grow on a tree. Coconuts do. All coconut oils have to be extracted from the whole coconut, therefore technically speaking, the only truly “unrefined” coconut oil you can consume is the oil still inside the coconut meat from a fresh coconut just picked off the tree.
The term that is used for the least refined coconut oils is “virgin coconut oil.” Using similar terminology as is used with other edible oils, the term “virgin” was used with coconut oil back in the early 2000s to designate the least refined coconut oils in the market.
The definition for “virgin” coconut oil was originally developed in an Internet discussion group we hosted, and various people had input into the definition, including industry insiders, academic leaders, and others. The definition we all agreed upon at that time, was that “virgin” coconut oils would be coconut oils produced without dried “copra” as its starting point.
“Copra” is an industry-defined term used in the Philippines to refer to dried coconut that has been removed from the coconut shell, but which by itself is inedible and needs to be further refined to produce coconut oil.
Copra can be produced in several ways, including smoke drying, sun drying, or kiln drying, or derivatives or a combination of any of these methods. The one thing they have in common, is that the product at that point is not suitable for consumption and must be further refined.
It’s smokey, it’s dirty – it’s certainly nothing that resembles a food when it is in the form of copra. Copra is a kind of commodity, with its own market price, separate from coconuts, or coconut oil (the finished product).
There are traders and dealers of copra in coconut producing countries, and they sell their copra to coconut oil manufacturing plants. Copra is even exported to countries like the U.S., where it is further refined for industrial uses.
So let’s look at the kinds of refined coconut oils that are currently available in the market place.
Refined RBD coconut oil is a liquid in tropical climates, and can be transported in tanker trucks. Photo by Brian Shilhavy.
Refined Coconut Oils
In the coconut producing countries, these copra-based refined coconut oils are usually referred to as “RBD coconut oils.” RBD stands for: refined, bleached, deodorized.
The “bleaching” is generally not a chemical process, but rather a filter process to remove impurities. A “bleaching clay” is used for this filtering. Steam is used to deodorize the oil, since the starting point was copra.
So the resulting product has a very bland taste, with little or no odor.
One of the misconceptions propagated on the Internet is that only virgin coconut oils are healthy, while refined coconut oils are not, and that they actually might be harmful.
This is generally untrue, with a couple of exceptions that I will explain below. These RBD coconut oils have been in the market for many years now, and are the primary dietary oils consumed by billions of people in tropical climates around the world. The RBD refining process does nothing to alter the fatty acid profile of coconut oil, so all the medium chain fatty acids are kept intact.
What the refining process does do, however, is strip away some of the nutrients. Virgin coconut oils are tested higher in antioxidants, for example. But this fact does not make RBD refined coconut oils “unhealthy”.
The types of refined coconut oils one currently finds on the market include:
Expeller-pressed Coconut Oils: These are typically RBD coconut oils produced in tropical countries through mechanical “physical refining” from copra. Physical refining is considered “cleaner” than chemical refining that uses solvent extracts like “hexane”.
Coconut Oil: If no description is given and just the plain term “coconut oil” is used, it is probably an RBD coconut oil.
It should be noted that copra is a product that is exported to the United States, where companies refine it into non-edible uses. Cleaning products and detergents are a common use, for example.
Now, with the rise of popularity of coconut oil as an edible oil again, some of these large U.S. manufacturing companies are beginning to package coconut oil as an edible oil.
These cheaper oils are more than likely mass produced with solvent extracts. We are not aware if any of these solvents remain in the finished product, but if you want to be sure, try to purchase a refined coconut oil that has been refined without them.
Hydrogenated Coconut Oil: This is the one refined coconut oil you want to stay away from as an edible oil.
The small portion of unsaturated fatty acids are hydrogenated, creating some trans fats. It also keeps coconut oil solid at higher temperatures.
We are not aware of such a product in the U.S. edible oil market at this time. If it exists as a product, it is probably going to be as an ingredient in the confection industry in tropical climates.
Standard RBD coconut oil remains solid up to 76 degrees F., and the ambient air temperature is higher than that in the tropics most of the time.
So to keep coconut oil solid at higher temperatures, they hydrogenate it before putting it into candies or baked goods, or making into margarines.
Liquid Coconut Oil: A new product that appeared in stores as an edible oil in 2013 was “liquid coconut oil” that is promoted as “coconut oil that stays liquid even in your refrigerator”.
It may be a new label and a new item in the edible oil section, but the product is not new at all. It is “fractionated coconut oil” that has had lauric acid removed.
It is also referred to as “MCT oil”.
It has typically been used in the past in skin care products, and more recently as a dietary supplement. It is a refined product that is now marketed as an edible oil.
It is actually a by-product from the lauric acid industry. Lauric acid from coconut oil is known as a strong antimicrobial component, and therefore used as a preservative in many commercial applications.
Being a saturated fatty acid, and comprising about 50% of coconut oil, once it is removed you are left with a liquid oil with a much lower melting point.
So if you see this product online or in a store, just be aware that it is a highly refined product, and that it is missing coconut oil’s star component: lauric acid. More info here.
Virgin Coconut Oils
Let’s now turn to “virgin coconut oils”. As I mentioned above, the common denominator that should exist in all virgin coconut oils is that they start with fresh coconut and not copra.
However, there is no worldwide certification body that determines or certifies coconut oils as “virgin”, so anybody can use the term and put it on a label if they so choose.
The first thing to investigate when choosing a virgin coconut oil, is whether or not it is actually a copra-based coconut oil or not. If it does use copra as its starting point, it really is not a true virgin coconut oil, but an industry standard RBD refined coconut oil with a clever label.
Extra Virgin Coconut Oil
A common title or term used is “extra virgin coconut oil”. So what is the difference between “virgin” and “extra-virgin” coconut oil?
Nothing. There are no commonly understood or accepted definitions for “extra” virgin coconut oil, as there are in the olive oil industry. It is simply a marketing term and nothing else.
So in analyzing the virgin coconut oils that are currently in the market, which would also include those coconut oils labeled as “extra virgin”, we see that all virgin coconut oils fall into two broad methods of production:
1. Virgin coconut oil derived from pressing the oil out of dried coconut. In this method, the fresh coconut meat is dried first, and then later the oil is pressed out of the coconut. This method allows for easier mass production of virgin coconut oil. Since the dried coconut (desiccated coconut) industry is well established in coconut producing countries, many of these industries have added virgin coconut oil to their product line.
This is the most common type of “virgin” or “extra virgin” coconut oil that you will find online and in stores today. It is mass-produced, but it is a higher quality oil than RBD coconut oil, as it starts with fresh coconut and not copra.
2. Virgin coconut oil derived through a “wet-milling” process. With this method, the oil is extracted from fresh coconut meat without drying the coconut meat first. “Coconut milk” is expressed first by pressing it out of the wet coconut meat. The oil is then further separated from the water. Methods which can be used to separate the oil from the water include boiling, fermentation, refrigeration, enzymes, and mechanical centrifuge.
We are very fortunate today that the coconut oil producing countries have done quite a bit of research on virgin coconut oils over the past several years. They have begun to wake up to the fact that Western advice on dietary oils, which has led to the demonization of their traditional fats and oils like coconut oil, has been primarily political in nature, rather than scientific.
Much of their research in recent years has been in the area of cholesterol and heart disease, since this is the main point of attack from Western countries. They have learned that their traditional fats and oils are actually healthier than the newer expeller-pressed seed oils from soy and corn, two crops heavily subsidized by the U.S. government which keeps prices artificially low.
We feature much of this research on our peer-reviewed research page at CoconutOil.com. This research has confirmed that not only does virgin coconut oil NOT affect cholesterol levels negatively, but that it affects them positively.
For more on this topic, see: Coconut Oil is Beneficial for Your Heart: Shining the Truth on Mainstream Media’s Negative Attacks Against Coconut Oil.
Researchers from universities in the Philippines, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and India have looked at various methods of producing coconut oil.
In the beginning, it was difficult to determine what could be measured in a laboratory to determine if virgin coconut oil was indeed superior to regular RBD refined coconut oils.
They soon discovered that the one characteristic that could be measured, and that was significantly higher in virgin coconut oils than RBD refined coconut oils, was the level of antioxidants.
Antioxidants were found to be much higher in the virgin coconut oils, especially those produced by the wet-milling method, as described above.
The Research on Wet-Milling Virgin Coconut Oil
The “wet-milling” process of producing virgin coconut oil, as explained above, extracts the coconut oil from a wet emulsion, or “coconut milk”. It does not press the oil out of dried coconut.
So which wet-milling process produces the highest quality virgin coconut oil? According to several studies, the fermentation wet-milling process, which uses heat, produces the highest levels of antioxidants in virgin coconut oil.
The fermentation process is a simple technique of extracting coconut oil, much as has been done in people’s kitchens in tropical climates for hundreds of years.
During the fermentation process, a coconut milk emulsion is made from freshly grated coconut. Then the coconut milk is allowed to sit and ferment for a period of time, usually overnight.
The heavier water sinks to the bottom of the container, leaving a crystal clear layer of oil on top, along with some coconut solids. This oil is then scooped out and put into a pan, like a large wok, and heated for a period of time until the coconut solids fall to the bottom of the pan. It is then filtered.
The first study examining virgin coconut oil production methods was published in 2008. This study was conducted in Malaysia and published in the International Journal of Food Science Nutrition. It was the first study reporting that the wet-milling fermentation method produced the highest amounts of antioxidants. ( Study abstract here .)
In 2011, studies conducted in Sri Lanka by Professor Kapila Seneviratne of the University of Kelaniya also showed that traditionally made wet-milling virgin coconut oils have the highest levels of antioxidants.
What was surprising in this study, was the discovery that high levels of heat actually increased the amount of antioxidants in the coconut oils.
This was surprising because there was a misunderstanding that heat supposedly was detrimental to coconut oil processing, as many virgin coconut oils in the market were claiming they were “raw” or “cold pressed” and did not use any heat.
Here is what they wrote in The Sunday Times of Sri Lanka:
More surprises awaited the research team. The general impression is that cooking at high temperatures would degrade the quality of the oil.
However, it is not applicable since coconut oil is thermally stable, it is learnt. “Fortunately, most of the phenolic anti-oxidants present in coconut oil are also thermally highly stable,” he pointed out, explaining that the reason for a greater composition of anti-oxidants is that simmering for a long time at a high temperature dissolved more anti-oxidants into the oil. (Published in The Sunday Times of Sri Lanka, October 16, 2011 – “Coconut Oil: It’s good for your after all,” by Kumudini Hettiarachchi and Shaveen Jeewandara)
In 2013, another study conducted in India also showed that virgin coconut oils produced by wet-milling and using heat produce higher levels of antioxidants.
The study compared “cold extracted virgin coconut oil” (CEVCO) with “hot extracted virgin coconut oil” (HEVCO) and standard refined coconut oil (CCO) and was published in the journal Food Science and Biotechnology.
Their testing showed that the “ antioxidant activity in the HEVCO group was 80-87%, 65-70% in CEVCO, and 35-45% in CCO .” The researchers went on to comment why heat is necessary to produce the highest amounts of antioxidants in virgin coconut oil:
The increased polyphenol level in the HEVCO group may be due to increased release of bound polyphenols by heating. Coconut milk is an emulsion of oil and water that is stabilized by protein.
To recover the oil from coconut milk, the protein bond has to be broken by heat in a double walled boiler known as a VCO cooker (steam jacket vessel developed by Central Plantation Crops Research Institute) under slow heating to allow the protein to coagulate and release the oil.”
The abstract of the study is here.
So virgin coconut oils produced by wet-milling and being marketed as “no heat” or “raw” or “cold-pressed” are actually virgin coconut oils with lower levels of antioxidants, according to this body of research.
Conclusions
So now that we have examined the various kinds of coconut oils on the market, one last point to consider is: what about organic?
Obviously, any claim to organic standards, and inspected by a third party inspector, is a bonus. But is it necessary?
Probably not. There are no GMO varieties of coconuts, and there are very few pesticides used on coconut trees, although some do exist. Coconuts grow very high up in the air, however, so they are never sprayed.
Any pesticide that might be used will probably be added to the soil around it to be absorbed by the roots, or injected directly into the sap through the trunk of the tree.
Organic certification is a costly process, and if you limit yourself to only certified organic coconut oils, you might be missing out on some of the best coconut oils available that have not gone through the costly organic certification process.
For example, keeping in mind that the traditional fermentation method as described above has been shown to contain the highest levels of antioxidants in wet-milled virgin coconut oils, which type of virgin coconut oil would you prefer to consume if you were visiting a tropical area: a certified organic virgin coconut oil pressed out of dried coconut available in the store, or one you can make in your own kitchen from fresh coconuts, but which will obviously not be certified organic?
According to the research, the one you make yourself in your kitchen from fresh coconuts is superior!
As you examine your choices for coconut oil in the market today, your choice will largely be determined by how you intend to use the oil, and your budget. If you want the highest quality virgin coconut oil possible, this chart summarizes what is currently available in the market and rated on a scale of 1 to 10.
Click chart to expand.
Don’t expect to find these kinds of details about coconut oil printed on their labels, however. It is also unlikely that people working in retail grocery stores will know how to answer specific questions about production methods.
So do your research online first, and ask the vendors directly for the kind of information you need to make an informed decision about your purchase. They should be able to check with their suppliers and find the answers for you.
Wet milled fermentation Gold Label Virgin Coconut Oil.
About the author: Unlike many people who write about coconut oil by simply reading about it, Brian Shilhavy actually lived in a coconut producing area of the Philippines for several years with his family, observing firsthand the differences between the diet and health of the younger generation and those of his wife’s parents’ generation still consuming a traditional diet. This led to years of studying Philippine nutrition and dietary patterns first hand while living in a rural farming community in the Philippines. Brian is the author of the best-selling book: Virgin Coconut Oil: How it has changed people’s lives and how it can change yours!
Includes 85 recipes!
Read the Virgin Coconut Oil eBook on Your Mobile Device!
Published on March 1, 2014
Tags: coconut oil, extra virgin coconut oil, virgin coconut oil, wet milling
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msmarco_passage_00_588017348 | ComCheck Code Compliance Software - Com Check Energy Code | ComCheck Code Compliance Software - Com Check Energy Code
ComCheck is an energy report software tool used to evaluate a commercial building’s energy use for code compliance. ComCheck works for a new building, adding an addition or remodeling an existing building and is indexed for compliance with different versions of the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) or American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1.
ComCheck Energy Reports
You need a ComCheck Energy report for your commercial building project and we can work one up for you quick and easy. You can submit a digital PDF copy of your building plans or fill out our Energy Plan and we will generate your energy report within 72 hours. It will be mailed to your email address for your plan submission.
ComCheck Software
The evaluation of proposed energy use in a building requires a sophisticated awareness of the various perimeters of the building envelope and different energy components used in the building. The ComCheck software is easy to use, but difficult to get a compliant report.
You need to be aware of a balance of values like SHGC (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient), U Factors, SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating) and EEF (Energy Efficiency Factor) used in the building components. Once the data is entered, then you may then need to change values of different components to change a building that may not comply with a particular energy code that your municipality requires for compliance. We are here to help!
Check software is powerful software with libraries full of different standard components that you can use to build a house or commercial building. Those libraries may not contain the specific U Factor and SHGC for some windows that you purchased at the local building supply.
How do you use non-standard materials to build a structure that complies with your energy code? What values can you change to cost effectively make this building comply? The Infrared Cowboy brings knowledge and experience to make these decisions easier for you.
The Infrared Cowboy has been performing Structural / Mechanical and Energy inspections on commercial and residential properties for 33 years. Jim Hemsell is a Resnet certified HERS and HESP Rater. Our reports are generated and reviewed by International Code Congress (ICC) certified in Residential, Commercial and Plan Review inspectors before they are sent to you.
If there are problems generating a compliant report, we can provide options to make changes to the plans that will make the structure compliant. Knowledge and experience provides that edge to get your project in on time and budget. |
msmarco_passage_00_589387113 | Chapter 3125 - Ohio Revised Code | Ohio Laws | Chapter 3125 - Ohio Revised Code | Ohio Laws
The Legislative Service Commission staff updates the Revised Code on an ongoing basis, as it completes its act review of enacted legislation. Updates may be slower during some times of the year, depending on the volume of enacted legislation.
Chapter 3125 | Title IV-D Child Support Cases
Ohio Revised Code
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Title 31 Domestic Relations-Children
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Section
Section 3125.01 | Title IV-D case defined.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
As used in this chapter, "Title IV-D case" means any case in which the child support enforcement agency is enforcing the child support order pursuant to Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651, as amended.
Section 3125.02 | Office of child support.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The office of child support is hereby created in the department of job and family services.
Section 3125.03 | Program of child support enforcement.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The office of child support shall establish and administer a program of child support enforcement that meets the requirements of Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651, as amended, and any rules adopted under Title IV-D. The program of child support enforcement shall include the location of absent parents, establishment of parentage, establishment and modification of child support orders and medical support orders, enforcement of support orders, collection of support obligations, and any other actions appropriate to child support enforcement.
Absent parents shall be located for any purpose under the child support enforcement program and for purposes of establishing and enforcing orders allocating parental rights and responsibilities between parents concerning their children and establishing and enforcing parenting time orders concerning the children.
Section 3125.04 | Publicity program.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
As part of its efforts to establish parentage, the office of child support shall develop a program to publicize the state procedures for establishing the existence of a parent and child relationship and the advantages of establishing such a relationship. The office may require any board, commission, or agency of the state to participate in the publicity program.
Section 3125.05 | Program of spousal support enforcement in conjunction with child support enforcement.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The office of child support shall establish, by rule adopted pursuant to Chapter 119. of the Revised Code, a program of spousal support enforcement in conjunction with child support enforcement. The program shall conform, to the extent practicable, to the program for child support enforcement established pursuant to section 3125.03 of the Revised Code.
Section 3125.06 | Parent locater service.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The department of job and family services shall enter into an agreement with the secretary of health and human services, as authorized by the "Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act of 1980," 94 Stat. 3572, 42 U.S.C. 663, as amended, under which the services of the parent locater service established pursuant to Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651, as amended, are made available to this state for the following purposes:
(A) Determining the whereabouts of any absent parent or child in order to enforce a law with respect to the unlawful taking or restraint of a child;
(B) Making or enforcing a determination as to the allocation, between the parents of a child, of the parental rights and responsibilities for the care of a child and the designation of the residential parent and legal custodian of a child or otherwise as to the custody of a child;
(C) Making or enforcing a parenting time order with respect to a child.
Section 3125.07 | Statewide automated data processing system.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The department of job and family services shall establish and maintain a statewide, automated data processing system in compliance with Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651, as amended, to support the enforcement of child support that shall be implemented in every county. Every county shall accept the automated system and, in accordance with the written instructions of the department for the implementation of the automated system, shall convert to the automated system all records that are maintained by any county entity and that are related to any case for which a local agency is enforcing a child support order in accordance with Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651, as amended.
Section 3125.08 | Administrative rules for access to and use of data.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
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The director of job and family services shall adopt rules pursuant to Chapter 119. of the Revised Code concerning access to, and use of, data maintained in the automated system established pursuant to section 3125.07 of the Revised Code that do the following:
(A) Permit access to and use of data only to the extent necessary to carry out programs under Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651, as amended, and specify the data that may be used for particular program purposes, and the personnel permitted access to the data;
(B) Require monitoring of access to and use of the automated system to prevent and promptly identify unauthorized use;
(C) Establish procedures to ensure that all personnel who may have access to or be required to use data are informed of applicable requirements and penalties and have been trained in security procedures;
(D) Establish administrative penalties, up to and including dismissal from employment, for unauthorized access to, or disclosure or use of, data.
Section 3125.10 | Designation of county child support enforcement agency.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
Each county shall have a child support enforcement agency. A government entity designated under former section 2301.35 of the Revised Code prior to October 1, 1997, or a private or government entity designated under section 307.981 of the Revised Code on or after that date may serve as a county's child support enforcement agency.
Section 3125.11 | Duties of county child support enforcement agency.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The child support enforcement agency for a county is the local Title IV-D agency for the county and shall operate a program for support enforcement in the county that complies with Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651, as amended, any rules adopted pursuant to that title, and state law. Each child support enforcement agency shall be be responsible in the county it serves for the enforcement of support orders and shall perform all administrative duties related to the enforcement of any support order.
Section 3125.12 | Plan of cooperation with county commissioners.
Effective:
September 29, 2007
Latest Legislation:
House Bill 119 - 127th General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
Each child support enforcement agency shall enter into a plan of cooperation with the board of county commissioners under section 307.983 of the Revised Code and comply with each grant agreement the board enters into under sections 307.98 and 5101.21 and contracts the board enters into under sections 307.981 and 307.982 of the Revised Code that affect the agency.
Section 3125.13 | Contracts with public agencies and private vendors for assistance in establishing paternity or support obligations.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
Each child support enforcement agency may enter into contracts with public agencies and private vendors for assistance in establishing paternity or support obligations, or for the performance of other administrative duties of the agency. Each child support enforcement agency may contract with a collection agent for the collection of arrearages owed under child support orders being administered by the agency. If the department of job and family services or a child support enforcement agency contracts with a collection agent for the collection of arrearages, the collection agent is not required to be licensed as a private investigator under Chapter 4749. of the Revised Code. Before entering into a contract for assistance in establishing paternity or support obligations, for other administrative services, or for the collection of arrearages by a collection agent, a child support enforcement agency shall comply with sections 307.86 to 307.92 of the Revised Code and any rules adopted by the director of job and family services pursuant to section 3125.25 of the Revised Code.
Section 3125.14 | Cooperative working arrangements with courts, prosecuting attorney, and law enforcement officials.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
Each child support enforcement agency shall enter into written agreements with the courts, the prosecuting attorney, and law enforcement officials of the county it serves that establish cooperative working arrangements and specify areas of responsibility for the enforcement of support among the agency, courts, and officials. The agreements shall provide for the reimbursement of the courts and law enforcement officials for the responsibilities they assume and actions they undertake pursuant to such agreements.
Section 3125.141 | Contract by child support enforcement agency for service of notice or order.
Effective:
December 21, 2004
Latest Legislation:
House Bill 200 - 125th General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
In providing for service of process of a notice or order as required under this chapter or Chapter 3111., 3115., 3119., 3121., or 3123. of the Revised Code and in locating the individual to be served, a child support enforcement agency may do one or both of the following:
(A) Contract with the sheriff of the county served by the agency to compensate the sheriff's office for the provision of services, staff, or equipment, or for the performance of actions, on behalf of the child support enforcement agency to accomplish the objectives of the support enforcement program pursuant to Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651, et. seq., as amended, any regulations adopted under that act, and state law;
(B) Contract with a private person or entity to provide service of process for the agency if the agency determines that the sheriff of the county served by the agency is unable to provide the resources necessary for service of process in a timely manner. The contract may include additional incentives for successful service of process.
Section 3125.15 | Maintaining records of support orders.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
A child support enforcement agency shall maintain records of support orders being administered or otherwise handled by the agency pursuant to sections 3121.81 to 3121.86 of the Revised Code.
Section 3125.16 | Reviewing records.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
Each obligor and each obligee under a support order may review all records maintained under section 3125.15 of the Revised Code that pertain to the support order and any other information maintained by the child support enforcement agency, except to the extent prohibited by state or federal law.
Section 3125.17 | Employment of staff attorneys.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180, - General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
Without the authorization of the court of common pleas or the consent of the prosecuting attorney and without engaging in competitive bidding to obtain the legal services, any child support enforcement agency may employ, through its appointing authority, staff attorneys to advise, assist, and represent the agency in its performance of its functions pertaining to the enforcement of support orders. The option to employ the staff attorneys shall be in addition to any other options available to the agency to obtain necessary legal services in connection with its performance of its functions pertaining to the enforcement of support orders, including the use of legal services provided by the prosecuting attorney pursuant to contract or otherwise or the obtaining of legal services through a competitive bidding process.
Section 3125.18 | Administering of Title IV-A programs.
Effective:
September 29, 2013
Latest Legislation:
House Bill 59 - 130th General Assembly
PDF:
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A child support enforcement agency shall administer a Title IV-A program identified under division (A) (4) (c) or (g) of section 5101.80 of the Revised Code that the department of job and family services provides for the agency to administer under the department's supervision pursuant to section 5101.801 of the Revised Code.
Section 3125.19 | Budgeting and appropriation of funds.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The board of county commissioners of each county shall budget and appropriate to the child support enforcement agency serving the county both of the following:
(A) All federal money payable to the agency on the basis of its success in implementing activities related to child support enforcement under Title IV-D of the Social Security Act;
(B) Any funds that may be received from other federal or state sources for the agency.
Section 3125.20 | Request for waiver of budgeting and appropriation requirement.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
A board of county commissioners may request that the department of job and family services grant a waiver of the requirement that the money specified in division (A) of section 3125.19 of the Revised Code be budgeted and appropriated to the child support enforcement agency if the board can demonstrate, by meeting criteria established by the department, that the agency is effectively using procedures for establishing paternity, meeting the mandated service needs of clients, and complying with all applicable state and federal support rules and regulations.
Section 3125.21 | Funds used solely for support enforcement activities.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
All moneys received from the federal or state government for reimbursement for support enforcement activities shall be used solely for support enforcement activities.
Section 3125.22 | Investing in repurchase agreements.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
A child support enforcement agency may invest any of the moneys collected pursuant to the performance of its duties under Chapters 3111., 3119., 3121., 3123., and 3125. of the Revised Code in a repurchase agreement in which a bank agrees to sell short-term federally guaranteed securities with an obligation of the bank to repurchase the securities. All interest derived pursuant to investments made under this section shall be retained by the agency and used solely for support enforcement activities.
Section 3125.24 | Supervision by department of job and family services.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
Each child support enforcement agency shall be operated under the supervision of the department of job and family services in accordance with the program of child support enforcement established pursuant to section 3125.03 of the Revised Code.
The department shall ensure that all child support enforcement agencies comply with all applicable state and federal support regulations, including the affirmative duties of Title IV-D of the Social Security Act.
Section 3125.25 | Administrative rules governing operation of support enforcement.
Effective:
October 17, 2019
Latest Legislation:
House Bill 166 - 133rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The director of job and family services shall adopt rules under Chapter 119. of the Revised Code governing the operation of support enforcement by child support enforcement agencies. The rules shall include, but shall not be limited to, the following:
(A) Provisions relating to plans of cooperation between the agencies and boards of county commissioners entered into under section 3125.12 of the Revised Code;
(B) Provisions for the compromise and waiver of child support arrearages owed to the state and federal government, consistent with Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651 et seq., as amended;
(C) Requirements for public hearings by the agencies;
(D) Provisions for appeals of agency decisions under procedures established by the director;
(E) Provisions requiring the investigation and documentation of the factual basis for establishment and modification of support obligations in accordance with Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651 et seq., and any regulations promulgated by the United States department of health and human services;
(F) Provisions establishing criteria for child support enforcement agencies to initiate an action under section 2705.031 of the Revised Code in any case administered under Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651 et seq.
Section 3125.27 | Collection of support amounts due.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
Except as provided in sections 3123.14, 3123.73, 3125.28, and 3125.29 of the Revised Code, no child support enforcement agency shall collect any support amounts due under a support order as part of its duties to enforce support orders.
Section 3125.28 | Provisions until support order is converted to automated centralized system.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
(A) Notwithstanding any other section of the Revised Code and except as provided in section 3125.29 of the Revised Code, a child support enforcement agency shall collect and disburse all support amounts under a support order it is administering pursuant to law as it existed prior to January 1, 1998, and shall collect the additional amount imposed under division (G) (1) of section 2301.35 of the Revised Code as it existed prior to January 1, 1998, until the support order is converted to the automated data processing system under section 3125.07 of the Revised Code and the office of child support authorizes centralized collection and disbursement of support amounts under the support order pursuant to the rules adopted under section 3121.71 of the Revised Code.
(B) Notwithstanding any other section of the Revised Code and except as provided in section 3125.29 of the Revised Code, the agency administering the support order shall collect the amounts permitted to be collected, and perform other duties required, with respect to the support order pursuant to division (D) (1) of section 2301.373, division (B) (3) (a) of section 2301.374, divisions (E) (4) (b), (F), and (I) of section 3111.23, division (E) of section 3111.99, divisions (G) (4) (b), (H) (3), and (K) of section 3113.21, division (B) of section 3113.212, division (E) of section 3113.99, and division (A) (3) of section 5101.323 of the Revised Code as those sections existed prior to January 1, 1998, and the agency shall collect the amounts permitted to be collected by the office of child support, and perform other duties required of the office, with respect to the support order pursuant to section 3123.62 and section 3123.72 of the Revised Code, until the support order is converted and authorization for centralized collection and disbursement is given.
Section 3125.29 | Paying amounts in person at agency office.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
(A) After conversion occurs and authorization for centralized collection and disbursement is granted as described in section 3125.28 of the Revised Code, a child support enforcement agency may continue to collect the following amounts from obligors who pay the amounts in person at the office of the agency:
(1) Current support amounts and arrearages due under a support order being administered by the agency and the additional amount imposed pursuant to section 3119.27 of the Revised Code with respect to the order;
(2) Amounts collected pursuant to sections 3121.59, 3123.45, 3123.56, 3123.62, division (B) of section 3123.72, and section 3123.956 of the Revised Code.
(B) All amounts collected pursuant to division (A) of this section shall be forwarded to the office of child support no later than one day after receipt of the amounts.
Section 3125.30 | Agency to forward amounts collected.
Effective:
August 29, 2000
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180, House Bill 294 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
Amounts collected by a collection agent that has a contract with a child support enforcement agency pursuant to section 3125.13 of the Revised Code shall be paid to the office of child support. The agency shall forward any amounts collected pursuant to sections 3123.14 and 3123.73 of the Revised Code to the office not later than one day after receipt of those amounts.
Section 3125.36 | Applying for Title IV-D services.
Effective:
September 29, 2013
Latest Legislation:
House Bill 59 - 130th General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
(A) Subject to division (B) of this section, all support orders that are administered by a child support enforcement agency designated under section 307.981 of the Revised Code or former section 2301.35 of the Revised Code and are eligible for Title IV-D services shall be Title IV-D cases under Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act." Subject to division (B) of this section, all obligees of support orders administered by the agency shall be considered to have filed a signed application for Title IV-D services.
(B) Except as provided in division (D) of this section, a court that issues or modifies a support order shall require the obligee under the order to sign, at the time of the issuance or modification of the order, an application for Title IV-D services and to file, as soon as possible, the signed application with the child support enforcement agency that will administer the order. The application shall be on a form prescribed by the department of job and family services. Except as provided in division (D) of this section, a support order that is administered by a child support enforcement agency, and that is eligible for Title IV-D services shall be a Title IV-D case under Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act" only upon the filing of the signed application for Title IV-D services.
(C) A child support enforcement agency shall make available an application for Title IV-D services to all persons requesting a child support enforcement agency's assistance in an action under sections 3111.01 to 3111.18 of the Revised Code or in an administrative proceeding brought to establish a parent and child relationship, to establish or modify an administrative support order, or to establish or modify an order to provide health insurance coverage for the children subject to a support order.
(D) An obligee under a support order who has assigned the right to the support pursuant to section 5107.20 or 5160.38 of the Revised Code shall not be required to sign an application for Title IV-D services. The support order shall be considered a Title IV-D case.
Section 3125.37 | Application fee for furnishing services.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The department of job and family services shall charge an application fee of up to twenty-five dollars, as determined by rule adopted by the director of job and family services pursuant to Chapter 119. of the Revised Code, for furnishing services under Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651, as amended, to persons not participating in Ohio works first under Chapter 5107. of the Revised Code or to persons not exempted from paying the fee under section 454 (6) (B) of the "Social Security Act," as amended by the "Balanced Budget Act of 1997," 111 Stat. 625, 42 U.S.C. 654 (6) (B). The director shall adopt rules pursuant to Chapter 119. of the Revised Code authorizing counties, at their option, to waive the payment of the fee. The application fee, unless waived pursuant to rules adopted by the director pursuant to this section, shall be paid by those persons.
Section 3125.38 | Department of job and family services to provide annual reviews and reports.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The department of job and family services shall provide annual reviews of and reports to the secretary of health and human services concerning programs operated under Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651, as amended, pursuant to rules adopted under section 3125.39 of the Revised Code.
Section 3125.39 | Administrative rules for annual reviews and reports and regarding accomplishment levels and improvement rates.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The director of job and family services shall adopt rules in accordance with Chapter 119. of the Revised Code that establish the following:
(A) Procedures for annual reviews of and reports to the secretary of health and human services on the programs operated under Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," as amended, including information necessary to measure compliance with federal requirements for expedited procedures;
(B) Procedures for transmitting data and calculations regarding levels of accomplishment and rates of improvement for paternity establishment and child support enforcement from the automatic data processing system required under section 3125.07 of the Revised Code to the secretary of health and human services.
Section 3125.41 | Access to information for enforcement purposes.
Effective:
June 11, 2012
Latest Legislation:
House Bill 487 - 129th General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
(A) As used in this section:
(1) "Cable television service" has the same meaning as in section 2913.01 of the Revised Code.
(2) "Public utility" means a person or entity, including an entity owned or operated by a municipal corporation or other government entity, that is described in section 4905.03 of the Revised Code as a telephone company, electric light company, gas company, natural gas company, water-works company, heating or cooling company, or sewage disposal system company, or that is providing cable television service.
(B) Except as provided in section 3125.43 of the Revised Code, the office of child support shall have access to all of the following unless release of the information is prohibited by federal or state law:
(1) Any information in the possession of any officer or entity of the state or any political subdivision of the state that would aid the office in locating an absent parent or child pursuant to section 3125.06 of the Revised Code;
(2) Any information concerning the employment, compensation, and benefits of any obligor or obligee subject to a support order in the possession of any person;
(3) The name and address of any obligor or obligee subject to a support order and the obligor's or obligee's employer in the customer records of a public utility.
Section 3125.42 | Request for information by office for child support.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The person or entity required to provide information pursuant to section 3125.41 of the Revised Code, may provide such information to a child support enforcement agency at the agency's request or require the agency to request that the office of child support request the information for the agency. The office shall request the information from the person or entity on the request of a child support enforcement agency.
Section 3125.43 | Information provided by department of taxation.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The department of taxation shall not provide any information to the office of child support, except as provided in this section. For purposes of the establishment of paternity, the establishment, modification, or enforcement of support orders, and the location of absent parents pursuant to child support enforcement activities and activities to establish and enforce orders allocating parenting rights and responsibilities and parenting time orders, the office is authorized to obtain information concerning the residential address and income of taxpayers if that information is contained in the state tax records maintained by the department. The department shall not provide any information to the office if the provision of the information is prohibited by state or federal law.
Section 3125.44 | Reimbursement of department of taxation.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The office of child support shall reimburse the department of taxation for the cost of accessing and obtaining the information described in section 3125.43 of the Revised Code.
Section 3125.45 | Immunity.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
An officer or entity of the state or political subdivision of the state or any other person who provides information pursuant to section 3125.41, 3125.42, or 3125.43 of the Revised Code shall not be subject to criminal or civil liability for providing the information.
Section 3125.46 | Failing to provide information.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
No person or entity, other than an officer or entity of the state or a political subdivision of the state, shall fail to provide information as required by section 3125.41 or 3125.42 of the Revised Code.
Section 3125.47 | Fines.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
A person or entity that violates section 3125.46 of the Revised Code may be fined five hundred dollars.
Section 3125.48 | Filing an action to impose fine.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The department of job and family services shall file an action in the court of common pleas of Franklin county, requesting that the court impose the fine described in section 3125.47 of the Revised Code for failure to provide information as required by section 3125.41 or 3125.42 of the Revised Code. If the court determines that a person or entity failed to provide the information, it may impose the fine. The court shall direct that the fine be paid to the department.
Section 3125.49 | Prohibiting use of social security numbers.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
Neither the office of child support nor any child support enforcement agency shall use any social security number made available to it under section 3705.07 of the Revised Code for any purpose other than child support enforcement.
Section 3125.50 | Prohibiting disclosure of information.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
Except as provided by the rules adopted pursuant to section 3125.51 of the Revised Code, no person shall do either of the following:
(A) Disclose information concerning applicants for and recipients of Title IV-D support enforcement program services provided by a child support enforcement agency;
(B) Disclose any information collected pursuant to section 3125.41, 3125.42, or 3125.43 of the Revised Code.
Section 3125.51 | Administrative rules for access to, use and disclosure of information.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
The director of job and family services shall adopt rules governing access to, and use and disclosure of, the information described in section 3125.50 of the Revised Code. The rules shall be consistent with the requirements of Title IV-D of the "Social Security Act," 88 Stat. 2351 (1975), 42 U.S.C. 651, as amended, and any rules adopted under Title IV-D.
Section 3125.58 | Court rules establishing time limits for support cases.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
Each court with jurisdiction to issue court support orders or orders establishing the existence or nonexistence of a parent and child relationship shall establish rules of court to ensure that the following percentage of all actions to establish the existence or nonexistence of a parent and child relationship, to establish a support requirement, or to modify a previously issued court support order are completed within the following time limits:
(A) Seventy-five per cent of all of the actions shall be completed within six months after the date of initial filing;
(B) Ninety per cent of all of the actions shall be completed within twelve months after the date of initial filing.
Section 3125.59 | Temporary support orders.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
With respect to a case for the establishment or modification of a support requirement that involves complex legal issues requiring full judicial review, the court shall issue a temporary support order within the time limits set forth in section 3125.58 of the Revised Code. The order shall be in effect until a final support order is issued in the case. All cases in which the imposition of a notice or order under section 3121.03 of the Revised Code is contested shall be completed within the period of time specified by law for completion of the case. The failure of a court to complete a case within the required period does not affect the ability of any court to issue any order under this section or any other section of the Revised Code for the payment of support, does not provide any defense to any order for the payment of support that is issued under this section or any other section of the Revised Code, and does not affect any obligation to pay support.
Section 3125.60 | Appointing magistrates - administrative and support personnel.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
(A) In any Title IV-D case, the judge, when necessary to satisfy the federal requirement of expedited process for obtaining court support orders and enforcing support orders, may appoint magistrates to make findings of fact and recommendations for the judge's approval in the case. All magistrates appointed pursuant to this section shall be attorneys admitted to the practice of law in this state. A court that appoints a magistrate pursuant to this section may appoint any additional administrative and support personnel for the magistrate.
(B) Any magistrate appointed pursuant to this section may perform any of the following functions:
(1) Taking testimony and keeping a record in the case;
(2) Evaluating evidence and issuing recommendations to establish and modify court support orders and enforce support orders;
(3) Accepting voluntary acknowledgments of support liability and stipulated agreements setting the amount of support to be paid;
(4) Entering default orders if the obligor does not respond to notices in the case within a reasonable time after the notices are issued;
(5) Any other functions considered necessary by the court.
Section 3125.99 | Penalty.
Effective:
March 22, 2001
Latest Legislation:
Senate Bill 180 - 123rd General Assembly
PDF:
Download Authenticated PDF
Whoever violates section 3125.50 of the Revised Code shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than six months, or both. |
msmarco_passage_00_590051442 | error CS0102: The type .. already contains a definition for - asp.net.web-forms | error CS0102: The type .. already contains a definition for - asp.net.web-forms
error CS0102: The type .. already contains a definition for
Hi,
I created a place holder control in the designer file (.aspx page).After building the application I am getting error CS0102 .It tells that it already contains a definition for the place holder name created.I am getting this error in visual studio 2008.
Please guide me.
Thanks,
pcs
0
pcs
7/17/2008
asp.net.web-forms 93655 articles. 6 followers. Follow
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Looks like you've got a duplicate control definition on your page - or VS thinks you have, anyway.
Is this a Web Site or a Web Application in VS 2008? If it's a Web Application, check the nested file under your ASPX for a definition of the control already there.
Sam K
0
skirkpatrick
7/18/2008
It seems that you have a duplicated controls with the same ID... Check it in the mark up and changed the ID of the duplicated control..
Regards,Vinz
"Code, Beer and Music" that's my way of being a programmer!
How to get your Forum Question Answered | Blog | CodeASP.NET
0
vinz
7/18/2008
Hi,
I checked in the designer file associated with that aspx page .The placeholder is named as phHeader and I did find only one definition for it.
I also checked in the designer markup code ,I did Ctrl+F and searched for phHeader ,it is showing only in one place.For some reason.I am not sure it gives me the error.It is a web application.Please guide me.
Thanks,
pcs
0
pcs
7/18/2008
pcs:
I checked in the designer file associated with that aspx page .The placeholder is named as phHeader and I did find only one definition for it.
I also checked in the designer markup code ,I did Ctrl+F and searched for phHeader ,it is showing only in one place.
Sounds really weird. Can you post the code of your 3 files (aspx / aspx.cs / aspx.designer.cs) and let us take a quick look?
Sam K
0
skirkpatrick
7/20/2008
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System.Web.Mail does not contain definition for "Fields" VS.NET 2002 Compile error
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'System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView' does not contain a definition for 'databind' and no extension method 'databind' accepting a first argument of type 'System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView' could be foun
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msmarco_passage_00_59264300 | OTG - What does OTG Stand For? | OTG - What does OTG Stand For?
What does OTG Stand For?
For OTG we have found 95 definitions.
What does OTG mean? We know 95 definitions for OTG abbreviation or acronym in 8 categories. Possible OTG meaning as an acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term vary from category to category. Please look for them carefully.
OTG Stands For:
All acronyms (95) Airports & Locations (2) Business & Finance (4) Common (2) Government & Military (6) Medicine & Science (5) Chat & Sub Cultures (7) Education Schools (8) Technology, IT etc. (8)
Rank
Abbreviation
Meaning
*****
OTG
OTH (Over-the-Horizon) Targeting Gold (message format)
****
OTG
Original Tool Gangster
**
OTG
On-The-Go (USB 2.0 specification)
**
OTG
Over-the Horizon Targeting Gold message format
**
OTG
Obi Tori Gaeshi
**
OTG
octylthioglucoside
**
OTG
One Two Go Airlines
ICAO Aircraft Codes
*
OTG
Optimal Treatment Guidelines
*
OTG
Worthington Municipal Airport, Worthington, Minnesota, United States
Iata Airport Codes United States Minnesota
*
OTG
Over The Gun
Funnies
*
OTG
Of The Gods
*
OTG
Over-the-horizon Targeting GOLD
*
OTG
Oficina de Treball de la Generalitat (Catalonia)
*
OTG
On The Grid
*
OTG
Off the Ground (gaming)
Transportation
*
OTG
On The Green
*
OTG
Online Travel Group (various locations)
*
OTG
Odense Tekniske Gymnasium (Danish: Odense Technical College; Odense, Denmark)
*
OTG
Over the Glasses (goggle type)
Food
*
OTG
Omnimorphic Training Guide
*
OTG
Objective Transmission Grating
*
OTG
Old Timers Guild
*
OTG
One True God
*
OTG
Operations and Technology Group (Microsoft)
*
OTG
Older Than God
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msmarco_passage_00_593838727 | Lincoln Penny Values (1959 to 2021) | CoinTrackers.com Project | Lincoln Penny Values (1959 to 2021) | CoinTrackers.com Project
Lincoln Penny (1959 to 2021)
The penny or once-cent coin is the lowest denomination of the United States's currency. The most recent version of the penny is the Lincoln cent. The Lincoln penny was made of 95% copper, 5% zinc from 1959 until 1985. Since 1985 it has been minted with 97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper. It's basically a zinc core with a "very" thin copper jacket.
