[
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1792, "culture": " English\n", "content": "THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE\nPLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK\nTo protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free\ndistribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work\n(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase \"Project\nGutenberg\"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project\nGutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at\nhttps://gutenberg.org/license).\nSection 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm\nelectronic works\n1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm\nelectronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to\nand accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property\n(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all\nthe terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy\nall copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.\nIf you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project\nGutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the\nterms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or\nentity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.\n1.B.  \"Project Gutenberg\" is a registered trademark.  It may only be\nused on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who\nagree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few\nthings that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works\neven without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See\nparagraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project\nGutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement\nand help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic\nworks.  See paragraph 1.E below.\n1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (\"the Foundation\"\nor PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project\nGutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the\ncollection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an\nindividual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are\nlocated in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from\ncopying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative\nworks based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg\nare removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project\nGutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by\nfreely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of\nthis agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with\nthe work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by\nkeeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project\nGutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.\n1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern\nwhat you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in\na constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check\nthe laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement\nbefore downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or\ncreating derivative works based on this work or any other Project\nGutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning\nthe copyright status of any work in any country outside the United\nStates.\n1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:\n1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate\naccess to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently\nwhenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the\nphrase \"Project Gutenberg\" appears, or with which the phrase \"Project\nGutenberg\" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,\ncopied or distributed:\nThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with\nalmost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or\nre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included\nwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org\n1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived\nfrom the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is\nposted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied\nand distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees\nor charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work\nwith the phrase \"Project Gutenberg\" associated with or appearing on the\nwork, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1\nthrough 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the\nProject Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or\n1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted\nwith the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution\nmust comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional\nterms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked\nto the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the\npermission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.\n1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm\nLicense terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this\nwork or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.\n1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this\nelectronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without\nprominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with\nactive links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project\nGutenberg-tm License.\n1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,\ncompressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any\nword processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or\ndistribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than\n\"Plain Vanilla ASCII\" or other format used in the official version\nposted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),\nyou must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a\ncopy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon\nrequest, of the work in its original \"Plain Vanilla ASCII\" or other\nform.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm\nLicense as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.\n1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,\nperforming, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works\nunless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.\n1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing\naccess to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided\nthat\n- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from\n     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method\n     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is\n     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he\n     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the\n     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments\n     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you\n     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax\n     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and\n     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the\n     address specified in Section 4, \"Information about donations to\n     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.\"\n- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies\n     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he\n     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm\n     License.  You must require such a user to return or\n     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium\n     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of\n     Project Gutenberg-tm works.\n- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any\n     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the\n     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days\n     of receipt of the work.\n- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free\n     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.\n1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm\nelectronic work or group of works on different terms than are set\nforth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from\nboth the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael\nHart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the\nFoundation as set forth in Section 3 below.\n1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable\neffort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread\npublic domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm\ncollection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic\nworks, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain\n\"Defects,\" such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or\ncorrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual\nproperty infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a\ncomputer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by\nyour equipment.\n1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the \"Right\nof Replacement or Refund\" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project\nGutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project\nGutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project\nGutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all\nliability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal\nfees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT\nLIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE\nPROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE\nTRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE\nLIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR\nINCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH\nDAMAGE.\n1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a\ndefect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can\nreceive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a\nwritten explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you\nreceived the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with\nyour written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with\nthe defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a\nrefund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity\nproviding it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to\nreceive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy\nis also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further\nopportunities to fix the problem.\n1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth\nin paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER\nWARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO\nWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.\n1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied\nwarranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.\nIf any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the\nlaw of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be\ninterpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by\nthe applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any\nprovision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.\n1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the\ntrademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone\nproviding copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance\nwith this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,\npromotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,\nharmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,\nthat arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do\nor cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm\nwork, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any\nProject Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.\nSection  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm\nProject Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of\nelectronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers\nincluding obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists\nbecause of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from\npeople in all walks of life.\nVolunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the\nassistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's\ngoals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will\nremain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project\nGutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure\nand permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.\nTo learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation\nand how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4\nand the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.\nSection 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive\nFoundation\nThe Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit\n501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the\nstate of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal\nRevenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification\nnumber is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at\nhttps://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg\nLiterary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent\npermitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.\nThe Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.\nFairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered\nthroughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at\n809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email\nbusiness@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact\ninformation can be found at the Foundation's web site and official\npage at https://pglaf.org\nFor additional contact information:\n     Dr. Gregory B. Newby\n     Chief Executive and Director\n     gbnewby@pglaf.org\nSection 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg\nLiterary Archive Foundation\nProject Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide\nspread public support and donations to carry out its mission of\nincreasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be\nfreely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest\narray of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations\n($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt\nstatus with the IRS.\nThe Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating\ncharities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United\nStates.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a\nconsiderable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up\nwith these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations\nwhere we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To\nSEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any\nparticular state visit https://pglaf.org\nWhile we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we\nhave not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition\nagainst accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who\napproach us with offers to donate.\nInternational donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make\nany statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from\noutside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.\nPlease check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation\nmethods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other\nways including including checks, online payments and credit card\ndonations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate\nSection 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic\nworks.\nProfessor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm\nconcept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared\nwith anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project\nGutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.\nProject Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed\neditions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.\nunless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily\nkeep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.\nEach eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's\neBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,\ncompressed (zipped), HTML and others.\nCorrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over\nthe old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.\nVERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving\nnew filenames and etext numbers.\nMost people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:\nhttps://www.gutenberg.org\nThis Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,\nincluding how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary\nArchive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to\nsubscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.\nEBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,\nare filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to\ndownload any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular\nsearch system you may utilize the following addresses and just\ndownload by the etext year.\nEBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are\nfiled in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part\nof the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is\nidentical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single\ndigits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For\nexample an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:\nhttps://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234\nor filename 24689 would be found at:\nhttps://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689\nAn alternative method of locating eBooks:\n*** END: FULL LICENSE ***", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Travels through the Empire of Morocco\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1792, "culture": " English\n", "content": "OF AN ABBEY ***\n                       [Illustration: colophon]\n                 Printed for J. DODSLEY, in Pall-Mall.\n    Where sighs the Zephyr to yon lonely Tree,\n    A solemn Grove its leafy Mantle spread:\n    Where bend yon mould\u2019ring Turrets o\u2019er the Sea,\n    A venerable Dome once rear\u2019d its Head.\n    The solemn Grove, the venerable Dome,\n    Were erst frequented by a num\u2019rous Train,\n    Ev\u2019n chaste as they who Dian\u2019s Mountain roam,\n    But not subjected to her gentle Reign:\n    Far other Goddess did this Train obey,\n    Far other Temples, other Altars rais\u2019d,\n    Far other Meaning breath\u2019d their Choral Lay,\n    Far other Incense on their Altars blaz\u2019d:\n    Veil\u2019d Superstition wak\u2019d her magic Sound,\n    Bad Albion\u2019s Sons forsake the splendid Court,\n    Forsake Amusement\u2019s variegated Round,\n    And to her sable Standard here resort:\n    Alas! obsequious to her stern Command,\n    A sullen-pensive Brotherhood they came,\n    Refus\u2019d to trace the Paths by Nature plan\u2019d,\n    And raz\u2019d from Glory\u2019s Page their ancient Name.\n    Nor these alone were found incloister\u2019d here,\n    Here also dwelt the simple-minded Swain,\n    Who wrapt in Sloth dream\u2019d out the lazy Year,\n    \u2018While Industry sat weeping on the Plain.\u2019\n    The many Temples rising fair to view,\n    Which tow\u2019ring Superstition call\u2019d her own,\n    With Hand unerring radiant Truth o\u2019erthrew,\n    And snatch\u2019d th\u2019 Impostor from her tinsel\u2019d Throne:\n    On yon Dust-level\u2019d Spire the crafty Maid,\n    With Indignation brooding in her Breast\n    Sits gloomily--Her Vot\u2019ries all are fled,\n    Her Lamps extinguish\u2019d, and her Rites suppress\u2019d:\n    Within her Hand a vacant String she holds\n    That once connected many a hallow\u2019d Bead:\n    The blotted Scroll the other Hand unfolds,\n    Contains the Maxims of her slighted Creed:\n    Couch\u2019d at her Feet, behold a mould\u2019ring Shrine\n    (Of various Relics once the dread Abode)\n    Where runs the Spider o\u2019er his treach\u2019rous Line,\n    Where lurks the Beetle, and the loathsome Toad:\n    On Darkness\u2019 wing now sails the midnight Hour,\n    When for the grateful Sound of choral Pray\u2019r,\n    The shrieking Owl from yon disparted Tow\u2019r,\n    With Notes of Horror wakes her trembling Ear.\n    Of human Grandeur mark the fleeting Day,\n    How frail each Purpose, and each Wish how vain!\n    The strong-built Domes, the cloister\u2019d Fanes decay,\n    And Ruin hovers round the desert Scene.\n    The Path that leads to yonder shatter\u2019d Pile\n    Is now perplex\u2019d with many a sordid Brier:\n    No Crowd is seen within the sacred Isle,\n    The Sabbath mourns its long-deserted Quire.\n    The golden Crozier blended with the Dust\n    In horrid Folds the Serpent clasps around:\n    The pow\u2019rful Image, and the sainted Bust,\n    Defam\u2019d, unhallow\u2019d, press the weedy Ground.\n    Not distant far, her gold-encircled Tow\u2019r\n    _Th\u2019 inviolable Dome_ majestic rear\u2019d,\n    On whose dread Altar breath\u2019d some hidden Pow\u2019r,\n    By Terror guarded, and by Kings rever\u2019d:\n    To which Asylum ev\u2019n th\u2019 Assassin came,\n    (His Hand audacious still imbrued with Gore)\n    The Boon of full Impunity to claim,\n    While feeble Justice wept her baffled Lore.\n    So Truth at length dissolv\u2019d the mental Chain,\n    And banish\u2019d Error from th\u2019 enlighten\u2019d Shore:\n    So clos\u2019d at length the busy-acted Scene,\n    The Curtain drop\u2019d, and Folly\u2019s Mask was o\u2019er.\n    Then gladsome _Ceres_ rais\u2019d her drooping Head,\n    (While yellow Harvests gilt the smiling Plain)\n    Beheld a youthful Band around her spread,\n    With Sickles arm\u2019d to reap the bearded Grain.\n    The Warrior then beneath the trailing Vest,\n    The peaceful Cassock, or the drowsy Cowl,\n    No longer quench\u2019d the Flame within his Breast,\n    Or lull\u2019d the Purpose of his daring Soul:\n    But rush\u2019d undaunted to the doubtful War,\n    Pursued where Glory led the radiant Way,\n    Till Neptune rising on his coral Car,\n    Resign\u2019d his wat\u2019ry World to _Britain_\u2019s Sway.\n    The Virgin Fair by venal Guardians doom\u2019d,\n    By Error prompted, or subdued by Force,\n    No more in Cloisters drear their Days consum\u2019d:\n    Like Flow\u2019rets strew\u2019d around the senseless Corse.\n    Triumphant _Hymen_ hail\u2019d the blissful Hour,\n    And saw a white-rob\u2019d social Train approach,\n    For whom the Pleasures dress\u2019d the happy Bow\u2019r,\n    And scatter\u2019d Roses o\u2019er the destin\u2019d Couch.\n    Still other Blessings from this Change appear\u2019d,\n    No injur\u2019d Family did then behold\n    On loit\u2019ring Monks its native Wealth confer\u2019d,\n    Nor spacious Altars cover\u2019d with its Gold.\n    Full many trod that crooked Path to Fame,\n    Yet from her Hand receiv\u2019d no lasting Meed,\n    She from her Annals rends their fading Name,\n    And gives to Infamy the worthless Deed:\n    But Vengeance some pursued with dire Disgrace,\n    Pursued beyond the Circle of its Sphere,\n    Ev\u2019n to the Cemetery\u2019s dark Recess,\n    Nor spar\u2019d them sleeping on the peaceful Bier:\n    Beside the spreading of that sombrous Yew,\n    Where yawns with hideous Chasm the vaulted Cave,\n    Presenting to the fix\u2019d astonish\u2019d View,\n    The Profanation of a rifled Grave:\n    The large-endowing _Rufus_ lay inurn\u2019d\n    With many a sculptur\u2019d Image on his Shrine,\n    That smit with Sorrow o\u2019er his Ashes mourn\u2019d,\n    The Sister-Graces and the tuneful Nine.\n    Imprinted on Tradition\u2019s storied Leaf\n    Is found (to this sepulchral Spot confin\u2019d)\n    A Terror-breathing Tale that wins Belief,\n    And oft repeated by the neighb\u2019ring Hind!\n    From where yon Mountain shades the dreary Plain,\n    Attracted by the Scent of human Blood,\n    A Troop of Wolves voracious scour\u2019d amain,\n    And at this Charnel Vault requir\u2019d their Food:\n    When, horrid to relate! they burst the Tomb,\n    And swift defending to the deepest Shade,\n    Up-tore the shrouded Tenant from its Womb,\n    And o\u2019er the mangled Corse relentless prey\u2019d.\n    The paly Stars with dim reluctant Light,\n    Like Tapers glimmer\u2019d on their Orgies foul,\n    While gliding Spectres scream\u2019d with wild Affright,\n    Re-echo\u2019d loud by their tremendous Howl.\n    Ah! what avail\u2019d the solemn-moving Herse?\n    The fabled-mantled Cars, the Fun\u2019ral Throng?\n    Grav\u2019d on his Monument the soothing Verse?\n    The Priests, the Torches, and the choral Song?\n    Misjudging Wretch! while thou with Hand profuse,\n    Thy Treasures on this Mansion didst entail,\n    And pour down Riches on the vow\u2019d Recluse,\n    Thine Orphan Babes partook a scanty Meal:\n    Thy widow\u2019d Fair, her Cheek bedew\u2019d with Tears,\n    Approach\u2019d with suppliant Knee the Cloister-Gate,\n    There oft disclos\u2019d in vain, her poignant Cares,\n    Returning still to weep her hapless Fate.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  An elegy written among the ruins of an abbey\n"},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0139", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to William Cranch, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Cranch, William\ndear William\nPhiladelphia January 23d: 1792.\nThe kind of silence which we have observed toward each other since I left Massachusetts, is not at all congenial with my feelings or disposition. You had just embarked in a cause in which I feel myself particularly interested; to know the success of the enterprize thus far would give me much satisfaction; the object of this letter is in some measure to draw from the source of information a detail of events, so far as they have contributed to success in the undertaking; The last time we heard of you, was in a letter from JQA, you had been engaged with him in supporting the petition of Braintree. I have never heard the result of the affair, I have no doubt however, the parent received the ablest support from her Sons. The instance was somewhat singular, and I think the wisdom of Braintree was never better exercised than in employing her own Counsel upon the occasion. This Season of the year is generally remarkably gay in your part of the Country, and for the most part favorable to business of all kinds. I hear no complaints in this place of the scarcity of Clients or any thing else. People appear to be hastening to wealth rather too easily; all classes have been engaged in speculation, except those whose hands were tied; the inclination however has been wanting to very few; this has been attended with many bad consequences, it has opperated as a discouragement to industry, because the profits of the sober trader, were too slow for the fashion; the man who had been accustomed to calculate his wealth in proportion to his exertions, saw his neighbor who was lately his inferior both in fame and fortune, in a single day, without any apparent industry of his own, out strip him in both. Banks, Tontines, Canals, Lotteries, in short every thing which ingenuity can invent to gratify this spirit, are the rage of the present day. In New York, conversation is thought very uninteresting and insipid, if a man does not talk of Millions. They have within a week or two established another Bank which is called The Million Bank of N York. A number of Gentlemen are about offering to lend Government two Millions of dollars at 5 pr Cent, instead of the loan which is negociating in Holland. But I hope you won\u2019t think me infected with the Scripophobia. These things will find an end shortly. These unwieldy fortunes will change Masters; for the generality of the present owners, have not sense enough to keep them. Tis the opinion of sober Citizens that the monied interest as \u2019tis called, is the least informed of any set of people in the Country. That is, they think nothing of the great Bank\u2014the Government, upon the sucess and preservation of which, all their wealth in the first instance depends.\nWe are happy to hear that your father has recovered from the alarming state in which we left him.\nCicero, has been greatly neglected by me this winter, I believe for want of an help mate. The sort of life, one is obliged to lead in this place, is not very favorable to literature of any kind. I have kept myself tolerably free from the vortex of disipation, but I am still subjected to more than is good.\nYou will please to present the love of our family to our friends. Mine particularly to some, whom amidst all the gay circles I have not forgotten.\nAffectionately yours\nThomas B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0140", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to William Cranch, 28 January 1792\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Cranch, William\nDear William\nPhiladelphia Jan 28th 1792.\nThis day week I put a letter into the Post Office for you under cover to my Brother JQA. and this morning I have receiv\u2019d your many dated letter, the last is the 16th:. I complained in my other letter of our long silence, and am happy our thoughts should so well unite in breaking the charm. I should not have undertaken so suddenly to answer your letter, but for this circumstance. The last clause in your letter contains a few observations upon the Indian War, and a request for information concerning the original causes and the present continuation of Hostilities. This has been the enquiry, in this part of the Country; our newspapers are filled with invectives against heads of departments, which tho they come in an oblique direction yet they strike very forcibly upon The \u2014\u2014. It is a fundamental principle you know in the Constitution of England, as well as in most other Governments, that the King can do no wrong. This principle opperates as powerfully in this Country as in any other, only perhaps with this difference, that there is more freedom of expression and thought here, than in England. But the Minister of the War department has been and still is violently censured for continuing this War; but it is well known that he is but a Servant of Government; he however is the only mark too shoot at\u2014and if this sort of warfare will kill him, I think he has but little chance for his life. The people are not satisfyed that this is either a just or beneficial war, and they have repeatedly demanded information upon this head. Until this day they were as ignorant of the business as the people in your part of the Country. The enclosed, is the only official information that has appeared, and I am very happy that your request, and the means of gratisfying it, were put into my hands almost at the same instant. Even this I fear will not entirely hush the clamors. The members of the house of Reps, are many of them dealing out to us, a kind of Newspaper Stuff as tis called, and they appear very unwilling to allow the demands upon the Treasury, to which this War gives rise. The first year, Congress were called upon for 100,000 dollars upon this score, the second year the sum was more than threble, and the last year the expense is calculated at a Million and a quarter. The People have a right to be informed of the probable advantages of these expenditures, it ought also to be known whether they are absolutely necessary. Governor St Clair is in this City; he is not looked upon with much complacency, however whether his conduct has been culpable or not is still a question.\u2014 He has certainly been unsucessfull, which in former ages was considered but one degree removed from a crime.\nSub\u2014 There is one part of your letter that has affected me in a very different manner from the rest. You will easily imagine what it was. I am almost afraid to write any thing upon the subject; but I will say this, that the destruction of our whole frontire army, did not affect me so nearly. In this I believe you will think me safe. How it happens that I should feel more interested in the health happiness and wellfare of that Y\u2014\u2014 L.\u2014\u2014 than in that of any other with whom I am equally acquainted, I am unable to conjecture; but such I acknowledge is the case. I shall not write enthousiastically upon this point, but will only say with My Uncle Toby and [.\u00a0.\u00a0.] She must not die, if she does, in my mind the brightest [star?] in H\u2014\u2014 will be extinguished. \u2014Rosa.\nMy last letter was an attempt at describing [. .\u00a0.\u00a0.]ing features of the Times. The Rage for Scrip\u2014is perhaps the m[ost] prominent; The Indian War is second at least. These things are exactly opposite in themselves\u2014for the expenses of the War have counteracted all the benefit derived to the Governt from Speculation. I am glad to hear that business in your line has but one alternative, I presume you\u2019re in no need of a memento from me to perseverance. The Lawyers here as well as in Massachusetts can not boast of their business at first setting out. But there is this difference, that the old Lawyers here do have enough and to spare, so that age and experience are sure to be rewarded. But in the present state of business among you, there is no certainty upon this head. I see by the Newspapers they are making JQA a consequential committee man I hope he has something to excuse his negligence to his friends in this part of the world. My best regards are at your disposal to Mr White\u2019s and other families, and my best wishes for you and your\u2019s.\nThomas B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0141", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, 1 February 1792\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nMy dear Brother,\u2014\nBoston, February 1st, 1792.\nI have been for more than three weeks indebted to you for two very agreeable Letters, which Mr. Otis brought from you. They would not have remained so long unanswered but for a variety of circumstances which have concurred to engross all my time during that period. It is possible that you may have observed in the Centinel about a month since, that a Committee of 21 inhabitants at this Town was chosen in town-meeting, to report to the town what measures it might be proper to take in order to reform the present state of the police of the town; and you may have noticed that my name was among those of several of the most respectable characters in this Town upon that Committee; if you read the Centinels in course as they arrive, you must have seen that this Committee reported a certain plan, which after being debated in town meeting for three days was finally rejected by the votes of 700 men against more than 500 who were in favor of its adoption. If you have noticed all these circumstances, it is probable you may feel some degree of curiosity to know something further upon the subject: You will perhaps wish to be informed what it is, that has thus agitated the whole town of Boston these five or six weeks, how it happened that I was placed upon this same Committee, and why the report was rejected\u2014I will tell you, at the risque of fatiguing you with a tedious narration, which you may throw aside if it should become intolerable.\nThe Government of this town, in its corporate capacity, like that of all the other Towns in this Commonwealth, is a pure democracy; all the affairs of the town are transacted by the inhabitants in town meeting assembled, or by committees appointed by them; excepting certain powers which are vested in the Select-men, and which are very immaterial. The by-laws of the corporation are supposed to be enacted by the whole body of the people, and to be put in force by trials before Justices of the Peace.\u2014 In consequence of this system, the fact is, that no by-laws are enforced at all, and the inhabitants are subjected to various inconveniences, for the want of some internal regulation. Several attempts have been heretofore made to introduce a reformation, and to induce the inhabitants to request for a City charter. Those attempts have always been ineffectual, and the inconveniences have continued. About 6 weeks since, a town meeting was called, where after a debate upon the subject, in which the objects to be reformed were fully laid open and explained, the Committee, which I have already mentioned, were chosen.\u2014 It was a subject upon which I felt altogether uninterested, having been so short a time an inhabitant of the Town, and suffering personally very little from the inconveniences which had occasioned the complaints from whence that town-meeting resulted. I happened however quite accidentally to be present at the meeting and was nominated by Dr. Jarvis, to be a member of the Committee, and was accordingly chosen. He was indeed the last man in this town from whom I should have expected such a nomination, and I cannot very readily account for his motives. Dr. Welsh asked him what his object was; and he answered, \u201cthat this Country were under great obligations to my father, and he thought it very proper that some notice should be taken of his Son; that he observed I generally attended the town-meetings, and appeared to interest myself in the affairs of the town; that I was a sensible young man\u201d (excuse the vanity of the relation) \u201cand he wished to hear my sentiments upon this subject.\u201d\u2014 I mention these circumstances because it will I believe, be somewhat surprising to your father, as it was to myself, that the first public notice ever shown me by the town of Boston should proceed from the nomination of Dr. Jarvis. I may now proceed to the transaction of the business itself.\u2014 The Committee met several times, and after discussing the subject amply and deliberating with great coolness and harmony agreed upon the plan which was proposed, and which you have perhaps read. The agreement was unanimous, with one exception, which was Mr. B. Austin, commonly called Honestus; he set his face against the reform from the beginning and did not agree to one article of the report. All the rest, though many of them differing widely as the poles, in most of their political sentiments, were fully agreed upon this point. When the report was debated in town-meeting Austin opposed it with the utmost degree of vehemence and absurdity. \u201cIt was to destroy the liberties of the people; it was a resignation of the sovereignty of the town; it was a link in the chain of Aristocratic influence; it was intended in its operation to throw the whole burden of taxation upon the poor.\u201d In short his speeches were such a farrago of nonsense and folly that it was hardly possible to imagine they could have any effect at all. On the other hand, Sullivan and Jarvis and Otis with several other Gentlemen argued the whole subject over and over with more popular eloquence than I ever saw exhibited upon any other occasion; yet upon the final Question, the result was as I have stated, seven hundred men, who looked as if they had been collected from all the Jails on the continent, with Ben. Austin like another Jack Cade, at their head outvoted by their numbers all the combined weight and influence of Wealth of Abilities and of Integrity, of the whole Town.\u2014 From the whole Event I have derived some instruction, and above all a confirmation of my abhorrence and contempt of simple democracy as a Government; but I took no part in the debate.\u2014 It was indeed a very good opportunity, that was offered me, of opening a political career, especially as I had been put upon the Committee; but for a variety of reasons I chose at least to postpone to some future period, my appearance as a speaker in town meeting; the principal of which was a want of confidence in myself, which operated most forcibly upon me. I hope, however, the time will come, when I shall not be so much oppressed by my diffidence.\nBut the sequel of the story is no less curious than the rest. The day after the question was decided, Russell the printer demanded of Austin, in the public street, satisfaction, for a personal insult he had received from him at the town-meeting; and upon Austin\u2019s refusing to give satisfaction, Russell treated him with every possible indignity, and gave him a severe corporeal bruising: upon which Austin spread abroad that Russell was the mere instrument of aristocratic revenge, and that he did not act from resentment for his own injury, but at the instigation of a few rich men, who were enraged at seeing the success with which he had advocated the cause of the people.\u2014 And such was the obsequious servility of his rabble, that in consequence of this suggestion, several hundreds of them assembled the same evening; threatened to pull down Russell\u2019s printing office, and the houses of the aristocrats who wished to enslave the people, and actually paraded the streets with clubs, and with violent menaces for two or three hours: however they did no real mischief, and the matter seems now to have blown over pretty generally; though the partizans on both sides are still warm and ready to quarrel. I have from the beginning taken the part of a spectator rather than that of an actor in the scene, and I think the whole affair has given me some additional knowledge of human nature.\nThe present is quite a busy time in our political world; there are several other subjects upon which I could write you other letters as long and as tedious as this; but I must reserve some of my information for your father, to whom I am ashamed not to have written this long time. I intend soon to give him some account of another occurrence, which has made not a little political agitation in our atmosphere.\nI have not much more to say to you respecting myself. Our Court of Common Pleas have sat again since I wrote you; I argued one more cause, and was successful. I gain my causes, but I get no business; that is at as low an ebb as ever, but I am tolerably habituated to the lot, and say, with Ancient Pistol, \u201csi fortuna me tormenta, il sperare me contenta.\u201d\nThe Petition from the North Parish in Braintree is hitherto successful. The Committee of the General Court before whom I mentioned to you our having argued the point, reported in favour of the petitioners: the bill for incorporating the town of Quincy, has past the Senate and is now before the House of Representatives. Hichborn has been indefatigable in his opposition to the business in every stage of it, but has not yet been able to defeat us.\u2014 The Question will not be finally decided till next week.\nMr. Cranch has been in town about a fortnight upon this affair, and attending the Court of Common Pleas. He has recovered to all appearance from his sickness, though he does not look so healthy, or in such spirits, as he was wont. Our other friends are all well.\nYour brother,\nJ. Q. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0143", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 5 February 1792\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nmy dear son\nPhiladelphia Febry 5 1792\u2014\nTis a very long time since I wrote to you, or heard from you I have been more engaged in company than is my choice but living in Town has necessarily devolved more of it upon us than heretofore, and tho we have not seen more than in reality we ought to considering our publick Character, yet it is much of an Egyptian task, and fall some times much heavier upon me than my state of health will bear. we have regularly dined from 16 to 18 and sometimes 20 person every wednesday in the week Since I removed into Town, and on Mondays I see company. the rest of the week is or might be altogether taken up in Par[ties] abroad, many of which I have been obliged to decline on account of my Health. Your sister has been with me these 5 weeks and william, the col & Charles part of the time. they will leave me in a week or 10 days, and when we are to meet again, is in the Bosom of futurity The col & Family embark for England in the March Packet, not in a Publick capacity, but under such advantageous private contracts that tho it is with the utmost regreet I can consent to the seperation yet I think I ought not to say any thing to discourage them. tis probable two years will be the least time they will be absent. the matter has been only a few days in agitation, and the determiniation of going in the March packet will hasten them from hence Sooner than I am willing to part with them. I am glad to see one of the Family in a prosperous situation, as from the col account I have reason to believe he is. I wish your Father would propose Thomass going with him. I think it would be advantageous to his Health and would give him a good opportunity of seeing Something more of the world he could be in the col\u2019s Family and of service to him in his transactions but I dare not venture upon the proposition, and as the cols going was communicated to him but yesterday I believe the thought has not yet occurd to him. Congress proceed so slowly in Buisness that I fear I shall be detaind here till May to my great regreet Post office Bill Representation & Indian War are great subjects of debate, the latter a melancholy one indeed\u2014 the secretary at War and of the Treasury are attackd and handled pretty Roughly in the News papers. your transactions for me in the Buisness way met my approbation. Cheeseman however did not act the Man of Honour and shall not be employd by me again. if I found Cealia, as I did, he was to have only 8 dollors which he was to call upon me for here. I never gave him any Authority to apply to you. When you receive the Rent of the House, Buy a Peice of Linnen and cambrick for them & get cousin Lucy Cranch to make your shirts and pay her for doing it out of the Rent. I know you must want a peice.\nwe are all in pretty good Health, the old intermitting still torments us at times tho it does not amount to the Ague yet\u2014\ninclosed is a Ticket: see if it is worth any thing and let me know the cider you bought should be drawd of this month or the begining of March.\nLet me hear from you soon and be assured that I am / Your affectionate Mother\nA Adams\nwe send you Espinasse printed here judge Lowel is so good as to take it", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0144", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 5 February 1792\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\nmy dear sister\nPhiladelphia Febry 5th 1792\nI received your kind Letter of decbr and sincerely congratulate you and my Neice upon the Birth of a son, tho I could have wishd it had been a daughter. I have had the pleasure of having mrs smith and William on a visit to me for 5 weeks. the col has been part of the time here & Charles spent a fortnight with me. they expect to leave me in a week or ten days. this would be but a small matter to me as I should hope to see them again when I past through N york, but of that I have no prospect. the col has made a very advantageus contract with Some Gentlemen which will carry him abroad and keep him [there?] two years and accordingly he takes his Family with him and [plans?] to sail in the March Packet. this you may be sure is a heavy stroke to me, but I cannot wish them to decline it, as he goes upon a certain sure footing, and a probable great advantage mrs smiths is in circumstances which will make me more anxious for her, but my Family are destined to be scatterd I think. I begin to long for the Time when I shall set out for Braintree. I fear it will not be earlier than the last year. my Health for six weeks has not been good. I still Labour under an Intermitting which I apprehend will increase with the warm weather. I am not confind, but am frequently obliged to decline going into company, of which this city is the General Resort during winter, and one continued Scene of Parties upon Parties, Balls & entertainments equal to any European city. the Publick amusements tis True are few, no Theatre here this winter an assembly once a fortnight, to which I have not been this season but the more general method for those who have Houses calculated for it, is to give Balls at their own Houses. The Indian War has been a distressing subject. who & who have been in fault is not for me to say. where a commander is to be found fit for the Buisness I believe will puzzel more wise Heads than one. the war is an upopular one. if it is a necessary War as I presume it is, it is to be hoped that measures will be persued to render it more Successfull than it has yet been, but I believe those whose judgments are good, have little expectations that it will be so.\nwhat is become of Betty & her Husband? Cealia is very anxious about her child & very unhappy at the part her Mother has taken. I was glad to lea[rn] that Polly was well & pleasd with her place. we have had [.\u00a0.\u00a0.] weather here. the judge & mrs Lowell have been a month here and by them I shall forward this to you. mrs Brisler is much better than she was, her disorder proved to be an intermitting fever\nLet me hear from you and my Friends as often as you can it will give great pleasure to your / affectionate Sister\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0146", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 15 February 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear Son\nPhiladelphia Feb. 15. 1792\nYour Letter of the 4th, has given me as much Pain by opening the Sceenes of Ambition in your neighbourhood as it has pleasure by the Elegance of its composition and the Intelligence with which it devellopes the Maneuvres of Parties and the Passions of Individuals.\nAnother Drama at New York has been acted with equal Spirit and of more Importance.\nAt Philadelphia too We have had our Curiosities but I have not so much Courage as you, to undertake to explain them. When first Places are the Objects of pursuit to clashing Grandees, and the means of obtaining them are popular Arts, you know very well from History and even from your Short Experience, what is to be expected. For my own part I wish myself out of the Scuffle at almost any rate.\nYour Mother is confined by rhumatick complaints complicated with others, but I hope will soon be better. The rest of the Family are well. Col Smith and your sister with their Children are to embark in the March Packet for England where they are to remain two Years upon his private affairs.\nI hope to See you at Braintree before the first of May and there I shall live in tranquil retirement, Silently observing the Intrigues which may preceed and attend a great Election: and with more Indifference than you may imagine concerning their Effect.\nPray will not an Effort be made for Mr Jarvis, to take a Place in our Senate? Write me as often as you can.\nyours with great Affection\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0147", "content": "Title: John Adams to Charles Adams, 19 February 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Charles\nDear Charles\nPhiladelphia Feb. 19. 1792\nI wish you to take of Berry and Rogers as handsome a set of my Defence as you can find and packet them up handsomely and address them to The Reverend Joseph Priestley D. D. London, and send them by your Brother and Sister Smith. That Philosopher has made them so many Compliments in conversation as well as one in print; and as his sett was probably destroyed by the Rioters at Birmingham, I presume such a present will not be unacceptable to him.\nBy a Letter from John, I find that Ambition and Adventure, are as active at Boston as you represent them to be at New York. The Gales I hope will be gentle and only waft the Vessell forward on her Voyage. The Storms I hope I shall either not live to see, or be on shore under my own Peartree, when they come on to blow.\nYour Sisters Voyage will oblige you to look out for Lodgings. Let Us know what are your Prospects.\nI am my dear Charles your / affectionate\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0149", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams Smith, 10 March 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Smith, Abigail Adams\nMy Dear Child:\nPhiladelphia, March 10, 1792.\nYour kind letter of the fourth of this month is before me. I have frequently desired your mother to consent that I should send for other advice; but she has always forbid it, alleging that she was perfectly satisfied. The assiduity of her physician has, indeed, been very great; and his anxiety to do every thing in his power, most apparent. She is better to-day than she has ever been since her illness began, and I am much encouraged.\nI rejoice that you are to wait till the equinox is over.\nI do not read the New-York papers, having seldom an opportunity; but should be glad to have a hint of the various reasons which are conjectured for Mr. Jay\u2019s consenting to be a candidate.\nMy love to Colonel Smith and my dear little boys.\nI am, my dear daughter, with full intentions of corresponding with you frequently in your absence, and with sanguine expectations of pleasure in it, / Your affectionate father,\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0151", "content": "Title: Louisa Catharine Smith to Mary Smith Cranch, 18 March 1792\nFrom: Smith, Louisa Catharine\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\nMy Dear Aunt\nPhiladelphia March 18 1792\nExcuse my intrudeing upon you a moment with a recital of a line from your Niece, Who is authorised from the feelings of her own heart And from a desire of her Aunts to gratify a request which she anxiously solicited me to comply with, I cannot object to the request altho it is a painful one, to informe you how extreemly sick my Aunt has been, I fear you have been anxiously distressed to hear particularly of her health If you should have heard of it transiently it will make you still more uneasy as I presume you have, news of this kind generaly drops from one person to another, Five weeks she has been confined to her Chamber with an inflammatory rheumatism and intermitting fever both combined together, one alone would have been quite enugh to contend with But where there is a complication of disorders, it makes them the more difficult to throw off, Wee are in great hopes that she is much better after haveing blisters applied and going through the various opperation\u2019s which a sick person has to undergoe, Wee think her greatly mended for the better, so much so that she begins to talk of giting in readiness to set out for Braintree the last of April,\u2014\nWee have been whondering what is the reason their is not any letters from Braintree I heard my Aunt say it was a great while since she had heard from you, I hope Mrs Norton injoys her health very well, good health is an injoyment which we do not know how to prize untill we feel the want of it, give me leave to congratulate you upon the Birth of a nother grandson, little Richard I suppose begins to be very Talkative and amuseing to you, In a very short time wee are to loose Mrs Smith she with the family saile for England in a few days, and all of us very loth to part with her,\nPlease to present my Respects to my Uncle, and To rejoice in the recovery of his health Please to offer my Love to my Cousins,\u2014\nAnd believe me to be with the / most profound Respect and esteem / your affectionate Niece\nLouisa Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0152", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 20\u201321 March 1792\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\nmy dear sister\nPhiladelphia March 20 1792\nI have obliged Louissa, much against her judgment, to give me a pen Ink and paper, that I might mak an effort however feeble to write a few lines to my dear sister Tis now the sixth week since I have been out of the door of this Chamber, or moved in a larger circle than from my Bed to the chair I was taken six weeks ago very ill with an Inflamitory Rhumatism and tho it did not totally deprive me of the use of my Limbs, it swelld and inflamed them to a high degree, and the distress I sufferd in my Head was almost intolerable. 3 Times was I let Blood, the state of which was like a person in a high Plurisy. I am now lame in my wrists from the 8th pr of Blisters which I have had. a week after the Rhumatism attackd me the intermitting fever set in, and under that I am still Laboring. it was necessary to quell the inflamitory disease first, & Bark could not be administerd for that. I am now reduced low enough to drive away the Rhumatism, but the old Enemy yet keeps possession. the dr promisses me the Bark in a few days, but my dear sister you would scarcly know me reduced as I am. I have scarcly any flesh left in comparison of what I was, but blessed be God my Life is spaired and I am really mending, tho it must be slowly whilst this fever which daily visits me remains. in the midst of my Illness my dear mrs smith was obliged to leave me distress enough poor Girl, she then expected to have saild in 8 days but they have since determind to go in a merchant ship which is to sail this week. but tho absent from you my dear sister & deprived of the Tender care of my only daughter, I have not been without my comforts. Louissa has been a watchfull and attentive Nurse. Mrs Brisler has happily recoverd her Health and has been a comfort to me, but I have found in my old Friend mrs dalton a Friend indeed, and in my good mrs otis & kind cousin Betsy all that I could wish or desire. one or other of them have been constantly with me, watching by Night & tending me by day as you my dear sister would have done. I have experiencd from all my acquaintance the kindest solisitude for me, & tho so long a sickness have always had more watchers to offer than I have had occasion to accept. I have had a most tedious cough through my disorder which has not yet left me. my weak state call upon me to quit the pen & lay me down. if well enough tomorrow I will take it up again\nWednesday 21.\nI am much to day as yesterday, had a tolerable Night, find rather more agitation upon my Nerves. received a Letter from mrs smith who was to have saild this day, but is prevented by the cols being taken sick with his old Billious complaint so as to be obliged to be Bled and Blisterd; I am not a little anxious for him. how soon may our fairest prospects be leveld with the dust and shew us that Man in his best estate is but vanity and dust?\nI am almost too weak to think of any arrangments for a journey, but as soon as I am able to travel I shall Set out for Braintree. if congress are not up, mr Adams will ask leave of absence. as I have not yet been out of my chamber, the middle of April is as soon as I can expect if I mend ever so fast, but that will soon be here. there is a little painting I wish I could get done to the House before I come, I mean the stairs and the Entry below & the china closset & the kitchen floor. I wish you would consult the dr & have it done if you can. mrs Black has her small Room painted as I should like the Entry and closset. I hope my wood is ready which I engaged to have got in the winter. if I had been well I should have written to the dr respecting Several things, but I am little capable of Buisness & mr Adamss whole time is taken up with the publick Buisness. I wish you to ask the dr if he does not think I had better have a Barrel of Brown sugar bought provided it can be had good. Sugars will rise. oats I suppose it will be time enough to think of, yet if they are reasonable I wish the dr to secure us a hundred Bushel. I thank you my dear sister for all the kind care you have taken for me. I still continue to be troublesome to you. my Love to my Neices & all other Friends. I find myself too feeble to continue writing. Cealia is well much concernd for her Child. adieu God Grant us a happy meeting prays your ever / affectionate sister\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0154", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams Smith to Abigail Adams, 27 March 1792\nFrom: Smith, Abigail Adams\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nmy Dear Mamma\nNew York March 27th 1792\nI this day received your Letter of the 23d inst and was rejoiced once more to see your own hand writing\u2014 I have for some time feared that you were more indisposed than you would permit me to be informed of, I have suffered much anxiety on your account\u2014 inded my hands head and heart have been fully employed since I left you the former in preparing for my voyage and the latter by the indisposition of my best Friend\u2014 I have already written you an account of his health. we flatter ourselvs that he is recovering\u2014but my fears at times overcomes my resolution\u2014 I am more and more convinced of the propriety of accompanying him he is I beleive more convinced than ever he was before of the necessity of attention to his diett\u2014 he has never since I knew him had so severe an attack\u2014Mr Bailie says that the voyage will be of service to his health\u2014and I hope it will\u2014yet an anxious sollicitude for his wellfare must occupy my mind\u2014and agitate my spirits\u2014\nthe Ship has been waiting for us a week and we have been detained by contrary winds since sunday which has been a most fortunate circumstance to us. the Blister which I mentioned to you has almost healed and my friend has recovered his strength\u2014 I have been on board this afternoon and have had our Beds arranged the accommodations are very tolerable much like those which you had in Callihams Ship\u2014 the season is favourable and I will not anticipate evill consequences\nI am happy to inform you that my friend has not been injured by this derangement of Mr Duers affairs\u2014and it is almost a miracle that he was not\u2014 altho he had more confidence in Mr Duer than some other Persons yet he has been extremely cautious of committing his property to any one without receiving sufficient security\u2014which has not consisted in any Mans name but the public paper and so long as that holds good he is secure\u2014 this I am sure will be a sattisfaction to you to be informed of but almost this whole City are some way or other connected in this Business\u2014 many Persons having endorsed his Notes from their relyance upon his stability who have received no equivalent have become responsible for many Thousands beyond their own ability\u2014 there must be knavery somewhare Charles has written to his Father his sentiments in full, how they will be received I dont know\u2014 he is I must say very attentive to his office and Mr Troup has full employment for him\u2014 I have done my duty and have made up my mind to say no more upon the Subject let what will happen\u2014 I have indeavourd to persuade Sally to go with us\u2014and She had consented, but her Mamma would not give her consent because she would not go free and unbiassed in her mind\u2014 there is a strange jumble; in a variety of oppinions there is much perplexity\u2014 they are both equally obstinate, but he is to bear the blame;\u2014 but the radical fault is in treating him, or any other Gentleman with too much attention\u2014without intending it should make an impression\u2014and whare there does exist reasons to the contrary\u2014\nI hope as the spring opens that you my Dear Mamma will recover your health\u2014 do not attempt to stay longer in Philadelphia than the roads will admit of your going Eastward\u2014 I shall be very anxious to hear of your health by every Packett\u2014 Mr Hammond will I dare say with pleasure inclose your letters\u2014 you know how painfull it is to be seperated from friends anxious to hear from them and disappointed in Letters.\u2014\nI scarce know how to close my Letter so many and various feelings operate upon my mind may you my Dear Mamma be restored to health is the sincere Prayer of / your Daughter\nA Smith\u2014\nmy respects to my Pappa and Love elsewhere\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0155", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 8 April 1792\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Sister\nQuincy April 8th 1792\nI last Week receiv\u2019d your Letter of the 20th & 21d of March with cousin Louisias giving me an account of your sickness If I had receiv\u2019d hers first I should have been distress\u2019d indeed. but I had not a hint of your Illness till I receiv\u2019d those Letters When you wrote before you told me you felt an attack of your intermiting Fever I have been anxious ever since. I dare not indulge my fears I must always hope the best & endeavour to be prepair\u2019d for the worst\u2014& thank Heaven I am not yet call\u2019d to this severe trial\u2014 I rejoice you have had such kind Friends about you\u2014& that you have not wanted any alleviation that the comforts of Life could afford you\u2014 The world are much mistaken if they think you do not have your trials as well as others. but those in the lower walks of like are apt think the affluent must be happy\nI hope before this your Fever has left you & that the next letter will bring me tydings of your restor\u2019d health & that you are upon your journey to your quiet Habitation at Quincy\nI went yesterday to Weymouth to consult the Doctor about what you wish to have done to your House & suppose it will be began next week to be painted\u2014 mr Prat will have the windows ready this week\u2014 mr Loud is remov\u2019d to the eastward\u2014 I hope every thing will be done before you arrive\u2014 your wood is in the yard the Pine split up & put into the woodhouse\u2014 The Doctor Says he will look out for some sugar\u2014 If there is any thing you wish us to get into the House for you prey let us know it\u2014\nLucy is return\u2019d but mrs Norton is not well is troubled with a bad sore mouth & several other complaints\u2014but her Baby grows finely & is as quiet as a Lamb\u2014\nI hear Coll: Smith has Sail\u2019d so conclude his sickness was short but I pity Mrs Smith She must have an anxious Voyage\nWe have an amaizing forward spring\u2014such an one was scarcly ever known here the verdure is delightful already\u2014\nCousin Thomas is well I hope do not leave him to sicken in Philidelphia\u2014 William is well but poor Billy Shaw is not better\u2014\nI had a Letter from Sister Shaw the same eve I had yours\u2014 She is full of trouble about her Son I really felt as if I had a cluster of woes presented me at once but when I consider\u2019d I found they were greatly overballanc\u2019d by mercies\u2014 may I never lose sight of them.\nWe are going wrong in our Politicks Doctor Tufts is like to be left out of the Senate there is a party who can never have their wishes granted while such men as he are in\nI am greatly oblig\u2019d to my dear Louisia for her Letter but I have not time to answer it pray give my Love to her & my belov\u2019d Thomas\nMay your health be restor\u2019d & nothing happen to dissapoint the fondest hopes of your / affectionate Sister\nMary Cranch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0156", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 20 April 1792\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\nMy dear sister\nPhiladelphia April 20th 1792\nI have just received your kind Letter as I was about to write to you to inform you that we proposed Sitting out on our journey on monday or twesday next. the weather has been so rainy that I have not been able to ride So often as I wishd in order to prepare myself for my journey, and how I shall stand it, I know not. this everlasting fever still hangs about me & prevents my intire recovery. a critical period of Life Augments my complaints I am far from Health, tho much better than when I wrote you last. I see not any company but those who visit me in my chamber nor have I once been out of my carriage, but to see my Friend mrs dalton who was sick before I got well, tho not till I was so much better as to do without her kind care. cousin Betsy smith has been with me for the greatest part of the Time the last Month, and a good child She is, tender and affectionate as her good Mother was. I thank you for your care about my things. we have sent last week to Boston by the Brigg Isabella a number of Boxes & Barrels. they are addrest to the care of J Q A. but I wish you to ask the dr to be so kind as to see that a carefull Team brings them to Braintree, & that Hay or straw is put into the cart, or the things will get Broken. the Bill of laiding was inclosed to mr Adams. I shall send by the Brig Maria my Trunk of cloaths &c she is now here. I am glad to hear that Spring is forward as I hope to find the Roads good in concequence of it, but I always fear for the fruit. if the things you mention could be accomplishd before we arrive, it would be a great relief to me\u2014 I am grieved for my dear sister shaw, tho I have not been able to write and tell her so, for I was seazd with an inflamation in one of my Eyes when I was first taken sick which has not yet left me. I could not bear a light in the Room, nor even the fire to Blaize. it is much better\u2014but writing reading or sewing are all painfull to me mr Adams has not had any return of his Ague but lives in continual apprehension. Thomas is thin & pale but does not complain. we must leave him on account of his studies yet it will be with apprehensions that I shall hear of his being sick\u2014 I do not particuliarly recollect any thing I want, you know as well I & better for you provided for me before. if you go to Boston I should like to have a pr of Brass Andirons at about 8 dollors price, Tongues & shovel proper for my best Room but you need take no extra trouble for them. you will be So good as to have the Beds aird &c if Bety is in Braintree She may be engaged for to stay if you think best till Cealia gets Home I shall send her by the vessel now here. I am not so perfectly easy on account of travelling Home as I should have been with Robert when he was sober, but he really got to such a pass that I have been obliged to part with him & have taken one who has not driven me more than once or twice, but I hope we shall reach Home safe\u2014 Terrible is the distress in Nyork, from the failure of many of the richest people there, and from the Spirit of Speculation which has prevaild & brought to Ruin many industerous Families who lent their Money in hopes of gain\u2014 I was mortified to See our worthy Friend stand so low on the list of senators who I had been accustomed to see stand foremost, but such is the Instability of the people. popular Leaders catch their ear and they are credulous to their own injury\u2014 in the House of Representives of the U. states matters are not going better. the Southern Members are determined if possible to Ruin the Secretary of the Treasury, distroy all his well built systems, if possible and give a Fatal stab to the funding system. in senate they have harmonized well, no unbecomeing heats or animosity. the Members are however weary & long for a recess one after an other are droping off, which gives weight to the opposite side. Many of the southern Members have written long speaches & had them printed, which has had more influence than our Nothern Friends are aware of who depending upon the goodness of their cause, have been inattentive to such methods to influence the populace. the V President, they have permitted to sleep in peace this winter, whilst the minister at war, & the Secretary of the Treasury have been their Game the Secretary of state & even the President has not escaped. I firmly believe if I live Ten years longer, I shall see a devision of the Southern & Northern states, unless more candour & less intrigue, of which I have no hopes, should prevail Should a War or any dire calamity assail us, then they would Hugg us, but politicks avaunt\u2014 my dear mrs smith has been a Month gone. it pains me to the Heart, but who of us can say, that we have not our troubles? our portion of happiness is no doubt equal to our deserts\u2014\nadieu my dear sister I hope to see you in a few weeks Remember me affectionatly to all our Friends / and believe me as ever yours\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0157", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to Abigail Adams, 22 April 1792\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Mamma\nNew York April 22\u201392\nThe pamphlet you have been so kind as to send me has met with much approbation here. The boldness of the diction receives accumulated vigor from the too serious truths which it conveys. I think however something better might have been written upon those subjects. There is most certainly too much local partiality in the administration of our Government. People in this part of the world begin to see these things. They lament that Hamilton is so surrounded by enemies, and so greatly checked in a career which they conceive to be glorious to this Country. They view the Indian war as a measure ruinous to our Credit, as a squander of blood and treasure, which might be saved by a comparatively small tribute; Nor will they easily give way to the argument that it is degrading to give tribute to Savages. Are not say they some of the greatest Sovereigns in Europe tributary to a nest of pirates? Would it not be infinitely more to our advantage, and a saving of treasure to purchase peace? Most certainly it would. And they look forward to another defeat as a vital stab to the credit of their Country The foreign appointments, they detest, and begin to suspect that the Minister of State has rather too much influence with the executive. These are things talked of with us. I hope I am not guilty of treason in mentioning them.