Some metal heads (those who are into semi precious and precious metals) collect pennies older than 1986 and sell them in bulk, as the metal melt value is worth almost 3x the face value. It's illegal to melt these coins down however. If it weren't we probably wouldn't have any pennies older than 1986 in circulation. In fact a rough average of metal value for a $25 box of pennies is $35 = $45. I personally would spend $25 to make $35 all day long wouldn't you :). To bad we can't sell them as scrap.
Lincoln Penny Values
Were in the process of detailing all the Lincoln Pennies from 1959 to 2021 and are hoping to have them done by the end of August at the latest. We have tons of user submitted photos, and have to edit those down too. So hang on and be sure to bookmark our page (Ctrl+D) and tell your friends.
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msmarco_passage_00_594342673 | SAFETY DEPOSIT BOX ACCESS - Coldiron Law | SAFETY DEPOSIT BOX ACCESS - Coldiron Law
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Home » Safety Deposit Box »SAFETY DEPOSIT BOX ACCESS
SAFETY DEPOSIT BOX ACCESS
Posted onJanuary 31, 2017May 31, 2018Author Brent Coldiron
Safety Deposit Box Access
The general right to access to your safety deposit box is governed by the contract you signed
when you opened your box. The names and signatures of individuals that you permit access to
your box are on file with the bank. Until you add or delete from this list, only those individuals
will be granted access.
One exception is your attorney-in-fact acting through you durable power of attorney. Banks
usually will permit access by your attorney-in-fact if the power of attorney states something
like this: “I authorize my attorney-in-fact to enter into and have access to any safety deposit
box of mine.” It would be a good idea, if you have an attorney-in-fact, to have that person
added to the list of authorized persons at the bank.
A court appointed guardian or a court appointed personal representative will ordinarily be granted access to your safety deposit box.
Following your death, your spouse, your parent, an adult descendant (child or grandchild), the person named as your trustee (if you have a trust), personal representative (executor or executrix) if you have a will, or attorney-in-fact should be granted access to your safety deposit box to remove your will and trust documents, cemetery deed and life insurance polices. This is authorized by 6 OS§§1303 and 1308.
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msmarco_passage_00_594727876 | Precautions and Warnings With Sulfasalazine | Precautions and Warnings With Sulfasalazine
Precautions and Warnings With Sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: What Should I Tell My Healthcare Provider?
You should talk with your healthcare provider prior to taking sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine ®) if you have:
Difficulty passing urine
An intestinal blockage
Porphyria (problems with certain enzymes in the body)
Kidney disease, including kidney failure (renal failure)
Liver disease, including liver failure or cirrhosis
Anemia or any other low blood cell count
Asthma
Any allergies, including allergies to sulfa drugs, food, dyes, or preservatives.
Also, let your healthcare provider know if you are:
Pregnant or thinking of becoming pregnant
Breastfeeding.
Be sure to tell your healthcare provider about all medicines you are currently taking, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
Specific Precautions and Warnings With Sulfasalazine
Warnings and precautions to be aware of prior to taking sulfasalazine include the following:
The medication may not be safe to use in people with severe asthma or allergies, kidney disease, liver disease, or anemia (or any other low blood counts). Be sure to tell your healthcare provider if you have any of these conditions before taking sulfasalazine.
Sulfasalazine can cause low sperm count and infertility in men, although fertility usually returns after the medication is stopped.
Be sure to drink plenty of fluids while taking sulfasalazine, as this will help protect your kidneys and can help prevent kidney stones .
Your healthcare provider should regularly check your blood counts while you are taking the drug to make sure you are not developing anemia or other serious problems.
Sulfasalazine is considered a pregnancy Category B medication. This means that it is probably safe for pregnant women, although the full risks are not known. Be sure to talk to your healthcare provider about the risks and benefits of using the drug while pregnant (see Azulfidine and Pregnancy) .
Sulfasalazine passes through breast milk. Therefore, if you are breastfeeding or plan to start, discuss this with your healthcare provider before taking the drug (see Azulfidine and Breastfeeding) .
Sulfasalazine can interact with certain medications (see Drug Interactions With Sulfasalazine) .
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msmarco_passage_00_596159064 | Duke University: Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores | Duke University: Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores
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Duke University: Acceptance Rate and Admissions Statistics
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By
Allen Grove
College Admissions Expert
Ph.D., English, University of Pennsylvania
M.A., English, University of Pennsylvania
B.S., Materials Science & Engineering and Literature, MIT
Dr. Allen Grove is an Alfred University English professor and a college admissions expert with 20 years of experience helping students transition to college.
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Allen Grove
Updated April 10, 2020
Located in Durham, North Carolina, Duke University is an elite private university with an acceptance rate of 7.8%. This makes it one of the most selective universities in the country. Considering applying to this highly selective school? Here are the Duke University admissions statistics you should know.
Why Duke University?
Location: Durham, North Carolina
Campus Features: The stunning stone architecture of Duke's main campus is just a small part of the university's 8,693 acres. The school has a 7,000+ acre forest, marine lab, golf course, and medical campus.
Student/Faculty Ratio: 8:1
Athletics: The Duke Blue Devils compete in the NCAA Division I Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC).
Highlights: Duke rivals the Ivies for selectivity. The school has an $8.5 billion endowment and is part of the "research triangle" with UNC Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University. The area has the highest concentration of PhDs and MDs in the world.
Acceptance Rate
During the 2018-19 admissions cycle, Duke University had an acceptance rate of 7.8%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 7 students were admitted, making Duke's admissions process highly competitive.
Admissions Statistics (2018-19)
Number of Applicants
41,651
Percent Admitted
7.8%
Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield)
54%
SAT Scores and Requirements
Duke University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2018-19 admissions cycle, 53% of admitted students submitted SAT scores.
SAT Range (Admitted Students)
Section
25th Percentile
75th Percentile
ERW
710
770
Math
740
800
ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing
This admissions data tells us that most of Duke's admitted students fall within the top 7% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Duke scored between 710 and 770, while 25% scored below 710 and 25% scored above 770. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 740 and 800, while 25% scored below 740 and 25% scored a perfect 800. Applicants with a composite SAT score 1570 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Duke.
Requirements
Duke does not require the optional SAT essay. SAT Subject Tests are not required, but Duke "strongly recommends" students submit scores from two Subject tests if they submit SAT scores. If you have taken the SAT more than once, Duke invites you to use the SAT scorechoice option and submit only your highest scores. Duke will superscore your exams using the highest score from each section.
ACT Scores and Requirements
Duke requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2018-19 admissions cycle, 72% of admitted students submitted ACT scores.
ACT Range (Admitted Students)
Section
25th Percentile
75th Percentile
English
32
35
Math
31
35
Composite
33
35
This admissions data tells us that most of Duke's admitted students fall within the top 2% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Duke received a composite ACT score between 33 and 35, while 25% scored above 35 and 25% scored below 33.
Requirements
Duke University does not require the optional ACT writing exam. Students who take the ACT are also not required to submit SAT Subject test scores, but the university will consider those scores if you choose to submit them. Note that Duke superscores the ACT. If you took the exam more than once, the university will recalculate your score using your strongest scores from each section regardless of the test date.
GPA and Class Rank
Duke University does not publish GPA data for admitted students, but you can see from the graph below that the great majority of admitted students have grades in the "A" range. An unweighted average of 3.8 or higher is the norm. Class ranks are also high. 90% of Duke students were in the top 10% of their high school classes, and 97% were in the top 25%.
Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph
Duke University Applicants' Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex.
The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Duke University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account.
Admissions Chances
Most students who get into Duke have "A" grades and standardized test scores that are significantly above average. That said, realize that many students with a 4.0 GPA and extremely high standardized test scores still get rejected from Duke. For this reason, you should consider a highly selective school like Duke to be a reach school even if your grades and test scores are on target for admission.
At the same time, keep in mind that Duke has holistic admissions. Duke is looking for students who will bring more than good grades and standardized test scores to the campus. A strong Common Application essay and/or supplemental essays, glowing letters of recommendation, and a strong alumni interview can all strengthen your application, and of course the university will be looking for meaningful extracurricular activities .
Also, you can improve your admissions chances if you highlight true artistic talent in an artistic supplement, and by applying to the university early decision (do this only if you are 100% sure that Duke is your first-choice school).
All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and the Duke University Office of Admissions.
Cite this Article
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Your Citation
Grove, Allen. "Duke University: Acceptance Rate and Admissions Statistics." ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/duke-gpa-sat-and-act-data-786457. Grove, Allen. (2020, August 28). Duke University: Acceptance Rate and Admissions Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/duke-gpa-sat-and-act-data-786457 Grove, Allen. "Duke University: Acceptance Rate and Admissions Statistics." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/duke-gpa-sat-and-act-data-786457 (accessed May 13, 2021).
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Watch Now: How to Score Higher on the SAT and ACT |
msmarco_passage_00_600044398 | Wylie, Texas resources, information and business listings on Collin County Station | Wylie, Texas resources, information and business listings on Collin County Station
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msmarco_passage_00_603731294 | My Top 13 “Meal Ministry” Meals. | My Top 13 “Meal Ministry” Meals.
My Top 13 “Meal Ministry” Meals.
November 29, 2011 · by Janelle · 23 Comments
Hi Ladies! I get many sweet e-mails asking me what meals are best for meal ministries. I went through my files and chose the ones I make the most ! I hope this helps give you ideas. Please know that it just warms my heart that so many of you want to start your very own meal ministries! Even if you are simply sending cookies to a neighbor, you are sharing God’s love. You are such blessings- I adore all the photos you send me and stories you share!
This list is in no particular order and the number 13 was not my first choice, but it just worked out that way
1. Lasagna can be taken in foil containers baked or not baked. This dish is easy to freeze. Make sure to add a bit more sauce so it doesn’t get dry.
2. Chilli can be placed in a large throwaway bowl, refrigerates and freezes well. Be sure to add the fixens on the side and wrap them up! In this case it’s cheese, chives, sour cream and corn bread.
3. Wedding soup is wonderful for a person who is sick, recovering a surgery, or just had a baby.
4. Chocolate Chip Cookies are always a treat to give someone!
5. Beef Stew is a delicious one pot meal to give to someone on a cold winter evening.
6. Chicken n Dumplings, Baked Apples, Green Beans, a roll and salad. A meal I took to a friend who just had surgery.
This is the same meal wrapped up. I added a pudding puff dessert to the side, made sure they had dressing and apple butter for their rolls. It is also a kind gesture to send throwaways so the person who you are cooking for does not have to return plates. If you must give them a plate, let them know to wash it and lay it out on their porch for you to pick up the next day.
7. I LOVE bringing quiche to get togethers and sending them home with people. Quiche makes a wonderful house warming gift.
It also carries well to church..
8. Stuffed Peppers – I made these for my Mother-In-Law’s neighbors.
9. Crescent Chicken, a salad, green beans, mashed redskins, and corn. Along with…
and some brownies with frosting and mini m&m’s for the kidos. The dad of this family just went through major surgery.
10. Turkey Tacos! This was just a meal on the go given to a close friend who is a teacher. I had extra and they had dinner!
11. Calzones are super easy to make and travel well. Simply wrap them up in foil and away you go!
12. Chicken Enchiladas travel well and are Ohhh so tasty. (I would not recommend this for nursing mothers).
13. Pasta E Fagioli is a delicious soup that warms up well and is a meal in itself!
Keep cooking for the King Ladies! Wohoo!!!!
Filed Under: Cooking For A Crowd, Devotionals, Entrees, Meal Ministry ·
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January 24, 2014 at 1:36 am
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msmarco_passage_00_610478161 | What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area? - Dollar Stretcher Community | What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area? - Dollar Stretcher Community
Dollar Stretcher Community » Food » Frugal Food and Cooking » What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area?
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What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area?
Last post Fri, Jul 9 2010 9:57 PM by jayashiangel. 19 replies.
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Sat, Jan 24 2009 5:10 PM
MarthaMFI
Joined on Wed, Apr 16 2008
New Westminster, BC, Canada
Posts 10,850
What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area?
Reply Contact
Since the price of groceries has a big impact on our finances I thought I would throw this out there in the forum world! It is amazing what some of you can get poultry for!!
I choose chicken breasts since it is a common item I see popping up in discussions that seems to have wide range of prices.
Here the cheapest on sale frozen chicken breasts by case of about 5-6lbs. is $2.99 a lb. reg price 3.99 - 4.99
fresh breasts $5 - $7-8 a lb.
granted there is no waste but pricey! needless to say I buy frozen.
Officially recognized Stretchpert in Hobbies and Crafts
Sat, Jan 24 2009 5:21 PM
In reply to
Toni B.
Joined on Sat, Apr 5 2008
Seneca Falls NY
Posts 3,826
Re: What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area?
Reply Contact
My local Mennonite store has been selling boneless chicken breasts for $1.69 per lb. I believe they are from local farms. Usually 3 to 5 breasts per package. I used to buy bags of frozen breasts until the price started going up.
Officially Recognized Stretchpert in Stages of Life
Sat, Jan 24 2009 6:00 PM
In reply to
arianasilver
Joined on Wed, Apr 9 2008
Posts 1,606
Re: What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area?
Reply Contact
I've never bought frozen chicken breast, its much more expensive than fresh here. Usually goes on sale at $1.99 per pound twice a month between the two stores where I shop. I stock up when its on sale.
Sat, Jan 24 2009 11:09 PM
In reply to
goldenblaise
Joined on Wed, May 28 2008
FL
Posts 566
Re: What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area?
Reply Contact
It is very hard for me to find it under $3/lb so we just buy whole chickens for .29c and cut them up.
cyn
Sat, Jan 24 2009 11:11 PM
In reply to
MarthaMFI
Joined on Wed, Apr 16 2008
New Westminster, BC, Canada
Posts 10,850
Re: What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area?
Reply Contact
wow cheap! even drumsticks etc are min 1.99 a lb here. whole chickens too.
Officially recognized Stretchpert in Hobbies and Crafts
Sun, Jan 25 2009 2:52 AM
In reply to
gayla50
Joined on Mon, Sep 24 2007
Western North Carolina
Posts 8,491
Re: What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area?
Reply Contact
this week boneless skinless chicken breasti is $ 1.78 which isnt bad
the all have whole cut up chicken for $ .98
Gayla
Officially Recognized Stretchpert in Frugal Food and Cooking and in Slow Cooker Foods
Purpose is what gives life a meaning
Sun, Jan 25 2009 8:24 AM
In reply to
swedluv
Joined on Sun, Jun 8 2008
North Carolina
Posts 1,713
Re: What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area?
Reply Contact
For us "fresh" chicken breasts (I use quotes because they are frozen when the grocery stores get them) can go for around $5/lb. A normal "sale is $2.99/lb. The good sale is $1.99/lb. As far as the frozen ones in a bag, they are up to $14 for a 2.5lb bag, but I wait until Harris Teeter does a buy one get 2 free.
Unfortunately I can't get my dh to eat dark meat because there are days when I would love to take advantage of the whole chicken sales, but I don't out of fear it would go to waste. He is so weird about eating, lol.
Lynn
Sun, Jan 25 2009 8:43 AM
In reply to
maziemom
Joined on Tue, Jun 3 2008
Posts 737
Re: What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area?
Reply Contact
Around here, one store or the other usually has them for $1.99/# most every week; as Gayla said, it was $1.78 last week. We prefer dark meat, though. I buy drumsticks in the bulk packages when they go on sale for $.79/# (used to be $.59) and buy boneless thighs in the big packs at Sam's for I think $1.88/# all the time.
I occasionally buy the big bags of leg quarters when they're on sale for $.29-$.49/# and cut off the drumsticks and bone out the thighs. Don't do that often, though, because of the mess and inconvenience. After you discard the wads of fat on the thighs, the "tail", and the skin and bones, it pushes the price per pound up considerably. Guess I could have used the trimmings to make broth for soup, but I never did; maybe I'll try that when I see them on sale again.
Carol
western NC
Sun, Jan 25 2009 11:14 AM
In reply to
mtviolet
Joined on Mon, Nov 3 2008
Posts 1,213
Re: What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area?
Reply Contact
In Western Montana bonelss, skinless chicken breast usually run $1.67 to $1.88 a pound on sale, those are the fresh ones. Frozen are usually over $2 a pound. Whole chickens average 79-98¢ a pound.
Sun, Jan 25 2009 12:56 PM
In reply to
ArielDawn
Joined on Thu, Jun 26 2008
Connecticut
Posts 560
Re: What is the cost of skinless boneless chicken breasts in your area?
Reply Contact
I can get a family pack on sale for 1.99 - that's the best price I seem to find and when I do I stock up for the freezer. Generally they are 2.99. Aldi has frozen ones - a 3lb bag for 6.99. So that's 2.33/lb. This is in Connecticut. I've been doing thighs quite a bit lately - I can get them for .99 - sometimes as low as .79 a lb. Also for some reason I seem to be getting the best prices on pork more than anything else - but maybe that's because I get the early morning markdowns
Dawn
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msmarco_passage_00_614524080 | How DNA Computers Will Work | HowStuffWorks | How DNA Computers Will Work | HowStuffWorks
How DNA Computers Will Work
By: Kevin Bonsor
Even as you read this article, computer chip manufacturers are furiously racing to make the next microprocessor that will topple speed records. Sooner or later, though, this competition is bound to hit a wall. Microprocessors made of silicon will eventually reach their limits of speed and miniaturization. Chip makers need a new material to produce faster computing speeds.
You won't believe where scientists have found the new material they need to build the next generation of microprocessors. Millions of natural supercomputers exist inside living organisms, including your body. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules, the material our genes are made of, have the potential to perform calculations many times faster than the world's most powerful human-built computers. DNA might one day be integrated into a computer chip to create a so-called biochip that will push computers even faster. DNA molecules have already been harnessed to perform complex mathematical problems.
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While still in their infancy, DNA computers will be capable of storing billions of times more data than your personal computer. In this article, you'll learn how scientists are using genetic material to create nano-computers that might take the place of silicon-based computers in the next decade.
DNA Computing Technology
DNA computers can't be found at your local electronics store yet. The technology is still in development, and didn't even exist as a concept a decade ago. In 1994, Leonard Adleman introduced the idea of using DNA to solve complex mathematical problems. Adleman, a computer scientist at the University of Southern California, came to the conclusion that DNA had computational potential after reading the book "Molecular Biology of the Gene," written by James Watson, who co-discovered the structure of DNA in 1953. In fact, DNA is very similar to a computer hard drive in how it stores permanent information about your genes.
Adleman is often called the inventor of DNA computers. His article in a 1994 issue of the journal Science outlined how to use DNA to solve a well-known mathematical problem, called the directed Hamilton Path problem, also known as the "traveling salesman" problem. The goal of the problem is to find the shortest route between a number of cities, going through each city only once. As you add more cities to the problem, the problem becomes more difficult. Adleman chose to find the shortest route between seven cities.
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You could probably draw this problem out on paper and come to a solution faster than Adleman did using his DNA test-tube computer. Here are the steps taken in the Adleman DNA computer experiment:
Strands of DNA represent the seven cities. In genes, genetic coding is represented by the letters A, T, C and G. Some sequence of these four letters represented each city and possible flight path.
These molecules are then mixed in a test tube, with some of these DNA strands sticking together. A chain of these strands represents a possible answer.
Within a few seconds, all of the possible combinations of DNA strands, which represent answers, are created in the test tube.
Adleman eliminates the wrong molecules through chemical reactions, which leaves behind only the flight paths that connect all seven cities.
The success of the Adleman DNA computer proves that DNA can be used to calculate complex mathematical problems. However, this early DNA computer is far from challenging silicon-based computers in terms of speed. The Adleman DNA computer created a group of possible answers very quickly, but it took days for Adleman to narrow down the possibilities. Another drawback of his DNA computer is that it requires human assistance. The goal of the DNA computing field is to create a device that can work independent of human involvement.
Three years after Adleman's experiment, researchers at the University of Rochester developed logic gates made of DNA. Logic gates are a vital part of how your computer carries out functions that you command it to do. These gates convert binary code moving through the computer into a series of signals that the computer uses to perform operations. Currently, logic gates interpret input signals from silicon transistors, and convert those signals into an output signal that allows the computer to perform complex functions.
The Rochester team's DNA logic gates are the first step toward creating a computer that has a structure similar to that of an electronic PC. Instead of using electrical signals to perform logical operations, these DNA logic gates rely on DNA code. They detect fragments of genetic material as input, splice together these fragments and form a single output. For instance, a genetic gate called the "And gate" links two DNA inputs by chemically binding them so they're locked in an end-to-end structure, similar to the way two Legos might be fastened by a third Lego between them. The researchers believe that these logic gates might be combined with DNA microchips to create a breakthrough in DNA computing.
DNA computer components -- logic gates and biochips -- will take years to develop into a practical, workable DNA computer. If such a computer is ever built, scientists say that it will be more compact, accurate and efficient than conventional computers. In the next section, we'll look at how DNA computers could surpass their silicon-based predecessors, and what tasks these computers would perform.
Surpassing Silicon?
Although DNA computers haven't overtaken silicon-based microprocessors, researchers have made some progress in using genetic code for computation. In 2003, Israeli scientists demonstrated a limited, but functioning, DNA computer. You can read more about it at National Geographic.
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Silicon vs. DNA Microprocessors
Silicon microprocessors have been the heart of the computing world for more than 40 years. In that time, manufacturers have crammed more and more electronic devices onto their microprocessors. In accordance with Moore's Law, the number of electronic devices put on a microprocessor has doubled every 18 months. Moore's Law is named after Intel founder Gordon Moore, who predicted in 1965 that microprocessors would double in complexity every two years. Many have predicted that Moore's Law will soon reach its end, because of the physical speed and miniaturization limitations of silicon microprocessors.
DNA computers have the potential to take computing to new levels, picking up where Moore's Law leaves off. There are several advantages to using DNA instead of silicon:
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As long as there are cellular organisms, there will always be a supply of DNA.
The large supply of DNA makes it a cheap resource.
Unlike the toxic materials used to make traditional microprocessors, DNA biochips can be made cleanly.
DNA computers are many times smaller than today's computers.
DNA's key advantage is that it will make computers smaller than any computer that has come before them, while at the same time holding more data. One pound of DNA has the capacity to store more information than all the electronic computers ever built; and the computing power of a teardrop-sized DNA computer, using the DNA logic gates, will be more powerful than the world's most powerful supercomputer. More than 10 trillion DNA molecules can fit into an area no larger than 1 cubic centimeter (0.06 cubic inches). With this small amount of DNA, a computer would be able to hold 10 terabytes of data, and perform 10 trillion calculations at a time. By adding more DNA, more calculations could be performed.
Unlike conventional computers, DNA computers perform calculations parallel to other calculations. Conventional computers operate linearly, taking on tasks one at a time. It is parallel computing that allows DNA to solve complex mathematical problems in hours, whereas it might take electrical computers hundreds of years to complete them.
The first DNA computers are unlikely to feature word processing, e-mailing and solitaire programs. Instead, their powerful computing power will be used by national governments for cracking secret codes, or by airlines wanting to map more efficient routes. Studying DNA computers may also lead us to a better understanding of a more complex computer -- the human brain.
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Cite This!
Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article:
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Kevin Bonsor "How DNA Computers Will Work" 17 November 2000.
HowStuffWorks.com. <https://computer.howstuffworks.com/dna-computer.htm> 28 May 2021
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msmarco_passage_00_617704744 | Homemade Corn Nuts | Confident Cook, Hesitant Baker | Homemade Corn Nuts | Confident Cook, Hesitant Baker
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Homemade Corn Nuts
June 18, 2012 · by Hindy Garfinkel · 18 Comments
I can’t remember how we came upon the topic of corn nuts, but it came up in conversation recently. I think it was the prospect of a field trip to Oh! Nuts, and finding the store closed. I was craving some fresh roasted corn nuts – still piping hot. So good. I then began to reminisce about the mass produced corn nuts I used to buy at Chi’s Market down the street from my parent’s house. They were probably around 50 cents at the time, and we used to pour them in to our mouths. Crunch-Crunch-Crunch. Listening to people eat them was ever so annoying, but eating them myself – totally worth it! They even came in assorted flavors like ranch and barbecue! I used to love barbecue flavor anything.
My husband suggested that I attempt to make them. I was told that I would have to find the giant white Peruvian corn and soak it. It wouldn’t work with just any corn kernel. Was thrilled to find a bag of these special corn kernels on my first try. Goya offers a kosher-certified Maize Mote Pelado. Found a good sized bag at Food Basics. Score!
These corn nuts are prepared in a similar way to roasted chickpeas. You simply coat them in oil and salt and roast in the oven for around 30 minutes – stirring for even browning. They have a very big crunch and a somewhat heady, corn taste. They don’t taste like the deep fried store bought stuff, but they are their own taste and pretty good.
Homemade Corn Nuts
Ingredients
1 bag of Maize Mote Pelado – Giant White Corn
2 tbsp. Salt
1/4 cup vegetable oil
Additional spices as desired
Soak the corn in water for around 8-10 hours or so. If you soak any longer, it will start to smell pretty awful.
Preheat oven to 400.
Drain the corn
In a large bowl, toss the corn in the oil and sprinkle salt over it.
Place the corn in a single layer on a baking sheet.
Place in oven. Stir the corn around every 5-7 minutes. Remove from the oven after around 25-30 minutes or when corn looks toasted. Don’t let them burn.
Let cool a few minutes and then taste. Add more salt or other spices as necessary.
Enjoy!
Homemade Corn Nuts
Save Print
Author: Hindy Garfinkel
Recipe type: Snacks
Ingredients
1 bag of Maize Mote Pelado - Giant White Corn
2 tbsp. Salt
¼ cup vegetable oil
Additional spices as desired
Instructions
Soak the corn in water for around 8-10 hours or so. If you soak any longer, it will start to smell pretty awful.
Preheat oven to 400
Drain the corn.
In a large bowl, toss the corn in the oil and sprinkle salt over it.
Place the corn in a single layer on a baking sheet.
Place in oven. Stir the corn around every 5-7 minutes. Remove from the oven after around 25-30 minutes or when corn looks toasted. Don't let them burn.
Let cool a few minutes and then taste. Add more salt or other spices as necessary.
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Filed Under: baked, Gluten Free, Snacks, Vegan · Tagged: chips, copy cat recipe, corn, corn nuts, crunchy, salty snacks, snacks
About Hindy Garfinkel
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fourthandfriggin • 7 years ago
I would change the order of the directions...shouldn't preheat the oven and THEN soak the corn for 8-10 hours ha
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Mdesan fourthandfriggin • 6 years ago
If you need such specific instructions, you don't belong in a kitchen.
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fourthandfriggin Mdesan • 6 years ago
If you don't get sarcasm, you don't belong on the internet
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Ishita • 7 years ago
How do I make this recipe using frozen corn? Pl tell me how long do
these last for?
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Hindy Garfinkel Mod Ishita • 7 years ago
I've never made them using frozen corn and wouldn't necessarily recommend it. It's a different consistency. Feel free to try it and let me know how it goes though!
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Chris Kassel • 5 years ago
Preheat oven to 400.
Soak the corn in water for around 8-10 hours or so
I think you might have the steps reversed.
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Galahir950 • 6 years ago
What should the corn feel like on the inside and the outside when it is done soaking and cooking? I soaked mine for 12 hours and then cooked them, but the inside was still dry and powder like.
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Surya Prakash • 6 years ago
Hello Sir,
Thank for your information.
Can I do the same with INDIAN variety. Please, assist me.
Prakash K
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Hindy Garfinkel Mod Surya Prakash • 6 years ago
You should be able to, but may need time adjustments as I'm not familiar with that corn variety
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Ike • 7 years ago
Has anyone tried making these with dried sweet corn?
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Allen Michael • 7 years ago
I love me some corn nuts!
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Drew • 7 years ago
I want to cook these so bad...but can't find any suppliers of the Giant Whites in Australia....anyone want to become my dealer? I became addicted to these whilst in Spain recently, where they sell as a snack in corner stores, bagged up like the Kraft-produced Corn Nuts in the US...
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Amy Drew • 4 years ago
Check for stores that sell Spanish products, as in Goya products. Maybe contact Kraft to ask their supplier of corn nuts.I just bought some from a bulk good store!
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Sue Ski Drew • 7 years ago
Did you find anyone? I will send you large quantities. I am in Detroit Michigan and can get them.
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Hoofbutt Sue Ski • 5 years ago
I will send you larger quantities
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Pat Nutt • 7 years ago
Awesome, I was looking for posole to make a batch and ran across the giant white corn and thought about using that in place of my posole, but then I was thinking these look like corn nuts so I googled how to make corn nuts, thanks...Have you ever tried frying them or just baking them?
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Lillian Russo • 8 years ago
I love the 'Oh! Nuts' store! I went to the one in Brooklyn a few years ago and was immediately hooked on their corn nuts! I just recently found a bag of the Goya dry giant white corn kernels. So I'll be trying your recipe very soon! Thank you so much for posting this!
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sahara_desert88 • 8 years ago
This is brilliant! Thank you for the recipe, i'd always wondered which corn was used to make these! I'm going to try these out asap =)
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msmarco_passage_00_620710894 | An Overview of the 12th Amendment - US Constitution - LAWS.com | An Overview of the 12th Amendment - US Constitution - LAWS.com
Home Amendments An Overview of the 12th Amendment
Amendments
An Overview of the 12th Amendment
Modified date: October 19, 2020
Twelfth Amendment: Outlines procedure for electing the President and Vice President of the United States.
What is the Twelfth Amendment?
The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and all persons voted for as Vice-President and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate.
The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted.
The person having the greatest Number of votes for President shall be the President if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President.
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President
The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States
The Twelfth Amendment Defined:
The Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution outlines the necessary procedure for electing the President and Vice President. The Twelfth Amendment replaced Article II, Section 1, and Clause 3, which offered the original procedure by which the Electoral College was created and how it subsequently functioned. The Article was ratified following problems during the election of 1796 and 1800.
The Twelfth Amendment was proposed by Congress on December 9, 1803, and was later ratified by the required number of state legislatures on June 15, 1804.
Before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment, the Electoral College stated that each elector could cast two votes; each elector was not permitted to vote for two people who are a part of the same state as that elector. That being said, if exactly one person received a vote from the majority, that person won the election. If there was more than one individual who received the majority vote from the electors, the House of Representatives would choose who would be president. If no individual possessed the majority, then the House of Representatives would choose five individuals with the largest amount of electoral votes. In both scenarios, the House was necessary for a candidate to be chosen, President.
For the Vice President to be elected, the person with the greatest number of votes, except for the individual elected President, was anointed Vice President. Unlike the President, the Vice President did not require the majority vote of electors.
This confusing and broken process complicated the election of 1796 and 1800, where for example in 1796, John Adams (Federalist Party) received a majority of the electoral votes and the Democratic-Republican Party presidential candidate—Thomas Jefferson—received the second-highest total of electoral votes effectively making him Vice President.
Stipulations of the Twelfth Amendment
The Twelfth Amendment did not change the composition of the Electoral College but did change the process whereby a President and Vice President were elected.
Under the Twelfth Amendment, each singular elector must cast distinct votes for both the President and the Vice President, instead of placing two votes for President. Additionally, no elector may vote for both candidates of a presidential ticket
The Twelfth Amendment also precluded those ineligible to be President from also being Vice President.
When nobody obtained a majority, the process did not change. The Senate chose the Vice President if no candidate received a majority; however, they can only choose between one of the two Vice Presidential candidates with the highest vote total.
Proposal and Ratification:
On December 9, 1803, Congress proposed the Twelfth Amendment and the following states ratified the amendment:
1. North Carolina (December 21, 1803)
2. Maryland (December 24, 1803)
3. Kentucky (December 27, 1803)
4. Ohio (December 30, 1803)
5. Pennsylvania (January 5, 1804)
6. Vermont (January 30, 1804)
7. Virginia (February 3, 1804)
8. New York (February 10, 1804)
9. New Jersey (February 22, 1804)
10. Rhode Island (March 12, 1804)
11. South Carolina (May 15, 1804)
12. Georgia (May 19, 1804)
13. New Hampshire (June 15, 1804)
Ratification was finished on June 15, 1804, and it was subsequently ratified by Tennessee on July 27, 1804. Additionally, the Following states rejected the Amendment: Delaware on January 18, 1804, Massachusetts on February 3, 1804, and Connecticut on May 10, 1804.
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msmarco_passage_00_621309032 | US Constitution: Article IV - The U.S. Constitution - Decoded! | US Constitution: Article IV - The U.S. Constitution - Decoded!
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Article IV of the US Constitution: States, and Federal-State Interactions
Article 4: This article discusses the states, interactions between states, interactions between the states and the federal government, and the duties owed by the federal government to the states. It also reinforces the dual-sovereignty principle, and underscores the strong belief of the Founders that we are primarily citizens of our states, which are themselves joined in a confederation. We make reference to specific wordings in the various sections, therefore for your reading ease we append the entire text of Article IV at the end.
Section 1, the “full faith and credit” clause, is one long sentence that came (with some adjustments in wording) from the Articles of Confederation. It says that each state will respect the laws and judgments of other states, and that Congress may enact laws detailing how that requirement will be enforced. Since it was from the Articles of Confederation, there was very little discussion of this first section in the Federalist papers. According to the provisions this section, a contract made in one state must be considered valid in the others, a person convicted of a crime in one state is considered a criminal in the other states, and a person can not abandon their legal debts by high-tailing it to the next state over. It also means that divorce decrees must be respected – ensuring that child support owed (or visitation rights decreed) in Wyoming must still be paid even if the ex-spouse has moved to Alabama. Similarly, adoptions finalized in one state are valid in any other; probate of an estate is accepted by the others, et cetera. Madison, in Federalist #42, pointed to this clause as one of several specifically intended to “provide for the harmony and proper intercourse among the States.”
This clause also implies (and has been upheld in many court cases) that the actions of state courts are to be recognized by any court under US jurisdiction – which includes federal courts plus courts in US territories. In federal courts where the state law in question conflicts with federal law, the federal court is not required to enforce that conflicting state law (this comes under the auspices of Article VI).
Section 2 has three clauses. The first clause ensures that citizens of each state will be treated as citizens of the other states, while they are there. Since each state considered itself a separate entity (under the umbrella of the confederation), this clause ensures that a citizen of Utah is not treated as a foreign national while visiting (or temporarily living in) Louisiana. Of course, this applies equally to any other combination of states.
The next clause provides for extradition of accused persons who flee to another state to the state in which they have been accused of crime – regardless of what state they fled from or in which they tried to hide. The fugitive who flees to another state also is not protected by having arrived in the new state before an indictment is issued.
The third clause of Section 2 was tucked into this Article towards the very end of the Constitutional Convention by two convention members from South Carolina; it is the Fugitive Slave Clause. While utterly abhorrent to us today, this clause is based in very old historic law, which provided that chattels adhere to the person of their owner even when located elsewhere. According to Madison’s notes on the Convention, a minor adjustment in the wording of this clause (“person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof”) was intended to separate the concept of returning fugitive slaves from the concept that slavery was legal in a moral view. This is another instance where the Founders managed to placate the slave-holding states sufficiently to keep them in the fledgling and fragile union, while including verbiage that would support the eventual abolition of slavery in the new country.
Before moving on, let’s go back to the first clause of Section 2, and briefly address the treatment of corporations. We address it here, rather than in the paragraph above on that clause, because for now it is a side-note. It will, however, lay essential groundwork for when we look, later, at the 14th Amendment – and see how perversions of that amendment lead directly to some of the problems we face today. “Corporation” is defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as “a body formed and authorized by law to act as a single person although constituted by one or more persons and legally endowed with various rights and duties including the capacity of succession.” According to the Concise Encyclopedia, a corporation is a “specific legal form of organization of persons and material resources, chartered by the state, for the purpose of conducting business.” It goes on to list important characteristics of corporations, including “juridical personality (the corporation itself as a fictive “person”), ha [ving] legal standing and may thus sue and be sued, make contracts, and hold property.” What all this legal gobbledygook means, in essence, is that a corporation is treated legally in many ways as though it were a “natural” (flesh-and-blood) person.
Section 3 has two clauses that address the formation of new states and jurisdiction over non-state territories. The first clause gives the rules for admittance of new states. Congress may admit new states. If a state wishes to partition itself, or if two (or more) states wish to conjoin into one (or each carve off some territory to donate to a new state), the legislatures of all the states involved AND Congress must approve. New states have an equal basis with pre-existing states, and the same privileges and responsibilities. Texas was an independent Republic before it joined the US, and special rules apply under the Resolution of Annexation – Texas may decide on its own to create up to four additional states from out of its own territory.
The second clause in this section grants Congress the power to make “needful” rules and regulations in US territories or other property. In addition to places like Puerto Rico, American Samoa, and Guam, this includes national parks and forests, wildlife refuges, Bureau of Land Management areas, Indian reservations, and other types of land. We should all be aware of this especially with the Federal land takeovers (especially in the western states) in recent years. At the time the Constitution was written, several states had claims on territories (almost exclusively to the west) outside those states. They were concerned that the new Congress would supersede their administration of those areas. This last section of the clause was specifically to address those concerns. The states’ interests were given the same protection in their land claims as the federal government was given. History shows that those extra-state claims were later handled successfully – so this clause was successful in serving its purpose.
Section 4 of Article IV should be center stage in a couple of large issues today. It is called the “Guarantee Clause,” because its terms require the federal government to make specific provisions to all the states. In only one sentence, this section addresses three separate and important issues affecting every state, and so it is included here verbatim (as well as appended below). “The United States shall guarantee to every State in the Union a Republican form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic Violence.
Let’s split this long sentence into its component parts. “A Republican form of government” expresses the Founders disgust for and disdain of “democracy.” Unfettered democracy is mob rule, with no protection for the rights and interests of individuals or minority groups. As Madison says so beautifully in Federalist #10, democracies “...have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths.” This portion of the guarantee clause ensures the protection of the minority interests of the inhabitants of all the states, by guaranteeing a republic – that form of government based on laws and principles that no majority (or super-majority) vote can overturn. They were also attempting to prevent the inclusion of monarchist, collectivist, or socialist forms of government. Private property – and individual rights based on property (starting with one’s own body) – cannot be protected under any system that denies the existence – or the morality – of individual, private property.
“Shall protect each of them against Invasion,” at the time of its writing the Founders were thinking of Great Britain, Spain, French-Canadian, and Indian incursions – yet they knew full well that time would bring new threats. This clause works with Article I, Section 8, clause 15, where Congress is granted the power to call forth the militia to “repel Invasions.” Madison writes in Federalist #43 “...protection against invasion is due from every society to the parts composing it...” They were also concerned that a President from, say, South Carolina, would favor protecting his home state of South Carolina in an attack and send all military forces to protect that state, even if both Vermont and South Carolina were under attack.
It is obvious to anyone willing to observe disinterested fact that the Federal government has absolutely, unequivocally, and utterly abrogated its duty to the states by refusing to secure our borders against those entering this country illegally. Whether the purpose is “a better life,” “escape from oppression,” or the intention to carry out nefarious attacks against our citizens, states, country, and sovereignty, does not matter. It is the duty of the Federal government to protect the states against invasion. (It is the duty of Congress to find appropriate ways to address the legitimate desires of non-Americans to come here legally; see Article 1, Section 8, clause 4.) The current administration has even gone to the ridiculous lengths of bringing lawsuit in Federal courts to stop actions taken by states to protect themselves. They also show their utter lack of knowledge of the Constitution by bringing these suits in Federal District Courts, even though the Constitution clearly states in Article III, Section 2, 2nd paragraph that “ [i]n all cases... in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction.” Any judge with even the flimsiest understanding of (and respect for) the Constitution should throw such cases out of court. Any that do not do so should be removed from office by impeachment, as they have broken their oath to uphold the Constitution (or demonstrated their unfitness to hold office through ignorance of that which they have sworn to uphold).
This leaves us with the issue of states suffering from repeated invasion that the federal government refuses to address. Are the states required just to sit there and be overrun? NO! Remember, the states retain sovereignty and have the right (and the duty!) to call out their militias to protect themselves. Article 1, Section 10, last clause, states, “ [n]o state shall... keep troops... or engage in war, unless actually invaded...” demonstrating very clearly that the states retain the right and ability to call forth their militias to repel invasions. Hamilton even declares, in Federalist #29, “...it would be natural and proper that the militia of a neighboring state should be marched into another, to resist a common enemy...” so it would be perfectly permissible and Constitutional for Arizona and California to join forces to protect their southern borders. Not only that, but if Nebraska found itself facing a raft of ills due to the presence of illegal aliens, IT could send its militia to Arizona, too! Admittedly, the Founders thought the most likely common enemy of the states would (eventually) be the federal government. Madison addresses this directly in Federalist #46 and he does not counsel the states to acquiesce and become subservient; no, he describes various types of non-violent resistance methods to be used by a state or combination of states. However, should the federal government become so outrageous that it sends the army against the states, he speaks directly of the use of the armed citizenry and the state militia to resist. He also posits this as being highly unlikely to happen because of the requirement for “a blind and tame submission to the long train of insidious measures which must precede and produce it.” Mr. Madison was spared the sight of today’s federal government, refusing its duty to protect, and actually taking offensive actions against states endeavoring to require the federal government to do its duty, and to protect themselves in the absence of federal aid.
As for the very last clause in this section, it establishes limits for when the federal government may come in to a state to protect it against domestic violence. The federal government is not allowed to send troops into a state on its own estimation that domestic violence is occurring (or about to occur). It must wait until the state legislature requests federal assistance. If that legislature is not in session and cannot be quickly called into session, then the governor of that state may make the request. We’ve seen a recent example of this clause in action recently – during and immediately after Hurricane Katrina. Then-President Bush was widely vilified for his delay in sending the National Guard to assist Louisiana with its troubles during and after the hurricane. Yet he could not legally act until the request for assistance was made (he even called both officials on 8/28, asking them to request federal aid – they refused)! There was certainly plenty of incompetence and blame to spread in the aftermath of that storm (especially FEMA’s poor efforts) – but let us at least be honest that this was not a dastardly attempt on the part of President Bush to drown the Ninth Ward. Katrina was one of the largest, most powerful (Category 5), most long-lasting storms ever to hit the mainland. It made landfall in an area that is horribly vulnerable to flooding, and is protected by a levee system built to protect it from a Category 3 hurricane and which had a long backlog of remedial repairs needed. No matter what the response on the local, state, and federal levels, Katrina would have done just as much physical damage. The federal government was not in charge of evacuations, could not order or enforce mandatory evacuations, or assist the local personnel with evacuations. Any person remaining in the Lower Ninth Ward was at risk, and there was no recourse once the storm hit. After the storm, there was plenty of mismanagement and incompetence on all those same fronts: local, state, and federal. Yet the fact remains, federal aid could not be sent in until it was requested by the state of Louisiana.
References:
*Constitution of the United States of America
*Badnarik, Michael “Good To Be King” 2004 The Writer’s Collective
*Skousen, W. Cleon “The 5,000 Year Leap” 2006 National Center for Constitutional Studies
*Hamilton, Madison, Jay “The Federalist Papers” 2001 Dover
*Heritage Guide to the Constitution www.heritage.org
*Justia US Law law.justia.com
*Publius Huldah’s blog at http://publiushuldah.wordpress.com
*McGarity & Kysar “Did NEPA Drown New Orleans? The Levees, The Blame Game, and the Hazards of Hindsight.” 2006 Cornell Law Faculty Publications
©2012 by the author
Article IV:
Article IV Section 1 Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.
Section 2 Cl 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
Cl 2: A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State havingJurisdiction of the Crime.
Cl 3: No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. (Changed by 13th Amendment, Section 1)
Section 3 Cl 1: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
Cl 2: The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.
Section 4 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.
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msmarco_passage_00_623639824 | How to Start a Straw Bale Garden | How to Start a Straw Bale Garden
Gardening Gardening Basics
How to Start a Straw Bale Garden
Written by
Kerry Michaels
Kerry Michaels is a writer and photographer with several years specializing in gardening and landscape design.
Learn about The Spruce's Editorial Process
Kerry Michaels
Updated 07/30/20
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David Q. Cavagnaro / Getty Images
Overview
Working Time: 3 hrs
Total Time: 1 wk
Skill Level: Beginner
Estimated Cost: $4 to $9 per bale
Any kind of raised bed makes for an easy, convenient garden, but one technique that is especially effective is straw bale gardening. 1 Sometimes known as bale gardening, or hale bale gardening, a straw bale garden uses ordinary farmer's straw as the principle growing medium. Conditioned with a small amount of potting soil, compost, and fertilizer, the straw itself breaks down gradually, providing its own nutrients over the course of the growing season.
Straw bale gardening is a great way to grow herbs and vegetables, and can also be used to grow ornamental plants. It's economical, easier on your back, and is great for people with mobility issues. Consider the pros and cons to determine if straw bale gardening is right for you.
Tips for Straw Bale Gardening
For effective straw bale gardening:
Use straw, not hay. Hay is made from alfalfa and grasses that still have the seeds attached, and these seeds will turn into weeds when the germinate and sprout. Straw, on the other hand, is comprised of the leftover stalks of grains such as oats and wheat—after the seeds have been removed through harvesting. Hence, straw is virtually weed-free, which makes for an easy-care garden.
Locate the garden near a water source. If you can, put your straw bale garden near a water source. Any garden takes a fair amount of water, and it's helpful to be right near a hose.
Solarize the bales . If you solarize the bales by wrapping them in black plastic for several weeks before you plant them, the heat will kill any remaining seeds that might otherwise sprout. It also speeds along the process of breaking down the straw into nutrients the plants can use. Remove the plastic before you begin planting.
Use short plants. Corn, sunflowers, tomatoes, and other upright plants may grow too tall to be supported by the straw bales. And stakes are difficult to use in straw bales, unless you can drive them down through the bales and into the earth. You can either grow smaller varieties of tall plants like tomatoes, or keep them pruned to train on wider, shorter trellises.
Plant in full sun. Nearly all herbs and vegetables prefer full sun locations—defined as six to eight hours per day or more. If you have only part shade locations, make sure to use plants suitable for that exposure—such as lettuces and other leafy vegetables.
Avoid pooling water. Don't position the straw bales in low-lying locations where water pools. Too much standing water can cause the bales to rot, and it can even drown plants.
What You'll Need
Equipment / Tools
Garden trowel
Materials
Straw bales
High-nitrogen lawn fertilizer
Potting soil
Compost
Plant seedlings
Wire fencing (optional)
Balance water-soluble fertilizer
Instructions
Configure the Straw Bale Garden
Once soaked with water, straw bales are very heavy, so plan the position of your straw bale garden first, before planting. The most important criteria is to have a location with plenty of direct sunlight—at least six to eight hours daily for most vegetables.
The bales should be postioned on-edge so that the sheared ends of the plant stalks are facing upward and the bands of twine are along the sides.
Arrange the bales in whatever configuration is convenient for your style of gardening. Some people like to arrange the bales in a straight row, others arrange them in an L or U configuration. The bales can also be abutted against each other to form a larger raised bed, but make sure you can still reach to the center of the garden for tending the plants.
Be aware that as the bales decompose they shrink so the spaces between the bales will get larger. Some gardeners fill these spaces with additional compost/soil mixture as they appear.
Kerry Michaels
Prep the Bales
Prepping straw bales (sometimes called conditioning) involves starting the decomposition process before planting. Proper prepping requires a week to 12 days.
After the bales are arranged in your chosen configuration, spread a generous layer of high-nitrogen fertilizer on top of the bales. Water in the fertilizer, making sure to saturate every bale, every day for several days. Add more fertilizer every couple of days, spreading it generously, then soak the bales each time. A high nitrogen fertilizer, such as that used for lawns, is the best formulation to use for this conditioning stage.
After you notice the straw beginning to get warm and decompose, spread a mixture of potting soil and ordinary compost over the top of the bales in a 2- to 3-inch layer. When placed over straw that has begun to decompose, this is the only growing medium you need.
Kerry Michaels
Plant the Garden
To plant seedlings in a straw bale, simply take a sharp trowel and stick it down into the straw, wiggling it back and forth to make room for the seedling. As usual, make sure to plant seedlings no deeper than they sit in their nursery pot. Also, try to place taller plants toward the back of the bale, so that when they grow, they won’t shade the smaller plants.
If you are staking taller plants, make sure to use long stakes that can be driven all the way through the straw bale and into the ground.
Seeds can be planted directly into the soil/compost layer, then watered in. Make sure to keep the soil constantly moist until the seeds have sprouted and are well established.
Tip
Some types of edible plants will also grow in the sides of the bales if you create pockets of potting soil and compost. Strawberries and potatoes are especially effective when planted this way. Or, you can use the sides to plant ornamental flowers, such as marigolds or petunias.
Kerry Michaels
Tend the Garden
Like most raised gardens, straw bale gardens resist many common garden pests. But there are several critters that will not hesitate to scale your bales and eat your entire harvest. A fence may be mandatory to prevent pest such as groundhogs or rabbits from decimating the harvest. An inexpensive wire fence may discourage these pests. Serious vegetable gardeners may want to invest in a large fencing structure constructed of chicken wire and stakes to surround the entire garden.
Water regularly to keep your straw bales moist. Like any raised garden, straw bale gardens consume a lot of water. In the heat of the summer, this may mean watering every day. It’s best for plants to water in the morning, making sure to water the bale, not the leaves. Excess water will drain out the bottom of your bales so your plants don't sit in water. Plants are much less susceptible to drowning in a straw bale garden.
Even though plants will get nutrition from the internal decomposition of the bales, you still need to fertilize them, though it's required less frequently than with in-ground plants. A monthly application of a balanced water-soluble fertilizer is sufficient. At the end of the season, you can let the bales decompose, using the remnants the following season as mulch. Harvesting root vegetables such as potatoes, carrots, and onions often means breaking apart the entire bale—which is largely decomposed by this time—to extract the vegetable roots.
Kerry Michaels
Article Sources
The Spruce uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Straw Bale Gardening. University of Illinois Extension
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msmarco_passage_00_627890439 | Stock Pledge Agreement - Alibris and Mark Nason - Sample Contracts and Business Forms | Stock Pledge Agreement - Alibris and Mark Nason - Sample Contracts and Business Forms
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Stock Pledge Agreement - Alibris and Mark Nason
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Stock Pledge Agreement
This Stock Pledge Agreement (the " Pledge Agreement ") is made and entered into as of March 11, 2002 between Alibris, a California corporation (the " Company "), and Mark Nason (the " Pledgor "). Capitalized terms that are not defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the Secured Full Recourse Promissory Note of even date herewith delivered by Pledgor to the Company (the " Note ").
R E C I T A L S
A. In exchange for delivery of the Note to the Company, the Company has issued and sold to Pledgor 8,000 shares of its Common Stock (the " Shares ") pursuant to the terms and conditions of that certain Purchase Agreement.
B. Pledgor has agreed that repayment of the Note will be secured by the pledge of the Shares pursuant to this Pledge Agreement and, if required by the Company, by certain other collateral as more fully set forth on Schedule A attached hereto (the " Additional Collateral ").
NOW, THEREFORE, the parties agree as follows:
1. Creation of Security Interest. Pursuant to the provisions of the California Commercial Code, Pledgor hereby grants to the Company, and the Company hereby accepts, a first and present security interest in (i) the Shares, (ii) all Dividends (as defined in Section 5 hereof), and (iii) all Additional Securities (as defined in Section 6 hereof) and (iv) such Additional Collateral listed on Schedule A hereto, if any, to secure payment of the Note and performance of all Pledgor's obligations under this Pledge Agreement. Pledgor herewith delivers to the Company Common Stock certificate (s) No (s). , representing all the Shares, together with one or more stock power (s) for each certificate so delivered in the form attached as an Exhibit to the Purchase Agreement, duly executed (with the date and number of shares left blank) by Pledgor and Pledgor's spouse, if any. For purposes of this Pledge Agreement, the Shares, all Dividends, all Additional Securities and all Additional Collateral will hereinafter be collectively referred to as the " Collateral. Pledgor agrees that the Collateral will be deposited with and held by the Escrow Holder (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) and that, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the Purchase Agreement, for purposes of carrying out the provisions of this Pledge Agreement, Escrow Holder will act solely for the Company as its agent.
2. Representations and Warranties and Covenants Regarding Collateral. Pledgor hereby represents and warrants to the Company that Pledgor has good title (both record and beneficial) to the Collateral, free and clear of all claims, pledges, security interests, liens or encumbrances of every nature whatsoever, and that Pledgor has the right to pledge and grant the Company the security interest in the Collateral granted under this Pledge Agreement. Pledgor further agrees that, until all sums due under the Note have been paid in full, and all of Purchaser's obligations under this Pledge Agreement have been performed, Purchaser will not, without the Company's prior written consent, (i) sell, assign or transfer, or attempt to sell, assign or transfer, any of the Collateral, or (ii) grant or create, or attempt to grant or create, any security interest, lien, pledge, claim or other encumbrance with respect to any of the Collateral or (iii) suffer or permit to continue upon any of the Collateral during the term of this Pledge Agreement, an attachment, levy, execution or statutory lien.
3. Rights on Default. Upon an occurrence of an Event of Default under the Note, the Company will have full power to sell, assign and deliver or otherwise dispose the whole or any part of the Collateral at any broker's exchange or elsewhere, at public or private sale, at the option of the Company, in order to satisfy any part of the obligations of Pledgor now existing or hereinafter arising under the Note or under this Pledge Agreement. On any such sale, the Company or its assigns may purchase all or any part of the Collateral. In addition, at its sole option, the Company may elect to retain all the Collateral in full satisfaction of Pledgor's obligation under the Note, in accordance with the provisions and procedures set forth in the California Uniform Commercial Code. Pledgor agrees at the Company's request, to cooperate with the Company in connection with the disposition of any and
all of the Collateral and to execute and deliver any documents which the Company shall reasonably request to permit disposition of the Collateral.
4. Additional Remedies. The rights and remedies granted to the Company herein upon an Event of Default will be in addition to all the rights, powers and remedies of the Company under the California Uniform Commercial Code and applicable law and such rights, powers and remedies will be exercisable by the Company with respect to all of the Collateral. Pledgor agrees that the Company's reasonable expenses of holding the Collateral, preparing it for resale or other disposition, and selling or otherwise disposing of the Collateral, including attorneys' fees and other legal expenses, will be deducted from the proceeds of any sale or other disposition and will be included in the amounts Pledgor must tender to redeem the Collateral. All rights, powers and remedies of the Company will be cumulative and not alternative. Any forbearance or failure or delay by the Company in exercising any right, power or remedy hereunder will not be deemed to be a waiver of any such right, power or remedy and any single or partial exercise of any such right, power or remedy hereunder will not preclude the further exercise thereof.
5. Dividends; Voting. All dividends hereinafter declared on or payable with respect to any Collateral during the term of this Pledge Agreement (excluding only ordinary cash dividends, which will be payable to Pledgor so long as no Event of Default has occurred under the Note) (the " Dividends ") will be immediately delivered to the Company to be held in pledge under this Pledge Agreement. Notwithstanding this Pledge Agreement, so long as Pledgor owns the Shares and no Event of Default has occurred under the Note, Pledgor will be entitled to vote any shares comprising the Collateral, subject to any proxies granted by Pledgor.
6. Adjustments. In the event that during the term of this Pledge Agreement, any stock dividend, reclassification, readjustment, stock split or other change is declared or made with respect to the Collateral, or if warrants or any other rights, options or securities are issued in respect of the Collateral, (the " Additional Securities ") then all new, substituted and/or additional shares or other securities issued by reason of such change or by reason of the exercise of such warrants, rights, options or securities, will be (if delivered to Pledgor, immediately surrendered to the Company and) pledged to the Company to be held under the terms of this Pledge Agreement as and in the same manner as the Collateral is held hereunder.
7. Rights Under Purchase Agreement; Setoff. Pledgor understands and agrees that the Company's rights to repurchase the Collateral under the Purchase Agreement, if any, will continue for the periods and on the terms and conditions specified in the Purchase Agreement, whether or not the Note has been paid in full during such period of time, and that to the extent that the Note is not paid in full during such period of time, the repurchase by the Company of the Collateral may be made by way of cancellation of all or any part of Pledgor's indebtedness under the Note.
8. Redelivery of Collateral; No Release For Partial Payment.
(a) Until all obligations of Pledgor under the Note and under this Pledge Agreement have been satisfied in full, all Collateral will continue to be held in pledge under this Pledge Agreement. If Pledgor prepays all or a portion of the principal amount of the Note, the portion of the Shares for which such pre-payment would represent the purchase price under the Purchase Agreement (the " Paid Shares ") will be treated as independent collateral for the remaining balance of the Note for the purpose of commencing the holding period under Rule 144 (d) of the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to other Shares purchased with the Note.
(b) Upon performance of all Pledgor's obligations under the Note and this Pledge Agreement, and subject to the terms and conditions of the Purchase Agreement, the Company will immediately redeliver the Collateral to Pledgor and this Pledge Agreement will terminate;
2
provided, however, that all rights of the Company to retain possession of the Shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement will survive termination of this Pledge Agreement.
9. Further Assurances. Pledgor shall, at the Company's request, execute and deliver such further documents and take such further actions as the Company shall reasonably request to perfect and maintain the Company's security interest in the Collateral, or in any part thereof.
10. Successors and Assigns. This Pledge Agreement will inure to the benefit of the respective heirs, personal representatives, successors and assigns of the parties hereto.
11. Governing Law; Severability. This Pledge Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of California, excluding that body of law relating to conflicts of law. Should one or more of the provisions of this Pledge Agreement be determined by a court of law to be illegal or unenforceable, the other provisions nevertheless will remain effective and will be enforceable.
12. Modification; Entire Agreement. This Pledge Agreement will not be amended without the written consent of both parties hereto. This Pledge Agreement, together with the Note and any the UCC-1 financing statements filed by the Company, constitute the entire agreement of the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings related to such subject matter.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Pledge Agreement as of the date and year first above written.
ALIBRIS
PLEDGOR
By:
/s/ PEGGY DELEON
/s/ MARK NASON
(Signature)
Peggy DeLeon
(Please print name)
Mark Nason
(Please print name)
VP HR
(Please print title)
[Signature page to Alibris Stock Pledge Agreement]
3
|
msmarco_passage_00_629066668 | Convert watt hours to joules | energy conversion | Convert watt hours to joules | energy conversion
1 watt hour (Wh) = 3,600.00 joules (J)
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Prefix or symbol for watt hour is: Wh
Prefix or symbol for joule is: J
Technical units conversion tool for energy measures. Exchange reading in watt hours unit Wh into joules unit J as in an equivalent measurement result (two different units but the same identical physical total value, which is also equal to their proportional parts when divided or multiplied).
One watt hour converted into joule equals = 3,600.00 J
1 Wh = 3,600.00 J
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msmarco_passage_00_629697284 | Convert 7000 square feet to square meters | Convert 7000 square feet to square meters
Convert 7000 square feet to square meters
If you want to convert 7000 ft² to m² or to calculate how much 7000 square feet is in square meters you can use our free square feet to square meters converter:
7000 square feet = 650.32 square meters
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Convert square feet to square meters | Convert square meters to square feet | Convert 7000 square meters to square feet
How to convert 7000 square feet to square meters
To convert 7000 ft² to square meters you have to multiply 7000 x 0.092903, since 1 ft² is 0.092903 m²
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msmarco_passage_00_629930501 | Welcome to Cook County Georgia - Cook County Georgia | Welcome to Cook County Georgia - Cook County Georgia
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Cook County was the 153rd county formed in Georgia. It was created from Berrien County and named for General Philip Cook, who fought in both the Seminole War and the Civil War and was Georgia’s Secretary of State for over 20 years.
The county courthouse was constructed in 1939, one of many depression era public works projects in the state. This courthouse is also listed on the National Register of Historic Buildings. Points of Interest: Another historic building, located in Adel, is the Jim Paulk-SOWEGA Building, owned by the Adel-Cook County Chamber of Commerce. The building was constructed in 1930 and originally the home office of Southwest Georgia Melon Growers Association (SOWEGA), which started in 1920 as the only cooperative association for marketing watermelons in the world.
One of the first roads cut through the Wiregrass Territory ran through Cook County at Cecil. This road, known as the Coffee Road, was called for by an act of the state legislature in 1823 and was built by General John Coffee. The Coffee Road became a main thoroughfare for early settlers, who traveled to Tallahassee and the Gulf Coast for salt and other staples.
Reed Bingham State Park is located in the county. The park has a variety of recreational facilities centering around a 400-acre lake, where swimming, skiing, boating, and fishing are excellent. Other facilities include campsites, nature trails, miniature golf, and picnic shelters.
Some of Cook County’s festivals include the Brushy Creek Muzzleloaders Spring Shoot and Rendezvous in March, the Annual Turnip Trot in November, and the Lean-Ox Festival, also in November.
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msmarco_passage_00_631259138 | How long will food last in a refrigerator that is turned off? - Seasoned Advice | How long will food last in a refrigerator that is turned off? - Seasoned Advice
How long will food last in a refrigerator that is turned off?
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We will be having a power outage in our building soon and our fridges are pretty full. The power will be off for about 10 hours. Will our food last safely during this time?
food-safety refrigerator
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edited May 30 '12 at 20:27
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[Edited] I think 10 hours would be safe enough for most food: the first couple of hours the fridge will still be quite cold, and after that it takes more than a few ours for most food to spoil. When I leave milk out of the fridge for three hours at room temperature (say, 20 °C), nothing happens. I do this often. And the temperature inside the fridge will never reach room temperature in those 10 hours. When it is really hot in summer, it might spoil after 2 hours outside the fridge, but otherwise it takes much longer.
Cheese, food in jars, sauces, leftover cooked food: none of these are more sensitive to spoiling than milk. Fresh herbs are probably equally sensitive. Eggs are much less sensitive. The most sensitive kinds of food I can think of are probably raw meat and raw fish without preservatives. Smoked or salted meat and fish do not count: they can be kept much longer. I think even raw meat and fish will pull through, but you might want to apply the following tips to be sure.
Tip 1: put as much material in your fridge as possible, a day before the outage. That will "absorb the cold" that your fridge feeds it while power is still on. Then, once power goes out, the "cold reserve" in your fridge will be significantly increased, so that the average temperature of the interior will stay colder for a much longer time. The higher the volumetric heat capacity, the better. See this table ('volumetric heat capacity') for the best material; water probably wins. So stuffing bags of water in every nook and cranny would seem like a good idea. Or else bottles.
Tip 2: if you have a freezer, stuff it with bags and/or bottles of water, and put most of those in the fridge once power goes out (swap with some of the bags/bottles that were in the fridge). The freezer will probably do better, because it has much better insulation than the fridge. And put the most sensitive foods in the freezer maybe a few hours after power goes out (or maybe later—lest they freeze after all).
Actually, start putting as much water bags/bottles in the freezer as you can several hours before power goes out, and move them to the fridge once frozen. They will remain half-frozen for hours and hours in the fridge, so they will add extra coolness to the fridge. This way you're "saving up" cold from the freezer and increasing your cold reserve even more.
Tip 3: most refrigerators have a temperature slide/wheel/thing, which determines what temperature the thermostat aims at. You could set the slide to maximum power (so lowest temperature) a few hours before the power outage. Most people, including me, have the slide somewhere in the middle normally. The slide usually doesn't mark the exact temperature, but rather some symbols. It is usually found inside the refrigerator.
Tip 4: cook and/or eat any raw fish and meat before the outage. I think it would not be necessary at all if you follow the above tips, but cooking your meat now may just be simpler. Then either store the cooked meat or eat it. Incidentally, I wouldn't half-cook any meat: that may actually increase the rate of bacterial growth if it doesn't kill the bacteria completely. But something like salmon can be (fully) cooked first, reheated later.
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answered May 30 '12 at 20:38
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As others have mentioned, it depends a lot on the efficiency of your fridge, how much or little food there's in, the temperature of the room the fridge is in and so on. The USDA has a whole page about “ Keeping Food Safe During an Emergency .” A power outage of 10 hours seems rather long though considering they state you can expect the fridge to keep the food safe for about 4 hours (without any further preparations). Check the page for additional advice.
Keep the refrigerator and freezer doors closed as much as possible to maintain the cold temperature. The refrigerator will keep food safely cold for about 4 hours if it is unopened. A full freezer will hold the temperature for approximately 48 hours (24 hours if it is half full) if the door remains closed. Obtain dry or block ice to keep your refrigerator as cold as possible if the power is going to be out for a prolonged period of time. Fifty pounds of dry ice should hold an 18-cubic foot full freezer for 2 days. Plan ahead and know where dry ice and block ice can be purchased.
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Ziplock bags of water in the freezer work great as ice-packs- for both the fridge and freezer.
Also, once my apartment was due to get hit by a hurricane when I would be gone for the weekend. I was concerned that the power might go out for an extended period of time and I'd have no idea how long the fridge was without power. Since I would be gone for several days, the fridge would easily have enough time to refreeze potentially spoiled food.
So to see if items in the fridge had melted and later refrozen, I left a frozen tray of ice cubes upside down in the freezer.
With this tip, if power is restored when you're away (or just during the night when you're asleep), then check to see if the ice cubes separated from the tray. If they're just loose, you're probably okay. But if they have melted at all then you know the freezer dropped below freezing long enough for items to melt. The size and shape of the melted ice cubes can also be a good indicator of how much melting occurred.
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answered Jun 14 '12 at 14:37
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Make or buy ice and put that on the top shelf of the fridge. Also, use a thermometer to check the temperature of the highest shelf with food after the power returns. If it's below 7ºC-8ºC, I'd risk it.
You should also take Yamikuronue's advise to NOT open the fridge during the outage.
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answered May 30 '12 at 20:20
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If the door is not opened. 24 hours. 1 gal ice jug. Place in fridge & 1 small battery fan blowing on it will keep most cool 8 hours. With door opened several times.
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answered Oct 9 '17 at 23:39
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msmarco_passage_00_637167500 | Planting Corn in June and July! – What can you expect? - Wisconsin Corn Agronomy | Planting Corn in June and July! – What can you expect? - Wisconsin Corn Agronomy
June 2008
Field Crops 28.421-57
Planting Corn in June and July! - What can you expect?
Joe Lauer, Corn Agronomist
PDF Version
Unprecedented rainfall continues to cause flooding and ponding leading to problems for corn establishment on 5 to 10% of planted acres in southern Wisconsin. Flooded and ponded areas have existed long enough now so that plants have been killed and areas need to be replanted. Most planted acres are still in good shape, but fertilizer and herbicide treatments need to be applied as soon as possible since the majority of the crop is at the V4-V5 stage and lay-by (V-10) will be occurring within the next two weeks. What is difficult to predict is the health of plants on the fringes of ponded areas in a field. These saturated areas have likely had N leaching and denitrification as well as impacts on plant health that will show up later in the life cycle.
For areas of fields that have been killed by flooding or ponding the following guidelines should be considered.
Corn can be planted for grain until June 1-5 in northern Wisconsin and until June 10 in southern Wisconsin. Risk has increased from earlier planting dates and is as great as average yield with increasing downside risk and frequent yield extremes caused by the environment.
After June 10, the only viable grain option is soybean until the last week of June.
Corn can be planted for silage uses until about June 24.
During the last week in June, the objective of growers needs to change from planting crops for grain and silage production to emergency dry matter production.
Finally, consider whether a crop should be planted at all? The best decision may be to fallow the land and control weeds.
Numerous emergency forages have been tested ( http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/wfc/proceedings2003/emergencyforage.htm ). These results indicate that corn can be good emergency forage when planted in June and July.
We conducted experiments during 2005 and 2006 to determine what could be expected by planting corn in June and July. Three corn hybrids (brown midrib, full-, and shorter-season) were planted on five different dates from April 28 to August 1 at Arlington, WI. The 2005 growing season had a killing frost on October 26, which was three weeks later than normal.
Seasonal dry matter production after planting during July ranged from 0.7 to 7.5 Tons DM/A while the same hybrids planted April 28 to June 1 produced 8.7 to 10.0 T DM/A (Table 1). Milk per acre is significantly lowered 92 to 17% to levels ranging from 2,300 to 24,000 lbs milk/ A for planting dates in July. Crude protein, NDF and NDFD increased with later planting dates. Although, little starch content was measured in later planting dates, overall milk per Ton tended to decrease slightly. Thus, relatively small changes in Milk per ton occurred during planting dates in July with levels ranging from 2600 to 3200 lbs milk/T, which was a 16 to 22% decrease from corn planted April 28 to June 1.
Full-season hybrids produced the greatest dry matter yield and Milk per acre when planted during July (Table 2). No significant interaction among corn hybrid types was measured for Milk per Ton, although brown midrib hybrids tended to produce the best quality.
Corn can produce significant dry matter yield when planted during July, but the amount produced depends upon when a killing frost occurs. Growers need to check on options available from their insurance companies before taking action and planting corn in late June and July for emergency forage. Herbicide labels must be adhered to before switching to other crops. A small amount of fertilizer may be justified in replanted areas. There is no guarantee that flooding and ponding will not occur again later during the growing season.
Table 1. Corn silage yield and quality response to planting date at Arlington, WI. Values are averaged across brown midrib, full- and shorter-season hybrids.
Planting date
Harvest date
Season GDUs
Forage yield
Crude protein
NDF
NDFD
Starch content
Milk (2006)
T/A
%
%
%
%
lbs/T
lbs/A
2005
April 29
September 9
2369
9.5
7.4
43
60
34
3400
32500
June 1
September 21
2325
10.0
7.0
46
59
32
3300
33300
June 30
November 1
1996
7.5
7.7
51
62
20
3100
24000
July 15
November 1
1694
5.6
8.2
54
66
12
2900
16500
August 1
November 1
1304
2.8
9.6
59
73
1
2600
7300
R2
0.82
0.99
0.99
1.00
0.92
1.00
0.94
2006
April 28
September 8
2242
9.1
7.7
45
57
33
3300
29700
June 1
October 25
2197
8.7
8.4
42
56
35
3300
28900
June 30
October 25
1723
5.9
8.9
55
63
18
3100
18500
July 14
October 25
1442
3.5
10.3
68
64
0
2800
10000
July 31
October 25
1036
0.7
12.4
68
75
0
3200
2300
R2
0.97
0.96
0.99
1.00
0.79
NS
0.99
GDUs= Growing Degree Units from planting until harvest or killing frost
Date when minimum temperature <= 28 oF: 2005= October 26; 2006= October 12
Table 2. Corn silage yield and quality response to planting date at Arlington, WI. Values are averages of 2005 and 2006.
Planting date
Forage yield
Crude protein
NDF
NDFD
Starch content
Milk (2006)
T/A
%
%
%
%
lb/T
lb/A
Full-season hybrid (108 d RM)
April 29
10.0
7.4
43
56
35
3300
33300
June 1
10.3
7.3
44
55
34
3300
33800
June 30
7.5
8.0
56
60
17
3000
22600
July 15
5.3
9.4
61
63
8
2900
15300
August 1
2.1
11.1
64
72
1
2800
5600
R2
0.87
0.82
0.76
0.87
0.88
0.57
0.87
Shorter-season hybrid (94 d RM)
April 29
9.4
7.4
42
55
37
3300
31500
June 1
9.4
7.7
41
54
39
3300
31300
June 30
7.0
8.6
50
57
23
3100
21900
July 15
4.7
9.5
60
63
8
2800
13500
August 1
1.9
11.3
63
72
1
2800
5000
R2
0.89
0.79
0.82
0.91
0.88
0.54
0.90
Brown midrib hybrid
April 29
8.4
7.9
47
63
28
3400
28500
June 1
8.3
8.2
47
64
27
3400
28200
June 30
5.9
8.3
53
69
17
3300
19300
July 15
3.8
9.0
62
73
3
2900
10900
August 1
1.4
10.6
65
79
0
3000
3800
R2
0.89
0.78
0.79
0.89
0.89
0.47
0.88
Hybrid * Planting date interaction
**
**
**
**
**
NS
**
Bmr hybrid: 2005= 112 d RM and 2006= 102 d RM
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msmarco_passage_00_639341319 | Our History | Our History
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Walmart as we know it today evolved from Sam Walton’s goals for great value and great customer service. “Mr. Sam,” as he was known, believed in leadership through service. This belief that true leadership depends on willing service was the principle on which Walmart was built, and drove the decisions the company has made for the past 50 years. So much of Walmart’s history is tied to the story of Sam Walton himself, and so much of our future will be rooted in Mr. Sam’s principles.
The Road to Walmart
Sam Walton was born in 1918 in Kingfisher, Oklahoma. In 1942, at the age of 24, he joined the military. He married Helen Robson in 1943. When his military service ended in 1945, Sam and Helen moved to Iowa and then to Newport, Arkansas. During this time, Sam gained early retail experience, eventually operating his own variety store.
In 1950, the Waltons left Newport for Bentonville, where Sam opened Walton’s 5&10 on the downtown square. They chose Bentonville because Helen wanted small-town living, and Sam could take advantage of the different hunting seasons that living at the corner of four states had to offer.
Inspired by the early success of his dime store, and driven to bring even greater opportunity and value to his customers, Sam opened the first Walmart in 1962 at the age of 44 in Rogers, Arkansas.
Changing the Face of Retail
Sam's competitors thought his idea that a successful business could be built around offering lower prices and great service would never work. As it turned out, the company's success exceeded even Sam's expectations. The company went public in 1970, and the proceeds financed a steady expansion of the business. Sam credited the rapid growth of Walmart not just to the low costs that attracted his customers, but also to his associates. He relied on them to give customers the great shopping experience that would keep them coming back. Sam shared his vision for the company with associates in a way that was nearly unheard of in the industry. He made them partners in the success of the company, and firmly believed that this partnership was what made Walmart great.
As the stores grew, so did Sam's aspirations. In addition to bringing new approaches and technologies to retail, he also experimented with new store formats—including Sam's Club and the Walmart Supercenter—and even made the decision to take Walmart into Mexico. Sam's fearlessness in offering lower prices and bringing Walmart's value to customers in the U.S. and beyond set a standard for the company that lives on to this day. His strong commitment to service and to the values that help individuals, businesses and the country succeed earned him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President George H. W. Bush in 1992.
It was during Sam's acceptance remarks that he articulated what would come to be Walmart's official company purpose.
If we work together, we'll lower the cost of living for everyone...we'll give the world an opportunity to see what it's like to save and have a better life.
Today, "saving people money so they can live better" is the driving force behind everything we do.
10 Rules for Building a Better Business
Sam Walton believed running a successful business boils down to 10 simple rules and they helped Walmart become the global leader it is today. We continue to apply them to every part of our business. Read his 10 rules for building a better business »
Mr. Sam's Legacy
Sam Walton died in 1992, shortly after receiving the Medal of Freedom, but his legacy lives on. To this day, Walmart remains a leader in the retail industry. We are committed not just to expanding the business to better serve our customers, but also to improving the communities we serve through our efforts to constantly improve what we do and how we do it, and through the impacts we're able to achieve through the Walmart Foundation. Through this daily dedication to our business and our customers, we honor Mr. Sam.
Timeline
Timeline
Walmart's history is more than just the stores we've built, the partnerships we've made and the customers we've served. So much of our history is in the details. See how Walmart began, how we’ve grown and how our leadership has changed the retail industry.
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Present
1960s
Retail Revolution
Sam Walton's strategy is built on an unshakeable foundation: the lowest prices anytime, anywhere.
1962
On July 2, 1962, Sam Walton opens the first Walmart store in Rogers, Arkansas.
1967
The Walton family owns 24 stores, ringing up $12.7 million in sales.
1969
The company officially incorporates as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
1970s
Walmart Goes National
In the 1970s, a decade of incredible growth, "Mr. Sam" begins to take Walmart national, providing his vision's widespread appeal.
1970
Walmart becomes a publicly traded company. The first stock is sold at $16.50 per share.
1971
The first distribution center and Home Office open in Bentonville, Arkansas.
1972
Walmart is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (WMT). With 51 stores, Walmart records sales of $78 million.
1975
Inspired by a visit to a Korean manufacturing facility, Sam Walton introduces the Walmart cheer.
1979
The Walmart Foundation is established.
1980s
Decade of Firsts
In the 1980s, the first Sam's Club opens, serving small businesses and individuals, and the first Walmart Supercenter opens, combining a supermarket with general merchandise.
1980
Walmart reaches $1 billion in annual sales, faster than any other company at that time.
Walmart has 276 stores and employs 21,000 associates.
1983
The first Sam’s Club opens in Midwest City, Oklahoma.
Walmart replaces cash registers with computerized point-of-sale systems, enabling fast and accurate checkout.
1984
Sam Walton does the hula on Wall Street, making good on a promise to associates after the company achieves a pre-tax profit of 8% for the previous fiscal year.
1987
The Walton family establishes the Walton Family Foundation.
The company installs the largest private satellite communication system in the U.S., linking the company's operations through voice, data and video communication.
1988
The first Walmart Supercenter opens in Washington, Missouri, combining general merchandise and a full-scale supermarket to provide one-stop shopping convenience.
David Glass is named chief executive officer.
1990s
America's Top Retailer
By 1990, Walmart is the nation's No. 1 retailer. As the Walmart Supercenter redefines convenience and one-stop shopping, Everyday Low Prices goes international.
1991
Through a joint venture with Cifra, a Mexican retail company, Walmart goes global, opening a Sam’s Club in Mexico City.
1992
While receiving the Medal of Freedom, Sam Walton articulates the company’s mission of saving people money so they can live better, shortly before passing away at age 74.
Rob Walton becomes chairman of the board.
Walmart employs 371,000 associates in 1,928 stores and clubs.
1993
Walmart celebrates its first $1 billion sales week.
1994
Walmart expands into Canada with the purchase of 122 Woolco stores.
1996
Walmart opens its first stores in China.
1997
The company celebrates its first $100 billion sales year.
1998
The Neighborhood Market format is introduced with three stores in Arkansas.
Walmart enters the United Kingdom with the acquisition of Asda.
2000s
New Millennium
Walmart enters the new millennium dedicated to offering customers a seamless shopping experience, whether they are online, in a store or on a mobile device.
2000
H. Lee Scott, Jr. succeeds David Glass as CEO.
Walmart.com is founded, allowing U.S. customers to shop online.
Walmart employs more than 1.1 million associates in 3,989 stores and clubs worldwide.
2002
For the first time, Walmart tops the Fortune 500 ranking of America's largest companies.
Walmart enters the Japanese market through its investment in Seiyu.
2005
Walmart takes a leading role in disaster relief, contributing $18 million and 2,450 truckloads of supplies to victims of hurricanes Katrina and Rita.
Walmart makes a major commitment to environmental sustainability, announcing goals to create zero waste, use only renewable energy and sell products that sustain people and the environment.
2006
Walmart introduces its $4 generic-drug prescription program.
2007
Walmart.com launches its Site to Store service, enabling customers to make a purchase online and pick up merchandise in stores.
2009
Mike Duke becomes CEO.
Walmart enters Chile with the acquisition of a majority stake in D&S S.A.
For the first time, Walmart exceeds $400 billion in annual sales.
2010s
People-Led and Tech-Empowered
Walmart commits to serving customers in a changing retail environment, leveraging both associates and technology to make it happen.
2010
Bharti Walmart, a joint venture, opens its first store in India.
Walmart commits $2 billion through the end of 2015 to help end hunger in the United States.
Walmart launches a global commitment to sustainable agriculture, aiming to strengthen local farmers and economies, while providing customers access to affordable, high-quality food.
2011
Walmart expands its business into South Africa by acquiring 51% of Massmart Holdings Limited.
With the acquisition of Massmart in South Africa, Walmart surpasses 10,000 retail units around the world.
2012
Walmart celebrates 50 years of helping people save money so they can live better.
2013
Walmart U.S. announces it will hire any honorably discharged veteran within their first year off active duty. Walmart projects hiring over 100,000 veterans in the next five years.
Walmart acquires Bharti Walmart Private Limited, including the Best Price Modern Wholesale cash and carry business in India.
Walmart commits to buying $250 billion in goods manufactured in the United States over the next 10 years.
Walmart opens its first store in the District of Columbia.
2014
Doug McMillon succeeds Mike Duke as CEO.
Greg Foran becomes President and CEO of Walmart U.S.
2015
The company employs 2.3 million associates worldwide and serves more than 200 million customers each week at more than 11,000 stores in 27 countries.
Walmart announces a $2.7 billion investment over two years in its U.S. workforce, including raising its minimum wage to $9 an hour, implementing new training programs, and giving associates more control over their schedules.
Walmart acquires 100% stake in Yihaodian, an e-commerce business in China, up from the 51% stake since 2012.
Rob Walton retires as chairman of the board of directors for Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. He continues to serve as a director.
Greg Penner succeeds Rob Walton as chairman of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
2016
Walmart opens its Culinary & Innovation Center in Bentonville to develop and test new and innovative products.
Walmart Pay, a fast, easy and secure way for customers to make purchases with their smart phones, becomes a popular in-store payment method.
Online retailer Jet.com becomes part of the Walmart family with the two companies joining forces to save customers even more time and money. Hayneedle, a subsidiary of Jet.com, is also included in this merger.
Walmart opens its first training Academy in South Carolina, with 200 total locations planned at stores across the U.S.
More than 1.2 million Walmart and Sam’s Club associates get a pay increase as part of the company’s two-year, $2.7 billion investment in its people.
Walmart and JD.com, China’s largest e-commerce company by revenue, form a strategic alliance to better serve consumers across China, covering both online and offline retail.
The company makes a commitment to become the most trusted retailer through hitting specific goals by 2025, all focused on sustainability, empowering its associates and improving the lives of people around the world.
2017
John Furner becomes Sam's Club's new president and CEO.
Walmart launches free two-day shipping on more than 2 million items, no membership required.
Walmart acquires Moosejaw, ModCloth, Bonobos and Parcel. Jet acquires ShoeBuy.com, which is later renamed Shoes.com.
Walmart launches Store N o 8, a tech incubator, with a focus to drive commerce forward and transform the future of retail.
Walmart launches Project Gigaton, asking suppliers to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its supply chain by 1 gigaton. The company also sets a new goal to reduce its consumables chemical footprint by 10% by 2022.
Present
Leading the Future of Retail
Walmart continues to pave the way in retail innovation, benefiting customers and associates alike by leveraging new technology and learning from its expanding family of brands.
2018
The company changes its legal name from Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. to Walmart Inc.
Walmart announces plans to increase its starting wage rate for all U.S. hourly associates to $11, expand maternity and parental leave benefits and provide a one-time cash bonus for eligible associates. More than 1 million associates are expected to benefit from the combined wage and benefit changes.
Judith McKenna becomes President and CEO of Walmart International.
The company takes thoughtful and deliberate actions to serve customers and position its International business for long-term growth with the acquisition of Flipkart in India, divestiture of its business in Brazil and proposed merger of Asda and Sainsburys in the U.K.
Walmart acquires Eloquii, Bare Necessities, and Art.com.
2019
John Furner named President and CEO of Walmart U.S.
Walmart Logo Timeline
Walmart Logo
We’ve come a long way since 1962. As our business has changed, so has our logo.
1962 - 1964
Walmart launched without a true logo. In fact, for the first two years, when the Walmart name appeared in print, the font and style were chosen at the whim of the printer.
1964 - 1981
In 1964, the company selected a font. This “Frontier Font Logo” was the first official and first consistently used logo in our history. It survived for nearly 20 years.
1968 - 1981
Along with the first official logo, we developed a Discount City mark. This mark appeared in print advertising and in-store signage, as well as on employee uniforms and smocks. However, it was never used on exterior building signage or in annual reports.
1981 - 1992
After nearly 20 years, the company dropped the frontier feel of the logo and introduced a fresh new look for Walmart.
1992 - 2008
In 1992, we replaced the hyphen with a star. This logo can still be seen on many of our North American storefronts as we continue to transition hundreds of stores to the newest logo.
2008 - present
In 2008, Walmart underwent the most significant logo change to date, introducing a new font and the iconic spark.