\nThere is at this moment a seene of distress exhibited in this City which forms a horrid contrast to its former prosperity. This City which six weeks since was considered as the most florishing and the richest in America is now oppressed with misfortunes which create a general despondency The causes which have led to this you must have had detailed to you. The eagerness with which every individual who had property engaged in speculation The anxious desire of the widow and the Orphan to increa[se] their pittance by letting out their m[oney] at two three and four per Cent per m[onth?] The credit which Duer had acquired and the vast sums of money which he had drawn from the inhabitants His inability to fulfil his engagements and the consequent ruin of thousands begins this seene. An attempt to engross the 6 pr Cent debt of the United States by a company of Whom it is supposed McComb was the principal the great fall in the market the failure in their engagements their extensive connection with all the greatest speculators has created a universal bankruptcy There is not now a rich man in this City They were all engaged and they have all fallen The confidence between man and man is destroyed and every thing puts on the look of languor. We have for this week past been in great danger of a mob The people are exceedingly exasperated they wish to draw Duer and McComb from the goal to which they have fled for safety and to proceed with them to the last extremities They are now growing more cool and by proper management I think they will be pacified. The Baron requested me to offer you his house when you came to town but I dare not do it He is the best man in the world I sincerely beleive. I shall see Mrs Loring tomorrow and will write to you where I have procured lodgings As I heard Congress would not adjourn till the middle of May I supposed I should [have] time. Be so kind as to present my resp[ects] to my father I fear this letter looks too m[uch] like treason to be shown to him. You may however use your discretion\nBeleive me my dear Mamma your ever affectionate son\nCharles Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0158", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 29 April 1792\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\nmy dear sister\nSunday N york April 29 1792\nI left Philadelphia on twesday Noon the 24 of April. my first stage was only twenty miles. I bore it better than I expected. the next day rode only 18. Rain came on & the Roads were Miry indeed. we did not get to this place till fryday Evening. here I find a vacancy which cannot be supplied, tho all my Friends are good & kind. the first being who welcomed me to the House, and met me at the door, was Billys little favorite dog who came skipping & hopping upon me. my feelings were awakned almost to Tears\u2014 Mrs smith I should have said moved into the Cols House when he went away N york is in great distress. many of my particulars acquaintanc whose affluence was great & well founded when I lived here, and even when I passt through last winter, are now in Ruinous circumstances, thousands worse than nothing. Such is the wheel of fortune\u2014\nwe propose setting out tomorrow but shall not reach Braintree (Quincy I beg your pardon) till next week. I will endeavour to write you what day when we get into Massachuseets, not perhaps till wednesday week. my Health is better than when I set out, but the Weather is very Rainy, & I dare not travell in bad weather. my best Regards to you all\nadieu yours affectionatly\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0159", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams Smith to John Adams, 7 May 1792\nFrom: Smith, Abigail Adams\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear Pappa\u2014\nDover May 7th 1792\nthe Letter which I had the pleasure to receive from you before I left New York I had not time to answer, I have now the pleasure to inform you of our safety after a Short but boisterous passage of 29 days and only 12 days from the Banks of Newfoundland to soundings in the English Channell, we were all very sick during the voyage but are now pretty well recovered and I hope to be able to proceed to London in a few days, I shall be very anxious untill I receive Letters from you and my good Mother I hope to hear that you are both recovering your health and that the ensueing season with air and exercise will establish to you both that invalueable Blessing\u2014\nyou will I suppose ere this reaches you, have heard that the French have declared War against the Austrians that there has been an engagement at Tournay and that the French have been defeated with the loss of Six hundred Men\u2014. the report is that the French army was at Breakfast in a Wood at Tournay and that the Austrians were concealed in this Wood fell upon the French and Cut them to peices. that General Dillon retreated with what Troops remained to Lyle where the People having an idea that he had intentionally sacrifised the Troops, hung him and quartered him\u2014 there are great Numbers of the French coming over daily, from Calais\u2014 many of them remain in this Country but more of them go from hence to Astend which being a free Port they perhaps feel themselvs secure\u2014\nMr Paine has been writing a second part of the rights of Man\u2014 and his Book has been stiled in the House of Commons an Infamous Libell upon the Constitution I will indeavour to send you the debates and the reviews of his Book the latter are rather civil to him\u2014but perhaps the article was written by himself or his friends, you will see by the papers that there is a party in the House aiming at a parliamentary reform which in the sequel will I fear produce confusion if not civil War\u2014 Mr Grey has made known to the House that early in the next seshions he shall bring forward a motion for a reform he is supported by Mr Fox Mr Smith and others in the House and by Mr Hollis Dr Kippis and a Number of others out of it\u2014who have signed an association and hold meetings for the purpose\u2014\nMr G\u2014\u2014 Morris was here on his way to Paris the last week\u2014 he has been some time in London\u2014and does not appear to be so much gratified with his appointment as his friends I beleive expected. I did not see him myself\u2014 he told Colln Smith that he was very glad they had not appointed him to this Court for he did not know a person they could have named who would have been so obnoxious as himself, he did not know how he should be received by the French Court for he had told them very candidly that they were going very fast to destruction\u2014and now he should be obliged to hold his Tongue\nhe says there is a party who are exerting themselvs to get rid of the Marquis La Fayette and he expects that they will succeed\nColln Smiths business obliged him to go to London for a few days and as my situation would not permit me to take the journey so soon. he left me on Saturday I expect him in a few days when I hope to be able to proceed, my Chrildren desire to be pemembered to you with affection I hope to hear frequently from you it will ever confer pleasure upon your affectionate Child\nA Smith\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0160", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to John Adams, 13 May 1792\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 13th: 1792\nThose Letters which I was directed to Copy and deliver to Mr. Cary for insertion in his \u201cMuseum\u201d, were prepared in season for last month; when I took them to Cary, he wished me to explain the occasion upon which they were written. I told him that the Gentleman to whom one of the letters is addressed, (Mr. M. Weems), had applied in England for Orders, as an Episcopalian Bishop, but that the law required every person before he could receive orders, to take the Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown,\u2014 That as Mr. Weems was an American, the design of his application would be frustrated, by a complyance with this law, so far as regarded taking the Oath,\u2014 And that because he had little hope of obtaining his object without a Compliance\u2014he applied to you, by letter, in Holland, desiring your intercession on his behalf, with the Ministers from different Courts, where he might possibly succeed with less difficulty, than in England. That in consequence of this, you applied to Comte Reventlaw, (The Gentleman by whom the other letter was written); and that it was an answer to your\u2019s, addressed to Comte Reventlaw upon the subject of Mr. Weems\u2019s application. I am not certain that this explanation was right, or if it was, that it is sufficient However if it should be both right & sufficient, it was not satisfactory to Cary. He said it would be necessary to \u201cHead\u201d them with a short explanation, of their intent; as well as the occasion upon which they were written. I could tell him no more than I had done; therefore I must request you Sir, to explain the subject to me, that I may satisfy Mr. Cary, (if such a thing is possible). Monsieur Le Comte Reventlaw mentions a resolution of Congress transmitted by you to him; whether it related to this subject, I am ignorant. I can find nothing of the kind in the Journals of Congress, of the 21 March 1785 to which he refers.\nI hope to afford you an half hou[r\u2019s] amusement, in perusing the enclosed Pamphlett. It appeared a day or two since, and by those who have seen it, is thought to be well adapted to the purpose intended; which was to ridicule the too prevalent & fashionable doctrines of \u201cLiberality.\u201d The 27 Article of the Confession of faith, is said to be the foundation of all the rest; these principles, if they may be called such, are openly avowed by those who profess to be deeply interested in the Politicks of France; and I believe it impossible to adopt the political, without avowing the religious opinions, of those Societies in France, which as Mr. Burke says, \u201care termed Philosophical.\u201d I have heard it suggested, that the Secy. of S\u2014\u2014 would subscribe cheerfully to all the Articles of the Creed; and that his name would not be an improper substitute, for \u201cA liberal man.\u201d It surely can\u2019t be treason in me, to relate what I have heard. The Letter is addressed to the young man, who advertized in the Newspapers a few weeks since, \u201cthat he proposed, preaching a number of discourses against, the divinity of Jesus Christ.\u201d His name is Palmer.\nI am Sir / your dutiful Son\nThomas B Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0161", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to Abigail Adams, 14 May 1792\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nDear Mama\nPhiladelphia May 14 1792\nI received your kind letter of the 6th: this Evening, and feel happy that you advanced so far on your Journey, without receiving any injury. I was somewhat anxious for your health, but the favorable account you give, has relieved me in a measure from the apprehension. I hope you may enjoy it much more this Summer than the last. The directions left with me respecting Mr: Harrison, are rendered of no consequence, by his declining in a very polite manner the kind offer you made him & lady. He waited on me, and resquested that I would assure you how much he felt himself obliged; but that after reflecting upon the affair, he thought it most prudent to decline, as he expected very shortly to procure a \u201clittle Box\u201d for him & Mrs. Harrison, and that the time he would be able to stay in the House, would hardly compensate for the trouble of removing. I confess to you, that I was not grieved at this answer\u2014for tho I had rather have had them in the House than any body I know, yet I had found a Bachelors life so little irksome, that I had no inclination to change my situation. How long this will last I can\u2019t say; for my own sake, I hope during your whole absence. I find very little alteration with respect to the sociability of my meals; for you may recollect that we never were remarkably talkative An half dozen of insipid Newspapers, which the Printers still continue to send, generally fill up the intervals at Breakfast; and at dinner a Magazine, Museum, or Bolinbrook, make a substitute for companions.\nI had thought of my duty to Madam Washington, and accordingly fulfill\u2019d it on Friday Evening\u2014 She was very well, and enquired particularly if I had heared from you and how your health continued. Mrs. Dalton too, enquired\u2014besides many others. You will pardon this small talk in me\u2014I have nothing better at present. Miss B Smith had the civility to invite me to her wedding, through the medium of her Father; on thursday Evening; Her Bride maids were Miss A Hamilton, Miss Mead & Miss Keppele. The Bride Grooms attendants were Mr. Cutting, Mr. J Trumbull and Mr. Welsh; I don\u2019t know in what particular capacity I had the honor to Act, but as I was the only Gentleman, out of office, I thought myself highly honored. The Ceremony was conducted with great decency & much propriety;\u2014 the Church service performed by Bishop White, was new to me; and except that part of it, in which the Lady says \u201cI take thee Samuel\u201d or whatever the name is, Miss S\u2014\u2014 performed extreemely well. She was dressed neat & simply\u2014much frightened at first; but soon composed. Cutting made us very happy at a very handsome supper, and the Evening was spent in mirth and gayety. All formality and restraint seemed to be out of the question, especially as Mr. C. appeared perfectly in his element. On Saturday morning they sat out for NE\u2014where you will probably see them in a short time.\u2014 Mrs: Dalton & Mrs. Otis direct me to remember them particularly to you; in doing which I subscribe your Son\nThomas B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0162", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to Abigail Adams, 27 May 1792\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nDear M\u2014\u2014\nBy one of the Newspapers I had the satisfaction to hear of your arrival at Boston, & have been anxiously enquiring for Letters at the post Office every evening. I wish to hear how you stand the warm weather, and the effect of your Journey. The object of this letter is more immediately for the purpose of requesting a decisive answer to the proposal made by Mr. Bache of the House he has just left, for the accomodation of our family next winter. Mr. BF\u2014 Bache called on me this day in company with Mr: Randolph, and wished me, (if I had any authority or instruction upon this affair) to give him an answer.\u2014 as, if my father had not thought of accepting the terms proposed, Mr. Randolph had expressed a wish of taking a lease of the House, if they could agree upon terms. I told him I had no instructions concerning the business, nor did I know whether my Father had made up his mind upon it; I agreed to write immediately and request an answer, which I would communicate as soon as received. His Father directed him to give you the first offer, and until he gets an answer, will not feel himself at liberty to look farther.\nThe terms, as mentioned by Mr. Bache are these. Rent \u00a3300,\u2014 Taxes\u2014computed at ten or twelve pounds pr Ann. Rent to Commence with the month of October next; possession sooner if you like. Will build Stables and require only the interest of the money expended in erecting them; & lastly shall be under no necessity to engage the House for more than six months certain\u2014and as much longer as you please;\u2014 These are the whole\u2014if you will enable me to give him a positive answer as soon as convenient\u2014it will oblige him, and save me the trouble of further application\nHave you seen Rights of Man, Second part? I presume however Boston is quite full of them as the first Copy was landed there.\u2014 I have hardly heard a single opinion expressed about it, since the publication of it here. This I presume is not because, opinions are not given, but because I have not been in the way of hearing them. Scarcely a line of censure or panegyrick has appeared in the papers.\u2014 However I neither wish for printed or oral surmises concerning palpable absurdities, and if I must express my own reflections, they are shortly these: That Thomas Paine of 1792 is much fairer game for a Publicola than in 1791. However, since he has undertaken to become his own Biographer\u2014the attempt to perform this office by any other person, would be madness in the extreme. If, as he asserts, his political writings have hitherto met with a success, unexampled in those of any other, since the invention of printing to complete the climax I will add, his vanity has at least kept pace with his celebrity. His Sarcasms are addressed to the immagination of the vulgar, for whom he professedly writes; and if they should produce their intended effect; he, like his brother Apostle & Saint, Wat\u2014 Tyler\u2014will deserve a monument in some field or Road, and the same inscription should answer for both. What that inscription will be, is yet unknown; The monuments however would answer this good and, like Buoys or Beacons they would warn us of our danger\u2014and would say or seem to say\u2014\u201dStranger pass not this way\u2014lest thou catch the infection which is here entombed.\u201d I will close by subscribing,\nThomas B Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0163", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to Abigail Adams, 24 June 1792\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Mamma\nNew York June 24th 179\nI have put off writing to you from post to post in hopes of hearing from some of the family that my father and yourself were well arrived and settled at Braintree, till at last I am quite tired of going to the Post office in fruitless search of letters. I have several times written to Pappa and in part informed him of the important struggle at present existing in this State. I have intended to have been much more particular and to have requested his opinion of several questions which are now debating with much warmth amongst us. but I dare not give myself up too much to politicks. My examination will take place next month and I am anxious to appear to advantage at that period. I never felt so strongly the want of a conversation with him. Just about to set out in life and at a period when I find it will be impossible to remain neuter upon the various subjects which are agitating I wish him to fix principles or eradicate prejudices which I find I am imbibing My journey to Albany will lead me into some expence which cannot be avoided the fees of Court upon my admission, and a few books I could wish to purchase will call for a replenishment of my funds. I shall open an office in August as soon as I return from my examination I have not as yet fixed upon a Situation. My dear Brother John owes me a letter or two I could wish him if he has not imbibed too many tontine notions, to make me prompt payment. I heard from Thomas last week he was very well and writes in good spirits. We expect the May Packet daily, If we hear of Col Smiths arrival by her I shall immediately inform you. The Baron set out last week for Steuben quite dissappointed at the unexpected decision of the Canvassers He says he will go up among his Yankees for there are no other honest people left in the world. Please to present my love and respects to all friends and beleive me my dear Mamma your dutiful son\nCharles Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0164", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams Smith to John Quincy Adams, 3 July 1792\nFrom: Smith, Abigail Adams\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy Dear Brother\nN 38 Argyll street London july 3d 1792.\nI had the pleasure to receive your kind Letter of the 18th of May by Barnard and was much releived by being informed that our Mother was recovering her health as rapidly as could be expected\u2014 I feared from not having received a Single line from her; that she was not so well as my friends represented her to me we have had Letters from all my other friends except herself since our arrivall and I wonder not a little that she has been silent\u2014and can impute it only to her indisposition\u2014\nthe day after your Letter arrived Colln Smith went into the City to get the Books which you wrote for intending to send them by the first Ship which should sail for Boston but upon inquiring for the editions which you requested he found that they were the Dublin editions and that they were not permitted to sell them here the Bookseller told him if he searched all London he would not find an octavo edition of those works\u2014and as they would be a third Cheaper he has concluded to write to Mr Wm Knox in Dublin and request him to send them out to you\u2014which must delay some time before they can be sent\u2014\nof Politicks I know so little that I cannot write you with any authentisity\u2014of them\u2014 Tom pain as he is called continues to Busy himself very much and to Court persecution in every shape\u2014 he has undoubtedly a party here but the Sensible and judicious People do not join him and I beleive he is falling off fast in the minds of that class of Persons\u2014\nthe late accounts from India are much talkd of and most People congratulate themselvs upon them it is said that Tipo has made terms of peace and gives up a Part of his Possessions and pays large sums to the British\u2014\nthe French are in greater distress than ever the Marquiss Fayettes Letter to the National Assembly it is supposed will put him into a very dangerous situation\u2014 he expresses himself very freely of the Jacobins\u2014 the Kings palace has been surrounded and 4 thousand Peeople went through it\u2014but no injury was done either to the King or Queen\u2014so that it appears they had no system to do evill but were riotous they knew not why\u2014\nMr Short has been in London a few days on his way to the Hague\u2014 he is extreemly mortified & disappointed\u2014at not having been appointed Minister in France he does not consider that he has been infinitly better treated than any person who has been employed in the Service of the U S. before he is to go to spain in the Course of the Summer that is if he has activity enough to get there\u2014 you never saw any person less calculated to make exertions in the circle of your acquaintance I am sure\u2014 it is almost a miracle how he got from Paris to London he thinks he shall never survive a voyage across the Atlantick\u2014 he is the most enervated helpless Beeing that perhaps you ever beheld who we[ars] the Habit of a Man but this is entree Nous\u2014\nremember me to all my friends\u2014 I am Sorry to hear that my Father has left off his Wig\u2014and hope it is only a temporary affair during the heat of the Summer\u2014 I think he must look not so well\u2014that his friend should not recognize him I do not wonder for I am sure it must make a great alteration in his appearance\u2014and from that circumstance alone I should object to it pray write frequently to yours affectionate Sister\nA Smith\nyou will oblige me if you could collect those peices written last summer under the title of Phi in answer to Payns first Book and Send them to me", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0165", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to Abigail Adams, 17-18 July 1792\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Mother,\nPhiladelphia July 17\u20138th 92\nI have just taken your letter from the Office and, as Briesler has not according to expectation sailed to day, I will add a few lines to what I have already given him. To hear from Colo and Mrs: Smith was an agreeable circumstance, tho\u2019 much unhappiness is occasioned by it, under their peculiar situation. I had heard about a week since of their arrival at Dover, and of their illness\u2014but had no conception of the dangerous situation of Mrs. Smith, till I read your letter. I have written by most of the Vessels that have sailed from this Port, this Season, and am every day expecting letters myself.\nAs to Politics, I am very little acquainted with their present State\u2014 I have heard a suggestion of the same nature with that you mention\u2014 It will never succeed\u2014but if I dared I would express a wish that it might. I wish this People to smart a little for their folly\u2014 I wish to have them taught by a little dear Bought Experience, to reward their best friends, and neglect those who despise them. They never will do this so long as they proceed upon the unwholesome absurd and dangerous principle, of changing a good man, for the chance of getting a worse. It may be mortifying to be neglected after having for a long course of years fulfilled every duty of every station with fidelity; but in my mind it would be much more so, to serve a people who could be capable of leaving so much virtue to languish in obscurity, (or if better) in retirement; when such an instance occurs He, against whom the slight is levelled\u2014may say with the old Roman; \u201cI banish my Country.\u201d There may be secret machinations which are yet concealed under the garb of dissimulation, and which are waiting till time shall favor their appearance, but how extensive, or how deep they really are, I shall certainly not be the first to learn. It will turn out right if I have any luck at guessing: I go into no company where such subjects are talked off\u2014therefore I guess upon my own bottom altogether. Everything which appears in public wears the face of peace & order as yet.\nI have followed the advice of Mr. Coxe with respect to the House, and if I have any applications, I shall endeavor to take advantage of them; Briesler will give a particular account of all our movements hitherto, and I will transmit those which may follow\u2014 Money matters must be aranged suddenly\u2014or I shall be dunned for Rent. Mrs. Keppele will in my [.\u00a0.\u00a0.] command a thousand Dollars, if she is determined upon it in the Fall\u2014a[nd] Rents should come down else where\u2014 It is now comparatively a cheap house\u2014and yet I can get no body who will even enter the House for nothing\u2014for the time we have in it.\nI am &c\nThomas B Adams\nPS. I have smoothed matters where they appeared to Rub a little\u2014and I believe healed the breach effectually.\nTell John if you please to send me Blake\u2019s Oration, If worth it.\nPoor France, We had an attempt at Celebrating the Anniversary of their Revolution, but it was quite as lame & confused as the commemorated event\u2014 Even Odes composed upon the occasion, appear to be at war with Grammer, Meter, and even good sense\u2014and I account for it in this way\u2014 These old standards, which have often witnessed many a hard battle, and always proved victorious, are now suspected of treachery, and being over powered by numbers have fallen a sacrifice to appease the rage of dullness and ignorance. In short\u2014Good sense & Nonsense\u2014ignorance & wisdom\u2014are all Generals alike\u2014like the French Army.\nYours &ca", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0167", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to John Adams, 16 August 1792\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Augst: 16th: 1792\nIn my last Letter I promised to transmit the Result of the Town meetings which have been lately held in this City; the inclosed abstract will supersede the necessity of any additional remarks from me; It will be sufficient to say that the Party, which on the last meeting in which any business was transacted, had the majority, having gained all their measures prevented any further business on the last meeting by their obstinate Perseverance in opposing every Chairman who was nominated\u2014The whole Afternoon was taken up in taking questions merely relative to the different Candidates proposed\u2014and after many fruitless attempts a division was called for in favor of Mr. R Morris & Alderman Barcklay\u2014 the Parties were so nearly equal that no person could decide on which side of the State House Yard the majority lay. No business was done and the People dispersed not much satisfyed with the complexion of things. It is said that we shall have an Antifederal Ticket\u2014but I feel inclined to doubt the assertion. There is a Committee of Correspondence chosen to collect the sense of the People relative to this subject the Majority of whom are said to be of the old Republican Party in this State. I find that when any important Question is agitated here\u2014 the distinctions of party are quite as familiar as they were formerly\u2014 every man knows his side of a Question by the Countenances he discovers when divisions are called for\u2014not by it\u2019s conformity to, or connection with any particular system to which he is partial. When men are in this situation with respect to each other, we can hardly look for unanimity.\nYou have seen I presume the Pieces in Fenno\u2019s Gazette, signed an \u201cAmerican.\u201d I have not been able to learn upon whom the suspicion rests with respect to the Author. There has been for a long time a very free Animadversion upon the Speculations which have flowed through the National Gazette, as also upon the Editor. It has never arrived at the height to which an \u201cAmerican\u201d has raised it, but I think the Sharpest key hast not been sounded yet.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has so arranged matters, that you will be at liberty to draw for a thou[san]d Dollars when you think fit\u2014 I presume the warrant may [.\u00a0.\u00a0.] by Attorney\u2014 The Secretary however will probably acquaint you with [th]e most practicable method.\nThe House is yet upon my hands\u2014we have as yet two months from this day\u2014but I find no body disposed to take it even at fifty or forty dollars Pr month\u2014 Mrs. Keppele proposes going into it herself in October.\nI find myself very happily situated in a very Respectable Private family, the Connections of which are somewhat numerous but all Quakers\u2014 I consider myself peculiarly fortunate in being able to extend my acquaintance among this Society, with whom it is not an easy matter to be upon an intimate footing unless very strongly recommended,\u2014 Dr. Rush says I have made my fortune, but I can say that if I derive any benefit from the acquaintance it must in the first instance have proceeded from the Drs. friendly assistance. He tells me to say for him that he would write you according to his promise, but that there is nothing worth communicating.\nWith presenting my best love to the family, I remain your Son\nThomas B Adams\u2014\nI have Received Mamma\u2019s letter of the 3d: am glad to hear of the arrival of Briesler & family\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0168", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to John Adams, 20 August 1792\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear father\nNew York August 20 1792\nI have this day opened an office in Hanover square. The situation is as eligible as any in the City. There is but one objection, which is the high rents which are demanded for rooms in so public a situation. I have however been advised to take it, rather than go into a more retired seat. I wrote a few days since to my Mama, I then mentioned that forty pounds was the rent required for a small room; since when I have procured the one I now occupy, for twenty pounds until May. The difficulties I met with at Albany, were very fortunately removed, or I must have been obliged to have waited until October Term, as I did not receive the proper certificate from Mr Lawrance until after the Court had risen. Our politicians in this City, are more calm than those in the Country, All however seem to concur in the necessity of calling a Convention. \u201cThis Convention you say is a dangerous body.\u201d I doubt very much whether that observation has occured with proper force to our warm partizans. They look upon this body as an assembly who will meet, without dispute alter our election law, order a new election for Governor, and dissolve. They may find their mistake. I have not a doubt but a Convention chosen at the present moment from the people, would aim at establishing a Constitutional rot[ation?] in the first officers of the State; from this [they?] may go on from one thing, to another, and hatch at last, a very bad and defective Constitution. I was astonished to find that one of the principal arguments used to the people, was the necessity of a change. I sometimes have conversed with Mr Troup upon that topic. I asked him if he could be serious when he advocated that doctrine; He answered It would take with the people! but are they to be deluded? are they to be persuaded to false tenets? Are the Community to be deprived of the first class of abilities, merely because the possessors have been a certain number of years in office? Is it just, or equitable, that a man who has served the public with virtue and integrity for a certain period, should constitutionally be deprived of his office, to make room for another, perhaps vicious and degenerate? Are you doing justice to yourselves, or benefit to the people whose interests you profess to espouse by disseminating such principles? But the influence which a man in office may acquire may be destructive of liberty! Have we not then the power of impeachment, and a still greater power that of changing our magistrates when they acquire corrupt or undue influence? I could wish Sir that politicians would content themselves with enforcing truths, without resorting to falsehood to obtain their purposes. but this is not the case, and yet there is something amiable in the principle, something in a strict adherence to truth, which is dignified and noble; it is a rock, over which the surges may lash, and billows beat in vain. Why then resort to falicy and chicanery? Because it is politic?\nWith every sentiment of respect and tenderness / I am dear Sir your affectionate son\nCharles Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0169", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Smith Shaw to Abigail Adams, 26 August 1792\nFrom: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy Dear Sister\u2014\nHaverhill August 26th 1792\nI hope you will not think me criminally negligent in not particularly addressing myself to you before now\u2014 You may be assured I always think of you with the tenderest affection, & wish that I could have time, in a more correct manner to evidence the ebulitions of a Heart, filled with every sentiment of Esteem Love, & Gratitude\u2014 When I write to my Sister Cranch, I generally write in great haste, & think that if you wish to hear from me, you can easily satisfy yourself by enquiring of my Sister\u2014\nI thank you my dear Sister, for your kind attention to my Son\u2014 It was very pleasing to me that he was approved of by you\u2014 But you see in what a condition his poor Leg is\u2014 It has been a source of great Care, & anxiety to me ever since I saw you\u2014 Perhaps no one ever had a greater dread of seeing Persons useless than Myself. yet the whole of last winter, I feared that if my Sons life was spared, I should have the misfortune to see him a miserable Criple\u2014 And I know that our Circumstances were such as must add a double weight to the unhappy Lot\u2014 I had fondly hoped that he might one day, have been, not only a faithful Friend to his Sisters, but a kind Benefactor\u2014 But how often do find our best Prospects fail us, & Props raised up where we least expected them\u2014\nJoseph could not have given Bread to his Brethren & supported his aged Father if he had not have been cast into the Pit, & sold to the Ishmalites\u2014nor perhaps would Mephibosheth been kindly allotted a Portion at the Kings Table, had he not been disordered in his feet\u2014\nThese Reflections (my Sister) are the bright gleams which sometimes serve to chase away those melancholly Ideas, which are too apt hover round me\u2014\nIt is a dissagreeable Situation not to dare to trust ourselves with our own Thoughts\u2014 I know it is a vain thing for me to distress myself about future Contingences\u2014& if in my Path of Life, I find many Thorns, & Briars dark & gloomy shades, yet I ought with a thankful heart to consider the many mercies that are strewed in the way, & with a meek, & humble temper view the soverign hand that guides the Whole, & with equal Justice, & tenderness sends his merciful, & afflictive Dispensations\u2014\nI was grieved to hear Mrs Smith was so sick, & suffered so much on her Passage to London\u2014 I think it was a dreadfull situation for a Lady to be in, on board Ship\u2014 She was so kind as to write to me just before her embarkation\u2014\nI was dissapointed in not seeing Mr Adams & Louisa here\u2014 I expected them every day\u2014 Why should he not come\u2014 It is not Calypso\u2019s Island\u2014there are no Syrens here\u2014\nI am sorry to hear your health is still so poor\u2014 Perhaps a Journey would do you good will not Mr Adams & you, favour us with a visit before his return to Congress\u2014 I long to see you\u2014 Cousin Betsy is not well yet, but a great deal better\u2014 I think she is recovering, though it seems to be a slow peice of work Sister Cranch wrote me word that Betsy Quincy was with you\u2014 She is full of life, & spirits\u2014 there are many excrecences which must be discreety loped off, by the careful hand of Education\u2014 I think the Stock is good, & hope you will find it worth cultivating\u2014 You must let her work for you, & make her serviceable\u2014she loves to serve\u2014\nWhen did you hear from Cousin Charles & Thomas\u2014 They must be very dull without there Sister, or you\u2014\nadieu my dear Sister\u2014 may your Health be restored & you continued a Blessing to all your Connections, as well as to / your affectionate\nElizabeth Shaw", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0170", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, 2 September 1792\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nMy dear Brother.\nBoston Septr: 2. 1792.\nI believe I am in arrears with you, for two or three Letters, which is owing in some measure to my indolence, but in a greater degree to the stagnation of events worthy of communication\u2014 The purpose of my present Letter is to enquire of you respecting a warrant from the Treasury for some money, which it seems must be sent here to be signed by your father before it can be sent back for payment. It has been expected here this week, but as post after post arrives without bringing it, I write to you, to see that it be expedited: and indeed I believe it concerns you that the money should be speedily paid as much as any of us. If it should not be sent this way, before this Letter reaches you, I beg you would see it forwarded as soon as possible.\nThe National Gazette, seems to grow more and more virulent and abusive from day to day; but this is not surprizing, as Freneau must necessarily foam & fret, after his dastardly retreat from a charge, which he at first encountered, with a solemn affidavit.\u2014 One would think that circumstances so glaring would injure the credit with the public, both of the Great man & his parasite; but \u201cIt is no wonder\u201d says David Hume, \u201cthat faction should be productive of such calamities; since no degree of innocence can protect a man from the calumnies of the other party, & no degree of guilt can injure him with his own.\u201d\nWe are full of the small-pox in this Town; a general inoculation has taken place; and I suppose there are near ten thousand people now under its operation.\nAll well at Quincy the last Time I heard from them which was about three days ago.\nYour\u2019s affectionately\nJ.Q. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0171", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams Smith to Abigail Adams, 13\u201329 September 1792\nFrom: Smith, Abigail Adams\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy Dear Mamma:\nLondon, September 13, 1792.\nIt has been a subject of no small disappointment to me, not having received but one letter from you since you have been at Braintree, and only two since I left America. \u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0 I have written you and my brother several times, and have forwarded the newspapers, by which you will see the distressing situations in which the French are at present. The accounts from Paris are shocking to every humane mind, and too dreadful to relate; I shall send you the papers that you may learn from them their situation. Ship loads of poor, distressed, penniless priests and others, are daily landing upon this island; whether they will find hospitality and charity, I know not, but I fear they will not; for the lowest class of people here can never love the French, and the middling sort of persons do not relish so many Catholics and priests resident amongst them. There are persons who endeavour to find excuses for the cruelties which have been committed; they say that the friends of liberty have been deceived and betrayed in numberless instances; that supplies have been sent to their enemies; that their towns are given up without defence; that persons who have been employed in this country to purchase them arms and supplies, have sent them to the enemy; and that the aristocratic party were preparing to act the same scenes upon the jacobins, as have been practised upon themselves. They were not quite ripe for their operations when the others commenced. There are various opinions respecting the Duke of Brunswick\u2019s success; but at present he meets with very few obstacles to impede his course to Paris. Upon his nearer approach, I think the King and Queen will fall a sacrifice to the fury of the mobites, and is it not even better they should, than that the people should be annihilated by a general massacre? One would suppose, that the English newspapers exaggerate in their accounts; but I fear they do not, for I saw, on Sunday last, a lady who was in Paris on the 10th of August, and she heard and saw scenes as shocking as are related by any of them; they seem to have refined upon the cruelties of the savages. These are confirmations strong, of the justice of my father\u2019s sentiments upon governments; yet the friends of liberty here, tell you the French are doing finely\u2014surpassing us Americans; and I fear they will not be easy until they create disturbances in this country. One would suppose if any thing could check their discontents, it would be the picture they have before them. I wonder what Mr. Jefferson says to all these things?\n   My friend has had an invitation from one of their Major-Generals and Marechals de Camp, to go over and fight for the French, but he declines\u2014it is too uncertain a cause to volunteer in; but I have got so engaged in the cause of the French, that I have quite forgot myself. \u00a0 \u00a0 * \u00a0 * \nIt is supposed, if the democrats succeed in France, that the aristocrats will, many of them, go to America. The Vicomte de Noailles talks of it; the Marquis will, I dare say, when he gets released; Monsieur la Board thinks of it; they are only waiting to see how the event will terminate to make their decisions.\nMr. St. John, brother to Mrs. Otto, dined with us last week. He left his father in Paris, and came over with a young Madame de Noailes, who was obliged to disguise herself in a sailor\u2019s habit, to get away from that land of iniquity.\nSept. 29.\nI expected to have sent my letter by a private hand, but I believe the gentleman does not go. I shall therefore request Capt. Bunyan\u2019s care of this packet. It seems as if I were secluded from all my friends by an insurmountable barrier; not one single line from your pen since last May. Five months! It almost makes me homesick.\nThe latest accounts from France are that the National Assembly is dissolved, and a new Convention are convened who have chosen Petion their President, and have decreed that royalty is abolished in France. Liberty and equality is the general cry. But the powers of Europe seem to have combined against them to bring them to subjection again. It is said that England dare not take a part; the Court party are very well disposed, but the people will not submit to it. The French are somewhat disposed to complain that their good friends, the Americans, do not step forward in their cause. Not one American officer has joined them, nor do they hear one word of comfort from them; and their minister is most obnoxious to the Republicans; and he refuses to pay them the debt due them, which they don\u2019t much relish. They will not permit him to quit Paris. One of his friends said here, the other day, that he thought it not improbable that he would be taken off in some moment of confusion, but I do not believe this.\nThe Marquis is kept a close prisoner by the Austrians. It is said Madame La Fayette is in Holland. It has been said that Monsieur De Tournant is recalled from your Court.\nWrite to me frequently, and believe me, / Your affectionate daughter,\nA. Smith.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0172", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 14 September 1792\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nDear child\nQuincy Sepbr 14 1792\nAs we have some skitish persons in the Family who are apprehensive of the small pox, and of every Body from your infected city, we shall not have the pleasure of your company, nor the office a visit from you this week. your cousin Lucy informd me to day that you had a letter from your sister. pray send it me or such extracts from it as will inform me how she does and the col and Boys. I am very anxious for Thomas and fear he is Sick as I have not any Letters from him for a fortnight mr Black will be in Town & you may send any Letters by him to night. the Boston Newspapers we want to see, do not forget to send them. you will probably receive a Letter from salem or marblehead respecting a young woman who is comeing to live with me. Should she fix any day for comeing to Boston, I must get you to engage the Salem stage man to take her to Boston & let me know on what day, when I will send Brisler to Town for her. She has had the small pox\u2014 I wish you would ask mrs Welch to let her come to her House, and I will not trouble her for more than one Night, perhaps not that\nWe have not yet got the necessary article from philadelphia nor can we devine why it comes not.\nadieu your affectionatly\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0173", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Abigail Adams, 19 September 1792\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nDear Madam.\nBoston Septr: 19. 1792.\nI wrote to my brother Thomas more than a fortnight ago, respecting the warrant, & requesting him to see it forwarded\u2014 But whether from an apprehension on his part of an additional delay, or from what other cause I know not, he has not done it, and last Evening in answer to my Letter I received from him one urging very strongly the necessity of his having an order to receive the money.\u2014 Two lines from my father six weeks ago, might have prevented all the perplexity.\u2014 I enclose a Letter from Thomas to him, wherein I suppose he states his necessities himself\u2014 In that to me dated the 10th: he says \u201cI cannot wait more than a fortnight longer.\u201d Will you please to request my father to write an order of only two lines, addressed to the officer at the treasury who pays the money; if I knew who it was I would send you one ready written. it will be I presume sufficient to say. Sir\u2014 Please to pay Mr: T. B. A. the sum of \u2014\u2014 dollars on my account & his receipt, shall be your discharge.\u2014 And pray send it to town to-morrow by all means, that it may go by the next post.\nI enclose also, a Letter to you from my Sister; the seal of which I took the Liberty to break.\u2014 I find with pleasure they were all well; which did not clearly appear, by her letter to me, which I sent you yesterday.\nIt will be best I believe to empower Thomas to receive all the money due at the treasury, and to direct him to send forward bills to you, after deducting the sum which he must have. Or perhaps it will be better to direct him to take an order upon General Lincoln from the treasury, for so much, as is to come to you, and to receive the rest himself.\u2014 It is a science to obtain money from thence, through all the offices and formalities that are made essential; and as I am wholly ignorant, of the usual proceeding I have not been able to do the business for you.\u2014 But pray, let not the order be delayed an hour longer.\nThomas wishes also for directions, with respect to engaging lodgings for my father this winter: and he wishes they may be very precise and minute\u2014 You will be so kind as to give him all proper information upon that head.\nI sent your Letter to Salem, last week; but have not yet received an answer.\nYour\u2019s affectionately.\nJ. Q. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0174", "content": "Title: William Stephens Smith to John Adams, 5 October 1792\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\u2014\nLondon Octr. 5th. 1792.\nMr. Bond delivered your Letter of the 20th. of april I should have answered it sooner, but I really have been so much occupied in my private affairs, that I have scarcely had time to attend to any of my Correspondents out of the line of real business\u2014but I now have a pretty clear prospect of getting well thro\u2019 the great points I embraced\u2014 I shall however, I find, make more reputation than money, but upon the whole I have done vastly well, the wide spead ruin of speculation has not in the least effected any of my negotiations, nor the property of my friends committed to my direction, they are of course very much satisfied, and make very grateful returns, both in the line of civility & further unbounded confidence\u2014 in short sir, I feel agreably the effects of my prompt decissions on the score of public employment, the last winter, I feel myself in a great measure independent of the smiles or frowns of Courtiers, which I am grevied to find our Capital abounds, with\u2014 should any change take place in the administration of the affairs of our country, so as to introduce men who do not require too great a suppleness of Character to fill the offices of Government, but will be content, with the strict integrity & unblemished honour of Candidates, not absolutely deficient in abilities\u2014 perhaps my ambition may induce me to join them, but never while I possess abilities sufficient to bouy me above the lash of poverty or independence of soul enough\u2014to dispise the low intregues of designing ministers, will I join the career of those who in the infancy of Government lay it down as a principle that great suppleness of Character is a primary essential & that those who do not possess it, are not fit, for public employments\u2014\nI send you the papers to the present date\u2014& should be glad to know what our able minister of foreign affairs thinks of his french alliance now, I think if he has any modesty left or my friends have any Justice, they will acknowledge the propriety of my opinions & the Justness of my conduct on that subject\u2014& as the affairs are connected with the appointment of a Minister to the Court of france,\u2014 you will find that Mr. Morris is more detested in Paris, than he was hated here, a Gentleman from france lately here in public employment\u2014asked me a few day\u2019s past a plump Question\u2014thus\u2014my God sir, how came your Country to send such a man as mr. Morris as its minister he surely cannot be the representative of America either in opinions or manners\u2014 The people of france are so much disgusted with him & enraged at him\u2014that if he did not bear the name of an American & a Commission from Washington, his head would have been paraded upon a pike before this day\u2014 this I put by slightly, by saying I was in pursuit of my private affairs & did not know a sufficiency of the interior of the politicks of our great men to say from what scource he sprang into that political situation, excepting that it was by the apparent independant nomination of the President\u2014 he said, that Washington friends in france were much electrified, to find such a man with such Morals & Character, possessing his Confidence &c. &c. I suppose you will hear more of this from other quarters, & on this ground, I shall also be found to have been right, which will encrease the hatred of my enemies, & give me more cause to laugh at, if not despise them\u2014 We are all well here & are about making an excursion into Devonshire & to take bath in our return to London, for tho\u2019 we are but private people we cannot help being a little fashionable\u2014 Mrs: Smith has written to Mrs: Adams & I suppose given a greater detail of politicks than I have time to enter into She loves it; you may guess where she got it from, & her Judgement on those points are astonishingly good, we chat a little now & then on these subjects, but keep ourselves out of the Circles of the Court, & shall continue to do so\u2014 she Joins me in affectionate Love to you, Madam Loisa & T. B. Adams Esqr.\u2014& wish you would present our most particular respects to Mrs: Washington\u2014\nI am Dr. Sir. / Your most Obedt. / Humble servt.\nW: S: Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0175", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to Abigail Adams, 8 October 1792\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Mamma\nNew York Octr 8th 92\nIt is a long time since I have heard from you although I have not omitted writing. I hope it is not illness which hinders you from sometimes informing me how things are going in Massachusetts. The Baron returned from Steuben last week and I had intended to procure lodgings at some private boarding house, but when I mentioned to him my intention, he took me kindly by the hand \u201cMy dear Adams said he When your sister went from New York I invited you to come to my house, at least till you could find more convenient and pleasant Lodgings; I then had not the pleasure of a long acquaintance with you, but I was pleased that in our little society we could be of mutual advantage to each other, and that our improvements in the French language and in other branches of literature would render my table the seat of improvement and pleasure. I have since you have been here formed a very great and sincere friendship for you. You must now allow me the right of friendship; Indeed you must not leave me. What is it? Is there any thing you do not like? Is any thing inconvenient? I wish I could give you a better apartment, but the house will not aford it. I told him there was not a desire I could form but what was accomplished in his house; but that I did not think it proper that I should any longer take advantage of a kindness I had not a right to expect. And will you not then allow me to be any longer your friend and patron? You must not make such objections. It is not from any favor I can ever expect from your father. I am not rich, nor am I poor: and thank God I have enough to live well and comfortably upon; your being here does not make any difference in my expences. I love you, and will never consent that our little society should be broken, untill you give me more sufficient reasons for it.[\u201d] To this affectionate and fatherly address, I could only reply that I would do any thing he wished and would not leave him if he was opposed to my doing so. My dear Mamma there is something in this man that is more than mortal. We have late accounts from Europe, Our friends are well. I can not here enlarge upon french affairs but my father is a prophet and ought as the Baron says to be ranked next after Isaih. I have a necessity for about fifty guineas Will you tell me how I shall procure them. I do not know unless I borrow them and I do not like that very well. But should necessity prompt me I must do it. When does Pappa mean to pass through New York, I fear he will be most terribly perplexed the next session, There is a party formed to abolish this government. It consists of Officers of the late army. Antifederalists, and Southern men who from many reasons are endeavoring to subvert the funding system and of course every obligation which a nation can be under. Our Eastern delegates are complained of It is said their eyes are not open that they rest in security while America is in the greatest danger That they sleep while every body opposed to them is on the watch. God Grant that we may not be ruined, That we may not discard our name as a nation. You may depend upon it there is great danger of it. And my dear father what will be his sensations when all his toils are forgotten and his labors sunk in oblivion. what will be the path for his Children to persue when they see such an event will any encouragement remain to follow the road of public virtue Will any wish remain to be ranked among the list of patriots: Colonel Burr is appointed a judge of our Supreme Court and will without doubt accept the office. He aims at the Gubernatorial chair of this State and it is thought he will be able to obtain more influence as a Judge than he can by his present station. Mr Jay has been at death\u2019s door but is now somewhat recovered.\nI should be glad to hear oftener from Braintree where is my Brother John I hear no more of him than if he was in Asia.\nAdieu my dear Mamma beleive me your affectionate son\nCharles Adams.\nPS I requested that some shoes might be sent to me, but I suppose you did not recollect it. I can not get them here they are very bad and at a very high price. If three or four pair can be sent it will much oblige me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0176", "content": "Title: John Adams to Charles Adams, 12 October 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Charles\nMy dear Charles\nQuincy October 12. 1792\nI congratulate you on your Admission to the Bar and your taking Possession of an Office in So good a Part of the Town, and I would not advise you to exhange it for any other, without an absolute necessity. There is a great Advantage to a Lawyer in being always to be found in the Same place. I wish you as much Success as you can desire and all the Pleasure and Profit from your Practice in a Country like ours and in times like these. Honour and Integrity in all your concerns, a constant Attendance at your Office, and an ardent Application to your Studies will soon acquire you a reputation in the World and a Crowd of Clients about you\nI am much pleased with your Observations on political subjects and approve entirely that Rectitude of heart which must have dictated your Attachment to Truth in all political Transactions. Falshood is never Politick. So far am I from admiring the old Monkish Maxim Populus vult decipi: decipiatur. for although I must confess from Experience, that the People sometimes choose to be deceived, yet I cannot agree to the other Part of the Proverb, so far as to take any part in the deception.\nThe Time has been when I had less unfavourable Notions of Rotations than I have at present. That Time however has been long Since past. Reading Reflection and Observation have wholly weaned me from that delusion and I believe that nothing has contributed more to my conversion than the Observation that in all History and Experience Rotations have been the favourites only of the Aristocracy. The People in contradistinction to the Aristocracy Seldom approve of Rotations and are never fond of them, except when at times they have been deceived by the Aristocrats.\nIt will be found at this instant that they are the Aristocrats in France and some of the worst of them too, who, by exciting Mobs and Tumults among People who may be hired to any Thing by a few Liards apiece, are playing Mischief with their Constitution and the Rights of Man.\nYou must write me as often as you can and not wait always for regular Answers from me, as my Engagements sometimes and my health at others will not allow me to write.\nMy Regards to the Family We are connected with and particular Compliments to the worthy Baron.\nI am my dear Charles your affectionate / Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0177", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to Abigail Adams, 17 October 1792\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Mother,\nPhilada: Octr: 17th. 92\nI have not received any letters from you, for a considerable time, and I experience the same kind of apprehensions for the cause which you have often expressed concerning me. I fear least the cold weather which is fast approaching should affect your health, by bringing a return of your Rheumatism. I have repeatedly written concerning engaging lodgings for my Father before all the places are engaged, but I have yet recd: no instructions, and if they should even come now I fear no very eligible accomodations can be easily obtained. Mrs. House has the most commodious Rooms of any I know, but \u2019tis probable they may all be engaged by this time, as many of the former lodgers will return there; I know of no other place where there is even a tolerable prospect of obtaining suitable lodgings; however it cannot be my fault if they are not now attainable. Every body of your acquaintance seem to regret your determination to remain behind; but I differ from them in opinion, tho\u2019 I may be presumed more interested in your return than any of them. I do not despair however of again seeing you in Philada: provided you think proper to return next Fall\u2014 The Reelection is I believe very safe\u2014there can be no hindrance on that score then; but your health is the principal objection, but this I hope will be removed by that time. The Election for Representatives in Congress has been held in this State, and from the returns allready recd: it is said to be Federal; there was a very formidable interest however in opposition; they were indefatigable in their endeavors to carry their Ticket, but are obliged to knock under at last. The Electors for P & VP are to be chosen in a few days; we hear very little said of them; indeed there was scarcely ever know an Election however trifling, that was conducted with so much peace & order in this place. But the City has disgraced itself by the countenance given to Rank Anti\u2019s while the Counties have deservedly gained a great share of applause by an opposite conduct. Messrs: Hutchinson, Dallas Fox & Co: feel themselves heartily mortifyed by their ill success, in those places where their presence could not overawe or influence the people. We never shall get a splendid Representation for this State while there are so many distinct interests or rather prejudices to encounter; but we may get an harmless one.\nI got a Letter from Mrs: Smith dated 5 Augst: she was just going to the Review at Bagshott\u2014 What dismal accounts we have from France if true\u2014 A Letter has been received by a Mercht: in this City from a Correspondent in Charleston SC, informing him of the Slaughter of 5000 Parisians\u2014and the Assassination of the Queen\u2014 The King & M. La Fayette were missing\u2014& the Duke of Brunswick within 30 leagues of Paris. This intelligence is from Paris by the Georgia Packet wh[ich] sailed on the first of Septr:\u2014 Doubts are suggested of its authenticity but tis said to be direct[. For] my part, if the last circumstance concerning the [Duke] of Brunsw[ic]k be true I can easily credit all the rest. Otherwise it seems improbable.\nI sent the Carriage by Captn. Carver; but the price Binghurst charges for Casing, is extravagant especially in the manner it is done\u2014 If the Carriage gets injured I won\u2019t pay him a Farthing\u2014he asks six Dolls. which I would have given if it had been well done; I\u2019ll thank you to let me hear how it arrives. I have payed Mrs. Keppele her third quarter, and resigned the Key of the House, she has allready removed her Family & taken possession. I have also paid my Board. The Store Rent, and my Taylor\u2019s Bill\u2014for my Winter & Summer cloath\u2019s. I want some shoes from Hardwick if you will please to send them. My best love to all Friends\nThos: B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0178", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams Smith, 29 October 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Smith, Abigail Adams\nMy Dear Daughter:\nQuincy, October 29, 1792.\nI received with great pleasure your kind letter from Dover, and rejoiced in your safe arrival in England; but I have not been able to write you until now. When I was at the bar, I had commonly clerks who took off from me much of the manual labour of writing. While I was abroad I had commonly Secretaries to assist me. But now, when my hand shakes and my eyes fail, I have no one even to copy a letter, so that I am obliged to lay aside all pretensions of answering letters. My inclination has been strong to write to you and Col. Smith long ago, but ability has been wanting.\nYou are in Europe at a critical moment, more proper perhaps to make useful observations and reflections than any other which has occurred for centuries; but the scenes about you\u2014at a distance, are terrible; and those which are near you, must be infested with a party spirit very anxious and very unsociable. You will soon wish yourself at home. We, indeed, have our parties and our sophistry, and our rivalries, but they proceed not to violence. The elections are going on in New-England with a spirit of sobriety and moderation, which will do us honour; and, I have not heard of any thing more intemperate than might be expected, in the southward or middle states.\nFor myself, I have made up my mind, and am more anxious to get out of public life than to continue in. I can say, with infinitely more sincerity than C\u00e6sar, that I have lived enough to glory, however feeble the glimmer may be. I am not disposed to say with him, that I have lived enough to life, for I should like to live to see the end of the revolutions in Europe, and that will not be these hundred years. My kind regards to Col. Smith and my dear boys, and to all friends.\nYour mamma, I suppose, has told you all the news among our acquaintance, and it will be no pleasure to you to hear me repeat it. One thing she has forgotten: Capt. Beale of Squantam has set up, between me and my brother, a new house, the largest and handsomest ever built in their neighbourhood.\nWhat says my friend Brand Hollis to the French democrats now? Does his admiration of Mr. Paine continue or diminish? If my friend really loves king-killing, he is like to be satiated. I own I do not. My faith is immovable, that after ever so many trials, the nations of Europe will find, that equal laws, and natural rights and essential liberties can never be preserved among them without such an unity of the executive power.\nI am, my dear child, / With much affection, / Yours,\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0179", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to John Adams, 30 October 1792\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear sir,\nPhiladelphia Octr: 30th: 1792,\nYour kind favor of the 11th: reached me some time since. The reasons you assign for delaying your journey to Philada: would be sufficient to satisfy me, but I have been particularly requested by several of your warmest Friends, to mention that your determination may be viewed in a different point of light by those who seek occasions & opportunities to injure you or your cause. It has become a matter of pretty general enquiry why the VP\u2014is not to be here at the first of the Session, and it is feared that your final resolution concerning your journey hither, is only to be decided by the event of the Election. There has been such a spirit discovered in this, & the Southern States within a few months past, that the Friends & advocates of the present state of things, feel themselves extreemly alarmed; and one of their principal reasons for wishing your presence as soon as possible at the head of the Senate, is the weight which your influence may have, to counteract the progress of dangerous measures. A single vote taken from any of the Eastern States, at this particular juncture, is thought to be of great consequence in the Political Ballance; especially as at this Session, a Reinforcement is expected from Kentucky.\nThe dreadful scenes now acting in France, and the universal anarchy which appears to prevail, has excited terrors even in the breasts of the warmest enthousiasts for Revolution; and the justice of your principles with respect to Government begin to be openly acknowledged, tho\u2019 they have long been silently seen.\n\u2019Tis said to be your happy fate to be the most obnoxious character in the United States, to a certain party, (whose hatred & opposition is the glory of every honest man) who for a long time have considered you as the first barrier to be removed in order to the success of their designs. If this be true, the necessity of your presence at this time will appear more striking than ever, as \u2019tis thought every exertion will be made on their part the coming Session to embarrass the most important measures, and even to subvert some that have allready received sanction. You will recollect that all the momentous questions which were agitated in Senate last session, were finally decided by the casting vote, and altho\u2019 upon some accounts it may not be a very pleasing reflection, that the President of the Senate must necessarily encounter the Odium of half the Assembly in the honest discharge of his duty, yet there is some consolation to be derived from the involuntary veneration which that firmness of conduct must inspire, even in the breasts of those he may disappoint.\nThe open opposition to the excise Law in the back parts of this State, has occasioned much anxiety to the President of the U, S,. His Proclamation has been treated with contempt, and some publications in the Pittsburgh Gazett have gone so far as to defy any attempts to enforce the law.\nYour goodness will I hope excuse [the] liberty I have taken in suggesting these inducements [in] hastening your Journey. If they appear to you of the same consequence as to those at whose request I have communicated them, I shall feel happy in having complyed with their desires; if not, I hope you will attribute it to the interest I feel in every thing that appears particularly to relate to you or your Office.\nI have not yet been able to procure accomodations for your Reception; but hope to do it in a few days. Mr. & Mrs: Otis have made a very obliging offer of a Room in their House, but no exertion on my part shall be wanting to procure the appartments mentioned in your letter.