The Walmart Museum
The Walmart Museum
When Sam Walton opened his 5&10 on the Bentonville town square in 1950, he had no idea he'd planted the seeds for what would become the global leader in retail, saving millions of people money so they could live better. Today, that humble little dime store is the location of the Walmart Museum and offers a family-friendly experience featuring a world-class exhibit gallery, Walton's 5&10, and the Spark Café Soda Fountain.
Interactive Exhibit Gallery
Step through the store and into a collection of images, items and information on this history of Walmart and the Walton family from over the years. This multi-room gallery showcases Sam Walton's life and leadership in making Walmart into a company that helps customers save money and live better.
Visitors can look, touch and explore through a series of family-friendly, interactive displays. All the exhibits are designed as giant scrapbooks that tell the story of Walmart through words, images, artifacts and interactive displays like our virtual tour of Sam Walton's old office and our map featuring information on customers, stores, suppliers and associates from around the world. We've even got Mr. Sam's trusty old Ford F-150 parked in the gallery.
Walton's 5 & 10
A visit to Walton’s 5&10 is like stepping back in time. Visitors can experience a piece of Sam Walton’s history in a real, functional storefront setting. The store boasts original floor tiles and an original tin ceiling, as well as toys, candy and books straight out of an earlier era.
The Spark Café Soda Fountain
The Spark Café is an old-fashioned soda fountain where visitors can enjoy ice cream, sweet treats and beverages while taking in the beautiful and historic Bentonville Square. The music, movies and ice cream floats will take you back to a simpler, more carefree time.
To plan your trip, visit WalmartMuseum.com for more information.
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msmarco_passage_00_642490641 | 2021 Average Window Replacement Prices: How Much Does it Cost to Install New Windows? Free Window Replacement Prices and Estimates | 2021 Average Window Replacement Prices: How Much Does it Cost to Install New Windows? Free Window Replacement Prices and Estimates
Home > Home Improvement > Windows & Doors > New Windows Cost
How Much Do New Windows Cost?
Window Replacement Prices
Replacing your old home windows with new modern windows won't just brighten up your home and prevent leaks. Replacement windows can lower your energy bills and under a new government program can even earn you a tax credit.
How Much Does it Cost to Install New Windows?
The cost to install a window can vary dramatically depending on the brand, materials and local labor costs.
Replacing a standard-sized window will cost, on average, $200 to $400 installed. You can get cheap vinyl windows for as little as $100 and high end windows or a custom window could cost up to $1,000 apiece installed.
A standard sized bay window costs around $2,000 to $4,000 installed. Odd sized or custom designed bay windows could cost $5,000 to $10,000.
A basement window costs approximately $100 to $500 installed.
A garden window costs an average of $1,000 to $2,000 and some garden windows could cost up to $4,000.
Storm windows are mounted on a window, either externally or internally. They are used in cold weather climates to improve a window's energy efficiency. A storm window is typically made of glass or plastic and can be mounted as a permanent or temporary fixture. They are often used in older homes to preserve the architectural integrity and are also a cheaper solution to replacement windows. They cost about a quarter of the price. Storm windows start at around $30 to $60 and can cost $150 to $300 or more. (read a brief overview of storm windows)
A rotted or damaged window frame may need to be repaired before installing a new window.
Double or triple-paned windows and those filled with argon gas deliver greater energy efficiency but are more expensive.
If you buy at a big box store you may be paying extra for a salesperson's commission, which will raise the price by as much as 30%.
You could save some money by purchasing and installing new windows yourself, or else buy them and pay a local handyman for window installation. However, if you hire a handyman as a window installer, make sure they have experience, as improperly installed windows can cause many problems.
This Old House provides step by step instructions on installing replacement windows.
You may be able to remedy a broken or leaky window by repairing it instead of replacing it.
Shopping for new windows?
Readers Digest.com answers some frequently asked questions about buying new windows.
For all things windows, have a look at This Old House.com.
HGTV.com has a huge collection of articles on window design and ideas.
Buying and installing new, energy-efficient windows in your home could earn a tax credit up to $1,500. For more details, visit EnergyStar.gov. |
msmarco_passage_00_646148610 | World population 2021 | Population clock live | World population 2021 | Population clock live
World population
World population (live)
7,887,801,690
Current population
3,979,831,297
Current male population (50.5%)
3,907,970,393
Current female population (49.5%)
59,775,693
Births year to date
420,444
Births today
23,265,444
Deaths year to date
163,642
Deaths today
0
Net migration year to date
0
Net migration today
36,510,248
Population growth year to date
256,802
Population growth today
18-05-2021 23:17:00
Select country Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Channel Islands Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Curacao Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic People's Republic of Korea Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faroe Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Authority Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan (Republic of China) Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom (UK) United States of America (USA) United States Virgin Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna Islands Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe ---------------------------------------------- World
United States of America (USA) Population
China Population
India Population
Canada Population
Australia Population
Russian Federation Population
Contents
Top 5 death causes clock
World population clock
Top 20 countries
Population in 2021
Demographics in 2020
Population density
Global religions
Global age structure
Global life expectancy
Global literacy
World historical population
Population projection
Top 5 death causes in the World
today
This year
Coronary artery disease
25,386
15.51 %
3,609,168
Stroke
18,094
11.06 %
2,572,460
Lower respiratory tract infection
9,251
5.65 %
1,315,196
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
9,192
5.62 %
1,306,820
Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers
4,913
3.00 %
698,429
Source: deathmeters.info
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World population - is the total number of humans currently living in the World. As of today, the total population of the world is around 7.89 billion people. The first billion was reached around 1800 and in just 200 years we reached 7 billion.
According to Population Division of United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , these are the main milestones:
1 billion - 1804
2 billion - 1927 (in 123 years)
3 billion - 1960 (in 33 years)
4 billion - 1974 (in 14 years)
5 billion - 1987 (in 13 years)
6 billion - October 12, 1999 (in 12 years)
7 billion - October 31, 2011 (in 12 years)
World population is expected to reach 8 billion people in 2023 according to our estimates.
Currently, the world population is increasing by more than 90 million per year.
The Global sex ratio is 1.018. It means that we have slightly more men then women. The median age of the world's population is estimated to be 31 years in 2020 (30.3 and 31.8 for male and female accordingly) .
More than 70% of the world population live in 20 most populous countries of the world. There are just 2 countries in the world with a population more than 1 billion people: China and India. About 36 % of the World population live just in these two countries. Despite the fact that China is curently the most populous country in the world, India's population growths much faster. And in 2023 India is expected to become the most populous country in the world.
More than half of the world's population identify with a religious group. The biggest groups are: Christianity (32%) and Islam (24%).
Top 20 most populous countries (19-05-2021)
1
China
1,446,798,635
18.34%
2
India
1,397,156,421
17.71%
3
United States of America (USA)
333,470,953
4.23%
4
Indonesia
276,891,201
3.51%
5
Pakistan
225,116,560
2.85%
6
Brazil
214,471,416
2.72%
7
Nigeria
211,102,224
2.68%
8
Bangladesh
166,591,143
2.11%
9
Russian Federation
145,985,976
1.85%
10
Mexico
130,684,862
1.66%
11
Japan
126,461,419
1.60%
12
Ethiopia
117,514,756
1.49%
13
Philippines
111,234,772
1.41%
14
Egypt
104,432,871
1.32%
15
Vietnam
98,402,983
1.25%
16
Democratic Republic of the Congo
92,061,960
1.17%
17
Turkey
85,842,570
1.09%
18
Iran
84,917,452
1.08%
19
Germany
83,723,863
1.06%
20
Thailand
70,075,817
0.89%
This list includes 20 most populous countries in the World. Approximately 5.52 billion people live in these twenty countries, or around 70% of the world's population.
See also: Full List of countries and dependent territories of the World by population
World population 2021
The population of the world is projected to increase by 96,954,663 people in 2021 and reach 7,948,118,519 in the end of the year. The natural increase is expected to be positive, as the number of births will exceed the number of deaths by 96,617,035.
Population change rates in 2021
According to our estimations, daily change rates of world population in 2021 will be the following:
433,382 live births average per day (18,057.58 in an hour)
168,678 deaths average per day (7,028.23 in an hour)
The population of World will be increasing by 265,629 persons daily in 2021.
Demographics of the World 2020
As of 1 January 2021, the population of the world was estimated to be 7,851,163,856. This is an increase of 1.23 % (95,122,853 people) compared to population of 7,756,041,003 the year before. In 2020 the natural increase was positive, as the number of births exceeded the number of deaths by 94,859,658.
Below are the key figures for the world population in 2020:
155,676,622 live births
60,816,965 deaths
3,961,345,487 males as of 31 December 2020
3,889,818,369 females as of 31 December 2020
4,239,628,482 people live in urban areas (54 % of total world population)
3,611,535,374 people live in rural areas (46 % of total world population)
Growth Rate 1952 - 2021
1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 0 1 2 3 Growth Rate %
Year
Growth Rate
1952
1.84
1953
1.8
1954
1.77
1955
1.77
1956
1.77
1957
1.79
1958
1.81
1959
1.83
1960
1.88
1961
1.87
1962
1.89
1963
1.91
1964
1.94
1965
1.99
1966
2.03
1967
2.06
1968
2.08
1969
2.09
1970
2.07
1971
2.05
1972
2.02
1973
2
1974
1.96
1975
1.91
1976
1.86
1977
1.82
1978
1.79
1979
1.77
1980
1.76
1981
1.77
1982
1.77
1983
1.78
1984
1.79
1985
1.81
1986
1.83
1987
1.85
1988
1.84
1989
1.82
1990
1.75
1991
1.67
1992
1.6
1993
1.54
1994
1.48
1995
1.45
1996
1.42
1997
1.39
1998
1.36
1999
1.33
2000
1.31
2001
1.3
2002
1.28
2003
1.27
2004
1.25
2005
1.25
2006
1.25
2007
1.25
2008
1.24
2009
1.24
2010
1.23
2011
1.22
2012
1.21
2013
1.2
2014
1.18
2015
1.17
2016
1.15
2017
1.13
2018
1.11
2019
1.09
2020
1.06
2021
1.23
3
World population density
The world population density is 57.7 people per square kilometer (149.4 per mi 2) as of May 2021. This number is calculated using 7,851,163,856 people as the world population and 136,120,354 km 2 (52,556,368 mi 2 )as Earth's total area. This is the sum of land and water areas within international boundaries and coastlines of all the countries in the world.
Since the Earth's total area is about 510 million square kilometers, the world population density can be calculated in several ways:
15.4 people/km 2 (39.9/mi 2) - the Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510,072,000 km 2 (196,939,921 mi 2 ).
52.2 people/km 2 (135.1/mi 2) - the Earth's land area. This includes all continental and island land area as well as Antarctica. The area in that case is 150,461,685 km 2 (58,093,588 mi 2 ).
57.7 people/km 2 (149.4/mi 2) - sum of land and water areas within international boundaries and coastlines of all the countries in the world. The area in that case is 136,120,354 km 2 (52,556,368 mi 2 ).
See also:
List of countries by surface area and density by United Nations Statistics Division
Map and list of the world by density of population at worldstat.info
Religion of the World
Religion
Number of followers
Percentage of
total population
Christianity
2,484,172,183
31.6 %
Islam
1,941,018,638
24.7 %
Religiously Unaffiliated
1,208,013,562
15.4 %
Hinduism
1,168,785,340
14.9 %
Buddhism
522,942,830
6.7 %
Folk or traditional religions
444,574,333
5.7 %
Other
66,737,025
0.9 %
Judaism
14,919,945
0.2 %
Source: Pew Research Center. The Global Religious Landscape .
Number of followers estimated by Countrymeters ( January 1 2021).
Global age structure
As of the beginning of 2021 according to our estimates the world had the following population age distribution:
26.6
64.7
7.5
- percentage of population under 15
- percentage of population between 15 and 64 years old
- percentage of population 65+
In absolute figures (estimate):
2,084,569,466 young people under 15 years old ( 1,077,744,528 males / 1,006,828,378 females)
5,081,333,771 persons between 15 and 64 years old ( 2,569,398,787 males / 2,511,954,917 females)
590,141,646 persons above 64 years old ( 261,787,349 males / 328,342,163 females)
We prepared a simplified model of the population distribution pyramid which is broken down into 3 main age groups. The groups are the same as we used above: population under 15, between 15 and 64 and population which is over 65 year old.
65+
15-64
0-14
male
female
As we can see the World population pyramid has an expanding type. This type of pyramid is common for developing countries with declining fertility rate but still high birth and death rates.
World life expectancy
Life expectancy at birth is one of the most important demographic indicator. It shows the number of years a newborn infant would live assuming that birth and death rates will remain at the same level during the whole lifetime.
According to Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations, life expectancy at birth for the world as a whole increased from 65 years in 1990-1995 to 70 years in 2010-2015. Although wide disparities persist such that the average length of life in Africa in 2010-2015, for example, is 12 years shorter than the global average and 21 years shorter than in Northern America - see figure below.
Figure: Life expectancy at birth by major areas
Global literacy
According to our estimates 4,894,412,455 persons or 86.3% of adult population (aged 15 years and above) in the world are able to read and write. Accordingly about 777,070,761 adults are illiterate.
Literacy rate for adult male population is 89.96% (2,546,850,112 persons). 284,336,024 are illiterate.
Literacy rate for adult female population is 82.65% (2,347,562,343 persons). 492,734,737 are illiterate.
Youth literacy rates are 92.81% and 90.13% for males and females accordingly. The overall youth literacy rate is 91.51%. Youth literacy rate definition covers the population between the ages of 15 to 24 years.
Source: The estimation data for section "World population literacy" is based on the latest data published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics (retrieved March 13, 2016) .
World historical population (1951 - 2021)
The data is given as of 1st of January of an year.
1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 0 2,000,000,000 4,000,000,000 6,000,000,000 8,000,000,000 historical population
Year
World historical population
1951
2,560,406,604
1952
2,607,553,997
1953
2,654,405,334
1954
2,701,399,657
1955
2,749,108,690
1956
2,797,843,787
1957
2,848,060,613
1958
2,899,688,319
1959
2,952,829,301
1960
3,008,337,351
1961
3,064,572,222
1962
3,122,342,316
1963
3,181,956,882
1964
3,243,686,348
1965
3,308,102,778
1966
3,375,113,774
1967
3,444,745,982
1968
3,516,519,814
1969
3,590,108,316
1970
3,664,557,571
1971
3,739,627,183
1972
3,815,162,572
1973
3,891,308,177
1974
3,967,410,338
1975
4,043,288,795
1976
4,118,650,244
1977
4,193,794,699
1978
4,268,758,390
1979
4,344,292,968
1980
4,420,957,100
1981
4,499,346,118
1982
4,579,073,550
1983
4,660,399,347
1984
4,743,637,344
1985
4,829,473,423
1986
4,917,794,826
1987
5,008,635,951
1988
5,100,973,495
1989
5,193,588,212
1990
5,284,512,394
1991
5,372,958,607
1992
5,458,709,589
1993
5,542,505,600
1994
5,624,649,220
1995
5,705,987,737
1996
5,786,776,201
1997
5,867,328,462
1998
5,947,157,474
1999
6,026,548,295
2000
6,105,725,477
2001
6,185,028,231
2002
6,264,168,230
2003
6,343,448,736
2004
6,423,033,915
2005
6,503,507,778
2006
6,584,702,481
2007
6,666,737,393
2008
6,749,422,837
2009
6,832,961,603
2010
6,916,843,009
2011
7,001,071,861
2012
7,085,473,969
2013
7,170,293,122
2014
7,255,029,148
2015
7,339,619,737
2016
7,423,834,158
2017
7,507,990,494
2018
7,591,515,998
2019
7,674,314,922
2020
7,756,041,003
2021
7,851,163,856
8,000,000,000
World population history
Year
Population
Growth Rate
1951
2,560,406,604
N/A %
1952
2,607,553,997
1.84 %
1953
2,654,405,334
1.80 %
1954
2,701,399,657
1.77 %
1955
2,749,108,690
1.77 %
1956
2,797,843,787
1.77 %
1957
2,848,060,613
1.79 %
1958
2,899,688,319
1.81 %
1959
2,952,829,301
1.83 %
1960
3,008,337,351
1.88 %
1961
3,064,572,222
1.87 %
1962
3,122,342,316
1.89 %
1963
3,181,956,882
1.91 %
1964
3,243,686,348
1.94 %
1965
3,308,102,778
1.99 %
1966
3,375,113,774
2.03 %
1967
3,444,745,982
2.06 %
1968
3,516,519,814
2.08 %
1969
3,590,108,316
2.09 %
1970
3,664,557,571
2.07 %
1971
3,739,627,183
2.05 %
1972
3,815,162,572
2.02 %
1973
3,891,308,177
2.00 %
1974
3,967,410,338
1.96 %
1975
4,043,288,795
1.91 %
1976
4,118,650,244
1.86 %
1977
4,193,794,699
1.82 %
1978
4,268,758,390
1.79 %
1979
4,344,292,968
1.77 %
1980
4,420,957,100
1.76 %
1981
4,499,346,118
1.77 %
1982
4,579,073,550
1.77 %
1983
4,660,399,347
1.78 %
1984
4,743,637,344
1.79 %
1985
4,829,473,423
1.81 %
1986
4,917,794,826
1.83 %
1987
5,008,635,951
1.85 %
1988
5,100,973,495
1.84 %
1989
5,193,588,212
1.82 %
1990
5,284,512,394
1.75 %
1991
5,372,958,607
1.67 %
1992
5,458,709,589
1.60 %
1993
5,542,505,600
1.54 %
1994
5,624,649,220
1.48 %
1995
5,705,987,737
1.45 %
1996
5,786,776,201
1.42 %
1997
5,867,328,462
1.39 %
1998
5,947,157,474
1.36 %
1999
6,026,548,295
1.33 %
2000
6,105,725,477
1.31 %
2001
6,185,028,231
1.30 %
2002
6,264,168,230
1.28 %
2003
6,343,448,736
1.27 %
2004
6,423,033,915
1.25 %
2005
6,503,507,778
1.25 %
2006
6,584,702,481
1.25 %
2007
6,666,737,393
1.25 %
2008
6,749,422,837
1.24 %
2009
6,832,961,603
1.24 %
2010
6,916,843,009
1.23 %
2011
7,001,071,861
1.22 %
2012
7,085,473,969
1.21 %
2013
7,170,293,122
1.20 %
2014
7,255,029,148
1.18 %
2015
7,339,619,737
1.17 %
2016
7,423,834,158
1.15 %
2017
7,507,990,494
1.13 %
2018
7,591,515,998
1.11 %
2019
7,674,314,922
1.09 %
2020
7,756,041,003
1.06 %
2021
7,851,163,856
1.23 %
The data is given as of 1st of January of an year.
Population projection (2020-2100)
Year
Population
Growth Rate
2020
7,797,322,395
-0.69 %
2025
8,187,482,626
5.00 %
2030
8,553,090,972
4.47 %
2035
8,894,594,868
3.99 %
2040
9,212,224,932
3.57 %
2045
9,506,070,389
3.19 %
2050
9,773,651,653
2.81 %
2055
10,012,946,343
2.45 %
2060
10,224,315,824
2.11 %
2065
10,411,449,013
1.83 %
2070
10,577,408,925
1.59 %
2075
10,723,432,838
1.38 %
2080
10,850,084,849
1.18 %
2085
10,958,838,946
1.00 %
2090
11,051,228,331
0.84 %
2095
11,127,099,242
0.69 %
2100
11,185,333,718
0.52 %
The data is given as of 1st of July of an year (medium fertility variant).
Source : United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division
|
msmarco_passage_00_649432100 | Steroid-induced osteoporosis
Steroid-induced osteoporosis
Introduction
Corticosteroids cause osteoporosis and fractures in a high percentage of patients. There is a dose-dependent effect, which is difficult to define because of varying durations at each dose. The beneficial effects of steroids on the underlying disease may partially offset the detrimental effects on bone. Because the effects are so variable and can be clinically severe, patients embarking on long-term steroid treatment should have bone density monitored, and measures taken to try to preserve bone.
The figure shows effects of steroids on bone. The yellow boxes are effects on osteoblasts or osteocytes; the blue boxes are effects on osteoclasts, and the white boxes are other effects which will secondarily cause bone loss.
Here is a powerpoint presentation about this. I'm working on getting permission to use the figures that are cited.
The trabecular bone is affected more rapidly than the cortical bone. Some patients suffer multiple vertebral compression fractures within a year of initiating steroid therapy.
Diagnostic work-up
Bone density should be measured in patients who are expected to remain on corticosteroids. The same lab tests that are used for "ordinary" osteoporosis are indicated for steroid-induced osteoporosis. In males it is very important to remember to check the testosterone level. Females should be asked about amenorrhea (which is probably a better indication of estrogen deficiency than estrogen levels). Measurement of LH or FSH will not be helpful in this situation, since the hypogonadism is usually hypogonadotropic, and thus low estrogen will not be associated with high FSH the way it is in a postmenopausal woman.
A 24-hour urine calcium is indicated, because often these patients have hypercalciuria. I usually check a urine N-telopeptide, too, to get an idea of how much of the hyercalciuria is due to bone resorption. Low urine calcium is also seen, especially if patients have any other reason for malabsorption. Vigorous treatment with calcium and vitamin D is too frequently undertaken without checking the urine calcium, and this could worsen hypercalciuria.
In patients with markedly low bone density, prevalent fractures, or high doses of steroids I usually also check a PTH and 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. In less severe cases I will just check these if the serum calcium or alkaline phosphatase is abnormal.
Xrays of the spineare especially important in patients taking long-term corticosteroids, because sometimes the fractures are not clinically obvious, and if they are present the patient will need maximal therapy.
Therapy
The physiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis is different than postmenopausal osteoporosis, so treatment cannot be expected to have the same results. For example, anti-resorptive therapy does not result in the same degree of increase in bone mass as in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Treatment/prevention of steroid-induced osteoporosis should begin with adequate calcium intake of 1000 to 1200 mg/day. Greater amounts are unlikely to be beneficial, and it probably is better to get the calcium from dietary sources instead of tablets. If the patient already has hypercalciuria, low-dose thiazides (12 mg/day) will reduce the hypercalciuria and allow more calcium intake.
The use ofvitamin Din corticosteroid-treated osteoporosis is debated, and there is still not enough data to make strong recommendations. The most recent studies do not show a difference in bone density with active vitamin D metabolites or high doses of ergocalciferol. However, patients should receive some vitamin D to prevent deficiency (1000 units/day). In those cases with low urine calcium or clinical malabsorption or renal insufficiency the more potent vitamin D should be used (such as calcitriol at 0.25 mcg/day as a beginning dose).
Gonadal steroids (estrogen in women and testosterone in men) should be replaced as appropriate unless there are contraindications.
Anti-resorptive therapy can prevent some of the bone loss. Calcitoninnasal spray (one puff = 200 units/day) or bisphosphonates(I prefer alendronate 35mg/week) have been used. Clinical trials using bisphosphonates have shown benefits after one to two years; long-term studies are still needed. These therapies should not be used in patients with low serum calcium, and adequate dietary intake should be assured before they are started. Also avoid them in patients with reflux esophagitis, patients who are bedridden and can't be upright after taking the medication, and patients with renal insufficiency, and premenopausal women who may wish to become pregnant in the future.
The bone resorption may be high when steroids are initiated, but with longer use the osteoclasts are inhibited by the steroids so it does not make as much sense to continue anti-resorptive therapy. More recent studies comparing teriparatide to bisphosphonates have shown that there is significantly lower fracture rates in the patients treated with teriparatide. One of the studies lasted for 3 years and the P1NP was better than baseline throughout the study.
References
1. Teitelbaum SL, Seton MP, Saag KG. Should bisphosphonates be used for long-term treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis? Arthritis and rheumatism. 2010. link
2. Teitelbaum SL. Glucocorticoids and the osteoclast. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015;33(4 Suppl 92):S37-9. link
3. Saag KG, Zanchetta JR, Devogelaer JP, Adler RA, Eastell R, See K, et al. Effects of teriparatide versus alendronate for treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: thirty-six-month results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2009;60(11):3346-55. link
4. Saag K, Shane E, Boonen S, Marin F, Donley DW, Taylor KA, et al. Teriparatide or Alendronate in Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. The New England journal of medicine. 2007;357:2028-39. link
5. Pearce G, Tabensky DA, Delmas PD, Baker HW, Seeman E. Corticosteroid-induced bone loss in men. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 1998;83:801-6. link
6. Kim HJ, Zhao H, Kitaura H, Bhattacharyya S, Brewer JA, Muglia LJ, et al. Glucocorticoids suppress bone formation via the osteoclast. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2006;116(8):2152-60. link
7. Yao W, Dai W, Jiang L, Lay EY, Zhong Z, Ritchie RO, et al. Sclerostin-antibody treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis maintained bone mass and strength. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2015. link
8. Lems WF. Glucocorticoids: bad or safe for the bones? RMD open. 2015;1(Suppl 1):e000050. link
9. Hansen KE, Wilson HA, Zapalowski C, Fink HA, Minisola S, Adler RA. Uncertainties in the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2011;26(9):1989-96. link
10. Adachi J, Saag K, Delmas P, Liberman U, Emkey R, Seeman E, et al. Two-Year Effects of Alendronate on Bone Mineral Density and Vertebral Fracture in Patients Receiving Glucocorticoids. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2001;44:202-11. link
11. Yao W, Dai W, Jiang JX, Lane NE. Glucocorticoids and osteocyte autophagy. Bone. 2013;54(2):279-84. link
12. Van Staa TP, Laan RF, Barton IP, Cohen S, Reid DM, Cooper C. Bone density threshold and other predictors of vertebral fracture in patients receiving oral glucocorticoid therapy. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2003;48(11):3224-9. link
13. van Staa T, Leufkens HG, Abenhaim L, Zhang B, Cooper C. Oral corticosteroids and fracture risk: relationship to daily and cumulative doses. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000;39:1383-9. link
14. Rizzoli R, Biver E. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: who to treat with what agent? Nature reviews Rheumatology. 2015;11(2):98-109. link
15. Piemontese M, Onal M, Xiong J, Wang Y, Almeida M, Thostenson JD, et al. Suppression of autophagy in osteocytes does not modify the adverse effects of glucocorticoids on cortical bone. Bone. 2015;75:18-26. link
16. Gluer CC, Marin F, Ringe JD, Hawkins F, Moricke R, Papaioannu N, et al. Comparative effects of teriparatide and risedronate in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in men: 18-month results of the EuroGIOPs trial. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2013;28(6):1355-68. link
17. Cranney A, Welch V, Adachi JD, Homik J, Shea B, Suarez-Almazor ME, et al. Calcitonin for the treatment and prevention of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000:CD001983. link
18. Bachrach BE. Bare-Bones Fact - Children are not small adults. The New England journal of medicine. 2004;351:924-6. link
19. van Staa T, Leufkens HG, Cooper C. The Epidemiology of Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis: a Meta-analysis. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2002;13:777-87. link
20. Shi J, Wang L, Zhang H, Jie Q, Li X, Shi Q, et al. Glucocorticoids: Dose-related effects on osteoclast formation and function via reactive oxygen species and autophagy. Bone. 2015;79:222-32. link
21. Sato H, Kondo N, Wada Y, Nakatsue T, Iguchi S, Fujisawa J, et al. The cumulative incidence of and risk factors for latent beaking in patients with autoimmune diseases taking long-term glucocorticoids and bisphosphonates. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2015. link
22. Sato AY, Tu X, McAndrews KA, Plotkin LI, Bellido T. Prevention of glucocorticoid induced-apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes by protecting against endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in vitro and in vivo in female mice. Bone. 2015;73:60-8. link
23. Manolagas SC. Steroids and osteoporosis: the quest for mechanisms. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2013;123(5):1919-21. link
24. Lodish MB, Hsiao H, Serbis A, Sinaii N, Rothenbuhler A, Keil MF, et al. Effects of Cushing Disease on Bone Mineral Density in a Pediatric Population. J Pediatr. 2010;156:1001-5. link
25. Leonard M, Feldman H, Shults J, Zemel B, Foster BJ, Stallings VA. Long-Term, High-Dose Glucocorticoids
and Bone Mineral Content in Childhood Glucocorticoid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome. The New England journal of medicine. 2004;351:868-75. link
26. Lems WF, Saag K. Bisphosphonates and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: cons. Endocrine. 2015;49(3):628-34. link
27. LeBlanc CM, Ma J, Taljaard M, Roth J, Scuccimarri R, Miettunen P, et al. Incident Vertebral Fractures and Risk Factors in the First Three Years Following Glucocorticoid Initiation Among Pediatric Patients With Rheumatic Disorders. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2015;30(9):1667-75. link
28. Kristo C, Jemtland R, Ueland T, Godang K, Bollerslev J. Restoration of the coupling process and normalization of bone mass following successful treatment of endogenous Cushing's syndrome: a prospective, long-term study. European journal of endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2006;154(1):109-18. link
29. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, Johnell O, de Laet C, Melton IL, et al. A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2004;19(6):893-9. link
30. Grossman JM, Gordon R, Ranganath VK, Deal C, Caplan L, Chen W, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2010 recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis care & research. 2010;62(11):1515-26. link
31. Frenkel B. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2015;872:179-214. link
32. Feng Z, Zeng S, Wang Y, Zheng Z, Chen Z. Bisphosphonates for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2013;8(12):e80890. link
33. Eastell R, Chen P, Saag KG, Burshell AL, Wong M, Warner MR, et al. Bone formation markers in patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis treated with teriparatide or alendronate. Bone. 2010;46(4):929-34. link
34. Weinstein RS. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and osteonecrosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2012;41(3):595-611. link
35. Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Fracture risk associated with different types of oral corticosteroids and effect of termination of corticosteroids on the risk of fractures. Calcified tissue international. 2008;82(4):249-57. link
36. Van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Abenhaim L, Zhang B, Cooper C. Use of oral corticosteroids and risk of fractures. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2000;15(6):993-1000. link
37. Steinbuch M, Youket TE, Cohen S. Oral glucocorticoid use is associated with an increased risk of fracture. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2004;15(4):323-8. link
38. Siu S, Haraoui B, Bissonnette R, Bessette L, Roubille C, Richer V, et al. Meta-analysis of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and glucocorticoids on bone density in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis trials. Arthritis care & research. 2015;67(6):754-64. link
39. Richy F, Ethgen O, Bruyere O, Reginster JY. Efficacy of alphacalcidol and calcitriol in primary and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of their effects on bone mineral density and fracture rate. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2004;15(4):301-10. link
40. Kanis JA, Stevenson M, McCloskey EV, Davis S, Lloyd-Jones M. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a systematic review and cost-utility analysis. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England). 2007;11(7):iii-iv, ix-xi, 1-231. link
41. Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW, van Laar JM. Glucocorticoids in early rheumatoid arthritis: are the benefits of joint-sparing effects offset by the adverse effect of osteoporosis? the effects on bone in the utrecht study and the CAMERA-II study. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2015;22(1-2):66-71. link
42. Guanabens N, Gifre L, Peris P. The role of Wnt signaling and sclerostin in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Current osteoporosis reports. 2014;12(1):90-7. link
43. Dai Y, Hu S. Recent insights into the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2015. link
44. Dai W, Jiang L, Lay YA, Chen H, Jin G, Zhang H, et al. Prevention of glucocorticoid induced bone changes with beta-ecdysone. Bone. 2015;74:48-57. link
45. Ciccarelli F, De Martinis M, Ginaldi L. Glucocorticoids in patients with rheumatic diseases: friends or enemies of bone? Current medicinal chemistry. 2015;22(5):596-603. link
46. Briot K, Rouanet S, Schaeverbeke T, Etchepare F, Gaudin P, Perdriger A, et al. The effect of tocilizumab on bone mineral density, serum levels of Dickkopf-1 and bone remodeling markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme. 2015;82(2):109-15. link
Updated 12/15/2015 |
|
msmarco_passage_00_665953666 | IBN - Crossword Puzzle Answer | Crossword Heaven | IBN - Crossword Puzzle Answer | Crossword Heaven
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Answer: IBN
IBN is a crossword puzzle answer that we have spotted 49 times.
Referring Clues:
Part of a Mideast name
___ Saud (former Mideast leader)
Relative of "Mac-"
Son of, in Arabic names
Arabic name preceder
Arab name part
Former Saudi king ___ Saud
___ Saud (former Saudi king)
"Son of," in Arabic names
___ Saud (Saudi Arabia's founder)
King Fahd ___ Abdul Aziz
Arabic name part
___ Saud, founder of Saudi Arabia
Start of many Arabic names
Scottish : Mac :: Arabic : ___
Generational indicator in some names
Son of, in Arab names
King ___ Saud
"Son of," to a Saudi
"Son of," in Arabia
Part of many Arab names
"Son of" in Arabic
Arab version of Mc-
Arabic for "son of"
Ex-Saudi ruler __ Saud
Literally, ''son of''
"Son of" in Arabic names
Saudi "son of"
Mideast "son of"
Ex-Saudi ruler ___ Saud
Literally, "son of"
Part of many Arabic names
Arabic "son of"
Son of, in some names
Arabic 'son of'
___ Saud
'Son of,' in Arabic
Word in many Arabic names
'Son of,' in Arabic names
Abdul Aziz ___ Saud
'Son of,' in Arab names
Hebrew : Ben :: Arabic : ___
Counterpart of "abu"
Word in many Muslim names
Son of, to Saudis [IMPORTANT: SEE NOTE ABOVE]
Son of, in foreign names
____ Saud (Saudi Arabian King)
Arabic patronymic part
Mac : Scottish :: ___ : Arabic
Last Seen In:
LA Times - June 24, 2018
LA Times - February 22, 2018
New York Times - February 16, 2018
LA Times - January 29, 2018
King Syndicate - Premier Sunday - September 17, 2017
New York Times - August 13, 2017
New York Times - July 16, 2017
New York Times - April 21, 2017
New York Times - February 22, 2017
New York Times - November 19, 2016
King Syndicate - Premier Sunday - October 23, 2016
LA Times Sunday - September 04, 2016
LA Times - June 22, 2016
Canadiana - May 02, 2016
New York Times - November 28, 2015
King Syndicate - Premier Sunday - May 17, 2015
New York Times - January 25, 2015
LA Times Sunday - January 11, 2015
New York Times - December 31, 2014
LA Times Sunday - December 28, 2014
Seen a clue for the answer ibn that we don't have? Then please submit it to us so we can make the clue database even better! |
msmarco_passage_00_666091734 | Mystery writer Paretsky - crossword puzzle clue | Mystery writer Paretsky - crossword puzzle clue
Clue: Mystery writer Paretsky
Mystery writer Paretsky is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted over 20 times. There are related clues (shown below).
Referring crossword puzzle answers
SARA
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A Roosevelt
___ Lee cakes
Singer McLachlan
Country singer Evans
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Sheffer - April 13, 2017
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Pat Sajak Code Letter - Jan. 7, 2017
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Pat Sajak Code Letter - Sept. 16, 2014
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USA Today - Feb. 9, 2013
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USA Today - Nov. 23, 2011
USA Today - Jan. 29, 2011
Wall Street Journal Friday - March 13, 2009
Universal Crossword - Sept. 3, 2008 |
msmarco_passage_00_675254223 | Chapter 2. Other Models for Promoting Community Health and Development | Section 3. Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities | Main Section | Community Tool Box | Chapter 2. Other Models for Promoting Community Health and Development | Section 3. Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities | Main Section | Community Tool Box
Learn how to use this framework for an inclusive, participatory process for improving quality of life and creating a healthy community.
What is Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities?
Why use Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities?
Who should participate in Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities?
How do you use Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities?
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In this video, Tyler Norris, Vice President of Kaiser Permanente Center for Total Health, discusses the meaning and impacts of community health. "What is a healthy community? What is healthy, and what is a community?" He asks. In this section, we will explore the concepts of defining, creating, and promoting healthy communities.
What is Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities?
Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities is a theoretical framework for a participatory process by which citizens can create healthy communities. In 1985, at a conference in Toronto organized by Trevor Hancock, Len Duhl spoke about his long-held conviction that health issues could only be effectively addressed through an inclusive, community-wide approach. Ilona Kickbusch, a World Health Organization (WHO) official who was attending the conference, brought the idea back to her superiors at the WHO European office in Copenhagen. Within a matter of weeks, Duhl and Hancock had been hired as consultants to help WHO and Kickbusch start a Healthy Cities movement in Europe. A year later, the attendees of a WHO conference in Ottawa drafted the Ottawa Charter, the “Constitution” of Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities. In the years since that first conference, the concept has spread to hundreds of large and medium-sized cities on all continents, and has also been used in smaller municipalities and rural communities in both the developing and the developed world. It is now the standard way in which the WHO addresses community health, and it encompasses other community issues as well.
A healthy community, as we discussed above, is one in which all systems work well (and work together), and in which all citizens enjoy a good quality of life. This means that the health of the community is affected by the social determinants of health and development – the factors that influence individual and community health and development.
So, what does the Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities model look like? Unlike PRECEDE/PROCEED, it has no flow chart or diagram, largely because its process may be totally different in different communities.It’s a loosely-defined strategy that asks citizens and officials to make becoming a healthy community a priority, and to pursue that end by involving all community members in identifying and addressing the issues most important to them.
We have created an informal logic model in order to connect you to your Community Tool Box resources that can support your effort to implement Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities.
Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities rests on two basic premises:
A comprehensive view of health. As we’ve been discussing, a comprehensive view of health takes in all the elements of a community’s life, since they affect both individual health and the health of the community itself. The Ottawa Charter lays out the prerequisites for health in communities:
Peace. This can be interpreted to cover both freedom from warfare, and freedom from fear of physical harm.
During the Vietnam War, young black men on the streets of their home neighborhoods in the U.S. were statistically more likely to be killed by gunfire than were young black soldiers in combat. Those home neighborhoods weren’t at peace, by anyone’s definition.
Shelter. Shelter adequate to the climate, to the needs of the occupants, and to withstand extremes of weather.
Education. Education for children (and often adults as well, as in the case of adult literacy) that is free, adequate to equip them for a productive and comfortable life in their society, and available and accessible to all.
Food. Not just food, but enough of it, and of adequate nutritional value, to assure continued health and vigor for adults, and proper development for children.
Income. Employment that provides an income adequate for a reasonable quality of life, and public support for those who are unable to work or find jobs.
A stable ecosystem. Clean air, clean water, and protection of the natural environment.
Sustainable resources. These might include water, farmland, minerals, industrial resources, power sources (sun, wind, water, biomass), plants, animals, etc.
Social justice. Where there is social justice, no one is mistreated or exploited by those more powerful. No one is discriminated against. No one suffers needlessly because she’s poor or ill or disabled. All are treated equally and fairly under the law, and everyone has a voice in how the community and the society are run.
Equity. Equity is not exactly the same thing as equality. It doesn’t mean that everyone gets the same things, but that everyone gets, or has access to, what he needs.
If all of these factors are considered, then health must extend far beyond medical treatment to all aspects of community life.
A commitment to health promotion. Health promotion differs from the more familiar medical models of treatment and prevention. Both of these look at health from a negative point of view: there’s something wrong or potentially wrong, and the medical expert will step in to fix it or head it off. Health promotion looks at it from a positive point of view: you can take positive steps to improve and sustain your well-being.
Health promotion – and we’ll use the term here to mean the promotion of healthy communities as well as healthy individuals – is a key both to the thinking behind the Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities concept, and to actually developing healthy communities. It calls for a commitment on the part of all sectors of the community, particularly government, to promote community health by:
Building healthy public policy. Communities can establish policies that foster the health of the community. According to the Ottawa Charter, such policies are “coordinated action that leads to health, income, and social policies that foster greater equity.” Thus, smoking bans in restaurants, local tax policies that encourage businesses to create jobs, training for police and youth workers to help them communicate with youth and curb youth violence, and strong environmental ordinances might all be seen as healthy public policy. Community support of such policy produces an atmosphere that makes it easier for policy makers to make the right choices, because they know the public is behind them.
Like all elements of a Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities strategy, healthy public policy is about a great deal more than simply fostering individual health – it’s about public policy that fosters a healthy society. That means equity, health for all, and attention to such things as supportive environments (see below).
Len Duhl talks about the fact that most public policy doesn’t deal with real needs, but rather with concerns of economics and power. For public policy to be healthy, it has to reflect reality, rather than what policy makers want to see, or what will get them elected. Objectivity leads to public policy that benefits everyone, not just the influential few.
Creating supportive environments. Community environments run the gamut from the physical to the social to the economic to the political. Some supportive environments can be created by laws or regulations, some by community effort, and some only by changes in attitude (which may or may not be influenced by social and other pressures). Some examples:
The natural environment. Laws and regulations that restore and/or preserve clean air and water; preservation and creation of open space, natural beauty, and wilderness; restrictions on the use and disposal of toxic substances; conservation of natural resources, including plants and animals. All of these can enhance health and reduce stress, provide an aesthetic experience, and affect community life for the better.
The Peak to Peak Healthy Communities Project, based in Nederland, CO, is working on renovating parks and creating a transportation link from downtown to trails and natural areas outside the city.
The built environment. People-friendly design of buildings and spaces (human scale, with pedestrian passageways, gathering places, views, attractiveness, etc.); handicap access; preservation of historic and cultural heritage; cleanliness; safety (lighting, building and bridge design, long views, traffic patterns, bans on the use of toxic materials); good public transportation; traffic-free paths to encourage walking, jogging, and bicycling.
For example, a city that builds or designates traffic-free walking and bike paths will probably see more of its citizens walk and bicycle to work and on errands than one where walking and biking are difficult and dangerous. Davis, California, for instance, has encouraged bicycling since 1960, when it became the first city in the US to paint bike lanes on its streets. It has been able to discontinue its school bus service, because it’s so easy for children to bike, walk, or skate to school on its miles of car-free bike paths.
The economic environment. A healthy economic environment is one where there is work for everyone capable of working, where workers are treated as assets (see directly below) and are paid a living wage, where there is equal economic opportunity for all, where those who can’t work are supported, and where money doesn’t buy political power or immunity from the law.
Bethel New Life, a faith-based, grass roots initiative in the Garfield Park neighborhood of Chicago, started out to rehabilitate derelict housing in the area, using “sweat equity” – i.e., the labor of local residents, who could then exchange their work for part of the cost of the home they had rebuilt. Now, Bethel employs more than 300, mostly local residents, in housing, employment training and job placement, economic development, cultural, family support, and community development programs. Its board is drawn almost wholly from the community, and its programs are responses to voiced community need. Bethel continues to try to build assets and bring greater economic stability to the West Side of Chicago.