\nPresenting my best love to the Family at Quincy and all other friends\nI subscribe myself your dutiful / Son\nThos B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0180", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to Abigail Adams, 2 November 1792\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Mother,\nPhiladelphia Nov; 2d: 1792\nI have received your favor of the 21st: and as I want a little private conversation with you, must oblige you to pay the Postage of my answer. At the request of several of our Friends I addressed a Letter to my Father a day or two since\u2014stating certain reasons for hastening his Journey to Philada: and most of those were of a public nature; but I omitted to mention any inducements of a personal nature to him, because I chose rather to communicate them to you. It is feared lest his absence from the Seat of Govt: at this critical period, will give a handle to his Enemies, who will use every effort to divert the votes of the Electors in some of the States from him, and thereby prevent his having a Majority. I know there is not a man connected with the Govt: who is less disposed to trouble his friends upon an occasion of this kind, or who has less dread of the arts of his opponents, yet the question is whether his absence at this time may not be construed by them as an unfavorable symptom in public affairs. The spirit of opposition increases to the southward, and every opportunity which can be seized, will be eagerly employed to embarrass the public Counsels. The reasons assigned by my Father in his letter to me, for delaying his Journey, were perfectly satisfactory, because I considered the delacacy of his situation with respect to the coming Election, and am acquainted with his wish to have it pretty clearly decided before he undertakes the Journey. The anxiety which is expressed by his friends arises from the apprehension lest he should be absent the whole session, which they are now willing to acknowledge might have considerable influence upon public measures. It seldom happens that any business of great importance is transacted in the first weeks of a Session, so that he would not be so much missed as at a later period, but if the complexion of the Election should be unfavorable, he may determine not to come at all, which, every one knows would injure the Federal interest materially. I hope therefore both Public & private considerations will induce him to come on. I hear no doubts or surmises expressed with regard to the Election; nor do I hear of a single Candidate whose Rivalship may be dreaded. If any thing like a serious or formidable contest were meditated, I should certainly hear of it from my young Companions at least, who have never discovered a disposition to conceal any thing of this kind from me. Burr is mentioned\u2014but so faintly that I doubt whether he secures three votes, notwithstanding he has the support of P\u2014\u2014 Edwards or A J Dallas. Maryland is said to be favorable to the present State of affairs, altho\u2019, Mercer has been reelected. But enough of this\u2014 Now with regard to Lodgings, I know not where to apply further than I have allready. It seems as if the whole City was full even to an overflow\u2014 I shall be constantly upon the look out, but all the Lodging Houses are full, as I find most of the members of Congress bespoke their old places before they left this place last year; we must wait therefore till some favorable opening occurs.\nThere are no complete setts of the National Gazett to be procured from its Commencement, and my Patiotism is too strong to give so small an encouragement as the price of a single Paper, to such an engine of party opposition; I shall wait therefore till you tell me what effect this reason has with you, before I send orders to the Editor\u2014 Fenno will have nothing to do with him. The negociation therefore must be carried on in my name, to which I oppose the above objection.\nI have taken a huge fancy to some of your Cheese, and as I still retain a share of affection for my native soil, a little of its produce would be particularly acceptable, at this time; My Quaker Friends, are the most hospitable people in the Circle of my acquaintance, and my good Lady, by her friendly offices, renders your absence infinitely less irksome than I could expect; I wish therefore to make her a small present of this kind, provided you can spare half a Dozen or so, from your stock; you may think it a singular request, but I hope not unreasonable. They may be put in a small Cask & sent by water, if convenient.\nMy health has mended much since the Cold weather set in; I prevent any kinks in my bones by regular exercise, and as to the Ague, the Bark proved too strong for it this season, tho I come within an ace of it several times; The Wine which was left me, was of great service, I say was because I finished the last of it yesterday\u2014I can wait conveniently till my Father comes to have it replenished, if you think it a reasonable expence. My paper says, good by to you,\u2014my best love to Unkles Aunts, Brothers Cousins &c\nT B A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0181", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Abigail Adams Smith, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Smith, Abigail Adams\nMy dear Mrs Smith\nQuincy Nov\u2019br 3.d 1792\nMrs Jeffry sails in Captain Scott and is so good as to say that she will take Letters to you. I have written to you by Captain Barnard who generally has quick passages\u2014and by his return I hope to hear from you. I had Letters last week from Charles. he writes that our Friends in N york were all well, excepting chief Justice Jay who had been dangerously Sick, but was then on the recovery. The complextion of politicks in that state was rather against the National Goverment. the Governours Party having carried all their Projects, and Burr was rewarded for his opinion upon the Legality of the Election with a judgeship of the supreem Court. From Philadelphia Thomas writes me that the returns for Representatives were generally Federal in Conneticut the old Members are all rechosen with the addition of two new Members. Hampshire the old set, in senate Wingate is out, and judge Livermore in his Room. the Choise in this state will be on fryday next when from the complextion of affairs I presume we shall get a good set. Mr Gerry has declined serving again. I wish you to write me when you think it likely you shall return. I hope you will not go to sea again in the circumstances you went in before. you was certainly in the greatest Danger of losing your Life. I was much surprizd at the circumstance of mrs Copleys never having received her Money for the silk she purchased. I wrote to mrs Welch directly and as it hapned the dr had a Receit for the money deliverd to a mr Hubard 30 dollors which according to the Bill which accompanied the silk would have been sufficient, had it been left. mr Hubard was out of Town but has been written to about it and mrs Gray assures me that as soon as she can learn how the affair hap\u2019ned she will inform me and that the money which she supposed she had advancd at the Time the silk was procured, shall be sent by captain Barnard. I certainly should never have askd such a favour for myself, much less should I have done it for an other person, and I am extreemly sorry that mrs Copleys delicacy has prevented her from informing me before I beg you to make every apology for me who was only a mere agent in the Buisness\u2014but would sooner pay the money myself than mrs Copley should lay any longer out of it.\nif you will with the china Send me a Bill of it, I will either remitt you the Money or pay it to whom ever you direct. I find that Barnard will not sail so soon as scott. I put one Letter into the Bagg the other I shall give to mrs Jeffry. The Print you mention of the death of Chatham is come to Philadelphia, but we have not yet got it, or learnt where it is lodg\u2019d, the Captain dye\u2019d a few Days after his arrival. when your Father goes to Philadelphia Brisler will take measures to find it. my Love to the dear Boys.\npresent me kindly to Mr Vassel and Family to mr & mrs smith, and to all other Friends Let me hear often from you, and where you have been whom you have seen of our old acquaintance, my old servants I should be glad to hear of.\nYour Aunt Cranch desires me to remember you to her I ought first to have mentiond your aged Grandmother who always kindly inquires after you. Send her a fan or any triffel by Barnard. the Idea that you remember her at such a distance gratifies her tenfold more than the value of the present. I mention a fan because a dog tore hers to peices which she had long had, and highly valued. The old Lady is as well this summer as the last, and is now in her 84th year. my Love to the Col Tell him to take care of his Health. I am my dear Daughter your ever affectionate / Mother\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0182", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Gray Otis to Abigail Adams, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Otis, Mary Smith Gray\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nDear Mrs Adams\nPhiladelphia Novr: 3d. \u201492\nIt was my intention to have written to you earlier after my return than this, but have found my time very much taken up, with puting my house in order.\u2014 You will not however think me less sincere for being late in my enquieres after your health, which I am sorry to hear is not yet confirmed. Your friends here regret very much, being deprived of your society this winter and are only reconciled to it, by the consideration of its being benificial to you.\u2014 The Vice President has been anxiously expected here, at this time by his friends, & his delay is considered as an unfortunate curcumstance, as it respects himself & his country, the former consideration I know, he is too much above, the latter I trust has still some influence upon his mind.\u2014 Haveing said thus much, give me leave to adde, that I think, there is no lodging house sutable for the Vice President to be at, to be with other boarders, will not assuredly do; & there is no place that he can come to, with so much propriety as to our house, we have rooms enough and will accomodate him the best in our power.\u2014 Mr Bryslar knows all his wants, and with his assistance, I think he will be as well of as at a Boarding House.\u2014 This is not ment as a complement, but as what would give Mr Otis & myself great pleasure.\u2014\nThe ladies of Congress are all here there is no addition to the number, but only Mrs Ames, the city begins to be gay, but they have not yet enter\u2019d into the spirit of Card Partys\nRemember me to Mrs Cranch & family love to Louisa.\u2014 And whenever you can find time to write me, you will give pleasure to / Your Affect Cous[in]\nM Otis\n[ca. 7 November]\nMr Otis encloses a copy of the speech & informs that Mr Lees having declined public business &, the Vice President not arrived Mr Langdon is Pres: pro tem:\u2014 Mr O encloses the Speech & will send the minutes the next post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0183", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Thomas Welsh, 15 November 1792\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Welsh, Thomas\nDear sir\nQuincy 15 Novbr 1792\nI inclose to you a memorandum which I received from Mrs Smith, the Receit given you for the Money I have received and will forward in a Letter to mrs Copley but at the same time I wish to know how she is to come at the money lodged in the Bank. perhaps mrs Gray has taken measures for that, but as I feel myself in some degree responsible to mrs Copley I wish when I write to her & state the facts, that she may at the same time receive her money.\nMy son takes Fennos paper in which is a peice dated Annopolis & signed a consistant Republican I think, for I have not now the paper by me. I would suggest to you sir whether it might not be proper for Russel to republish it. the people of this state appear to feel themselves safe and I believe are happy under the National Goverment, but if they mean to continue so they must be more vigilint, for never since the commencment of the Goverment has there been so formi[dable] a combination to overthrow it. there are no falsehoods too barefaced for the Antis to circulate. the zeal with which a certain Gentleman in Boston is brought forward for a Representitive shews plainly that like Moles, much work has been done in this state underground. mr Ames I find in one place has been Represented as having made an immence fortune by speculation, in an other place the people have been told that he was an Enemy to the Rights of the People and in an other, where such a report was known to be unpopular, that he was in favour of the Petition of the officers of the late Army, but they may be assured that Massachusetts has not a Member who has more uniformly supported the National Goverment since its commencment and with abilities which his Enemies dread. let our Country men look at France and ask themselves do the Rights of Men consist in the destruction & devastation of Private property do the Rights of Man consist in Murder & Massacre without distinction of Age or youth of sex or condition, Scenes which Humanity Sickens at, the very recital of which at this [distan]ce from the scene of carnage, the Youthfull Blood is frozen, and each particular Hair as shakspear expresses it, stands an End, like quills upon the fretted Porcupine.\nMr Adams sets of on monday next could you ride up and dine with us on sunday we shall be very happy to see you. my kind Regards to mrs welch and family\u2014\nyours affectionatly\nA A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0184", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Susanna Clarke Copley, [after 15 November 1792]\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Copley, Susanna Clarke\nmy dear Madam\n[post 15 November 1792]\nI was not a little Surprizd at receiving intelligence through mrs smith soon after her arrival that you had never received the Money for the Silk you was so good as to purchase at my request three years ago\u2014 I am extreemly sorry that your delicacy prevented you from giving me this information at an earlier period. most assuredly Madam I would not have askd such a favour for myself nor could I have ventured it for any other person. upon my Receiving mrs smiths Letter I immediatly informd mrs Gray of it who was not less surprizd than I was\u2014for 30 dollors was sent with the Letter and Mrs Gray supposd that it was paid for at the Time the silk was sent tho she now recollects that the Bill which she received was not receited. a Mr Russel Hubbard was the person who received the money and not finding mrs Copley at Home when he left the Letter he lodgd the money in the Bank of England where it now is. he thought no more of it, and mrs Adams did not see mrs Gray till two years after when she thanked her me for having procured her silk through mrs Copley\nI inclose you the Recit which will enable you to receive at the Bank the 30 dollar with one pr cent interest from the time it was lodg\u2019d there, as I am informd. I am unacquainted with the mercantile method of doing Buisness but suppose it is Regular. if there should still be any diffiulty remaining I hope you will be kind enough to inform me\nour late dear suffering Friend mrs Rogers I shall always remember with a sisterly affection She was happily for her releazd and I believe I may add made perfect as humane Nature was capable of, through Sufferings if ever there was a sincere mourner mr Rogers may be rankd in that Class\u2014\nMy dear Mrs Smith expresses herself happy in the Renewal of her acquaintane with you\u2014and in the continuence of your Friendship. I hope she will not be in a situation to call upon you for such assistance as you have formerly renderd her, but if she should, I shall more than ever solicit your kind attention to her. I hope she will never venture to sea in circumstances similar to those in which she made her last voyage which nearly cost her her Life.\nMy own Health has sufferd so much by my Residence at Philadelphia that I do not propose going there this winter.\nI hope mr Copley & the Ladies your daughters enjoy their Health. miss Copleys Rose Tree I still preserve & tho it has out lived several seasons & many of the productions of Nature Time has Rob\u2019d it in some measure of its Bloom.\nI am dear Madam with my best wishes for your Health & happiness / Your Friend & Humble servant\nA. A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0185", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 24 November 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nHartford Nov. 24. 1792\nThe Weather has been so disagreable and the Roads so bad, that I have not been able to advance farther on my Journey than to Bulls Tavern in this Town where I arrived last night after an unpleasant ride in the snow from Springfield. It Snowed all last night and has blocked up the roads so that I cannot move onwards till monday.\nI have fallen into Several curious Conversations, on the road, which however would be too trifling to commit to Paper. a Gentleman of very respectable Appearance told me last Evening without knowing or Suspecting me, all the Politicks of New York and Philadelphia for and against the V. President. \u201cThe V. P. had been as all Acknowledged a great Friend to this Country, but had given offence to his Fellow Citizens in Massachusetts, by writing something in favour of hereditary descent. That he had been long in Europe and got tainted.\u201d I told him laughing that it was hard if a Man could not go to Europe without being tainted. that if Mr Adams had been Sent to Europe upon their Business by the People, and had done it, and in doing it had necessarily got tainted I thought the People ought to pay him for the Damage the Taint had done him, or find some Means to wash it out and cleanse him.\nGovr H. has been here and made a Dinner for the Gentleman of this Town. one asked after the V. P. \u201cThe Governor had not Spoken to the V. P. this year; He was not one of the Well born.\u201d A Gentleman remarked upon it afterwards what would Mr H. have been if he had not been well born the Nephew of the rich Uncle Thomas.? in short his Silly Envy of the V. P. is perceived & ridiculed by all the World out of Massachusetts. He is considerd as a mere rich Man prodigal of his Wealth to obtain an empty Bubble of Popularity.\nI am told that an unanimous Vote will be for me in Vermont New Hampshire, Connecticut and Rhode Island. This is generally expected, but I know full well the Uncertainty of Such Things, and am prepared to meet an Unanimous Vote against me. Mr P. E. came off miserably. He gave such offence by mentioning his Nephew, that they would not appoint one Man who had any connection with him.\nI would not entertain you with this political Title tattle, if I had any thing of more importance to say. one Thing of more importance to me, but no News to you is that I am / yours with unabated Esteem & / affection forever\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0186", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\nmy Dearest Friend\nSunday Quincy Novbr 26 1792\nSuch has been the weather Since you left me, that I cannot form any accurate judgment where you now are. I sometimes conjecture that you are not farther than Brookfield. at any rate you must have had an unpleasent week, tho perhaps not so severe a snow storm as we have had here. Monday afternoon & all twesday it raind then cleard up very cold and blustering. on fryday came on a snow storm wind very voilent at North East. it continued so through fryday Night and saturday even untill sunday morning, when the snow was over the tops of the Stone walls and so Bank\u2019d that no wheel carriage can stir. we had not any meeting to day, and some person had their sheep to digg out from under the snow Banks. ours very fortunately experienced the comfort of their new habitation. the Hay was housed on fryday, & bedding provided for the Horses, but the Boat is not carried to the Island. after the storm of twesday shaw and Tirril went to see if she could be got of, but the very high Tide had thrown her up so high that they pronounced it impossible untill the Tides rose again, and that it would be more adviseable to turn her over where she now is, & secure her there for the winter, this Snow storm confirms them in the opinion I never remember so severe a snow storm in November. I hope to hear from you this week. I have felt much anxiety for you, more perhaps than if I had been a fellow traveller with you with Books about me I have felt dismal & Lonely. you left the only ones you intended to take; and an Inn seldom furnishes any entertainment of a literary kind. I hope Brisler minds to have a fire in your Bed Room and that your sheets are well aird and your Bed well cloathd. remind him of this injunction yet I know not whether this will reach you soon enough to put it in practise. Porter who was to cut our wood and Timber is confind to his Bed with the Rhumatism. most families I find are caught without wood, so that it is to be hoped they will turn out & make roads. I think you will find it necessary to take a sleigh and if so you will travel with more ease to yourself than with wheels\nI cannot tell you any news not having seen to my great mortification any News paper since you went away nor have I been out of the House since I returnd after leaving you. I did not think I should have felt so lonely. it seems so still all day long as if half the Family were gone.\nLet me hear from you as soon as you get to Philadelphia, and sooner if this should reach you at Nyork as I design it shall\u2014\nI am most affectionatly / yours\nA Adams\nI hope poor Cheeseman is not cast away with your Trunk of cloaths, but if he was within reach of the storm I know not how he could stand it. I presume we shall hear many a melancholy ship wreck", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0188", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 4 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\nmy dearest Friend\nQuincy Decbr 4th 1792\nI was very happy to receive on thanksgiving day the 29 of Novbr. your Letter dated Hartford. I feard that you had not reachd so far the weather was so dissagreable, but if the Roads have mended as much with you as they have this way, you have reachd Philadelphia by this time. I shall with impatience wait to hear of your arrival there. the snow remaind with us but one week Since which we have had pleasent weather. there has not anything occurd material that I know of since you left us\u2014 if you get Russels paper you will see a little deserved Burlisque upon the Govenours speach respecting the expressions made us of by Congress which gave him such umbrage. Tomorrow is a very important day to the united states, much more important to them, than it can possibly be to you or to me for think of it as they please tomorrow will determine whether their Government shall stand four years longer or Not. mr Clinton Seems to be the only competitor held up. I fancy he will receive no aid from N England. I hope you will order Fenno to continue his paper to me. We have had a Gang of Thieves infesting this Town since you left it. the thursday after you went away Shaw & James went into the woods & in the day time the best saddle was stolen out of the Barn closset. the same Night mr Cary had his best Horse stolen and mr smith who lives on mrs Rows place had his taken the same night and last Sunday morning James came Running in to inform me that his Stables had been attempted, & his Lock broken, but being doubly secured the villan could not effect his purpose. he tried the Coach house door & split of a peice of the door, but could not get the Bar out. he went on to mr Adams\u2019s at Milton & stole his Horse a Traveller lodged at Marshes Tavern on saturday night, who got up in the Night Rob\u2019d the House of various articles of wearing Apparal and made of. we Suppose that he was the person who attempted our stables and that he belongs to a Gang. they are in persuit of him\nyour Mother was well this day she spent it with me. She and your Brother & family all dinned with me on thanksgiving day as well as our Son. tis the first thanksgiving day that I have been at Home to commemerate for Nine years. Scatterd and dispersed as our Family is, God only knows whether we shall ever all meet together again much of the pleasure and happiness resulting from these N England Annual feltivals is the family circles & connections which are brought together at these times, but whether seperate or together I am sensible that every year has been productive of many Blessings, and that I have great cause of thankfulness for preserving mercies both to myself & Family.\nI inclose a Letter for Brisler I wish him to inquire the price of Rye that I may know whether it would quit cost to send me a dozen Bushel tis five & six pence pr Bushel here. Superfine flower I want to know the price of, it has taken a rise here\nmy Love to Thomas tell him to write me often I hope the House of Reps will be in a little better humour after all Elections are over. I hope trust they will not follow the French example & Lop of Heads, even of departments. they appear to have a great terror of them I see a Lucius & a Marcus, I should like to know who they are. [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.]hee many compliments & respects to all my good Friends in Philadelphia. I flatter myself I have some there, and be assured of the affectionate Regard / of your\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0189", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 5 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia Decr 5. 1792\nlast night I arrived at Philadelphia in tolerable Health and found our Friends all well. I have concluded to accept of the kind offer of Mr and Mrs Otis and taken a bed in their House. Thomas is charmingly accommodated and is very well. This Day decides whether I shall be a Farmer or a Statesman after next March. They have been flickering in the Newspapers and caballing in Parties: but how the result will be I neither know nor care. I have met a very cordial and friendly reception from the Senate. All lament that Mrs Adams is not here: but none of them so much / as her Friend forever\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0190", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 5 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear son\nPhiladelphia Decr 5. 1792\nat 9 last night I arriv\u2019d and this Morning have taken my Seat from whence I write this. I have just recd yours of 22. Nov. with its Inclosure. I am told most confidently that all the Votes in N. Y. will be for Clinton and all the Votes in Pensilvania for me. I believe neither.\nIf the People of the Union are capable of being influenced by Such Characters as Dallas and Edwards, I should be ashamed of them and their Service. but I know better Things. The Writings are weaker than the Agents.\nIf any Thing disagreable happens it will be a dissipation of the Votes upon various Characters, merely to throw them away. and these follies will be occasioned by Causes much more ancient than the federal Govt or my Writings. I mean Jealousies of South vs North and dubitations about federal Towns and foreign Debts.\nCharles is very earnest for you to write to him. He is turning Politician & Writer. He has made his Essays at the Bar and begins to have Business.\nThomas is studious and is happily lodged. Mrs smith is expected in the Spring.\nI shall lodge at Mr Otis\u2019s where I shall feel myself at home. Write me as often as you can.\nGod bless you\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0191", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to Abigail Adams, [after 5] December 1792\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Mama\nNew York [post 5] December 1792\nSome years since you was so kind as to purchase for your children a certain tract of Land in Vermont. What number of acres the Lots contained I know not. I beleive that little or no pains has been taken to secure the title to them they were indeed thought but of Little value. The price of new Land has of late risen so much and the demand becoming greater every day It would I think be a prudent undertaking to make a few enquiries respecting the family property which lies in that State. There is a Mr Morris who lives in Vermont upon whom I can depend for information respecting this business, but my total want of knowledge upon the subject renders it impossible for me to make the necessary enquiries. My Brother will I have no doubt assist you in making out a statement of the business. The questions I wish to propose are these Of whom the Land was bought? In what year? In what part of the State it lies? What title was given? What consideration paid? How many acres were contained in the lots. Which is my particular part? and if possible how bounded separately: if not; how the whole tract is bounded? I hope to be able to gain such information as will redound to the benefit of us all. We have no forcing news. Our Clintonians have made a great noise about their Hero\u2019s election to the office of Vice President and their dissappointment must be extremely keen as from the returns I have been able to see that the present Statement of the votes is that the present incumbent has 71 votes and Mr Clinton 15 which leaves a majority of 7 votes provided all the other States vote unanimously for Clinton South Carolina North Carolina Virginia Kentuckey and Georgia are not included in this calculation We have had no accounts from those States. I received by my father your kind present the Stockings were very acceptable I rejoice to hear of your mending health. if my finances will allow I intend to pass a few days with my dear Mother at Braintree during the winter but this is altoge[ther] an uncertainty. Thomas spent a few days with [me in] September he appears to be well and grows fat [his] lodgings at Philadelphia are very pleasant. He is a good Brother. Let me not be forgotten by any of my friends. I shall answer my brothers letter very soon he has been so good a correspondent of late that it is a pitty to loose him. Besides he is very good Counsel upon all occasions!\nBeleive me your affectionate son forever\nCharles Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0194", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 8 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia Decr 8. 1792\nDr Blair has resigned and Dr Green is our Chaplain, but Miss Blair is married to Mr Roberdeau the Bearer of this Letter, son of my old Friend the General.\nThere is an universal and respectful Inquiry after you and your health, and as general a respect and Attention shewn to me. The Savages who shoot from the Swamps and thickets, from the Brakes and Briars from the Mud and Dirt, are all hidden Skulkers, and dare not shew their heads or make known their Names. You will know more of the Election before this reaches you than I do. It does not appear that I am born to so good Fortune as to be a mere Farmer in my Old Age, notwithstanding the kind Intentions and benevolent Endeavours of some People to excuse me from future Journeys.\nYour son and your Friends are all well.\nI dont know whether I have told you that I came from Hartford in the Stage, that I have given my Horses to Charles to buy Law Books.\nWith Affections and tenderness inexpressible at this distance I am\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0195", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to John Adams, 8 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir.\nBoston December 8. 1792.\nOur Electors met in this town on Wednesday last, and their Votes for President and Vice-President were unanimous this was generally expected here, and the event is supposed to have been nearly if not wholly the same in all the New-England States\u2014 New-York it is imagined was unanimous for Mr: Clinton as V.P. their Electors are chosen by their legislature, where their Governor has a bare majority, determined to support upon all occasions his party and his politics. From the other States you will probably hear before us.\u2014 And upon the whole, I presume the election will be favourable.\nThe Governor has at length prevailed in routing the players. On Wednesday, the Attorney General received orders from him and the Council, to prosecute the violators of the Law, immediately. He applied for a warrant, to a Justice of the Peace returnable before two Justices of the Quorum. The Sheriff arrested one of the actors behind the Scenes in the course of the play on Wednesday Evening, and informed the company that unless they dispersed immediately he should arrest all the other performers for the Evening. The Company immediately assumed the form of a deliberative assembly, and debated the Question, whether they should retire, or direct the players to proceed and bid defiance to the Sheriff. They concluded that obedience to the Law, was the safest party and withdrew, not without many imprecations against the Governor, and the Law, upon which they were interrupted.\u2014 The next morning the examination upon the warrant was to take place and the Justices met at Faneuil Hall, their own offices being too small, and the Court-House occupied, by the district Court.\u2014 The Hall was about halffull of Spectators, who took every opportunity, to express their disapprobation of the proceedings.\u2014 An objection was taken by Mr: Otis, counsel for the defendant, to the warrant, as not being founded upon oath but only upon an official complaint of the Attorney-General. Whether Sullivan committed the blunder from ignorance, or from inattention, or from design, is doubtful; but the by-standers enjoy\u2019d a hearty laugh at his expence.\u2014 He has affected a kind of neutrality upon this occasion, and has avoided giving offence to either party by being active on either side. It was supposed by many persons, that he proceeded thus irregularly on purpose to give the players an opportunity to escape, and he himself wishes to have it understood that he acts only in consequence of express directions from the Governor and Council.\u2014 The objection however prevailed and the player who had been arrested was discharged amid the loud and very improper plaudits of the audience. Justice Barrett, with proper Spirit reproved their conduct in the Hall, upon which they were quiet; but as soon as they got out of the Hall, they closed the business with three huzza\u2019s. The players in the mean time, had taken the alarm, and most of them are gone; so that I hope we shall have no more altercations upon this Subject.\nWe have no other news at present peculiarly worthy of communication, and I therefore close my Letter with the assurance that I am with all due respect and affection, your Son.\nJ. Q. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0199", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to William Cranch, [after 15] December 1792\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Cranch, William\nMy dear William\nPhiladelphia [post 15] Decr: [1792]\nI have for some time past had it in contemplation to take my pen & devote its impressions to your service, but that noted thief, Procrastination must answer for my negligence, & supply an excuse where I have not the hardiness to offer one. It often happens that the best friendships have the fewest documents to prove their existence; as a well-kindled fire, such an one as now warms your addresser, needs least fuel to keep it alive. But after all, there may be at least some shew of reason, in a friendly enquiry now & then; this shall excuse me for withdrawing your attention from more important pursuits for the simple purpose of acquainting your friend T, B, A\u2014with the minute History of your fire-side in those Nothern Regions upon the Banks of Merrimack. Ay, but you must tell me more too; and yet I think you need not, for I do\u2019nt confine you to one, two, or three particular circles, but let your statement be coextensive with your acquaintance; particularise only, where particulars may be worth relating. Here sure is latitude enough; to make you still more free, write me what you please, and it will follow, as my heart unto my hand, you cant displease me.\nShall we together range the Trackless Wilderness where war & havock rage, to find some dire calamity, or among the cultured fields of civilized man seek for some object, whereon we may descant? Or shall the agonizing groans of fast expiring Despotism in convulsed Europe call forth our hearty congratulations? It seems as if the anxious struggles of our Tranatlantic bretheren must terminate in good\u2014 The means we must deplore\u2014the ends, tho\u2019 yet unknown, ca\u2019nt fail of being glorious. We have various accounts indirectly from several ports in Europe of the flight of Brunswick with his whole Army, that is, so much of it as has escaped famine, disease & Captivity; the story has been repeatedly circulated, but as yet does not meet general credit, The wishes however of most people among us seem to favor its truth; should it prove a fact, we must then begin a new score of wishing, which perhaps will be more liable to defeat, at least for a long time, viz That the French Nation may speedily come to its senses, and by quelling the frantic enthousiasm which has hither to frustrated all attempts toward a settled order of things, reassume a character which has so long been sacrifised at the shrine of Anarchy. Years however may elapse before this desirable end shall be attained, for when the blood of a whole nation is once thoroughly heated to a degree of fermentation, many powerfull purgatives must be administered to reduce it to its natural temperature. Liberty is to the mind, what Light is to the Eye\u2014 when too suddenly received, it destroys for a short time the very sense it was intended to restore. As the free exercise of Natural rights shall become more familiar to Frenchmen, they will be less bewildered by their novelty, & consequently more prepared for a Government of salutary laws.\nOur National legislature has been more than a month convened\u2014they have as yet entered upon no business of great moment\u2014 of course they are tolerably good humored as yet. A uniform system of Bankruptcy will probably be created this session, which seems to be the most important subject that will claim their attention; all the objects which hitherto excited anxiety have allready been embraced; it now remains to preserve pure & uncontaminated that system which has procured us National respectability. It appears from returns already received that the present VP\u2014\u2014 has nearly two thirds of all the votes; NYork & Virginia are in much disgrace. I am happy to see so good a Representation from Massachusetts; you will undoubtedly stand very high [in po]int of Respectability & talents. Your County might better itself perhaps\u2014tho Goodhue is a good Merchant\u2014he does not shine as a statesman.\nPresent my love, &ca to all friends, and take a great share for yourself from\nThomas B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0200", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to John Adams, 16 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir.\nBoston Decr: 16. 1792.\nI received last evening your favour of the 5th: instant\u2014 The votes of the Electors in Connecticut and Rhode-Island, were unanimous it seems, as well as in this State; I have not heard any further, but we presume there was the same unanimity in New-Hampshire, which if it be the case, will I think do credit to New-England. We expect nothing but the voice of Faction from New-York; and we know not enough what the disposition of the Southern States was.\u2014\nI gave you in my last some account of the Governor\u2019s having at length succeeded in overthrowing the players, but some other circumstances have taken place, which at that time, I had not heard.\u2014 Two days after the arrest of the player which I mentioned in my last, those who still remained had announced another play, but upon being advised by their own friends to desist, they postponed the performance. At night however a mob of about two hundred people, collected together and went up to the Governor\u2019s house, to ask his leave to pull down the play-house. Upon their approach towards his house, the family were thrown into great consternation, upon the idea that they were of the other party, and were coming to insult him. He received however a deputation from them, and as it is said authorised them to proceed upon their riotous design. They accordingly went, and began to destroy the fences round the house, but were soon dispersed by a Justice of the Peace, of the other party, who went among them, with the riot act in his pocket, ready to read it to them if there had been occasion. There has been since then no further attempt to act more plays, and all the actors are now gone.\nBut the Governor and his instruments were not content with this victory: they must appeal to the public, for approbation of all his conduct on the occasion and for censure upon that of the opposers to the Law; and Sullivan, with the intrepidity of face peculiar to himself came forward in last Thursday\u2019s paper, under the signature of a friend to Peace, with the professed design to criminate the breakers of the Statute, and to justify the executive authority. You will probably see in the two next Centinels, a couple of pieces signed Menander, in answer to him.\u2014 I presume he will reply, but I think the discussion must terminate unfavourably to him. The subject cannot be very interesting to you, but perhaps an interest in the success of the writer may induce you to peruse the discussion. I will send you the publication of the friend to Peace by the next Post, and as you will receive the Centinel regularly, you will there find the answers of Menander.\nThe unanimity of the Electors in this State, was by all accounts a sore mortification to his State Majesty. It anger\u2019d him to the heart, and he vented his peevishness upon the first objects that presented themselves to him. It was on the same day with the Election, that he made his attack upon the players. He made several difficulties about signing the warrant upon the treasury for the pay of the Electors, and delayed untill a third message, from them was accompanied with an intimation to him that unless he signed the warrant immediately, they should go to their homes without receiving their pay at all. This implied menace had its effect; and he signed the warrant.\u2014 But he has affected to be much alarmed for his own safety; and to be in terrors lest a mob should attack his person or his house. There have been in the public prints several foolish inflammatory squibs threatening him with tar & feathers, or with breaking his windows. but they have been treated with general contempt, and there has not been the slightest symptom of any popular excesses against him, though he has endeavoured to excite them in support of his whimsical passion against the theatre.\nA french and English news-paper has been commenced in this Town, which is to contain among other things a summary account of the french Revolution. This account is very handsomely written, by one of the Aristocratic party now here, having been driven from the Island of St: Domingo, by the triumphant faction there. He has aimed at impartiality as much as he could, but if you read the narrative you will find he is very bitter against the Duke of Orleans to whom he attributes all the Calamities of his Country. The first number only has been published, and the Editor has forwarded one of them to you which he will continue to do. The translation of that part of the paper will be done by me, and I imagine the paper itself will not be continued long after that publication is finished. The proposals are only for six months.\nI hope you will not consider me as trifling with my time, for spending it in translating french politics and discussing theatrical questions\u2014 My pen has lain dormant for near a year and an half, and perhaps its revival may with some propriety be, by essays upon subjects not of the first magnitude. There has been upon my mind a strong sentiment of delicacy, which has kept me silent in the midst of all the scurrility of which you have been the object. The charges which private malice and public faction have employed as instruments against you have been so despicable in themselves that common sense and Common Honesty, must have felt some degradation in descending to the refutation of them. I have thought that where they could have any possible effect, sober reason and plain truth could not counteract it, because the minds affected must be too blind or too wicked, to feel the operation of just Sentiments. The Event of the election as far as we know it has corroborated my opinion. As to the general measures of the federal government, when I have seen them attacked artfully and insidiously, as has frequently been the case, I have often thought of defending them; but as often have concluded that my assistance, could not be necessary, and could be but feeble. The Government I supposed needed it not, and as to my own advancement, I could really see nothing in public life, but what it was my object to avoid. I have been really apprehensive of becoming politically known, before I could establish a professional reputation. I knew that my independence and consequently my happiness in life depended upon this, and I have sincerely wished rather to remain in the shade than to appear as a politician without any character as a Lawyer.\u2014 These Sentiments have still great weight in my mind, and if therefore you should think me squandering my attention upon subjects of too trivial import, I hope you will do me the Justice to believe that it is not for want of judgment in my comparative estimation of things.\nI have run into great prolixity already, and will therefore only add that I am as ever, your affectionate Son.\nJ. Q. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0201", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 19 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia Decr 19. 1792\nYour favour of the 4th. arrived by Yesterdays post. The Votes on the important day you mention, are now known to have been unanimous as far as Cheasapeak Bay, excepting one in Pensilvania and all in New York. The whole Flock in Virginia as well as in N.Y. run for Mr Clinton.\nThey tell me it is a compleat Tryumph of F\u0153deralism over Antif\u0153deralism: but I own I can See no Tryumph in obtaining more Votes than Mr Clinton: if the Services of J.A. can be compared to those of G. C. if the Sacrifices, if the Sufferings, if the Talents if the Experience, if the Knowledge of one can be brought down to a Comparison with the other, it is high time to quit Such a service. There is not the Smallest degree of Vanity in this. In one Point only will I allow that his Merit is superiour to mine: he has had more Sense than I have in feathering his nest, and making Provision for his Children.\nLucius and Marcus, after whom you enquire I have never read and know not their Writers. I give myself no trouble about Such Writings as are personal against one.\nThe Plan has been concerted, the Agents and Instruments mustered from Georgia to N. H. The Misrepresentations to the southward have been as gross as they have been numerous: in short they have plainly discoverd an opinion that all their hopes were suspended on the Removal of one Man from office. Mr Parker of Virginia, I am told boasts that the Plan was his own and Mr Burke of S. C. Mr Dallas of this Town, Mr P. Edwards of New Haven, are reported to have been his principal Coadjutors.\nThe Prices of Rye and Flour are as high in Proportion here as at Boston: but Brisler will enquire particularly and write the Result.\nYou have many Friends who enquire affectionately after your health and all regret, that you cannot be here. Thomas is very hearty: and well Spoken of.\nIt would not be prudent to enter very minutely into the Anecdotes which the late Electioneering has produced; but Some of them are very curious.\u2014 Judge Cushing and Judge Griffin were divided in opinion on the Cause of so much Expectation in Virginia, which will continue sometime longer the Effervescence in that State, and produce Admirers of Clinton from an hatred to or rather from a desire to hate if they could Jay, and me. I am / tendrement yours\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0202", "content": "Title: John Adams to Charles Adams, 19 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Charles\nPhiladelphia Decr 19. 1792\nI have recd from you one Letter and no more Since I left N. York. Your Electors appear like a large black Spot in a bright Circle of Unanimity which extends from N. H. to Maryland inclusively. Then the Region of Darkness begins again and extends I know not how far.\nA decided Reprehension from N. York and Virginia would very Sensibly affect me, if there were not most unequivocal Marks of a Party Spirit, unworthy of Freemen in both. The Cry of Monarchy and Aristocracy is so manifestly false, and is so clearly but a Pretext to cover mean Prejudices and little Passions that I feel no mortification for myself but much for my fellow Citizens, in this pitiful Man\u0153uvre.\nThe Spirit of falshood which has appeared both in Newspapers and in private Letters upon this Occasion is allarming to every fair mind, and augurs very ill for the Tranquility of this People if not for the duration of their Govt.\nYou are very indolent, Charles,. You [should write] oftener to me than you do. Let me [know] [.\u00a0.\u00a0.] turns up.\u2014 The Gentlemen with whom I conversed in N. Y. were right in their Opinions of Mr Osgood. I own I found great difficulty in believing that Man capable of Sacrificing his sentiments to a Party So grossly. But America will See enough of that kind of Conduct.\nThe Ambition and Turbulence of Virginia is becoming intollerable: with a President, a Secretary of State an Attorney General, an Ambassador and what not, in the general Govt. she discovers a disposition to insult all the rest of the Union: but she may depend upon it her Pride will have a fall.\nI am tenderly yours\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0203", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 23 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\nmy dearest Friend\nQuincy decbr 23. 1792\nI congratulate my Country upon the uninimnity exhibited in the Nine states whose votes are made known, and I congratulate my Friend upon the same occasion as it is much more pleasing to serve a people whose willing and general suffrage accompanies their Choice, than when spairingly given. I think it a proof not only of the wisdom and integrity of the people but of their Satisfaction & content with the administration of the Government and their Resolution to support it. the Newspaper warfare seems only to have Strengthend the Friends of Government, and enlightned its opposers. I cannot however flatter myself that the 5 remaining states will be so well agreed in their vote, yet I think we may presume upon half their Number.\nI was happy to learn by your last of your safe arrival at Philadelphia and upon several accounts that you was at mr otis\u2019s you will feel yourself more at Home, and find some domestick Society in mrs otis & the pratling Harriot. I have not yet had resolution sufficient to leave my Home. I wishd the Bustle of Election over before I went to Boston, and the weather has been so winter like that I have been fearfull of quitting my own fireside your Mother was well this day she has been out with me to meeting all day, and bears the cold well. no one appears more anxious or interested in the choice of V P than she does\u2014 she sends for the Newspapers and reads them very Regularly. I see by yesterdays paper that our Son is one of a committe to present an address to the Govenour for to request his aid in procuring a repeal of the AntiTheatrical Law which a large Majority of the inhabitants have voted at their late meeting to Petition the Legislature to repeal, and to co operate with the Representitives in such measures as may be judged expedient to give effect to the Petition. a writer in the Centinal handles his Excellency without fear. he tells him in plain words that it was both unnecessary and irregular in the chief Magistrate to complain to the Legislature that the Law was voilated. they had nothing to do with it, their functions consisting in enacting not in executing Laws. Charge him with acting from Passion & encourageing a Mob to commit outrages\u2014 the poor Man has certainly burnt his fingers and will have the Gout most bitterly as soon as the General Court convene, he has other subjects of mortification at this time I trust.\nI should be glad to hear from you once a week at least. do you sleep warm?\nThomas does not write to me. he contents himself with hearing from me by you\u2014 you will let Brisler know his Family are well. Faxon wants money to Buy stock, he wants three Cows and 4 young cattle he says\u2014\nHe and the two Nightingales have valued savils meddow, at 12 pounds pr Acre. I askd Faxon what rule he went by, mentiond this meddow of Bass\u2019s that you gave seven pounds for, but he is wild; that would fetch 20 he says, and this of savils, is as well worth 12 as Frenchss was six. I have askd your Brother he thinks it too high, but I suppose your son will write you about it. I have advised him to allow 9 pounds ten shillings as you Love Land better than money, or to take the meddow for the debt.\nGrain rises daily so does every article of produce Mutton excepted. are things as much higher at Philadelphia as they are here? I mean have they risen in the same proportion? I hope they will stop or the Banks fail. one thing I am pretty certain of, that Farmers should have produce to sell instead of purchaseing every article Regards to all inquireing Friends from your ever affectionate\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0204", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 25 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nmy dear\nQuincy 25 decbr 1792\nPrince will bring this to you; the inclosed Letters I wish you to direct, the thin Paper, to your Father The other to Thomas; Prince is to return on thursday morg\u0303 by him send the papers and any Letters which you may have; if the weather should prove pleasent, I shall send a Horse for you on saturday. I have seen the dr since I wrote to you, and talkd with him about the meddow. he thinks that if they will give a deed of the meddow for the debt, that as your Father Loves Land better than Money, and considering he once told them, that he would take it for the debt; (tho two years interest have since arrisen), that he will be better satisfied than to let the land be Sold to any one else, but if you have Enterd the action there will be time enough to take his orders upon it before Execution. I congratulate my Country upon the uninimmity exhibited in the votes of the Electors. tis much more there concern than mine, & next to my Country, myself and Family have a Right to be gratified as it is much pleasenter to spend & be spent for those who are sensible of ones merrits abilities and services, than to serve them against the will of half of them. whether N York are ashamed of their vote or not I think it strange that we should hear sooner from maryland than from them\u2014\nYours affectionatly\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0205", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to John Adams, 26 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir\nNew York Decr 26 1792\nI am very sorry that Mr Bull has been so very dilatory that I received the horses but a day or two since He I find can make good promises. I am now looking out for a purchaser and hope to find one soon The horses do not look so well as I expected they would. We have accounts from Europe of the retreat of the combined armies from France. In this event I am only able to see a state of Anarchy continue for a longer space of time for They disposition of The French people is now much less inclined to a state of Tranquillity than ever. This unhappy Country will I fear be ruined de fond encomble The Federal party in this State bite their chains while Clinton and his party Lord it over them with uncontroled sway. In his appointments he thrusts all kind of real merit asside and opens the door to none but his devotees. He has made Morgan Lewis a brother in law of Chancellor Livingston a judge of the Supreme Court, a man who is as unfit for a judge as any lawyer at our bar in preference to Mr Benson or Mr Jones He has made Nathaniel Lawrence attorney General a man who never opens his lips at the Bar but has this merit that he is his. And even poor me he has chosen to vent his spite upon by preferring one of his young adorers to hold a Notarial Seal. He makes thorough work I assure you. I will venture to ask you one question Whether it is not propable if he goes on in this way for three years longer he may not fix himself very firmly in the saddle? There are two more measures which we expect A vote of thanks to the majority of the Canvassers a William Livingston as member from this City to Congress. If These two things happen I suppose they will have finished this winters Campaign They are more mortified than they are willing to allow at the unsuccesful attempt of their head for the office of Vice President. The Baron desires his respects he intends to visit Philadelphia in a few days We have had a sorrowful house for sometime my poor friend Mulligan lost two of his sisters in one day by an epidemical fever which is raging with great violence in this City. Do not think me indolent I am not and will write constantly to you.\nAdieu my dear father beleive / me your dutiful and affectionate son\nCharles Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0206", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 26 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear Son\nPhiladelphia Decr 26. 1792\nI recd by the last post your favour of the 16. The Votes from New Hampshire to Maryland inclusively have been unanimous excepting the factious Voice of New York, and one Dr Johnson of Conecocheague formerly a New Yorker a Particular Friend of Mr Clinton and by his own confession under particular Obligations to him. Southward of Chesapeak all are for Clinton except S. C.\nI thank you for your History of Tragedy Comedy and Farce: but I cannot believe that Mr H. gave any encouragement to the Men of hand, to meddle with the Play house or the Board fences.\nI have read the \u201cFriend to Peace\u201d and have no Small Penchant to see Menander. The Translation of the French account of the Revolution is well done and deserves to be continued. I Scarcely know of a greater Service that could be now rendered to the People of this Country, than a faithful and impartial Account of French affairs would be. I wish the Leyden Gazette could be regularly translated as well as reprinted in the Courier. I mean that part of it which relates to French affairs.\nYour Observations on the Scurrility disgorged at me, as well as on the insidious Attacks on the general Government, are just to a certain degree. but not wholly so. The Newspapers guide and lead and form the public opinion. Gutta cavat lapidem, non vi sed s\u00e6pe cadendo. a continual dropping will wear a stone. We shall never have a fair Chance for a good Government untill it is made a rule to let nothing pass unanswered. Reasoning must be answered by reasoning: Wit by Wit, Humour by Humour: Satyr by Satyr: Burlesque by Burlesque and even Buffoonery by Buffoonery. The stupidity of Multitudes of good Friends of their Country and its Government is astonishing. They are carried away with every Wind of Doctrine and every political Lye: but the Docility with which they receive an answer when it is put into their Mouths is the only resource We have left.\u2014 hundreds even of the Officers of Government, Stand aghast like Children not knowing what to think nor what to Say, untill another Gazette furnishes them with Matter.\nFranklin was pursued by an Opposition all his Lifetime. He was sometimes rejected at Elections by the Citizens of Philadelphia. He generally answered and sometimes very bitterly the Pieces against him. But He and his F[riends] made it a rule all his Life to let no Paragraph [go] unanswered.\nThe Mortification of our well born State Monarch at the Unanimity of the five New England States, is in Character. He did me a Service by his late Journey to Connecticut. He put all the Stern farmers upon their Guard, and made them avoid all his Admirers even his Cousin, Thaddy Burr.\nI am grieved at the Weakness in the Conduct of this Gentn and his venerable Lieutenant towards me, but they can do me no harm: and I Say very little about them. Write me as often as you can.\nWe are all well\u2014 Love to your Mamma &c\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0207", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 28 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia Decr. 28. 1792\nYour Friends who are numerous enquire continually after your health and my answer is that you have not informed me that it is worse, from which my conclusion is that I hope it is better.\nThe Noise of Election is over, and I have the Consolation to find that all the States which are f\u0153deral have been unanimous for me, and all those in which the Antif\u0153deralists were the predominant Party, unanimous against me: from whence my Vanity concludes that both Parties think me decidedly f\u0153deral and of Some consequence. Four years more will be as long as I shall have a Taste for public Life or Journeys to Philadelphia. I am determined in the mean time to be no longer the Dupe, and run into Debt to Support a vain Post which has answered no other End than to make me unpopular.\nThe Southern States I find as bitter against Mr Jay as they are against me and I suppose for the same Reason. I am Surprized to find how little Popularity Mr Hancock has in any of the states out of Mass.\nMr Pierpoint Edwards has been here: although he did not vouch-Safe me the honour of a Visit or a Card, he was Seen in close Consultation at his Lodgings with Mr Jefferson and Mr Baldwin. I am really astonished at the blind Spirit of Party which has Seized on the whole soul of this Jefferson: There is not a Jacobin in France more devoted to Faction. He is however Selling off his Furniture and his Horses: He has been I believe agreater fool than I have, and run farther into Debt by his French Dinners and Splendid Living. Farewell for me all that Folly forever. Jefferson may for what I know pursuing my Example and finding the Blanket too short taking up his feet. I am sure, all the officers of Government must hall in their horns as I have done.\nMr Ingersoll has wrote me for his Fee with Thomas and I must pay it, if the House make any Appropriation. My Love to all\u2014 My Duty to my Mother. I am as impatient to see you as I used to be twenty year ago.\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0208", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 29 December 1792\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\nmy dearest Friend\nQuincy decbr 29th 1792\nI received your two kind favours of 7th & 12 of this Month. I have written to you regularly every week since you left me. we have not had any deep snow since the first in which you was caught upon the road. the greater part of that soon left us, & has been succeeded by two slight snows of a few inches depth. the weather has however been steadily cold & generally with a clear Sun shine. I find the cold creates as great an irritation upon my Nerves producing a Tremor, as the heat does by relaxation. I suffer more on that account than any other. I have not past a whole winter here for Nine years before. I think I mentiond to you that I had setled with shaw for the 5 Months he had lived with us, and agreed with him at the price we talkd of, for four Months more. He is very Steady, carefull & constant to buisness, tho not so string and active as some others. I have not yet any prospect of getting such an additional Hand as you want. I have desired mr Cary to inquire for me but they do not incline to let themselves till Spring. they do not know what price to ask. these Pernicious Banks will undoe us. yesterday mr Cranch gave a dollor pr Bushel for Rye. Bills which you know were three & four pr cent above Par when you went away are now as much below par. large Quantities have been sent here from the [sou]thard to be sold. tis said here that the demand for grain abroad, is the occasion of it, but I suspect some political man\u0153uvre tho I know not what, and upon this occasion I am like some other person\u2019s perhaps jealous without a cause. I see the Banks multiplying in every state, and I consider them as so many Batteries raisd against the General Government. I think this one instance amongst many others in which the state sovereigntys will prove pernicious we daily feel the banefull Effects of such an overplus of paper\nafter what took place in Nyork with respect to the Election of mr Jay\u2014I had no expectation but that the Same Party would oppose your Election to the v P. but I did not think that they would have led virgina by the Nose so compleatly the vote of those two states have declared to the world the Hostile Sentiments they possess towards the Government, for at that, much more than at you personally, is it aimed. as to disliking your politicks, I do not believe that they know what your politicks are. I am sure they do not if they rely upon the Representations which have been made to them by those whose sole intention was to deceive them\u2014 I own I cannot feel that cordiality towards those States which I do for those who have been unanimous towards you. I respect individuals of each, and I pitty those who are blinded by Party. if I know myself I do not think it is because I have such a fondness for the station, but because I think much of the tranquility & happiness of the Government depends upon having in that station, an establishd Character for firmness integrity and independence, and such must be the Character who can divest himself of all personal feelings, and do equal justice to those who are declareedly in opposition to his Principals, as to those who unite in sentiment with him. thus much for politicks. the best written peice I have read, and one which shews the Author to have had an acquaintance with all the transactions which have taken place for a number of years past, was that which was addrest to the Free and independent Electors of President & V. P. in Fennos paper of the 1 of decbr\u2014 I have a curiosity to know the writer.\nTomorrow I have a Number of hands going to cut the Timber for the Corn House that it may be ready for the first snow. your mother and Friends are all well. I received a Letter from Thomas, shall write to him soon affectionate Regards to mr & mrs otis and to all other Friends I have the advantage of you, I have Louissa for a bed fellow but she is a cold comfort for the one I have lost. pray continue to write weekly to your ever affectionate\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1301", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 4 January 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia January the Fourth 1792\nAs the Week is approaching when you are to be expected at Philadelphia, I take this opportunity to present to you and your Lady the Compliments of the Season, and request the honour and pleasure of your Company at our House during your Visit to this City.  We live in Arch Street at the Corner of fourth Street where your old bed is ready for you in as good a Chamber and much more conveniently Situated for your Attendance on your Court and intercourse with your Friends.  Mrs Jay We hope will bear you company and in this request Mrs Adams joins with me.  The Winter is very mild: Politicks dull.  Speculation brisk.  As We have little Interest in these Things We shall have a freer scope for Friendship.\nI am, my dear sir with Sincere / Esteem, yours\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1302", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 6 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nTreasury Department January 6. 1792\nIn obedience to the order of the Senate I have the honor to transmit you sundry papers relative to the exportation of fish.\nWith perfect respect I have the honor to be, Sir / Your most obedt. / and most humble servt.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1304", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 10 January 1792\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nNew York 10 Jany 1792\u2014\nI cannot easily tell you how much I am pleased & obliged by your friendly Letter of the 4th. Instant:\u2014were I to pursue my Inclinations, I should without Hesitation accept your kind Invitation\u2014but our Inclinations even in things innocent must not always be gratified.  my Visits to Philadelphia have ceased to be occasional, or I should certainly avail myself of those opportunities which your Hospitality would afford for that free and social Intercourse which I shall always be happy to enjoy and indulge. the courts call me regularly and periodically to Philada. and they will continue to call me as long as I remain in Office, or the present Order of Things continues unchanged.  This circumstance produces Considerations which press me, on those occasions to be in Lodgings\u2014and the more so, as your living in Town obviates Impediments to our seeing each other frequently, and passing as many pleasant Hours together, as our official affairs may permit.\u2014mrs. Jays situation will not admit of her being from Home next Term. We expect an Increase of our family about that Time.  a severe cold and cough have confined her to her chamber for ten Days past\u2014she is much indisposed, and as yet I do not perceive that her complaints abate.  The present State of her Health added to the situation she will soon be in strongly oppose my leaving her.  she requests the favor of you to present her best Compts: & acknowledgements to Mrs. Adams\u2014be pleased to add mine.\nAltho you keep your Doors shut, yet a certain motion has found its way out.  I am not pleased with it.  If that Encroachmt. should take place, no Man will in my Opinion be able to administer the Governmt. with Reputation to himself or advantage to the Public.  this appears to me to be the best Time to try the construction in Question.  I wish it may be pursued to a Decision; and not be reserved to some future occasion, when a contingent Combination of Circumstances may promise success to such an improper Measure\u2014\nWith sincere Esteem & Regard I am / Dear Sir / Your most obt. & hble Sevrt\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1305", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Anonymous, 19 January 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Anonymous\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 19. 1792\nAt a time when all the Men of Letters in the World are or ought to be employed in researches after the Principles of Society, although my friends and my Ennemies, (for I must at length acknowledge that I have such) concur in forbidding me to publish any of my Speculations, I see no reason why you and I may not exchange a few Letters, upon these important Subjects.\nA Society can no more Subsist without Gentlemen than an Army without Officers, So Says Harrington: So Says History: So Says Experience: So Says reason.  Out of a Body of Gentlemen, some how or other formed, are to be drawn Officers to command your Armies for national defence; Magistrates to execute the Laws and distribute Justice; Legislators to enact Laws; Physicians to preserve or restore health; Clergymen to preach the moral Science &c.\nIn every free Government, there has hitherto been and probably there always must be, a Senate, composed of a Collection of the best Men, by whom I mean the most knowing experienced upright courageous and independent Men. The great Question is how these shall be known formed or selected.  Election has been tried no doubt. Birth has been tried too: but Mankind seem to be now disgusted with that project, without knowing what to substitute in its Place, There is not a more curious question, now debated in the World, than this \u201cWhat is to become of the Nobility in Europe?\nThis question which has long puzzled me, has been brought fresh to my mind by reading Sir James Steuarts Principles of Political \u0152conomy. Vol. 1. page 63. Book 1. chap. 11 he Says \u201cIf there be found in any Country a very numerous Nobility, who look upon Trade and the inferiour Arts as unbecoming their birth; a good Statesman must reflect upon the Spirit of former times and compare it with that of the present. He will then perceive that these Sentiments have been transmitted from Father to Son, and that Six generations are not elapsed Since, over all Europe they were universally adopted: that although the Revolution We talked of in the 10th Chapter has in effect rendered them less adapted to the Spirit of the present times, they are however productive of excellent Consequences; They Serve as a Bulwark to Virtue, against the Allurements of Riches; and it is dangerous to force a Set of Men who form a considerable body in a State, from necessity to trample under foot, what they have been persuaded from their Infancy to be the test of a noble and generous Mind.\n\u201cAbout 200 years ago, the Nobility of Several Nations, I mean by this term, all People Well born, whether adorned with particular marks of Royal favour or not, used to live upon the produce of their Lands. In those days there was little Luxury little circulation; the Lands fed numbers of Useless mouths, in the modern acceptation of Useless, consequently produced a very moderate income in money to the Proprietors, who were, notwithstanding, the most considerable persons in the State.  