The work environment. The work environment should be a source of stimulation, rather than stress. Respect for employees, good safety precautions and procedures, firm rules forbidding harassment or abuse, adequate pay and/or other compensation, humane and fair production expectations and treatment – all contribute to work environments that nurture creativity and enthusiasm, and improve, rather than detract from, both production and workers’ quality of life.
The leisure environment. The work and home environments can provide time for leisure. The community can provide recreational and cultural opportunities to use in that leisure time: museums, parks and beaches, cultural and sports events, libraries, etc.
The social environment. A healthy community encourages social networks, provides gathering places where people from all parts of the community may mingle, nurtures families and children, offers universal education and other services, strives to forster non-violent an healthy behavior, invites familiartity and interaction among the various groups that make up the community, and treats all groups and individuals with respect.
The North Quabbin Community Coalition, in north central Massachusetts, was concerned, among other things, with the high incidence of child physical and sexual abuse in the area. A task force on the issue eventually developed into Valuing Our Children, a parent education and family life program, that has trained large numbers of area parents as “parent educators,” and that provides services to area families.
The political environment. In a healthy community, all citizens have a say in how and by whom their community is governed, and have easy access to the information necessary to understand political situations and to make informed political decisions. Political decisions, opinions, and speech are protected. Citizens feel they have the power in the community – that they own it, and can and should control its direction.
Strengthening community action. Communities can encourage and strengthen community action in at least three ways: The first involves encouraging and fostering grass roots planning and action. When issues are identified and addressed by the people affected by them, as well as by others concerned, two things happen: the issues are more likely to be resolved successfully, and the people involved learn how to use their own resources to take charge of their lives and their communities. A second way of strengthening community action is through a commitment from government, community leaders, and other decision makers to encourage action by passing legislation conducive to it, lending public support to it through the media and other communication channels, and including members of all segments of the community in the conception, planning, and implementation of any community initiative. The third is by decision makers and the media ensuring a free and accurate flow of necessary information about the community and community initiatives to all citizens, and providing everyone in the community with learning opportunities about issues and about the quality of life in general.
The latter two of these methods are really top-down conceptions where government and others in power “let” citizens share in the decision-making process. While community members – particularly those with less experience in planning and running projects, or with less education – often need support to learn some necessary skills, the drive for change can and should come from them to begin with. There is a big difference between officials organizing an initiative and inviting citizens to join, and officials approaching citizens with a request to participate in envisioning and organizing an initiative.
Developing personal skills. Healthy communities aid their citizens in gaining the skills necessary to address health and community issues, by providing education and information in school, home (through the media and other sources), work, and community settings. Courses, workshops, billboards and posters, TV and radio ads, newspaper articles, mailings, fliers, community meetings, presentations in social clubs and churches, the use of electronic technology – all might serve to help citizens understand an issue, and make decisions about it.
The education referred to here doesn’t relate only to health and wellness issues and life skills (e.g., parenting). In fact, it could, and does, apply to all learning that touches on topics related to the life of the community – political, social, environmental, and economic issues, for instance. Furthermore, the encouragement and accessibility of lifelong learning is a mark of a healthy community.
Reorienting services. To be useful to a Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities strategy, health and other human and municipal services have to change from an individual- and treatment-centered point of view to one that is community-centered and focuses on the promotion of a healthy community.
It’s not only a matter of reorienting health services, but one of reorienting all services to work together toward the goal of a healthy community. Any community issue has to be viewed through the lenses of both the individual and the community. It takes a village not only to raise a child, but to pull families out of poverty, to create employment, to improve mental health, to stop violence, to safeguard the natural environment, and to create a just and equitable society.
Why use Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities?
There are a number of reasons to consider using the Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities framework in planning and implementing community action:
Community perspective. Virtually all health and community issues are affected by (or are the direct result of) economic, social, political, and/or environmental factors that operate at the community level. If you don’t deal with those factors, the chances are slim that you’ll be able to resolve the issue you’re concerned with.
Participatory planning and community ownership. Planning that includes those who will be directly affected by or benefit from any community initiative is more likely to reflect the real needs of the community than planning done only by one group. Furthermore, the participatory nature of the Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities framework means that citizens themselves create initiatives and goals for the community. Those initiatives and goals are theirs – not imposed by those in power or by outside “experts”. As a result, their commitment to the process and to the goals makes them far more likely to support and work for the outcomes they’ve chosen.
Range of ideas. Citizen participation leads to the presentation and consideration of a greater range of ideas and possibilities, and is therefore more likely to hit upon effective goals and actions.
Knowledge of the community. Citizen participation taps the community’s wisdom about its own history, relationships, and conflicts, and can thus steer initiatives around potentially fatal pitfalls.
Community-wide ties. Involving all segments of the community encourages interaction across social, economic, and political lines. Those ties strengthen the community as a whole, change people’s perspectives for the better, increase community-wide cooperation, and can positively transform how the community works.
Achievable and measurable goals. Although Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities’ ultimate goals are wide and long-term, each goal is achievable in a manageable amount of time, and its successful achievement can be demonstrated. Each success sets the stage for enthusiasm for the next initiative.
Identification and use of community assets and resources. A Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities initiative depends to a large extent on human, institutional, organizational, environmental, and other assets and resources already available within the community. Through identifying and using these, communities learn that they can create their own positive change, and reshape themselves in the ways they want to.
Community commitment to the long-term process. Because of the participatory nature of the process, and because it requires recruiting more people at each new phase, it builds an ever-expanding core of people with varied skills, talents, and experience committed to the ideal of building a healthy community and improving the quality of life for everyone. That’s important for sustaining the work indefinitely.
Community self-image. Through the use of the Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities process, the community comes to think of itself as a healthy community, and is concerned with maintaining that image through addressing issues as they come up. Perhaps more important, it is brought to look at the larger picture as well. Holding out an ultimate goal of a totally healthy community, whether attainable or not, keeps everyone working toward it, and means that planning goes on as a matter of course. The healthy community ideal becomes embedded in the self-image of the community, and people understand that they can take their fate in their own hands and work to improve it. The process itself thus becomes an important element in the definition of a healthy community – one in which citizens work together to identify and solve problems, create and consolidate assets, generate improvements, and raise the quality of life for all.
Who should participate in Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities?
The easy answer to this question is everyone in the community, and that’s in fact the ideal. In a perfect world, everyone everywhere would participate in some way in creating a healthy community. In the real world, while it’s important to try to involve all sectors of the community, you have to work to involve some particular people and groups if your effort is to be successful. Crucial participants include:
Elected and appointed officials. Although a Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities initiative should not be top-down, it needs the commitment and backing of those with the power to make things happen. Officials can use the media to publicize the effort, pass laws and regulations (and enforce those already existing) that reinforce it, and throw the weight and resources of government behind it. Without official support, a community-wide effort is more likely to fail.
Those most affected by the issue. A sure recipe for failure is to try to impose an intervention or initiative on a population “for their own good.” All too often, “experts” – often people who have no real knowledge of the group or its issues – formulate plans that might make perfect sense on paper, but make no sense at all in the actual situation for which they’re proposed. The participation of those affected in identifying the issues to address, developing action plans for addressing them, and implementing and overseeing those plans is absolutely crucial to the success of a Healthy Communities initiative. (This is equally true when the group concerned is the whole community.)
There are, unfortunately, many instances of a group resisting and short-circuiting well-meaning changes because they weren’t part of the planning. The author experienced one as a teacher in Philadelphia, which had, at the time, an innovative and progressive school superintendent. He tried to institute reforms that probably would have improved the lives of teachers students in the system, but he did it without conferring with them. As a result, the teachers simply ignored directives from the central office, the reforms failed, and the superintendent was gone within three years.
The people who will actually administer and carry out the initiative, or whose jobs or lives will be affected by it. It is both unfair and unwise to expect organization staff, community employees (police, firefighters, Department of Public Works personnel, etc.), business people, and others to throw themselves into carrying out an initiative they had no part in devising. It may have elements that ignore the realities of their jobs or their lives, or that make things harder than necessary for them, and they may be the only people who have the information to understand that. In addition, they may regard it as just another foolish imposition to be gotten around, and do as little as possible to make it effective.
All the agencies and groups that will need to cooperate and to coordinate their activities in order to implement a community-wide effort. Both the ways in which these groups will work together, and which of them will have responsibility for what have to be part of the planning for any community-wide initiative. Without their full participation, there’s no guarantee that they’ll work together at all, let alone that the methods for their doing so will be simple and efficient.
Community opinion leaders. These are the people whose opinions others trust, and who lead the community by adopting new ideas and pulling others with them. They are seen as level-headed, smart, and serving the best interests of the community. Some may be current or former members of the groups already listed, and others may be clergy, credible institutional or business people (college presidents or faculty, CEO’s), or just average citizens who are known for their integrity and common sense.
If you can gain the participation of members of all these groups, it is more likely that everyone else will follow. If you can’t get people from all these groups to buy in at the outset, an alternative is educating them about the process and persuading them to join it, while you continue to recruit other participants. Ultimately, the combination of education and your momentum will bring in those who were initially reluctant. That may take time and patience, but it’s worth the effort – it can easily mean the difference between a successful long-term Healthy Community movement and a dead-on-arrival, failed attempt at one.
How do you use Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities?
Because the Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities framework is just that – an intellectual framework, rather than a prescription – there is no step-by-step instruction for employing it. It is meant to be adapted to the different needs of different communities. There are, however, necessary components of any Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities initiative:
Create a compelling vision based on shared values. As with virtually any process that involves planning – and particularly participatory planning – the first step is to create a vision that defines the effort to be made. That vision may be broad (“A community that is truly just and equitable”) or more specific (“A community where every potential worker in the community can find employment that offers a living wage and acceptable working conditions”). Whatever the case, the vision must be compelling – one that motivates people to work for its realization. It must be founded in those values that they hold in common, and must be widely shared and recognized as legitimate and desirable. ( Proclaiming Your Dream: Developing Vision and Mission Statements.)
In Orlando, Florida, the Healthy Community Initiative began with meetings of a few influential people. As they learned about healthy communities, the convened a group of about 160, representing all sectors of the city’s population – citizens of all races and economic levels, organizations and institutions, city government, other groups – to hash out a vision. That group, in turn, conducted citizen focus groups and public meetings to hear and understand citizens’ concerns. Ultimately, they drafted a vision, based on their own discussions and the input of hundreds of others from all walks of life, that contained 14 statements about what Orlando should be. That vision became the foundation of the initiative.
Embrace a broad definition of health and well-being. Health must be seen as not merely the physical health of individuals, but the creation and nurturing of those factors leading to health named in the Ottawa Charter (peace, shelter, education, income, food, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity). A truly healthy community encompasses – or works toward – all those elements and more.
Address quality of life for everyone. The key word here is “everyone.” A Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities initiative should be aimed at improving the quality of life for all groups and individuals in the community, not just those in a particular target group or those who began the initiative.
Engage diverse citizen participation and be citizen-driven. Initiatives should be originated, planned, and implemented with the full participation of citizens from all racial, ethnic, and socio-economic groups and all walks of life. Citizens themselves, rather than a government agency or experts of some sort, should be the force behind both the direction and the implementation of any community initiative.
Seek multi-sectoral membership and widespread community ownership. All sectors of the community – government, the business and non-profit communities, health care, education, faith communities, cultural institutions and the arts, target populations, and ordinary citizens – should be represented in an initiative, and the community should feel that it created the initiative and owns it.
In many places in this and other sections of the Community Tool Box, we refer to “ownership” of an initiative or intervention or organization. In most cases, what we mean is that those who take part in creating and/or running such an endeavor feel that it belongs to them. It was their idea, and they therefore see themselves as not only supportive of it, but responsible for it.
True ownership can rarely, if ever, be attached to actions or ideas that are imposed, by others who “know better” or have more power. It comes from within, from the feeling that you’ve made a choice based on your best judgment. That’s why the inclusion of people from all sectors of the community is so important to a successful Healthy Cities/ Healthy Communities process. At the end, perhaps after a lot of argument and soul-searching, participants feel that they’ve had a hand in creating something important that will result in better lives for everyone in the community. There’s no substitute for that feeling to ensure their doing all they can to make their creation work.
Acknowledge the social determinants of health and the interrelationship of health with other issues (housing, education, peace, equity, social justice). The research on the social determinants of health points to three overarching factors:
Socioeconomic equity. For developed countries, the economic and social equality within the society or a given community is a greater determinant of death rates and average lifespan than the country’s position with regard to others. The size of the income gap between the most and least affluent segments of the society or community is tremendously important, and determines to a large extent whether people get what they need.
Social connectedness. Many studies indicate that “belonging” – whether to a large extended family, a network of friends, a social or volunteer organization, or a faith community – is related to longer life and better health, as well as to community participation.
Sense of personal efficacy. This refers to people’s sense of control over their lives. People with a higher sense of efficacy tend to live longer, maintain better health, and participate more vigorously in community affairs and politics.
Like the Ottawa Charter, the World Health Organization, in its publication The Solid Facts, recognizes the need to break these factors down into more manageable pieces. It lists ten factors that affect health and life expectancy, and advocates addressing each within a coherent program that looks at all of them within a society. These ten factors are:
The social gradient (equity)
Stress
Early life
Social exclusion (the opposite of social connectedness)
Work
Unemployment
Social support
Addiction
Food
Transport
Address issues through collaborative problem-solving. Given a diverse group, there are bound to be disagreements and conflicts. These should be viewed as opportunities, rather than roadblocks, and people should be encouraged and helped to work together to reach creative solutions.
Focus on systems change. To be successful, a Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities initiative has to be active, rather than reactive. It’s not enough to “fix” a problem: your goal is to eliminate the causes of that and other problems and improve the long-term quality of life in the community in the process.
In order to address causes, you have to concentrate not on individual problems, but on improving and changing systems – the ways in which the community operates, and the attitudes, assumptions, and policies behind them. That includes identifying, using, and strengthening the assets the community already possesses, as well as changing the systems that pose problem
Build capacity using local assets and resources. All communities, no matter how troubled, have great real and potential strengths. These vary from community to community, but could include:
Individuals with the talents, skills, leadership, and passion to work to change the community for the better.
Individuals, businesses, and foundations that can provide material resources – money, space, etc. – to a community effort.
Institutions – libraries, schools, hospitals, houses of worship – that have the capacity to act as both resources for and agents of change.
Community-based and other organizations whose mission is to work for the betterment of the whole community.
Governments and individual government officials that can add both official support and legal and regulatory power to an initiative.
Human resources – the skills and work ethic of the community’s work force, for example.
Natural and other environmental resources – open space, clean air and water, wilderness, fisheries, historic sites or buildings, housing stock.
Perhaps most important, the potential for all these individuals, groups, and resources to be joined in a coordinated pursuit of a common vision.
At least some of these and other assets already exist in virtually every community – usually to a far greater extent than most citizens realize until they start looking for them. They must be identified and included in a Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities effort.
Measure and benchmark progress and outcomes. Whatever you’re doing, whether it’s a PR campaign or a complex behavioral intervention, you have to monitor and evaluate it in order to be sure that it’s effective. That means setting objectives – benchmarks – to indicate your progress along the road to your goal, and defining clearly the outcome you’re aiming for. Regularly monitoring what you’re doing is crucial, because it allows you to spot problems or inadequacies in goals, methods, procedures, communication, etc. and correct them before they derail your initiative entirely. Even more important, regular monitoring allows you to change what you’re doing to respond to changes in circumstances and community needs, so that you’re always addressing current reality. Communities are dynamic: they develop and change, sometimes in short periods. Your initiative has to be dynamic, too, especially if you expect it to continue for the long term.
Implementing a Healthy Communities strategy
How do you actually put these components together to create a healthy community? There’s no one way to do that – it depends on your community, the issues you want to address, and the ideas and capacities of the groups and individuals that participate in the Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities process. There are, however, some basic procedures that, at least in outline, should be common to any Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities initiative.
Assemble a diverse and inclusive group. To begin a Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities initiative, people from all parts of the community have to come together to hammer out a vision. That group, as we’ve been saying throughout this section, should be representative of everyone in the community, so that whatever it decides will be seen as legitimate by just about everyone, and will be owned by the community.
Someone has to start the process. That may be a charismatic or persistent individual, an organization, a coalition, or a government office or agency. Whoever it is should be simply a convener, and not necessarily expect to lead over the long term. Leaders should be chosen by the group itself as it forms, and they should be collaborative ( Collaborative Leadership .)
This is not to say that a Healthy Communities effort doesn’t need leadership. Quite the contrary – leadership and structure are necessary for any successful effort. But leadership should be collaborative and arise from the community. The leader may be an individual, or two, or a larger group. Whatever the situation, the leadership should be one of an equal among equals, and decision-making should be the province of the whole group. That’s how a participatory process works.
It is assumed that all the other steps listed here will also be carried out by an inclusive group, and that all sectors of the community – including those affected and individual citizens – will be represented and have decision-making power. The group may change from step to step or over time, but should remain inclusive and participatory.
Generate a vision. A vision of how the community should be, based not on a single issue, but on values shared among all participants and on a high quality of life for everyone in the community, is needed to motivate and inspire participants and to guide the initiative over the long term. Generating such a vision may take time and a great deal of discussion, but it’s absolutely necessary for a successful effort.
Assess the assets and resources in the community that can help you realize your vision, and the issues that act as barriers to it. Placing assets first is not just an accident here. A Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities initiative is best served by looking at the community through a positive lens, and asking first what’s right with it, rather than what’s wrong with it. The initiative then becomes an exercise in community health promotion, instead of the treatment of a diseased community. Taking a positive perspective affects for the better the attitudes of everyone involved, the community’s self-image, and the perception of whether or not realizing your vision is possible. By the same token, it’s important to be honest and clear-eyed about issues and problems in the community. Once they’ve been identified, they have to be acknowledged and understood, so they can be addressed at some point in the process.
Choose a first issue to focus on. The best way to sink a long-term initiative is to try to accomplish all your goals at once. It’s vital to choose one issue – or in some cases, perhaps, two or three – to attack, and to make it one that can be resolved, so that your first effort leads to success.
What the issue is doesn’t matter, except in that it must be one chosen by citizens as important to them, and must be one that is specific enough to be resolvable. Len Duhl talks about the process in a 1993 interview by Joe Flower in Healthcare Forum Journal.
The first thing that happens when the Healthy Cities program develops in a new place is that some persons assume the responsibility of bringing together all segments of the community to deal with the issues: the business community, the government, the voluntary sector and the citizens themselves. ...
Then there are "vision workshops" in which people are asked, "What kind of city do you really want?" My personal surprise is that the clearer I am about what a Healthy City program is, the less likely a community is to develop it. The fuzzier I am in what a Healthy City is, "A Healthy City is what you want to make it," the greater the odds are that they will start.
The various participants define the program. All I say is that you have to start someplace. You have to begin to look at it in an ecological and systemic way. You have to involve people. You have to start thinking of values of equity and participation. Beyond that, you can start wherever you want.
Some cities start on the environment, on pollution, on smoking, seat belts and the quality of life index. Some have government operations, some have newspapers, big organizations, housing. Barcelona linked it to the Olympics. Glasgow linked it to developing itself as the cultural capital of Europe. It is being done every way.
Develop a community-wide strategy, incorporating as many organizations, levels, and sectors as possible. Here’s where Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities differs most from many logic models and other methods that are clear on exactly how to go about planning and carrying out an initiative. Rather than offering a step-by-step process, HC might use any participatory planning process that incorporates a community-wide approach and that looks at all the possible areas that might affect the issue chosen. Thus, you might use VMOSA, PRECEDE/PROCEED, or some variant, or a less structured process – whatever seems appropriate and works for your community.
It is important, however, that your plan result in a community-wide, multi-pronged approach. If your focus is on youth violence, for instance, it should involve some sort of action or supportive function by local government, parents and parent advocates, schools, law enforcement, the court system, welfare, agencies that deal with youth and families, physical and mental health services, Family Planning, the media, adult literacy (dropouts), and potentially or formerly violent youth and their victims. All of these groups and individuals should be working together as a team, each referring youth to other appropriate services or agencies among them, and all coordinated and collaborating in their operation. The focus should be on changing the systems that make a problem possible, or that present barriers to the ideal the community is working toward.
Implement the plan. Once again, this should involve a community-wide effort. Any oversight of the implementation should include a broad range of individuals and groups, representing a cross-section of the community.
Monitor and adjust your initiative or intervention. Once you’ve implemented your plan, it’s crucial to evaluate the effectiveness of both your process (Are you doing what you set out to do?) and your results (Are you reaching your benchmarks? Are you having the planned effect on the issue?) If an evaluation gives unsatisfactory answers to any of these questions, you can revisit the issue, determine the reasons your plan isn’t working well, and change it accordingly.
Establish new systems that will maintain and build on the gains you’ve made. Once you’ve reduced youth violence, for example, you still have to do whatever is necessary to make sure it doesn’t rise again, and that it continues to decline. (What’s the ultimate goal here? Is there an acceptable level of youth violence?) That may mean setting up new organizations or programs, working to change or cement changes in community attitudes and procedures, redesigning school curricula, working regularly with the media – whatever it takes to sustain progress.
Celebrate benchmarks and successes. Public celebration of achievements not only energizes those who have been working toward them, but informs the community that the drive toward a healthy community is moving forward successfully. It helps to establish the idea of a healthy community in the public mind, and to build a foundation for the continuation of the initiative.
Tackle the next issue (s). The ultimate goal here is the development of a truly healthy community, which translates to improving the quality of life for everyone in the community. After your first success, it’s time to use your momentum to address another (or more than one other) issue. That may be the removal of a barrier to a healthy community, or it may be the creation of a necessary element of a healthy community. In either case, it means sustaining citizens’ commitment to an ongoing and long-term process, the end result of which is a community controlled by its residents, where all systems work toward the public good.
In Summary
The health of a community, like that of an individual, depends on far more than freedom from pain or disease. Health, or its lack, for a community is the result of a large number of factors, often intertwined, that span the social, economic, political, physical, and environmental spheres. Virtually any community issue has an effect on, and is affected by, the overall health of the community as a whole, and therefore should be approached in a community context. Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities provides a philosophical framework for an inclusive, participatory process aimed at raising the quality of life for everyone, and creating a truly healthy community.
Two basic premises underlying the Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities concept are a comprehensive view of health and community issues, covering a broad range of factors that contribute to a healthy community; and a commitment to the active promotion of a healthy community, rather than the “treatment” of problems. By addressing the social and other determinants of health and community issues (including the Ottawa Charter’s list of peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity), and by creating appropriate policy and environments, encouraging social action, providing personal skills, and reorienting services to a more wide-ranging approach, communities can foster citizen empowerment and equity.
Reasons for adopting the Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities approach include:
Its community perspective, leading to a more effective approach to issues.
Community ownership of any effort, resulting from community participation in its development and implementation.
The broad range of ideas gained from a participatory process.
Its access to citizens’ knowledge of the community, helping to avoid pitfalls caused by ignorance of community history and relationships.
The forging of community-wide and ties that cross economic, social, racial, and other lines.
Participatory planning leading to solutions that reflect the community’s real needs.
The adoption of achievable goals, leading to success.
The identification and use of community assets and resources which both take advantage of what already exists, and teach the community what it can do with its own considerable resources.
The fostering of community commitment to the process of building a healthy community.
The creation of a healthy community self-image.
While a Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities process should involve everyone, some particularly important participants include local government and officials; those affected by the issue (s); those who will actually administer and implement the initiative, or whose lives or jobs will be affected by it; any organizations that will be expected to work together; and opinion leaders.
There are 10 important components of a Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities process:
Create a compelling vision based on shared values.
Embrace a broad definition of health and well-being.
Address quality of life for everyone.
Engage diverse citizen participation and be citizen-driven.
Multi-sectoral membership and widespread community ownership.
Acknowledge the social determinants of health and the interrelationship of health with other issues (housing, education, peace, equity, social justice).
Address issues through collaborative problem-solving.
Focus on systems change.
Build capacity using local assets and resources.
Measure and benchmark progress and outcomes.
Although there is no one step-by-step procedure for a Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities initiative – both the content and the structure of the process depend upon your community’s needs, and, particularly on community decisions – there is, given the ten components above, a reasonable way to approach it in most cases.
Assemble a diverse and inclusive group.
Generate a vision.
Assess the assets and resources in the community that can help you realize your vision, and the issues that act as barriers to it.
Choose a first issue to focus on.
Develop a community-wide strategy, incorporating as many organizations, levels, and sectors as possible.
Implement the plan.
Monitor and adjust your initiative or intervention.
Establish new systems that will maintain and build on the gains you’ve made.
Celebrate benchmarks and successes.
Tackle the next issue.
Online Resources
(The goal in choosing sites here has been to offer a few that give background or general information on Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities, and a few that are the sites of specific programs. Nearly every Healthy Cities site seems to have its own web page, and these can easily be found by searching “healthy cities” and/or “healthy communities.”)
Bethel New Life, a grass roots, church-based urban development effort in the Garfield Park neighborhood of Chicago. A bottom-up initiative that grew organically over many years, responding to the voiced needs of the community. Most staff and board members are community residents.
Mesa County, CO: A case study of community transformation . A grass roots effort that involved the whole community and grew into the Civic Forum; and a more top-down community health assessment.
Community Partners, Inc ., an organization deeply involved in the Healthy Communities movement.
Essential State Level Capacities for Support of Local Healthy Communities Efforts , by Peter Lee, Tom Wolff, Joan Twiss, Robin Wilcox, Christine Lyman, and Cathy O’Connor.
Greater Orlando Healthy Communities Initiative . A very top-down effort, started by current and former Junior League presidents, the newspaper editor, the mayor, and other prominent citizens. They involved the community with the help of a consultant.
The Healthy Communities Program in Aiken, South Carolina. A “model” program, focused on infant mortality. A top-down effort, it nonetheless involves the community in planning and input, and has been highly successful not only at reducing infant mortality, but at providing other needed services, many not directly related to health.
Healthy Cities information from WHO Denmark, the godfather of the Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities movement.
The Healthy Cities initiative of Illawarra, Australia.
Healthy People in Healthy Communities , a guide from the US Dept. of Health and Human Services.
The International Healthy Cities Foundation.
Links to numerous articles on Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities from the Change Project. Includes interviews with Len Duhl and Ilona Kickbusch by Joe Flower from the Healthcare Forum Journal.
The Ottawa Charter.
The Peak to Peak Healthy Communities Project, Gilpin County, Colorado.
The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of Healthy Communities
WHO information on Healthy Cities
Print Resources
Norris, T. (2002). America’s Best Kept Secret: The Healthy Communities Movement . (Reprint by Healthy Communities Massachusetts from the National Civic Review, introduction, Spring, 1997.) Pan American Health Organization. Healthy Municipalities and Communities: Mayors’ Guide for Promoting Quality of Life. Washington, DC.
Public Health, Vol. 115, Nos. 2 and 3 (March/April & May/June, 2000): Focus on Healthy Communities., Vol. 115.
Wilkinson, R., & Michael M. (1998) eds. The Solid Facts: Social Determinants of Health . World Health Organization: Copenhagen. |
msmarco_passage_00_676418658 | Understanding the Basic Principles of Nitrogen | Connecticut Water Pollution Abatement Association | Understanding the Basic Principles of Nitrogen | Connecticut Water Pollution Abatement Association
Understanding the Basic Principles of Nitrogen
By ray On February 29, 2012 · Leave a Comment
In order to remove nitrogen at your wastewater treatment facility you must understand the different forms of nitrogen and some commonly referred to terms that you will be dealing with.
Total Nitrogen (TN) is the sum of all nitrogen forms or;
Total Nitrogen = TKN + NO2 + NO3
TKN stands for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen which is the sum of; NH3 + Organic Nitrogen
NH3 stands for Ammonia Nitrogen
Organic Nitrogen is derived from amino acids & proteins:
Good examples are urea and uric acid
NO2 stands for Nitrite
NO3 stands for Nitrate
N2 stands for Nitrogen Gas
Refractory Nitrogen is the nitrogen that can’t be biologically decomposed.
Alkalinity is easiest defined as the ability to resist a drop in pH. This is very important because for every 1 part ammonia (NH3) converted to nitrate (NO3) – 7.1 parts of alkalinity are depleted, and for every 1 part nitrate (NO3) removed – 3.6 parts alkalinity are recovered.
An anoxic zone is a basin, or portion of, which is mixed but not aerated. The dissolved oxygen levels must be less than 1.0 mg/L but never reach 0.0 mg/L. In an anoxic zone the bug’s oxygen source is derived from the nitrate (NO3) compounds.
Nitrification and denitrification are two terms that are commonly misunderstood. Both are individually distinct processes.
Nitrification is the conversion of ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3). How is this done? This is a two-step process that is done with oxygen and two types of bacteria, Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, known collectively as the nitrifiers.
Ammonia (NH3) + Oxygen (O2) + Alkalinity + Nitrosomonas = Nitrite (NO2)
Nitrite (NO2) + Oxygen (O2) + Alkalinity + Nitrobacter = Nitrate (NO3)
Nitrite (NO2) is the unstable form of nitrogen and is easily converted because it does not wish to be in this form.
The total conversion of ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3) takes 4.6 parts oxygen and 7.1 parts alkalinity to convert 1 part ammonia (NH3).
Denitrification is the conversion of nitrate (NO3) to nitrogen gas (N2). How is this done? Heterotrophic bacteria utilize the nitrate (NO3) as an oxygen source under anoxic conditions to break down organic substances.
Nitrates (NO3) + Organics + Heterotrophic bacteria = Nitrogen Gas & Oxygen & Alkalinity
Now that you understand the different forms of nitrogen and terms that you will be dealing with, the next questions are; What forms of nitrogen do you test for and what can you use to test for them.
Total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) is an involved test that many wastewater treatment facility laboratories are not equipped to perform. If you can’t perform this test, do not use this as an excuse to ignore monitoring the nitrogen cycle. The ammonia (NH3) values are approximately 60% of the Total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) values, and the organic nitrogen is generally removed in the settled sludge. Also, Total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) generally equals 15 – 20 % of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the raw sewage.
The following tests are a must to monitor and control the nitrogen cycle: pH, alkalinity, ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO2) & nitrate (NO3)
All of the major lab supply companies sell field test kits that are inexpensive, easy to use, and provide quick relatively accurate results. Some of the things to keep in mind when purchasing field test kits are;
Proper ranges should be determined
Results should all be expresses as nitrogen:
Ammonia – (NH3 as N), Nitrite – (NO2 as N), Nitrate – (NO3 as N)
All results are expressed as nitrogen so that you can total them up to determine the Total nitrogen values.
Now that you have your test kits the next questions are: Where do we test in our wastewater treatment facility and what numbers should we expect?
To establish a good handle on nitrogen in your wastewater treatment facility, you must develop a good sampling program that will give a complete profile of your system.
The first sampling point would be the raw influent or primary effluent if you have a primary clarifier. Typically, what is entering the facility will be high in alkalinity and ammonia (NH3) with very little to no nitrite (NO2) or nitrate (NO3). A quick way to determine if you might need to perform alkalinity addition is to multiply the ammonia (NH3) by 7.1 mg/L. If this number exceeds the influent alkalinity concentration, you will probably have to add something such as sodium hydroxide or lime to the aeration tank.
Why is this important? When you start converting ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3) in the aeration tank many hydrogen ions will be released. When alkalinity drops below 50 mg/l your pH can drop dramatically. You should never allow the pH of the aeration tank to drop below 6.5. Biological activity will be inhibited and toxic ammonia (NH3) can bleed right through your system.
The next sampling points to establish are in your aeration tank. The length of the tank will dictate how many sampling points are required. Generally, I use three locations: The front, middle and end of the aeration tank.
If a suitable environment is maintained in the aeration tank most of the ammonia (NH3) will be converted to nitrate (NO3) by the time it leaves the tank.
Why would you use three locations if all you care about is what is leaving the tank? You must determine how much tankage is required to perform this conversion.
If this conversion is completed in the middle of the tank this will give you 1/3 of the tank to establish an anoxic zone. An anoxic zone will enable you to not only convert the nitrogen but to remove it.
The final sampling point will be the plant effluent prior to chlorination. There should never be less than 50 mg/L of alkalinity. The pH should never be out of the permitted range. Ammonia (NH3) should have extremely low concentrations. Nitrite (NO2) should be very low to non-detectable and the majority of the nitrogen will be in the nitrate (NO3) form.
Throughout all of your testing the nitrite (NO2) levels should be very low. Why bother testing for them then? High levels of nitrite (NO2) in the system indicate there is, or about to be, a problem with the nitrification cycle. Nitrosomonas bacteria are harder to kill than Nitrobacter bacteria. If the Nitrobacter bacteria are killed off, the Nitrosomonas bacteria will continue working on the ammonia (NH3) and you will have a jammed cycle with high levels of nitrite (NO2). An effluent with high nitrite (NO2) concentrations will be difficult to disinfect because of the tremendous chlorine demand it poses.
What type of problems might you encounter while performing nitrification? A decrease in the aeration tank pH due to insufficient alkalinity causing ammonia (NH3) to bleed through the system which will cause a decrease in the microbiological activity. An inability to completely nitrify due to a lack of dissolved oxygen; mixed liquor suspended solids, mean cell retention time, and cold temperatures.
All these factors can inhibit the nitrification cycle. High ammonia (NH3) discharges can affect your toxicity testing. High nitrite (NO2) levels will cause a tremendous chlorine demand making disinfection difficult – jeopardizing your fecal coliform limits. Leaving sludge that is high in nitrate (NO3) too long in the secondary clarifier can cause the sludge blanket to rise to the surface when the nitrogen gas is released. This will make quite a mess and will jeopardize your TSS limits.
Why bother to nitrify at your wastewater treatment facility if there can be this many problems? Aside from permit limits, ammonia (NH3) is toxic to fish and other aquatic life. Ammonia (NH3) discharges also place a very high oxygen demand on the receiving streams. Most operators perform nitrification due to the desire to produce a highly stabilized effluent at their wastewater treatment facility.
Now that we have converted all this ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3), how can we remove it from the system or more specifically perform denitrification?
An anoxic zone will have to be established within the wastewater treatment facility. Regardless of where and how you do this, the principles of operating an anoxic zone will always be the same.
The dissolved oxygen levels must be as close, without reaching, 0.0 mg/l as possible. A safe target point to avoid septicity while starting your zone would be 0.5 mg/L.A good operating point would be 0.2 mg/l.
There must be a carbon source. Raw influent usually works fine but some plants have to supplement the carbon source by injecting methanol or ethanol. It takes about 2.0 – 2.5 parts methanol for every part nitrate (NO3) that is denitrified.
The mixed liquor suspended solids concentration must be kept in balance with the food supply. In other words, the Food to Microorganisms should be in the proper range (on the lower end) for the type of process you are operating.
The pH of the anoxic zone should be close to neutral (7.0) and never drop below 6.5.
How will this all come together to work? Heterotrophic bacteria need a carbon source for food. They obtain their oxygen the easiest way possible using the following sequence: free and dissolved oxygen, nitrate (NO3), and then sulfate (SO4). If your zone has no free or dissolved oxygen, the “bugs” will have to obtain their oxygen source by breaking down the nitrate (NO3) that are returned to the anoxic zone in the activated sludge. As the “bugs” utilize the nitrate (NO3) as an oxygen source to break down the carbon, their source of food, nitrogen gas will be released to the atmosphere.
Bugs + Carbon + Nitrate (NO3) = Nitrogen Gas (N2) + Oxygen (O2) + 3.6 parts Alkalinity
Many wastewater treatment facilities have been performing successful single tank denitrification by creating and utilizing anoxic zones. Some examples that I have seen work are:
Constructing a dedicated anoxic zone at the head of the aeration tank by installing a baffle and mechanical mixers
Utilizing the first 1/4 to 1/3 of the aeration basin as an anoxic zone by throttling the aeration system diffusers valves to allow mixing without transferring dissolved oxygen
A dissolved oxygen probe in the aeration tank tied into a variable frequency drive that sends a signal to the blowers, providing a continuous dissolved oxygen level as determined by the set points
Utilizing timers to cycle the aeration system on and off which allows the whole aeration basin to be used intermittently as an anoxic zone (always check with your equipment manufacturers before implementing this method so that no damage will occur)
You may find that the return activated sludge pump cannot return enough nitrate (NO3) to the anoxic zone quick enough. If that is the case, a high yield submersible pump can be lowered into the effluent end of the aeration tank.
The discharge piping can be attached to the aeration basin walls, returning mixed liquor high in nitrate (NO3) back to the anoxic zone. The outlet of the discharge piping will need to be slightly submerged to avoid splashing and the introduction of dissolved oxygen.
How will you know when all of the nitrate (NO3) is used up? The next place the bugs will go for their oxygen source is the sulfate (SO4). As the sulfates are used up, sulfides will combine with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide and this stinks like rotten eggs.
Why would you want to perform denitrification at your facility? The obvious reason would be Total nitrogen limits in your discharge permit, others include; alkalinity and oxygen recovery, the desire to produce a highly stabilized effluent, and a reduction of problems with rising sludge in your clarifier.
Establishing and successfully operating a nitrogen removal process at your wastewater treatment facility will take some time and effort on your part. A lot more process control testing will have to be performed and system upsets may occur. The benefits will by far outweigh the headaches and great pride can be taken when you discharge a highly stabilized effluent from your wastewater treatment facility.
This article was written by Robert Scott the Wastewater Technician for the Atlantic States Rural Water & Wastewater Association. |
msmarco_passage_00_682970545 | CV Physiology | Hemodynamic Consequences of Arrhythmias | CV Physiology | Hemodynamic Consequences of Arrhythmias
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Hemodynamic Consequences of Arrhythmias
Bradycardia
Bradycardia, whether of atrial or ventricular origin, decreases cardiac output and thereby decreases arterial pressure. The reduced pressure can result in syncope (i.e., fainting) and other symptoms related to hypotension.
Tachycardia
Tachycardia of atrial or ventricular origin reduces stroke volume and cardiac output particularly when the ventricular rate is greater than 160 beats/min. The stroke volume becomes reduced because of decreased ventricular filling time and decreased ventricular filling ( preload) at high rates of contraction. Furthermore, if the tachyarrhythmia is associated with abnormal ventricular conduction, the synchrony and therefore effectiveness of ventricular contraction will be impaired leading to reduced ejection. Another consequence of tachycardia is increased myocardial oxygen demand. This can cause angina (chest pain), particularly in patients having underlying coronary artery disease. Finally, chronic states of tachycardia can lead to systolic heart failure. In fact, one animal model used for studying dilated cardiomyopathy induces ventricular failure by rapidly pacing the ventricles for a few weeks.
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation abolishes the contribution of atrial contraction to ventricular filling. Normally, under low, resting heart rates, atrial contractions account for about 10% of ventricular filling. However, during exercise when heart rate is elevated and ventricular filling time is reduced, atrial contraction can contribute up to 40% of ventricular filling. Therefore, atrial fibrillation generally has relatively minor hemodynamic consequence at rest, but can significantly limit normal increases in ventricular stroke volume and cardiac output during exercise. This may cause shortness of breath (exertional dyspnea) and impaired perfusion of active muscles, which will limit exercise capacity. Furthermore, in some cardiac pathologies such as ventricular hypertrophy in which ventricular complianc e is reduced, atrial contraction contributes significantly to ventricular filling even at rest. Therefore, in these patients, atrial fibrillation can significantly affect resting cardiac output. Of major concern with atrial fibrillation is the increased risk of thrombus formation within the atria and the release of these thrombi into the pulmonary or systemic circulations, which can lead to pulmonary embolism or cerebral stroke. For this reason, patients with atrial fibrillation are commonly placed on anticoagulants such as coumadin. Atrial fibrillation also produces ventricular tachycardia because more impulses pass through the AV node. This is often treated with drugs (e.g., digoxin, calcium-channel blockers, beta-blockers) to reduce the number of impulses passing through the AV node, thereby reducing ventricular rate.
Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation causes cardiac output to go to zero, and therefore leads to death unless it is quickly converted to a rhythm compatible with sustaining life.
Revised 3/10/16 |
msmarco_passage_00_683818586 | Nintendo Game Boy (History, Specs, Pictures) | Nintendo Game Boy (History, Specs, Pictures)
Nintendo Game Boy
The Game Boy was developed by Gunpei Yokoi and his R&D1 team at Nintendo. He wanted to combine the best features of the successful NES with the portability of the Game & Watch handhelds, which he also developed. The first prototype of the Game Boy was produced in 1987 and expectations at Nintendo were high. Nintendo of Japan president Hiroshi Yamauchi predicted that it would sell over 25 million in the first three years.
An interesting move was the choice of game to be bundled with the Game Boy. Out of all the games it had to be Tetris: A game developed by a Russian mathematician, which has sold over 1 million copies to date. Someone at Nintendo had noticed the game at an exhibition in 1988 and immediately knew that it would be the ideal game to complement the Game Boy. The decision was spot-on!
The Game Boy was released to the Japanese public in 1989 two years later in the US. Three years after its initial release it had sold over 32 million units and continued going from strength to strength throughout the '90s. By 1997, a new and improved Game Boy called the Game Boy Pocket was released with a better quality "clear" LCD screen and a smaller size. It was much lighter than the original. As a result, more games were released for the GB and various accessories such as the camera and printer were also released.
Over 650 games have been released for the original and pocket Game Boy units to date.
Technical Specs:
CPU: 8-bit Z80 CMOS (4.19MHz)
RAM: 8KB
Colors: 4 (Grayscale)
Sprites: 40
Sprite Size: 8x16 or 8x8 pixels
Resolution: 160x144 pixels
Sound: 4 channel audio
To report a mistake or submit new information for inclusion, click here. |
msmarco_passage_00_685488544 | Rotisserie Turkey Breast, Dry Brined - DadCooksDinner | Rotisserie Turkey Breast, Dry Brined - DadCooksDinner
Rotisserie
Published on October 29, 2009
comments 28
Rotisserie Turkey Breast, Dry Brined
written by Mike Vrobel
Rotisserie turkey breast is the easiest rotisserie recipe I have. Yes, I know that cooking on the rotisserie is a bit of a hassle. You have to hook up the motor, truss your meat, skewer it, and find someplace to put the searingly hot spit when you’re done. Why do I go through all that? Results. Rotisserie cooking just works better than roasting.
*Look at the skin in the picture! Rotisserie cooking gives you perfect browning, and browning is the maillard reaction giving you flavor. Also, the meat just seems juicier after I’ve cooked it on the rotisserie.
I love cooking a whole turkey, but it’s a lot of meat. If I’m just feeding my wife and the kids, then a turkey breast is a more reasonable amount to cook. Even so, it’s still a lot of food. I plan a few extra meals around the leftovers.