This Class of Inhabitants remaining inactive in the Country, during the revolution abovementioned, have in consequence of the introduction of Industry, Trade and Luxury, insensibly had the Ballance of Wealth, and consequently of consideration turned against them.  Of this there is no doubt.  This Class however has retained the military Spirit, the lofty Sentiments; and notwithstanding their depression in point of fortune, are found calculated to shine the brightest, when Set in a proper elevation.  In times of peace, when trade flourishes, the Lustre of those who wallow in public money the Weight and consideration of the wealthy merchant, and even the ease and affluence of the industrious tradesman, eclipse the poor nobility: they become an Object of contempt to bad Citizens, an object of compassion to the good; and political Writers imagine they render them an important Service, when they propose to receive them into the lower Classes of the People.  But when Danger threatens from abroad, and when armies are brought into the field, compare the Behaviour of those conducted by a Warlike nobility with those conducted by the sons of Labour and Industry; those who have glory, with those who have gain for their point of view.  Let the State only Suffer this nobility to languish without a proper Encouragement, there is no fear but they will soon disappear; their Lands will become possessed by People of a Way of thinking more a la mode, and the army will quickly adopt new sentiments more analogous to the Spirit of a moneyed Interest.\nI find nothing more affecting to a good mind, than to see the distress of a poor nobility in both Sexes.  Some have proposed Trade for this Class.  Why do you not trade? I answer for the Nobility; because in order to trade I must have money.  This Objection is unanswerable.  Why then do you not apply to other branches of Industry? If it is the State who is Supposed to ask the question, I ask, in my turn, what Advantage She can reap from their Industry? What profit from their becoming Shopkeepers, Weavers or Taylors? Are not, or ought not all these Classes to be provided with hands from their own Multiplication? What Advantage can she reap by the Children of one Class taking the Bread out of the mouths of another?\nIf the Sentiments in which the nobility have been educated, prove detrimental to the State, throw a discouragement upon them, If Birth is to be no mark of distinction, let it not be distinguished by any particular mark of distinction priviledge, which in appearance Sets that Class above the level of those with whom the State intends they should be incorporated. You do not make your Valet de Chambre get behind your Coach, though upon an occasion it might be convenient and though perhaps he had been your footman the day before; you would even turn him out of Doors, did he not change his Company with his rank.\nIf you cannot afford to have a nobility, let it die away: grant as in England, the Title of noble to one of a Family, and let all the rest be commoners; that is to say, distinguished by no personal priviledge, whatsoever, from the lowest Classes of the People. But if you want them to Serve you as Soldiers, and that they Should preserve those Sentiments you approve of in a Soldier, take Care, at least of their Children.  If these appear to you poor and ragged, while they are wandering up and down their Fathers Lands, chasing a wretched hare or partridge, compare them when in the Troops, with those of your wealthy neighbours, if any Such you have.\u201d\nI have transcribed this long passage from this dry old Fellow least you might not have his Work at hand: but to make it more intelligible, I must transcribe the Passage referred to in the 10th Chapter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1306", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Pseudonym: \"The Recluse Man\", 19 January 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Pseudonym: \"The Recluse Man\"\n(Copied)Sir\nI received by the last post a sheet subscribed, \u201cA Recluse Man\u201d enclosed with another in Print, and have read both with feelings and reflections, some of which I should not choose to commit to paper.  The printed one, I had read with much pleasure in its season, and felt myself obliged to the writer, altho\u2019 I had no knowledge or suspicion of the Author. I have sometimes thought of collecting together and printing in Volumes all that has been written at me, since my return from Europe to my native Country. If I had more regard for my own glory in the eyes of posterity, than for that of my fellow Citizens, I should esteem such a monument far preferable to Mr. Cherachi\u2019s marble.  Such a torrent could flow only from the foul source of secret enmity to the Constitution of the United States, united with another stream of ill will to the present Constitution of Pennsylvania. Both, mingled with foreign politicks and domestic envy, jealousy and disappointment. And all these parties and individuals have done me the choice honor to give to the world and to posterity in the bitterness and agony of their hearts, the fullest proofs that they consider me as the first obstacle in their way. It gives me pain however to perceive that all their endeavors were ever able to impose for a moment on a man of Letters, of so much candor, sagacity and information as the Recluse Man.  The writers in opposition to me, have founded their speculations, on my Defence of the Constitutions. These Volumes will answer for themselves to any one who will enquire of them, and will prove that no other Books that ever were written except the Bible, were ever so much belied.  If you will do me the favor to accept a sett of them, and the greater favor to read them, I will order them to be presented to you.  The history of my passion for Titles is briefly this. In 1788 and 1789, there was much enquiry in conversation in Boston and its neighborhood, concerning the titles which were to be given to the Representatives Senators and president in the new Government, Many were for Majesty to the latter, others for Highness, some for Excellency; and others for no title at all.  The title of Most Honorable was constantly given to the Senators in one of the Boston papers, at least Rusells Centinele, and it seemed to be a general opinion that some title or other must be given to the President and Senators. When I took my seat in Senate at NYork, a Committee of both houses reported a plan of receiving the President when he should arrive, one part of which was, that the Vice President, should receive him at the door of the Senate Chamber, and conduct him to the Chair, and afterwards address him to inform him, that both Houses were ready to attend him while he took the Oath.  This Report was accepted by the Senate after having been accepted by the House. Upon this I arose in my place and asked the advice of the Senate in what form I should address him. Whether I should say Mr Washington Mr. President, Sir, May it please your Excellency, or what else? I observed that it had been common, while he commanded the Army to call him his Excellency but I was free to own it would appear to me better to give him no title but Sir or Mr President, than to put him on a level with a Governor of Bermuda, or one of his own Embassadors, or a Governor of any one of our States.  After I had made my observations, a Senator arose, and said it was an important point, and this was the precise moment to settle it; he there fore moved for a Committee of both houses to consider and Report upon it. This is the substance of the charge against me for a passion for Titles. For my own part I freely own that I think decent and moderate Titles as distinctions of offices are not only harmless but useful in Society and that in this Country where I know them to be prized by the people as well as their Magistrates, as highly as by any people or any Magistrates in the World, I should think some distinction between the Magistrates of the National Government, and those of the State Governments proper.  There is not however in the United States, personally a Citizen more indifferent upon the subject, or more willing to conform to the public will or wish concerning it. If the proofs that have been given me in the Newspapers of a deep malice against a Man, who has spent a life of anxiety hazard and labor in the Service of his Country, have given me pain it has been in some measure compensated by bringing me to the knowledge of the Recluse Man, whose goodness of heart, and ellegance of composition, I shall not soon or easily forget.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1307", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Meredith, 26 January 1792\nFrom: Meredith, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nTreasury of the United States Janry 26th. 1792\u2014\nPermit me thro you to lay before the Honble. the Senate my Intrest Accot. from the 30t Septemr to the 31t Decembr. as setled at the Treasury, the Specie accot when passed the Offices shall be immediately transmitted\u2014\nI have the honor to be / with perfect Respect / Sir / Your Most humble Sert\nSaml. Meredith Treas of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1308", "content": "Title: To John Adams from George Hammond, 28 January 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Adams, John\nSaturday 28 Jany 1792.\nMr Hammond has the honor of sending to the Vice\u2013President the last Monthly Review, and Gentleman\u2019s Magazine, and will be much obliged to him, if he will have the goodness to return, by the bearer, the last English Newspapers, if he has perused them", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1309", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Nathaniel Hazard, 29 January 1792\nFrom: Hazard, Nathaniel\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nNewyork 29th. Jany 1792\u2014\nI understood from my Friend, and late Fellow Traveller, that \u201cA Recluse Man\u201d had been heard of, but never seen, by the principal Object of it.  This Mistake alone, prompted the Author to inclose it, at first, in a blank Cover.  The Idea of commenting on it, arose after it had been sealed.  It was a disinterested, volunteer Effort; written at a Moment, when the Author had not the most distant Idea of ever being known, to those concerned; much less, of the distinguished Honor paid him, of noticing it, and accompanying it, with so very acceptable and valuable a Present, as the large Edition of the Defence of the American Constitutions.  The \u201cRecluse Man\u201d confesses, he was prompted to boast, that it was entirely a voluntary Affair, previous to, and uninfluenced by, personal Acquaintance, and consequent high Respect.  He had however a purer Motive.  He supposed, an Instance of disinterested Zeal & Good will, might tend to counterbalance all the possible sting, of at least one of the many calumniating Performances, which I hope for the Honor of my Country, do not represent the Essence and Acme of Southern Wit; the Quarter from which they apparently come.\nI had early purchased, the small American Edition of the \u201cDefence\u201d & began to read it with Attention in the Summer past.  I then learned, that a heavy Attack, would be commenced in Autumn, I believe, an Anticipation retarded it. \u201cVenienti\u2019 occurrite Morbo\u201d is perhaps, as good a political, as medical Rule.\nI asked of Doctor Johnson, (of our College) the History of the Business of Titles, in the Senate; he explained it, as it is done is the Letter, I am honored with.\nA Prone-ness to Change, appears to be an inherent Quality of Human Nature.  The first officer in America, has escaped its Effects longer perhaps, than usually happens in a Republic; longer than his most sanguine & personally devoted Friends could possiblyhave rationally counted upon.  But the Tide is now turning from Adulation, to its Opposite. The Indian War; expensive Diplomatique Establishments; improper Appointments; a Hobby-horsical federal City; a vain & expensive Statue; are familiar Topics of Censure.\nI consider every honest, independent Character, or Officer of Note in a Republic, almost as a temporary Martyr.  A good Conscience, and a Certainty of Justice in the public Opinion, when retired from public Station & Envy, are the only sustaining Reflections; & indeed they are powerful Consolation to those who have the Magnanimity to merit them.\nThe very flattering Notice taken, of my slender Efforts, induces me, perhaps imprudently; to mention my having, (with the Knowledge only of a very few confidential literary Friends) aimed at Times, at some useful Purpose, by occasional Publications.  In the American Museum of September 1790, an \u201cHints & conjectural Observations on an American Excise\u201d. In that of July 1791 \u2013 Page 25 Remarks \u201cOn Toll Bridges & Turnpike Roads\u201d. Of August following Page 67 \u201cConsolatory letter to an afflicted Friend\u201d.\nI cannot conclude, Sir, without reiterating, the very strong and grateful Impressions which I feel, on the distinguished Mark of Attention bestowed upon me, by a Character so eminent, in both Hemispheres, for Literature, Politics, and Patriotism; and that I am, with my very high & unfeigned Respect /  Sir /  Your most obedient and very humble servant\nNathl. Hazard\nP.S. Jany. 31st. The Receit of the three Volumes this Day, induces me to add, to a Letter already too lengthy. The second & third, are very important Supplements to the first; the whole contain such an Epitome of ancient and modern History & Polity, as is invaluable to a Man unavoidably engaged in busy commercial Life; who, however desirious, can enjoy very little literary Leisure.  I will with great Pleasure, make Time enough to read them; and compleat, what I once had began, that of making Extracts, which, without Comments, would confute Traducers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1310", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 4 February 1792\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir.\nBoston February 4th: 1792.\nA variety of circumstances have occurred since you left this part of the Country, which have combined to change in some measure the state of our parties in this State; you have probably heard of them from other Quarters, and ought to have heard of them before this from me. I will endeavour however to retrieve as far as possibly my former deficiency, and to give you an account of the present situation of affairs here, so far as I can collect my information from public report.\nIn the month of October a town meeting was held in this town, wherein it was voted to petition our general Court for a repeal of the law prohibiting theatrical exhibitions. The vote was carried by a large majority, but the party opposed to the measure was numerous, and a counter-petition signed by more than 300 persons was presented to the legislature at the same time with the petition for the repeal. Upon this subject, the lieutenant Governor, and Dr: Jarvis were upon the opposite sides of the Question, and debated the point so warmly together that a coolness, it is said has ensued between them, since that time.\u2014This however is a matter of small moment, in comparison with another event, which has produced a more extraordinary variance.\nWhen the vacancy upon the bench of our Supreme Judicial Court, occasioned by the death of Judge Sargeant, was to be filled up, the Governor was sollicited by the friends of Mr: Dawes (by his father particularly, and perhaps by himself) to fix upon him for the office; and whether from motives of personal friendship, or from pecuniary obligations, or from an idea of the family influence of the man, and a wish to secure it in his own favour, or whatever his reasons were, he did, without consulting an individual member of the council, or any of the Judges of the Supreme Court, or even his confidential favourite and adviser Sullivan, nominate Mr: Dawes. The nomination met with universal disapprobation. The bench, the Bar, and the people at large in every part of the State, were dissatisfied. The opinion that Dawes was not a proper man for the office, was universal, and the importance of the office itself greatly increased the discontent which the nomination occasioned.\u2014That discontent, however would have evaporated in a momentary censure of the levity, and caprice of the Governor, as it has upon many former occasions, had not the arrangement interfered, with the views of private interest, and with the designs of faction.\u2014From the first moment of the nomination, it has met with an avowed, and determined opposition from Sullivan and from Judge Dana, who appear even to have joined in a sort of combination to obstruct the progress of the appointment.\u2014Sullivan has clamoured in all his private conversations, has scribbled anonymously in the newspapers, has personally urged Mr: Dawes to decline the appointment and wrote a long Letter to the Governor, perswading him to withdraw the nomination: and he has so decidedly and perseveringly pursued this line of conduct, that an actual rupture has taken place between him and the Governor: nay I have some reason to conjecture, that he has serious thoughts of advancing as a candidate for the chair himself in opposition to the present possessor.\u2014The pretext of his violent opposition to Dawes is an ardent zeal for the dignity of the State\u2014And as an Enemy to the national Government his principle is certainly well founded.\u2014The Supreme Court of the State, has lost much of the veneration of the people by a former appointment\u2014It is indeed surprizing how that diminution of confidence has in so short a period of time since the last change, pervaded every part of the Commonwealth; and the mortification of the party, is greatly aggravated, by the respectability of the national Courts, and the growing attachment of the people to them.\u2014In addition to this it is said that Sullivan expected that the Salaries of our Judges would before the vacancy should be filled up be raised to \u00a3500, in which case, he would have stood ready to take the place himself, and in the opinion of many people his disappointment in this particular has exceedingly sharpened his zeal for the dignity of the State.\u2014\nOf Judge Dana I feel myself always obliged in duty, and from personal attachment, to speak with respect and reverence: but in writing to you upon the state of our politics, I must not conceal, the opinions which are held with respect to the motives of his conduct. He has been equally open and decided against Mr Dawes, with Sullivan, and equally active in endeavouring to prevent the appointment. His patriotism and public spirit are allowed, and admitted, as being much more forcible principles to actuate him than Sullivan, but the peculiar earnestness and even virulence, with which he pursues Dawes at present, has given occasion to a suggestion, that the prospect of failing to obtain an augmentation of his salary, contributed not a little to give additional vigour to his patriotic ardour.\u2014His eyes as well as those of Sullivan are supposed to be fixed upon the chair of State, and possibly he may anticipate an increase of his own popularity, by maintaining a contest against an unpopular measure. The views of the two men are so widely different, and indeed so irreconcileable together, that they cannot long act in concert, but as the object of keeping Dawes from the bench, is a favourite point with both, they have apparently formed a coalition for this particular purpose: they have both endeavoured to perswade Dawes to decline; both used all their influence with the members of the council, that the nomination might be disapprobated; but in vain. To decline an appointment, which he had sollicited, and obtained notwithstanding the opposition of Sullivan\u2019s influence with the Governor, would in Dawes\u2019s opinion betray a want of Spirit on his part, and after getting so good hold of the public loaf, he has no disposition to relinquish it. The council though most of them were dissatisfied, yet would not by passing a negative upon the Governors choice, cast a stigma upon the character of a man, whom they considered as only unequal to the office, and as to the Governor himself, in addition to all the motives which originally operated to determine his election, he is now induced from obstinacy, and resentment to support the man whom he brought forward. Dawes is therefore appointed, and has accepted the appointment. Mr Dana however does not yet give the point\u2014At the same time when Mr: Dawes was nominated, Dana was appointed to the vacant seat of Chief Justice; but he has not yet accepted, and it is said he intends actually to decline accepting it; and that, for the purpose of bringing in Question, the legality of Dawes\u2019s appointment. Our Law says the Supreme Court shall be held by one Chief-Justice, and four other Justices, and the inference is that there were four other Justices at the time when Mr: Dawes was nominated, the Governor had no right to propose a fifth untill the Chief Justice had declined his acceptance, and taken the Oath of Office.\u2014Thus the affair now rests, and the result of all the plots and counterplots will probably appear in the course of three or four weeks, when the next Session of the Supreme Court is to be held in this Town.\nI wrote to my brother by the last post an account of another transaction, which has occasioned much altercation in this Town, and has also contributed to widen the difference in the party. Sullivan and Jarvis strenuously supported the System that was proposed; and it was opposed violently by Ben: Austin, and by the influence of the lieutenant Governor, though he did not publicly appear against it. The parties were very severe upon each other in the public town-meetings: and are said to be still at variance; but whether from a sense of necessity for the mutual support of their own importance, and of their hostile Spirit to the national Government, they will again come together, or whether they will continue to separate untill a complete disunion and opposition of pursuit shall ensue, must be left to the determination of Time.\nThis Story has been so long in the telling that I have no room to give you any further accounts of our politics. Our General Court has been about three weeks in Session, and will probably sit three or four weeks longer: their time has hitherto been employed in the consideration of private petitions and other applications not of a public nature.\u2014They appear to be peaceably disposed, and indeed the happiness and prosperity of the people throughout the State, seems to continue and to encrease.\nWith my respects to my dear mother, and love to the rest of the family, I remain, my dear Sir, your faithful and affectionate Son.\nJ. Q. Adams.\nP.S. My brother Tom in a Letter which I received by the last post, says, he has two Setts of Espinasse, and promises to send me one if I have occasion for it.\u2014I would only remind him that the sooner he sends it, the more agreeable it will be to me\u2014I shall write to him again soon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1311", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Mitchell, 8 February 1792\nFrom: Mitchell, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nHono\u00farable sir!\nHag\u00fbe Feby: 8th: 1792\nMay I be So bold as to join my humble Sollicitations to those of My Revd: Father, Nothing co\u00fald have determin\u2019d me to do it, but the almost Certain information of the present Critical Sit\u00faation of Mr. D\u00fam\u00e1s Affairs.\nIf the Honourable Congress sho\u00fald think Proper to appoint another in his place, may I be So free to beg yo\u00far Interest & Favo\u00far to Recommend me as his s\u00faccessor, A fixed Resident here might be more agreable and less Expensive; and my knowledge of the French, Dutch & English Languages Wo\u00fald Greatly Facilitate the Several F\u00fanctions of it.  As I Sho\u00fald acco\u00fant, a Favourable appointment to S\u00fach a Post, as a very Disting\u00faishing hono\u00far, Especially from a Free and Independant State, So the Several Duties of it Sho\u00fald be my St\u00fady and Pleasure\nThese are the Real Sentiments of him, who begs to be honour\u2019d with a favo\u00farable answer to his Request, & Who has the hono\u00far to Sign him Self Yo\u00far Most H\u00famble & Obedient servant\nAlexr: Mitchell Advt:Prinse Gragt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1312", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Mitchell, 8 February 1792\nFrom: Mitchell, William\nTo: Adams, John\nHonourable Sir!\nLeyden Feby. 8th. 1792\nAs I had the Honour of knowing you personally during your short Residence here, & had seen many Proofs of your generous & disinterested Conduct, I use the Freedom to make a direct application to yourself in the important Character & Relation in which you stand to the united & independent States of N: America.\nIt is more than probable, Honle: sir, that Mr; Dumas the present Agent or Charg\u00e9 d\u2019affaires from the Honle: Congress at the Hague, by some disadvantageous circumstances in his domestic affairs, will be found, according to general Report, incapable of acting any longer in that Character by their High Mights: and consequently that that Post may become vacant. I hope therefore you will not take it amiss that I sollicit your interest in favour of my Son, who after taking his degree in Law in this University, has now been settled for some years in the Hague.  As he has married a Lady of fashion and fortune, his present genteel & independent Situation would enable him to do Honour to whatever Character might be conferr\u2019d on him.  It would ill suit me, sir, to say much in favour of my own Child.  As he is universally known and respected by People of the first distinction the, and has the Honour to be particularly in the good Graces of his S: Hs: the Prince of Orange, both his Ambition & Capacity would excite & enable him to discharge the duties of such an Employment with propriety & Reputation. He is now in his 28th year, in the prime & Vigour of Life, & would esteem the honour of such a Character more highly than the Profits or Emoluments resulting from it.  His moral principles & Conduct, I can assure you, are irreproachable.  As, I dare way, you still remember the very worthy & learned Dr: Maclean, with whom he is connected as Member of his Church Council there, you may, if anyways consistant with your other Views, freely apply to him or any one else of your Acquaintance, for farther Information.  A letter of Sollicitation from my Son will accompany this, both which, your known Candour, I hope, will excuse & favourably receive.  After assurances of the profoundest Respect, I have the Honour, very Honle: sir, to sign myself / Your most obedient humble Servant\nWm: Mitchell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1314", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Rodolph Valltravers, 15 February 1792\nFrom: Valltravers, Rodolph\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMonsieur!\n\t\t\t\t\tDe Rotterdam, ce 15e. F\u00e9vrr. 1792\n\t\t\t\tEn attendant le Sort de la Lettre, que j\u2019ai pris la Libert\u00e9 d\u2019addresser \u00e1 V\u00f4tre Excellence, le 8e. Decembre 1791. par le Cape. Rose, de la Marylande; parti d\u2019ici pour Georgetown; renfermant une Copie de ma derni\u00e9re Lettre \u00e1 S. E. le Genl. Washington, Pr\u00e9sident du Congr\u00e9s des Etats unis de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique: permett\u00e9s, que j\u2019aye l\u2019Honneur de Vous faire Part du triste Etat actuel, de v\u00f4tre jadis S\u00e9cr\u00e9taire, le bon vieux Papa DuMas, Agent de Vos Etats, quoique sans Caract\u00e9re avou\u00e9 et r\u00e9conn\u00fb de LL. HH. PP. Lui ayant fait adresser quelques Paquets, sur des Sujets literaires, par v\u00f4tre ing\u00e9nieux et laborieux Concitoyen, le Sr. Jean Churchman, je fus le saluer \u00e1 la Ha\u00ffe avant hier; ou je le trouvais dans l\u2019Etat le plus afflig\u00e9, soufrant Martyre, du Corps et de l\u2019Esprit; r\u00e9duit, par les hypochondres, \u00e1 un Etat de squelette, neglig\u00e9 et chagrin\u00e9 par sa Famille, et entour\u00e9 de Gens de peu de Confiance, desquels il ne sait, coment se d\u00e9p\u00e9trir, pour se r\u00e9tirer quelquepart en Pension, dans une Famille plus humaine, & moins avide \u00e1 le d\u00e9pouiller. A juger par son grand Abbattement du Corps et de l\u2019Ame, et par son Impatience de se r\u00e9tirer de ce bas Monde: je croirois sa Fin tr\u00e9s prochaine. V.E. saura mieux, que moi, s\u2019il poss\u00e9de quelques Actes et Documens publics, qu\u2019il conviendroit de mettre en Suret\u00e9? Et, ayant r\u00e9nonc\u00e9 \u00e1 tout Travail, qu\u2019il n\u2019est plus en Etat de continuer; Si les Interets des Etats conf\u00e9der\u00e9s, tant politiques, que mercantils, n\u2019exigent pas, ad interim, la Vigilance et l\u2019Activit\u00e9 d\u2019un Home de Confiance sur les Lieux, pour le soulager, et vaquer \u00e1 ses Fonctions, en attendant les Dispositions n\u00e9cessaires, du Pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif des Etats conf\u00e9der\u00e9s? pour remplir, \u00e1 leur Satisfaction, une Station tr\u00e9s importante dans les Conjonctures pr\u00e9sentes.En cette Occasion, comme en toute autre, je Vous prie, Monsieur, de r\u00e9iterer \u00e1 S.E. Monsr. le Pr\u00e9sident les humbles Offres de mon Z\u00e9le ardent et sinc\u00e9re, pour la Prosperit\u00e9 de Votre illustre R\u00e9publique, par tous les Services au faible Pouvoir de / Monsieur! / V\u00f4tre tr\u00e9s d\u00e9vou\u00e9 Servr.\n\t\t\t\t\tRodh. Vall-travers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1318", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Henry Marchant, 3 March 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Marchant, Henry\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia March 3d: 1792.\nI have received and read with much pleasure your kind letter of the 20th: Ult; Your sympathy with me under the Case effusions of mallice and falshood ought to be converted into shame for your Country, which wanted virtue, sense and spirit to discountenance what will remain a lasting disgrace to America to the Press and to letters. A Brown, a Markoe, & a Finley, suffered to insult for a whole Summer! Whom?\nEmulation is inseparable from the human mind. Elective Monarchies, however limited are the rankest soil in which emulation can be planted, and the Government of the United States as well as that of every individual State is to all intents and purposes an Elective tho\u2019 limited Monarchy; however ignorant people may amuse one another with eternal repetitions of the words Republic and Commonwealth, which they understand not.\u2014I own I did not expect that truth, honor and virtue would so soon have been trampled under foot in America, as much aware as I was of the turpitude usually produced by ambitious rivalries. You mention one very grave and serious charge against me which I never heard of before; to be sure it deserves a sober refutation. You say\u2014Mr. Ad\u2014\u2014s does not walk the Streets enough.\u2014This I deny\u2014I can prove by many witnesses that I walk a league in the Streets of Philadelpha. every day, which is more than any other member of Congress ever did. So that in this respect I am undoubtedly the man of the most merit, any where to be found.\nThe funding system is the hair shirt which our sinful country must wear as a propitiation for her past dishonesty. The only way to get rid of speculation is to hasten to rise of our stocks to the standard beyond which they cannot ascend. Clamor and murmur will do no good. The bad morals of the people brought them into this situation, together with their ignorance; and their bad morals and their ignorance will keep them in it, if they should obstruct or divert the public councils, from pursuing the scientific principles of social order and political \u0153conomy. Do our people imagine that those who buy land will not buy as cheap as they can, and sell as dear as they can? Mercantile bargains and sales are not made pro bono publico. Do we expect that Dutch Capitalists or English Merchants or American speculators in Lands, or funds, will spend their time and employ their Capitals as Washington and La Fayette, serve their Countries for nothing. It is time my friend that honest men should commune with one another, or unanimously agree to retire to obscurity together.\nI am sincerely / Your affectionate friend\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1320", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Allyne Otis, 5 March 1792\nFrom: Otis, Samuel Allyne\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhilada. March 5th 1792\nI am hurt by your unexpected & I think unmerited resentment this morning, for I had not the most distant intention to give offence\nSo many reflections have passed on the expenses of my office, I have redoubled my exertions to keep them as moderate as the nature of business will permit.  I did accordingly at the close of the last Session agree with Mr. Heysham to bring up the business of the Session, he calling the service 94 1/2 days, and on condition that I would state to you that number of days, necessarily employed in the recess, for your Excellencys certificate as the Lears provides.  This was done early in this Session when he received his money and signed a rect. in full.  And by this arrangement he was paid for Clerkship from Jany 1791 to Jany 1792 Dols 679.50, which is 179.50 more than other Clerks receive\u2014Men of equal abilities and attendance.  And with this he appeared perfectly easy until Mathers\u2019s last grant.  As to business in the recess, if Mr Heysham would attend as I could get plenty of capable men to attend, and as many hours as I attend myself, the business of the recess would take but a few if any days attendance of a Clerk\u2014\nIn fact Mr Heysham has received all he agreed for, all I drew from the Treasury for him, and in any opinion all that justice entitles him to.  I shall however receive neither good or hurt from a resettlement of his account, and shall cheerfully acquiesce in your doings, having nothing to regret but the unexpected loss of a friend, for what I supposed my duty.\nI have the honor to be with esteem & / respect / Your Excellencies / Most Humble & / Obedt Sert\nSam. A. Otis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1321", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Nathaniel Hazard, 10 March 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Hazard, Nathaniel\nSir\nPhiladelphia March 10th. 1792\nYour obliging favor of the 29th. of January would not have remained so long unanswered had not sickness in my family of a long continuance and distressing nature interrupted my inclination to acknowledge my obligations to you.  The \u201cAnticipation\u201d which you observe to have retarded an \u201cheavy attack\u201d, I do not fully understand.  Such is the constitution of the human mind, that nations and other great bodies of men, can never be expected to have even virtues but in extremes. The habit of praise as well as of blame runs naturally to extravagance. I cannot vindicate every measure which you say is a topick of censure; and if neither prevention nor remedy are in my power, it would do no good for me to concur in the blame. I have read the hints &c on an American excise; the Remarks on Toll bridges and turnpike Roads, and the consolatory Letter to an afflicted friend; and I think they are proofs of a talent at composition which ought not to be neglected, of a Judgement which will be respected, and of a virtuous disposition which cannot but be loved and esteemed. If the Volumes you Received should afford you any amusement, or occasion any new reflections, I shall be happy. They were all written and printed, except the last letter of the last volume, before the Constitution of the United States reached my hand. They lay open all the sources of information on the subject, and if my own opinion expressed in them is not well founded, the reader will know where to look for facts, arguments and objections against it. I have seen no rational attempt to confute my doctrines unless it be in a writer under the signature of Philodemos, who finally rests his argument on this position, \u201cthat the people of America are, and will continue to be, different in knowledge and virtue from all other people who are or have been.\u201d On this position I am willing to rest it, and leave to time and experience the decision. If ambition and avarice are not as strong in this Country, as in others, my observations have been inaccurate. If intrigues and manuvres in Elections have not been practised, and are not now practising, I have been misinformed; and if the people are not every day deceived by artifice and falsehood, I have no understanding. The share that has been assigned to me in publick affairs the circumstances of my fortune and family, as well as my age, make me very willing to resign to any other, who may possess more of the popular favor, or national confidence.  The Hozanna\u2019s of blind Enthusiasts, I never covetted. The esteem of the wise and the good will ever be dear to the heart of / Sir your obliged humble servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1322", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 10 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nTreasury Department March 10th. 1792\nIn obedience to the order of the Senate, of the 8th instant, I have the honor to transmit thirteen returns exhibiting, as accurately as practicable, the various descriptions of vessels employed during the year ending the 30th September, 1790, in the import trade of each State at that time comprehended in the Union, together with the foreign places from whence they departed for the United States.\nI have also the honor to transmit thirteen returns exhibiting, as far as the public accounts admit, the various species of Merchandize imported during the year ending on the 30th day of September, abovementioned. Two of each sets of these returns, vizs: Those for North Carolina and Rhode Island, are not for the entire year, as they were not during a part of it comprehended within the Union.\nIt is ascertained by the Books of the Treasury, and the fact will appear from a return now in preparation, that the proportion of duties accruing on goods imported in foreign ships during the year ending the 30th of September last, is less than one-fourth of the whole duties on goods imported.\nThese returns, having been completed prior to the order of the Senate, do not convey all the information required by their Act, but as they contain a considerable portion of what is directed, I have thought it best to transmit them without delay. The remaining information will be prepared as expeditiously as possible; though the preparation of a part of it will require very considerable time.\nWith the highest respect, I have / the honor to be,\u2014Sir, / your most obedt & most / humble Servant,\nA. HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1323", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Marchant, 12 March 1792\nFrom: Marchant, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir,\nNewport March 12th. 1792\u2014\nI take the Liberty to introduce my Friend Dr. David Olyphant to Your Notice.\u2014He is a Native of Scotland, but for many Years a Citizen and Physician of Eminence in Charlestown So. Carolina; and for some Time one of the Councill of that State.\u2014A few Years past he married here a Connection of mine and of Your old Friend Govr. Ward,\u2014a Miss Vernon who accompanies him,\u2014a Lady of exceeding good Sense\u2014and fine Accomplishments\u2014The Dr. is a Gentleman of good Sense and a most agreable Friend, and I believe is now pursuing some Interest at the Ohio in behalf of himself and others\u2014\nI find You have appointed a Committee to let You know what You have to do, that you may depart as early as the begining of April\u2014I am very confident now of Us, presumed Congress would rise till May or June.\u2014The Business we recollect as recommended for Consideration is in great part unfinished. But perhaps You will never see a clear Board.\u2014Sure I am You must wish for a Relaxation.\u2014I wish Your Return to Boston may be by the Way of Newport.\u2014We will endeavour to give You good Bridges or Boats:\u2014And if common Fare,\u2014a sincere Heart with the Hand of Friendship\u2014And all the Return we wish is, that You will not conceive by doing this You or Yours will give Us trouble;\u2014For I assure You we will not be at any\u2014In all this Mrs. Marchant sincerely joins me, with sincere Respects to Mrs. Adams\u2014\nI am most respectfully Yours\nHy: Marchant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1324", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 15 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nSir:\nTreasury Department, March 15, 1792.\nIn further pursuance of the order of the Senate, of the 8th instant, I have the honor to transmit a return of the exports from the United States, for one year, ending the 30th September, 1791, exhibiting the islands and countries to which those exports have been shipped.\nThis document is completed so far as the returns have been received at the Treasury; but an additional is yet to be made of the exports from Charleston, in South Carolina, and from some ports of inferior consequence, for the two last quarters of the returned year, the papers relative to which have not been received. There is also transmitted a return of outward tonnage for one year, ending March 31, 1791.\nIn regard to the remainder of the statements required by the Senate, it is very uncertain whether the delay of the returns from certain of the custom houses, and the length of time they will require, will not prevent the completion of them before the end of the session.\nI have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant,\nAlexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury.\n   This statement is not now to be found.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1327", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 23 March 1792\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nN York 23 March 1792\n            I have this Moment afternoon recd. the Letter wh. you did me the Honor to write on the 21 Inst\u2014by & by which I am informed that the Trustees of the sinking fund are being equally divided in opinion respecting the Construction of their authority under the Act making Provision for the Reduction of the public Debt, my attendance had become necessary\u2014\n[crossed out: On considering the Act in Question it appears to me that any three of us with the approbation of the President are authorized to direct the Purchases to be made of the Debt However entwined under at its Market Price of not exceeding the Par or base Value that I do not percieve that their authority is contravened by the Act except at the market price, if not exceeding the par or true Value thereof\u2014\u2014By this I understand that we are never to give more than the market price, and that was we  are restrained from giving that, whenever it exceeds the Part, or true Value thereof\u2014\u2014end of crossed out]\nAs the  the Season of the Year, & the State of the Roads I have  obedience The Debt was imposed upon you by the ActI shd. conceive it to be  my Duty instantly to set off for repair to Philada., of the Day were it not for the Risque of being detained   by now for last days the Curcuit Court here, was not to declare as that there would be no Risque of I ought return in   to me to allowd it\u2014considering   out any  Risque of being  by the bad weather & bad Roads common at this season\u2014from the circuit court wh. is so shortly to be held in this city as the point in Question can turn only on the word of the words of the Act, Would it not answer every Purpose to state the to state Would it by me\u2014I well would put it the most mature & candid consideration, & take the earliest opportunity of conveying to you my Opinion respecting it Be pleased Sir to p with great Respect\nI have the Honor to be with great Respect / Sir / yr. most obt. & hble Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1330", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Abijah Hammond, 30 March 1792\nFrom: Hammond, Abijah\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nNew York March 30th. 1792.\nAt the moment when Colo. Smith was leaving this Place Yesterday for England, the enclosed letter was delivered to him by the Unfortunate Man who is the Subject of it\u2014Not having time to Write to You himself he has Requested me to do it; and it being the cause of Justice and Humanity I comply with Pleasure, heightened by the hope that through Your Patronage he will Receive from Congress that aid which he Seems very Modestly to ask and justly to Merit\nWith great Respect I am / Your Excellencys / Very Hble. Servt.\nA. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1331", "content": "Title: To John Adams from United States Congress, March 1792\nFrom: United States Congress\nTo: Adams, John\n            Mr: BassettNoBradleyNo\" Burr.No\" Butler.No\" Cabot.No\" Carroll.Aye\" Dickinson.Aye\" Ellsworth.No\" Few.No\" Foster.No\" Gunn.No\" Hawkins.No\" Henry.Aye\" Johnston.Aye\" Izard.No\" King.No\" Langdon.No\" Lee.Aye\" Monroe.Aye\" Morris.Aye\" Read.NoRobinsonNo\" Rutherford.No\" Stanton.No\" Sherman.No\" Strong.No\" Wingate.No\n            20 N7 A.After apportionment in the amendt. made by dividing the whole or aggregate numbers of the people in the United States by  thirty thousand, and apportioning them among the several States by  that ratio, untill they shall respectively have the number to which it will entitle them, and the residue of said members among those States having the highest fractions\u2014On motion to amend the amendt. last agreed to by inserting these words after the word apportionmentYeas & Nays No 2", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1332", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Francis Dana, 2 April 1792\nFrom: Dana, Francis\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nCambridge April 2d: 1792.\nI beg leave to introduce to you my friend and kinsman Capt. Hobby who is going on to Philadelphia partly with a view of obtaining the appointment of Inspector of the Militia for the eastern part of our Commonwealth, if it shou\u2019d be in the gift of the President.  I am told the bill which has passed the house upon this subject, leaves the appointment & pay also, to the several States: This, with submission to the wisdom of that body, is an unadvised provision, & I fear, if it shoud stand in the bill, will be the means of loosing the principal benefits to be expected from such an officer.  However this may be, you wou\u2019d confer a new obligation upon me, by affording my kinsman any aid in his views, which you can consistently with your own ideas of things in the station you hold in our general Government\u2014As to his qualifications for the office, I can say that I believe he is well known to Genl. Knox, and will also be recommended strongly to him, by Colo: Jackson to whose regiment he belonged, I am not sufficiently intimate with Genl: Knox to write him myself on this subject I shou\u2019d otherways do it\u2014If you shou\u2019d speak to him upon it, and shou\u2019d see no impropriety in it, you may mention to him that I have written to you upon the subject and shou\u2019d be obliged to him for his interest in Capt: Hobby\u2019s favour.\nYou will be pleased to accept my sincere wishes for your political & domestic welfare, &c.\nI am dear Sir, / with much respect & esteem / your obliged friend & humble Servant\nF M Dana\nP.S. Mrs: Dana joins me in presenting our best regards to your Lady", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1333", "content": "Title: From John Macpherson to John Adams, 2 April 1792\nFrom: Macpherson, John\nTo: Adams, John,United States Senate\n\t\t\t\t\tTo the President and other Gentlemen of the Senate of the United States of North America.\n\t\t\t\tThe Petition of John Macpherson most respectfully ShewethThat his attachment to and desire to serve this Country has been the cause of his loosing an independent fortune by the Revolution.Therefore he begs liberty to relate the following facts, viz. That he has enriched North America more than any man of his station ever did, as he took more prizes in the French War than any other person ever did that commanded a Ship of War, That by so doing he acquired an independent fortune to himself, which fortune he has entirely sunk by still endeavouring to serve this Country. That he rejected the command of Eighteen Sail of Cutters, of eighteen nine pounders each which command would have been more lucrative than any Admirals in the Royal Navey, not only so, but threw up the Command of three Vessels that he then commanded, rather than fight  against America, and immediately brought his family out again to North America, where he has met with nothing since comparatively speaking but disappointment, persecution, loss of Fortune and by his perseverence to serve the Country, reduced to perfect poverty.When our Army was sent to the Northward, he sold all his Houses and Lots in this City and called in three Mortgages with which he had Bonds and Judgements, and drew out of the Bank of Edinborough, Two thousand, Eight hundred pounds Sterling, not only so, but sold his Bills of Exchange for one per Cent less, to be paid in Gold & Silver, as no other Money would suit the Army going to Canada.He must also take the liberty to declare, that he has run a greater risk of his life than any Man in the United States, and by which he changed the face of the War, as he was the cause of taking the Hessians at Treton. General Washington at first refused to give him a pass to cross the Delaware, declaring if he granted his request, he certainly would be hanged as he must be well known to many Officers in the British Army, but afterwards, by the intercession of General Armstrong, crossed the River at Carrials ferry went thro\u2019 their whole armies and succeeded to his utmost wishes, gave General Washington proper information, who made a very proper use of the intelligence he got, If such Services are not to be rewarded in this Country, some will think there is no gratitude in it. I hope the honorable Congress will take such notice of this petition as to convince me, there is both Virtue and Gratitude in North America,\u2014Your speedy compliance may lead me from poverty and distress and fix proper Sentiments in a gratefull heartAnd your Petitioner as in / duty bound will ever pray\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Macpherson\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1334", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., 5 April 1792\nFrom: Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr.,Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tAn Act for an apportionment of Representatives among the several States, according to the first enumeration.\n\t\t\t\tBe it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That, from and after the third day of March, in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three, the House of Representatives shall be composed of one hundred and twenty members, elected within the several States according to the following apportionment; that is to say: Within the State of New Hampshire, five; within the State of Massachusetts, sixteen; within the State of Vermont, three; within the State of Rhode Island, two; within the State of Connecticut, eight; within the State of New York, eleven; within the State of New Jersey, six; within the State of Pennsylvania, fourteen; within the state of Delaware, two; within the state of Maryland, nine; within the State of Virginia, twenty-one; within the State of Kentucky, two; within the State of North Carolina, twelve; within the State of South Carolina, seven; and within the State of Georgia, two.\n\t\t\t\t\tJonathan Trumbull, Speaker of the House of Representatives.John Adams, Vice President of the U.S. and Pres. of the Senate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1335", "content": "Title: From Thomas Fielder to John Adams, 10 April 1792\nFrom: Fielder, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John,United States Congress\n\t\t\t\t\tTo the Honble the Senate & House of Representatives of the United States\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 10 April 1792\u2014\n\t\t\t\tThe Memorial of Thomas Fielder Respectfully representingThat he having invented an Apparatus for facilitating Navigation for which he has obtaind the grant of an exclusive privilege, by the requisition of Friends to the extensive utility of the Idea he has at a very considerable expence attempted the prosecution of his Design but perceiving that its completion (so as to carry it into useful effect) will be too ponderous a weight for him, and having clearly ascertained that the Publick weal is so materially concerned in no time being lost in pursuing this Business he trusts that it will not be incompatible for their Patrons and Friends to grant him such aid for the present as in their Wisdom they may deem meet, which he will cheerfully refund at their own timeThis is most Respectfully submitted by\n\t\t\t\t\tThomas Fielder", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1336", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Bromfield, Jr., 13 April 1792\nFrom: Bromfield, Henry, Jr.\nTo: Adams, John\nSir,\nLondon 13h. April 1792\nAt the Request of our mutual Friend Mr. Copley I have shiped on board the Polly, Capt. Reed for Philadelphia a Case directed for you containing two Prints of his Earl of Chatham\u2014It is accompanied with a Letter from him & a Bill Lading under this Enclosure\u2014\nWith them I beg Leave to present my sincere Respects to yourself & Mrs. Adams, and shall be happy in ev\u2019ry Opportunity that my Situation here may afford of being in any Degree useful to you.\u2014\nI have the Honor to be / Sir, / Your most obedient / Humble Servant\nH. Bromfield Jun.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1337", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Nathaniel Hazard, 16 April 1792\nFrom: Hazard, Nathaniel\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nNewyork 16th. April 1792\u2014\nI was duly honored with your Favor of 10th. March, & delayed acknowledging its Receit, fearing, I might be considered, as too prompt, & intrusive for a recent Introduction & Acquaintance.\nEarly in this last Summer, I was assured; that the Author of \u201cthe Defence of the american Constitutions\u201d would be closely attacked in the Fall.  My Informant, was an intimate Friend of the Printer\u2019s, whose Press it afterwards appeared was to be dedicated to the democratic Side, as a Ballance, to Fenno\u2019s Aristocratic one.  The democratic Paper commenced its Operations in the Fall, but, with a Moderation, which I did not expect.  \u201cThe Recluse Man,\u201d called out \u201cPeter Pendulum\u201d which was an Anticipation; by it, the Attack was unexpectedly carried into the Enemy\u2019s Country Territories, with an Impression, which I believe, was disheartening, & made a Truce desireable, instead of a contemplated, offensive Excursion.\nI have read the Notes on Virginia with Pleasure; after which, I read little more than the Introduction \u201cto the Defence\u201d, on which, I gave to an intimate Friend, my impartial Opinion, as to the literary Merits of both, long before I ever expected to be honored with the Acquaintance of either Writer.  I believe the former to be a Scholar; but the Science of Government, which requires a thorough Knowledge of the human Head and human Heart, is not attainable by the most laborious Study.\nHe who beleives the People of America, are a People sui Generis, as to private, or political Virtue, must be very young indeed.  Almost every faithful Whig, must have felt the contrary, in whatever Station placed, whether public, or private.  I endured a seven Years Exile, & sacrificed not only an acquired Competence, but the Patrimony of my Ancestors, to a zealous Belief, in the Resources, and Faith of my Country.\nI esteem \u201cThe Defence\u201d as a most valuable Epitome, of political & ethical Knowledge, which explains satisfactorily to me, the true Causes of many Facts, I have noted in my Walk thro\u2019 Life, which appeared to me difficult to account for. The Neglect shewn to literary Men in Republics, as mentioned in the Introduction, struck me very forcibly.  Half a dozen able Pens, in a Country; are capable of causing a Revolution in public Opinion.  In 1785 Mr. Trumbull, with three or four Associates, effected it in Connecticut:  In 1786 I proposed to him to establish a Society of literary Masons, throughout the Continent, who should combine to build the Temple of Science & Virtue.  But it was thought too hazardous an Undertaking; that all the little Rogues, and great Block Heads in America would take the Alarm, and combine together.  In the same Year, Two in this State, who have recently been honored with your Notice, were almost the only Writers, who were angrily charged by a leading Antifederalist, as having been instrumental in \u201cblackguarding the State into the Impost\u201d. The very Words; of the disappointed State Impost Man.\nI observed with much Pleasure in \u201cThe Defence,\u201d the Error of Mankind imputed to the Head, and not to the Heart.  Authorities to support our supposed, peculiar Opinions, are very grateful.  I admire Sterne\u2019s Philanthropy, as much as his Wit\u2014He observed most benevolently \u201cThere is a Fund of Cullability in the human Heart\u201d. A Discoverer of \u201cPolitical Heresies\u201d spoke so warmly and feelingly of Sterne, when I was in Philadelphia; that I told Mr. Trumbull, I would agree to spare farther Effusions, if a peaceable Line of Conduct was adhered to.\nI do not recollect any Positions of the Author of \u201cThe Defence,\u201d which I dissent from, having Reference to the Time when he wrote, & his instant Views.  I think however, there is Room, for honest Men, to mistake and misapply his Doctrines.  I believe the Constitution of the United States was meant by many of the Federalists, to be nearly analogous, to that of this State, that an aristocratic Strong Hold of the State Sovereignties in the Senate, was  meant & stipulated.  With Burke, I respect \u201cthe Compact\u201d, both from Motives of Peace & Policy. I think his last Publication the \u201cAppeal from the new Whigs to the old ones\u201d contains much sound Doctrine, & deep Knowledge of Men and Things.  When the People of this Country, feel it advantageous, to give more Tone to the Executive, and less to the Senate, it would perhaps better arise from the same impressive Conviction, as induced us calmly to emerge from a State of deprecable Anarchy, to a firm well toned Government, which I ever admired & advocated.\nI inclose an Extract from Burke\u2019s last Pamphlet Page 22 which struck me forcibly on Reading, as very analogous to the Time and Circumstances of America, & explanatory of the Feelings and Views of the Author of \u201cthe Defence\u201d when he dwelt with such imputed partial Stress, or mixed Monarchy.\nThe rapid Succession of calamitous Events, caused by overtrading in the Funds, has produced such a Concussion as this Country never before witnessed.  How far it will extend, or what will be the Effect of this wide spreading Ruin, it is impossible to divine.  The Secretary of the Treasury, may lay his Account for many holiday political Hosanna\u2019s, turned into \u201cCrucify\u201d.  It is the Lot of Man.  Great and good Men of this Day and Country, have been unmeritedly his Precursors in this thorny Path of Trial.  His Enemies and those of the Government, say that Government should have checked the Spirit of Speculation, when it transcended the real Value of the Funds\u2014or Stocks;\u2014there is an Appearance of Weight in this Objection, which I wish could easily be removed. To the Assumption of the States Debts  I have always been a Friend, and esteem the National Bank, a national Benefit.\nI have the Honor to be with Sentiments of the highest Esteem, and profound Respect., /  Sir /  Your most obedient & very humble Servant\nNathl. Hazard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1338", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Willis, 16 April 1792\nFrom: Willis, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhilada Aprill 16th. 1792\nthe defeat of our late army & Considering them subject to similar disasters led me to invent something if possible to support them in future, & I believe I may with propriety inform your honour that I have happyly Obtaind it\u2014Sir it is A Carriage on four Wheels piked all Round mounts two Cohorns or small Cannon severl Blunderbusses &&c\u2014 Mand by ten or twelve men About the size of A Common Waggon only higher A Breast to Cover the men it may be drawn by 2 horses & made Use of as A baggage waggon till wanted for the Use intended for\u2014that is to Cover the flanks of an Army on A line of march to form A Front & Rear Guard\u2014with Great safety & small fatigue to Cover Reconitering parties  to Escort supplys to different Garrisons\u2014A sergeant & ten men I am much of Opinion with one of these mooveing Batterys whold Prove Impregnable against 4 times the number of Indians or Any Other warriors without the Use of Artillery in Action the horses Are taken Out & the men under Cover Can Advance or Retreat Nearly as fast on level Ground with as without it\u2014I have shown it to Generall Mifflin. he much Aproves of it & told me it was his Opinnion that four of them which Could be mand by 40 men whould have prevented the defeat of our late unfortunate Army\u2014Sir if this should be thought usefull I should be happy to lay it & some others Before You that I think will be of Great benefite to the Army\u2014\nI have the honour to be with the / Greatest Respect Your Excellencys / most Obt hun Servt\nThos Willis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1339", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Singleton Copley, 20 April 1792\nFrom: Copley, John Singleton\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nBy this conveyance I send a case directed for you, containing two prints of the Death of Lord Chatham framed and glaized; one of which you will find marked with your name; the other with General Washingtons name; the first, I beg you will do me the honor to accept; The other, I take the liberty to request you will present, in my name to General Washington; As the painting from which the print has been taken, has been a very popular work, in this Country and the production of an American; I trust it will not be, an unacceptable, though a small tribute, and expressive in a very feeble degree, of the respect I feel for such distinguished merit as General Washington possesses.\nMrs Copley and family unite in best regards to Mrs Adams, and your self, with your Most Obt. and faithful / Humble Sev\nJ. S. Copley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1341", "content": "Title: From Sc., Merchants of Charleston to John Adams, April 1792 to May 1792\nFrom: Charleston, Sc., Merchants of\nTo: Adams, John,United States Senate\n\t\t\t\t\tTo the Honorable the President and the Honorable Members of the Senate of the United States of America.\n\t\t\t\t\tApril\u2014May, 1792\n\t\t\t\tThe Memorial and Petition of Sundry Merchants engaged in Commerce previous to the late Revolution Humbly Sheweth.That your Memorialists chearfully concurred with their Fellow\u2013citizens from the year 1774 in such measures as were deemed necessary to oppose the Claim of Great Britain over America, to Secure its Independence and to Establish the blessings of Liberty and the happiness now enjoyed by its Citizens\u2014That to defray the Expences of the War, Congress as well as the State Governments found it necessary to have recourse to the Emissions of Paper money and Congress Resolved \u201cThat any person refusing to receive said Bills in payment, or obstruct and discourage the currency or circulation thereof, such person should be deemed published, and treated as an Enemy to his Country.\u201d And afterwards by Subsequent Resolutions Congress recommended to the Legislatures of the Several States of the Union to pass Laws to make such paper Money a legal tender in all payments and agreeable thereto\u2014such tender Lws were passed by the different States.That your Memorialists were largely concerned in Trade with the Merchants in Great Britain before the War: That the Merchants in this Country from its earliest Establishment had been in the habit of importing on Credit and disposing of those Imports payable when the Planters brought their Crops to market, whereby the Importers were always indebted to the Merchants in England and the Planters and Consumers to the Merchants here; That the Mutual Confidence was such that Instances of Bankruptcy or Suits from England were rarely known here.That when the troubles between Great Britain and America first began, large Sums were due by your Memorialists to their Correspondents; That large Sums were also due to your Memorialists in America from the Planters or Consumers of those Merchandize for which they stood indebted;\u2014which if the war had not happened they could easily have remitted, and after payment of their debts, most of them would have had handsome Fortunes left.That the Sacrifice of a Lucrative Trade they made chearfully, and readily agreed in the first Instance to the Non\u2013Importation Agreement. That to give Efficacy to this measure Congress Resolved in June 1775 \u201cThat no Bill of Exchange draught, or order of any Officer in the British Army or Navy, their Agents or Contractors, should be Received or Negotiated or any Money supplied them by any Person in America.\u201d No other Bills could be procured at that time, By this Resolution together with the Non Exportation Agreement, your Memorialists were prevented from paying their debts by the Acts of their own Governments, and which was farther enforced by the British Prohibitory Act which Effectually prevented and rendered it absolutely impossible for your Memorialists to make Remittances by an Act of the British Government. And your Memorialists assert for Fact that an honest desire in Some to pay their debts and prevent the ruin of their friends, having attempted to make circuitous Remittances had their Goods seized and Confiscated by the British.That in consequence of the Tender Laws and large Circulation of paper Money, the far greater part of your Memorialists outstanding debts due to them in Specie Value were paid off in depreciated Money at different times, and in many instances they did not receive three pence in the pound. And your Memorialists received the same upon the Faith of the Public repeated by pledges, and of the Abilities of the Union to make good the Expences of the War carried on principally with the Emissions of the Paper money.That as late as September 1779. by the Circular, letter of Congress to the Citizens of America which was unanimously agreed to by that Honorable Body, your Memorialists had the strongest assurances\u2014Of which they never entertained a doubt that the paper Money would be redeemed by the United States with Specie, having the inclination as well as the Abilities to comply with the same; And such was the Confidence of the Citizens that many Sold their property and lodged their Monies in the Public Funds.\u2014But that by the Fourth Article of the Definitive Treaty of Peace, your Memorialists saw with Grief and Astonishment that they were to pay those debts in Sterling Money of Great Britain which the laws of their Country had obliged them to receive in depreciated Money, and they are even threatened now that they are also liable to pay the Interest during the War; Altho\u2019 the measures of the British Government had Effectually stopped all possible means of making remittances; that by this Article of the Treaty your Memorialists are adjudged to pay that for which they never received Value, and are left a Prey, to their British Creditors.That your Memorialists entertained hopes that after the adoption of the New Constitution and the System of Funding the Public debt, they would have found themselves in Some measure indemnified of their Great Losses by some adequate provision for the redemption of the Continental Money: But to their great Mortification it was to be received only at One hundred dollars for one. That your Memorialists do no mean to Embarrass the measures of Government, but to State the peculiar Grievances they labour under to the Representatives of the Nation in full confidence that they will listen with a tender Concern to their Complaints and afford them the most ample relief the Nature of their truly Melancholy Case and the present happy Situation of their Country will admit of.That your Memorialists entertain no doubt that the Stipulation of the Fourth Article of the Treaty of which they complain could only be founded in Necessity to restore the blessings of Peace and was in fact the only Sacrifice made on the part of America: It was the price of peace.Your Memorialists humbly conceive that it has been the policy of every good Government, that when the Interest of Individuals hath been Sacrificed to the public Weal, that they should receive Compensation form the Community that benefits thereby; That in a Case similar to your Memorialists after the Conclusion of the peace Great Britain altho\u2019 unsuccessful, has made ample Compensation not only to the Loyalists who had suffered by their Attachment to the British Government but also to the inhabitants of East Florida who Suffered in their property by the Cession of that province to Spain: Because it was the price of peace on their part.That unless some relief is extended to your Memorialists to indemnify them in some measure for the unparalleled Losses to which they are Subjected by the Treaty of Peace, many of your Memorialists will be greatly reduced in their circumstances, and the rest will be left to groan under the Misfortunes of insolvent debtors\u2014Not by their own Acts, Not through want of Industry or prudence; but by the power of the Sovereignty of Government which rendered their ruin Inevitable\u2014And while their fellow Citizens enjoy the blessings of the peace and the Comforts of Life; Your Memorialists will probably be doomed by the same peace to behold the happiness of others from a prison! The Widows and Orphans of those who are already fallen Victims to their Misfortunes occasioned by the Circumstances before Stated will be left in poverty and distress, Altho\u2019 intitled by their Situation before the War to Ease and Opulence.\u2014Your Memorialists humbly hope that from the above Representation of Facts your honorable House will be inclined to take the premises into Consideration and they trust that the peculiar hardships borne by the Merchants will awaken the Sympathy of Government. Wherefore your Memorialists humbly pray your honorable House to grant them such Relief in the premises as to your Wisdom and Justice shall seem meet and your Petitioners will ever Pray\n\t\t\t\t\t[60 Signatures]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1342", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Knox, 1 May 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nWar Department 1st: May 1792\nI have the honor respectfully to submit to the Senate, a Report on the petition of Samuel B. Turner, late an Ensign of the Maryland battalion of Levies, on the expedition under Major General St Clair\u2014\nWith the highest Respect / I have the honor to be / Sir / Your most obedient / huml servant\nH KnoxSecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1343", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Allyne Otis, 5 May 1792\nFrom: Otis, Samuel Allyne\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir.\nPhiladelphia May 5t. 1792\nI hope this will find you agreeably reposing at your pleasant Seat after a tedious and fatiguing Session\u2014which however is not ended nor do I know when it will be.  They have agreed to Saturday next but such long speechifications as took place on the excise &c will protract the time two or three weeks.\u2014The Senate are almost unemployed and wish for a recess, but it will hardly do for them to insist on rising at the time, and the House of Reps, will not be ready.\nWe heared transiently of Mrs Adam\u2019s being not worse for journeying as far as New York. I hope she will be perfectly recovered by the change of air.\nThe confusion from the late failures &c seems a little to subside and Stocks rise again gradually hence I suppose money grows more plenty\u2014\nMrs Otis Miss Smith & Miss Otis join me in kind remembrances.