*If you’re like me, then the leftovers are the best part of Thanksgiving. With this recipe, you can have those leftovers whenever you want!
Turkey breast can be pretty bland, so we’re going to use a dry brine, inspired by Judy Rodgers of San Francisco’s Zuni Cafe. The dry brine seasons the breast and deepens the turkey flavor. It’s impressive how such an easy technique improves the results. All you need is time – you have to salt the breast at least a day ahead.
*Dry brining has been the secret to a couple of my other recipes, and I’ve started to prefer it to the wet brine I used to use all the time. Just don’t use it with pork; it doesn’t work as well as a traditional brine. See my “When should you salt meat?” article for the details.
Recipe: Rotisserie Turkey Breast, Dry Brined
Cook time: 2 hours
Equipment:
Grill with Rotisserie attachment (I used a Weber Summit 650 with an infrared rotisserie burner. Here it is.)
Aluminum foil drip pan (9″x12″, or whatever fits your grill)
Butcher’s twine
Instant Read Thermometer
Ingredients:
1 whole turkey breast (6-7 lbs)
4 tsp kosher salt
Directions:
1. Dry Brine the Turkey: 1 to 2 days before cooking, salt the turkey. Rub 2 tsp of salt in the big cavity, then work the skin loose from the breast, being careful not to tear it, and rub 1 tsp of salt on each breast. Wrap the turkey in plastic wrap, and refrigerate for at least 24 hours, and up to 2 days.
*I put the turkey in the aluminum foil drip pan, to keep it from leaking in the refrigerator.
Work your fingers under the skin to loosen it from the meat, then rub the salt all over the breast
2. Prepare the grill: Set your grill up for rotisserie cooking at medium heat. For my Weber Summit, this means turning the two outer burners (burners 1 and 6) to medium, and turning the infrared burner to medium. Then I put my drip pan in the middle, over the unlit burners. (See here for more rotisserie setup details.)
3. Truss and Skewer the Turkey: Discard the plastic wrap on the turkey, and pat it dry with paper towels. If there is loose skin on the turkey (around the wings and the neck), truss it once, around the wing sockets, and tuck loose skin under the butcher’s twine. Skewer the turkey on your spit, running the prongs under the belly of the bird, so you don’t pierce the meat on the breast. See picture above; the turkey is upside down.
4. Cook the Turkey: Put the spit on the grill, and turn on the rotisserie motor. Cook with the lid closed. It should take 1 1/2 to 2 hours, depending on the size of the breast. My 7 pound breast was done in 1 hour and 50 minutes. It’s better to go by temperature, though – you want the breast at the thickest part to read 160*F to 165*F; start checking about 15 minutes before you think the bird will be done.
*Turkey breast gets very dry when overcooked, so please don’t go above 165*F.
5. Serve Remove the turkey from the spit, and let rest for 15 minutes before carving. I like to cut the breast halves from the carcass, then slice them crosswise into 1/4″ thick slices. Serve with the juices in the drip pan, if they’re not sooty from your fire.
*On a gas grill, this isn’t a problem, but check them if you’re using charcoal.
Notes:
*Serve with rotisserie pan potatoes and a salad, and you have an easy, healthy meal. Mashed sweet potatoes are another great accompaniment.
*As I mention in the recipe, the key is to cook the breast to 160*F – turkey breast is so lean, that it goes from juicy to terribly dry at just above 165*F. You really need an instant read thermometer to tell if your turkey breast is cooked.
*Leftovers make wonderful turkey sandwiches. I cook this recipe just to get the leftovers, really; it gives me meat for sandwiches and soup all week.
*Speaking of soup, use the carcass to make turkey stock, then make some turkey noodle soup.
What do you think? Questions? Other ideas? Leave them in the comments section below.
Click here for my other rotisserie recipes.
Inspired by:
Russ Parsons, It’s the turkey everyone loves [latimes.com]
Judy Rodgers, The Zuni Cafe Cookbook
Check out my cookbook, Rotisserie Grilling.
Everything you could ask about the rotisserie,
plus 50 (mostly) new recipes to get you cooking.
It’s a Kindle e-book, so you can download it and start reading immediately!
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msmarco_passage_00_686836552 | The Best and Worst Sleep Positions for Your Health | The Best and Worst Sleep Positions for Your Health
Is Your Sleeping Position All Wrong?
Lifestyle by Kristen Domonell on 3/5/2016
Photo: Pond5
When you get in bed and cozy into your covers at night, you probably don’t put much thought into whether you’re on your side, back or stomach. But if you snore like a bear every time your head hits the pillow or you wake up feeling stiff as a board, it might be time to switch things up at bedtime. Here’s the scoop on the benefits and drawbacks of the most common sleeping positions.
RELATED: How Much Sleep Do You Really Need?
Sleep Positions: Sweet Dreaming or Total Nightmare?
Photo: Pond5
Side Sleeping
The Good: Side sleeping is by far the most commonly reported sleep position, and for good reason — it can have a whole lot of health benefits. If you snore or have breathing problems, sleeping on your side is the best choice for opening your airways so you can breathe better at night, says sleep specialist W. Christopher Winter, MD, medical director of the Martha Jefferson Hospital Sleep Medicine Center in Charlottesville, Virginia.
Plus, it can be ideal for your spine and might help ease low back pain. The slightly curled-in fetal position recreates the natural curve your spine had in the womb, before holding your head up, sitting down or walking around changed the curvature of your spine and potentially put stress on your lower back, explains Winter. Snoozing on your side can help give your spine a break from the tension from holding your head up, standing or sitting throughout the day.
Curling up on the side could also be good for your brain.
RELATED: 6 Sleep Myths to Finally Put to Bed
Curling up on the right or left could also be good for your brain. One animal study found that sleeping on your side might lower the risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and other neurological diseases. During the study, mice that slept on their sides had more efficient glymphatic systems compared to those that slept on their stomachs or backs. Why is this significant? Functioning glymphatic systems, which flush harmful waste products out of the brain, are key to preventing dementia and other neurological diseases.
It’s not clear if these findings carry over into humans, says Winter, though he notes we remove waste from our brains much more effectively when we’re asleep than when we’re awake. Sleep plays a very active role in removing protein pieces called beta-amyloid that can cause Alzheimer’s disease when they build up in the brain.
RELATED: Exhausted? Here’s How It Can Sabotage Your Workout
Similarly, sleeping on your left side, specifically, could help the flow of blood to your heart. When your heart pumps blood out to your body, it gets circulated and then flows back to your heart on the right side, Winter explains. If you sleep on your right side, the pressure of your body smashes up against the blood vessels that return to your ticker, but “sleeping on your left side with your right side not squished is supposed to potentially increase blood flow back to your heart.” And anything you can do to help your most important organ pump more efficiently is good for your health, he says.
Pregnant women in particular should consider sleeping on their left side because the baby is pushing their organs upward, says Winter. (There’s only so much space in there, after all!) During pregnancy, the heart is already working harder to support the baby, and snoozing on the right side, combined with the extra pressure from the organs, could hinder the flow of blood to mom’s heart — and to the little one, says Winter.
The Bad: Ever slept on your side and woken up with a numb arm? That pins and needles feeling comes from “capillary crush,” when the weight you’re putting on your arm, or another numb body part, is putting intense pressure on your blood vessels. There can be so much crushing pressure that you lose blood circulation, explains clinical psychologist Michael Breus, PhD, a board-certified sleep specialist and author of GOOD NIGHT: The Sleep Doctor’s 4-Week Program to Better Sleep and Better Health. Eventually, you’ll wake up and need to roll over.
Poor blood flow isn’t the only downside to getting shut-eye while laying on your side. Studies show that it can increase acid reflux and heartburn at night. If you frequently suffer from indigestion at night, your best bet might be to choose another sleeping position.
Photo: Pond5
Back Sleeping
The Good: Falling asleep on your back might help you wake up feeling much more refreshed than usual. That’s because sleeping on your back is the best position for getting high quality sleep, says Breus. It’s the only position you can sleep in all night without having to readjust. When you sleep on your back, your weight is evenly distributed across your skeletal frame, unlike other positions. Translation: No more waking and tossing and turning because of tingly pain due to poor circulation in your arms or legs.
RELATED: Think Snoring Is Normal? Why Sleep Apnea Shouldn’t Be Ignored
Plus, if you have lower back pain, sleeping on your back with your knees propped up by pillows could take some pressure off your spine and relieve pain. How? “As soon as you start to raise your knees, that secondary curvature of your spine [in your lower back] starts to go away,” says Winter. The rounding in your lower back mimics the natural curvature of your spine that occurs when you’re sleeping on your side, in the fetal position. Think of it this way: When you’re lying flat on your back with your legs extended on the floor, you can probably fit your hand in the space between the floor and your lower back. But when your knees are up and your feet placed flat on the floor, you are easing some tension from the lower back all night long.
The Bad: While back sleeping is the optimal for many people, it’s not for everyone. When you’re on your back, your upper airway is the least stable, says Winter. The result? You might snore more or experience worse symptoms of sleep apnea, two conditions that can be annoying to bed partners and also potentially detrimental to your health.
Photo: Pond5
Stomach Sleeping
The Good: If you’re a back sleeper who snores and you can’t switch to sleeping on your side, laying on your stomach could be a good compromise that can open your airways a bit, says Winter. But there aren’t many other benefits to the face-plant approach.
RELATED: 6 Signs You’re Exhausted (Not Just Tired)
The Bad: Sleeping on your stomach could be a pain in the neck — literally. Breus considers this the worst position because you have to turn your neck to almost an entire 90-degree angle from your body while also raising your head and neck up to pillow height. These crazy contortions could lead to neck pain. Plus, it’s not great for your back, either. If you think of performing a “superman” back exercise while laying on your stomach, that’s basically the back-bending position you’re in all night long. “That curvature of your spine is actually going cause direct pressure on the lower part of your vertebrae,” Breus says. “Over the course of time, it can cause low back pain.”
Should You Switch It Up?
Whether you sleep on your side, back or stomach, if you wake up feeling refreshed and pain-free, there’s probably no reason to break a habit that’s working for you. But if you’re having any of the issues mentioned here, it might be a good idea to experiment with something new.
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msmarco_passage_00_690004042 | Dallas now has the most expensive house for sale in the country - CultureMap Dallas | Dallas now has the most expensive house for sale in the country - CultureMap Dallas
Home » Real Estate
Lucy Billingsley
The Dallas real estate visionary on optimism, adventure and the power of change
Real Estate news
Dallas home prices are still on the rise but trail much of nation
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Dallas restaurant group opens ghost kitchen with burgers, wings, bowls
Candy's Dirt
Dallas now has the most expensive house for sale in the country. Plus: 4 more of the priciest listings
Dallas now has the most expensive house for sale in the country
By Candy Evans
Feb 1, 2013, 5:35 pm
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In prestigious Volk Estates, 6601 Hunters Glen Rd. is the No. 4 most expensive home on the Dallas market. Photo courtesy of Allie Beth Allman & Associates
6601 Hunters Glen Dr. Photo courtesy of Allie Beth Allman & Associates
6601 Hunters Glen Dr. Photo courtesy of Allie Beth Allman & Associates
Once upon a time, Mount Vernon was the most expensive listing in Dallas. It is currently listed for just under $25 million. Photo courtesy of Allie Beth Allman & Associates
Mount Vernon Photo courtesy of Allie Beth Allman & Associates
No. 2 on the list of most expensive listings is 4939 Manson Court, off Strait Lane. ©2011 Sean Gallagher
4939 Manson Court ©2011 Sean Gallagher
4939 Manson Court ©2011 Sean Gallagher
French-inspired chateau at 1808 Pointe De Vue Dr. in Flower Mound lands at No. 5 on the list of the most expensive homes for sale. Photo courtesy of George Noonan Real Estate Group
1808 Pointe De Vue Dr. Photo courtesy of George Noonan Real Estate Group
The Moroccan-style media room at 1808 Pointe De Vue Dr. Photo courtesy of George Noonan Real Estate Group
1808 Pointe De Vue Dr. Photo courtesy of George Noonan Real Estate Group
In addition to being W’s hometown, Dallas now has a new distinction: It is home to the most expensive piece of dirt on the market in the United States. For that honor, we can thank Cinda and Tom Hicks, who put their 42,500-square-foot Crespi Estate on the market, which sits on 25 acres in the prime of Preston Hollow.
To be clear, the home is not in MLS, but the listing has been given to one Douglas Newby, a charming agent who specializes in significant, memorable homes and counts many high-net-worth folks among his clients. Watch Newby talk about the Crespi Estate in this video:
Finest Estate Home, Crespi Hicks Estate - YouTube
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How much are they asking? $135,000,000. Yes, you read that right: $135 million.
Newby says the land is worth at least $2 million an acre, and the residence is worth $2,000 a square foot. The Hicks poured $100 million into a Peter Marino-directed remodel of the Maurice Fatio estate originally built for an Italian countess.
The Hicks estate has become a real game changer in the Dallas real estate world. For fun, let’s take a look at the next four most expensive homes on the market, shall we?
No. 2: 4939 Manson Court
The Hicks estate knocks out 4939 Manson Court from the top spot. Hunter Dehn’s $29,995,000-and-change listing has almost 30,000 square feet of living space on 4 acres off chichi Strait Lane.
The super-green home was designed by starchitect Robbie Fusch with gorgeous interiors by Ashley Astelford. There are nine bedrooms, nine full baths, four half baths, multiple formals, casuals, study, library, gourmet kitchen, keeping room, three wet bars, warehouse-sized pantry, outdoor kitchen and living area, pool and pool house, half regulation-sized indoor basketball court, 2,200-square-foot master bedroom (that’s larger than the size of the average American home), 3,7000-square-foot garage, underground media room, and nanny quarters. Heck, even the nanny gets guest quarters.
Owners are Shanin and Bryan Wilburn of Southwest Risk LLP, an insurer that takes on high-hazard business exposure.
No. 3: 4009 W. Lawther Dr., a.k.a. Mount Vernon
Manson Court surpasses my personal favorite, the classical Mount Vernon over on the shores of White Rock Lake, listed with Allie Beth Allman and reduced to $24,900,000. This is the home built by H.L. Hunt, with Dallas’ very first swimming pool. For that price you get more than 10,500 square feet on 10 acres with five bedrooms, nine baths, multiple living areas, two-story guest house (beloved by actress Glenn Close, among others), four-lane bowling alley and party room, wine cellar, elevator, 16-car concourse, and lighted tennis courts. Oh, and that original pool, with cabana, is heated.
The home, owned by Teresa and John Amend, was reduced last year from $29,000,000, so get it while it’s hot!
No. 4: 6601 Hunters Glen Rd.
The No. 4 most expensive home on the Dallas market is 6601 Hunters Glen Rd., listed with Mathews Nichols Group at Allie Beth Allman, for $19.5 million. This gated Volk Estates home in Highland Park sits on 1.802 acres. The three-story residence has 12,957 square feet, 10 wood-burning fireplaces, four bedroom suites in the main house, private gardens and courtyards, tennis courts with covered viewing terrace, putting green, two-story cabana with kitchen, outdoor kitchen, in-ground trampoline, and fire pit — all within walking distance of Highland Park Village.
The home is owned by Tracey and Richard Cheatham. He’s a former director of land and negotiations acquisitions for Hunt Oil, now an investor in Bluescape Resources.
No. 5: 1808 Pointe De Vue Dr.
The fifth most expensive house on the list — a French-inspired chateau up in Flower Mound overlooking Lake Grapevine — can be yours for only $14,750,000. On more than 10 acres, 1808 Pointe De Vue Dr. boasts 21,131 square feet, which is about half the size of the Hicks estate. The home is richly finished out with imported stone, Venetian plaster, hand-painted murals, top-of-the line appliances, and custom woodwork and finishes.
The lake views from the rear of the house and balcony are stunning; you truly do not think you are in North Texas. The main house — sorry, chateau — has nine living areas, nine fireplaces, six bedrooms, six-and-a-half baths, and guest house with three bedrooms. Oh, and a three-stall horse barn.
The only bad news is that the owner, Jacque Evans (no relation, unfortunately), wishes to retain her mineral rights — now that's a smart Texas cookie.
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msmarco_passage_00_690808812 | Learn All About School Drill Teams | Learn All About School Drill Teams
Entertainment Performing Arts
What a Drill Team Is and Does
They Are Not Always Dancers But They Do Perform Routines
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Treva Bedinghaus
Treva L. Bedinghaus is a former competitive dancer who has studied ballet, tap, and jazz. She writes about dance styles and practices and the history of dance.
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Treva Bedinghaus
Updated March 07, 2019
A drill team is a group of dancers who perform dance routines in unison. Drill teams, also called dance squads, usually belong to high schools or colleges and perform at games and other school-related events. Some drill teams compete against other teams at competitions.
While cheerleaders may dance, drill teams typically don't cheer. Cheerleading may be more athletic, involving stunts and certain jumps. Cheer and drill are not the same. Dance drill teams typically have a routine set to music, whether live or pre-recorded. Here's a bit more about drill teams.
Drill Team History
The first drill team was created by Gussie Nell Davis in at Greenville High School in Greenville, Texas. Known as the Flaming Flashes, the drill team performed during every halftime show at the school. Davis then created a college drill team in Kilgore, Texas, the well-known Kilgore Rangerettes.
Drill Team Goals
Drill teams aim to accomplish some of the following goals:
Promote school spirit and build loyalty
Develop physical coordination and dance technique
Entertain the school and community
Build confidence and self-esteem
The American Dance/Drill Team
The American Dance/Drill Team was founded in 1958 by Davis and Irving Dreibrodt to provide a medium for professional instruction for dance and drill teams around the United States. The company presents training camps, contests, and clinics to teams of dancers.
Other Kinds of Drill Teams
A dance squad associated with a school is not the only kind of drill team. Military drill teams are actually not dancers, but they do perform synchronized routines. A military drill team is marching unit that performed specific military drills, either armed or not. These drills are often not performed to music. Branches of the U.S. military have official drill teams as part of their honor guard.
Other drill teams may carry flags or pompoms or may do gymnastics. The color guard is considered a type of drill team. You can also find drill teams on horses, motorcycles, carts or with other props, such as chairs or dogs. In parades, you may see funny lawn chair drill teams that do coordinated routines that involve tricks with their lawn chairs. |
msmarco_passage_00_692616552 | Danny Phantom: The Ultimate Enemy | Danny Phantom Wiki | Fandom | Danny Phantom: The Ultimate Enemy | Danny Phantom Wiki | Fandom
Danny Phantom: The Ultimate Enemy
This page is for Danny Phantom: The Ultimate Enemy, the video game. For the episode, see The Ultimate Enemy.
Danny Phantom: The Ultimate Enemy
Platform (s)
Game Boy Advance
Product Information
Release Date
NA: September 8, 2005
EU: May 26, 2006
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Danny Phantom: The Ultimate Enemy is a video game for the Nintendo Game Boy Advance console. The game itself is based on " The Ultimate Enemy ," an episode from the television series Danny Phantom. The player takes control of Danny Phantom on his adventure to save Amity Park from his greatest enemy, Dan Phantom, who is his alternate future self ten years from the present.
Plotline
The story opens up ten years in the future in a devastated and destroyed Amity Park. A rogue ghost tears down the city's powerful ghost shield with a mysterious power called the Ghostly Wail. An adult Valerie Gray appears to stop the ghost, and the ghost is revealed to be Dan Phantom, Danny Phantom's evil older self.
Somewhere in the Ghost Zone, two ghosts called the Observants have taken notice of the destruction of Amity Park and comment on how powerful Dark Danny is. A ghost named Clockwork states that " Danny will become a threat to us all ." Clockwork then decides that he will make sure that Danny never becomes evil.
Back in present day Casper High, Danny is worrying about the upcoming C.A.T. since he has not had much time to study due to ghost fighting. Sam then appears and tells Danny that ghosts are inside the school. Tucker comments that Danny will grow up to be a ghost hunter and Danny replies that " a ghost hunter isn't a real career path .
After defeating the ghosts in the school, Danny returns home to Fenton Works where Jazz suggests that Danny get to work studying. Danny retorts saying, " You're brilliant and I'm stupid and I'll never be able to get as high a score on my C.A.T. as you did ." A ghost suddenly appears behind Danny and Danny yells for Jazz to get out of his room, despite being in the kitchen. Jazz gets the hint and leaves so Danny can fight the ghost.
The ghost then reveals herself to be Box Lunch, the daughter of the Box Ghost and the Lunch Lady Ghost. Danny finds this realization very disturbing (" Eww. That's just gross! ") and defeats her but destroys the Nasty Burger in the process by causing the Nasty Sauce to explode. Danny finds a curious medallion Box Lunch left behind when she disappeared. Danny also accidentally phased through Mr. Lancer 's briefcase where Lancer was keeping the C.A.T. answer booklet and after finding the booklet stuck to his back, realizes this is the answer to all of his studying problems.
Meanwhile the Observers comment on this development revealing that they planted the test answers for Danny to find. The Observers are convinced Danny will become evil, but Clockwork insists otherwise. The Observers also notice the fact that Danny has discovered Box Lunch's time immunity medallion.
Back in Danny's room, Tucker examines the medallion. Sam decides that the medallion seems futuristic and then asks Danny what he plans to do with the exam answers he found. Before Danny can debate about it, a ghost named Skulktech 9.9 (the future Skulker and Technus combined) appears. Danny then transforms into Danny Phantom and tells Sam and Tucker to find out what they can about the medallion while he goes to fight the ghost. After SkulkTech 9.9 introduces himself, Tucker comments he can hack into the ghost to stop him. SkulkTech 9.9 leads the battle back to the Nasty Burger and comments that although "The Pummeler" does not work on Danny in the future, it will surely work in the present time. Danny is confused by this but he battles and defeats the ghost.
Using SkulkTech 9.9's time immunity medallion, Danny, Sam, and Tucker arrive in Clockwork's lair where Clockwork reveals himself as the master of time and battles Danny. The trio then determines Danny's turning point was cheating on the C.A.T. Clockwork explains that in the future, Danny has completely lost his humanity. Clockwork states he tried to change Danny's past, but since that did not work out, he will simply have to kill Danny. Danny, Sam, and Tucker then escape to the future.
The trio are surprised to see Amity Park in a state of ruin and then come across the future Valerie. Not realizing Danny is from the past, Valerie mistakes him for being Dark Danny in disguise and attacks him until Sam and Tucker stop her. Valerie is shocked by seeing them and reveals that in the future they are both dead and claims it was all Danny's fault. The real Dark Danny then appears and claims responsibility for Sam and Tucker's deaths. Valerie tries to stop him but is defeated. Danny tries to save her but is too late. Valerie says that she forgot how cute younger Danny was. And then she passed out. Danny urges Sam and Tucker to take off the time immunity medallions and return to the present before Dark Danny can harm them. Danny is about to do the same when Dark Danny fuses the time immunity medallion inside Danny's body, trapping him in the future. Danny and Dark Danny fight, but Dark Danny then throws Danny into the Ghost Zone in hopes that Danny will never escape.
In the Ghost Zone, Danny realizes his only hope to get back to the present is to find Vlad Masters and pray that he can fix this mess. After finding Vlad's ghost portal however, Danny accidentally stumbles across Walker and his police force and fights them. Danny finds an older Vlad on the other side of the portal and Vlad explains what happened ten years ago and how Dark Danny was created using the Ghost Gauntlets. Danny then asks for Vlad to use the Ghost Gauntlets to remove the time immunity medallion from his body so he can defeat Dark Danny and set everything right again. Vlad argues that doing such a thing might kill Danny, but Danny comments that he's sure that Vlad can do it. After his friends and family were killed by his alter ego, he had to live with Vlad. Surprisingly, instead of trying to hurt Danny he sympathized with his pain. After much mental suffering, he wanted the ghost side of him ripped out of his body. It was successfully done, but the ghost was evil and ripped out Vlad's ghost as well. Then the two merged together, and seeing as they didn't need Danny's body anymore, that blew up Vlad's mansion, killing Danny and destroying everything. Thus, Dark Danny was born.
After Vlad successfully removes the medallion, Danny returns to the present and rushes to the Nasty Burger to have one final confrontation with his older self. Danny uses the Ghostly Wail, much to Dark Danny's surprise, and traps Dark Danny in the Fenton Thermos. Danny is about to go save his family when he realizes he cannot transform into Danny Phantom. Clockwork appears however and sets everything right again. At school, Danny turns the C.A.T. answer booklet in to Mr. Lancer and Mr. Lancer decides to allow Danny to take the make-up exam the following week.
Ghosts
Boxer Ghost
Looming Ghost
El Matador
Bat Ghost
Devil Ghost
Dragon Ghost
Ghouly Ghost
Splatter Ghost
Scaredy Ghost
Frankenfish
Ghost Police
Box Ghost
Lunch Lady Ghost
Skulker
Nicholai Technus
Dan Phantom
Skulktech 9.9
Walker
Box Lunch
Ember McLain
Clockwork
Vlad Plasmius
Meat Monster
Hidden Ghost
Angry Ghost
Fright Knight
Johnny 13
Kitty
Observants 1, 2
Mission Mode
This plot line is not in the show's episode. It also contains more characters from around the TV series, though they never appeared in their original form (not the 10-years-into-the-future form) in the episode of which the game is based.
After completing the main game, if the player selects the file they finished, Clockwork will tell Danny that what he has done still has not changed the future and Danny still becomes Dark Danny. Danny comments, " That's ridiculous. We stopped the explosion!? " Clockwork then tells Danny he must go back to Casper High during the time he fought Box Lunch and figure out why the future is still happening.
Upon completing all missions in mission mode, the source of the problem is revealed to be none other than Vlad Masters, Danny's half-ghost arch-enemy. Vlad explains that Dark Danny came to see him and said "he wanted a little insurance in case the explosion was ever prevented."
After defeating Vlad, Clockwork says that everything will be just fine in the future for Danny now. Clockwork warns Danny that the smallest thing could start the whole thing over again, and Danny realizes it is his own responsibility to make sure this never happens again.
Trivia
This game was also going to be released on GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox, DS, Windows and PSP, but was ultimately canceled.
The game can be finished in a minimum of approximately 2 hours and 30 minutes.
This game is the source of Dark Danny's popular nickname "Dan."
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msmarco_passage_00_694521361 | Backward Walking for Rehabilitation and Fitness | Backward Walking for Rehabilitation and Fitness
RETRO WALKING FOR REHABILITATION AND FITNESS
Barry T. Bates, Ph.D.
Janet S. Dufek, Ph.D.
Christian Grolle‚
Edith Grolle‚
Introduction
Injury is never pleasant for the professional athlete, the weekend athlete, or anyone participating in an exercise program for improved fitness and overall good health. However, when such a misfortune occurs, one typically has to spend some time rehabilitating the injured tissues and/or systems which suffered the over-stress. Not only is injury a concern, but prevention of injury is also an issue, especially as one grows older.
The purpose of this article is to overview the modality of backward walking as a component of the rehabilitation program for many lower extremity injuries and/or for injury prevention. In so doing, we will identify the salient features of backward walking from a rehabilitation perspective, and also suggest an exercise routine to incorporate which may be of benefit for many active individuals.
Primary Benefits / Differences
Backward walking, like forward walking, is an activity in which one always maintains contact with the ground (unlike running, which has an airborne phase). Consequently, the force to the body at impact is minimal in walking compared to jogging or running. This alone can be a benefit if one is suffering from an impact-type injury which could manifest as a sore knee, stress fracture, or similar problem. To this end, walking (forward or backward) could be a means to maintain cardiovascular fitness without risking further force-related trauma to the lower extremities.
The kinematics, or patterns, of walking forward are somewhat different than those of walking backward. Some of the differences can be observed visually, while others (activation patterns of muscles; specific joint angle differences) have been quantified scientifically. We will synthesize the information that we have learned in the laboratory in order to make it more practical for general understanding.
We can summarize the differences between forward and backward walking as follows:
Reduced knee joint range of motion
Hamstring muscles 'pre-stretched'
prior to loading
Discussion
The implications of the differences between forward and backward locomotion are of primary importance in understanding any given exercise routine. As stated previously, backward walking reduces significantly the "impact" force upon contact, due to the reduced stride length, foot contact pattern, and lower extremity kinematic pattern (see Arata, High Speed Backward Running for further detail). As well, range of motion at the knee joint is reduced during backward walking incorporating a nearly isometric pattern following contact compared to a more stressful eccentric loading. This can be especially advantageous for rehabilitation of knee joint injuries. In addition during backward walking, the hamstrings (muscles along the back of the thigh) are stretched prior to activation in thigh reversal and contact due to hip flexion. Given this pre-stretch, any additional load, as is introduced during weight bearing / backward walking, is in the form of an added load / stretch upon the muscle group, which can be helpful in both rehabilitation and training scenarios.
A simple exercise routine developed by the authors that has benefitted many older adults is as follows. Two individuals work together as a team. They stand facing each other and hold each other's hands. As one person walks backward, the other walks forward. The coupling of the two individuals by holding hands assists with balance and the person walking forward serves as the "eyes" for both individuals. Both of these aspects provide an added degree of comfort/confidence especially during the initial exercise periods. The walk can be of any reasonable length, but short to moderate distances enhance the exercise by requiring more changes of direction for the pair.
A more complex variation of this exercise concept combines static balance in addition to the forward and backward walking pattern. It consists of both forward and backward walking to gain the proprioceptive advantages, but also utilizes additional balance practice to assist in overall rehabilitation advantages. The exercise is simple in description and action complex in potential benefits. The exercise regime is as follows:
1) Walk forward five steps
2) Balance briefly on the support leg as the swing leg is reversed
3) Walk backward four steps
4) Balance briefly on the support leg as the swing leg is reversed
5) Repeat
Note: The balance phase during each body reversal should be 3 to 5 seconds in length
This exercise incorporates the advantages of forward walking, backward walking and balance/proprioception. During this "5-4" walking pattern combined with a balance phase, the neuromuscular system can be exercised to its perceived fullest by incorporating dynamic gait (forward and backward) as well as static postural control on alternating legs. This exercise can be done initially with the use of hand rails and eventually without the support of rails in a demonstration of full system (body) control. One of the many potential benefits of this "5-4" routine as the nervous system is "exercised" and balance improves is the potential prevention of falls.
"5-4" as a Rehabilitative Activity
Worldwide, 1.7 million people with osteoporosis were documented to have suffered broken hips in 1990. This number is expected to increase to 6.3 million by 2050 (Associated Press, November 2000). In the U.S. alone, it is estimated that 250,000 people experience hip fractures each year due to falls. These data illustrate the serious nature of both osteoporosis and balance control. "5-4" may be an important intervention to address these problems, and others.
"5-4" is a newly introduced exercise intervention, however, feedback on its use has been extremely positive, as well as diverse in nature. Reported anecdotal benefits include enhanced whole-body (global) balance and control, including spinal column alignment. Lower extremity articular musculature, especially that of the ankle joint, is perceived to be strengthened. Stimulation of the circulatory system as a result of general movement (exercise) has also been noted. All of these reported benefits could address the problems associated with osteoporosis and falls, as previously identified.
Summary
An overview of the advantages of backward walking has been presented, with a focus on rehabilitative applications. Advantages include reduced ground reaction forces at contact, limited range of motion at the knee joint (advantageous during knee injury rehabilitation), augmented stretch of the hamstrings muscle group during the stride and the potential of proprioceptive / balance control training during activity. For these reasons, we suggest backward walking as an additional component to an intervention / rehabilitation program as well as an augmentation to an overall fitness program.
Link selections:
Backward running website
Gninnur Drawkcab (Backward running): Dr. B.T. Bates
High speed backward running (technical version): Dr. A.W. Arata
High speed backward running (lay version): Dr. A.W. Arata
Dr. Bates' Homepage
or
E-mail: Dr. Bates |
msmarco_passage_00_698324550 | 14 Highly inappropriate references in kids films and TV | | 14 Highly inappropriate references in kids films and TV |
14 Highly inappropriate references in kids films and TV
Written by: Lee Johnson
Written on: July 14, 2020
Milos Manojlovic/iStock/Getty Images
A surprising amount of kids’ film and TV isn’t really for kids. The adult creators have fun with their projects, and are well aware that adults will watch the shows too, whether it’s because they’re parents watching with some TV-hogging child or because they’re just people who still like kids TV.
Overview
So some more adult-friendly jokes and references are to be expected, but that doesn’t mean that they still don’t have the power to shock. Sexual and drug references crop up regularly (and subtly) in kids films and TV, and even if you’re not particularly against it, on many occasions you’re still left baffled as to how they managed to get some things past the censors, like when...
\#1 – A computer has an orgasm (The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue)
In a seemingly innocent, straight-to-video sequel to a film about talking household appliances, there is a pretty undeniable orgasm reference. A computer comments on how his memory banks are being stroked, which would have been only slightly odd if it wasn’t for the noises he makes throughout, adding “I feel something happening inside of me” to push it one step further away from innocence. At the climax moment, where the computer says he can’t keep it to himself anymore, streams of white paper spew out of a printer.
A surprising amount of kids’ film and TV isn’t really for kids.
Sexual and drug references crop up regularly (and subtly) in kids films and TV, and even if you’re not particularly against it, on many occasions you’re still left baffled as to how they managed to get some things past the censors, like when...
In a seemingly innocent, straight-to-video sequel to a film about talking household appliances, there is a pretty undeniable orgasm reference.
Photo: What Culture
\#2 – Spongebob’s nose becomes an erect penis (Spongebob Squarepants)
When you have a big-nosed character that decides to wear some pants on his head, the censors should maybe pay some attention to that scene. But the people who looked over Spongebob Squarepants when he puts himself in this exact position, with his nose protruding from underneath the Y-fronts in a suggestive manner obviously didn’t see any problem with the quite blatant penis joke.
Photo: Buzzfeed
\#3 – Is your kid masturbating? (Fairly Odd Parents)
The average kid with fairy god parents, Timmy Turner, has a wide range of generally kid-friendly adventures. In one scene, though, Timmy’s parents are watching a Dr. Phil parody called Dr. Bill, who is asking the question “Does your child say ‘I’m busy’ a lot?” This is immediately repeated by Timmy, who runs off-screen as Dr. Bill continues “Do they use a lot of paper towels, spend too much time in their room and say ‘don’t bother me?’” Timmy runs through the room with paper towels in hand and tells them not to bother him.
When you have a big-nosed character that decides to wear some pants on his head, the censors should maybe pay some attention to that scene.
This is immediately repeated by Timmy, who runs off-screen as Dr. Bill continues “Do they use a lot of paper towels, spend too much time in their room and say ‘don’t bother me?’”
Photo: Adult Humor in Cartoons, via Tumblr
\#4 – Tier 15 (Adventure Time)
Adventure Time is riddled with adult jokes, but the most obvious one comes when Jake is explaining some things about dating to Finn, turning his arm into a mock-staircase and separating activities into “tiers.” Tier one is hugging, two is “smooching,” and tier eight is where you “touch her horn for the very first time” (a reference to Jake’s multicoloured unicorn-ish girlfriend Lady Rainicorn). Finn asks about the top tier, tier 15, to which Jake replies by yelling “You stay away from that! Do not do tier 15!”
Photo: Adventure Time Wiki
\#5 – Shaggy subtly confirms his stoner status (Scooby-Doo)
Shaggy’s use of drugs is pretty obvious throughout the Scooby Doo series, although never explicitly referenced (other than the fact that’s he’s a giant hippie who talks to his dog, lazes around and is constantly hungry) and not originally intended, it’s basically impossible to avoid drawing the conclusion. In the 2002 live-action film, Shaggy meets a girl who also loves Scooby Snacks, and upon learning her name is “Mary Jane,” responds “like, that is my favourite name.” It’s generally considered a cheeky reference to the assumptions made by fans about the character (that they still maintain wasn’t originally intended), but it is more obviously a subtle admission that, yes, Shaggy is quite clearly a stoner. There’s a reason nobody accuses Freddy of getting high, but you can’t watch a single episode without thinking it about Shaggy.
Photo: What Culture
\#6 – Stimpy’s sword swallowing (Ren and Stimpy)
Ren and Stimpy was more horrifyingly disturbing than inappropriate (unless you count the poorly-executed “adult” version of the show) – like when a psychotic, rubble-nipple covered Mr. Horse insinuates that he’s going to kill Ren and Stimpy, before grabbing a walrus from inside his house which looks to the pair in fear before softly whispering “call the police...” They did venture into more risqué territory too, though, like when Ren’s cousin Sven comes to visit and he and Stimpy (who get along very well) end up in the closet. Closing the door and saying to the camera that what they’re doing is private, they “play circus,” involving being a juggler, a bearded lady and a “sword swallower.” The last one said with careful inflection and followed with a mysterious gulping sound and Stimpy saying “oops.”
Photo: John K Stuff
\#7 – Cow and Chicken meet the carpet munchers (Cow and Chicken)
The main characters in Cow and Chicken are siblings, literally a cow and chicken born to human parents, and the cartoon is filled with surreal humour and some outright rude jokes. In one episode, completely unexpectedly, a female biker gang break into their house and immediately begin chewing the carpet. They’re literal “carpet munchers,” in a pretty blatant reference to oral sex, implying that the bikers are lesbians. These characters are the focus of the whole episode, so this is hardly a passing reference – there are these types of jokes (albeit not quite as explicit) throughout the episode.
Photo: Buzzfeed
\#8 – The Animaniacs consider violating Prince (Animaniacs)
Despite being known for Marx-brothers-esque humour and even educational sections, there is plenty of adult humour in the Animaniacs too. One of the most notable examples comes when the three Warner siblings are doing some detective work, with Yakko telling Dot to “dust for prints,” but her returning with the musician Prince. When Yakko clarifies that he meant “finger prints,” she looks at him – clearly assuming he’s still referring to Prince – weighs up the option and responds “I don’t think so.”
Photo: Buzzfeed
\#9 – There’s a shop called “Felch Donuts” (Rocko’s Modern Life)
Rocko’s Modern Life is about an Australian immigrant wallaby living in America, and contains more than its fair share of adult jokes and references. Most are masturbation jokes, with “Chokey Chicken” being a regularly featured restaurant and one of Rocko’s core hobbies being “jacking” (which means the use of a jackhammer, obviously, so you can attend a “big jack-a-thon” without anybody getting the wrong idea). One of the worst references comes in the form of a shop in the background called “Felch Donuts,” which is so rude that you’ll have to look it up for yourself if you don’t know what it means.
Despite being known for Marx-brothers-esque humour and even educational sections, there is plenty of adult humour in the Animaniacs too.
Most are masturbation jokes, with “Chokey Chicken” being a regularly featured restaurant and one of Rocko’s core hobbies being “jacking” (which means the use of a jackhammer, obviously, so you can attend a “big jack-a-thon” without anybody getting the wrong idea).
Photo: Ebaum's World
\#10 – Adventure Time references drug-fuelled novel (Adventure Time)
In the episode Guardians of Sunshine, Finn and Jake want to be transported into a computer game they’re playing, but BMO refuses to do it for them because going inside the game is too dangerous. They decide to do it anyway, tricking BMO into pressing the button by tickling it with a colourful feather Jake pulls out of his mouth. It works (obviously), and the “Main-Brain-Game-Frame” is activated, sending them into the virtual world. Why a feather? Well, the writers of Adventure Time saw fit to reference Vurt by Jeff Noon, a Philip K. Dick-esque novel were the protagonists take drugs by tickling the backs of their throat with multi-coloured feathers, sending them into a virtual world that’s like a computer game-turned-interactive TV programme. The parallels are pretty strong, but the reference stands out as a particularly adult one, given that much of the novel is composed of borderline pornographic descriptions of drug-feathers being forced down people’s throats.
Photo: Adventure Time Wiki
\#11 – Spongebob gets caught watching porn (Spongebob Squarepants)
Spongebob Squarepants is widely-known to be riddled with these sorts of jokes, but among the most adult moments comes when Spongebob is watching an innocent-looking sea-life documentary. Gary – his cat-like pet snail – comes into the room to see him wide-eyed and leant forwards on his chair. Spongebob is startled, quickly switching over to the sports channel and pretending that he was watching it all along. Yes, Spongebob watches ocean porn. Of course, when you have a kids cartoon with references to “dropping the soap,” and even a possible cheeky, subtle use of the c-word (Spongebob telling Miss Puff “see you next Tuesday”), porn references aren’t so surprising.
Spongebob Squarepants is widely-known to be riddled with these sorts of jokes, but among the most adult moments comes when Spongebob is watching an innocent-looking sea-life documentary.
Of course, when you have a kids cartoon with references to “dropping the soap,” and even a possible cheeky, subtle use of the c-word (Spongebob telling Miss Puff “see you next Tuesday”), porn references aren’t so surprising.
Photo: Buzzfeed
\#12 – Rocko gets a job as a phone sex operator (Rocko’s Modern Life)
While the felching reference could have been missed, in an episode where Rocko loses his job, he starts working as a phone sex operator. This is pretty impossible to miss, with the only saving grace being that it would just simply be lost on kids. Beside his desk is a sign reading, “Remember: be hot, be naughty, be courteous,” and he is featured repeatedly saying “oh baby” down the phone to a customer. It’s not particularly rude in terms of what’s shown, but the implied level of sheer sleaze is pretty significant.
Photo: Ebaum's World
\#13 – Helga writes Arnold a poem (Hey Arnold!)
Hey Arnold! is a cartoon about a boy with a weird-shaped head navigating the various trials and tribulations of growing up. It frequently features a bully named Helga, who torments Arnold as a way to hide her intense love for him. At one point, she pens a secret poem for Arnold, and in amidst the Shakespearean style and comparatively only slightly unsettling lines like “Arnold my love, my sultry preteen,” it features the line “Arnold you make my girlhood tremble.” Different episodes also include a porn reference and a few phallic jokes, but the eerily descriptive and explicit nature of Helga’s line makes it stand out as particularly inappropriate.
Photo: Buzzfeed
Although the show featured people who’d go on to work on things like the Simpsons, Animaniacs and Futurama, the controversy surrounding this one particular joke was enough to get Mighty Mouse: the New Adventures cancelled. In the episode, Mighty had crushed a flower into a pink powder, and a little later he proceeds to snort it. The entire thing only lasts a couple of seconds, but first it got John Kricfalusi fired (who went on to create Ren and Stimpy), and the complaint lodged by a high profile minister who campaigned against “immoral” TV programmes led to the entire show being took off the air. It doesn’t deserve to be cancelled, but for once the crazy campaigner sort of has a point – if you’re denying the cocaine reference, should you really be grinding up and snorting strange multicoloured plants in the first place? Probably not, especially if you’re on Saturday morning TV.
is a cartoon about a boy with a weird-shaped head navigating the various trials and tribulations of growing up.
The entire thing only lasts a couple of seconds, but first it got John Kricfalusi fired (who went on to create Ren and Stimpy), and the complaint lodged by a high profile minister who campaigned against “immoral” TV programmes led to the entire show being took off the air.
Photo: Verbicide Magazine
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msmarco_passage_00_699334752 | Rooting Brugmansia Cuttings - Dave's Garden | Rooting Brugmansia Cuttings - Dave's Garden
Rooting Brugmansia Cuttings
by Susanne Talbert (art_n_garden) October 24, 2008
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Even if you are completely propagation challenged, starting brugmansias from cuttings is a breeze. With a few tips and a tiny bit of care you can have your own plant thriving in no time.
Brugmansia, Angel's Trumpet, and "brug" are all interchangeable names for this intoxicating, scented stunner from South America. Because they are so easy to grow, share, and propagate, Angel's Trumpets are a staple to modern gardeners. If you don't have one or you don't know anything about them, you are truly not far from having and beholding one of the most rewarding plants in the kingdom.
If you do know and love brugmansias, but are afraid of what will happen to your beautiful large plant in a zone that will not be kind to it, a cutting is a fantastic way to keep your plant alive through the winter. If you plan ahead and take healthy cuttings from the right spot on the plant, you should be successful at getting a healthy plant by next season.
Choosing your cutting
There is a vast assortment of beautiful brugmansias to choose from these days. Old classics like 'Dr. Seuss' and 'Frosty Pink' have paved the way for newer varieties of doubles and deeply colored Angel's Trumpets. So if it is possible to choose just one, pick which brugmansia you would like to grow. You can purchase cuttings on the DG Marketplace, eBay, or trade for a variety here on Dave's. Easy ones to get your hands on are 'Dr. Seuss', 'Charles Grimaldi', and 'Ecuador Pink'. Beware that sometimes people sell Datura as Angel's Trumpets and they are not the same! The way you can tell the difference: Daturas point up and brugmansias point or hang down.
For those of us who are variegation obsessed, be wary that variegated brugmansias are more difficult to start from cuttings as well as grow in general. If this is your first go-round with Brugs, it is advisable to start with a non-variegated, more common variety.
One thing to keep in mind is where you take a cutting from the parent plant. Curiously, it will make a diffference in what shape of plant will result and how soon it will bloom. If you are looking for blooms sooner, take a cutting above the "Y." Brugmansia growers can describe until they're blue in the face what a "Y" looks like, but it's confusing until you actually see one.
A "Y" as seen from above. You can see the two distinct growth spots.
A "Y" as seen from the side. Growth will happen on the two new shoots which used to be one.
Don't confuse a "Y" with natural branching that the Brug will do
The "Y" is a very important feature of growing brugmansias. Brugmansias will not bloom until the growth after the "Y" forms. After you grow them for a while, the first "Y" of the season will almost give you butterflies in your stomach...it means blooms are close! So if you want a cutting that will bloom sooner, you need to take a cutting above this pivotal point on the parent plant because it is believed the two are related.
Cut & Paste
It is very easy to take and successfully start a cutting of a brugmansia, as well as some more in depth techniques. Truth be told, most likely either way will be prosperous for you. You can choose to start brugmansia cuttings in water or directly in soil.
**Please take caution when dealing with and taking cuttings from brugmansias. Most people are sensitive to toxins in the sap, especially on skin and eyes. Be careful not to let sap splash in your eyes or sit on your skin for too long by taking precautionary measures such as wearing goggles and gloves. If you do get the sap in your eyes immediately flush with water for several minutes.**
If you are having a hard time deciding between the two methods (water or soil), you just need to evaluate a few things. How often you are willing to care for your new cutting? If you start in water, you will need to replace the water every few days and monitor the water quality until you pot up the cutting. Once you pot up the plant, you will also need to provide extra water while the plant adjusts to its new growing environment. If you choose to start a cutting in soil, you must monitor the moisture levels of the soil constantly until it forms roots, at which time you can slack off a little in your care. Once you decide upon your rooting method, here are the instructions:
Rooting in water
The Easiest way: Cut a 4- to 6-inch section of stem, making sure you have a growth node in the segment which looks like crook or bump on one side of the stem (pictured at left). Sometimes you can see a scar from a former leaf or a small green nub of leaves poking out. Each cutting does not have to have leaves so long as it has a growth node. Once you have the segment cut, immediately put it in clean tap water near a bright window. Be sure to change out the water every other day or so to keep it fresh. Do not let the leaves sit in the water. Within a week or two, you should start to see white ‘nubbies' which are the beginnings of new roots.
Some tips for success:
- When you take your segment, make the cut with a sharp, sterilized knife at a 45 degree angle
- - Remove all but three or so leaves. Any further foliage will take energy from the root formation; each cutting does not have to have leaves
- - You can add the cutting to a bubbler or an oxygenated environment
- - An older section of stem may be easier to root. It will have a beige, woody look to it when removed from the parent plant
- - You can add rooting hormone or a vitamin supplement such as Superthrive to the water (follow dosing suggestions)
- - It is sometimes believed that sunlight can help speed up root formation; using a clear glass can aid in this process
-- - Warm water will also speed up root formation
If your water becomes murky or smelly, or the cutting is any bit mushy, you have probably lost the cutting to rot. If you can, cut the rotten section off and retry with the remaining intact section in clean water.
Rooting in soil
Rooting in soil is also very easy with brugmansias. You can either root a cutting vertically or horizontally in soil. Either way, you will need at least one growth node (as described above) per segment so that the plant has a place to form new leaves. Choose light weight, fertile potting soil to begin your cuttings in. The most important aspect of the soil is that it needs to be able to hold some moisture content as that will aid in root formation. For both vertical and horizontal rooting, you will need a medium (6 to 8 inches) pot of soil that you need to pre-wet, so that it is damp but not wet or soaking. A good rule of thumb for wet versus damp is this: damp soil should stick to your fingers while wet soil will compress and stick to itself.
Vertical rooting: Cut a 4- to 6-inch long segment and strip the plant down to 2 to 3 leaves. After watering the soil to pre-wet it, make a hole in the potting soil with your finger. Push the cutting down about 1 to 2 inches and firmly press the soil around the cutting to support it vertically.
Over the next few days, monitor the moisture level by feeling or observing the soil. You want it to remain damp but not wet, which could rot the cutting. After 2 to 3 weeks, roots should start to form. You can test this by lightly tugging at the cutting and feeling the resistance. If in doubt, wait another week; if it is rooted, you should start to see signs of new leaf growth and if it hasn't rooted, you will likely see or smell signs of rot.
Horizontal rooting: A good reason to root Brugs horizontally is if you don't have a long enough cutting for the vertical method, or if you want more plants per each segment. This method is a tiny bit more difficult and has a somewhat high failure rate. For horizontal rooting, you again will need at least one growth node per segment. Place the cutting lengthwise across the potting soil, burying up to ¾ of the diameter under the soil, pressing the soil firmly around it. You must monitor the moisture level because the cutting can easily rot.
Roots!
In as little as three days, you can start to signs of new roots on your brugmansia cutting. If you are using the water rooting method, you will begin to see white "root nubbies" as they are affectionately called.
Root "nubbies"
Once you see root nubbies, real roots should come soon. Don't slack off on water changes at this point because the cutting can still rot all the way through the process. Keep an eye on the cutting and withing a week or so you should see roots emerge.
If you are using the soil rooting method, you will be less aware of the status of the cutting's root growth. The only real way to know for sure is to wait and see if new leaves grow. Healthy, larger, and deep green leaves will grow from rooted cuttings. You can also give the cutting a light tug to see if it resists. Be careful though, you could damage new roots if you try tugging at the wrong time. Your best bet is to wait and see what happens with your cutting rather than get impatient and ruin your progress.
Now what?
Once you know you have roots, there are a few things to keep in mind. If you have started your cutting in dirt, you don't have to do anything besides monitor moisture and keep the cutting in bright light. brugmansias like lots of water but not to be drowned. If you started your cutting in water, you can immediately pot into dirt or you can leave in water for several months. Once you pot a water-rooted cutting in dirt, you have to give it a transitional time of increased water to get it used to not being immersed in water. You can bury the cutting as deeply in potting soil as you see fit. Brugmansias are cousins to tomatoes, who also like to be buried deeply because they will continue root growth all along the stem. Sometimes the transition from water to soil can be difficult, so don't feel bad if you loose some of your cuttings in this process.
Please Beware
As with any other popular, commonly traded plant, brugs can fall victim to disease. When you make cuttings, share, or otherwise propagate brugmansias, please take care to label well, keep good records and use clean equipment. Most of us ‘backyard gardeners' will never fall victim to the dangers that are related to this beauty, but a little proactive care never hurt anyone.
All photos copyright to Susanne Talbert
About Susanne Talbert
About Susanne Talbert
I garden in beautiful Colorado Springs, half a mile from Garden of the Gods. Since we bought our first house two years ago, I have been busy revamping my 1/4 acre of ignored decomposed granite. My garden passions include water gardening, vines, super-hardy perennials, and native xerics. By day, I am a high school ceramics teacher as well as a ceramicist and painter.
More articles by Susanne Talbert
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msmarco_passage_00_702500282 | Spider-Man Day 2021 - Sunday August 1, 2021 | Spider-Man Day 2021 - Sunday August 1, 2021
Spider-Man Day 2021 is on Sunday, August 1, 2021: Man Day - Your own spider-man movie trilogysaga?
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Sunday, August 1, 2021 is Spider-Man Day 2021. Spider-Man: Brand New Day Yearbook Vol 1 1 - Marvel Comics Database Spider-Man Brand New Day
Spider-Man 1: Tarantula
Featuring drug smuggling between Mexico and the U.S. to include, illegals, and running into traps set by Tarantula. Finally, culminating in an epic battle of arachnids.
Spider-Man 2: The Punisher
A grand confrontation between these two power houses with Punisher using many types of weaponry, and assault tactic known to man, as well as, his famed physical abilities to keep Spider-Man at bay, while attending his goal of wiping out real bad dudes. Spider-Man keeps getting in his way until the Punisher has had enough.
Spider-Man 3: Spider-Man/Punisher team-up
The two heroes make amends, and unite against the most evil of foes. Carnage! In an all out blitz to save the city, and perhaps, the world from total carnage. Peter Parker goes into his deepest despair, as the lives of his closest friends are put in harms way, and perhaps even death, until Punisher steps in to cure Spider-Man's blues.
Sponsored
A comic book was once made staring wolverine and spider-man.?
Spider-Man vs. Wolverine #1
Editor: Ann Nocenti
Writer: Jim Owsley
Pencils: Mark Bright
Inker: Al Williamson
Feb 1987 : Spider-Man One Shots Title Index
Reprinted In: Spider-Man vs. Wolverine
We start with a Wolverine in Eastern Europe with his 'best' friend Charlie. The Russian KGB are after Charlie and Wolverine defends him in pretty grisly style by slaying about a dozen men, despite being shot.
We then check in with Spidey in NYC. He checks out a Mom 'n' Pop store that he sometimes frequents. They have been murdered and, much to his own revulsion, he takes photos that he then sells to the Bugle. After stopping in at Aunt May's and taking in a movie with MJ, Pete is in Times Square. His Spidey-sense kicks in but only intermittently. He reasons that there must be a sniper somewhere. After changing into his outfit down a back alley (an old scene that seems refreshingly new), he tries to help but ends up with the police shooting at him.
Later, at MJ's and Pete is unforgiving of himself that he couldn't stop people being killed. MJ says it wasn't his fault and they kiss. Pete pulls away, thinking he has broken their trust.
Elsewhere, Ned Leeds is filling in Jonah about his story on the KGB. All the men murdered at Times Square were KGB men - so were 'Mom 'n' Pop'. Ned Leeds says the guy killing them all is Charlemagne (Charlie from the start with Wolverine). He wants to investigate but needs a photographer. In a cool cut of scenes we see Pete slinging his black costume away. He's had enough of Spidey. Pete wants to get away but as he's about to leave he can't resist answering his phone. It's Jonah ... and he's got a job for him.
Over in Berlin and Wolverine is looking for Charlie, as are Ned and Pete. On the street, Wolverine senses Pete's smell and knows he's Spider-Man. He tracks him to his hotel and, when he's alone goes into his room to make sure he's on the 'good' side. He invites Pete (who doesn't have a costume) out with him and Pete goes swinging off. There's a great line where Wolverine, who thinks Pete could be KGB thinks he's overdoing the act by saying 'Yes Aunt May' on the phone!
Wolverine tells Pete to go home - what's going on in Berlin is over his head. Pete wants to go home anyway to sort out his problems with MJ. He goes to tell Ned and walks into his hotel room to see Ned slumped, dead with his throat slit. He doesn't even notice his spidey-sense as KGB men are in the room too. Suddenly Wolverine bursts in a cleans house before tugging the still-shocked Pete to safety.
Pete's at the bus station, ready to leave but has second thoughts. He wonders if Wolverine drew him away from the hotel on purpose so Ned could be murdered. He goes back into the city and tries to buy some clothes he can be Spidey in. He wants something black and cool but ends up with ... a costume shop version of his old red and blue outfit - complete with webbing under the arms.
Spidey traces Wolverine to East Germany - across the wall back in those days. Wolfie is at a steel works that he says is a front for the KGB. He has found Charlie, who's a woman! After a quick snog, they go back to her huge house and Logan carries her up the stairs...
Whew! After that, Wolverine and Charlie are in a restaurant. Their food is poisoned (which they know), everyone inside has a weapon (which they know) and they are all out to kill them (which they also know). Anyway, Spidey bursts in and Charlie escapes while he and Wolverine take out the assassins. Later and Wolfie is filling Spidey in on the truth. Charlie was a KGB agent but they turned on her. Now she's taking them out one-by-one as payback.
The pair raid a KGB basement where Wolverine kills and Spidey hits some of the old agents. Wolverine tells Spidey to shine his 'bat belt' into a darkened room (great line!). There's just more dead agents though and Wolverine realises Charlie has already been there. He wants to stop her. He and Spidey have an argument about Spidey's appearance though and go their separate ways.
Later and Charlie has killed everyone on her list. She meets Wolverine in a cemetery. She wants him to kill her. She knows she'll get caught eventually and doesn't want to be tortured. As Wolverine goes to kill her, Spidey shows up and the two fight. It's good too. Spidey hits him with everything he's got but to no avail. Wolverine is on top of him they reason they could kill each other - Spidey by snapping his neck. As they stop, though, a helicoper's beam shines down upon them. Spidey is dazzled an as he feels what he thinks is Wolverine's hand on him, he turns and punches ... hard. But it's not Wolverine - it's Charlie.
She's dead.
The security services after her (the helicopter) see she's dead and move on. Spidey and Wolverine go their separate ways. Pete is haunted that he has killed. Back in NY and Jonah rings Pete to congratulate him on the quality of his pictures. Pete can't bring himself to tell him about Ned. MJ knocks on his door and they hug.
In General...
The start of this book is really great. The silent monologues to introduce both characters really are spot on. Often, there is a fine line with these things between excellence and just being plain corny. The dialogue here though is superb - especially for Spider-Man. His own disgust at what he does - taking pictures of misery is a side of the character not explored in the core books for a long time.
The real triumph of this book is Jim Owsley's words. For a GRAPHIC novel, that's really saying something. It's not that the art lets the book down and the words take over, because that's not the case at all. What happens is that the pure clarity of the language outshines everything. From the inner- monologues at the start, to the character interaction, to what's happening in the background (for instance the background squabbles of the residents at Aunt May's), the whole thing is just perfect.
Despite Wolverine, this really is a Spider-Man book. The anguish he has at the end and the way Mary-Jane shows up just to hug him puts everything into perspective. There's real human emotion and depth to what's happening.
The revelation that Charlie is a female is a good one. I guess we have no real reason to think that she would necessarily be a male - you just kind of assume because of the violence. It's a nice twist though.
This is the first time that a graphic novel has been used as a way of advancing a story and it does a really good job. Ned Leeds' death is a big turning point in the life of Peter - I won't say why in case you don't want to be spoiled. I quite like the way it was handled here. It wasn't dwelled upon - that will come in the core book - but provided a strong link between the story and the continuity from the other three books.
Yes I would sign it!
List of people rumored to play spider-man?
2ND UPDATE: Mike Fleming and Nikki Finke have just confirmed that Sony Pictures decided today to reboot the Spider-Man franchise after franchise director Sam Raimi pulled out of Spider-Man 4 because he felt he couldn't make its summer release date and keep the film's creative integrity. This means that Raimi and the cast including star Tobey Maguire are out. There will be no Spider-Man 4. Instead, Mike Fleming is told, the studio will focus on a Summer 2012 reboot from a script by Jamie Vanderbilt with a new director and a new cast. All this took place today at meeting on the lot today. An official Sony Pictures news release about it is expected out now (see below).
Immediately, the news brought celebration and consternation equally to webslinger fanboys who say the reboot plot puts Peter Parker back in high school. There's also much unconfirmed speculation that this new franchise will be in 3D. And the fans also recall that, in 1991, James Cameron wrote a treatment for Spider-Man and now they're wondering if he might helm the reboot. (Sony ended up acquiring his treatment in a legal settlement.)
Here's what went down: My sources tell me that Raimi told Sony Pictures: "I can't make your date. I can't go forward creatively." And, so, once he said "That's it", Sony Pictures co-chairman Amy Pascal and Columbia Pictures' Matt Tolmach decided they didn't want to replace him and instead chose to reboot the franchise. Insiders also tell me that Tobey Maguire heard the news in a phone call with Amy today. I'm told Tobey wasn't upset. "He's made 3 great Spider-Man movies. He's done really well. But he's the kind of guy who, if Sam wanted to go forward, would have been there for Sam and the studio. Absolutely."
Mike Fleming has heard that, from Spidey, Raimi could move to World Of Warcraft, or to The Given Day, that terrific novel by Dennis Lehane, author of Shutter Island and Mystic River. Both are worthy projects, but World Of Warcraft is a huge franchise.
Fortunately for the studio, Sony was not yet "pay or play" on some of the talent negotiations which were still only at the tail end. Raimi was insisting that John Malkovich play the villain, and the studio was looking to cast Anne Hathaway. "I'm not so sure we're going in that direction," an insider told me on January 5th. Sony had been hot for her until bigwigs realized she'd cost too much and they probably don't need "such a big star" for the pic, I was told. (See my previous, Anne Hathaway Wanted For 'Spider-Man 4'.) |
msmarco_passage_00_704602435 | Kara Zor-El (New Earth) | DC Database | Fandom | Kara Zor-El (New Earth) | DC Database | Fandom
Kara Zor-El (New Earth)
Supergirl
Mainstream Universe, 1986 - 2011
Gallery
Real Name
Kara Zor-El
Main Alias
Supergirl
Other Aliases
Claire Connor, Linda Lang, Kara Kent, Flamebird, Interceptor
Relatives
Zor-El (father, deceased)
Allura In-Ze (mother, deceased)
Jor-El (uncle, deceased)
Lara Lor-Van (aunt, deceased)
Kal-El (cousin),
Jonathan Samuel Kent (first cousin once removed),
Lana Lang (foster aunt),
Kon-El/Conner Kent (genetic cousin),
Christopher Kent (foster cousin)
Kara Zor-El II (clone),
Kem-L (ancestor, deceased),
Rao (ancestor)
Affiliation
Justice League of America, Justice Society International, Supermen of America, Amazons of Themyscira, Kent Family, Superman Family, Kryptonian Science Guild, Teen Titans, Legion of Super-Heroes, Female Furies
Base Of Operations
Paradise Island · New York City · Metropolis · New Krypton · Fortress of Solitude
Status
Alignment
Good
Identity
Secret Identity
Race
Kryptonian
Marital Status
Single
Occupation
Student
Characteristics
Gender
Female
Height
5' 5"
Weight
135 lbs (61 kg)
Eyes
Blue
Hair
Blond
Origin
Universe
New Earth
Creators
Otto Binder · Al Plastino
First Appearance
Superman/Batman #8
( May, 2004)
Some of us try hard to make the world a better place than it was when we found it. I know that's what I try to do. I won't always be successful. But that's life. I'm Supergirl. This is my life ... and y'know what? I'm pretty happy with it. (For now at least.)
— Supergirl src
Kara-Zor-El, also known as Supergirl and Linda Lang, is a Kryptonian superhero based in Metropolis. She is the cousin of Superman, Lana Lang's foster niece and a member of the Justice League of America.
Contents
1
History
1.1
Surviving Krypton
1.2
The Supergirl from Krypton
1.3
Girl Power
1.4
Infinite Crisis
1.5
Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes
1.6
The Dominator War
1.7
One Year Later
1.8
Candor
1.9
Supergirl: Identity
1.10
The Lords of Luck
1.11
Breaking the Chain
1.12
Amazons Attack!
1.13
Countdown
1.14
Beyond Good and Evil
1.15
Way of the World
1.16
Justice League
1.17
Linda Lang
1.18
Final Crisis
1.19
Trinity
1.20
Maelstrom
1.21
World of New Krypton
1.22
Who Is Superwoman?
1.23
The Hunt for Reactron
1.24
World's Finest, Blackest Night
1.25
Death and the Family
1.26
Last Stand of New Krypton
1.27
War of the Supermen
1.28
Bizarro-Girl
1.29
The Legion of Super-Heroes, Again
1.30
Supergirl Joins the Justice League of America
1.31
Day of The Dollmaker
1.32
Good-Looking Corpse
1.33
This Is Not My Life
1.34
Reign of Doomsday
1.35
Convergence
2
Personality
2.1
Secret Identity: Linda Lang
2.2
Relationships with allies
2.3
Romances
3
Powers and Abilities
3.1
Powers
3.2
Abilities
3.3
Weaknesses
4
Paraphernalia
4.1
Equipment
5
Notes
6
Trivia
7
Recommended Reading
8
Related
8.1
Footnotes
History
Surviving Krypton
Kara Zor-El is the daughter of Zor-El and his wife Alura In-Ze. Kara is actually older than Kal-El (Superman); she was a teenager when he was a baby. When Brainiac attacked Krypton, he took Kandor with him, while Kara and her parents remained in Argo. After Brainiac's attack, Kara's father created a force-field around Argo using a Brainiac Probe. When Brainiac returned to consume Argo City, Kara's parents had no choice but to send her in a rocket headed for Earth. During the journey her rocket was caught in a large kryptonite-encrusted meteor and she arrived on Earth years after her cousin did.
The Supergirl from Krypton
Main article: Superman/Batman: The Supergirl from Krypton
After some initial confusion, Superman and Batman found Kara and placed her in training with by Wonder Woman. Kara was later was captured by Darkseid, and after being brainwashed, attacked her own cousin. Superman defeated Kara and returned her to Earth, where he faked her death so Darkseid would not come looking for her.
Supergirl and Superman
Girl Power
Main article: Supergirl: Girl Power
Kara then assumed the role of Supergirl. She felt out of place, however, not sure where she really belonged. Kara was uncomfortable with her cousin's over-protectiveness, and she could not hang out with her Earth-Two counterpart Power Girl since their powers went haywire whenever they touched. Kara found her "cousin" Superboy to be a kindred soul.
Kara's self-discovery was interrupted when Lex Luthor used Black Kryptonite to split her into a good Kara and an evil Kara. The evil Kara claimed that she was sent to Earth by Zor-El for the sole purpose of killing the infant Kal-El. Zor-El had devised a special crystal that would influence her personality as she traveled to Earth, making her "innocent", thus creating the good side of Kara's personality. However, the good side became dominant.
At the climax of the struggle between the two Karas and the Justice League, the good Kara urged Wonder Woman to use her golden lasso of truth to bind the two together and ask: "Who is Kara Zor-El?" The two Karas fused back into a single good Kara, who decided her past was not important and acknowledged Batman, Wonder Woman and Superman as her foster parents.
Infinite Crisis
Main article: Infinite Crisis
Later, Supergirl and other heroes were recruited Donna Troy and other heroes to help prevent an incoming crisis cosmic. While in deep space, Kara was struck by an altered Zeta-Beam and disappeared.
Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes
Main article: Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes Vol 1
Legion Of Super-Heroes
As a result of the Zeta-beam, Kara re-appeared in the 31st century. She was revered as a member of the Superman family. Upon her arrival, she concluded that she was "dreaming" the Legion and that the 31st century wasn't real. Saturn Girl, attempting to learn more about how Kara arrived in their era, scanned Kara's mind and found a particularly vivid memory -- that of the Zeta-Beam accident.
The Legion hypothesized that Kara was rationalizing her fantastic existence by believing her life was a dream. In a relatively short period of time (due to suspended animation), she lost her planet and her parents, arrived on Earth to find her baby cousin grown up and a legendary hero, discovered her extraordinary powers and quickly reached the status of "living legend", and then found herself inexplicably thousands of years in the future.
To complicate matters, every time Supergirl wanted something to happen in her supposed dream world, it happened. For example, when told she couldn't become a full member because the Legion was out of flight rings, one was immediately sent to her from Brainiac 5.
The Dominator War
Main article: Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes: The Dominator War
Fighting the Dominator menace
As Supergirl stayed in the future, the Dominators carried forward a plan to bring humanity to their knees by spreading a bio-chemical gas all over the atmosphere that put all machines on Earth under their control.
The Legion was suddenly fighting war across the whole planet at the same time the Dominators invaded Earth. Cosmic Boy laid a trap for the Dominators and Supergirl, Mon-El and Ultra Boy managed to secure a interspatial portal which allowed the Legion invade and take over Dominion.
Supergirl had a few more adventures with the Legion before Brainiac 5 came close to a means of returning her to the 21st century. He invented the Chronexus (a time window) that she and some of the other Legionnaires viewed various parts of Superman 's history (including references to another Legion ). Brainiac 5 secretly worked with Sev Tcheru to perfect the Chronexus technology by making it a real, but limited time machine. It only worked one way, and only once. When this was revealed, Saturn Girl convinced Kara that she should go back to her native era. Sev Tcheru wiped out Kara's memory of the Legion right before she went, as knowledge of future history was considered dangerous.
Later it was revealed Supergirl didn't land in her Earth's future but in Earth-Prime 's 30th Century.
One Year Later
Main article: One Year Later
Kara returned one year and one month after her disappearance, during World War III, Kara returned, only to find Superboy dead and Superman powerless. Feeling alone and isolated, she became Metropolis' protector along with Booster Gold and Supernova .
Candor
Flamebird and Nightwing
Main article: Candor
Soon after, she assumed the identity of Flamebird to fight crime in Kandor with Power Girl as Nightwing. They opposed a cult based around warped versions of Superman's earlier appearances in Kandor. Kara also believed the key to Argo City, her home town, lied somewhere in the city. Supergirl and Power Girl found themselves battling the Saturn Queen and Ultraman (posing as Superman), villains who had established themselves in Kandor. At the climax of the struggle, Supergirl unexpectedly left (with her comrade in tow). Since she did not consult with Power Girl about the timing of their exit, the two parted on somewhat strained terms.
Eventually it'd be revealed this Kandor was actually just a psychic manifestation created by Saturn Queen.
Supergirl: Identity
Kara re-established herself on Earth, attaining financial independence after selling an item of Kryptonian technology to Batman. Afterwards, Kara purchased her own apartment.
Kara attempted to develop familial ties with the Kent Family, who were still mourning the loss of Superboy. During a visit, Kara took one of Superboy's trademark black t-shirts and gave it to his mourning girlfriend, Cassie Sandsmark, a.k.a. Wonder Girl. From there, Kara and Cassie forged a close friendship.
She also developed a close relationship with former-villain Captain Boomerang II. Owen clearly wished to date Kara, but she instead saw him as a big brother of sorts.
In an attempt to create a secret identity, Kara started going to high school under the name Claire Connor, a teenage girl from Kansas. Kara used a wig, glasses and plain clothes to become "Claire." Her attempts to assimilate failed because she was unable to connect with the other students, and she dropped out after a week or so, due to cruel classmates.
As a favor to Captain Boomerang, Supergirl was granted an "audition" with the Outsiders. Having encountered the group once before, she had a crush on team leader Nightwing (she even stole a kiss, her "first true one", from Nightwing during their first encounter). The members of the Outsiders were all very suspicious of her. During a mission, they left out several important details to test her. Kara was upset that the Outsiders decided to test her rather than tell her all the details and trust her. As a result, she decided to not join the team.
A short while after Kara met a new teenage super-hero, Power Boy. The two first met while rescuing hurricane victims in Mexico, and again later in Hollywood where they teamed up to fight two villains known as Gakidou and Sakki. Afterward, she began dating Power Boy (without telling Captain Boomerang). -
Around of this time, she began experimenting a series of haunting hallucinations that showed Zor-El subjecting an unwilling Kara to grievous experiments to enhance her powers; in fact, when badly injured by Batgirl (Cassandra Cain) in an artificial red-sun environment, Kryptonian Sunstones sprouted from her body, healing her and impaling her foe.
The Lords of Luck
Main article: The Brave and the Bold: The Lords of Luck
Supergirl and Green Lantern look for the Book of Souls
Green Lantern enlisted Supergirl's aid to fly with him to the gambling world of Ventura to retrieve the Book of Souls. Hal and Kara managed to smoke the Book's thief out, but due to an accident with a Zeta-Beam, Hal was teleported to Rann, leaving Supergirl stranded in Ventura.
Kara was forced to recruit Lobo to lead her to Rann. On the way, she was briefly abducted by Destiny, who explained the Luck Lords were after his Book, and the time-space continuum would fall apart unless the Book was delivered to four persons who cheated death and lived out of the boundaries of fate.
Supergirl made it to Rann and joined Green Lantern and Adam Strange to fight the Luck Lords that were manipulating the Rann-Thanagar War. Kara was nearly killed during the battle, but Hal Jordan's quick action saved her life.
Breaking the Chain
Returning to Earth after her mission with Hal, Supergirl renewed her relationship with Power Boy. After Kara was about to visit Owen in the hospital, Power Boy immediately decided to hit her until he knocked her out, and then kidnap her. After strapping her to a bed, he revealed he had been born on Apokolips and was obsessed with her. Kara broke her restrains, pummeled him and warned him against coming near from her again.
Later when Kara found herself in deep space and near death, she saw a vision of her father, Zor-El. He claimed that she was remembering things wrong, so he needed to retell her why he did what he did before she left Krypton. He started by explaining that the Phantom Zone was inhabited by some sort of ghostly life. These beings were angry about being removed from their home by the projector and took out their anger by possessing various people who lived on Krypton. Zor-El then discovered that the only way to destroy the phantoms was with Kryptonian Sunstone. He implanted sunstones into her to make her immune to possession by the Phantoms. Then, in the present day, Kara found herself back on Earth and saw the Phantoms there.
Kara was then assaulted by hundreds of Phantom-possessed humans, including Wonder Girl, who forced Kara to admit all the dark secrets that she has been denying since arriving on Earth. Disgusted with Kara, Wonder Girl released her. Kara then flew to the Batcave in the hopes that Batman might be able to help her. Unfortunately, the Phantoms had possessed him, and he had sealed himself inside the cave. Before Kara could try to break her way inside, Robin who was also possessed, blocked her path. He provoked Kara into hitting him, and she accidentally stabbed Robin with a sunstone, which freed him of the Phantom Ghost. Robin, who had apparently been keeping tabs on Superman since the sun went red (using a Batsuit loaned to Superman since his powers were gone), then gave Supergirl directions to locate Superman in Metropolis. When she reached Metropolis, she discovered that the phantoms were coming out of Superman's body.
Once reunited with her cousin, Kara admitted everything. Clark, who has been going mad from the Phantoms that were leaking out of him, begged her to kill him and free their adoptive homeworld. Before any actions could be taken, someone looking like the Pre-Crisis Supergirl appeared and attacked Kara, cheerfully taunting her with accusations of imperfection and inadequacy during their battle over Metropolis.
She soon discovered that all of these events were really the machinations of Dark Angel, including the Phantom-infested Earth, Cassandra Cain's attack, and Kara's direct encounter with her father. All of these were part of Dark Angel's twisted "test" to determine her validity in the Multiverse. Acting under the auspices of one of the Monitors to identify post-Crisis "anomalies" who threaten the Multiverse, Dark Angel had become personally invested and then obsessed with proving Kara's status as an anomaly through increasingly brutal means. The Monitor appeared and chastised Dark Angel harshly. He asserted that Kara was, indeed, this universe's Supergirl, and apologized for Dark Angel's excess. Then the Monitor departed with his employee, leaving Kara in deep space with her Kryptonian abilities apparently restored and no outward sign of her sunstone implants.
Kara then met the reborn Pariah, who warned her of a "Great Disaster" that was coming during which she was destined to play a role. Kara then returned to Earth where she set about correcting some of her past wrongs, apologizing to Boomer for leading him on, repairing her friendships with Cassie and Sarah (a girl she met during her brief time in High School) and dealing with her cat Streaky. Though she attempted to apologize to Power Girl for her actions in Kandor, Power Girl said she couldn't trust her and challenged Kara to fix things with Clark. After spending fifteen minutes outside Lois and Clark's apartment deciding what to do, Lois invited Kara inside, where she and Clark embraced. Her actions over the past year forgiven, Kara raced her cousin to the Fortress of Solitude.
Amazons Attack!
Main article: Amazons Attack
Amazon Attack
Later, when Wonder Girl confided in Kara some of her personal problems, they discovered that the Amazons of Themyscira had invaded Washington, D.C. as part of the events of Amazons Attack. Because of the McCarran Internal Security Act, implemented by the U.S. President, Wonder Girl's mother and a friend of Supergirl's, named Alison, were held at an internment camp. As they tried to storm the camp and free the women, they were stopped by the Teen Titans, and told by Robin that negotiation would be a better solution. Consequently, they flew to Washington D.C. and spoke with Queen Hippolyta, who told them that negotiations were impossible, since the President was safe on Air Force One. Agreeing to bring the U.S. leader to the Amazon Queen, the two girls blocked the path of Air Force One and threatened to bring the plane down if the President did not come with them.
Kara received membership with the Teen Titans shortly thereafter, though her tenure with the Titans was extremely brief. Although no longer a member, Kara participated in several adventures with the young heroes.
Countdown
Main article: Countdown
Kara met two time-travelers from the 30th century named Val Armorr and Una. Val and Una were members of the Legion of Super-Heroes, albeit from an alternate future timeline than the Legion that Kara was familiar with. At the Nebraska / Colorado border, Supergirl assisted the Legionnaires in battling a cybernetic powerhouse named Equus. Equus attempted to destroy Supergirl by battering her with a railroad car, but Kara proved that she was in fact "more powerful than a locomotive". At the conclusion of this debacle, Supergirl, Val and Una parted company, but their meeting prompted something in Supergirl's mind that reversed Brainiac 5's previous mind-wipe. She now recalled all of her adventures from the 31st century, but was still uncertain if these things actually happened, or it was all just a dream. -
Beyond Good and Evil
Supergirl then assisted Superman and the Green Lantern Corps in tracking down an invading alien armada back to their home galaxy. Kara made use of tesseract technology to follow them, but ultimately a solar flare distracted her senses and she was unable to determine the aliens' point of origin. She returned to her home to report her failure, but Superman was still proud of her efforts.
Soon after, Supergirl encountered a villain who would prove to be her greatest nemesis – Reactron. Reactron claimed to have the power of a star inside his containment suit, and he unleashed a massive attack of atomic energy that threatened to destroy Metropolis. Supergirl fought against him and lost in the initial throwdown. Supergirl came back for round two and determined that Reactron's power source originated from a circular disk inside his chest cavity. Supergirl tore the device from his containment suit and Reactron was defeated.
Way of the World
Main article: Supergirl: Way of the World
Supergirl can't save everyone
In the aftermath of Reactron's attack against Metropolis, Supergirl learned about a boy named Thomas Price. Thomas was 11 years-old and dying of cancer. Supergirl made a promise to him that she would save his life – a promise that provoked strong opinions from not only his parents, but from Superman as well. Superman warned her against pursuing this course of action, for even though they are powerful heroes, nobody can stave off death. Supergirl was undeterred however, and continued in her quest to find a cure.
Linda Lang
She sought out Mitchell Shelley, the Resurrection Man, whose nanite-infected blood enabled him to literally resurrect himself from the point of death. Supergirl wanted to use Shelley's blood to cure Thomas, but by the time she returned to Metropolis with him, she was too late. Thomas Price was dead. Supergirl refused to accept this. She even tried using the tesseract technology she acquired from the previous mission to alter the timeline so she could save Thomas' life, but even this was not enough. In vain, she still tried using Shelley's blood to revive Thomas, but this too failed.
Supergirl then teamed up with former Young Justice member Empress to take down Clayface and later a man named Eddie Rose. Rose was a survivor of Superman's fatal battle again Doomsday, but the experience left him an embittered paraplegic. He wanted to turn public opinion against super-heroes, so he kidnapped Empress' family, forcing her to bait Supergirl into a trap. Supergirl was able to resist Empress' reluctant efforts to brainwash her, and together they were able to stop Rose and rescue Empress' parents.
Justice League
Main article: Cry for Justice
Around that time, Kara Zor-El joined a Justice League task force put together by Green Arrow. Her teammates included Atom, Congorilla, Green Lantern, Congo Bill and Prometheus.
Linda Lang
After a series of unfortunate mishaps, lapses in judgment, and an article written by Cat Grant titled "Why the World Doesn't Need Supergirl", Kara was questioning her worth as a hero. Her cousin suggested her to scale back her actions as a full-time super-hero and adopt a secret identity. At the suggestion of Lana Lang, Kara adopted a civilian identity as Lana's niece and began calling herself Linda Lang.
Final Crisis
Main article: Final Crisis
Shorly after this, Darkseid took control of Earth and its inhabitants using the Anti-Life Equation. On the battle between good and evil, Supergirl fought a possessed Mary Marvel and witnessed the return of Superman.
Trinity
Main article: Trinity (event)
Kara fought several times the forces of Morgaine Le Fey, Despero and Enigma alongside the remaining Earth's heroes and took part in the assault to Castle Branek. When the Trinity was erased from history and the universe changed, Kara became Interceptor, a Colonel in the Army with no memory of her Kryptonian heritage whose pod was found by the Navy Seals. Later she joined Alfred Pennyworth, Lois Lane, Dick Grayson, Donna Troy and Thomas Tresser (New Earth) in the search for Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman.
Maelstrom
Main article: Superman/Supergirl: Maelstrom Vol 1
Kara battled a Darkseid's minion called Maelstrom and lost badly. The defeat shook her confidence, and Superman decided he needed to train her. So he took them both to an alien world orbiting a red sun in where he could teach her how to use her powers and how not to rely on them. Both cousins bonded during their "camping trip" in spite of the local fauna and flora trying to eath them and poison them. Back on Earth, Maelstrom attacked Metropolis again accompanied by the Female Furies, but Supergirl and Superman defeated them and kicked them out of the planet.
World of New Krypton
Main article: Superman: World of New Krypton Vol 1
Vril Dox, the original sentient computer known as Brainiac came to Earth with the intent of assimilating the planet's culture and technology into his gigantic skull-ship. Superman fought and defeated Brainiac, and in so doing, discovered the miniaturized Kryptonian city of Kandor. It had always been believed that Kandor was destroyed along with the rest of Krypton, but in truth, Brainiac had visited Krypton prior to its destruction, miniaturized the city, and secured it within a special containment tube inside his ship. With Brainiac's defeat, Superman liberated more than 200,000 Kandorians. These Kryptonians were restored to their normal size and their home city was transplanted to the Arctic Circle, where it was christened New Krypton. Among the survivors were Supergirl's parents, Zor-El and Alura.
Supergirl was overjoyed to discover that her parents were still alive. Her father explained that their original home, Argo City, had likewise survived the destruction of Krypton, but was later assimilated by Brainiac and merged with Kandor. Zor-El also revealed that many of Supergirl's prior perceptions of him were actually false memories as a result of prolonged Kryptonite poisoning. During the time that Supergirl was journeying to Earth, her ship was encased inside of a large Kryptonite meteor. The ambient radiation, while not fatal, was enough to unbalance her brain chemistry, and was the cause of her hallucinations, her sudden mood swings and all her odd, unpleasant behavior. Zor-El treated Supergirl and purged her system of the lingering Kryptonite particles.
The rest of the planet grew wary of the possible consequences of 100,000 super-powered Kryptonians now residing on Earth. In order to stave off a possible alien invasion, a secret government response group was put together known as Project 7734. The project was headed up by General Sam Lane (whom was previously believed to have been killed during the Imperiex War) and included several notorious agents such as Lex Luthor, Metallo, Reactron and a new Superwoman .
Zor-El's Death
It was during this time that Supergirl suffered the greatest tragedy of her life. Under General Lane's orders, Reactron and Metallo invaded New Krypton. Armed with Gold Kryptonite (which robbed a Kryptonian of their powers), they systematically began slaughtering as many Kryptonians as they could find. Reactron murdered Supergirl's father, Zor-El.
As a result of the skirmish, Kara's mother Alura used Sunstone technology to literally uproot New Krypton from the planet Earth. The floating city was piloted into outer space and placed in geosynchronous orbit, directly opposite of Earth.
The United States government also took action as a response to Kryptonian violence. They passed a law, stating that all Kryptonians with the exception of Superman were no longer allowed to set foot on the planet Earth. This included Supergirl.
Who Is Superwoman?
Main article: Supergirl: Who Is Superwoman?
Superwoman
Supergirl went to live with her mother on the New Krypton planetoid. Alura still wanted revenge against Reactron for the murder of Zor-El and ordered Kara to return to Earth to bring Reactron to justice. Supergirl tried to keep her continued presence on Earth a secret, but she quickly earned the attention of Project 7734. She fought against Reactron for the second time, defeating him in a manner similar to how she stopped him when they first fought. She also fought against Superwoman, whom she discovered was actually General Lane's daughter, Lucy. The fight resulted in Supergirl rupturing Superwoman's battle suit, seemingly killing her.
The Hunt for Reactron
Main article: Supergirl: The Hunt for Reactron
Shortly thereafter, Supergirl celebrated her eighteenth birthday. As per Kryptonian custom, it was time for her to select a guild house for herself. After observing the way the other guilds worked, she elected to join the same guild as her mother - the Kryptonian Science Guild.