\u2014\nI have the honor to be / Your most humble Sert\nSam. A. Otis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1344", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 12 May 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhilada. May 12th. 1792\nI hope this letter will find you and Mrs. Adams comfortably set down at Braintree, where your mind will have time to recover from the fatigues of a very discordant Session\u2014There has been done however a good deal of important & useful business, which will conduce towards the great Desideratum of public order.  The provision for the Election of the President & Vice President & for the contingent Vacancy of the Chief Magistracy\u2014the supplement to the funding System\u2014the post office\u2014the reform of the departments\u2014the militia laws\u2014the representation law\u2014the revision of the excise\u2014the promotion of manufactures by the additional import\u2014the fishery law\u2014the abolition of the limitation of military claims\u2014the Mint law\u2014the Coinage law\u2014and the act relative to North western & Southern Territories are in their substance or in their influence upon the public mind of great Importance.  To perceive their Value one has only to look at them in the shape of fourteen subdivisions of the same subjects by the fourteen state legislatures.\nThe adjustment of other matters of an executive nature might be added to the above, & would encrease the sum of public Benefit.\nThe arrival of Mr. Pinckney has taken place since your departure.  I wish it had been prior to that Event. Important Advantages would have resulted from your affording him free conferences on men & things, as they were inhibited to you in Great Britain. It has however been of use that he has been & will yet be some time here, as far as regards information.  He was very attentive to the proceedings of the representives at which he was present every day\u2014The great advantages will result from the time he spends with the Members of the legislature and with the gentlemen in the Departments I regret that he does not depart for several weeks.  Had he sailed immediately after his arrival from Charleston he might have reached London before the rising of Parliament\u2014I do not know the Cause of his Delay.\nThere is a confirmation by way of the Spanish Islands of the change in the Spanish Ministry\u2014D\u2019Aranda for Florida Blanca, which I presume is not likely to prove any disadvantage to the U.S.\nThe disaster in St. Kitt\u2019s & that Vicinity will contribute to the Scarcity of Sugar, which is taking place at the moment when that article and the Beverages into the composition of which it enters have become objects of the most extensive Use.  This last event will accelerate the quickness with which the grain & fruit distilleries were likely to be substituted for those of Molasses.  On this Subject hangs a very capital interest of the State of Massachusetts, which does more of the distilling business than all the rest of the United States.  It is become impossible that they should be employed on foreign materials and they cannot be too soon made sensible of this truth\u2014\nI have the honor to inclose you a paper on the State of the Union which it is my intention to continue monthly as in the case of the Examination of Ld. Sheffield.  My objects you will perceive are three\u20141st. to unfold to general View some facts, which are not generally known or of which a proper Estimation is not made by the people\u20142dly. To obviate incidentally or directly, objections which are made to the acts of the legislature and of the executive\u2014& 3dly to shew foreign Nations some of their errors, in opinion and in conduct, in regard to the United States\u2014My next number will proceed with persuasion to the Southern States & western Country and the Mercantile interest in favor of Manufactures, which I think the most formidable of our pursuits to the restricting Nations of Europe.  I have the most sanguine hopes from a temperate course of investigation upon every part of my Countrymen, and I know that if I do not attain the end of public Conviction I shall inform my own mind and correct my own Judgment by the Lumination\u2014I shall not fail to transmit you the remainder of these papers, as the printer of the Magazine supplies me with an hundred Copies.  I shall send them regularly to my friend Col. Smith, to whom I have written copiously by ships from this port.\nYou will be pleased to hear, sir, that since the opening of the Pennsylvania land office nine hundred & fifty farms of 200 Acres each in our new Country have been bought of the State by ten Dutch & English Subjects\u2014Proceedings of this Sort which give us back the funds they have bought, and which interest them to promote migration hither, will diminish our fears about the burden of paying them their Interest.  While I feel great Satisfaction in these Investments, I own they operate to increase my anxiety to strengthen & finally to settle our National Government. Such hosts of foreigners should be placed immediately under the wholesome restraints of just power\u2014The increase of the French Emigrants, particularly of the unfortunate Colonists, has been such within a few weeks as rather to quicken rents, tho Congress has risen.\nWith my most respectful Compliments to Mrs. Adams\u2014I have the honor to be, Sir, / your most obedient / & most humble Servant\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1345", "content": "Title: From Richard O\u2019Brien to John Adams, 12 May 1792\nFrom: O\u2019Brien, Richard\nTo: Adams, John,United States Senate\n\t\t\t\t\tTo the Honourable Senate of the united States of America\n\t\t\t\t\tCity of Algiers May the 12th. 1792\n\t\t\t\tThe Humble Petition of us the undersigning Citizens of the united States who are now Languishing prisoners at Algiers\u2014Humbly Sheweththat we youre petitioner\u2019s had the misfortune of being Captured nearly Seven years ago by Cruisers belonging to the Regency of Algiers while we were navigateing Vessels belonging to Citizens of the united States.that we were flattered for a Considerable time with the Expectations held up to us that we would be Redeemed from Captivity as Soon as it Could be done with propriety and Consistant to the Interest of our Country. that to effect this Redemption Mr John Lamb was Sent to Algiers on the part of the united States and that he entered into and agreement with the Regency of Algiers for our Ransom in Consequence of which the Terms were Recorded on the books of the Regency. but Mr Lamb never Returned to fulfill them by the payment of the Ransom money. Though he promised in the name of the United States to do it in foure months.that we understand that Several persons have been empowered to make inquiries whether the Ransom agreed upon by Mr Lamb might not be Reduced but all attempts of that sort have hitherto proved ineffectual. the Regency Declareing that the Contract made by the agent of the United States ought to be Dischargedthat we were for Some time Suplied with Such Sums of money as Served together with the prospect of Redemption held up to us to alliviate in Some Degree the Rigioure of our Captivity but those Suplies have Ceased for a Considerable time Dureing which we have been Reduced to the utmost Distress.that owing to the Maloncholy Situation to which we are Reduced one of us James Garnet has been Deprived of his Sences and is Confined in a Dungeon. The Rest Remain Distitute Allmost of all the Necessaries of life and in this Deplorable Situation we have Resisted any Temptations to enter into the Service of the Regency that might be hereafter attended with Repentance or Remorse. Trusting in the Justice and Humanity of Congress that we Shall never be Reduced to the Necessity of abandoning our Country & ReligionWe Humbly pray you will further consider what our Sufferings must have been Dureing that trying period of Nearly Seven years Captivity twice Surrounded with the pest other Contagious Distempers (which has Numbered Six of our Countrymen in the bills of Mortality far Distant from our Country) and families without any that prospect or assurances of ever Seeing them moreWith these Sentiments we Entreat that Some attention will be paid to our Situation and that Congress will before the whole of us perish take Such Steps towards our being Liberated as in theire Judgement Shall appeare proper and Right. and youre petitioners will ever pray and be Thankfull\n\t\t\t\t\tRichard OBryenJosai StephensAndw. MontgomeryAlexander ForsythJas: Lear. CathcartGeorge SmithPhilip SloanPeter LorinThs Gregory BillingsJacobens I. PanierWilliam PattersonJames GarnetJames Gull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1346", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Allyne Otis, 15 May 1792\nFrom: Otis, Samuel Allyne\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhilada: May 15th 1792\nAt the closure of a long and very fatiguing Session, it may be some amusement to see the minutes of the business and I have accordingly sent them since your departure. The House would have sat longer but the Senate got out of all patience, and as usual hurried over the business, reading off bills by their titles, and three readings in swift succession, Hurrying & scolding at poor Secretary because he could not perform imposibilities & get long Bills thro the press by imprimatur. I declare I think the two or three last days of the Session worse than all the rest, and dread them accordingly. I should regret this pressure less if necessary, but tis not if Senate and House would by a joint Committee arrange the business each House would get thro nearly at the same time\u2014now, all the business originating in Senate lies until the close of the Session when it comes back for alterations and amendments. This comes hard on the Senate, but much worse on the President of the United States\u2014He may have the bills read indeed in the little time allowed him but certainly he has no time for deliberation\nI hope this will find you & your good lady in good health. Mrs Otis Miss Smith & Miss Otis join in respects from / Sir / your most obedt. & Huml Set\nSam. A Otis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1348", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jan Willink, 24 May 1792\nFrom: Willink, Jan,Willink, Wilhem\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nAmsterdam 24 May 1792\nWithout any of your excellency\u2019s esteemed favors, we wish to give you in consideration whether it would not be convenient & proper to appoint a Consul here, as we are assured is in Hambg. as your Capns. may here frequent occasions for legal assistance, as Likewise Germans to settle in your Country, if your Government may find it usefull, we should be happy if one of us was appointed thereto as we should consider it, as a flattering proof of confidence.\nWe need not especially expose to your Excellency our manifested Zeal for the intrest of the U. S. whch. our vigilant exertions will always promote to the Utmost of our power.\nWe leave entirely to your excellency to judge abt. the conveniency of the subject & to act accordingly, and we have written to nobody on the matter, since we should be too sensible to an unsuccessfull sollicitation.\nWe beg Leave to pay our best respects to your Lady, and have the honor to be with great esteem / Sir / Your most Obed. Humble Servt.\nWilhem and Jan Willink", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1349", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Tench Coxe, May 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nDear Sir\nQuincy May  1792\nThe first Thing I have to communicate to you, must be an Explanation of the Date of my Letter.  The Legislature of Massachusetts, last Winter, upon a Petition of the North Parish in Braintree, Seperated it from the rest of the Town, erected it into a new one and gave it the name of Quincy.  By this Measure you See they have deprived me of my Title of \u201cDuke of Braintree,\u201d and made it necessary that my Friends should write me in future, as an Inhabitant of Quincy. So much for this Brimborion.\nSomething that interests me much more is your obliging Letter of the 12th: of this month.\nI Should have been happy to have seen Mr: Pinkney before his departure: but more from individual Curiosity, than from any opinion that I could have given him any Information of importance to him.  If he has the Talent of Searching Hearts, he will not be long at a loss: if he has not no Information of mind could give it him.  The Duke of Leeds, once enquired of me very kindly after his Class Mates at Westminster School the two Mr: Pinkneys, which induces me to conclude that our new Ambassador has many powerful Old Friends in England.  Whether this is a Recommendation of him for the Office or not, I have other reasons to believe that his Family have had their Eyes fixed upon the Embassy to St: James\u2019s for many Years, even before I was sent there, and that they contributed to limit the duration of my Commission to 3 Years in order to make way for themselves to succeed me.  I wish they may find as much honour and pleasure in it as they expected.  And that the Public may derive from it Dignity and Utility.  But knowing as I do the long Intrigue and suspecting as I do much British Influence in the appointment, were I in Any Executive Department I should take the Liberty to keep a vigilant Eye upon them.\nAccept of my Thanks for your Reflections, on the State of the Union, which I have read with all the Pleasure which the Intelligence, Information, Accuracy, and Elegance of the remarks on Lord Sheffeild inspired.\nThere is one secret which you must be careful to keep.  Manufactures must have good Government. They cannot exist where they are, without it: much less can they be introduced where they are not.  But a great part of the People of America appear to be so determined to have no Government at all, that if you let them know the whole Truth you will excite an unmanageable party against Manufactures. Manufactures cannot live much less Thrive without honour, fidelity, punctuality, public and private faith, a sacred respect, to property and the moral obligation of promisses and contracts, virtues and habits which never did and never will generally prevail in any populous Nation, without a decissive as well as an intelligent and honest Government. The Science of political \u0152conomy is but a late Study and is not yet generally understood among us.  Tho I have read most of the Authors of reputation on the subject, both among the French and English, I pretend not to have digested any thing relative to it, with the precission of a Master.  But to me it appears, that the general Interests of Agriculture in particular as well as of the Nation in general will be promoted by a dis-creet and judicious Encouragement of Manufactures: and that it is only the Land Jobber, who can be benefited in the rapid rise of his Monopoly, by drawing every Labouring hand into the Wilderness to fell Trees.\nThe continued Accessions of Foreigners, will endanger and destroy our peace, if We know not how to govern them. They will moreover corrupt our Elections and tear us to pieces. Sufficient to the day, however, as is its own evil, and in that day and hour it always has been and I doubt not always will be given us, to provide against its dangers.\nremember me affectionaly to all Friends and / believe me to be faithfully yours\n(Signed) John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1350", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 10 June 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 10th. 1792\nI have the honor of your letter from the Town of Quincy, of the erection of which I was not before informed: nor did I ever hear you distinguished by the title of \u201cBraintree\u201d unless the tree of knowledge may be so called.\nMr Pinckney is still here.  I do not know precisely when he will depart. No ship, which he likes, is to be found in Phila. or N. York destined for England. The Sidney, of Baltimore, for Amsterdam offers to land him at Dover or Deal, and the President, of Baltimore, will sail in about six weeks for London.  I think one of those ships will carry him.\nPublic officers owe services to their country beyond those which are in the circle by which their official duties are bounded.  On that ground you may be assured, Sir, your intimation in regard to the commixture of a particular influence in the business first mentioned in your letter will be faithfully remembered for the public Service.  The effects of extensive pecuniary obligations to G. Britain have been more serious than all those which  our public debts to other nations have produced.  In one state they have given rise to an animosity inconvenient to the interests and not perfectly consistent with the dignity, of the United States\u2014In another they have produced a dependence, which has, perhaps unknown to the parties, produced some dispositions no less injurious to the public weal.  Allowances must be made for these things as they are far from being of weight with a Majority of either state; and many of the debtors are persons of great Merit, either personally or politically.\nI am thoroughly sensible, sir, that manufactures require good government. They help too in an improving country to support it, for every manufacturing village in the interior country is a school of regular dealing founded upon the sober rules of property and commerce in a greater degree than the separate business of the surrounding Country.  They will make friends of the substantial part of the landed interest because they will be near & good customers for their productions.  Their course is wonderful.  Iron may be considered to be as good a test of the rise of manufactures, as Mercury of heat\u2014It has been advanced from \u00a324. in 1787 to \u00a335 in 1792 tho we have many more works than we then had.\nThe interior or midland & western Country of Pennsylvania appears to be disposed to move in the business of the next Election.  They will probably make up a ticket in which will be acceptable to such a Majority of the State as to ensure its decided Success\u2014I do not believe it will be more favorable to national views than those on the two former occasions, and there will be more talents on the side of the State of Governments, and much more Energy.  Our federalists are out of humor tho I think in most respects without reason\u2014No complaints are made of the rejection of any very respectable Pennsylvanian in the official Arrangements. If they have not a certainly or probability of the permanent Seat of Government, it is partly the act of our own Members.  They are relieved from Land tax, and the excise is not so high as under the State laws.  The city, which is large and will be heard, murmurs at the duties, the country in general are not fond of the debt, and wished for discrimination.  They only look at the worst Circumstances in the plan of Assumption, & forget the best. However they are possessed of property, of the means of increasing it, of industry, have a good judiciary system, are not to be disquieted on the religious subject, have good laws in regard to property and are in habits of sound and in many parts of enlightened morality.  Temperate and candid addresses have a great influence among them and whenever  men of sense, information and virtue will take the pains to inform and advise them they read with avidity, & due sobriety\u2014\nNothing is yet said of the electoral Ticket, but I think it will be settled (in regard to the names of the Electors) pretty much in the same way as the Reps. Ticket.  I pay more attention to both these tickets than I wish to appear, because there are some such strange republicans as to maintain, that the moment a free Citizen becomes an officer of Government he ought to refrain from exercising those rights of a freeman in which they place an unlimited estimation.\nI have the honor to be / with perfect respect, Sir, / your most obedt. / & most hum. Servt.\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1351", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Ewing, 18 June 1792\nFrom: Ewing, John\nTo: Adams, John\nHonourable Sr.\nPhilada. 18 June 1792\nPermit me to introduce to your Notice Mr. Samuel Miller the Son of a much esteemed Clergyman, late of Dover in the Delaware State, and formerly known to you, as I understand, there were some Connections between your Families.  He has undertaken a Tour to Boston to learn the political and ecclesiastical State of your Country, before he settles himself in a Pastoral Relation to any Church.  He is a young Gentleman of a liberal Education, an amiable moral & religious Character, modest Deportment, & promising Abilities as a Preacher.  I need say no more, to secure to him, from the V. President of the united States of America, the Attention, which his more important Business will allow.\nI am with the greatest Regard for your public & private Character / honble. Sr. / your most obedt. / & very humble Servt.\nJohn Ewing", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1352", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 25 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 25 1792\nYou will find enclosed your account, which I take the liberty to send, lest by not adverting to the state of it, some inconvenience might insue.\nYou are I presume aware, that Mr. Clinton is to be your Competitor at the next election.  I trust he could not have succeeded in any event, but the issue of his late election will not help his cause.  Alas! Alas!\nIf you have seen some of the last numbers of the National Gazette, you will have perceived that the plot thickens and that something very like a serious design to subvert the Government discloses itself. With sincere respect and attachment I remain, Dr Sr / Yr. Obed ser\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1353", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Robert Heysham, 29 June 1792\nFrom: Heysham, Robert\nTo: Adams, John\nSir,\nPhiladelphia June the 29h. 1792\u2014\nI take the liberty of enclosing my account, which you will perceive is certified by Mr. Otis, and the which I pray your Excellency to certify also, it being indispensible (the law requiring it) in order to its passage through the Treasury\u2014\nI hope the departure of your Excellency and family at the season of spring, the fine weather and the long ride, has contributed to restore the Health of your Excellency and Lady the long continuance of which do me the justice to beleive is my earnest wish, and that I am with perfect respect Sir, your most obedient and very Humble Servant\u2014\nRobt. Heysham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1354", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jan Willink, 2 July 1792\nFrom: Willink, Jan,Willink, Wilhem\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nAmsterdam 2 July 1792\nWe have received your Excellency\u2019s favor of 20 Apr. inclosing\nfor whch: we credit yr: Acct in consequence of yr: desire we have purchased 2 Obl: on the United States of the of 1 June at 4 pCt.\nfor whch: we charge yr / acct: the ballance due with this surplus we shall find by the first coupons.\nin case you had occasion for Money the best means should be to send us yr. Obligations to dispose the Same, when you could draw the amount, a private Loan could not be obtained at so low an intrest at 4 pCt. and occasions too much expence and as the American houses are very mild in charging commns: this incumbrance should be too heavy for yr: Excelly for Which reason we cannot recommend this Method On the Other hand we can remit the money in dlls: When you want to Calculate on 1/2 pCt or 1 pCt frieght as can be agreed, and the premium of insurance for the Season.\nWe are happy to receive of Mr. Hamilton Letters in whch. he expresses his full Satisfaction on our management and our endeavours Shall never be Wanting to deserve the continuance.\nWe have the honor to be with great / esteem & Regard. / Dear Sir / Your Excellencies Most / Obedient Humble Servants\nWilhem & Jan Willink", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1356", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 8 July 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nante 8 July 1792\nI had the honor to receive your letter relative to the house, and have since confer\u2019d with Mrs. Koppell on the Subject. She does not incline to take the lease off your hands, but is willing to let the house, if a satisfactory tenant shall offer, for a year after your time.  If this can be effected the rent in the interum may be saved.  I have therefore advised your Son by a note yesterday to put a bell on the door with reference to him, and have mentioned in several companies that the House will be to let. Every thing in my power to promote your convenience and interest on this occasion will be attended to.\nAs the franking clause in the post office act requires all persons receiving letters unfranked within their free letters to deliver them at the post office with the place from wch they came noted on them, I was under the necessity of delivering the letter for Mrs. Dobton, Mr. Adams & Brisler marked as from Boston where I presume my letter entered the post office.\nI have very great satisfaction, Sir, in noticing to you a material Change in the prospects of opposition in the next election. The situation in which Mr. Clinton is placed, by the circumstances of the votes which were rejected, has attracted universal Attention.  The greater part of those I have conversed with appear to be very strongly impressed with the necessity of his resigning, and recovering the Race again, but I do not learn that there is any probability of this sort of Conduct on his part.  He owes, in his situation, much attention to personal delicacy, and much to the undisputed (even if informal) expression of the peoples sentiments, and if he so far overlooks the obligations that be upon him, as to enter upon the office I am convinced a great part of the antifederal interest will think him unfit for the office of Vice President of the United States.  I cannot believe his prospect of Success was at all probable before, but I think it much diminished by the event abovementioned.\nMr. Pinckney is to sail this day in the American Ship Ceres for Dover. A fine Vessel on her third Voyage of about 310. Tons.\nIt is favorable to his prospects, I think, Sir; that Europe is likely to be much disturbed. G Britain, under all circumstances existing cannot help arming, and the encreasing ardor of Ireland will render her desirous of as strong a force as she can raise & be permitted to maintain without public Murmur.  I hope in such a Conjecture we may acquire the posts and an indian peace, when we may leave Europe to itself till it shall have fought its own Battles, and untill we can destroy or repress the evil spirit, which rages at home.\nWith the greatest respect, I have the honor to be, / Sir; your most obedt. / & most humble Servant        \nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1357", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Barclay, 17 July 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nGibraltar 17th. July 1792\nI wrote to you the 28th. of May inclosing a letter which I received from the American prisoners at Algiers\u2014with a Petition which they requested you would lay before the Senate, I now send you a Copy of that petition which came to my hands a few days ago\u2014\nThe Distracted state of the Empire of Morocco has hitherto prevented my passing to that Country, but it is probably that a short time will restore some kind of Tranquility there, either by the Event of a general Engagement, or by a Division of the Empire\u2014At present Muley Solimon governs the Kingdom of Fez, and his brother Ischem that of Morocco.  and both are preparing to take the field.\nWishing you and Mrs. Adams all the happiness this life can afford, I remain / Dear Sir / Your Very affectionate / Humble servant\nThos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1358", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 28 July 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhilada. The 28th. July 1792\nI am sorry to inform you that since I had the honor to write you last no offer, within my Knowlege, has been made for Mrs. Keppele\u2019s house, tho a bill was set up on it at an early day.  I presume your Son has duly communicated this to you before.\nYou will see by our public prints that Pennsylvania has commenced openly its electioneering movements. Two meetings have been held in the Hall, wherein you sat in the Congress of 1776. The citizens filled it to an inconvenient degree in so warm a season.  At the first meeting the Mayor of Philada (Matthew Clarkson Esquire) was in the chair.  The debates were very animated. Mr. Lewis (a gentleman of the law late district Judge of the U.S & Attorney of the U.S.) took the lead on the affirmative side of an appointment of persons to meet the conferrers of the Counties at Lancaster for the purpose of agreeing on electors of the Chief Magistrates and on representatives in the third Congress.  Mr. Dallas, the Governors Secretary, took the lead the other way.  Mr. Bingham and some others spoke briefly\u2014They were chiefly on the side of the measure, which was desired by the friends of the general Government. This measure was so far carried that a committee, of one person from the twelve wards of the City, was appointed, and a Majority were men of discretion & suitable for the service of selecting from the City five persons out of whom the Town might chuse two to attend the Conference at Lancaster.  On their appointment they retired and brought in five names among whom were Mr. Lewis and other suitable persons.  The consideration of these persons, and what and whether any particular instructions should be given to them was postponed  \u2018till an adjourned meeting on Friday Evening.  Tho every thing had taken a course, which was satisfactory, there was considerable force\u2014and warmth in the manner of the Speakers and in short such appearances of increasing Heat, that the Mayor is said to have absented himself from the Friday\u2019s meeting to avoid the Chair.  Mr. Powel, who is speaker of the State Senate and represents the city in that Body, was placed in the chair.  The gentlemen, who are considered as in the system of state Politics, of whom Mr. Dallas was the principal and ardent Spokesman, came prepared for two efforts it is said: one to reject the plan of a conference\u2014the other to introduce other names, if that plan  should still be adopted.  It is said that Mr. Dallas declaimed much about city & country, rich & poor, the aristocracy\u2014&ca. After a great deal of discussion among a very few persons, principally Mr. Lewis, Mr. Wilson & Mr. Dallas the question of nominating conferees was tried again & decided by the Chairman in the Affirmative.  This produced a pointed address to the Chair, which turned upon his partiality in declaring the sense of the Meeting to have been expressed in favor of a conference, when it was said by the speaker (Col. Thos. Forrest) to be manifestly against it.  After some discussion the Chairman retired from his Station. The Moment was confused.  I am not acquainted with the particulars, but the issue was, that one of the Alderman, lately the Mayor of the City (John Barclay Esqr.) was placed in the Chair\u2014The meeting became warm, and somewhat disordered\u2014and rose without adjourning to any other time at Eleven in the Evening.  The plan of the conference is at least suspended\u2014and things are in a train unpromising to the cause of the Government.  Another meeting is notified as intended on Monday Evening.  I am sorry to remind you of my prognostics of the Course of things on the occasion of the ensuing Elections in this State.  I hope however that some good use will be made of the Events of last week and that the friends of the general government, of Pennsylvania, and of this happy people will be roused to the great exertions, which are manifestly necessary to protect them from the miseries and crimes which ever flow from public disorder.\nI wish, Sir, that this state of our affairs, so far only as your source of information, may be confidential, as I have moved, and shall continue to move by every prudent and honest method in the promotion of a good course of things; and I do not write to appear any where, more than is necessary.  The election of Representatives will take place the second Tuesday in October, that for the Chief Magistracy on the same day, I think, in Novemr. There is therefore sufficient time for prudent, & judicious measures to be adopted, if there be a force willing to carry them.\u2014\nI beg you to do me the Honor of presenting, with my most respectful Comps. to Mrs. Adams, the inclosed papers on the subject of the Silk worm. The little treatise, following the eighth page, is written by one of her own sex, and on the score of perspicuity, utility and public feeling reflects honor upon the worthy woman.  Mrs. Coxe, being in the country with four of our flock, cannot have the Honor to join her respects to mine.\u2014\nIt will give you pleasure, Sir, to learn that our Revenues present a satisfactory appearance.  The returns of spirits distilled in the U.S  & of Stills for the year following the commencement of the art (tho incomplete) exhibit a Revenue of very near 300,000 Drs and the foreign Spirits will probably prove more than three times that sum.\nWith Sentiments of unfeigned & the highest respect, I have the Honor to be, / Sir / your most obedt. & most h. Servt.\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1359", "content": "Title: To John Adams from George Hammond, 15 August 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir,\nBoston 15th August 1792\nThe hospitality of this place has not hitherto allowed me an opportunity of fulfilling my promise of visiting you at Braintree.  If however you are not engaged on Sunday next, and will allow me the honor of partaking of your family-dinner upon that day, I shall, with great pleasure embrace that occasion of paying my respects to you.\nBe so good as to present my most respectful Compliments to Mrs Adams, and be assured that I am ever, / My dear Sir, / Your most faithful humble Servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1360", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 16 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Augt. 16 1792\nI have been duly favoured with your letter of the 4th Instant.  A warrant for 1000 dollars in your favour has issued.  If any authorisation from you had been sent to your Son or anyone else, your signature on the warrant would have been unnecessary. But as it is, it will be indispensable. Perhaps however the Treasurer may pay in expectation of it.\nThe Question when the Vice President entered upon the duties of his office, is open at the Treasury; though an opinion has obtained that the taking of the Oath was the Criterion.\nThis has been founded on two considerations\u2014analogy to the case of the President. The Constitution requires that he shall take an oath, before he enters upon the execution of his Office he cannot enter upon the duties of it, without entering upon the execution of it, and he cant legally do the latter till he has taken the oath prescribed.  The same injunction however is not laid upon the Vice President, and therefore except by analogy resort must be had to the Second consideration namely that the taking of the Oath of Office is the legal act of aceptance and may be supposed to date the commencment of service.  But this reasoning it must be confessed is not conclusive, and therefore the opinion of the Attorney General will be taken, both as to the President and Vice President\u2014and I presume will guide in the Adjustment.\nTwenty thousand dollars have been appropriated and the advances by anticipation may reach that limit.\nyou forgot that Mr Clinton could feast upon what would starve another. He will not however have an opportunity of making the experiment. And I hope the starvation policy will not long continue fashionable.\nyour confirmation of the good disposition of New England is a source of satisfaction. I have a letter from a well informed friend in Virginia who says all the persons I converse with acknowlege that the people are prosperous & happy, and yet most of them, including even the friends of the Govt. appear to be much alarmed at a supposed sytem of policy, tending to subvert the Republican Govt. of the Country\u2014Were ever Men more ingenious to torment themselves with phantoms?\nAdieu my dear Sir, & believe me always very respectfully and affectionately Yr Obed Sert\nA H", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1362", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Rev. Zabdiel Adams, 24 August 1792\nFrom: Adams, Rev. Zabdiel\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\u2014\nLunenburg August 24th 1792\u2014\nMr: L\u2019Abb\u00e9 De Mably\u2019s Observations upon the History of France, which you long since loaned to me, I have now sent returned by my son; & thank you for the use of them. My son has had thoughts of Studying Law; & from an Uncle of his has receeived an invitation to study with him at Halifax in Nova Scotia. Could he continue there 2 years, & then finish his Clerkship in Some office in this part of the world, & be introduced to the practice in this or some other of the united States; it would be pleasing, as it would  expence. But of this I am unn. If you are at leisure & would give him your opinion & advice relative to this matter, I shall be much obliged to you. He fluctuates in his mind between the Study of Physick & the Law. To enter either is attended with difficulty. Divinity is more within his reach; but to this he has no inclination, that I can percieve. If you will permit him to consult yourself on this subject it will be gratefully receivd by your friend & humble Servant\u2014\nZabdiel Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1363", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Bondfield, 28 August 1792\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Adams, John\nBordeaux 28 August 1792\nA Ship for Philadelphia sailing to morrow gives me the opportunity to transmit you the papers of the Day too interesting not to be acceptable\nThe reigning Spirrit appears determin\u2019d on a change in that part of the Constitution that delagated the Executive Power in an Hereditary Chief, The short space that has Elapst since the existence of his Power has demonstrated the Vice of that establishment tho checkt by a legitif controle too great means remaind to destroy the Harmony that ought to reign and introduce the Abuses that the Revolution tends to destroy\nMonsr Lafayettes political principals appears oposed to the present leading Members he has excerted his influence to check the progress of the reigning popular Spirrit and has drawn on him the a General improbation, he is obliged to fly the thunder of the Senat is launcht against him\nAccept my renew assurance of respectful Attatchment\nJohn Bondfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1364", "content": "Title: To John Adams from United States Congress, 1 September 1792\nFrom: United States Congress\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tAmend the 18th. Sect. to read as follows\n\t\t\t\t\tSeptember 1, 1792\n\t\t\t\tBe it further enacted, That from every seperate Mass of standard gold or silver, which shall be made into coins at the said Mint, there shall be taken, set apart by the Treasurer &, reserved in the his custody of the Treasurer thereof , a certain number of pieces, not less than three, and that once in every year the pieces to set apart & reserved shall be assayed under the inspection of the Chief Justice of the United States, the Secretary & Comptroller of the Treasury, the Secretary for the department of State and the Attorney General of the United States, (who are hereby required to attend for that purpose at the said Mint, on the last Monday in July in each year) or under the inspection of any three of them, in such manner as they or a majority of them shall direct, and in the presence of the Director, assayer & chief Coiner of the said Mint; and if it shall be found that the gold & silver so assayed, shall not be inferior to their respective standards herein before declared more than one part in one hundred & fourty four parts, the officer or officers of the said mint whom it may concern shall be held excusable; but if any greater inferiority shall appear, it shall be certified to the President of the United States, & the said officer or officers shall be deemed disqualified to hold their respective offices. ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1365", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 5 September 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia September 5th. 1792\nI have the honor to inclose you the concluding Number of the Reflexions on the State of the Union: also a gazette of this Evening with some late accounts from France.  The Situation of that Nation and of Poland have become extremely critical, and as there was a long season of operation before the allied crowns and before the Russians, it appears highly probable, that the ensuing Campaign will decide upon the revolution of each of those Countries.\nThe exertions making on the subject of federal Elections from Virginia to New Jersey, both included are very great. Shocking misrepresentations and falsehoods have been circulated, tho I do not find any which respect you or the President.  There appears to be no concert among the antifederalists in regard to an opponent to you, while the federalists appear unanimous.  I was about two weeks ago in New Jersey on a short visit to Mrs. Coxe, who, with four of our little ones, has spent the Summer at her father\u2019s.  In the vicinity a court of Nisi prius and oyer & terminer was held, and I dined two days with the Judges, Bar, and a number of the suitors, grand Jury and others. It was the opinion of every man I conversed with that New Jersey would support your Election with decision, and they believed the Opposition could not offer a name, which would not be rejected by their Electors. They are strongly attached to the Constitution and to energetic Government, and observed to me that a Jersey man who was not, could only be a fool or knave.\nOur state continues very unsettled. I wish it may do better than what I had the honor to intimate in a former letter, but I really fear they will neither pursue their own nor the national Interest so closely as they should.  Great exertions however are making.  In regard to your election, I have no doubt of a Majority of our electors against all the opponents that can be set up, and the minority against you will divide its votes, if it is a large one. On this point however I can form a better opinion some time hence.\u2014\nWith the highest respect, / I have the Honor to be, Sir / your most obedient / & most humble Servant\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1366", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 9 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia Sept. 9 1793 1792\nI trust you are sufficiently convinced of my respect for and attachment to you to render an apology for the liberty, I am going to take unnecessary\u2014I learnt with pain that you may not probably be here \u2018till late in the session\u2014I fear that this will give some handle to your enemies to misrepresent\u2014And though I am persuaded you are very indifferent personally to the event of a certain election, yet I hope you are not so as it regards the cause of good Government.  The difference in that view is in my conception immense between the success of Mr Clinton or yourself; and some sacrifices of feeling are to be made.  But this is not the only relation, in which I deem your early presence here desirable.   Permit me to say it best suits the firmness and elevation of your character to meet all events, whether auspicious or otherwise, on the ground where station & duty, call you\u2014One would not give the ill disposed the triumph of supposing that an anticipation of want of success had kept you from your post.\u2014\nYou observe My Dr Sir, I speak without much menagement.  You will ascribe it to my confidence and esteem.  It is not necessary in any view to multiply, words\u2014I forbear it\u2014But allow me to add that it is the universal wish of your friends you should be as soon as possible at Philadelphia\nI have the honor to remain very respectfully / & truly Dr Sir / Yr. friend & Obed. / Servant\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1367", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Churchman, 12 September 1792\nFrom: Churchman, John\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Honourable Friend\nBaltimore September 12th. 1792\nI was requested if possible to deliver the Letter myself, which I send herewith, but as I am about setting off for Europe, I take the Liberty of sending it thro the Channel of the Post Office, it came under cover to me from Baron Vall-Travers F.R.S. & Member of several other Scientific Societies in Europe, as his Letter enclosing the enclosed is dated 15th. Feby last, it may appear that it has remained some time in my possession, be assured that I have only lately received it, for the Ship in which it came was ran aground on the Goodwin Sands by a Dutch Navigator, who left her to the mercy of the waves, she was afterwards taken into an English port, & detained a considerable time: I find this is not the first from the learned author, he says \u201cI am uncertain of the fate of my last letter to his Excellency the Vice President dated Decemr. 8th. by Captain Rose commanding the ship Maryland & bound for George-Town.\u201d It seems the Baron has proposed to send regularly from Europe to America (if encouraged) the most important intelligence concerning new discoveries, Inventions, & Improvements in Arts & Sciences, I have not the least doubt but he would perform any thing he would undertake with the strictest punctuality, for I can safely say he has been a faithful friend of mine, he has been indefatigueable, sparing neither pains nor expence in promoting the investigation of a little work on the Magnetic Variation which I wrote to him about.  These my poor endeavours have met with so much more encouragement than they deserve in Europe, that I am advised by some of my best Friends to visit that Quarter, to bring the principles to the test, Having been engaged in making an extensive set of Tables to reduce them to practice without the trouble of measuring Angles, or making calculations by the Mariner, on this account I wish to make a number of observations on the Western coast of Europe.  I am now within one day of the appointed time of my departure from this port for London, & as I may also go to France, it would oblige me very much to receive a line of introduction to the Marquis de Condorcet Secretary to the Academy at Paris, or any other person at pleasure there: if sent to the American Minister in London no doubt I may receive it.  Pardon the freedom I have made use of, as I apprehend such a Letter from a Physician who has said so much to the purpose on Constitutions,  or one from a Doctor who has lived to see the adoption of his own System, may have the greatest weight.  Should I be so happy as to receive this favour, it will ever be remember\u2019d by me with gratitude, as it will give me a double satisfaction, for I shall conclude the enclosed from my foreign correspondent has arrived safe.  With the greatest sentiments of respect I hope to be permitted to make an offering of my service and esteem\nJohn Churchman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1368", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 25 September 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nPhilada. Septr. 25th 1792\nI have the honor to enclose you with the most sincere pleasure the proceedings of our Lancaster Conference.  The Ticket contains more firm friends to a complete execution of the powers of the General Government than any we have yet had, tho it comprehends a representation of the Citizens of an opposite sentiment.  There are few or no malignant Characters among them.  It has a great share of my good wishes upon the whole.\nThe electoral Ticket, if carried, will not give two antifederal Votes under any Circumstances.  I think you will have thirteen or fourteen Votes, as I know all the men and there was but one or two conferees, who favored any other Character for the office of V. President than yourself.  / With perfect respect; / I have the Honor to be, Sir / your most obedt / and most humble Servt.\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1369", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Allyne Otis, 29 September 1792\nFrom: Otis, Samuel Allyne\nTo: Adams, John\nPhila. Sept 29th 1792\nWhat a sad lesson against anarchy is indeed my honored & respected friend to be learnt, in the accts fm France! St. Bartholemew with all its horrors is again passing in review & sickens & astonishes the eye\u2014I will not repeat the dismal tale you must have it in all its particulars before this can reach you\u2014And surely every man not devoid of good policy & humanity will join you in deprecating a mad unbalanced democracy\u2014You observed in a late conversation that our new world, bad as it is, exhibited few or no instances of that love of blood shed which stains the conduct of the old world\u2014Thank God it was a just observation. And altho there are uneasy, discontented, ambitious and wrong headed politicians sufficient to keep us fermenting, a principle of humanity checks their proceedings, and I hope will continue so to do\u2014I am sure Americans will profit by the troubles of France\u2014\nIts extraordinary that this State deriving peculiarly, nay almost monopolizing the advantages of the federal government, should say and do so many things against it, yet so it is\u2014The new representation shews how powerful the antis are, They have carried every man on their list. And altho some of them are exceeding good men the election of Finley & Smilie shews their strength. C. Thomson and Bingham were pushed for by the federalists but fell, espesially the latter very short\u2014Their Electors will some of them be of the same cast, however I have no idea of their chusing a majority against you\u2014With your other friends, I very much regret your absence, it gives your enimies a handle\u2014But I hope sincerely the resolution communicated in confidence will be retracted. It would be presumption in me to suggest an argument on the subject. I cannot help saying however, that you are not merely accountable to yourself in this business, but to your Country, who wants your aid, your experience & your weight to balance her on our ocean by no means calm, & whose agitation under another Congress may be violently agitated encreased\u2014and I flatter myself on a cool contemplation of your determination your good judgment will induce you to give it up\u2014The gentlemen of Senate begin to assemble, Messrs. Langdon Brown & Few are here in addition to the residents\u2014Who will be pro tem: v. Izard Langdon & Ellsworth & perhaps Johston will be contemplated\u2014Mr Lees has retired under the weight of years & infirm health\u2014I exceeding regret your ill health and that of Mrs Adams\u2014Mr Jay has had a very severe illness and is far enough from well\u2014The war seems to continue between the two great officers.\u2014The President is here and with Mrs W seems to be in very good health & Spirits\u2014Clymer has been amongst the Pillsbury Malcontents & was obliged to disguise himself, Claypole copied a lampoon on the subject, Clymer attempted to thrash Master Type and got the worst of it\u2014So much for Inspector General\u2014I hear Col. Bur declines being a judge & dont thank Mr Clinton for his promotion\u2014The Antis are going to drop Bur & run Clinton\u2014Indeed he seems to be a more important competitor\u2014The List is as follows\nKillem Hersler Scott\nFinley Hartley Armstrong 2 Muhlenburgs Gregg Montgomry &\nGen. Erwin Fitzsimons Smilie \nI am anxious about your accommodation when you get here, and the more because my house is not large & elegant\u2014For all the purposes of comfort & convenience it is competent and Mrs Otis joins me in a sincere tender of all or such part as may best accommodate you and servants\u2014Our family is small and it will certainly be more agreeable to have my little good wife pour out your coffee than a stranger\u2014I hope you will contemplate this as a serious proposition, & a project that will make us very happy\u2014Mrs O joins me in respects to your Lady & remembrances to all friends\u2014I have the honor to be / Sir / Your most humble Ser\nSam. A. Otis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1370", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Rufus King, 30 September 1792\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Adams, John\nNewyork 30. Sep. 1792\nBy accounts from England as late as the 23d of August we learn that on the 10th. of that month the national assembly suspended the King, removed the ministry, and took on themselves the Executive powers\u2014they have since decreed that the primary assemblies should meet on the 26. of August, to appoint deputies to a national convention, to be convened on the 20. of Sepr. for the purpose of deciding on the forfeiture of the Crown, and prescribing the manner in which the executive powers should in future be executed\u2014\nTowards the close of the day on which the King was suspended, the mob demanded to repute the Transactions of the 20th. of June\u2013 they were opposed by 700 Swiss who were about the royal Family\u2014the Mob prevailed, having armed themselves will cannon from the Arsenals, they massacred the swiss Guards, plundered the Palaces, overturned the Statues of their former Kings, and Effaced every Vestige of Royalty\u2014the King & royal family early in the Tumult, escaped through a Garden to the national Assembly, from whence they were removed by a decree to the Temple, a building detached, & surrounded by a wall\u2014the custody of the King and royal Family is given to P\u00e9tion the mayor of Paris\u2014\nWe have no accounts from the army since this bloody Transaction\u2014all accounts concur that the Austrians & Prussians would  enter France about the middle of August, so that our next intelligence will be pretty decisive respecting this Revolution conducted with so much barbarity & Ignorance.\nFrom the state of the affairs of Poland towards the end of July, it is probably that the Poles have been impelled to abandon their Constitution, & to return under their former Government\u2014\nEngland it would seem is not inclined to interfere, since the parliament which stood prorogued to the last of August, has been further  prorogued (Since the Affair at Paris) to the last of November\u2014\nWith the greatest Respect, I am Dear sir / Your obt. servt.\nRufus King", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1371", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Allyne Otis, 3 October 1792\nFrom: Otis, Samuel Allyne\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhilada. Octr 3d 1792\nI do myself the honor to write you on the subject of your own and your Lady\u2019s health, which I very sincerely wish may speedily be restored\u2014\nI find your competitor is to be Col. Burr altho I am convinced he will not be a very powerful one. Major Butler says the Southern States are misrepresented when classed with your opponents. He appears your warm advocate and assures me there will be no opposition in So Carolina or Georgia\u2014Regrets your giving up your house as boarding is undignified &c\u2014In this State Doctr. Huchinson & Secretary Dallas are very industrious in forming a party against you, but others are as industrious the other way, and from the best information in my power to obtain I think you will have a large majority.\nThe accounts from France exhibit a scene of horror and confusion\u2014I hope the U. States will have wisdom enough to profit by the political lesson.\nMrs Otis joins me in very respectful remembrances to Mrs Adams, and am / Sir / Your most obedient & / most humble Sert\nSam. A. OtisMrs Izard had a daughter a week after Mrs Smiths death\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1372", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Rufus King, 11 October 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: King, Rufus\nQuincy October 11 1792\nI am very much obliged, Sir, by your kind Letter of the 30th of Septr, and for the important Intelligence contained in it\nThere is Such a Complication of Tragedy Comedy and Farce, in all the Accounts from France that it is to me, to the last degree, disgusting to attend to them in detail.  I read over the Accounts in general and then endeavour to divert my own Attention from y very Serious, which must be very melancholly reflections upon them.  It is most of all astonishing that sensible Men Should not have foreseen all that has happened. The demolition of the Royalty is so natural and necessary an Effect of their Constitution, that it can be no Surprize. It is however, matter of very Sober concern to Us, that there should have been in America from the beginning, so blind undistinguishing and enthusiastic an Admiration of every Thing that has been done by that light airy & transported People. I pretend not to any very particular Knowledge of Individual Characters or conflicting Parties in France but the Jealousy of in the Duke of Orleans, of the Noailles Family is so apparent, that it will account for most that has happened\nEvery virtuous and enlightened Citizen will mourn over the Misfortunes of Poland: but the Qualities necessary to erect and Support and defend a free Constitution of Government are not easily inspired into an old corrupted Nation.\nThe People in this Part of our Union are as cool and as easy as ever I knew them under any Government: indeed they appear to be more prosperous and more busy,  how they are at the Southward I am not very well informed.  Our Vessell, according to present Appearances, is not in immediate danger of any Sudden or Violent Storms.  The late Election, I hope will not have any dangerous Consequences in your State.\nIf either the Symptoms of the broke-bone fever, not wholly Subdued, or any Considerations of delicacy, or any other Thing Should prevent my Attendance in Senate at the beginning of the session, I hope to be excused.  There is commonly two or three months at the opening of Congress when little Business is done, and no important Question is decided: so that I flatter my self the senate will appoint a President for a short time and not be too severe upon me, this is entre nous.\nWith great Esteem I have the honor / to be, dear sir your most obt. s\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1375", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Knox, 7 November 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\nSir.\nWar Department, 7th. November 1792.\nIn obedience to the directions of the President of the United States, I have the honor to submit to the Senate & House of Representatives, the following papers on the subject of Indian affairs\u2014To wit:\n1st: A statement of the measures taken and the overtures made, to procure a Peace with the Indians North west of the Ohio\u2014\n2ndly. Information received relatively to the pacific adventures, and the dispositions of the Indians North-west of the Ohio\u2014\n3dly. A statement of the measures which have been taken to conciliate and quiet the Southern Indians\u2014\n4hly. Information received relatively to the dispositions of the Southern Indians, and the causes of the hostilities of part of the Cherokees and Creeks\u2014\n5hly. A statement of the Troops in the service of the United States\u2014\nIt is humbly suggested that the public good requires, that a number of these papers be considered as confidential\u2014\nI have the honor to be, / With great respect / Your most obedt. / hume Servant.\nH KnoxSecy of War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1376", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 8 November 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia Novr. 8th. 1792\nI have the honor to inclose you a list of the Votes in the city and county of Philadelphia from which it appears that the antifederal people are not as much animated upon this occasion as their leaders, and that we have more than our real proportion of votes in the city, and much more in the County.  The Boroughs are generally enlightened and federal, and vote largely in proportion in all elections, which are not great.  I feel therefore confident that 3/4 or 4/5 of the Electors of Pennsa. will be for you and against Mr. Clinton or any other person whatever that may be attempted to be run.\nThe same paper contains the list of the Jersey electors, in which State I think you will have an unanimous vote.  I know several of the gentlemen to be duly impressed with the importance of your re-election, and that they have abilities and inclinations to place your public & private virtues, talents, and knowlege in their proper light, if their should be occasion\u2014\nI trouble you, Sir, with more communications upon this subject than are probably convenient or agreeable to you, but my anxiety for the happy issue of this Election, and the mortification I should have felt\u2014had Pennsylvania, been as unwise, as she lately was, have exceedingly quickened my feelings on the occasion.\nWith perfect and unfeigned Respect / I have the honor to be, Sir, / your most obedient / & most humble Servant\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1377", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Allyne Otis, 12 November 1792\nFrom: Otis, Samuel Allyne\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov 12th 1792\nI do myself the honor to enclose you a minute of the proceedings of Senate, the speech & answer of the Senate thereto. In addition to what appears on the journals there are official documents to evince that the hosti Southern Indians are determined to join in hostile measures against the US\u2014And those documents evince that the Executive is doing everything possible to conciliate & be at peace. And indeed Putnum has effected this with several Western tribes\u2014The Spaniards are doubtless instigating hostilities and McGilvery has left us\u2014\nOn the subject of Electors for President & V President both parties seem very still and I presume an attack if any is made will be by sap rather than oppen assault\u2014The two Secretaries look very sour each on the other and probably will make their partizans do so by and by\u2014\nYour friend & those of the Government are in daily & anxious expectation of seeing you here. And Mrs Otis & myself anticipate the pleasure of your company this winter\u2014She joins in best remembrances to your lady / Your most humble Sert\nSam. A. Otis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1379", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Vans Murray, 15 November 1792\nFrom: Murray, William Vans\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir,\nPhilada. 15. Nov. 1792.\nIn taking the liberty of expressing some solicitude at your absence at the present time you will I am sure attribut the freedom to nothing short of great respect for you as well as a public sentiment which I feel to be patriotic\u2014An opposition in moments of election must be expected by the best & most enlightened\u2014That something like opposition has taken place with respect to the election of a Vice President you may probably have been informed\u2014You will excuse me if I Express an wish that you were here\u2014It seems a very general wish of your warm friends who in that wish do not imagine that the dignity of a philosophical independence would be at all wounded because the Session has actually commenced\u2014I do assure you Sir I have lamented that just on the Eve of a most important election the chair of the Senate should be filled by a president pro tempore\u2014The public mind is then led off from the Theory of the Office to a contemplation of a practical substitute which fills the routine without seeming to derange the theory\u2014\nCould you come, Sir, your friends I dare believe would much rejoice & consider it as a sacrifice to their wishes & hopes in the ensuing election\u2014\nI beg to be affectionately remembered by Mr. J. Q. Adams\u2014and my most respectful compliments to Mrs. Adams.\nI am Dear Sir / with every sentiment of respectful / Attachment / Yr most obt. / Sert.\nW. V. Murray", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1380", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Singleton Copley, 16 November 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Copley, John Singleton\nDear Sir\nQuincy near Boston Nov.16 1792\nYour polite and obliging Favour of April the 10th I duely received at this Place and I pray you to accept of my best Thanks for your very elegant and acceptable Present of a Print of the Death of Lord Chatham, a Masterpiece of the Fine Arts which does as much honour to America which produced the Artist as it does to great Britain which produced the Statesman.  Nor am I less Sensible of the honour you do me by giving me the opportunity of presenting in your name, another Copy of this Monument to Chatham\u2019s Fame and your own, So honourable to both Countries, to the President of the United States.\nAs the Case Arrived in the absence of the President from Philadelphia, at his Seat at Mount Vernon, and in my absence at this place, I have not yet had an Opportunity of making the Compliments you intended: but as I shall Sett out for Philadelphia next week, I hope Soon to be able to write you more fully upon the Subject.\nMrs. Adams joins me in presenting to you and to Mrs Copeley, the kindest regards.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1382", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Allyne Otis, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Otis, Samuel Allyne\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia Novr 26th 1792\nI do myself the honor to enclose you the minutes of the last week and to repeat my wishes to see you here as soon as possible, and as I hear Mrs Adams has quite recovered her health and that your own is restored I flatter myself those wishes will soon be gratified.  I have every day less fears of an unfavorable election of the two first officers in the Government\u2014People seem to look with solemn astonishment at the Scenes in France & on comparison felicitate themselves on their enjoyment of peace liberty and good government\u2014Whilst the squibbs & crackers continually let of by inflamatory malcontents bounce for a few minutes & go out in their own stench\u2014The two houses have hardly set about business in earnest nor perhaps will they much before Chrismass. Mrs Otis joins me in respects to Mrs Adams and all friends.\nI am / Sir / With esteem & respect / Your most humble Sert\nSam. A. Otis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1383", "content": "Title: From Commissioners of the Sinking Fund to United States Congress, November 1792\nFrom: Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: United States Congress\nThe Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate, The Chief Justice, The Secretary of State, The Secretary of the Treasury and The Attorney General respectfully report to The Congress as follows\u2014\nThat pursuant to the Act intitled An Act making provision for the reduction of the Public Debt and in conformity to Resolutions agreed upon by them and severally approved by the President of the United States they have since their last Report caused purchases of the said Debt to be made through the Agency of Samuel Meredith Treasurer of the United States and William Seton Cashier of the Bank of New York respectively to the amount of Three hundred and twenty five thousand three hundred and seventy eight dollars and sixty two Cents; for which there have been paid Two hundred and forty two thousand, Six hundred and eighty eight dollars and thirty one Cents in Specie as will more particularly appear by the several documents herewith submitted marked A, B, C.\nThat pursuant to the Act intitled \u201cAn Act supplementary to the Act making provision for the Debt of the United States\u201d and in conformity to resolutions agreed upon by them and severally approved by the President of the United States they have also caused purchases of the said debt to be made through the Agency of Samuel Meredith Treasurer of the United States to the amount of Thirty eight thousand seven hundred and fourteen dollars and fifty one Cents; for which there have been paid Twenty five thousand nine hundred and sixty nine dollars and ninety six Cents in specie as will more particularly appear by the document herewith submitted marked D:\u2014\nAn Abstract of the whole of which purchases is contained in the Statement E, herewith also reported amounting to Three hundred and sixty four thousand and ninety three dollars and thirteen Cents; for which there have been paid Two hundred and sixty eight thousand six hundred and fifty eight dollars and twenty seven Cents in specie.\nThat the said several documents marked A, B, C, D (which are submitted as part of this report) shew in detail the places where, the times when, the prices at which, and the persons of whom the purchases aforesaid have been made.\nThat the purchases now and heretofore reported amount together to One Million, four hundred and ninety five thousand, four hundred and fifty seven dollars and eighty nine Cents; for which there have been paid Nine hundred and sixty seven thousand, eight hundred and twenty one dollars and sixty five Cents in specie; and for which credits have been passed on the Books of the Treasury, as will be more particularly seen by the Certified Statement herewith also submitted marked F.\u2014\nOn behalf of the Board\u2014\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1384", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Abraham Whipple, 1 December 1792\nFrom: Whipple, Abraham\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nMarietta December 1st. 1792\nAbout two Years since by Governor St. Clair I sent a Memorial which he informs me was presented & placed on the files of the Honourable the Congress of the United states\u2014I find by enquiry that the subject has never been considered.\u2014\nIn said memorial I was particular in discribing my honest demand for the advantages the United states had received from monies loaned them & for which I have never been paid.\u2014Also, my Changes of circumstances & situation in life in consequence of not receiving from Government an adequate compensation You will therefore excuse me if actuated from a claim to Justice & from feelings of Want, I am induced to request that the subject may be canvassed and determined on: that I may soon know whether I am to enjoy the remaining period of my life Assisted by the payment of my monies loan\u2019d & the rewards for services; or adopt some other mode to support myself & family\nI am Dear Sir / with the greatest respect / yours\nAbraham Whipple", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1385", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Contee Hanson, 6 December 1792\nFrom: Hanson, Alexander Contee\nTo: Adams, John\nSir,\nAnnapolis Decr. 6, 1792\nI cannot flatter myself, that after the lapse of sixteen years, you can have any recollection of the man, who now addresses you.  In the year 1776, he had the pleasure of lodging with you, under the same roof, at Philadelphia; and he has often since reflected on the circumstance, with satisfaction\u2014\nI take the liberty of introducing to your notice Mr. Elie Valette, a young gentleman of real modesty and worth, whom the electors for this state of a President and Vice President have prevailed on to take charge of the certificate, by law directed to be transmitted to the President of the Senate of the United States.\u2014I shall think myself obliged by any attentions, which you may be pleased to favour him with; and I beg leave to assure you, that I am, with profound veneration,\nYour obedient servant\nA C Hanson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1386", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Knox, 10 December 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\nSir.\nWar-department, December 10th 1792.\nIn obedience to the orders of the President of the United States, I have the honor to submit to the Senate, the copy of a letter from his Excellency the Governor of Georgia, dated the 20th of November last, with certain enclosures, relative to indian affairs.