A while later, Kara returned to Earth and found Chris Kent and Thara Ak-Var. Supergirl attacks Thara, for killing her father and trying to kill her. However, Chris stops Kara and tells her he is her cousin. The three are attacked by Guardian and the Science Police, for apparently killing Mon-El. Chris tries to tell Guardian that they did not murder Mon-El, but Guardian ignores him. The three manage to escape to Paris. Chris, Thara and Kara talk about what has happened. They then discover that the two sleepers they were fighting were Metallo and Reactron. However, they were then attacked by Squad K.
Escaping from Squad K, the three go to Lana Lang 's apartment. They decide to get Lois's help in clearing their names. Chris and Lana go to find Lois while Kara and Thara stay in Lana's apartment. While waiting, Thara attempts to tell Kara what is wrong with Lana, but states it in a way that makes Kara angry. Meanwhile, Reactron promises General Lane he will kill Supergirl.
Kara, Chris and Thara a.k.a. "The Metropolis Three" fight Reactron. Kara is about to hit Reactron with her heat vision but she is instead hit by Reactron's gold kryptonite, stripping her of her powers temporarily. Thara jumps in front of Reactron before he can hit Kara again and is knocked out of the fight. Lois shows up to report the fight, noticing that the three are depowered and unconscious, engages Reactron in battle and wounds him by jabbing her pen in his neck. With Reactron about to kill Chris and Kara, Thara transforms in the Flamebird and easily defeats Reactron. Reactron reveals that General Lane was behind the sewer bombing to deepen the mistrust in Kryptonians. Kara decides to take Reactron back to Alura on New Krypton for punishment. Kara and Thara forgive each other.
Kara delivers Reactron to Alura. Alura has flashbacks of her time with Zor-El before Reactron killed him. She remembers how the Science Guild told her love is is simply a chemical response to external stimuli and therefore should be ignored. But she does love Zor-El. Back in the present, Reactron is standing trial. But before the verdict is announced, many Kryptonians burst into the courtroom, wanting revenge. Supergirl and Alura jump in to save Reactron, but in the skirmish, he is apparently killed. Supergirl decides to return to Earth. It is revealed Alura faked his death to torture him for information.
World's Finest, Blackest Night
Supergirl and the new Batgirl (Stephanie Brown) team up for the first time. Batgirl has been captured and Oracle sends Supergirl to save her. Batgirl and Supergirl become fast friends and go to stop the Toyboy. Supergirl takes down Toyboy while Batgirl stops Mr. Freeze. They are captured by a giant Superman/Batman robot being powered by the Kryptonite Man. Batgirl manages to send out a distress call to Oracle before disconnecting. Oracle calls Superman and the new Batman (Dick Grayson). Superman, Batman and Robin save them and in the end, Supergirl is seen scolding Robin for calling Batgirl "Fatgirl".
Main article: Blackest Night
Kara and Alura visit Zor-El's tomb, only for a black power ring to seek out the body and turn it into a Black Lantern. Kara and her Black Lantern father fight and with Alura's help, knock him out of the city. Alura has a shield placed over the city so no one can leave or enter the city.
Death and the Family
Main article: Supergirl: Death and the Family
Kara is talking to Lana about her illness. Kara figures out that the illness is nothing the doctors in Metropolis can figure out. Inspector Mike Henderson calls Kara and the two fight Silver Banshee. Kara grabs a box and is transformed into SuperBanshee.
Meanwhile, Lana has collapsed and is bleeding. The spirits that have possessed Supergirl are upset with the Silver Banshee. The Inspector cuts a coin from his hand to stop the Banshee spirits and Supergirl breaks free from their control. Silver Banshee then eliminates the disembodied clan spirits by screaming their name. Kara rushes to the hospital as Linda Lang just as Lana is pronounced dead. Linda goes to see the body and sees Lana encased in a chrysalis. Lana's condition is somehow the result of her time as the Insect Queen.
In Metropolis, Supergirl is captured when the hospital is engulfed in a massive cocoon and an army of humanoid insects emerge. Once she is freed by Gangbuster, Linda conspires with him and Kimiyo Hoshi to infiltrate the cocoon, rescue the hostages, and find out who is behind the invasion. After being ambushed and knocked out, Linda awakens bound and gagged at the feet of Lana, who has once again reverted back to her Insect Queen form. Insect Queen informs Linda that during her last encounter with Lana, she embedded a piece of her DNA within her in an attempt to retake her body. The two women engage in a drawn out battle, with Linda eventually expelling the Queen from Lana's body through the use of an advanced Kryptonian machine. After Lana is cured, Linda informs her that she is leaving her home, feeling betrayed about Lana's unwillingness to share her illness. Back at Project 7734, Lucy Lane is seen to have been resurrected and is an amalgam of "all" the alien races whose powers were in the Superwoman suit, with all of their powers and weaknesses. Lucy kills the physician with an electric blast and says she is ready for duty.
Last Stand of New Krypton
Main article: Superman: Last Stand of New Krypton
Brainiac is unleashing his robot troops into New Krypton and the Kryptonian citizens rise up to fight the drones. Zod, without hesitation, fires the Global Defense Cannons at Brainiac's ship, but only manages to kill the innocent Kryptonians in the way. Kal-El, furious at Zod for killing the citizens without remorse, changes into Superman. He then manages to pass the force-field and enter Brainiac's ship. Supergirl fights several of the probe bots in order to protect her mother. She is attacked by a probe, but is saved by Superboy, Mon-El and The Legion of Super-Heroes. Kara takes them to Zod and they explain that there are other cities within Brainiac's ship that they must save. Zod sends Supergirl off and arrests the Legionnaires. Inside Brainiac's ship, Superman has been captured by Brainiac and his partner Lex Luthor.
Meanwhile, Supergirl and Mon-El are fighting Brainiac probes when Mon-El gets a telepathic message from Tellus. Mon-El has to save Superman and tells Supergirl to get the Kryptonians to work together. Supergirl rushes to her mother's aid and sees Alura fighting with Superboy. Kara punches Conner away, but Superboy comes back to save them both from a Brainiac probe. Supergirl tells Alura of the Legion mission and challenges her to stand up to Zod. Alura pardons the Legion and sends Supergirl with them to fight Brainiac. Mon-El has entered the ship the same way as Superman and manages to save him and the city of Lanothians.
On Brainiac's ship, Brainiac has re-energized and fights Superman. During the brawl, Superman is able to get hold of the telepathic Lanthians, but Brainiac teleports away with all the other cities. The Legion manages to enter Brainiac's ship thanks to Brainiac 5's help. But even this does not seem to help and New Krypton is put back into a bottle. Superman is pummeled by Brainiac's weapons system and is declared dead.
Superman is grabbed before he hits the ground by a flying Brainiac drone, powered by Quislet. Meanwhile, on Brainiac's ship, Superboy ends up face to face with Lex Luthor. Kon-El is hit with Green Kryptonite and awakens to find himself in Kandor. Zod it turns out has a devices which can counteract the Brainiac shrinking technology. They get free of the city and are ready to fight.
Meanwhile, Supergirl and Brainiac 5 have met. Brainy, in a brief moment alone reveals how hard it is to be near Supergirl, how much he loves her, and how hard it was when she died. It is revealed that Brainy is looking back at Supergirl's life historically. Brainy tells Kara she needs to destroy the reactor while he attempts to hold off the Phages. She smashes the satellite's power core. He tells Kara to trust her friends and she needs to trust him. He can't tell her anything about the future, but that she needs to live her own life and decide her own future. With the force-field on Brainiac's ship down, Superman is able to re-enter the ship. On board, Luthor emerges from Kandor and grabs a bottle city for himself.
Superman has gone to rescue Kandor while Zod and his soldiers fight Brainiac. In the meantime, Mon-El remains captured, but the Legion shows up to save him. Superman has found Kandor and meets up with Supergirl and Brainiac 5. He turns the city over to Supergirl, calling it her home, trusting that she will keep protect it and re-enlarge it. Brainy re-sizes the city safely. Kandor is big once more. Superman joins Zod in fighting Brainiac. Luthor has expanded the city he grabbed right inside Brainiac's ship.
Brainiac's ship has begun to plummet to New Krypton's surface. Zod is fighting with Brainiac. Superman, Supergirl and Superboy and the rest of New Krypton work together to stop the ship. Brainiac 5 runs to help Supergirl, who is trying to hold back the expanding city. Brainy is able to stop it and re-bottles the city. Brainiac punishes Luthor for his treachery by snapping his neck, only to reveal that Luthor is a robot. Superman comes in time to save Brainiac from Zod. Brainiac 5 walks up and teleports away with his ancestor. Before leaving, he tells Kara to watch out for her mother. It is revealed that Luthor was working with General Lane all along. Zod is given total command over Krypton. All the guild leaders, except for Alura, were killed in the attack. Zod declares war on Earth.
War of the Supermen
Main article: War of the Supermen
With the military guild ready to attack Earth, Zod is holding Superman captive. Alura is torturing Reactron for information, only to be found by Kara. She is shocked and disgusted. She tells Alura that he father said to 'watch out for your mother', warning her about what Alura is capable of. Reactron tells Supergirl Project 7734 wanted him brought to New Krypton. Alura shoves Kara into a radiation-proof deck room and seals it, protecting Supergirl and sacrificing herself. Reactron explodes, causing a chain reaction that also destroys New Krypton. The majority of New Krypton citizens are dead and the only guild left it the military guild, since they were not on the planet when it exploded. Superman finds Supergirl; they grieve while Supergirl clutches a piece of Alura's shield. Enraged by her mother's death at the hands of Reactron, of Luthor, of Earth, Supergirl grabs the flag of Krypton, carrying the standard into battle, racing to Earth to join the war effort.
Superman manages to stop her. She breaks down; Kara feels responsible for New Krypton's destruction because she brought Reactron there. Superman assures her it wasn't her fault; they hug and are happy they still have each other. General Zod sends a bulk of his troops to the Human Defense Corps Mars base. The two sides fight, General Lane calls upon Luthor to finish his 'second project'. Using the false Rao corpse and time-pool technology,Earth has a red sun.
Flamebird has taken off into space and dove into the sun. Thara destroys the Rao-bomb, returning the sun to yellow, but killing herself in the process. With the sun restored to yellow, the Kryptonians in space regain their powers. Some have survived, but thousands are dead. Superman, both saddened and angry, takes off for Earth. The Kryptonian race is now down to a mere 7,000. Meanwhile, Supergirl comes to stop Ursa. As the two fly at each other, Superman meets Zod to fight him.
Supergirl has been defeated by Ursa, but is saved last minute by the Superman family. They head to Project 7734. Before they leave, they deposit Ursa in the Phantom Zone, which has been restored. While Superman fights Zod, Superboy goes around the world putting as many Kryptonians back into the Zone as he can. Supergirl has defeated Superwoman and fights General Lane. Rather than being charged for his crimes against humanity, Lane commits suicide. With all the remaining Kryptonians in the Zone, Superman ends the war. Zod is sent back to the Zone, with Chris sealing the Zone off permanently. In the process, he is turned back into a child. He and Mon-El then explore the Zone. Supergirl mourns the loss of her people, setting up a memorial in deep space.
Bizarro-Girl
Main article: Supergirl: Bizarrogirl
Six weeks after the death of New Krypton, Kara is rooming with Lana Lang. Kara is having a nightmare; the nightmare quickly turns into her friends and family in hell, telling her she hurts everyone she touches. She wakes up and Lana lets her know that she thinks of Kara as family. Kara tells her she no longer wishes to be Kara Zor-El, but wants to be Linda Lang full time now. She says Supergirl is gone too. They go to enjoy some coffee, where Lana asks Kara where she was during the 6 weeks after the war. Kara doesn't want to talk about it, so Lana suggests her to go to Metropolis University. Meanwhile, Doctor Light and Gangbuster are investigating a crash site. They find a Kryptonian-looking rocket, and a Bizarro Supergirl.
Bizarro Supergirl is ripping Metropolis apart. Jimmy Olsen manages to take a picture of Bizarro Supergirl and send it to the Planet before being subdued by her. Meanwhile, Lana has called Kara and is trying to convince her to change into Supergirl and save the day. Cat Grant overhears the conversation and realizes that Lana and Supergirl have a close relationship. Realizing she can't just quit being who she is, Kara changes into her Supergirl costume and flies off to save the day. Supergirl finds Bizarro-Girl's lair, and fights her counterpart. Bizarro-Girl reveals to have opposite powers to Supergirl, including a petrifying stare that turns Supergirl into a rock statue.
Bizarro-Girl is revealed to have been rocketed to Earth from Bizarro World by Bizarro #1 to avoid a threat called Godship. Supergirl frees herself from her stone statue by vibrating herself at super speed, a trick she learned from the Flash. Supergirl subdues Bizarro-Girl and Doctor Light says she will take Bizarro-Girl and imprison her. Kara flashes back to when her mother did this to Reactron. She knocks out Doctor Light. She decided to take Bizarro-Girl back to her home.
Supergirl is still blaming herself for the destruction of New Krypton. She is hit by hibernation gas in the rocket and dreams about being on New Krypton, but not being able to warn the citizens of their doom. The ship crashes into Bizarro World, but Bizarro-Girl is not welcomed back as a hero. Supergirl defends her and goes to talk to Bizarro-Luthor who explains he lured the Godship here to kill Bizarro, but before he can explain more, he is devoured by a probe. Bizarro #1 failed destroying the Godship and created Bizarro-Girl for backup, but loved her too much and sent her to Earth. Supergirl realizes the Godship is a massive organism and that she will need Superman's help.
It is revealed that Supergirl did not call Superman, but studied his notes on Bizarro World. Kara finalizes her plan and the Bizarro-JLA go to fight the Godship, but are obliterated. High levels of blue sun ray power Bizarros; she exposes her to these blue rays and gives herself 'super-vision' which allows her to give all the Bizarros super powers. These Krypt-zarros are losing to the Godship drones; she formulates a new plan to trap the Godship in solid-vision. Unfortunately, Bizarro-Girl is the only one with this vision and she has gone missing, hiding in the Fortress, feeling scared and helpless. Supergirl comes and realizes Bizarro-Girl is not her opposite, but her reflection. Bizarro-Girl uses her solid-vision and is able to trap the Godship. The GLC comes and takes Godship away and Bizarro World begins to repair. Bizarro-Girl is hiding in a cave, punishing herself for killing a man on Earth. Supergirl comes and helps her work through her problems. Cat finally realizes she needs help with her problems. She tells Lana she knows about her relationship with Supergirl.
The Legion of Super-Heroes, Again
While taking a rocket from Bizarro World to Earth, Supergirl is inexplicably flung into the 30th century through an explosion. Kara soon realizes this is not the 30th century she visited before. She's greeted by the Legion of Super-Heroes and invited in. Kara decides to stay in the future and work with The Legion for a while, even being given a flight ring. She's more at ease in the future, but she still feels lonely. During her stay she goes to the Superman Museum and sees how she is to die: "during one of the greatest battles in history, Supergirl was killed stopping the worst threat the Earth had ever known, giving her life for her adopted planet."
Her introspection is interrupted by the arrival of Satan Girl, an alien Death Goddess that was drawn to Earth when Brainiac experimented on a statue offered up to her. Brainy and Kara try to fight Satan Girl; they decide to go back in the timestream, creating a shift so that Satan Girl was never freed. Only Brainy and Kara remember what happened. Supergirl decides to go back to her own time and Saturn Girl, Lightning Lad, Cosmic Boy and Brainiac 5 bring Supergirl back to the present, where she shares a kiss with Brainy, telling him to visit soon and leaves, feeling she's the happiest she's been in years.
As she flies off, Saturn Girl wipes out the knowledge of her future death, and Brainy promises himself that he will warn Kara about her future and she won't have to die alone like she did in the history books...
Supergirl would go back to the future several times, one of them being Lightning Lad's funeral.
Supergirl Joins the Justice League of America
Main article: Justice League of America Vol 2
When Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman got to assemble a new Justice League of America, Diana wanted Kara in the team, but her two colleagues voted against it.
After her adventures with the Legion, Supergirl joined the new Justice League, taking the place of Superman, along with Batman, Donna Troy, Jesse Quick, Jade, Congorilla and Starman.
Day of The Dollmaker
Main article: Supergirl: Day of the Dollmaker
Supergirl and Cat Grant go to Arkham Asylum to confront the Toyman and try to find the children they believe he kidnapped. One of the dolls Cat received was based off one of the missing children and when placed in front of the Toyman it attacked him. Revealing the Toyman was not behind these kidnappings. While waiting in the emergency room Cat and Supergirl talk where Cat states she believes that Supergirl makes bad situations worse. Supergirl realizing she doesn't have to listen to this flies off and fights Riot. Cat is attacked by a claw-wielding doll-like creature. Using a stun-gun, Cat is able to subdue her attacker only to have it turn out to be one of the missing children who was turned into half a cyborg. The Dollmaker arrives at her apartment with the other two missing children, also cyborgs. Lois goes to S.T.A.R. Labs to confront her sister.
The Dollmaker kidnaps Cat and tell her he once was the Toymaker's son before being rejected and now he wants Cat to be his mommy. Meanwhile Supergirl is flying around Metropolis trying to find information on the Dollmaker. Lois has told Lucy that she is no longer her sister but a monster. The Dollmaker decides to kill every child in the city so Cat will have to love him but Cat calls for Supergirl, she flies in and defeats the Dollmaker's minions. Cat punches the Dollmaker and knocks him out. The missing children are saved. The Kent's have a Christmas gathering at the farm. Clark, Lois, Lana, Conner, Krypto and Linda are all there where Lois shows Linda (Kara) the Daily Planets new headline: The Day I Needed Supergirl, written by Cat Grant. Kara agrees that even though she may not be perfect it's her life and she's happy with it.
Good-Looking Corpse
Main article: Supergirl: Good-Looking Corpse
Supergirl is protecting Metropolis during Superman's walkabout. As she deals with routine emergences, she finds out someone has created a new I-pod app called FlyOver capable to track down metahumans like herself. Said app has been created by an enigmatic college student named Alex who wishes to destroy -especially young heroes like Supergirl- because he thinks conquering aliens can help mankind evolve.
Because of FlyOver, Silver Banshee, Metallo, Kryptonite Man and Parasite come to fight Supergirl. As she engages in battle, Lois learns that Cadmus has been experimenting with Kryptonian DNA. Back at Harvard, many people do not remember when they met Alex, or where he came from. With that Alex leaves college, meanwhile Supergirl is losing to the 4 villains.
Kara is able to defeat the villains and Alex realizes Supergirl will be a much harder threat to get rid of then he suspected. Supergirl learns about the Flyover App and realizes it is how the villains are finding heroes and attacking them. She goes to help Damien fight Clayface only to find that Clayface is actually a android mimicking the powers of the villain.
Kara, Robin, Blue Bettle and Miss Martian join in trying to take down Alex and his FlyOver app as Kara finds the Cadmus lab with a dead Kryptonian inside. There they find out that "Alex" is a Dubbilex clone slightly modified with Kryptonian DNA. They fight, and Kara manages to defeat the clone, earning Damian Wayne's respect. Later, Kara and Lois have a talk, and Kara admits that she still is unsure of herself but she's now a bit more confident on her leadership abilities.
This Is Not My Life
Main article: Supergirl: This Is Not My Life
Supergirl saves a girl was being chased by androids created by Prof. Ivo Amazo. Later Lois meets her up and asks help to solve a case of missing children in Stanhope College. During the investigation, Kara battles and defeat Professor Ivo.
Reign of Doomsday
Main article: Reign of Doomsday
Lex Luthor is plotting how to get more power, and comes up with a scheme to keep the Superman Family busy in the meantime. His ploy forces Supergirl, Superman, Superboy, Krypto, Steel and others to team up in order to fight back an army of Doomsdays.
Afterwards, Kara became a founding member of Superman's new team, the Supermen of America.
Convergence
This section of the history takes place during Convergence, a massive crossover event revisiting characters from past eras and realities. The villains Brainiac and Telos plucked them from their own timeline and stored them together, causing them to cross over into each others' reality. Its precise chronological placement and canonicity may be unclear.
Main article: Convergence (event)
Kara, Zatanna, Jade and Vixen were all in Gotham to have a baby shower for Jessie when the city was captured and placed in the dome, and everyone lost their powers. A year later, the heroines had all become somewhat accustomed to their new lives as socialites. This came to an end when the dome fell and the League had to fight the Flashpoint Aquaman.
While the main group kept the Atlantis army busy, Kara battled Aquaman. Initially she beat him up easily, but then Aquaman used a chunk of Kryptonite to hurt her. However Mera hurt Aquaman, saving Kara.
Personality
Kara was an insecure, fierce, impulsive, compassionate and sometimes immature teenager. At the beginning she came across as an angry, bratty girl due to suffering from undiagnosed Kryptonite poisoning when she landed on Earth. As an effect of spending thirty years trapped in a chunk of Kryptonite, her illness damaged her brain, making her prone to wild mood swings and odd behavior until it was correctly diagnosed and the poison purged from her body. Once free from false memories and mood swings plaguing her, Kara showed she was a troubled girl and lacked confidence, but was nice and well-meaning.
Having survived both the destruction of Krypton and Argo City, Kara had a huge case of "Survivor Guilt" and suffered from PTSD. Sometimes her considerable self-loathing and guilt manifested as a split personality called "Dark Supergirl" until she managed to forgive herself.
Secret Identity: Linda Lang
Claire Connor was Kara's first and short-lived attempt at creating her own secret identity. She wore a wig, glasses and plain clothes and pretended to be a teenage girl from Kansas. However her attempts to blend in with civilians failed owing to her inability to connect with the other students and her kryptonite-induced emotional instability, and she dropped her "Claire" identity after a week.
Several months later, she was getting burnt out because of spending her whole time being Supergirl. Superman advised her to create her own secret identity. Assisted by Lana Lang, she created her "Linda Lang" identity: a geeky, glasses-wearing, ponytailed niece of Lana.
After the events of "New Krypton", Kara was so distraught at her failure to save her home-world that she decided to become Linda Lang full-time and tried to forget about her past, but she changed her mind after meeting Bizarro-Girl .
Relationships with allies
Superman: Superman and Supergirl had an extremely close relationship. Kara loved her cousin greatly, although she was sometimes irritated about his overprotectiveness because that she was supposed to take care of him but is younger because of suspended animation. For his part, Clark was torn and undecided about whether to hover around her or give Kara her own space. Regardless, Supergirl made Superman feel less alone, and she trusted him and reassured him when he felt down. New Krypton's downfall strengthened their bond.
Batman: Kara disliked Batman at the beginning due to him distrusting her. Later on, she acknowledged him as a mentor and like a father-figure.
Wonder Woman: Wonder Woman elected to take charge of Kara's power training as soon as the Kryptonian girl arrived on Earth, going as far as to carry her off and take her to Paradise Island. Diana became a third mentor to Supergirl, and Kara often went to Diana when she needed advice. Diana also voted for Supergirl when the Trinity was assembling a new Justice League of America.
Stephanie Brown: Stephanie was Supergirl's best friend. Since their first team-up they got along marvelously, and Kara stayed over at Steph's house sometimes.
Cassie Sandsmark: Kara and Cassie first met in Themyscira during Kara's Amazon training. Their relationship didn't start well, but they came to be very close over time. Their friendship appeared to come to an end when Cassie broke their relationship off and booted Kara out of the Teen Titans. Later, Cassie apologized to Supergirl and they reconciled.
Oracle: Although their relationship wasn't as strong as their Earth-One counterparts', Kara and Barbara got along fine and worked together several times to give Gotham one day crime-free or help Stephanie out. When they teamed up, Barbara acted like a big sister/mentor to Supergirl.
Dick Grayson: Kara had a huge crush on Nightwing that she tried to get over. Both young heroes developed a sibling-like relationship as they served in the Justice League. Dick even called her his "little sister". And Kara said he had been a "big brother when [she] sorely needed one.
Power Girl: Kara's relationship with her Earth-Two counterpart was strained. Supergirl intended to befriend Power Girl, but their powers went haywire during their first meeting. Afterwards, Power Girl didn't want to come close to Supergirl. Although Power Girl sometimes teamed up with Supergirl and helped her save Superman when Darkseid stuck him to the Source Wall, she never completely forgave Kara for her early childish behavior, and her younger counterpart made her feel very unsure as to her place in the world.
Superboy: Kara's relationship with her cousin's clone began as a misunderstanding despite her initial assumption that they would hit it off easy. When she went to see him on the Kent Farm, Conner had been in a rotten mood due to his recent brush with brainwashing and was distrustful of others, leading him to fight Kara, who eventually broke his jaw. After fixing it and apologizing, the two began talking, being quite civil with one another. As a result of a sudden attack by the Teen Titans out of paranoia, Kara starts to leave, but Conner insists the Titans leave while she stays, referring to her as his cousin. Ever since, Kara and Conner have been very close, being kindred souls after all.
Lois Lane: Kara and Lois treated each other like family since their first meeting. Lois cared for Kara although she'd chew the younger girl out when she acted out, and Kara also cared for Lois and looked after her.
Lana Lang: Lana helped Kara out when she needed to create a secret identity. Kara pretended to be her niece and both women developed a close, familiar relationship, to the point that Kara stayed over at Lana's house for a while after the destruction of New Krypton and was even willing to become "Linda Lang" permanently.
Jesse Quick: Supergirl became close to Jesse during their time in the Justice League of America. Kara is the one who took her to the hospital when she gave birth to her child.
Jonathan and Martha Kent: The Kents embraced Kara as a new niece right away, and Kara treated them as her family, stating she wanted "to be a family with [her cousin], Uncle John and Aunt Martha".
Romances
During her hero career, Kara had little time for romance and little luck at that department. She developed a close friendship with Captain Boomerang, but never dated him. She briefly dated Power Boy, but dumped him after learning he was an abuser. She also had a brief relationship with Henry Flyte, a human, ordinary boy she met while solving a case in Stanhope College.
Dick Grayson: Supergirl had a pretty serious crush on Nightwing. Kara even kissed Dick in two different times. Aware that her crush was unrequited and hopeless, Kara got over it, but her "Dark Supergirl" side still pined for Dick for a long time.
Brainiac 5: Kara first met Brainiac 5 when Brainiac attempted to reduce Kandor again. However Querl had already met her, fallen for her and mourned her death. Because he acted cooly, Querl came across as a jerk to Kara, although he was aware of this and knew Kara would eventually warm up to him. Kara would meet his younger self when she travelled to the 31st century. Before going back to the past she kissed him, and Brainiac swore that he would not let her die alone during her final battle.
Powers and Abilities
Powers
Kryptonian Physiology: Under the effects of a "yellow" sun, Supergirl possesses the same potential powers as an average Kryptonian. These include:
Solar Energy Absorption: Under optimal conditions, this is the main source of Supergirl's super powers as they are contingent upon exposure to solar radiation from a yellow sun star system. Her biological make up includes a number of organs which lack analogues in humans and whose functions are unknown. It is believed that between one or more of these and her bio-cellular matrix, "yellow" solar energy is stored for later use. This allows for the use of these powers to fade when yellow solar radiation is not available instead of immediate failure.
Heat Vision: Supergirl can, as a conscious act, fire beams of intense heat at a target by looking at it. She can vary the heat and area affected.
Super-Hearing: Supergirl's hearing is sensitive enough to hear any sound at any volume or pitch. With skill and concentration, she can block out ambient sounds to focus on a specific source or frequency.
Enhanced Vision: Supergirl's vision processes the entire electromagnetic spectrum as well as allowing vast control over selective perception and focus.
This umbrella ability includes the following:
Electromagnetic Spectrum Vision: Supergirl can see well into most of the electromagnetic spectrum. She can see and identify radio and television signals as well as all other broadcast or transmitted frequencies. Using this ability, she can avoid detection by radar or satellite monitoring methods. This also allows her to see the aura generated by living thing.
Telescopic Vision: This is the ability to see something at a great distance, without violating the laws of physics. Though limited, the exact extent of the ability is undetermined. In function, it is similar to the zoom lens on a camera.
X-Ray Vision: This is the ability to see through any volume of matter except lead. Supergirls can see things behind a solid, opaque object as if it were not there. She can focus this ability to "peel back" layers of an object, allowing hidden image or inner workings to be observed. The exact type of energy perceived—such as x-rays, cosmic rays, or some other energy invisible to normal humans—is unclear. This ability perceives an ambient energy source though, it does not involve the eye projecting a concentrated, possibly toxic, beam to be reflected back from objects.
Microscopic Vision: This is the ability to see extremely small objects and images down to the atomic level.
Infrared Vision: Supergirl can see with better acuity in darkness, and to a degree in total darkness.
Flight: Supergirl is able to manipulate graviton particles to defy the forces of gravity and achieve flight. This ranges from hovering to moving in any posture, in any direction.
Invulnerability: Due to the interaction of her dense molecular structure and supercharged bio-electric aura, Supergirl is nigh-invulnerable to extreme energy forces. In addition, her extends this protection against toxins and diseases.
Superhuman Stamina: Supergirl is able to maintain continuous strenuous physical action for an indefinite period of time. This based on her body converting yellow solar radiation directly to energy, but is limited by physiological and psychological needs to eat, drink, and sleep.
Superhuman Strength: Supergirl's strength is augmented by yellow solar radiation interacting with the greater than human density, resilience and biological efficiency of her musculature. Her strength is more an act of conscious will on energy fields than actual physical strength. It is this act of conscious will that enables her to perform physical feats that are beyond the mere application force, such as moving a mountain top without said rock crumbling under its own mass.
Superhuman Speed: Supergirl is able to move at incredible speed by sheer force of will. This extends to her perceptions and allows for feats such as catching bullets in mid flight as well as covering vast distances in little or no time.
This also confers:
Superhuman Agility
Superhuman Reflexes
Super-Breath: Supergirl is able to create hurricane force winds by exhaling air from her lungs. She can chill the air as it leaves her lungs to freeze targets. She can also reverse the process to pull large volumes of air or vapor into her lungs.
Longevity: Supergirl can live longer than regular humans, remaining at her prime as long as she was under the exposure of the "yellow" sun.
Crystal Generation: For a while, Supergirl had the ability to sprout sharp crystals from her body. At the beginning, Kryptonite-induced hallucinations led her to believe her father's experiments were her power's origin to grow Sunstones, but after meeting the real Zor-El she was said Kryptonite sickness made her blood crystallize in oxygen. She lost her crystal-generating power after being cured from her illness.
Intangibility: Supergirl was taught by the Flash how to make her molecules slips between the molecules of solid objects by vibrating at super-speed. She can also vibrate so fast that light does not reflect off her, rendering her invisible, due to her time studying the Flash.
Self-Sustenance: Supergirl is able to survive out of the boundaries of a planet.
Sound Manipulation: Supergirl is able to modulate her voice to achieve varied effects such like cancel seismic waves out by emitting a supersonic counterfrequency or knock enemies down.
Abilities
Hand-to-Hand Combat (Advanced): She has been trained by Batman in advanced martial arts and trained with the Amazons on Themyscira in combat and sword fighting. She has trained with Wonder Woman and Artemis extensively.
Klurkor: Kara knows "first level" of Klurkor, a Kryptonian martial art.
Swordsmanship
Multilingualism: Supergirl speaks a multitude of languages fluently. She learned English in less then a month. She also speaks interlac. She is also fluent in Kryptonese. Plus, through precise muscle control, she can mimic other peoples voices.
Genius Level Intellect: Kryptonians, though otherwise completely human, were superior both intellectually and physically to natives of Earth. Supergirl who lived on Argo City for some time learned much about science and technology. Supergirl excels in engineering and has been shown at a young age to be able to reprogram advanced Kryptonian technology, like a robot, with little effort. She is even a member of the Kryptonian Science Council the ruling body of Krypton.
Artistry: Kara is also artistic and was once approached by the head of the Art Council who wanted to mentor Kara just like he did with her father. She keeps a guitar and a sewing machine in her apartment and she draws and designs new versions of her costume every so often.
Music
Leadership: Supergirl became leader of the Legion for a short while after the Dominator War.
Weaknesses
Kryptonian Physiology: Under the effects of a "yellow" sun, Supergirl possesses the same potential weaknesses as an average Kryptonian. These include:
Vulnerability to Kryptonite
Vulnerability to Magic
Paraphernalia
Equipment
Legion Flight Ring
Notes
This version of Supergirl first appeared in Superman/Batman #8 by Jeph Loeb and Michael Turner and is an adaptation from the original Supergirl/Kara Zor-El.
Trivia
After her adventures in the 30th Century and Kandor II, Supergirl settled in New York City. She'd later move to Metropolis to live with Lana Lang.
Supergirl keeps a network of safe houses all over the world, an idea she admittedly stole from Batman.
Recommended Reading
Supergirl Recommended Reading
Action Comics (Volume 1)
Adventure Comics (Volume 1)
All-Star Comics (Volume 1)
Supergirl (Volume 1)
Superman Family (Volume 1)
Supergirl (Volume 2)
Infinity Inc. (Volume 1)
Power Girl (Volume 1)
Supergirl (Volume 3)
Supergirl (Volume 4)
Supergirl (Volume 5)
Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes (Volume 1)
Power Girl (Volume 2)
Supergirl (Volume 6)
Worlds' Finest (Volume 1)
Supergirl (Volume 7)
Related
382 Appearances of Kara Zor-El (New Earth)
228 Images featuring Kara Zor-El (New Earth)
118 Quotations by or about Kara Zor-El (New Earth)
Character Gallery: Kara Zor-El (New Earth)
Footnotes
↑ Action Comics #867
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Supergirl (Volume 5) #35
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #4
↑ 4.0 4.1 Supergirl (Volume 5) #5
↑ Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes #16
↑ 6.0 6.1 Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes #17
↑ Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes #27
↑ Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes #28
↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Action Comics #850
↑ Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes #36
↑ Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds #3
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #8
↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Supergirl (Volume 5) #14
↑ 14.0 14.1 Supergirl (Volume 5) #10
↑ 15.0 15.1 Supergirl (Volume 5) #3
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #11
↑ 17.0 17.1 Supergirl (Volume 5) #13
↑ The Brave and the Bold (Volume 3) #2
↑ The Brave and the Bold (Volume 3) #3
↑ 20.0 20.1 The Brave and the Bold (Volume 3) #4
↑ The Brave and the Bold (Volume 3) #5
↑ The Brave and the Bold (Volume 3) #6
↑ 23.0 23.1 Supergirl (Volume 5) #16
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #17
↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Supergirl (Volume 5) #19
↑ Teen Titans (Volume 3) #48
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #20
↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Supergirl (Volume 5) #22
↑ 29.0 29.1 Teen Titans (Volume 3) #55
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #21
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #23
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #25 – 26
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #28 – 32
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #33
↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Supergirl (Volume 5) #34
↑ Final Crisis #6
↑ Trinity #16
↑ Trinity #18
↑ Trinity #25
↑ Superman/Supergirl: Maelstrom #1
↑ Superman/Supergirl: Maelstrom #5
↑ Action Comics #870
↑ Superman: New Krypton Special #1
↑ Action Comics #872
↑ Action Comics #873
↑ Action Comics #874
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #43
↑ 48.0 48.1 Action Comics #881
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #45
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #46
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #47
↑ 52.0 52.1 World's Finest (Volume 4) #3
↑ Blackest Night: Superman #3
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #48
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #49
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #50
↑ Superman: Last Stand of New Krypton #1
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #51
↑ Superman: Last Stand of New Krypton #2
↑ Adventure Comics (Volume 2) #10
↑ 61.0 61.1 Supergirl (Volume 5) #52
↑ Superman #699
↑ Superman: Last Stand of New Krypton #3
↑ Superman: War of the Supermen #1
↑ 65.0 65.1 Superman: War of the Supermen #2
↑ Superman: War of the Supermen #3
↑ Superman: War of the Supermen #4
↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 Supergirl (Volume 5) #53
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #54
↑ 70.0 70.1 Supergirl (Volume 5) #55
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #56
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #57
↑ 73.0 73.1 Supergirl Annual (Volume 5) #2
↑ Adventure Comics #520
↑ Justice League of America (Volume 2) #1
↑ Justice League of America (Volume 2) #45
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #58
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #59
↑ Superman #701
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #60
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #61
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #62
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #63
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #64
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #65
↑ 86.0 86.1 Supergirl (Volume 5) #67
↑ Action Comics #890
↑ Superman #714
↑ Convergence: Justice League #1
↑ Convergence: Justice League #2
↑ Superman/Batman Annual #5
↑ Superman/Batman #19
↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 Superman/Batman #10
↑ 94.0 94.1 Superman/Batman #13
↑ Action Comics #904
↑ 96.0 96.1 96.2 Superman/Batman #9
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #28
↑ Justice League of America (Volume 2) #1
↑ Batgirl (Volume 3) #14
↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 Supergirl (Volume 5) #2
↑ Teen Titans (Volume 3) #66
↑ DC Universe Holiday Special #1
↑ Batgirl (Volume 3) #8
↑ Justice League of America (Volume 2) #55
↑ Justice League of America (Volume 2) #60
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #1
↑ Superman/Batman #25
↑ JSA Classified #2
↑ Action Comics #869
↑ Justice League of America (Volume 2) #52
↑ 111.0 111.1 Supergirl (Volume 5) #40
↑ Superman: Secret Files 2009 #1
↑ Final Crisis #3
↑ Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes #30
↑ Supergirl (Volume 5) #9
Superman Family member
This character is or was an incarnation of or an ally of Superman, and a member of the Superman Family. This template will categorize articles that include it into the " Superman Family members " category.
Legion of Super-Heroes member
This character is or was a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes from the 30th / 31st Century, in any one of their various continuities. Including but not limited to, Original Legion, the Reboot Legion, Prime Legion and the Post-Rebirth Legion.
This template will categorize articles that include it into the "Legion of Super-Heroes members" category.
Teen Titans member
This character is or was primarily a member of the younger superhero team known as the Teen Titans, in any of its various incarnations. This template will categorize articles that include it into the " Teen Titans members " category.
Justice League member
This character is or was a member of the Justice League of America, or the Justice League in any of its various incarnations, sworn by a duty to act as guardians of America and the world by using their skills and/or superpowers to protect Earth from both interstellar and domestic threats.
This template will categorize articles that include it into the "Justice League of America members" category.
Justice Society of America member
This character is or was a primary member of the Justice Society of America in any of its various incarnations. This template will categorize articles that include it into the " Justice Society of America members " category.
Wonder Woman Family member
This character is or was an ally of Wonder Woman. This template will categorize articles that include it into the " Wonder Woman Supporting Cast " category.
Outsiders member
This character is or was primarily a member of the super-hero team known as the Outsiders, in any of its various incarnations. They are a black ops team dedicated to fighting evil and taking the fall in public opinion that bigger groups like the Justice League cannot, started by Batman to avoid being crippled by public relations needs. This template will categorize articles that include it into the " Outsiders members " category.
Daily Planet Staff member
This character is or was an employee of the Daily Planet, a daily newspaper based in Metropolis. This template will categorize articles that include it into the " Daily Planet Staff members " category.
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Retrieved from " https://dc.fandom.com/wiki/Kara_Zor-El_ (New_Earth)?oldid=2874587 "
Categories:
Good Characters
Female Characters
New Earth Characters
2004 Character Debuts
Modern-Age Characters
Secret Identity
Kryptonians
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Height
Height 5'
Height 5' 5"
Weight
Blue Eyes
Blond Hair
Otto Binder/Creator
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Energy Absorption
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Enhanced Hearing
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Superhuman Speed
Superhuman Agility
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msmarco_passage_00_707998422 | ‘Magic City’ Movie Will Feature Bill Murray, Bruce Willis, Starz Cast – Deadline | ‘Magic City’ Movie Will Feature Bill Murray, Bruce Willis, Starz Cast – Deadline
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‘Magic City’ Becomes Feature; Bruce Willis & Bill Murray Join Original Starz Cast
By Mike Fleming Jr
Mike Fleming Jr
Co-Editor-in-Chief, Film
@DeadlineMike
More Stories By Mike
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MRC, T-Street’s Rian Johnson & Ram Bergman Hatch Label To Tap New Talent; Will Make 3 To 4 Films Per Year
View All
October 31, 2014 10:07am
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The Mitch Glazer -created period Miami casino mob series Magic City, which Starz canceled last year after a two-season run, is moving to the big screen. Glazer wrote the script and will direct series regulars Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Danny Huston, Olga Kurylenko and Kelly Lynch, who’ll be joined by Bruce Willis, Bill Murray and others. Len Blavatnik of AI Film, Brett Ratner of RatPac and Gerry Schwartz of Onex Corporation will produce and finance, with Steve Bing of Shangri-La Entertainment, Alan J. Helene and Glazer producing. QED will introduce the project to buyers at AFM next week.
The pitch: Miami 1962. Gangsters, hoteliers, spies and socialites win, lose and die beneath the palms. JFK and a mob boss share a mistress in a Collins Avenue penthouse. The CIA secretly arms Cuban freedom fighters and hires the mafia to kill Castro. The most powerful Miami Beach hotel owner battles them all to save his family and survive in the Magic City. Glazer previously helmed Passion Play and has written such films as Scrooged, The Recruit, Great Expectations and the upcoming Rock The Kasbah, which he also produced along with QED.
“Mitch is a fantastic creative partner, and we’re thrilled to collaborate with him again,” Block said. “We loved Magic City the series and know that with Mitch’s sensational script and this outstanding cast, it will translate beautifully to the big screen.”
Said Glazer, “The chance to explore this wild time and place and this compelling family saga is a dream come true.”
CAA will represent the film’s domestic distribution rights, in concert with Jeff Berg.
Also on the QED Block at AFM are the Robert De Niro starrer Dirty Grandpa, Rock The Kasbah with Murray and the Jason Bateman-helmed The Family Fang.
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msmarco_passage_00_709143815 | Indian Television Actress Pratyusha Banerjee Dies At 24 – Deadline | Indian Television Actress Pratyusha Banerjee Dies At 24 – Deadline
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Pratyusha Banerjee Dies: Indian Television Actress Was 24
By Ross A. Lincoln
April 2, 2016 3:57pm
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Popular Indian television star Pratyusha Banerjee died yesterday in Mumbai from what local police said was an accidental death, leading to a massive outpouring of grief from shocked peers and fans. She was 24. According to reports from local news, Banerjee was found in her home in an apparent death by hanging, though no suicide note was discovered.
Born August 10 1991 in the city of Jamshedpur, Banerjee first gained fame in 2010 after winning a talent search led to her being cast in a leading role in the popular television series Balika Vadhu. Following that success she went on to appear frequently on reality television, including Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa, the Indian version of BBC’s Strictly Come Dancing (and basis for Dancing With The Stars ), Bigg Boss, and Power Couple. She later had roles on several other Indian scripted television shows.
At the time of her death, she was dating fellow actor and producer Rahul Raj Singh.
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