\u2014\nI have the honor to be, / Sir, / with great respect, / Your most obedt: Servt:\nH KnoxSecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1388", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Joseph Priestley, 20 December 1792\nFrom: Priestley, Joseph\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nClapton. Dec 20. 1792\nI feel myself much gratified, and highly honoured, by the sympathy which you express with me on account of my sufferings in the riot at Birmingham.  The same malignant spirit, fostered by our governors, is much more prevalent now than it was then, and shews itself in almost every part of the kingdom, so that I begin to fear the most serious evils from it. Nothing has yet been done towards our indemnification, tho a year and half are now almost elapsed since the event, and it is said that the officers dare not collect the little that was awarded us.\nMany dissenters wish to leave a country in which they find neither protection nor redress; but they are at a loss where to go, and how to proceed.  Yesterday I received a letter from a great number of dissenters in the neighbourhood of Manchester to Mr. Vaughan, desiring his advice in the business, and yours would be considered as a very great favour. France being in an unsettled state, I think it very probably that some of my sons will be disposed to go to America; and if so, I shall follow them in due time.\nA war with France is much talked of, but I cannot think that our court, tho ever so willing, will risk such a measure.  That must soon bring our affairs to a crisis.\nA thank you for your very acceptable present of your three volumes, two of which were destroyed in the riot.  It is a work of great value, tho I cannot say but I now think more favourably of a pure republic than I have done. A comparison between the American and French governments some years hence will enable us to form a better judgment than we can at present.\nWe must not expect that Ambition or  Avarice will ever cease to influence mankind, but certainly there are fewer objects of those passions with you than with us, and therefore they cannot produce so much mischief. But indeed I am no politician, and I would gladly confine myself to my theological and philosophical pursuits, if I might be permitted to do.\nWith the greatest gratitude,  and respect, I am, / Dear Sir, / yours sincerely\nJ Priestley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1389", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Lincoln, 22 December 1792\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\nBoston Decr. 22d 1792\nThe exertions of disappointment & of antifederalism have had little effect I congratulate you My dear sir most sincerely on the happy event\u2014\nWhen you left us no arrangment was made for the return of the few dollars you received of me\u2014As I do not know what would be most convenient for you whether to forward the money or for me to draw on you I take the liberty to say now that when ever it shall be quite convenient for you, you may place the money in the hands of Mesrs: Leroy & Bayard Merchants Philadelphia or if any time hence you could more conveniently lodge it here it will be equally well for me.\nWith the most perfect esteem / I have the honour of being / your friend & servant\nB Lincoln", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1390", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Knox, 24 December 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\nSir:\nWar Department, December 24th, 1792.\nThe President of the United States has directed me to submit to the Senate, the copy of a letter from his Excellency the Governor of Georgia, dated Augusta, December 5th, 1792, with an enclosure, relatively to Indian Affairs in the southern department.\nI have the honor to be, sir, with perfect respect, your most obedient servant,.\u201d\nH. Knox, Secretary of War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1391", "content": "Title: To John Adams from His Catholic Majesty\u2019s Commissioners, 27 December 1792\nFrom: His Catholic Majesty\u2019s Commissioners\nTo: Adams, John\nHis Catholic Majesty\u2019s Commissioners request the favor of the Vice President of the U.S. Company to Dine on Saturday the 5th. Jany next at 4 oClockThe favor of an Answer is desired", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1392", "content": "Title: From Sc., Merchants of Charleston to John Adams, 1792\nFrom: Charleston, Sc., Merchants of\nTo: Adams, John,United States Senate\n\t\t\t\t\tTo the Honorable President & Members of the Senate of the United States in Congress assemble\u2019d\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tCharleston So Carolina 8th October 1792.\n\t\t\t\tThe Petition of the Subscribers, Merchants residing in Charleston, in the State of South Carolina, humbly sheweth,That by an act pass\u2019d at the third Session of Congress, to regulate processes, in the Courts of the United States, \u201cIt is enacted that the same mode of proceedings shall be had, & the same fees exacted in each State respectively as are now us\u2019d, or allow\u2019d in the supreme courts of the same; whereby your petitioners are subjected to the same enormous fees & obnoxious mode of proceedings in the Court of Admiralty of the United States, in this State, as were practis\u2019d & receiv\u2019d in a Court of similar jurisdiction before the revolution; The Legislature of this State having never made any regulations or alterations therein; Your petitioners have annex\u2019d hereto, a bill of costs in the said court as tax\u2019d by the judge, a reference to which by your honorable house, they presume, will render it unnecessary for them to use any arguments to induce a reduction of such excessive costs,\u2014Your petitioners feel themselves bound to make honorable mention of the most numerous & respectable practitioners at the bar, in this city, who have invariably, when in their power, refus\u2019d to practice in a court, become obnoxious to all reasonable men, by the great & enormous costs to which Litigants there are made liable,\u2014Your petitioners beg leave further to shew, that by an act pass\u2019d at the second session of Congress, to regulate seamen in the Merchants service, Ships or Vessells & their appurtenences are made liable to actions of trivial amount, whereby it often happens that your petitioners are compell\u2019d to submit to the most unreasonable demands as a Lesser injury, rather than suffer the detention of their Vessells; an evil which your petitioners apprehend may be remov\u2019d without injury or loss to any one, by giving power to the Judge of the Court, to accept of other sufficient security where the sum in action does not exceed One hundred & Fifty dollars;\u2014Your petitioners therefore pray that your honorable house will be pleas\u2019d to pass a Law, restraining the proceedings & reducing the fees in the Court of Admiralty of the United States in this State, & admitting of other security being taken to the satisfactions of the Judge of the Court, in small & trivial causes brought by seamen or others against Vessells in the Merchants service, & Your petitioners, as in duty bound will ever pray.\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tD. DeSaussureDavid AlexanderAnd fifty-nine others", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0074", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [1\u20138 January 1792]\nFrom: Hammond, George,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, January 1\u20138, 1792]\nSince my conversation with the Secretary of the Treasury, of which I had the honor of giving your Lordship an account in my dispatch No 13, I have lately had another interview with that Gentleman, in the course of which we entered into a loose and general discussion of some of the questions that are likely to become subjects of negociation between our two countries.\nAfter some comments upon the different facts which Mr Jefferson had adduced as specific infractions of the definitive treaty on the part of Great Britain, Mr Hamilton expressed his conviction that the surrender of the posts was the only one which could produce any lengthy or difficult investigation. Upon this head he intimated that although he did not imagine this country would be easily induced to consent to a dereliction of any part of its territory acquired by the Treaty, it might perhaps still be possible to grant to his Majesty\u2019s subjects such privileges and immunities in the respective posts as would protect and secure them in the undisturbed prosecution of the Fur Trade. Being in daily expectation of receiving your Lordship\u2019s instructions upon this point, I did not venture to throw out any opinions for his consideration, and therefore thought it most prudent not to dwell upon the Subject. With respect to the Negroes, Mr Hamilton seemed partly to acquiesce in my reasoning upon this point, and added that this matter did not strike him as an object of such importance as it had appeared to other members of this government. As to the river St. Croix, he acknowledged his personal belief that our statement of its position would, upon inquiry, be found accurate.\nOn communicating to him the nature of the abstract, which I am preparing, of the several contraventions of the treaty by this country, Mr Hamilton admitted their magnitude, and owned that they could not be vindicated upon any other principle than the inefficiency of the former Congress to enforce respect to its own regulations. Upon the subject of the British Creditors, which he considered as the chief ground of complaint on the part of Great Britain, he assured me that in all cases of this kind, which had been brought before the federal Courts, their determinations had been uniformly founded upon the treaty of peace, and had been consequently favorable to the British Creditors. He added that this principle would invariably guide all the future decisions of the federal Courts, and in proportion as their proceedings became more known and extended, the means of soliciting, and the certainty of obtaining, redress would be more obvious to the British Creditors in the presecution of their just demands. He thence inferred that this cause of complaint would be completely removed by the operation of the judiciary system.\nIn regard to other contraventions, in which from lapse of time and various causes, it might be impossible for this country to render substantial and individual justice, he concluded by saying that there appeared to him insurmountable difficulties in devising a mode of equivalent compensation either to the individual who had sustained the injury or to the nation at large, but he doubted not that this government would consent to any reasonable and practicable method of settling this point, if any such could be proposed.\nIn treating of the commercial arrangements between the two countries, Mr Hamilton readily admitted the importance of the British Commerce to the United States, and expressed his sanguine hopes that some system might be established mutually satisfactory to both countries. He did not fail to urge with much force and emphasis the anxiety of this country to obtain a small participation in the carrying trade with the West Indies, and the expediency of granting it; subject nevertheless to such restrictions and regulations as Great Britain might require to limit the size and tonnage of the vessels employed in the trade, and to prevent the ships of the United States from interfering in the exportation to Europe of the productions of the British West India Islands. I listened to him with attention, but studiously avoided dropping any hint which might incline him to entertain the belief that Great Britain would ever consent to any modification of the system which she has so steadily and advantageously pursued in relation to the carrying trade, and to the intercourse of other nations with her colonies.\nThese were the principal topics of our conversation. In one part of it I took the liberty of inquiring of Mr Hamilton, when Mr Jefferson\u2019s report, on the relative situation of the commerce of the United States with other powers, might be expected to appear. He answered that he believed, Mr Jefferson had, since my arrival in this country, abandoned his intention of making any such report.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0075", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [1 January 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, January 1, 1792]\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson. Being engaged in making a comparative statement of the Trade between the U S & France & between the U S & G Britain; and being desirous of rendering it as candid as possible Mr. H will be obliged to Mr. Jefferson to point out to him the instances, in which the Regulations of France have made discriminations in favour of the U States, as compared with other foreign Powers. Those of Great Britain appear by its statutes which are in the hands of Mr. H; but he is not possessed of the General Commercial Regulations of France.\nMr. H also wishes to be informed whether the Arret of the 9th of May 1789 mentioned by Mr. J in the Notes to his Table be the same with the Ordinance of the Governor General of St Domingo which is at the end of the Collection of Arrets which Mr. J was so obliging as to lend to Mr. H\u2014which is of that Date.\nSunday January 1st 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0076", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [2\u20139 January 1792]\nFrom: Hammond, George,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, January 2\u20139, 1792]\nI have received a letter from Lieutenant Governor Clarke, in which he intimates to me his apprehensions that much inconvenience might arise, if any attempt should be made to enforce an act of the last sessions of Congress for \u201cgiving effect to the laws of the United States within the State of Vermont.\u201d By this act the residence of a Collector of the customs is established at Alburgh, within the district now occupied by his Majesty\u2019s forces.\nIn compliance with Lieutenant Governor Clarke\u2019s request, I have represented this matter to Mr Hamilton, who assured me that, at the time of fixing upon this particular place for the residence of the Collector of the customs, this government was ignorant of its being within the district then in possession of the King\u2019s troops; but, as soon as the mistake had been explained, it had been determined to suspend the operation of that part of the act, to which I alluded.\nFrom this circumstance I took occasion to suggest to the Secretary of the Treasury that, since the important points, relative to the Treaty of Peace, were likely to come into discussion in the way of negociation, it was not expedient to incur the risque of the two Governments being committed either by measures of this nature or by the enterprizes of individuals. In the propriety of this sentiment Mr Hamilton perfectly concurred.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0077", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Baron von Steuben, 2 January 1792\nFrom: Steuben, Baron von\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nN:Y: ce 2 de janv: 1792.\nAgrees mon Cher Ami, Les voeux sincere d\u2019un Coeur qui vous aime et vous Estime. Le success de tout vos Operations fait ma Consolation dans ma Sollitude. Mais mon cher Hamilton que Vous dirai-je sur la Sensibilite que je ne Scauroit Etouffer quand je voi les Armes des Etats Unis, si respect\u00e9 dans la Guerre contre une puissance formidable, Aujourdhui disgracie par des Cohortes des sauvages. Je plains le digne Sinclair de tout mon Coeur, S\u2019il a commis une faute c\u2019est celle, d\u2019entreprendre une Operation militaire quelconque avec de tells Utensiles.\nJ\u2019ecrivis une lettre tres longue que je comptait de Vous Envoyer, elle est devant moi\u2014mais reflexion fait je croie quil vaut mieux de me taire, j\u2019usqu\u2019a ce qu\u2019on me demande mon Avis, et je vous fait gr\u00e2ce de la lecture de mes reverie.\nJ\u2019apprehende Cependant qu\u2019on Envisage ce desastre avec plus d\u2019indiference quil merite. Sans m\u2019arrett\u00e9 sur le boucherie de tant des hommes, Sur les depense considerables, sans les consequences fasheuses que nous avons a apr\u00e9hender, pour nos etablissement sur les frontiers je crains les impression que ces malheureuses afaires ont fait sur l\u2019esprit des parties Belligerante. Les Cohortes des sauvages deviendront des h\u00e9ros r\u00e9doutable pour nous, et nos trouppes Continental actuel a moins quil ne sont entierement regenerer, ne seront plus fait pour la resistence.\nSi nous voulons r\u00e9parer le mal par L\u2019Augmentation du nombre de tell troupes, nous accelleront notre perte, J\u2019en suis aussi sure que de mon Existence. Plus que la masse serat grande, plus inevitable serat la confusion et plus Considerable la boucherie.\nCroyez moi mon cher Ami, notre Pr\u00e9sent Systheme Militaire est faux dans tout ses Principes\u2014vos troupes ne sont que des hommes deguis\u00e9 en Soldat. Il n\u2019y a ni ordre, ni discipline, Enfin ils sont si peut exerc\u00e9 dans leurs metier, que la plus part n\u2019ont jamais apris a Ammorier Leurs fusils, et les Officiers de ces m\u00eames Corps m\u2019ont assur\u00e9, que de tout ces hommes qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 massacr\u00e9 dans les deux derniere defaites, il n\u2019y avait pas dix qui avait jamais tire deux Coup de fusil a Cartouches. Enfin ils n\u2019ont ni articles de Guerre, ni reglement en Ordonence. Car ceux qui existe ne vaille rien ni L\u2019un ni L\u2019autre, Les premieres etoit une mauvaise imitation de la milice Anglaise, et le second n\u2019etoit pas du tout Calcules pour le Genre de Guerre dans lequel nous sommes engag\u00e9 maintenant. Il y faut changer J\u2019usqu\u2019a la formation, meme J\u2019us[qu\u2019a] L\u2019armement des trouppes tant a pied qu\u2019a cheval pour mettre notre militaire en Etat de combattre Les indiens avec avantage.\nMais comme il faut du tems pour de tell arrangement, et quil s\u2019agit d\u2019arreter le torrent pour le pr\u00e9sent, il faut remettre le salut de la Patrie entre les mains de la milice de nos frontieres. Aussi peut que je me promet de Leur discipline, il en ont certainement autant que nos trouppe continentale. Elle sont plus fait aux faitiques, comme chasseur il connoissent au moins de faire Usage de Leurs fusil, ceque les trouppes continentales n\u2019ont point du tout apris.\nDetromper de cette ilusion que les trouppes (qu\u2019on Apelloit sans aucune Raison) regl\u00e9, leur serviroit de secour et dans le besoin de point d\u2019appui, il combatterons mieux quand ils ne peuvent compter que sur Leurs propre Courrages.\nQuoi qu\u2019il en faut bien que J\u2019ai dit tout ceque je pense sur ce miserable Etablissement militaire je suis aller plus loin quil n\u2019etoit mon intention.\nUne Entrevue avec vous entrainerat plus de detaille sur cette matiere; ma sant\u00e9 ne me permet pas de L\u2019Esperer sitot: Dailleur comme Vous n\u2019etez pas Ministre de Guerre, ces arrangement ne sont pas de Votre Province, et quand a moi j\u2019ai bien tort de donner mon Avis que personne ne Se Soucie de Scavoir.\nMes Respect a Mad: Hamilton et une heureuse ann\u00e9 a tout Votre famille.\nJe suis avec les sentimens que Vous me Connoissez sincerement Le Votre\nSteuben", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0078", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 2 January 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department,January 2, 1792.\nSir,\nIt will prevent injury from accidents if the Collectors of the Customs, in all cases of the delivery of a Register to be cancelled, shall cut a hole in the like manner as is directed in the circular letter of the 21st of September last, in regard to the Registers therein mentioned.\nAll certificates of Registry delivered up at any office, wherever issued, are hereafter to be transmitted to the Treasury, with an endorsement of the time and place of delivery and the cause of surrender, whether it be a transfer of property or any other.\nHaving in consequence of enquiry, instructed several of the Collectors that the annual compensations allowed in the 54th section of the last Collection Law to themselves or the Surveyors might be paid out of the monies in their hands, I think it best to make the instruction circular. The officer entitled to the compensation will make out an account for the compensation due up to the first instant, which may be discharged out of the monies arising from Impost and Tonnage; and thereafter may be so paid quarterly. The commencement of the allowance is on the first day of October 1790.\nThe Bank of the United States being now in operation I have to desire that you will extend my instructions of the 22d of September 1789, in regard to receiving the Cash Notes and Post Notes of the Bank of North America, to the Cash Notes and Post Notes of the Bank of the United States, which are to be received and exchanged in like manner. The Directors have been requested by me to transmit you the signatures of the President and Cashier, as was done in the case of the Bank of North America.\nCircumstances of the utmost importance render it necessary that the quarterly returns up to the 31st of December 1791, be made with all possible expedition, particularly those relative to Impost and Tonnage.\nI am, Sir,\u2003 Your obedient servant,\nA Hamilton\nThe Collectors of the Customs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0079", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 3 January 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewport [Rhode Island] January 3, 1792. \u201cThe Light House has been repaired.\u2026 I wish for your opinion on this Question. Is a master of a vessel who is convicted of swearing falsly thereby disqualified from acting in future in that capacity?\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0080", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Reynolds, [3 January 1792]\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, January 3, 1792]\nReceived Philadelphia January 3. 179[2] of Alexander Hamilton four hundred dollars in full of all demands\nJames Reynolds", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0081", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, [3 January 1792]\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Baltimore, January 3, 1792] Sends \u201ca small account of expences incidental to the receipt and delivery of twelve Bolts of Canvass, which by your order were sent from Boston to this place, and from hence to Norfolk.\u201d Suggests that official papers be sent by water rather than by the post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0083", "content": "Title: Report on Dried and Pickled Fish Exported and Entitled to Drawback, 5 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nTreasury Department Jany. 5. 1792.[Communicated on January 6, 1792]\n[To the President of the Senate]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury in obedience to the order of the Senate of the 28th. Ultimo.\nRespectfully Reports.\nThat it appears, as in the statement No. 1 herewith transmitted, that the allowance in lieu of a drawback on dried and pickled fish, which was exported prior to the 31st. December 1790, amounts to 10,582 dollars, that the quantum of bounty actually paid on the exportation of dried and pickled fish from the 1st. of January 1791 to the 30th September last so far as the returns from the Collectors have been received appears as in the statement No. 2, to be 3,934 dollars and 55 cents, but that the deficiencies of the Custom House returns render it impossible at this time correctly to exhibit either the amount of what has accrued prior to the 30th September last, or in the course of the year 1791.\nThe Secretary conceiving it may tend to elucidate the subject under consideration, also transmits the statement No. 3, of the drawback on the foreign fish exported since the commencement of the impost Act of 1789 and the statement No. 4 of the bounty on dried and pickled fish of the United States which is known to have accrued, but which is not yet payable, together with a Note of the expences incidental to the exportation of the fish comprehended in the four statements, and he begs leave to remark that the return of exports for 13\u00bd Months ending on the 30th September 1790 contains 378,721 quintals of dried fish and 36,804 barrels of pickled fish, including as well the produce of foreign fisheries, as of the bank, bay and river fisheries of the United States.\nAlexander HamiltonSecy of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0084", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, [7 January 1792]\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Alexandria, Virginia, January 7, 1792. On January 17, 1792, Hamilton wrote to George Washington: \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to communicate to the President a letter of the 7th. of January 1792. from the Collector of Alexandria.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0086", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Davidson, 9 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Davidson, John\nTreasury DepartmentJanuary 9th 1792\nSir\nI have recieved your letter of the 27th ultimo inclosing four paid draughts of the Treasurer No 1662 1663, 1664 and 1665, amounting together one thousand eight hundred Dollars. These draughts being directed to Tench Francis Cashier of the Bank of North America, they been taken up by you in an informal way, which being a deviation from the rules of the Treasury must be avoided in future.\nMy Circular letter of the 2d. instant authorizes you to change the compensation agreeable to the Collection Law in your quarterly account.\nI am Sir\u2003 Your Obedt Servant\nA Hamilton\nJohn Davidson EsqrCollector Annapolis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0087", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 9 January 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewport [Rhode Island] January 9, 1792. \u201cThis will be accompd. by a Statement of the case of Josh. Elliott master of the Sloop Industry from St Martins and destined for the district of New Haven.\u2026 It appears to me \u2026 that it was the intention of the Legislature that the manifest should be made out before the vessels departure from a foreign port for the United States, but as this is not expressly required by Law, permit me to raise a question, and to ask of you a solution of it. Suppose that I should have sufficient evidence that a manifest produced to me was on board a vessel before She arrived within four leagues of the coast of the United States; but was not on board at the time of her departure from a foreign port or place for the United States, would it be proper that a prosecution should be commenced against the master of such vessel? \u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0088", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 11 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\nTreasury Department, January 11, 1792. \u201cI think it proper that you make an immediate demand of the difference between foreign Tonnage and foreign Impost and those duties of Tonnage & impost which have been paid at the several entries of the Brig Lydia, which have taken place since the 8th of October 1790.\u2026 It is my intention to write to Richd. Carrington Esquire of Richmond in Virginia upon the subject of Mr Gernon\u2019s citizenship.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0089", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, 11 January 1792\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexandria [Virginia] 11th. Janry. 1792\nSir!\nDue pains were taken by me in causing to be published the several parts of the last Collection Law, which were necessary to be known to the Merchants, for regulating their conduct. The 9th. and 10th. Sections are not accurately observed in scarcely any one instance; for the Manifest thereby required is generally made after the vessels arrival to its port of destination. The account of the Cargo which the master brings from the place of shipment is always very imperfect, and so different from the Manifest required by Law as to most matters, that it deserves not be called a manifest. I have conceived that where there was no reason to suspect fraud the forfeiture ought not to be sought, as the manifest being produced conformable to the several particulars, the Revenue would sustain no damage. If however, more rigor ought to be observed in future, I should be glad to have your instruction.\nThe Coasting Law, being now under the consideration of Congress, I take the liberty of suggesting that the doubts concerning fees may be all removed by attending to this principle, that each service in its self distinct should have its own compensation annexed to it. As the Law now stands the Surveyor is entitled to an equal share of the fees under the Coasting Law. This I think ought to be altered, because the whole burden of the services in this Law mentioned is imposed upon the collector. The Surveyor performs no part of the duties, for which the fees are paid, is at no expense concerning them, and in this district the Surveyor refuses to pay any portion of the Stationary used in this branch of the business.\nI hope that upon principles of Justice the Law will be altered, either by not allowing any part of these fees to the Surveyor, or by compelling him to perform his share of the duties and contributing his share of the expense.\nWhen I consider the little service and the little responsibility of a Surveyor, I have been led to believe that their compensation would be very adequate, without recurring to an equal share of the coasting fees.\nI am Sir!\u2003 with the greatest respect\u2003 Your most Obedt. Servt.\nCharles Lee, Collector.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0090", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 12 January 1792\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire, January 12, 1792. \u201cI had the honor to receive your letter of the 20th. of last Month together with three Commissions for the Mates of the Revenue Cutter. That for Mr. Flagg the first mate I now return he having left the Service of which information was given in my letter of the 15th. Ulto.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0091", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 12 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury DepartmentJanuary 12. 1792.\nSir\nThe charges on the canvas intended for the Maryland Cutter appear to be proper objects of debit to that vessel. The sum of one dollar and fourteen Cents may therefore be charged in her disbursements.\nYou will perceive that my Circular letter of the 2d instant will prevent future expence of postage to the Collectors in receiving Registers from one another.\nI am, Sir,\u2003 Your Most Obed Servant.\nAlex Hamilton\nOtho H Williams Esqr.Collr. Baltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0092", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, 13 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, January 13, 1792. On January 30, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton and referred to \u201cyour letter of the 13th. of this month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0093", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 13 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury DepartmentJanuary 13. 1792\nSir\nIn a conference with you, some time ago, I took occasion to mention the detention of the certificate of registry of a vessel of the United States in one of the French offices on occasion of a sale of the vessel. Several new instances having since occurred, I find it necessary to trouble you more particularly upon the subject. As the detention of these papers has taken place, as well in a port of France as in those of the colonies, it will require notice both in the home and in the colonial department.\nThe instrument in contemplation is of manifest importance to the navigation of the United States, and the legislature has therefore ordained that a heavy penalty shall follow the return of a master of a vessel to th\u27e8is coun\u27e9try, who shall fail within eight days to surrender the certificate of registry belonging to a vessel lately under his command, which shall have been shipwrecked or sold abroad. The payment of this penalty, in the event of its being incurred, is secured by an obligation taken at the granting of the certificate, and some of those bonds are now in a situation, wherein the la\u27e8w\u27e9 requires them to be put in suit. The plea of detention by a foreign power, whenever it can be truly made, renders the penalty a hardship, and I am persuaded will recommend the measures necessary to prevent such inconveniences to your early attention.\nI have the honor to be\u2003 Sir Your obedt s\u27e8ervant\u27e9\nAlexander \u27e8Hamilton\u27e9\nThe honorableThe Secretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0094", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 13 January 1792\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Comptroller\u2019s Office, January 13, 1792. Submits \u201cforms for regulating the payment of Drawbacks arising on the exportation of spirits distilled within the United States.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0095", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Arnold, 14 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Arnold, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, January 14, 1792. The dealer\u2019s catalogue description of this letter reads: \u201cArnold\u2019s annual allowance as Surveyor.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0096", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 14 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury DepartmentJanuary 14 1792.\nSir\nI am informed that a Brig which frequents Your port, and was, or is now the Hope, of Baltimore, is owned by a Mr Gernon. It is my wish to be informed whether it appears, and how, that Mr Gernon is a Citizen of the United States, how long he appears, by the Register, to have owned the Hope, and whether she goes and comes between Your District and any one particular foreign port or island. There are some circumstances in the case of another vessel, said to belong to Mr Gernon, which have attracted observation, and which induce me to wish for a particular knowledge of all circumstances that relate to the Brig Hope.\nI am, Sir,\u2003 Your Most Obed Servant.\nAlex Hamilton\nOtho H Williams Esqr.Baltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0099", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 16 January 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] January 16, 1792. States that expenses for the customs office and officers as well as the allowance on exported domestic spirits will exceed expected receipts. Wishes \u201cto know whether under the above circumstances any further deposits should be made in the Bank of Providence until those allowances shall be discharged.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0100", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Nicholson, [16 January 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Nicholson, John\n[Philadelphia, January 16, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his Compliments to the Comptroller of the State of Pensylvania, & requests to see him at the Treasury Office tomorrow Morning at Nine oClock on a subject which the Governor has referred to a conference with the Comptroller.\nMonday January 16th", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0102", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the Directors of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, [16 January 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Directors of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures\n[Philadelphia, January 16, 1792]\nI certify that Mr. Mort and Mr. Hall who have been engaged on behalf of the Society for establishing useful Manufactures, informed me, while the Subscriptions were pending, that they wished to become Subscribers, the One in the sum of Eight, the other of six thousand Dollars; but that it would probably not be convenient to advance the first payment, at the time required: To which I answered, that I did not doubt the Directors of the Society would, if they should respectively subscribe the sums, be perfectly disposed to accommodate them on the subject of the payment in question, and that I was persuaded they might freely subscribe on that supposition. I was willing to encourage their Subscription, concerning it for the interest of the Society, that they should be concerned in it\u2019s success as Proprietors.\nPhiladelphia \u2003 January 16. 1792\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0103", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 16 January 1792\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth [New Hampshire] January 16, 1792. Acknowledges receipt of unsigned letter from Treasury Department.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0104", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, 17 January 1792\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston Jany 17th 1792\nSir\nBy the inclosed memorandum you will see the state of the imports into this district from Island of Hispaniole from the first of august 1790 to the end of that year and the state of the imports from the same Island from the first day of August 1791 to first Jany 1792 have not yet felt so sensibly as I expected we had the consequences of the disorders in that Island.\nFrom a suggestion given, when last in your office, that as there would be in April a large demand for interest due on monies loaned to the United States by the inhabitants of this you should not at present draw on me I think it therefore my duty thus early to mention to you that there is not the least prospect that the ballance in my hands will be augmented in any other way than by the receipt of the Bank notes of the United States. There are such a flood of them now here that they are bought up at a depreciated value by the Gentlemen indebted to us for the payment of their bonds.\nEmptyed rum hogs~, when the certificate can be had with them, are in great demand.\nSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0105", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Nicholson, [17 January 1792]\nFrom: Nicholson, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, January 17, 1792]\nMr. Nicholson will do himself the Pleasure to attend about 10 OClock this day.\nTuesday January 18th. 1792.\nAlexander Hamilton Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0106", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Reynolds, 17 January 1792\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia 17th January 1792.\nSir\nI Suppose you will be surprised in my writing to you Repeatedly as I do. but dont be Alarmed for its Mrs. R. wish to See you. and for My own happiness and hers. I have not the Least Objections to your Calling. as a friend to Boath of us. and must Rely intirely on your and her honnor. when I conversed with you last. I told you it would be disagreeable to me for you to Call, but Sence, I am pritty well Convinsed, She would onely wish to See you as a friend. and sence I am Reconsiled to live with her, I would wish to do [e]very thing for her happiness and my own, and Time may ware of every thing, So dont fail in Calling as Soon as you Can make it Conveanant. and I Rely on your befriending me if there should any thing Offer that would be to my advantage. as you Express a wish to befrind me. So I am\nyours to Serve\nJames Reynolds\nMr. Alexr. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0108", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 18 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury DepartmentJanuary 18. 1792\nGentlemen\nThere are various arrangements necessary to be made between the Government and the Bank of the United States, which will better be treated of in a personal conference than by writing. I request therefore that such proceeding as may appear proper to the Direction, for that purpose, may be adopted.\nWith great consideration\u2003 I have the honor to be Gentlemen Your obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe President & Directorsof the Bank of The United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0112", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Nicholson, 18 January 1792\nFrom: Nicholson, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] January 18, 1792. \u201cInclosed is one Certificate of each kind granted by the State of Pennsylvania. That Number\u2019d 13768 \u2026 is the only kind granted for the Debt of the United States, & on which the question arises whether any thereof have been subscribed to the funding system of the United States. The other two kinds No. 1687 for depreciation of the Army and 2506 for all other Debts due by the States, you will find include all that have been subscribed with the loan Officer. I also send you \u2026 the Laws of Pennsylvania where you will find \u2026 the Law under which the Certificates were granted mentioned first above.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0113", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 18 January 179[2]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nPhiladelphia January 18. 179[2]\nMy Dear Sir\nI have learnt with infinite pain the circumstance of a new Bank having started up in your City. Its effects cannot but be in every view pernicious. These extravagant sallies of speculation do injury to the Government and to the whole system of public Credit, by disgusting all sober Citizens and giving a wild air to every thing. It is impossible but that three great banks in one City must raise such a mass of artificial Credit, as must endanger every one of them & do harm in every view.\nI sincerely hope That the Bank of New York will listen to no coalition with this newly engendered Monster. A better alliance, I am strongly persuaded, will be brought about for it, & the joint force of two solid institutions will without effort or violence remove the excrescence, which has just appeared, and which I consider as a dangerous tumour in your political and commercial \u0153conomy.\nI express myself in these strong terms to you confidentially; not that I have any objection to my opinion being known as to the nature & tendency of the thing.\nYrs. with real regard\nA Hamilton\nWm. Seton Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0114", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 19 January 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, January 19, 1792. \u201cI have recd. your circular Letter of the 2nd. instant; and will attend to the several Matters therein contained. The Cashier of the Bank of the United States has transmitted to me a description of the Notes, with his and the President\u2019s Signatures. My quarterly Accts. have been already forwarded.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0115", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 19 January 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom-House,Providence 19th Jany. 1792.\nSir.\nYour Letter of the 8th instant, containing your Opinion on the case of the Brig. Polly, being accompanied by one from Mr. Bourn to Messrs Clark & Nightingale to the same purport; and those Gentlemen being impatient to unload the Vessel, I have given them permission to reland the Provisions and Fish, and have cancelled their exportation Bond. By your taking no notice of the 62nd. section of the present collection Law, to which I referred, and by which, alone, I was governed, and supposing me to have recurred to a Section in the late Law, which does not exist, there being but 40 Sections in all, induces me to imagine that there may possibly be some mistake or misunderstandg. between us: and therefore, lest the Edition of the Law which you have should be sectioned different from mine, I enclose an exact transcript of the 62nd. Section; upon which, had the above mentioned Articles been landed here without permission, I should have thought it my incumbent Duty to have commenced a prosecution for the forfeiture thereof, with the Vessel &c.\u2014no part of the Law appearing to me more clear and possitive as the Bond required in conditioned against relanding; But if no mistake has taken place, I am happy that your construction thereof allows an Indulgeance to the Exports of Fish & Provisions, expecting a bounty, which I always thought they should be entitled to under proper restrictions. All Articles of the produce of the United States, which have not been Entered and Bonded for exportation, with an intent to draw back the Duties, or obtain an allowance, I have since the present collection Law took place, permitted when returned unsold to be relanded free from Duty, on the proof required by the 24th Section; those which have been bonded I have uniformly refused upon the 62nd Section; but shall in future permit them also to be relanded, cancelling the Bonds, as I have now done in the Instance of the Brigt. Polly.\nI have the honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr. Secy. of the Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0120", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] January 23, 1792. \u201cYesterday I recd. your Circular Letter of the second of this month, and shall observe your directions.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0122", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, January 23, 1792. \u201c\u2026 I \u2026 enclose a short Statemt. of the Monies which will become payable into, and of such as will probably be demandable out of, this Office, between this Time and the 14th of May next; by which it will appear that I shall have as much to pay as I have to receive: I shall therefore omit my weekly deposits in the Providence Bank until I am favored with your determination whether I shall continue them and be furnished with Drafts on the Bank to discharge the principal Sums; or retain all the Money I may receive untill the said 14th of May next, for that purpose.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0123-0001", "content": "Title: Report on Estimates of Receipts and Expenditures for 1791\u20131792, [23 January 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, January 23, 1792Communicated on January 23, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, in obedience to the order of the House of Representatives of the 19th instant, respectfully makes the following, Report:\nAt the close of the year 1790 there was a considerable surplus of revenue beyond the objects of expenditure, which had required a provision to that period; which surplus, by an act of the 12th. of August in that year, was appropriated to the reduction of the public debt.\nThe Statement (A.) herewith submitted, will shew, in one view, all the sums, which, according to the establishments heretofore made, and corresponding appropriations have required and will require to be defrayed, from the beginning of the year 1791 to the end of the year 1792, amounting together to seven millions and eighty two thousand one hundred and ninety seven dollars and Seventy four cents.\nThe Statement (B.) will also shew, in one view, the nett product, of all the public revenues, for the same period, according to the best calculation and estimate, which can now be formed of it, amounting to seven millions and twenty nine thousand seven hundred and fifty five dollars, and twenty six cents.\nThe Statement (C.) exhibits a Summary of the total annual expenditure of the United States, in conformity to existing establishments, amounting to three millions six hundred and eighty eight thousand and forty three dollars, fifty cents.\nThe Statement B. includes a view of the probable product, during the year 1792, of the existing revenues of the United States, amounting to three millions seven hundred thousand dollars.\nFrom these Statements will result substantially the information, which is desired by the House of Representatives, as far as it is now in the power of the Secretary to give it.\nOne or two matters, however, may be proper to be added, with a view to greater accuracy.\nThere are certain instances, in which the estimates of appropriations have exceeded, and will exceed the sums actually expended. Hence the apparent excess of the expenditure, as exhibited in the statement (A) beyond the product of the revenue, as shewn in the statement (B.) will, probably, not be found real. But the amount of these surplusses or over-estimates cannot be now ascertained, and it is not likely to be very considerable; and because, also, if it should do more than counterbalance the excess, alluded to, it will be safest to set off the surplus against those contingent demands, which from time to time occur.\nNo deduction has been made from the annual interest on account of the debt purchased. This has proceeded from a supposition that it will be deemed expedient by the Legislature to appropriate inviolably the interest of any part of the debt which shall be, at any time extinguished, toward the extinction of the remainder. This point will be more particularly submitted in a report on the subject of the public debt.\nAll which is humbly submitted,\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury.\nTreasury Department. January 23rd. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0123-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure (B): [Estimate of the Nett Product of the Public Revenues], 23 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nEstimate of the nett product of the Public Revenues during the years 1791 and 1792\nImport duties for 1791.\nQuarter ending the 31st March\nQuarter ending the 30th June\nQuarter ending the 30th September\nQuarter ending the 31st December\n\u2003\u2002Total nett product of Imports for 1791\nDuties on home-made Spirits from the 1st of July\nto the last of December\n\u2003\u2002Total nett Revenue, 1791\nDuties on Imports for the year 1792 estimated\nat (D)\nDuties on home-made spirits for the same year, estimated\nat (E)\nTotal of Nett Revenue, for the years, 1791 and 1792\nNotes to reference (B)\n(A) \u2003 The produce of these three quarters may be considered as ascertained. Though returns have not been returned from all the ports, for the entire period; yet so many have been received (including the principal ports) as to have admitted of a calculation with regard to the rest, not liable to material error.\nThe produce for the year 1790, has served as a guide, in respect to the ports from which returns have not been received.\n(B). \u2003 The sum here stated, is altogether upon estimate; the time which has elapsed since the end of the quarter not admitting of proper documents. It exceeds the produce of the same quarter for the preceeding year, fifty five thousand seven hundred and seventy three dollars and nineteen cents. If the ratio of increase of any preceeding quarter, during the year 1791, had been applied to this quarter, the sum would have been considerably greater, but it is believed that this would not furnish a just rule. It is understood, that the importations for the last quarter of 1790, were much increased, to avoid the additional duties, which were to take place on the first day of the year 1791, and although the additional duty on distilled spirits, might at first view, be expected to add to the product for the quarter in question, yet it is far from certain, that this was the effect of it. Extraordinary exertions were made to import distilled spirits, prior to July, when the additional duty took effect, which may be supposed to have lessened the quantity afterwards, so as to leave it a question, whether this article was more or less productive in that quarter, than in the same quarter of the former year. Making allowance for these circumstances, it does not appear probable that the last quarter of 1791, will exceed the last quarter of 1790, in so great a proportion, as any of the preceeding corresponding quarters.\n(C.) \u2003 This sum is materially short of the originally estimated product, but from the returns hitherto received, it does not appear likely to be greater; this is owing, partly to a decreased distillation of Spirits from foreign materials, in consequence of a sudden rise in the price of molasses, and partly to the obstacles which have retarded the complete execution of the law.\n(D) \u2003 The sum here estimated, cannot in the nature of the thing be accurate; it includes a compromise of opposite considerations. First, it contemplates an additional sum for the additional duty on imported spirits, which will be fully operative during the present year. Secondly, it contemplates the possibility, that the disturbances in Hispaniola may tend to diminish the supply of several articles which are objects of considerable duties, and may proportionably diminish the revenue, hence about one third of the probable increase of the duties on spirits is added to the produce of the year 1791, and the aggregate is taken as the produce of the year 1792, abating two thirds of that increase, as an equivalent for the other deficiencies.\n(E) \u2003 The same disturbances in Hispaniola may be expected to diminish the product of the duties on home made spirits, by considerably reducing the supply of molasses; which, added to the obstacles already alluded to (and which it will require yet some time, completely to surmount) cannot fail to render the real product of these duties, in the course of the present year, materially less than the estimated product. Accordingly an abatement of about one third is made in the present estimate.\nTreasury Department,January 23. 1792\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0123-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure (C): [Estimate of Annual Expenditures], 23 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nEstimate of Annual Expenditures, on the ground of existing establishments, Vizt.\nDollars Cents\nFor the support of the civil establishments of the government, including 40,000 dollars for foreign affairs\nStated expenditure of the War department including 25,000 for Indian affairs\nPensions to Invalids\nInterest on the public debt, foreign and domestic\nincluding the amount of the State debts assumed\nTotal annual expenditure\nTreasury department,January 23d. 1792.\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0124-0001", "content": "Title: Report on the Public Debt and Loans, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Treasury Department\nTo: \nTreasury Department January 23d 1792.[Communicated on February 7, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nPursuant to the order of the House of Representatives of the first of November 1791, directing the Secretary of the Treasury, \u201cto report to the House the amount of the Subscriptions to the loans proposed by the act making provision for the Public Debt, as well in the debts of the respective States as in the domestic debt of the United States, and of the parts which remain unsubscribed, together with such measures as are, in his opinion, expedient to be taken on the subject\u201d: the said Secretary respectfully submits the following Report:\nI. The whole amount of the domestic debt of the United States, Principal and Interest, which has been subscribed to the Loan proposed concerning that debt, by the Act intitled \u201cAn Act making provision for the debt of the United States,\u201d according to the Statement herewith transmitted marked A and subject to the observations\nCts\naccompanying that Statement is Dollars\nwhich, pursuant to the terms of that Act, has been converted into Stock bearing an immediate interest of 6 \u214c Cent: \u214c Annum\nStock bearing the like interest from the first of January 1801\nStock bearing an immediate interest of 3 \u214c Cent \u214c Annum\nmaking together Dollars\nof which there stands to the credit of the Trustees\nof the sinking fund, in consequence of purchases\nCents\nof the Public Debt made under their direction the sum of Dollars\nThe unsubscribed residue of the said Debt, according to the statements herewith transmitted marked B & C and subject to the observations accompanying the statement C appears to amount to Dollars\nconsisting of Registered Debt, Principal & Interest\nUnsubscribed Stock on the books of the Commissioners of Loans for New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland, Principal & Interest}\nCredits on the books of the Treasury for which no certificates have issued, Principal & Interest}\nOutstanding or floating evidences of Debt estimated \u214c Statement C at}\nmaking together Dollars\nconcerning which some further arrangement is necessary.\nThe greatest part of the registered Debt, hitherto unsubscribed, is owned by the Citizens of foreign countries, most, if not all of whom appear now disposed to embrace the terms held out by the act abovementioned; extensive orders having been received from those creditors, to subscribe to the Loan, after the time for receiving subscriptions had elapsed.\nA considerable part of the outstanding or floating debt, consists of Loan Office Certificates issued between the first of September 1777 and the first of March 1778, bearing interest on the nominal sum. Many of the holders of this species of debt have come in upon the terms of the act, but others have hitherto declined it; alledging, that the special nature of their contract gives a peculiarity to their case, and renders the commutation proposed not so fair an equivalent to them, as in other instances. They also complain, that the act has had, towards them, a compulsory aspect, by refusing the temporary payment of interest, unless they should exchange their old for new certificates, essentially varying the nature of their contract.\nA resolution of Congress of the tenth of September 1777 stipulates in favour of this class of creditors, interest upon the nominal, instead of the real principal of their debt, until that principal be discharged. This certainly renders their contract of a nature more beneficial than that of other creditors; but they are at the same time liable to be divested of the extra-benefit it gives them, by a payment of their Specie-dues; and it may be observed, that they have actually enjoyed, and by accepting the terms offered to them were enabled to realise, advantages superior to other creditors. They have been paid interest by bills on France, from the tenth of September 1777 to the first of March 1782, while other creditors received their interest in depreciated bills of the old emissions; and the terms of the loan proposed put it in their power to realise the benefit of interest on the nominal amount of their respective debts at rates from 6 20/100 nearly to 10 47/100 per cent on their real or specie capital down to the last of December 1790.\nIt does not therefore appear to have been an unreasonable expectation, that they, as readily as any other description of public creditors, would have acquiesced in a measure, calculated for the accommodation of the Government, under circumstances, in respect to which, it has been demonstrated by subsequent events that the accommodation desired was consistent with the best interest of the public creditors. A large proportion of the parties interested have indeed viewed the matter in this light, and have embraced the proposition. It is probable, that the progress of things will satisfy the remainder, that it is equally their interest to concur; if a further opportunity be afforded. But it is, nevertheless, for themselves only to judge, how far the equivalent proposed is, in their case, a reasonable and fair one; how far any circumstances in their claim may suggest reasons for moderation on their part; or how far any other motives, public or private, ought to induce an acceptance. And the principles of good faith require, that their election should be free.\nOn this ground, the complaint which regards the withholding of a temporary payment of interest, except on the condition of a surrender of the old certificates for new ones importing a contract substantially different, appears to the Secretary not destitute of foundation. He presumes, that the operation of that provision, in the particular case was not adverted to; or, that an exception would have been introduced as most consonant with the general spirit and design of the Act. Accordingly, the further measures which will be submitted, will contemplate a method of obviating the objection in question.\nFrom the consideration, that an extension of the time for receiving subscriptions, upon the terms of the Act making provision for the Debt of the United States, is desired by a large proportion of the non-subscribing creditors, and from the further consideration, that sufficient experience has not yet been had of the productiveness of a considerable branch of the Revenues which have been established, to afford the light necessary to a final arrangement\u2014It is, in the judgment of the Secretary, adviseable, to renew the proposition for a loan in the Domestic Debt, on the same terms with the one which has been closed, and to allow time for receiving subscriptions to it until the last day of September next inclusively; making provision for the temporary payment of interest to such who may not think fit to subscribe, for the year 1792, of the like nature with that which was made in the same case for the year 1791\u2014Except as to the holders of Loan Office Certificates, issued between the first of September 1777 and the first of March 1778; in respect to whom it is submitted as proper to dispense with the obligation of exchanging their old certificates for new, as the condition of their receiving interest in capacity of non-subscribers; and to allow them, without such exchange, to receive the same interest, both for the year 1791 & 1792 as if they had subscribed to the first Loan. It will not be materially difficult, so to regulate the operation at the Treasury as to avoid in the particular case, that danger of imposition by counterfeits, which was the motive to the general provision for an exchange of certificates.\nII. The amount of the subscriptions in the debts of the respective States, within the limits of the sum assumed in each, appears by the statement marked D to be Dollars 17,072,334.39 Cents, subject to the observations accompanying that statement. Consequently the difference between the aggregate of the sums subscribed, and the aggregate of the sums assumed, is Dollars 4,427,665.61 Cents. This difference is to be attributed to several causes; the principal of which are the following. First; That the sums assumed in respect to certain States exceeded the actual amount of their existing debts. Second; That in various instances, a part of the existing debt was in a form which excluded it from being received, without contravening particular provisions of the Law; as in the case of certificates issued after the first day of January 1790 in lieu of certificates which had been issued prior to that period, which was reported upon by the Secretary on the twenty fifth day of february last. Third; Ignorance of, or inattention to the limitation of time for receiving subscriptions. It appears, that a number of persons lost the opportunity of subscribing from the one or the other of these causes.\nA strong desire that a further opportunity may be afforded for subscriptions in the debts of the States, has been manifested by the Individuals interested. And the States of Rhode Island and New Hampshire, have, by the public Acts referred to the Secretary, indicated a similar desire. The affording of such further opportunity, may either be restricted within the limit, as to amount, which is contemplated by the Act itself; or may receive an extension which will embrace the residuary debts of the States.\nThe first may be considered as nothing more than giving full effect to a measure already adopted.\nThe last appears to have in its favour all the leading inducements to what has been already done. The embarassments which might arise from conflicting systems of finance are not entirely obviated. The efficacious command of the National resources for National exigencies is not unequivocally secured. The equalizing of the condition of the citizens of every State, and exonerating those of the States most indebted, from partial burthens which would press upon them in consequence of exertions in a common cause, is not completely fulfilled, until the entire debt of every State, contracted in relation to the war is embraced in one general and comprehensive plan. The inconvenience to the United States of disburthening the States, which are still incumbered with considerable debts, would bear no proportion to the inconvenience which they would feel, if left to struggle with those debts, unaided.\nMore general contentment, therefore, in the public mind, may be expected to attend such an exoneration, than the reverse; in proportion as the experience of actual inconvenience would be greater, though only applicable to parts, in the one, than in the other case.\nWith regard to States, parts only of the debts of which have been assumed, and in proportions short of those, which have prevailed, in favour of other states, and short also of what would have resulted from a due apportionment of the entire sum assumed; the claim to a further assumption is founded on considerations of equal justice, as relative to the measure itself, considered in a separate and independent light.\nBut there is a further reason of material weight for an immediate general assumption. Monied men, as well foreigners as citizens, through the expectation of an eventual assumption, or that in some shape or other a substantial provision will be made for the unassumed residue of the State Debts, will be induced to speculate in the purchase of them. In proportion as the event is unsettled, or uncertain, the price of the article will be low, and the present proprietors will be under disadvantage in the sale. The loss to them in favour of the purchasers is to be regarded as an evil; and as far as it is connected with a transfer to foreigners, at an undervalue, it will be a national evil. By whatsoever authority an ultimate provision may be made, there will be an absolute loss to the community equal to the total amount of such undervalue.\nIt may appear an objection to the measure, that it will require an establishment of additional funds by the Government of the United States. But this does not seem to be a necessary consequence. The probability is, that without a supplementary assumption, an equal or very nearly equal augmentation of funds will be requisite to provide for greater balances in favour of certain States; which would be proportionably diminished by such assumption. The destination, not the quantum of the fund, will therefore be the chief distinction between the two cases.\nIt may also appear an objection to a total assumption, that the magnitude of the object is not ascertained with precision. It is not certainly known, what is the sum due in each State; nor has it been possible to acquire the information, owing to different causes. But though precise data are deficient, there are materials which will serve as guides. From the returns received at the Treasury, assisted by information in other ways, it may be stated without danger of material error\u2014That the remaining debts of the States over and above the sums already subscribed will not exceed the amounts specified in the statement D accompanying this report\u2014And that, including the sums already subscribed, the total amount to be ultimately provided for, in the event of a general assumption, will not exceed 25,403,362 \u2077\u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 Dollars, which would constitute an addition of 3,903,362, \u2077\u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 Dollars to the sum of 21,500,000 Dollars already assumed.\nShould a total assumption be deemed eligible, it may still be adviseable to assign a determinate sum for each State, that the utmost limit of the operation may be preestablished; and it is necessary in order to the certainty of a due provision in proper time, that interest should not begin to be payable, on the additional \u27e8sums\u27e9 assumed, till after the year 1792.\n\u27e8It will oc\u27e9cur, that provision has been made, for paying to eac\u27e8h St\u27e9ate, in trust for its non-subscribing creditors, an interest upon the difference, between the sum assumed for such State, and that actually subscribed, equal to what would have been payable, if it had been subscribed.\nIn the event of a further assumption, either within the limits already established, or commensurate with the remaining debts of the States, it is conceived, that it will not be incompatible with the provision just mentioned, to retain, at the end of each quarter, during the progress of the further subscription, out of the money directed to be paid to each State, a sum corresponding with the interest upon so much of its debts as shall have been subscribed to that period, paying the overplus, if any, to the State. An absolute suspension of that payment does not appear consistent with the nature of the stipulation, included in that provision; for though the money to be paid to a State be expressly a trust for the nonsubscribing creditors; yet as it cannot be certain beforehand, that they will elect to change their condition, the possibility of it, will not justify a suspension of payment to the State, wh\u27e8ich\u27e9 might operate as a suspension of payment to \u27e8the creditors\u27e9 themselves.\nA further ob\u27e8ject\u27e9ion to such a suspension results from the idea, that the provision in question appears to have a secondary object; namely, as a pledge for securing a provision for whatever balance may be found due to a State on the general settlement of accounts. The payment directed to be made to a State, is \u201cto continue until there shall be a settlement of accounts between the United States and the Individual States, and in case a balance should then appear in favour of a State, until provision shall be made for the said balance.\u201d\nThis secondary operation as a pledge or security (consistently with the intent of the funding Act) can only be superseded in favour of the primary object, a provision for the creditors; and as far as may be necessary to admit them to an effectual participation of it. But as whatever money may be paid to a State, is to be paid over to its creditors, proportional deductions may, with propriety, be made from the debts of those Creditors who may hereafter subscribe; so as that the United States may not have to pay twice for the same purpose.\nIf it shall be judged expedient, either to open ag\u27e8ain, or exte\u27e9nd the assumption, it will be necessary to vary the description of the debts, which may be subscribed, so as to comprehend all those, which have relation to services or supplies during the war, under such restrictions as are requisite to guard against abuse.\nIn the original proposition for an assumption of the State Debts, and in the suggestions now made on the same subject, the Secretary has contemplated, and still contemplates, as a material part of the plan, an effectual provision, for the sale of the vacant lands of the United States. He has considered this resource, as an important mean of sinking a part of the debt, and facilitating ultimate arrangements concerning the residue. If supplementary funds shall be rendered necessary, by an additional assumption, the provision will most conveniently be made, at the next session of Congress, when the productiveness of the existing revenues, and the extent of the sum to be provided for, will be better ascertained.\n[III] There is a part of the public Debt of the United States, which is a cause of some perplexity to the Treasury. \u27e8It is\u27e9 not comprehended within the existing p\u27e8rovis\u27e9ion for the foreign debt, which is confined to Loans made abroad; and it is questionable, whether it is to be regarded as a portion of the Domestic Debt. It is not only due to foreigners, but the interest upon it is payable, by express stipulation, in a foreign country, whence it becomes a matter of doubt, whether it be at all contemplated by the Act making provision for the debt of the United States. The part alluded to is that, which is due to certain foreign Officers, who served the United States during the late war. In consequence of a resolution of Congress, directing their interest to be paid to them in France, the certificates which were issued to them specify, that \u201cin pursuance of and compliance with a certain resolution of Congress of the third day of February 1784, the said interest is to be paid, annually, at the House of Monsr. le Grand, Banker in Paris\u201d. Interest has accordingly been paid to them at Paris, down to the 31st of December 1788 by virtue of a special resolution of Congress of the 20th. of August in that year; since which period, no payment has been made.\nIt has been heretofore suggested, as the opinion of the Secretary, that it would be expedient to cause the whole of this description of debt to be paid off, among other \u27e8re\u27e9asons, because it bears an interest at six per centum per annum, payable abroad, and can be discharged with a saving. The other reasons alluded to are of a nature both weighty and delicate, and too obvious, it is presumed, to need a specification. Some recent circumstances have served to strengthen the inducements to the measure. But if it should, finally, be deemed unadviseable, it is necessary, at least, that provision should be made for the interest, which is now suspended, under the doubt that has been stated, and from the want of authority to remit it pursuant to the contract.\nThe amount of this debt, with the arrears of interest to the end of the year 1791 is Dollars 220,646 \u2078\u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080\nIV. The Act making provision for the Debt of the United States has appropriated the proceeds of the Western Lands as a fund for the discharge of the public debt. And the Act making provision for the reduction of the public debt, has appropriated all the surplus of the duties on Imports and Tonnage, to the end of the year 1790, to the purpose of purchasing the debt at the market price; and has authorised the President to borrow the further sum of Two Millions of Dollars for the same object.\nThese measures serve to indicate the intention of the Legislature, as early and as fast as possible, to provide for the extinguishment of the existing debt.\nIn pursuance of that intention, it appears adviseable, that a systematic plan should be begun for the creation and establishment of a sinking fund.\nAn obvious basis of this establishment, which may be immediately contemplated, is the amount of the interest on so much of the debt as has been or shall be, from time to time, purchased, or paid off, or received in discharge of any debt or demand of the United States, made payable in public securities\u2014over and above the interest of any new debt, which may be created, in order to such purchase or payment.\nThe purchases of the debt already made have left a sum of interest in the Treasury, which will be increased by future purchases\u2014certain sums payable to the United States in their own securities, will, when received, have a similar effect. And there is ground to calculate on a saving upon the operations, which are in execution with regard to the foreign debt. The sale of the Western Lands, when provision shall be made for it, may be expected to produce a material addition to such a fund.\nIt is therefore submitted, that it be adopted as a principle, that all interest which shall have ceased to be payable; by any of the means above specified, shall be set apart and appropriated in the most firm and inviolable manner, as a fund for sinking the public debt, by purchase or payment; and that the said fund be placed under the direction of the officers, named in the second section of the Act making provision for the Reduction of the public debt, to be by them applied towards the purchase of the said debt, until the annual produce of the said fund shall amount to two per Cent. of the intire portion of the debt which bears a present interest of six per Centum, and thenceforth to be applied, towards the redemption of that portion of the debt, according to the right which has been reserved to the Government.\nIt will deserve the consideration of the Legislature, whether this fund ought not to be so vested, as to acquire the nature & quality of a proprietary Trust, incapable of being diverted, without a violation of the principles and sanctions of property.\nA rapid accumulation of this fund would arise from its own operation; but it is not doubted, that the progressive developement of the resources of the country and a reduction of the rate of interest, by the progress of public credit, already exemplified in a considerable degree, will speedily enable the Government to make important additions to it, in various ways. With due attention to preserve order and cultivate peace, a strong expectation may be indulged, that a reduction of the debt of the Country will keep pace with the reasonable hopes of its citizens.\nAll which is humbly submitted\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0124-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure C: [Estimate of the Outstanding Debt], 30 November 1790\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph,Treasury Department\nTo: \nThe amount of the domestic debt of the United States, as stated by the Secretary of the Treasury, in his report of the 9th. January 1790, to the House of Representatives, relative to a provision for the support of the public credit, is as follows:\nLiquidated and Loan Office debt, as per Schedule C.\nInterest thereon to the 31st. December 1790, pr ditto, D.\nAdditional sum for sinking the Continental Bills of Credit, and for the discharge of the other parts of the unliquidated debt\nFrom which deduct amount as per statement A\nAmount of the registered debt, and Credit, with interest, per statement B.\nBalance outstanding\nNote\u2014The balance above stated to be outstanding, probably exceeds the real sum. In the original estimate, the old emission bills were computed at 40 for 1, but they have been provided for at 100, for 1. There are also loan office Certificates, which were sent to public officers, to be applied to the public service, and which were supposed to have been so applied, but which have since, upon settlements of their accounts at the Treasury, been returned and cancelled.\nIn addition to this, payments in public securities are expected to be made into the Treasury, which will thereupon be cancelled. And it is presumable that in the course of the War, sums have been lost and destroyed, which are included in the estimate, but as there is some arrearage of interest, not included in the calculation; and as there are certain claims on the Treasury, the event, or amount of which is not yet determined, it is not possible now to make a precise estimate of the difference between the sum computed to be outstanding, and what will be really found so.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.\nTreasury DepartmentRegisters Office, November 30th. 1790", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0124-0005", "content": "Title: Enclosure D: [Statement of Subscriptions to the Loan], 25 January 1792\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph,Treasury Department\nTo: \nStates\nAmount assumed by the Act\nAmount Subscribed\nRemaining unsubscribed to complete the amount assumed\nSubscribed beyond the amount assumed\nEstimated amount of the remaining debt of the State\nDollars \u2003\u2003\nDollars Cts\nDollars Cts\nDollars Cts\nDollars Cts\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nnone\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nNotes\n1. The sums marked (a) in the column of remaining debts, are inserted upon recent official communications.\n2. Those marked (b) are founded upon official statements, some time since received, and reported to the House of Representatives, on the ninth of January 1790, adding interest for the subsequent period.\n3. Those marked (c.) are founded on informal information, but such as is deemed substantially authentic and accurate.\nThe estimate for Rhode Island including a sum not ascertained, which has been cancelled in consequence of former laws of the State, enjoying the creditors to bring in their certificates, and receive payment in paper money, but has been revived by a late law of the State, directing the sums paid, to be liquidated, according to a certain scale, and deducted from the original amount.\n4. That marked (d) is founded on a report of a committee of the 11th. November 1791 to the House of Delegates of Virginia, compared with a former return to the Treasury, and other information.\n5. That marked (e) is founded upon a statement of the Comptroller of North Carolina, of 20th. May 1790.\n6. That marked (f) is founded on a statement of the Treasurer of Georgia, of the 30th. of April 1790, compared with other information.\n7. The sums, expressed in round numbers, is not meant to be understood as precisely accurate, but as very near the truth.\n8. The foreign, as well as the domestic debt of the States, is included.\nTreasury Department, January 25. 1792.\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0126", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Maria Reynolds, [January 23\u2013March 18 1792]\nFrom: Reynolds, Maria\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, January 23\u2013March 18, 1792]Wensday Morning ten of Clock.\nDear Sir\nI have kept my bed those tow days past but find myself mutch better at presant though yet full distreesed and shall till I se you fretting was the Cause of my Illness I thought you had been told to stay away from our house and yesterday with tears I my Eyes I beged Mr. once more to permit your visits and he told upon his honnour that he had not said anything to you and that It was your own fault believe me I scarce knew how to beleeve my senses and if my seturation was insupportable before I heard this It was now more so fear prevents my saing more only that I shal be misarable till I se you and if my dear freend has the Least Esteeme for the unhappy Maria whos grateest fault is Loveing him he will come as soon as he shall get this and till that time My breast will be the seate of pain and woe.\nadieu\nCol. Hamilton\nP S. \u2003 If you cannot come this Eveneng to stay just come only for one moment as I shal be Lone \u2003 Mr. is going to sup with a friend from New-York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0127", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Maria Reynolds, [January 23\u2013March 18 1792]\nFrom: Reynolds, Maria\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, January 23\u2013March 18, 1792]Monday Morning.\nthe Girl tells me that you said If I wanted any thing that I should write this morning alas my friend want what what can ask for but peace wich you alone can restore to my tortured bosom and do My dear Col hamilton on my kneese Let me Intreatee you to reade my Letter and Comply with my request tell the bearer of this or give her a line you need not be the least affraid let me not die with fear have pity on me my freend for I deserve it I would not solicit this favor but I am sure It cannot injure you and will be all the happiness I Ever Exspect to have But oh I am disstressed more than I can tell My heart Is ready to burst and my tears wich once could flow with Ease are now denied me Could I only weep I would thank heaven and bless the hand that", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0129", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, January 23, 1792. Submits \u201cthe draft of a Report, pursuant to an order of the House of Representatives of the first day of November last.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0130", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore 23d. January 1792\nSir.\nThe only Brig Hope that I know \u201cwhich frequents this port\u201d belongs to Stephen Zacharie of Baltimore, a Citizen of the United States, see No. 52, 1790. Mr. Stephen Zacharie is of the House of Zacharie, Coopman & Company. The partners are, Stephen Zacharie, resident in Baltimore, who became a Citizen of the State of Maryland, according to an Act of the Legislature for the Naturalization of foreigners, about the Year 1789. Francis Coopman a Citizen of France, residing in the West Indies and John Baptist Vochez, a Citizen of France, resident in Baltimore. Mr. Gernon resides in Richmond, but whether he is a Citizen of the United States or not I am not informed.\nThe Brigg hope cleared last from this port on the 22d. of October 1791 for Cape Francois to which place she usually, I believe, constantly runs, and where Mr. Coopman is acting partner. She is now commanded by Mr. Latouch, a Native frenchman endorsed as Master the 7th March 1791 at this office. Whether he is a Citizen or not I do not know, the law of Congress does not authorize a Collector in such a Case to require proof and I am not informed. It is said that the Hope is now at Annapolis, prevented by the Ice from proceeding to this port.\nThis Brig Hope is the same which formerly belonged to Connecticut, and about which there was a reference to you by Zacharie Coopman & Co. because I refused to grant to her the privileges of an American Vessel on account of some Informality in the instrument of Sale; and the same about which there was lately a petition to Congress to refund the duty upon tonnage exacted here according to law.\nPermit me again to suggest to you that the informalities of a bill, of Sale of a Vessel, can be known to no Officers of the Customs except where the new Register is granted, and that, unless it is noted by the Collector on the back of the new Register, the privileges of an American Vessel can not on that account only be denied at any other port.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your most Obedient Humble Servant\nAlexander HamiltonEsqr Secy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0133", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 24 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nPhiladelphia January24. 1792\nMy Dear Sir\nI feel great satisfaction in knowing from yourself, that your institution rejects the idea of coalition with the new project, or rather Hydra of projects.\nI shall labour to give what has taken place a turn favourable to another Union; the propriety of which is as you say clearly illustrated by the present state of things.\nIt is my wish that the Bank of New York may, by all means, continue to receive deposits from the Collector, in the paper of the Bank of the U States, and that they may also receive payment for the Dutch Bills in the same paper. This paper may either be remitted to the Treasurer or remain in the Bank as itself shall deem most expedient. I have explicitly directed the Treasurer to forbear drawing on the Bank of New York, without special direction from me. And my intention is to leave you in possession of all the money you have or may receive \u2019till I am assured that the present storm is effectually weathered.\nEvery body here sees the propriety of your having refused the paper of the Bank of the United States in such a crisis of your affairs.\nBe Confidential with me. If you are pressed, whatever support may be in my power shall be afforded. I consider the public interest as materially involved in aiding a valuable institution like yours to withstand the attacks of a confederated host of frantic and I fear, in too many instances, unprincipled gamblers.\nAdieu Heaven take care of good Men and good views. Yrs\nA Hamilton\nWilliam Seton Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0135", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [25 January 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, January 25, 1792]\nMr. Hamilton presents his respects to the President & submits the following alterations in the Letter\u2014\ninstead of \u201cI shall be glad\u201d to say \u201cit is my desire\u201d or \u201cit appears adviseable\u201d that you prepare &c.\nInstead of \u201cWhen our Constituents\u201d say\n\u201cWhen the Community are called upon for considerable exertions, to relieve a part, which is suffering under the hand of an enemy, it is desireable to manifest that due pains have been taken by those entrusted with the administration of their affairs to avoid the evil.\u201d\nIt is a doubt whether our constituents be a proper phrase to be used by the President in addressing a subordinate officer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0139", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 27 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTreasury Department, January 27, 1792. \u201cThe Treasurer of the United States has been directed to draw upon you a Bill, at ten days, for 95.947\u00bd Guilders, in favor of Mr. Jefferson, the Secretary for the Department of State, to which I request you to pay due honor.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0141", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 28 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nTreasury Department January 28th 1792\nSir\nYou will find herewith duplicate of my letter of the 30th of November last\u2014Since which I am without any of your favours.\nIt is with sincere pleasure, I embrace the opportunity of congratulating you on your appointment to the Hague as Minister Resident. This will afford you a better opportunity of watching and appreciating the course of Circumstances. You will consequently be obliged less to rely on others, and I trust by seizing favorable moments, you will be able to reduce the rate of interest on such future loans as may be found necessary.\nA bill has lately been drawn upon our Commissioners in favor of Mr Jefferson for 95,947\u00bd guilders for the use of the foreign department.\nI send you herewith copy of a report of mine to the House of Representatives on the 23d instant, and of certain statements which accompanied the same, which will give you a view of the present state of Revenue and Expenditure.\nOur frontier affairs by occasioning an encrease of the latter will call for an augmentation of the former.\nWith perfect consideration & esteem \u2003 I have the honor to remain Sir \u2003 Your Obedient Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nWilliam Short EsquireMinister Resident of theunited States at the Hague", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0142", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 28 January 1792\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire, January 28, 1792. \u201cHerewith I enclose you an account of the expence of Supporting the Lighthouse for the Quarter ending the 31st. of Dec past.\u2026 I have no remarks to make on the Lighthouse respectg its repairs, but its construction does not admit of its being so usefull as the Situation of it requires. I enclose a Contract for supples & attendance on the Lighthouse for 6 Months ending the last day of June next for the purpose of its being laid before the president of the United States.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-10-02-0143", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, 29 January 1792\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexandria [Virginia] 29th. January 1792\nSir!\nI have received your letter of the 18th. Instant and I shall act conformably to it with respect to the clauses of the Collection Law, to which it refers.\nAs to the appointment of a person to measure vessels, in considering the parts of the Coasting Law, which apply to the subject, more particularly the third and thirty first sections, I have conceived that the measurement of every vessel ought to be made by the Surveyor when it can be done conveniently with his other official duties. Few or none of the duties of that Office are in their natures so confidential. Putting this construction on the Law, I shall consider myself bound to require the admeasurement to be made by the Surveyor in every case, where it shall not be necessary to be made by another person to be appointed for the special purpose: and in every case where it shall be proper or necessary to appoint a measurer it shall be regularly done. This the Surveyor well knew was the proposed plan of my conduct, and also the one directed by Law. I have been led to be more exact and explicit with the Surveyor here, because in my opinion he has not been so attentive to the duties of his Office as he ought to have been; and as he is scarcely ever called by any occasion from Alexandria, he ought to have performed more of the duties of his Office than he has thought proper to do. I did formerly appoint a person to measure vessels indefinitely; and I have been informed that the certificates sent to my Office were signed by the Surveyor generally, yet the actual measurement was made in his absence, by the person thus appointed in almost every instance. This mode of proceeding being in my opinion improper, I thought it necessary in order that the Surveyor may be compelled to perform the duty of admeasurement when he can conveniently do it, to adopt the present mode, of appointing a measurer from time to time in every particular case that shall require it to be done. This latter mode is more troublesome to me but will be attended with a more proper execution of the Surveyors duties, and seems more perfectly legal.\nI beg leave to bring your attention to the 31st. section of the Collection Law, because to merchants here have complained of it as inconvenient in requiring the entry to be made on oath by the importer consignee or the known factor or agent of such importer or consignee before the collector of that district where the vessel unladed. The trade of Virginia not being collected to a point, it happens that goods imported by a Merchant at Alexandria are in a Vessel entered in James River, and so vice versa. There is no known factor or agent at the entering port, and the Merchant must go there to take the oath before the Custom House Officer, which inconvenience, it is thought, by altering the Law back to what it was under the first Collection Law, might be removed without any injury to the Revenue. That is to say, by permitting the Oath of Entry to be taken in certain cases before a magistrate, and transmitted to the proper Officer of the Customs.\nThe Case of Mr. Cuthbert has lately occurred he resides in Norfolk, and has some goods in a ship entered in this district. He has sent the enclosed paper, supposing it to be a sufficient appointment of an agent to make entry of his goods. As the ice has occluded our navigation, no inconvenience will arise to him while I wait for your opinion, and therefore I have submitted to you to direct, whether the oath of entry ought to be admitted to be taken by a person duly appointed by the importer or consignee to be his agent for the particular purpose of entering the goods; or whether the Law does not mean that the agent ought to be a person who previously and in other instances had acted in the affairs of the importer or consignee, and was known as such at the place of doing the business. The former construction might occasion unfair practices if generally admitted; and as the Law has made no exceptions, if admitted in one case it ought also to prevail in every case.\nI am Sir! most respectfully \u2003 Your most Obedt. Hble Servant\nCharles Lee, Collectorat Alexandria", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Gale, 1 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Gale, George\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentFebruary 1, 1792\nI have received your letter of the 20th Ultimo, and shall consider the several suggestions contained in it.\nThe subject of compensation will come into view when the law shall be under revision.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 with great consideration, \u2003 Your Obed. Servant.\nAlex Hamilton\nGeorge Gale Esq.Supervisor Maryland.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0002", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Isaac Ledyard, [1 February 1792]\nFrom: Ledyard, Isaac\nTo: \nDear sir\n[New York, February 1, 1792]\nOn my arrival here finding that a tide was likely to make strongly for Mr. Burr, I grew more anxious on the grounds which I had the honor to converse with you about in Phia. I talked with several of our common friends, but with none confidentially excepting Genl. Schuyler, who with the same confidence was pleased to inform me of the circumstance of Mr. Yates resigning his pretensions. Mr. Schuyler concluded to have an interview with you, & to let the determination of Mr. Yates remain a secret \u2019till his return.\nMr. Yates it is probable will feel much inclined to return the favor which he has recd. from your friends in affording his support to the Candidate which they may propose, but against this it is to be calculated that supporting Mr. Burr will best please most of his antient friends & tend to restore him to their confidence, & also that the Candidate in question has a personal dominion over him. Mr. Schuyler supposes that if Mr Clinton and Mr. Burr were to be the only Competitors & his friends thrown out of the scale it would be doubtful which succeeded. To oppose Mr. B with success, your friends will be necessitated to promote the interest of the Old Incumbent which might be considered a dereliction of sentiment & to cherish the hopes of a third Candidate will probably be to loose a triumph. If B. finally succeeds & you not have the merrit of it, it will be an event extremely disagreeable to me. With this impression I have sought repeated interviews with him, untill I could procure from him an artless declaration from him of his sentiments both with respect to the Union on present grounds & also with respect to you. He has expressed a sincere regard for the safety & well being of the former, with respect to yourself he expresses an entire confidence in the wisdom & integrity of your designs, & a real personal friendship, & which he does not seem to suppose you doubt of, or that you ever will unless it may arise from medling Interveners. Unless you have grounds of objection which I do not know of, I ardently wish that the result of your interview with Genl. Schuyler may be an adoption of the Candidate.\nIt is not necessary to say more on this head considering our conversations in Phia. Permit me only to add that I was very sorry to find your real friend honest Troup under impressions of being neglected by you, which he said was also a complaint of some others of your friends. I hope I have removed it in him. May I be permitted to intreat you to silence such complaints, which may have an unhappy tendency as far as your very laborious life will permit. Troup has been innocently led astray in the Bank business & can not now easily get out of the scrape.\nI am with entire Respect & Esteem \u2003 Your very Obedt. & humble Servt.\nIsaac Ledyard\nN York 1st Feby 17\u27e892\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0004", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Van Schaack, 1 February 1792\nFrom: Van Schaack, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Pittsfield, Massachusetts, February 1, 1792. On April 20, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Van Schaack: \u201cI received your letter of the 1st of February.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0006", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 2 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\nTreasury Department, February 2, 1792. Questions two entries in Delany\u2019s \u201caccount with the United States.\u201d States: \u201cThe Register of the Ship Blum Hoff Lady has been transmitted to me by the Collector of Burlington. He mentions that this vessel departed from his district without any papers, and that she has since sailed from Philadelphia. I wish to be informed if she brought any goods into your district from Burlington, whether she obtained a new register with a surrender of the old one, and in whose names: also what measures were taken to obtain the delivery of the certificate of Registry, No 101, for which bond was given in your office.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0008", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Watson, 2 February 1792\nFrom: Watson, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nNew York Feby 2d. 1792\nThe nature of my business has allowed me but a few liesure moments since my return to this place. I called pretty early, & repeatedly on General Schuyler, but have not had the good fortune to find him at home: If I had I am not sufficiently known to him, to expect his confidential communications on a subject so delicate as that of the approaching Election.\nKnowing that truth & the public good engage all your attention, & govern all your actions, it may serve as apology for my suggesting the observations I have made, & the inferences that result. So far then as I have been able to collect opininions, there is some prospect that the gentleman alluded to in our last interview may at all events be prefered to the Government; And in case it was tho\u2019t expedient to give him the Federal interest, the probability would be strong.\nIf that Interest is denied him, & he succeeds; will it not make him an enemy if he is not one now, or increase his enmity if he now has any? If he is refused this support, & fails; will he not return to the senate of the United States, imbittered against the government & its ablest advocates? a circumstance the more to be regretted in the present irritable State of the Legislature, & Body Politic: If this aid is given him, & he fails; will it not serve to moderate his conduct, or rather to bind him by the ties of interest & gratitude to his supporters? If it could be possible that he should absolve himself from these ties, would not the ingratitude, & atrocity of the act, diminish his power of doing harm, & make all future opposition to him equally just & popular? You will have the goodness to recollect that these remarks, are founded upon the presumption, that Judge Yates chuses not to be a candidate, & that he will resign his pretensions with most satisfaction to the character in Question.\nThis I am assured is the fact, without which I should not have troubled you with these remarks.\nWhenever I imagine how much easier it is to embarrass, & obstruct the benign operations of Government than to give them the requisite tone, & vigour I am solicitous, to remove talents, perseverance & address as far from the opposition as possible. I have omitted to urge any positive good, that may result from this measure; Altho\u2019 I am strongly persuaded that a very great one may accrue.\nThe absence of evil will continue to be desirable, untill the public mind becomes more quiet, & Federal habits take deeper root. I shall only add that the cautious distance observed by this gentleman, towards all parties, however exceptionable in a politician may be a real merit in a Governor.\nI have the honor to be, \u2003 With perfect truth & Esteem \u2003 Your Most Humble Servant\nJames Watson\nHone A Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0009-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 3 February 1792\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nTreasury Department,Registers Office 3rd. Feb. 1792.\nHaving agreeably to your directions examined the Actual payments which have been made, upon the several appropriations of public Monies to 31st. Decemr. 1790 & having compared them with each other a balance of 314.747.29 Dolls. remains stated as \u214c: B.\nI have not been able yet to ascertain what proportion thereof will form a fund of surpluses which is appropriated by act of Feb. 11th: 1791, for the payment of the expences of Government for that Year, but think it probable that the following will arise Vizt.\n  Upon the Appropriation of 216.000 Drs: granted by act of 20th. Septr. 1789. for the Civil List 1789\n  Upon the\n  do:\n  by same act for\n  discharge of Treasy: Warrts: drawn by the late Governmt.\n  Upon the\n  do:\n  of\n  Drs. for the Civil\n  do:\n  do:\n  of\n  Drs. for discharging\n  Specific Demands including the building a lighthouse\n  on Cape Henry \u214c act do.\n  Upon the\n  do:\n  of\n  by act 12th Augt:\n  1790 for extraordinaries\n  Upon the\n  do:\n  of\n  for paying\n  (little or no surplus will arise on these appropriations)\npensions to Invalids for the yr: 1789 \u214c. act\nof 20th: Septr. 1789\n  do:\n  do:\n  of\n  for paying\n  pensions to Invalids for 1790 granted by act\n  Estimated Amount of Surpluses which by act of 11th. Feb. 1791. is appropriated to the paymt. of certain sums for the support of Governt. for that Year.\nA more Certain comparison has been made between the sums appropriated for the services of the year 1791 & the actual payments as \u214c statemt: C: by which it appears there is a surplus fund of 40,000 after paying all the demands which can probably be made upon those appropriations.\nThe Statement A: shews the Ntt. amount of Revenue to 31st: Decmr: 1790. together with the total amount of Appropriations to that time.\nI have the Honor to be &ca:\nHonble: A. HamiltonSecy: of the Treasy:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0009-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure A: [Net Revenue and Appropriations], [3 February 1792]\nFrom: \nTo: \nAmount of the Ntt Revenue arising on Goods, Wares and Merchandize imported into the United States from the commencement of the Act  to the 31st of December, 1790.\n\u2003\u2003\u2002\u2002Tonage for the same period\nAmount of Storage & Interest received by the\u2003\u2002Collectors during said time\n\u2003\u2003\u2002\u2002Deduct Collectors salaries\nDollars.\nTotal amount of Appropriations to the 31st. of December 1790.\nDeduct for this sum, received of the receivers of Continental Taxes \u214c Act of Septmr: 29th: 1789 and Ledger No. 1. Folio 66\nDollars", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0009-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure B: [Appropriations Made by Congress August 1789\u2013December 1790], [3 February 1792]\nFrom: \nTo: \nB.\nAppropriations made by Congress between August 1789 and December 1790.\nDollars.\nTotal.\nBalance.\nAppropriation of\n\u214c act of\nSeptmr: 20th. 1789\nNo. 1\nditto\nMarch 26th: 1790\nJuly 22nd. 1790 Indian Treaty\nAugst. 12th. 1790\nSeptmr. 20th. for Invalids in the year\nNo. 2\n\u2003\u201d \u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 for Ditto in\nAugust 4th. 1790 for revenue Cutters\nNo. 3\nMar: 26th: 1790 for Contingent expences of Governmt:\nJuly 1.1790, for intercourse with Foreign Nations\nAugt: 12.1790. for the late Qr. Mr. Genls: Departmt\nMarch 26th 1790. for Gefford Dally & J: Mathers.\nAugst 10th: 1790 for building. Portland light-house\n\u201d 20. 1789 for the Indian treaty\nNo. 4\nSeptr. 29, 1789. War depart\nWar departt. 1790\nJuly 1st: 1790\nin the year 1790\nGenl Appropriation for Congress &ca: March 26th. 1790\nNo. 5\nAppropriation for paying of Interest August 4th. 1790\nNo. 6\n\u201c for the reduction of the Public Debt Augt: 12 1790\nRecapitulation.\nNo\nFor\nMr: O Hara\u2019s explanation to\nNo.\nI apprehend that most of the demands upon the appropriations of which this is the balance are fully complied with, but I suppose it wou\u2019d be well to retain 26.000 drs. to answer any demands that might occur.\nOn this balance demands are and probably will be made in future.\nLarge demands are expected to be made upon this balance except Appropriation of 192 dolls: for dally & Mathers which has been paid by the Secy. of the Senate & Clerk of the House of representatives.\nNo balance arises here being for the War departmt. & fully paid up.\nAmount paid for the reduction of the public Debt and payment of Interest on Funded & Registered Debt.\nNo balance arises here being appropriated for the Compensation of Congress &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0009-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure C: [Estimate of Balances upon Appropriations for 1791], [3 February 1792]\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: \nThe following sums may probably be deemed as Balances upon the Appropriations for the Year 1791. Vizt:\nOn the Appropriation of 299.276. \u2075\u00b3\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 Drs.\nDollars.\nJudiciary\u2014Pennsylvania by the Death of Francis Hopkinson\nCongress. after paying the Members of Senate & House of Representatives, secy. Clerks &ca. to 31st. Decr. 1791}\nTreasury Department, comprising the secretarys, Comptrollers, Auditors, Registers & Treasurers Offices}\nDepartment of State\nDepartment of War\nBoard of Commissioners\nContingencies,\nCongress, Senate & House of Representatives\nTreasury, comprising all the Offices\nDepartment of War, Nothing drawn on this fund\nBoard of Commissioners for settling the &ca.\nDollars\nThe Appropriation of 50.756. \u2077\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 Drs: cannot yet be ascertain\u2019d as there are many Charges against it now depending in the Auditors Office,\nThe Ditto of 87.463. \u2076\u2070\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 is still liable to demands, to what amount is yet to be ascertained.\n\u201c Ditto of 302.735. \u2079\u2074\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080. for the War Departmt is compleated.\n\u201c Ditto of 20.000 Drs. \u214c act of Mar: 3rd: 1791 for renewing the treaty with the Emperor of Morocco. on this 13.000 Drs: has been paid whether any further sum will be necessary. rests with the Secy: of state to determine.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0010", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Captains of the Revenue Cutters, 3 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Treasury Department\nTo: Captains of the Revenue Cutters\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentFeb. 3. 1792\nI have this day written to the Collector of Boston informing him, that in addition to his duty as agent for the cutter under your command, she is henceforward committed to his general direction, subject only to the instructions which shall be from time to time received from this department. You will therefore receive and execute his orders, and you will make your communications to him, whenever the service shall require representation from you.\nI am, Sir \u2003 Your obedt. servant\nAlex Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0011", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 4 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\n[Philadelphia, February 4, 1792. On February 15, 1792, Lincoln wrote to Hamilton: \u201cYour two letters one under the 2d & the [other] under the fourth instant came to hand this evening.\u201d Letter of February 4 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0012", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 4 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nTreasury Department, February 4, 1792. \u201cI request that You will advance to the Supervisor of the District of Rhode Island the Sum of Two hundred Dollars, to be repaid to You by the said Supervisor, as soon as he shall be in cash.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0013", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 4 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, February 4, 1792. Transmits \u201ca Contract between the Superintendant of the establishments on Delaware river, & Thomas Conaroe the elder, for repairing the public Piers adjacent to Reeding Island.\u2026\u201d States \u201cthat the charge is not disproportioned to what has been usually paid in other similar cases.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0017", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Baron von Steuben, 5 February 1792\nFrom: Steuben, Baron von\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew: York le 5 de fevrier [1792]\nVotre lettre du 1 mier me parvient hier. Vous n\u2019aviez pas besoin mon cher Hamiton, des Excuses pour n\u2019avoir repondue plutot a ma derniere; Votre silence m\u00eame est Eloquant et je L\u2019ai interprett\u00e9 a la lettre.\nJ\u2019ai lue tout les absurdit\u00e9es qu\u2019on a \u00e9crit au sujet des Absurdit\u00e9e qu\u2019on a fait, et je me suis pr\u00e9scrit un silence inviolable, je regrette sincerement la honte et la disgrace des Armes Americaine, mais je rend grace au Ciel que je n\u2019en ai plus a repondre.\nIl en coute Cher aux E: U: et il en couterat encore plus chere, de Vouloir faire la Guerre sans Ordre et Discipline. Si notre departement de Guerre continue ce train d\u2019administration, il nous f\u00e0ut quatre departement des finences pour le soutenir. Quelle horrible depense, pour cette mis\u00e9rable Expedition! Si 500 Miserable soldat ont cout\u00e9 pour une Campagne de Seize jours, la somme de  combien couterons 5000. pour une et peut etre pour deux Campagne, mettez cela a la regle de trois, et dites moi, si Vous ne serez pas Efraye du resultat? Ce calculs mon Ami Vous regarde de pr\u00e8s et je crois quil merite Votre attention.\nFaire des Operation Militaire \u00e0 un tell prix, Epuserait les tr\u00e9sors des plus grande Royaumes du Monde.\nVous Vous souvenez sans doute d\u2019un Coll: Cochran qui etoit dans la Ligne de N: York. Il vient hier chez moi, il est pauvre et charg\u00e9 d\u2019une Nombreuse famille, il demande une place d\u2019officier pour son fils Ain\u00e9, Ag\u00e9e de Vingt trois Ans et fait je croie pour etre Scalp\u00e9e. Comme je ne suis en correspondence avec d\u2019autre Ministre d\u2019Etat que Vous, je Promis au pauvre Pere de Vous Ecrire une ligne. La Voila, je le recommende a Votre bon Coeur.\nJe ne croyois pas que les politiques du tems mettrais un Obstacles de Vous Venir Voir cet hyver\u2014c\u2019est cependent le Cas, et ma Vanit\u00e9 me porte au point, que mon Vieux personage ne devroit pas paroitre a la Cour avec decence, dans un tems ou on discute sur L\u2019Art, dont jadis J\u2019ai fait profession.\nje suis de tout mon Coeur le Votre\nSteuben", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0018", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 6 February 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy dear Sir\n[New York] 6 Feby 1792\nI have delayed answering your very kind Letter of the 24th till I could have a more \u27e8detailed\u27e9 knowledge of what was going on. Col Duer tells me he has however written you in the mean while. Every Interest is rushing by the phalanx of opposition with our Legislature to grant them a Charter\u2014and it is impossible yet to judge whether they will carry their point or not. The Committee have reported that the prayer of the Petition ought to be granted. Our friends are preparing a Counter Petition to the House, & mean to propose to borrow from the State on Interest all the money they have which will be 1\u00bd Millions. Could we bring them to consent to this, it would effectually prevent their giving the Charter to the others\u2014however should all our efforts be in vain & this heterogeneous mass get into Motion\u2014it will then be more essentially necessary that the Bank of the U S. & this Institution be upon the most confidential footing\u2014for unless we unite against this Host, the 3 acting & operating & at varience might produce a general bankruptcy. From appearance the Bank will soon get into operation here. Coallition or not, it is of the utmost consequence that we should draw together in every point\u2014 otherwise their Speculation will play upon us both, & may drain us of every shilling of Specie. From what I can observe of their intentions, they are aiming at an accumulation of large deposits in the Bank\u2014which we must check by not allowing them any discounts\u2014& watch the funds of payments they have to make to us. I feel the highest satisfaction in being permited to be confidential with you on these subjects, I shall therefore open everything to your advice, and I must candidly say that unless our Directors will act with decided firmness and that we receive from you every possible support, when their Bank is to be set agoing, the consequences may be fatal to us. The Balance on \u27e8\u2013\u27e9 the Bank of the U. S. is 176453\u2014this sum no doubt they will depend upon to receive in Specie\u2014& can do us no harm\u2014but if the balance due the Treasurer of 232,000 was to be drawn for & exported in Specie also\u2014together with the opposition balance that will absolutely be drawn from us\u2014then it would become scarce\u2014& would oblige us to send to Phila. the National Notes we have for exchange in Specie. We have now 230,000 Dolls. of them, & this week & the next the last Amsterdam Bills will be paid for, probably all in that Paper as they amount to 205,000 Dolls more. The fact is we have actually in Specie in the Vaults better than 600,000 Dollars & the balance due us on Discounted Bills is 2,500,000 Doll\u2019s\u2014which is full double the amt of all we owe on Deposits. Our Circulating Notes is a trifle only\u2014yet if our Deposits are called for, more suddenly than we can call in our Discounts much temporary Distress must ensue. It is therefore of great consequence to us as well as to the Bank of the US. that the paper we have of theirs should be set against what we owe them & the Public\u2014that neither may be forced to an \u27e8interchange\u27e9 of Specie.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0019", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 6 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Treasury Department\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nSir,\nTreasury Department,February 6, 1792.\nIt is my wish that you transmit to this office a return of the public property, exclusive of cash and bonds, in the hands of all the officers of the customs in your district, that is to say, the scales, weights, boats, &c. which may be in the hands or charge of any officer of the customs, from the Collector to the Inspector or Inspectors. This return it will be fit that you also transmit with your quarterly accounts on the 31st of December next, and so for each succeeding year.\nShould the Register of the brig Lydia, of Washington, NorthCarolina, appear at your office, it is to be detained, proof being before me that the brig has been sold. The certificate is No. 4, of 22d April 1790, James Rhodes owner and master, and states the vessel to be of 98\u00bd tons, square sterned, and without a head. The brig being now in the port of Philadelphia, this instruction is not extended to the vessel, but is confined to the certificate of registry.\nIt is my desire whenever any person\u2019s bond for duties shall be put in suit, by you, that you will transmit information to the Collectors of the several ports within the State in which you reside, in order that further credit may be refused according to law during the default; and should it be common for the importers in your district to use other adjacent ports, or should you know that such defaulter uses any such ports to make his importations, you will give notice in such places also. When the bonds shall be discharged information thereof should be given at such of the Custom-houses as may have been notified of the default.\nAmple time having been given to the Commanders of vessels trading to foreign ports, it is my desire that the 9th Section of the Collection Law may hereafter be enforced.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your most obedient servant,\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0021", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 7 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentFeb. 7. 1792.\nI think it will be proper for the reasons in your letter of the 23d. ultimo, that you do not pay into the Providence Bank, for the account of the United States the monies you have in hand, and which you shall receive before the 20th. of May next. It is however my desire that you deposit the same in that institution to be passed to the credit of \u201cthe Collector of the district of Providence\u201d and that you note at foot of your weekly returns, that the cash appearing on hand is necessary to discharge such demands as may be pending, for fish, distilled spirits, or foreign goods exported as the case may be.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your obedt. Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nJeremiah Olney EsqCollector Providence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0022", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 8 February 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nBaltimore 8th. February 1792\nI have received your letter of the 2d Instant commiting to me the direction of the future movements of the Revenue Cutter; But you have not yet informed me how the hands \u27e8are to\u27e9 be subsisted. I think that it would be cheapest and best to supply them as on board merchantmen. Any bargain with the Captain might be the cause of discontent among the crew, and to draw rations on shore would be attended with much delay, inconvenience, and trouble. It is expedient that I should be officially informed of the subsistence of Captains &c in the army in order to a settlement with the Officers of the Cutter.\nI am Sir Your Most H. Servt.\nO. H. Williams\nA Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0023", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Allibone, 9 February 1792\nFrom: Allibone, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] February 9, 1792. \u201cSometime about the setting in of the winter \u2026 the Inspector for Port Penn, having discovered that a Large quantity of the filling of the second Pier had been taken out, and several Coasters laying there at the same time, his suspicions led him to challenge them therewith, but as all persisted in denying the fact; And their Hatches being laid he could not make any certain discovery, and did not think himself authorised to Search. Thus as the said Piers are detached from the shore, and are the verry places of safety for those who plunder and ungratefully destroy them, it will be always dificult to make any Effectual discovery, unless it is made the Interest of those who may come at any knowledge thereof to Inform, in aid of which, perhaps it might be made the duty of the Inspectors or other officers of the Revenue, to Search all vessels Suspected of such depredations.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0025", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 9 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nSir\nTreasury Department February 9th 1792\nIt appearing from documents in the Treasury, that there remain at this time a number of draughts unpaid, which were drawn by the Treasurer upon the Collector of Norfolk and others, in the months of April, May, June, July &ca last, and lodged in the Bank of New York for sale; I request that you will cause a statement to be transmitted to this office, of all the Treasurers draughts, which may remain in the Bank undisposed of.\nI am sir, with consideration \u2003 Your obedt. Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nWilliam Seton EsqrCashier of the Bank of New York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0026", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 10 February 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] February 10, 1792. \u201cOn the third of this month the Sloop Hannah William Corey master from Martinico and destined for the District of Providence arrived in this District, but could not enter the first mentioned district on account of the ice.\u2026 Capt. Corey appeared at the Custom House for the first time & reported on the morning of the 7th. of this month. The reason of his not reporting sooner \u2026 was owing \u2026 to his supposing that he might enter his vessel at Providence, and to the obstructions he met with in his progress to Newport.\u2026 If he had acted conformably to his duty, he might have reported and entered here in season. The Law is violated, and under the circumstances mentioned I submit it to you whether a prosecution should be commenced or not, and thereon request your direcn.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0027", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 10 February 179[2]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphiaFeby. 10. 179[2]\nI have received your letter of the 6th instant. The full and confidential communication you make is equally acceptable and necessary.\nI sincerely hope the Petitioners for a New Bank may be frustrated; but I fear more than I hope. General Schuyler will do every thing in his power against them. Every day unfolds the mischievous tendency of this mad scheme. The enemies to Banks & Credit are in a fair way of having their utmost malignity gratified.\nIt is certainly necessary, that if an independent branch of the Bank of the U States be carried into effect in your City, there should be a good understanding between the two institutions. But I tell you in the strictest confidence that there are circumstances which must of necessity postpone this operation, and which are opening the eyes of certain folks to the expediency of a coalition.\nI am under a necessity of authorising the Treasurer to draw upon you for One hundred thousand Dollars. It is a necessary aid to the Bank of the U States which feels more than you do the effects of certain machinations. This for your own breast exclusively. I advance it upon terms which will insure its restoration to you in specie, if a branch is established; so that it will not eventually affect your safety. I may be compelled to go further; but it will be on the same conditions.\nYou will understand that all the money which you may receive for bills or otherwise, on account of the U States, subsequent to the 31st of January last shall be received from you in bills of the Bank of the United States. And that no order shall issue to derange this engagement.\nYou appear to me to mistake a point, which is, that in the case of an establishment of a branch, you will have to pay the Bank of the U States the amount of their deposit in specie. They certainly cannot make a difficulty about receiving their own Notes. This idea I think you may safely proceed upon. At all events no distress will be permitted to arise to you on this account.\nThe state of things however requires unusual circumspection. Every existing bank ought within prudent limits to abrige its operations. The superstructure of Credit is now too vast for the foundation. It must be gradually brought within more reasonable dimensions or it will tumble. Adieu My Dear Sir\nMost sincerely \u2003 Yrs\nA Hamilton\nWm. Seton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0028", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel Tredwell, 10 February 1792\nFrom: Tredwell, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[February 10, 1792. On July 13, 1792, Tench Coxe wrote to Thomas Benbury: \u201cIn a letter from Mr. Samuel Treadwell, addressed to the Secretary of the Treasury under the date of February 10th mention is made, that Thomas Davis Freeman, Surveyor and Inspector of the port of Plymouth, had left that port, without any intention as was supposed of returning.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0029", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Francis Childs, 11 February 1792\nFrom: Childs, Francis\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, February 11, 1792. On February 27, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Childs: \u201cI duly received your letter of the 11th instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0032", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 13 February 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewport [Rhode Island] February 13, 1792. \u201c.\u2026 On the 11th. of this month I received a letter from the Surveyor of Pawcatuck in which he informs me that he had received the Thermometer, which I had forwarded to him, that on opening it he found the Glass broken, and should return it the first opportunity. It is unfortunate that the Thermometer for this Port, & Pawcatuck should have been broken on their passage. One is much wanted for this Port, and an hydrostatic balance would be useful.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0033", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [13 February 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, February 13, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to communicate to the President some letters which have recently come to hand respecting the execution of the Excise Law in Kentuckey.\nFebruy. 13th. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0034", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nathaniel Appleton, 14 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Appleton, Nathaniel\n[Philadelphia, February 14, 1792. On March 5, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Appleton: \u201cIn mine of the 14th ultimo, I instructed you to dispose of the draughts.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0036", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 14 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\n(Duplicate)\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentFebruary 14. 1792\nI have received your several favours of Sept. 23d. Oct. 10th. & Dec. 1st.\nIt appears to me probable that your movement towards Antwerp produced the appearance of a four per cent loan, and I hope from it in the result good effects.\nInclosed you will find a copy of a letter of the same date with this to the Commissioners in Holland. You will easily comprehend the motives which dictated the turn of it.\nAs to the charges on the six million loan\u2014though you had a right to insist on the point which you made with the Commissioners, and did right to insist upon it till there was a concession of the principle, y\u27e8et\u27e9 it appears upon the whole to be more interest\u27e8ing\u27e9 to the United States to keep the Commissioners in good humour, in order to a cheerful cooperation in the more important point of a reduction of interest than to make so small a saving in the charges. I have obtained the consent of the President of the United States to authorise you to allow on the whole loan of six millions the same charges as attended the preceding loan.\nWith great consideration and esteem, I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obedt. servt.\nAlex Hamilton\nWm Short Esq.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0037", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 14 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhelm,Willink, Jan,Staphorst, Nicholaas van,Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nGentlemen\nTreasury Department Febr 14th 1792\nI am just honored with your several favours of Nov 21st & 24th & December 2d.\nI learn with regret the disappointment, which has attended your endeavour, to procure a loan for the united states, at the reduced rate of four per cent interest. Your success would doubtless have been as interesting, to the credit of this country, as it would have been pleasing, both to the President of the united States and myself.\nBut as I rely on the mutual good disposition, both of Mr Short and yourselves, I shall confide that any circumstances which may have taken place, not exactly corresponding with your views of the public interest, will not interfere with a cordial cooperation in the prosecution of it hereafter; and as events will continue to second your efforts, I shall allow myself to hope, that the expectation of reducing the rate of interest on American loans to four per cent, will ere long be realized, notwithstanding the momentary impediment which has happened. The price of the public funds here will satisfy you that it is ceasing to be the interest of the united States to borrow abroad at a higher rate of interest than 4 per cent.\nIf you are able to bring the matter to that standard, it will effectually obviate the possibility of any future recourse elsewhere, and will secure to all parties the important advantage of permanently concentring the loans of the united States in one great money market, upon terms which will conciliate in a satisfactory degree all interests public and private.\nWith very great consideration and esteem, I have the honor to be \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Your obedt servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nMessrs W & J WillinkN & J van Staphorst & HubbardAmsterdam", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0039", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, 15 February 1792\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nBoston Feby 15th. 1792\nYour two letters one under the 2d. & the [other] under the fourth instant came to hand this evening by the post. To the directions they contain a strict attention will be paid.\nIn my last I mentioned to you that empty old rum hogs. when the certificates could be obtained with them were in demand. Since, I think, I have discovered the use to be made of them. A few days pass four hogs. as west India rum were entered here from portland. On examination it is found to be new England rum put into old west india Hogs. Perhaps there may be a little west India rum with the new England. We have taken possession of the rum as New England rum without proper certificates and shall have it labeled. I think we shall have little difficulty to prove the fraud.\nSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0040", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Nixon, [15 February 1792]\nFrom: Nixon, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\n[Philadelphia, February 15, 1792]\nWe take pleasure in thanking you for the candid state of the public existing engagements to the holders of Certificates, for monies lent the United States to carry on the late War between September 1777 and March 1778; and also for the proposed provision for 1791 & 1792 to those continuing nonsubscribers.\nWe find by your Report on the public debt alluded to above, that you conceive the holders of this Class of Certificates should from various motives, be induced, to come into the terms held out for and accepted by so great a portion of the public Creditors; at the same time you would have their choice & election to be free.\nWe therefore declare our willingness to give up as much as the funding System requires from other Creditors; all we desire is not to relinquish more, which you know would be done, if we relinquish an higher demand for an equal Sum.\nAs you observe, the interest is payable on the nominal amount of our respective demands, and the terms preceded the Loan; That the depreciation of the principal commenced from the first of September 1777 & not from March 1st 1778 was owing to a small majority in Congress; however in this we acquiesce, whereby 3,459,000 Dolls. are reduced to 2,538,572 Dolls., making a difference of 920,428 Dolls., being a reduction of upwards of one fourth part of the whole, on which an interest is now payable. Both debts are redeemable at pleasure on paying the arrears of interest in Specie, and a direliction of this interest amounting to more than \u00bc of the whole for ever, is at least equal to a relinquishment of the interest for 9 years on one third of the Capital of the other creditors. We therefore agree to accept the proposals contained in the funding System established by Act of Congress of August 4th 1790; provided the remaining third of our principal reduced by the Scale is given us in Six p Cent Stock, bearing interest from the time to which the arrears are settled in 3 p Cent Stock; and that this average shall be adapted in the ratio of depreciation to the case of each Creditor, so that where the loss of interest is less than the average aforesaid, a proportionate Sum of the Capital shall be in Deferred debt, and where greater a proportionate Sum of the 3 p Cent Stock shall be augmented to Six p Cent Stock, and by this means do equal Justice to all.\nAs the subject is now before Congress, you may perhaps think it proper to submit to them these proposals also.\nIn behalf of ourselves and others we are sir with great respect your most obed servt\nJohn Nixon\nThe Honble Alexr Hamilton EsqrSecy. Treasy. of the U states", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0041", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Pollock, 15 February 1792\nFrom: Pollock, Oliver\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, February 15, 1792. \u201cWarrant No. 1566 in favour of Don Joseph De viar and Don Joseph De Jaudennes Commissioners of his most Catholic Majesty dated 28. February 1792 [was issued] agreeably to a Letter of 15 Feby. 1792 from \u2026 O. Pollock to the Secy. of the Treasury [for] 74.087.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0042", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tobias Lear, [17 February 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDr. Sir,\n[Philadelphia, February 17, 1792]\nIf I understood the President aright, in a conversation some days since, it was his pleasure that a Mr. William Alexander of Rowan County in the State of North Carolina should be nominated as Inspector in place of Mr. Dowel who declined & whose commission I delivered to the President. If he has not mentioned the thing to you, will you ask his orders concerning it? \u2019Tis of importance the place should be filled.\nYrs.\nA: Hamilton\nPhilada.17th. Feby 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0043", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Isaac Ledyard, 17 February 1792\nFrom: Ledyard, Isaac\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear sir\nN York 17 Feby 1792\nI can not see a necessity for Mr. Burrs having cause to consider you as unfriendly to him.\nThe circumstance of Mr. Jays candidateship he knows is a conclusive objection to your aiding his views & for you to be publicly & declaredly Mr. Jays advocate here would have questionable consequences with respect to the advancement of his cause. Mr. Burr has reasons to be unwilling to offend even me by offending you on whose account principally he knows I have been his friend, from just before the time Mr. Hazard visited you in Phila. I shall therefore presume to act as a bond of union between you untill I have the honor to hear further from you.\nI have just recd. yours & am suddenly leaving Town. I shall do myself the pleasure to write you more fully anon, and am with every sentiment of respect & attachment your\nIsaac Ledyard\nA Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0045", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Tayler, 18 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Tayler, John\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 18. 1792\nCapt Williamson who will deliver you this, was formerly a British Officer. He comes to this Country to take the direction of a settlement about to be made in the Western parts of our State, by a Company of Gentlemen in England, who purchased a tract of land from Mr. Morris. He has I understand become a Citizen of The United States, and is, I am well assured, very friendly to them. He appears to be a Gentleman and a man \u27e8of sen\u27e9se. Under these different titles, \u27e8I take\u27e9 the liberty to recommend him to yo\u27e8ur at\u27e9tention and Civility.\nWith great esteem & \u2003 regard D Sir Your Obedient serv\nA Hamilton\nJohn Taylor Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0047", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [18 February 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, February 18, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to communicate for the information of the President a letter which he had just received from the Supervisor of North Carolina. The complexion of things there tho\u2019 not pleasing is rather better than worse.\nFebruary 18th. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0048", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Lee, 20 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Charles\nTreasury Department, February 20, 1792. \u201cI duly received your letter of the 29th Ultimo, and am of opinion that you may safely accept an entry made under the appointment by Mr Cuthbert transmitted to me in that letter.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0049", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 20 February 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir.\nBaltimore 20th February 1792\nInclosed is a list of bonds taken for duties on Merchze pts. of the payments whereof have been postponed, according to law, upon the Merchandize being exported for drawbacks. The certificates of the landing of these goods in foreign ports are not yet returned, and the bonds ought to be put in suit; but as the \u27e8\u2013\u27e9 Sales of part of them at foreign markets have come to hand and I have good reasons to believe that the arrival of the proper vouchers is prevented by the ice in our river and bay, I have ventured to defer the enforceing the collection of the duties in expectation that the harbour would soon be open. The rigours of the Season must soon abate, and it cannot be long before this excuse of the exporters will be removed. If in the mean time it is indispensably necessary to put the bonds in suit you will please to inform me.\nI am, Sir,\nO H W\nA. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0050", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 21 February 1792\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilade. 21 fevr. 1792\nEn consequence des arrangemens pris entre moi et votre gouvernement, je vous addresse cy-jointe la note des sommes \u00e0 acquitter. Des motifs de prudence tendant \u00e0 pr\u00e9venir dans notre comptabilit\u00e9 nationale tout embarras relatif au reversement de ces fonds sur le compte des diverses branches de l\u2019administration me font desirer que vous receviez pour le montant des avances que vous alles faire ainsi que pour celui des armes et munitions envoy\u00e9s \u00e0 st. Domingue, une reconnaissance en livres tournois regl\u00e9e sur le pied du pair intrins\u00e8que entre nos monnoies respectives. Cet arrangement au quel vous avez d\u00e9ja verbalement consenti a besoin d\u2019etre officiellemt adopt\u00e9, et je ne doute pas que vous ne vous y pretiez, puis qu\u2019il est purement relatif aux convenances de votre administration et ne change rien au fond de l\u2019affaire principale. Ces reconnoissances dont je rendrai compte \u00e0 ma cour seront alors recues par notre tresor national, dans les remboursemens que les Etats unis auront \u00e0 y faire successivement.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0051", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 21 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Treasury Department\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nSir,\nTreasury Department,February 21st, 1792.\nIn pursuance of arrangements with the Bank of the United States, I have to desire, that after the expiration of a month from the time of the receipt of this letter, you will discontinue the execution of my former instructions concerning the receipt, and exchange for specie, of the Cash Notes and Post Notes of the Banks of North-America and New-York.\nThe regularity of the service requires that none of the Officers of the Cutters should be absent from them at any time without a written leave or furlough, which you will take an opportunity to communicate to them. The propriety or necessity of these absences you will judge of.\nIt is wished by the Treasurer that the Draughts paid at the Custom-Houses, may be transmitted as soon as possible, after their discharge, to the Treasury. It will be best, therefore, that the Draughts mentioned in your weekly returns of Cash, paid and received, should always be enclosed in them.\nI am, Sir,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0052", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 22 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentFebruary 22d. 1792\nI have the honor to acknowlege your letter of yesterday.\nYou will find enclosed warrants on the Treasurer for the sums you desire, that is to say, one in favour of yourself for Eight thousand three hundred and twenty five Dollars, the other in favour of Mr. De la forest, Vice Consul General of France for Twenty two thousand Dollars. The amounts of these warrants will be paid by the Treasurer at sight.\nThese sums will be liquidated into livres, as you desire, and the intrinsic par of the metals in the two countries will govern to operate as a payment on account of the debt due from the U States to your Government.\nIn making this payment I derive pleasure from the idea of any accomodation which may result from it at the particular conjuncture; and I assure you of a cordial disposition on my part to cooperate in any extension which may be requisite and practicable.\nI have the honor to be with sincere sentiments of respect and esteem \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nMr TernantMinister Plenipotentiary of France", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0054", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 23 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department23d. Feby. 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to inclose to the President of the United States, a contract made by the Superintendant of the Lighthouse on the Island of New Castle in the State of Hampshire with Titus Salter for supplying, keeping, lighting, & superintending the occasional repairs of that building.\nThe terms of this Contract being the same as those in the last agreement for the same supplies and services, and there appearing no circumstances to produce a diminution of the cost of the Keepers supplies for himself or for the Lighthouse, the Secretary is humbly of opinion that it is not disadvantageous to the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0056", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 24 February 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States February 24th: 1792\nThe President of the United States having approved of the Contract made by the Superintendant of the Light House in New Hampshire with Titus Salter for supplying, keeping, lighting and superintending the occasional repairs of that building, it is respectfully returned to the Secretary of the Treasury by\nTobias Lear.Secretary to the Presidentof the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0058", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Francis Childs, 27 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Childs, Francis\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentFebruary 27 1792\nI duly received your letter of the 11th instant, inclosing a copy of the bill before the Legislature of New York for erecting another Bank, and beg you to accept my acknowledgments for the information.\nI am, Sir. \u2003 Your Mo. Obed Servant.\nA Hamilton\nFrancis Childs Esq.  New York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0059", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 27 February 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] February 27, 1792. \u201cYour Letter of the 11th of this month in answer to mine of the 16th of Jany. did not come to hand until the 24th. of this month.\u2026 By the inclosed weekly return of monies received and paid, it will appear that the Cash I have on hand is 2186 dolls 93\u00bd cents \u2026 and [I] will only observe now that at the expiration of this month will be due to Inspectors &c &c to the amount of about sixty dolls., & that there is now due for bounties on fish & salt provision to the amount of about two hundred dolls, which may be demanded, and which should be considered in the provision to be made for the drawback on Spirits which will be due.\u2026 It gives me Uneasiness to call your attention from the important business about which it is constantly employed; but the regard which I owe to myself and family compells me to urge that the present System may not pass away without an allowance and compensation to me, adequate to the services of my office. I would only add to what I have heretofore observed that the fees have decreased every six months since I first opened my office.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0061", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Pierre Charles L\u2019Enfant, [27 February 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: L\u2019Enfant, Pierre Charles\n[Philadelphia, February 27, 1792]\nFrom your letter in answer to mine of the  and your declarations in conversation with Mr. Lear it is understood that you absoultely decline acting under the authority of the present Commissioners.\nIf this understanding of your meaning be right I am instructed by the President to inform you that notwithstanding the desire he has entertained to preserve your agency in the business the condition upon which it is to be done is inadmissible and your services must be at an end.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0062", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Smith, 27 February 1792\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] February 27, 1792. \u201c\u2026 I have \u2026 large returns in forwardness which Shall be compleated as soon as the very pressing business of the Office will permit\u2014with out any further addition to the business of this office it will yet take four or five Clerks three or four months at least to Compleat it but Very unfortuneatly the Auditor cannot pass My Acct of Clerks wages for their Services since the first of Octor. so that they remain unpaid. I entreat your assistance sr. in this matter as it is out of my Power to keep them without it.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0064", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Isaac Ledyard, 28 February 1792\nFrom: Ledyard, Isaac\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear sir\nNYork Feby 28th. 1792\nThe inclosed was left with Mr. Hazard to forward but was carelessly mislaid & forgoten. I do not recollect the contents, but will recollect the impression under which it was written, & that the design must have been to prevent drawn swords. I shall be able in a few days to convince you that on election grounds you need not be the enemy of Mr. \u2014\u2014\u2014 & I hope nothing else will disturb the operation of the experiment. I should have admired the candour & firm integrity which dictated your Letter had it been recd. from almost any other person. It afforded me no new subject of pleasure or contemplation comeing from whence it did. It is probable that by next Sunday I may be able to give you the satisfaction herein intimated. I am most respectfully in all things your assured friend & Obedt. Servt.\nIsaac Ledyard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0065", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of the Executors of Edward Carnes, 28 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nTreasury DepartmentFebruary 28th. 1792.[Communicated on February 29, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, pursuant to an Order of the House of Representatives, of the 5th. of February 1790, referring to him a Memorial of the Executors of Edward Carnes, respectfully submits the following Report.\nThe object of the said Memorial is, to obtain payment of a sum of five hundred and forty four pounds nineteen shillings and eleven pence, money of Massachusetts, claimed as due to the estate of the said Edward Carnes, for supplies furnished, and work done for sundry vessels of the United States, during the late war.\nThe following are the material facts, which appear in relation to this case.\nJames Warren, William Vernon, and John Deshon, were Commissioners of the Navy Board, for the Eastern Department.\nThe United States in Congress assembled, on the 29th. of August 1781, among other things, resolved;\nThat an agent of Marine should be appointed, and that as soon as the said Agent should enter upon the execution of his Office, the functions and appointments of the Board of Admiralty, the several Navy Boards, and all the civil officers appointed under them, should cease and be determined.\nOn the seventh of September following, they further resolved;\nThat until an Agent of Marine should be appointed, all the duties, powers and authorities, assigned to the said Agent, should devolve upon, and be executed by the Superintendant of Finance, and that as soon as the said Superintendant should take upon him, the execution of those duties and powers, the functions and appointments of the Board of Admiralty, the several Navy Boards, Agents and civil officers under them should cease and determine.\nOn the twenty first of the same month of September, the Superintendant of Finance wrote to the Navy Board of the Eastern Department, communicating to them the aforesaid resolutions, deputing John Brown to act on his behalf, and requiring them to surrender to him, all the public books, papers or stores in their possession or custody; observing only, that if the Frigates Alliance and Deane, then fitting for sea, should not be completed, when his letter arrived, their equipment should proceed under the direction of the Board, so that their accounts might close with those vessels.\nOn the twenty sixth of March 1782, the Superintendant of Finance, in a letter to the then late Navy Board, expresses himself thus\u2014\u201cI think you should settle the accounts of the persons, to whom your Department is indebted, and give them certificates of the sums due.\u201d\nThe petitioners produce an account settled between the said Edward Carnes, and William Vernon and James Warren (the said John Deshon having previously resigned his office) which bears date the 25th of July 1782, and states a balance in favor of Edward Carnes of five hundred and forty four pounds nine shillings and eleven pence, lawful money of Massachusetts. The account is signed by the said William Vernon and James Warren.\nThe Navy Board aforesaid have not settled their accounts with the United States, and the probability of a satisfactory settlement cannot be inferred, from the circumstances which have hitherto appeared.\nThis leaves the government without adequate means of testing and checking demands of the nature of that, which is the object of the petition under consideration.\nThe books, however, of the Navy Board, which in August or September 1786, were lodged in the hands of the Commissioner for settling the accounts of the Navy Department, correspond, in this instance, with the account produced.\nIt does not appear, that this account was ever exhibited, either to the Commissioner charged with the settlement of accounts in the State of Massachusetts, or at the Treasury, within the periods prescribed by the Acts of limitation.\nIf, therefore, the claim is to be considered as an unliquidated claim, it is barred by those Acts.\nBut the Secretary is of opinion, that this claim, admitting the adjustment to have taken place, in conformity to the face of the account, does not fall under that description; inasmuch as there appears to have been, prior to those Acts, a formal settlement, and a precise balance struck by persons, who were charged with settling accounts in the department, by the Superintendant of Finance, acting under the authority of Congress, as Agent of Marine.\nIf this idea be well-founded, a question will still remain, how far such a settlement is to be deemed conclusive upon the public, or liable to revision and re-adjustment.\nOn the first supposition, there would be nothing more to do than to satisfy the claim. On the last, the revision would be most advantageously made by the Accounting Officers of the Treasury.\nThe Secretary begs leave to state here, that there are a number of claims upon the Government, the respective amounts of which hav been ascertained and certified by public officers of various descriptions; but which are not admitted by the present practice and course of the Treasury.\nA resolution of Congress of the 23d. of February 1785 requires all persons, who have issued certificates of debts due from the United States (Loan office certificates and certificates of final settlement excepted) forth-with to deliver to the Board of Treasury, or to some Commissioner of Accounts in the State where such persons reside, a fair abstract of all the certificates, which they had issued, and directs that copies of those abstracts should be transmitted by the Board of Treasury, to the several Commissioners of accounts, as a guide in detecting frauds.\nAnd another resolution of the same date enjoins it upon those Commissioners, to be careful how they admit charges against the United States, on Certificates not duly supported by the authority of Congress, and the accounts of the officers, who had issued them.\nInfluenced by the precautions contemplated by those resolutions, and by the great danger of admitting certificates which could not be checked by any return, account or document from the officer who had issued them, it grew into a practice, at the Treasury, to decline the admission of any Certificates, of which there was not such evidence in the possession of the Treasury.\nWhen it is considered, how great a number of persons were charged, during the late war, with issuing Certificates for services and supplies, and that the accounts of a considerable proportion of them are still unsettled, and of many, by deaths, abscondings, destruction of papers and other casualties, never can be settled\u2014It will be readily perceived, that great hazard of abuse and imposition would have attended a contrary practice.\nThe claims of the individuals concerned are, nevertheless, embarrassing. They urge, that the public are bound, to admit claims founded upon the acts of officers, whom they had entrusted to contract such claims, and to give the evidences of their being contracted, especially where nothing appears to invalidate them.\nA medium between a total rejection of such claims, and an implicit admission of them, seems best reconcilable with public justice and public policy.\nThe Secretary, pursuant to this idea, submits the following arrangement, to the consideration of the House of Representatives.\nThat provision be made by law, requiring all persons having claims upon the United States, not barred by any Act of limitation, founded upon certificates, or other written documents, from public officers (except Loan-Office certificates, certificates of final settlement, register\u2019s certificates, and certificates issued pursuant to the Act making provision for the debt of the United States) to exhibit their respective claims at the Treasury, depositing the documents and vouchers, upon which they are founded, within the term of eighteen months from the passing of the law; and barring all such claims, as should not be exhibited within the term limited: empowering the accounting officers of the Treasury, after the expiration of that term, to admit and adjust, as in similar cases, all such of those claims, as should appear to them proper to be admitted, and requiring them to report to Congress all such as should appear to them objectionable, together with their objections, in order to a final Legislative disposition concerning them, as justice and right may require.\nAll which is respectfully submitted\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0066", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Smith, 28 February 1792\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] February 28, 1792. \u201c\u2026 the amount of Certificates of the assumed debt presented & funded at this office is 674,675 Dollars which deducted from the Quota allotted this State Viz 2.200.000. Dollars leaves 1,525.325 the Interest On Which agreeably to the statement on the other side amounts to 13982.14 Cts. for the Quarter ending 31 March 1792.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0067", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 28 February 1792\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire, February 28, 1792. \u201cYour letter of the 4th. instant I had the honor to receive the 21st. and conformably with your directions I now give you the Name of Benjamin Gunnison as a Suitable person for the first Mate of the Revenue Cutter Scammel.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0069", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Heth, 29 February 1792\nFrom: Heth, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir\nPrivateRichmond 29th Feby. 1792.\nWhen at Petersburg the other day, I found an Idea prevailing that, Mr Randolph, the present Marshall, & myself, were about to exchange Offices, at which, I was a good deal surprised\u2014tho\u2019 it gave me no concern. But, on coming to Town this morning, it was suggested to me that Mr Randolphs friends might effect this exchange, without my knowledge or consent, by insinuating to the President that I had been consulted thereon, and that it was agreeable to me. This alarm\u2019d me a good deal, and should such a scheme, be actually in contemplation, I know not, how to prevent its taking effect, but by thus assuring you, that nothing was ever farther from my intentions or wishes, than such an exchange, and to rely upon your aid and friendship, to prevent my being so greatly injured\u2014by acquainting the President with the contents of this\u2014should you think it expedient.\nSome time ago, I received a confidential letter from a certain member of Congress, asking me\u2014\u201cif in case, the Office of Marshall should be made Worth from \u00a3600 to perhaps \u00a31000 \u214c Ann I would prefer it to the one I now hold.\u201d Being somewhat flatterd and complimentd I answerd him cautiously, and, as delicately as I could declaring my own to be a more agreeable office, and more Suitable to my genius & talents\u2014but that, I could not determine thereon, until I saw the new law and I wishd to consider more on the Subject. The same person it seems, wrote at same time to Mr Randolph and tho\u2019 I cannot suppose him capable, of any double dealing, or any underhanded work, yet, I have been urgd to take this Step, to Secure myself against any Court Machinations, which, may be forming on this subject.\nThe Jealousy, which has dictated this measure, would not, perhaps have existed, had not Mr Randolphs appointment, with certain circumstances preceding it, occasiond universal astonishment, and what further his friends may have in view, cannot be known.\nI must therefore, my dear Sir, rely upon you to prevent such an act of imposition and injustice, taking place. Pray favor me with a single line in answer to this, and believe me to be \u27e8with\u27e9 every Sentiment, of respect, friendship & Es\u27e8teem\u27e9\nD sir, \u2003 yr mo. Ob sert\nWill Heth\nThe HonbleAlex Hamilton Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0070", "content": "Title: Report on the Petitions of Jabez Bowen and William Gardner, 29 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nTreasury Department,February 29th 1792.[Communicated on March 3, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nPursuant to the Orders of the House of Representatives of the 20th. of December and 31st. of January last, referring to the Secretary of the Treasury, the petition of Jabez Bowen, Commissioner of Loans for the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and the petition of William Gardner, Commissioner of Loans for the State of New Hampshire, the said Secretary respectfully submits the following Report.\nThat the following Salaries were established by the Act, intituled \u201cAn Act making provision for the debt of the United States,\u201d as compensations for the services of the Commissioners of Loans in the several States.\nDollars.\nTo the Commissioner for the State of New Hampshire,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Massachusetts,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Rhode Island,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Connecticut,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of New York,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of New Jersey,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Pennsylvania,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Delaware,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Maryland,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Virginia,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of North Carolina,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of South Carolina,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Georgia,\nAnd that said salaries are declared, by said Act, to be in full compensation for all services and expenses.\nThat by an Act passed on the third day of March 1791, the said Commissioners were further allowed \u201csuch sums, as should appear to have been necessarily expended by them in the purchase of books and stationery, for the use of their several offices, and for the hire of clerks, from the commencement of the same, until the first day of October 1791.\u201d\nThat though an appropriation of money has been made, during the present session, for such expenses, as have been incurred, by the said Commissioners, for books and stationery, to the end of the year 179[2], yet a legislative Act will be necessary to justify the officers of the Treasury, in admitting the accounts for said expenses, so far as they have accrued in the last quarter of the year 1791.\nThat it will be also necessary, in the event of a renewal of the loans, in the public debt, to extend a similar provision to the end of the present year.\nThat the compensations, at present established for the Commissioners of Loans, are the same, as were allowed by the resolution of the late Congress, passed on the 23d. of March 1787, (when, on account of the deranged state of the public finances, a general reduction of the salaries of the civil department took place, and when the business in the Loan Offices was considerably less than it had formerly been) except in respect to the Commissioners for New York, and South Carolina, and Georgia, to whose salaries, an addition has been made. That the services, performed by the Commissioners under the late establishment of the Loan-Office Department, consisted merely in receiving and remitting to the Treasury, the monies paid by the States, on the requisitions of Congress, and in issuing indents for the payment of interest on the domestic debt; and that, though there is reason to believe, that the salaries, then allowed, were, in most instances, a sufficient compensation for the services, which were performed, yet, when the importance and responsibility of the trusts, at present reposed in the Commissioners, and the laborious nature of their services, are considered, an augmentation of their salaries appears to be advisable.\nThe following sums are considered, as reasonable compensations, to be allowed, annually, from the first day of the present year.\nDollars.\nTo the Commissioner for the State of New Hampshire,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Massachusetts,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Rhode Island,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Connecticut,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of New York,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of New Jersey,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Pennsylvania,\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Delaware\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Maryland\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Virginia\nTo the Commissioner for the State of North Carolina\nTo the Commissioner for the State of South Carolina\nTo the Commissioner for the State of Georgia\nThe charges for Office rent, stationery, and fuel, will, in several of the offices, be so considerable, as to form a great deduction from the salaries of the Commissioners, if borne by them. It is, therefore, proposed, that the accounting officers of the Treasury should be allowed to admit any, or all such charges, as shall be judged reasonable.\nThe extent of the business, in several of the States, will render it indispensable for the Commissioners of such States, to have one or more clerks. To expect them to provide clerks out of their salaries, would require, that the salaries should be considerably larger, than is proposed, or than it would be expedient to grant. Some separate provision, therefore, for furnishing them with clerks, is conceived to be absolutely necessary. This must be, either by defining the number, that each Commissioner may have, or by vesting a discretionary power, somewhere, to allow so many, as may, in experience, be found requisite, not exceeding a certain limit. The first, in the present stage of the business, is difficult, and indeed, from the variations likely to happen, as to the quantity of business, at different offices, that, which would be, at present, a proper standard, might not long continue to be so. On these accounts, the second mode appears to be preferable. It may be so restricted, that not more than two clerks can be allowed to any one Commissioner.\nOccasions frequently occur, in which it is desirable, that there should be an officer, in each State, authorised to act in the capacity of Deputy-Treasurer. For want of it, public monies are confided, where there is no responsibility of sureties: a circumstance, which ought, as much as possible to accompany the receipt and disbursement of public monies. The sums annually paid to invalids may serve, as an example. These are now paid through the Commissioners of Loans; but as the business makes no part of the established duties of their offices, it is presumed, that their sureties would not be answerable for the misapplication of the monies, in this respect, entrusted to them.\nThis inconvenience would be remedied, by constituting each Commissioner of Loans a Deputy-Treasurer, and making it his duty to receive and disburse all public monies, which should be confided to him.\nThis will make it proper, that the sums, in which the Commissioners are required to give security, should be enlarged, and that new sureties should be taken; a requisition, which will be the more reasonable, if competent additions are made to their compensations, so as to render them more duly proportioned to the degree of responsibility.\nAll which is respectfully submitted,\nAlexander Hamilton,Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0071", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 29 February 1792\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Comptroller\u2019s Office, February 29, 1792. Sends report on memorial of Samuel Fowler. States: \u201cThough there is not any recollection of the particular Certificate presented by Saml Fowler and defaced at the Treasury, yet from the circumstances now stated, it is evident that said Certificate was a forgery and not chargeable to the public. That the negligence imputed by the memorialist to the Commissioner and malconduct of his Clerks, appears to be altogether without foundation.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0072", "content": "Title: Notes on Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Report of Instructions for the Commissioners to Spain, [1\u20134 March 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, March 1\u20134, 1792]\n[Jefferson\u2019s Comments]\n[Hamilton\u2019s notes]\nThe General Tenor of the Report appears solid and proper.\nThe following observations however on a hasty perusal occur.\nThe Report is amended in conformity with this observation.\nPage 2. Is it to put our Revolution upon the true or the best footing to say that the circumstances which obliged us to discontinue our foreign Magistrate brought upon us the War? Did not the war previously exist and bring on the discontinueance? Was it not rather the cause than the effect?\nThe capture of the army struck out.\nIs it accurate to say that France aided us in capturing the whole army of the enemy? Does this not imply that there was no other enemy army in the country; though there were in fact two others one in New York, another in South Carolina? This last is a mere criticism as to the accuracy of expression. The sense is clear enough.\nNo conquest of the territory was made, to wit of the island of N. Orleans on the one side, or Louisiana on the other, as both had belonged to Spain before the war. Therefore no change in the right to the water is incident to the territory. This circumstance however is inserted in the Report to make the reasoning the clearer.\nPage 11. Are \u201cnaval victories\u201d the essen\u27e8tial\u27e9 means of conquest of a water as seems to be impli\u27e8ed?\u27e9 Is not the conquest of a water an incident to th\u27e8at\u27e9 of Territory? If this idea is not sound, that combined with it is\u2014namely that in no event could Spain be considered as having conquered the River against the U States\u2014with whom she not only had no war but was an associa\u27e8te.\u27e9\nThe word chuse substituted for wish however England could hold that right of common in the water only as incident to Florida, which she then held. When she conveyed Florida to Spain the incident passed by the same conveyance, & she can never have a claim against us on a stipulation the benefit of which she has conveyed to another.\nPage 22. May it not be inferred from what is said here that though the U States would not wish to insert an express stipulation against other Nations; yet they may be prevailed upon to do it? Would such a stipulation be consistent w\u27e8ith\u27e9 the right which G Britain reserved to herself in the treaty with us? If the inference alluded to is intended to be excluded, will it not be adviseable to vary the turn of expression so as render the intention more unequivocal?\nReport altered in conformity to this.\nPage 23. Are there conclusive reasons to make it a sine qua non that no phrase shall be admitted which shall express or imply a grant? Could the negotiation with propriety be broken off on such a point?\nIs it not rather one to be endeavoured to be avoided than the avoiding of \u27e8it\u27e9 to be made a sine qua non?\n\u27e8The power to alienate the unpeopled te\u27e9rritory of any \u27e8state, is not among the enumerated po\u27e9wers given by the Constitution to the General government: & if we may go out of that instrument, & accomodate to exigencies which may arise, by alienating the unpeopled territory of a state, we may accomodate ourselves a little more by alienating that which is peopled, & still a little more by selling the people themselves. A shade or two more in the degree of exigency is all that will be requisite, & of that degree we shall ourselves be the judges. However may it not be hoped that these questions are forever laid to rest by the 12th Amendment, now made a part of the Constitution, declaring expressly that the \u201cpowers not delegated to the U.S. by the Constitution are reserved to the states respectively\u201d? And if the general government has no power to alienate the territory of a state, it is too irresistable an argument to deny ourselves the use of it on the present occasion.\nPage 25. Is it true, that the U States have no right to alienate an Inch of the Territory in Question; except in the case of necessity, intimated in another place? Or will it be useful to avow the denial of such a right?\u2003\u2002It is apprehended that the Doctrine which restricts the alienation of Territory to cases of extreme necessity is applicable rather to peopled territory, than to waste and uninhabited districts. Positions restraining the right of the U States to accomodate to exigencies which may arise ought ever to be advanced with great caution.\nIt is certainly impossible for any nation to have stipulations of this kind & extent, with two others at the same time. However the language of the Report is made more correct & conformable to the words of the French treaty.\nPage 28. Is it true that the stipulation with France respecting the Reception of prizes is exclusive and incommunicable? It is doubtless so as against France, but why is it so as against other Nations?\nIt is however a stipulation very inconvenient and even dangerous to the U States and one which ought by all means to be excluded.\nIf the Secretary of the Treasury will be so good as to particularise the advantages to be asked & the equivalents to be offered, it will be proper to consider of them.\nThough a Treaty of Commerce like that contemplated in the Report ought not to be rejected, if desired by Spain and coupled with a satisfactory adjustment of the boundary and Navigation; yet ought not something more to be attempted if it were only to give satisfaction to other parts of the Union?\nSome positively favourable stipulations respecting our Grain flour and Fish even in the European Dominions of Spain would be of great consequence and would justify reciprocal advantages to some of her commodities (say Wines and brandies).\nIt seems sufficient to stipulate that the treaty shall be ratified, without saying by what body, or by what individuals it is to be. An instruction however is inserted to allow 16 months for the exchange of ratifications.\nWill it not be necessary to add an instruction that the usual stipulation respecting the ratification of the Treaty by the U States be varied so as to be adapted to the participation of the Senate?\nThis has been decided before.\nLast Page. The words \u201cnor inattentive to their rights\u201d have a pencil line drawn through them. Tis certainly best to obliterate them. The less commitment the better.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0074", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 4 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 4th. 1792\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to inclose the List of appointments of Inspectors of the Revenue, which took place during the recess of the Senate, as well for ports as Surveys. The President will recollect that the Joseph McDowell who was truly contemplated is \u201cthe younger\u201d of Pleasant Garden, though described in the Commission & in the List as \u201cthe Elder.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0076", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nathaniel Appleton, 5 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Appleton, Nathaniel\nSir\nTreasury Department March 5th 1792\nIn mine of the 14th ultimo, I instructed you to dispose of the draughts, remitted you by the Treasurer towards payment of the present quarters interest, upon either of the Banks of the united States or New York.\nAnd as it will be necessary, lest adequate demands for bills upon those banks should not occur in time, to extend that instruction, with regard to the further disposition of the draughts; I now add, that you may supply the deficiencies, by directing such necessary sums as you shall not find negotiable upon the banks in season, to the bank of Massachusetts, and the collector of Boston; [informing yourself previously of the sum in possession of each on account of the Government.]\nI am, sir, \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nA Hamilton\nNathaniel Appleton EsqrCommissioner of loansMassachusetts", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0077", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 5 March 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewport [Rhode Island] March 5, 1792. \u201cI have received a Letter from the Assist. Secry of the Treasy. in which he informs me that \u2026 two Thermometers will be forwarded \u2026 and mentions that it appears proper that you should be informed, in what cases I would find an Hydrostatic balance useful.\u2026 I have written to the Surveyor of Pawcatuck to send me his broken Thermometer, as soon as I receive I will transmit it by Post to the Treasy. The cases in which I would find an hydrostatic balance useful would be all cases in which I should suspect the gold coin offered in payment for duties and fees was counterfeit, or not of equal fineness, with the gold coins of the Nations specified in the 55 Sec: \u2026 of the Revenue Law. Some pieces of coined gold of suspicious appearance have been offered to me, and I had no other way to ascertain their quality but by sending them to a person who is possessed of an hydrostatic balance; and gold cobbs have been offered some of which had been received from the bank of Providence, and were manufactured in this town, where the others were made I could not tell.\u2026 I also received a letter of the 20th. of the last month from the Assist. Secry acknowledging the Receipt of the Bank of Providence for Seven Thousand Dollars, and a Letter from you Sir, of the 15th. of the same month respecting the case of Capt. Elliot, and directing that the attention of the Owners and Commanders of vessels must be drawn to the requisition of the manifest, as made by the Legislature.\u2026 It is probable that a quantity of sugars will be imported into this District in the course of two or three months. It is very disagreeable to the merchants here that the tare should be taken out of each 112 lb. imported by them, when in New york and Philadelphia it is taken out of each 100 lb. I wish that the mode of deducting the tare from all articles imported might be regulated and made uniform as soon as it can be conveniently done.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0078", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 5 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury Department, March 5, 1792. \u201cIt is probable that Treasury draughts in favour of the commissioner of loans of New Hampshire to the extent of 6000 Dollars will be directed to you, which I request you to pay, together with such sums as shall be presented to you in the like draughts by the Commissioner of Your state, towards payment of the interest for the accruing quarter.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0081", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 5 March 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore, March 5, 1792. \u201cThe misfortunes which have attended the arms of the U States against the Savages very naturally engage attention.\u2026 there are perhaps a few who, instead of sympathising, as they ought, in the public concern, find for themselves, consolation in the opportunity of censuring the measures of the Executive.\u2026 The Secretary of War, whose friendship I have no reason to doubt, might nevertheless think the communication of my sentiments officious, and an impertinent intrusion on the perogatives of his Office; to you therefore, in private, I take the liberty of communicating them. The heterogeneous composition of the late Army\u2014The animosities among the Officers, occasioned partly by the different constitution of their corps\u2014The delay in forming them; and the deficiency of supplies, were, most probably the true causes of the defeat of our friend St. Clair.\u2026 How far the arrangements made for the temporary defence of the frontier will prove effectual will depend upon the fidelity of the friendly Indians.\u2026 Would it not be good policy to cultivate a firmer connection with the senecas? \u2026 If Indians are to be faught on their own grounds they must be faught in their own way; experience has perfected them in the art of Bush fighting: and none but our expert Rifle Men (not mere Militia) are a match for them in the woods.\u2026 The difference between select rifle corps, and the Militia in general you well remember. Great advantages might be obtained, in the present contests, by a well chosen Battalion with a few valiant Indians, under a good partizan Officer.\u2026 if by means of a few peace offerings reciprocally presented, a trade with them could be commenced, in all probability, the Ustates would soon derive advantages commensurate to all their pecuniary losses by the War.\u2026 I sincerely believe the danger of disaffection among the Indians now in amity with us, is to be apprehended, and the object of this letter is to awaken that suspicion.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0082", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nTreasury Department March 6th 1792\nIn consequence of the application of Mr Andw. Ellicot, I have the honor to transmit you the official copy of the Survey of the tract of Land purchased by the State of Pennsylvania from the United States.\nAs I conceive this as an original paper filed of record in this office in the Execution of an Act of the Legislature, I must ask the favor of your returning it to the Treasury as soon as you shall have caused a copy of it to be made.\nI have the honor to be very respectfully Sir, \u2003 Your most obedt. Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe Honble\nThe Secretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0083", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Tillary, [6 March 1792]\nFrom: Tillary, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nsir\n[New York, March 6, 1792]\nWhen I reflect how long I have been in your Debt I am ashamed, not that I have had any reason to complain of your patience or doubt your generosity.\nWhen Mr Childs was in Phila. about 10 days ago, I expected he would have called & taken up my note. I had actually put him in possession of the ways & means for doing so, except what interest may be due upon it.\nHe hurried away sooner than he intended, & I believe was obliged to make provision for conducting his business in Phila beyond his expectations of any existing necessities. I need not offer apologies to you, for delaying to take up my note\u2014I am persuaded of your goodness. The Baron whose Note I now have, could not consistently with his arrangements pay me the whole of the rent he owed to me. He is still in my debt, but such is his delicacy & his honor, that I could as soon offend the former, as suspect the later.\nBut what has that to do with my note for \u00a380?\u2014Nothing. I can pay you with ease, & shall do so with gratitude. Send it to any person you please\u2014or let me know how much it amounts to, & I will pay it into the Bank.\nThe Bank Mania rages violently in this City, & it is made an engine to help the Governors re-election. Judge Yates\u2019 sudden & unexpected resignation, or rather declination\u2014Judge Jays sudden & unexpected acceptation\u2014The obstinacy of Gov Clinton\u2014The interference of Burr, & the tergiversation of the Chancellor, confound divide & distract the City. If the Conflict was to terminate in the Triumph or defeat of either of the Candidates, it would be of less consequence, but I either see, or fancy I see, the Malignant spirit of Antifederalism hovering over our land & ready to seize the first favorable opportunity of making a Stand. Farewell May success attend your measures & happiness yourself.\nJames Tillary\nN. York March 6th1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0084", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Harison, 7 March [1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Harison, Richard\nMy Dear Sir\n[Philadelphia] March 7. [1792]\nThis will be delivered to you by Mr. Ceracchi, whom I recommend to your attention.\nHe goes to New York in pursuit of subscriptions towards a Monument of the American Revolution. You have doubtless heared of the Artist and his project. He will explain to you more particularly.\nI have prepared him to find difficulties in the present political situation of New York. How far they may really stand in his way he will better ascertain on the spot.\nWhile I warmly wish success to the plan I would not embarrass my friends by urging it to the prejudice of public objects.\nYrs. sincerely\nA Hamilton\nR Harrison Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0085", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Kean, 8 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Kean, John\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 8. 1792.\nI have desired the Treasurer to transmit to the Bank of the United States a bill or bills on the Bank of New York for the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, which are to be passed, to the credit of the United States.\nIt is to be understood that the Bank of the United States are to receive the amount in their own notes or in specie at the option of the Bank of New York.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your most obedt. servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nJohn Kean Esq.\nCashier of the Bank of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0087", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 8 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 8th 1792\nI have the honor of your letter of this date, communicating the copy of one to you from the Secretary of State in answer to your application of the 3d. instant.\nAssuring you of the pleasure I shall feel, in executing the views of the President, relatively to the accommodation, which is desired, in as efficacious a manner, as the state of our public resources compared with our public exigencies will admit\u2014I am to inform you that you can have from the Treasury of the United States, on account of your Government the following advances viz 100,000 Dollars immediately, a like sum on the first of June, a like sum on the first of September and a like sum on the first of December next. Provision will be made for the punctual payment of these several sums at the Bank of the United States.\nIt would be more agreeable, if it were practicable to stipulate shorter periods for these advances, but considering the extra-demands, which the operations on foot for the defence of our Western frontier will add to the ordinary demands for the current service, it does not appear adviseable to promise earlier payments.\nIf however in the progress of things, it shall be found compatible with the general arrangements of the Treasury, to anticipate the periods which have been mentioned, it will without fail be done.\nIt remains more to explain the principles on which these advances, consistently with the authority vested by law in the President, can be made.\nFrom the instructions which have been given to Mr. Short, from the known progress of his operations, and from some passages in a letter which I have received from him of the 12th of November last\u2014I conclude with certainty, that he has discharged all the arrears of interest and installments of principal due to France to the end of the year 1791.\nThe sums now agreed to be furnished therefore will be an anticipation of so much hereafter to become due.\nThe law, which makes provision for the reimbursements to France, contemplates the payment of whatever sums should have actually become due, unconditionally, but restrains the discretion of the Executive as to payments, by anticipation, with this condition\u2014that they \u201ccan be effected upon terms advantageous to the United States.\u201d\nIt is clear then, adopting the most liberal construction of this condition, that such payments can only be made upon terms which will involve no loss to the United States.\nThe fund, from which must arise the advances proposed to be made, is a part of the sums borrowed abroad, pursuant to the law which has been referred to.\nThese monies have been borrowed at an interest of five per Cent, with charges amounting to four per Cent, and are to be reimbursed in six equal yearly installments, the first at the end of ten years. The time between the receipt of the money in Amsterdam from the lenders, and the placing of it in the Treasury of the United States, cannot be stated at less than six months, during which time an interest has been paid by the United States, for which they have not been compensated by the use of the money. As the money was drawn from Amsterdam by bills of exchange, which were sold upon a credit the transfer was effected at par, while private bills, upon that place were at the times of the sales considerably below par in our market.\nThe United States will consequently avoid loss, and no more, if the advances which shall be made, are so liquidated, as to include an indemnification for the charges of the loan and the interest of the money during the time lost in transferring it from Amsterdam to the United States. The quantum of such an indemnification will be merely matter of calculation upon the data above stated.\nIf however instead of an allowance for the six months interest, you prefer as a rule the rate of exchange between the United States and Amsterdam you are at liberty to make the option.\nThe sums, which have been mentioned will of course only operate as payments, from the respective times; when they shall be actually paid, so as thenceforth to arrest the progress of interest on equal sums of the Debt to France.\nThe intrinsic par of the metals will be the standard of computation, for converting dollars into livres.\nWhen it is considered, that the indemnification, which is sought, is in compliance with an express law, it is hoped that it will obviate all impression of a too minute attention to pecuniary advantage in a case, which is certainly not of great magnitude, and on an occasion, which it is felt claims a liberal treatment.\nWhen also it is considered, that the United States sustained a heavy loss in the first instance, upon their negociations in relation to the aids which constituted their debt to France\u2014on a considerable proportion of not less than 40 per Cent\u2014that by the terms of their contract they are obliged to repay that debt at Paris and consequently were subjected to whatever loss might have been incident to a state of exchange disadvantageous to them\u2014that they in the present case wave the benefit of a state of Exchange highly advantageous to them, and, renouncing gain from that circumstance, are content with merely not suffering loss; it is relied upon, that the terms which have been suggested will appear to you not only equitable but liberal.\nNevertheless, as it is the wish of the President, to obviate all embarrassment on your part and to put the matter upon a footing perfectly satisfactory to your Government and Nation, I am instructed by him to inform you, that if it will be more agreeable to you, he will refer the question of indemnification to a future adjustment with your Court and will cause the necessary instructions for that purpose to be sent to our minister Plenipotentiary there.\nWith very great respect and attachment I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nMr. Ternant\nMinister Plenipotentiary of France", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0088", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [8 March 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, March 8, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President a letter which he has drafted in answer to one from the Minister Plenipotentiary of France, and which contains such Ideas as have appeared to him compatible with the Law, with the state of the Treasury and with a liberal attention to the conjuncture. He will wait on the President this evening for his orders, as Mr. Ternant appears urgent.\n8th. March 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0089", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Daves, 9 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Daves, John\nTreasury Department, March 9, 1792. \u201cYou will receive by the first Vessel, for North Carolina from this Port the several articles for the use of the Revenue Cutter, which you desire.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0091", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Timothy Pickering, 9 March 1792\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nGenl Post Office March 9. 1792.\nAfter much enquiry, I have found a house which would accommodate my numerous family, and at the same time give me office-room. The greatly extended business of the department, I think may be accomplished with the same help which has been used since the time of Mr. Osgoods appointment, to wit, an assistant and clerk. For these, with their necessary writing desks, table, boxes, cases & shelves, for a considerable bulk of books & papers, would sufficiently occupy one room; and another room would be convenient for myself. A servant also will be wanted to keep the rooms in order, make fires, and perform other services. These services, however, not being constant, I could employ a domestic servant, but one selected with a reference to such public service. If for the two rooms for the Genl Post Office, a cellar for wood, and the necessary attendance of my domestic servant, I might make a charge of about 300 dollars, I would then engage the house referred to; but previous to such engagement I wish to obtain your opinion of the propriety of the charge.\nI am &c\nT. P.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0092", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 9 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, March 9, 1792. \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to enclose to the President of the United States a petition to the President from Samuel Davis of the State of Rhode Island & providence plantations, together with the papers from the files of the Treasury relative thereto.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0093", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 9 March 1792\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nCollectors OfficeDistrict of Portsmo [New Hampshire]March 9. 1792\nI conceive it to be a duty incumbent on me to mention to you that the ill State of Health of the Judge of this district has prevented his attendance at the two last Courts, in consequence of which two actions brought to that Court on Bonds for Impost duties have failed in their expected issue, and I have been induced to put a third in Suit at the State Court of Common Pleas to avoid the like consequence\u2014it is here Subject [to] the delay of an appeal to the Supreme Court. I find on enquiry there is but little or no prospect that the Judge will ever recover So as to attend business.\nBeing of opinion that the practice of inserting in bonds given for Money a penal Sum equal to double the amount of the debt was to Secure all damages that might arise from the delay of payment beyond the term for which the bond was given, and that the Value of the use of Money equal to the legal interest in the Country where the debt exists, should be considered as part of such damage, I have demanded interest at 6 pCt. on bonds Sued but I find it to be the opinion of the Courts in this State that interest should not be recovered on bonds unless Specified in the Obligation. Hence the public is subject to loss\u2014and I do not conceive the law authorizes the insertion of interest in bonds to take place after the expiration of the term of credit allowed. A remedy appears necessary in the law or the practice\u2014if in the latter, be pleased to inform me for my future government.\nI have the honor to be &c\nHon. Alex. Hamilton Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0094", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 10 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia March 10th. 1792\nThe last grant of money for defraying the contingent and other expences of the Department of State having been laid out, and the account thereof and vouchers presented at the Auditor\u2019s office for settlement and settled, I have to request the favour of your directing a warrant for the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars to be issued for the payment of such expences as may arise in future.\nI have the honor to be with great respect \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obedient & most humble Servant\nTh: Jefferson\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0095", "content": "Title: Report on Tonnage and Imports for the Several States, 10 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nTreasury Department March 10th. 1792[Communicated on March 12, 1792]\n[To the President of the Senate]\nSir,\nIn obedience to the order of the Senate, of the 8th instant, I have the honor to transmit thirteen returns exhibiting, as accurately as is practicable, the various descriptions of vessels employed during the year ending the 30th September, 1790, in the import trade of each State at that time comprehended in the Union, together with the foreign places from whence they departed for the United States.\nI have also the honor to transmit thirteen returns exhibiting, as far as the public accounts admit, the various species of Merchandize imported during the year ending on the 30th day of September, abovementioned. Two of each sets of those returns, Vizt: those for North Carolina and Rhode Island, are not for the intire year, as they were not during a part of it comprehended within the Union.\nIt is ascertained by the Books of the Treasury, and the fact will appear from a return now in preparation, that the proportion of duties accruing on goods imported in foreign ships during the year ending the 30th of September last, is less than one-fourth of the whole duties [on goods imported.]\nThose returns, having been completed prior to the order of the Senate, do not convey all the information required by their Act, but as they contain a considerable portion of what is directed, I have thought it best to transmit them without delay. The remaining information will be prepared as expeditiously as possible; [though the preparation of a part of it will require very considerable time.]\nWith the highest respect, I have the honor to be, Sir \u2003 Your most obedt & most humble Servant\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasury\nThe Vice President of the United States & President of the Senate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0096", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 10 March 1792\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhile. [10] mars 1792\nJ\u2019ai recu votre reponse \u00e0 ma lettre d\u2019avant hier; et d\u2019apr\u00e8s l\u2019assurance que vous me donnez du remboursement total de ce qu\u2019il y a d\u2019exigible sur la dette des Etats unis envers la france, ainsi que de la necessit\u00e9 o\u00f9 la loi met votre gouvernement de ne faire des remboursemens anticip\u00e9s qu\u2019\u00e0 des conditions avantageuses, je ne puis qu\u2019accepter l\u2019avance que vous etes dispos\u00e9 de faire, et acceder provisoirement aux termes propos\u00e9s pour l\u2019effectuer. Quant \u00e0 l\u2019indemnit\u00e9 \u00e0 accorder pour couvrir les Etats unis de tout Sacrifice, je pr\u00e9fere puis que le President l\u2019approuve que cet objet soit regl\u00e9 \u00e0 Paris, d\u2019apr\u00e8s les bases ou l\u2019alternative exprime\u00e9s dans votre lettre. Je vais en consequence transmettre cette lettre \u00e0 ma cour, et lui rendre compte de la maniere avec laquelle le gouvernement des Etats unis s\u2019est pret\u00e9 \u00e0 la demande que les besoins de st. Domingue m\u2019ont forc\u00e9 de faire. Il me reste \u00e0 vous prier de vouloir bien faire payer les quatre cens mille piastres au Vice Consul general de france le Sr. laforest ou \u00e0 son order, et de devancer les payemens, comme vous me le faites esperer, autant que vos arrangemens interieurs pourront le permettre.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0100", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, 12 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, March 12, 1792. On March 26, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cOn the 24th of this month I received your letter of the 12th.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0101", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Kean, 12 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Kean, John\n[Philadelphia, March 12, 1792. On April 18, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Kean concerning the suspension of the sale of bills desired \u201cby my letter of the 12th ultimo.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0102", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Timothy Pickering, 12 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Pickering, Timothy\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 12. 1792.\nI have received the communication which you made to me with respect to a a part of the contingent expences of the general post office, and on comparing the sum you mention with the charges for similar objects, which have been necessarily sustained in this department, and in the public service in general I cannot perceive any thing in the arrangement you propose, but what appears consistent with the interest of the United States.\nI am, with great esteem, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your most obedt. servt.\nA Hamilton\nTimothy Pickering Esq.\nPost Master General.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0104", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Allibone, 13 March 1792\nFrom: Allibone, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] March 13, 1792. \u201cUnpleasant as the task is, to be the Bearer of bad tidings, it has fallen to my lot; and it is no less then the entire loss & destruction of one of the Piers at mud Island, by the Breaking up of the Ice on thursday last, when the whole body thereof moved at once, with the flood tide and a heavy easterly wind, which forced it with great Violence for A long time against the Northeastermost Pier until it was nearly Buried in the Broken Ice, at Length the whole Pier gave way bodily & being forced from its bed, turned Over and Sunk in deep Water and disappeared.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0105", "content": "Title: Conversation with Jean Baptiste de Ternant, [13\u201326 March 1792]\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, March 13\u201326, 1792]\nMr. Hamilton, avec qui j\u2019en ai caus\u00e9 ensuite, et qui est plus particuli\u00e8rement ici l\u2019homme essentiel en finances, m\u2019a paru \u00e9galement bien dispos\u00e9\u2014\u201cNos ressources p\u00e9cuniaires sont extr\u00eamement born\u00e9es; mais nous pourrons cependant quelque chose si les circonstances l\u2019exigent; et en cas de demande de votre part vous pouvez compter que je ferai tout, pour remplir les vues de votre Gouvernement,\u201d ce sont l\u00e0 les propres paroles du Secr\u00e9taire de la Tr\u00e9sorerie.\u2014Il a ajout\u00e9 ensuite que ce qu\u2019il reste \u00e0 payer pour compl\u00eater les remboursemens de l\u2019ann\u00e9e courante, et dont le montant est d\u2019environ deux cens mille piastres, pourroit \u00eatre acquitt\u00e9 \u00e0 Philadelphie, d\u2019ici \u00e0 un an, et que quant aux remboursemens subs\u00e9quents, il pr\u00e9voyoit encore la possibilit\u00e9 de les faire en Am\u00e9rique, sinon en totalit\u00e9, au moins en grande partie, et qu\u2019enfin il se pr\u00eateroit sur cela \u00e0 tous les arrangemens d\u00e9sir\u00e9s par la Cour, en tant qu\u2019ils pourroient se concilier avec les dispositions de la loi, dont j\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous parler dans ma d\u00e9p\u00eache No 26.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0108", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Duer, 14 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Duer, William\nMy Dear Duer\nPhiladelphia March 14. 1792\nYour letter of the 11th. got to hand this day. I am affected beyond measure at its contents; especially as it was too late to have any influence upon the event you were apprehensive of\u2014Mr. Woolcott\u2019s instructions having gone off yesterday.\nI trust however the alternative which they present to the Attorney of the   and the discretion he will use in managing the affair will enable you to avoid any pernicious \u00e9clat; if your affairs are otherwise retrievable.\nBe this as it may\u2014Act with fortitude and honor. If you cannot reasonably hope for a favourable extrication do not plunge deeper. Have the courage to make a full stop. Take all the care you can in the first place of Institutions of public Utility and in the next of all fair Creditors.\nGod bless you and take care of you and your family. I have experienced all the bitterness of soul, on your account, which a warm attachment can inspire. I will not now pain you with any wise remarks, though if you recover the present stroke, I shall take great liberties with you. Assure yourself in good and bad fortune of my sincere friendship and affection.\nAdieu\nA Hamilton\nWm. Duer Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0110", "content": "Title: [Report on the Return of Exports], 15 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nTreasury DepartmentMarch 15. 1792.[Communicated on March 16, 1792]\n[To the President of the Senate]\nSir\nIn further pursuance of the order of the Senate of the 8th. instant, I have the honor to transmit a return of the exports from the United States for one year ending the 30th. September 1791, exhibiting the islands and countries to which those exports have been shipt.\nThis document is completed so far as the returns have been received at the Treasury, but an addition is yet to be made of the exports from Charleston in South Carolina, and from some ports of inferior consequence for the two last quarters of the returned year, the papers relative to which have not been received. There is also transmitted a return of outward tonnage for one year ending March 31st. 1791.\nIn regard to the remainder of the statements required by the Senate; it is very uncertain whether the delay of the returns from certain of the Custom houses, and the length of time they will require, will not prevent the completion of them before the end of the session.\nI have the honor to be, Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant\nAlexander HamiltonSecy of the Treasy\nThe Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0111", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Allibone, 16 March 1792\nFrom: Allibone, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] March 16, 1792. \u201cHaving Particularly Inspected the Condition of the Piers at mud Island, I have the honor to report, that the Pier destroyed by the Breaking up of the Ice, was not Removed intirely from its bed as at first Represented, But that all the upper part thereof Below low water mark was Torn away and now lays sunk. Just against the back part or upper side of what remains in its old bed, only pressed a little farther in Shore. However the Pier is as Effectually destroyed, And I am of Opinion that the part which remains, will be of no advantage in erecting another.\u2026 From a view of the Prices and estimates of Building Peirs heretofore with some allowance for the General advance of Wages, I am of Opinion that it will require an appropriation of not less than two thousand Dollars.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0112", "content": "Title: Report on Claims of the Lutheran and Calvinist Churches in Chester County, Pennsylvania, and the Public Grammar School of Wilmington, Delaware, [16 March 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, March 16, 1792Communicated on March 17, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred the petition of the Minister and Trustees of the Lutheran Church in Pikeland Township Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania: The petition of the Wardens of the Calvinist church in Vincent Township, in the County and State aforesaid;\u2014and the petition of the Corporation of Trustees of the public Grammar School of Wilmington in Delaware State, respectfully submits the following Report thereupon.\nThe two first mentioned petitions seek an indemnification for damages alledged to have been done to two several places of religious worship in the County of Chester in the State of Pennsylvania, in consequence of their having been made use of, during certain periods of the late war, as military hospitals for the accommodation of the Troops of the United States.\nThe facts stated in the said several petitions are no otherwise authenticated to the Secretary, than by the certificates which accompany them respectively, and which are stated to be from persons appointed by General Greene, to appraise the damages which were sustained. Nevertheless, the Secretary does not perceive any ground to doubt the truth of the allegations, which are contained in the said petitions.\nThere is no evidence of any application for an adjustment of either of these claims, in the manner, or within the periods, prescribed by the Acts of limitation: Wherefore, they are to be considered, as barred by those Acts:\nThe last mentioned petition, namely, that from the Trustees of the public Grammar School and Academy of Wilmington, seeks an indemnification for the occupation and injury, by the troops of the United States, of the Building in which that School and Academy were kept.\nThe material facts alledged in the said petition, with respect to the occupation and injury of the building in question, and the several applications for indemnification, are satisfactorily established; as will be seen by the documents herewith transmitted, No. I, II, III.\nThere are two precedents, among the files of the Treasury, of allowances for the occupation and injury of public institutions; one of the fourteenth of January 1783, which is an account settled at the treasury, with the proprietors of the Pennsylvania Hospital, for the rent of a house and Elaboratory, occupied by the Apothecary of the United States, from the first day of August 1778, to the first day of August 1781: another, of the twenty seventh of May 1784; which is an account settled with the Managers of the House of employment in Philadelphia, for damages done to that building, while occupied as a general Hospital.\nIt appears also, that the Reverend Doctor John Witherspoon stands charged in the books of the Quarter Master\u2019s department, with the sum of 19.040 dollars received by him in the year 1779, for the purpose of repairing the College at Princeton, which had been damaged by the troops, for which he has signed a receipt, promising to be answerable, if the advance was not approved of by Congress. But it does not appear, that any farther proceeding has been had upon the subject.\nA question arises, whether the claim of the petitioners is barred by any Act of limitation.\nConsidering that this claim was duly exhibited prior to the existence of those Acts, was referred by Congress to the Board of Treasury, to be filed among similar papers, and a decision thereon specially referred by that body to the termination of the war, to be then taken into consideration in common with other applications of a similar nature, The Secretary is of opinion, that these circumstances amount to a virtual exception of the case out of the Acts of Limitation.\nBut, in whatsoever light this may be viewed, it appears to him most consistent with the justice and liberality of the government, to authorize the allowance of a reasonable compensation, in all cases, in which any place of religious worship, or any Seminary of learning has been occupied, or injured, for or by the troops of the United States; the Acts of limitation notwithstanding.\nAn innovation or relaxation in this particular will, it is conceived, be sufficiently discriminated by the nature of the object, so as essentially to obviate all difficulty on the score of precedent.\nIf it should appear to the legislature advisable, to authorize a compensation in such cases, the Secretary is of opinion, that it will be expedient to leave the quantum to be ascertained, upon due proof, by the accounting officers of the Treasury, as in other cases of claims against the United States.\nAll which is humbly submitted.\nAlexander HamiltonSecy. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department, March 16th 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0113", "content": "Title: Report Relative to the Additional Supplies for the Ensuing Year, 16 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nTreasury DepartmentMarch 16, 1792.[Communicated on March 17, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to a Resolution of the House of Representatives of the 8th instant directing the said Secretary to report to the House his opinion of the best mode of raising the Additional Supplies requisite for the ensuing year, respectfully submits the following report.\nThe sum which is estimated to be necessary for carrying into effect the purposes of the Act for making further and more effectual provision for the protection of the Frontiers of the United States beyond the provision made by the Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the year 1792 is Dollars 675.950.8\nThe returns which have been received at the Treasury subsequent to the Secretarys Report of the 23rd. of January last, among which are those of some principal ports afford satisfactory ground of assurance, that the quarter ending the last of December was considerably more productive than it was supposed likely to prove; authorizing a reliance that the revenues to the end of the year 1791 will yield a surplus of 150.000 dollars which may be applied in part of the sum of 675.950 dollars and eight Cents above stated to be necessary.\nProvision remains to be made for the residue of this sum namely 525.950 Dollars & 8 Cents.\nThree expedients occur to the option of the government for providing this sum.\nOne, to dispose of the Interest, to which the United States are intitled in the Bank of the United States. This, at the present market price of Bank Stock, would yield a clear gain to the Government much more than adequate to the sum required.\nAnother, to borrow the money; upon an establishment of funds, either merely commensurate with the interest to be paid, or affording a surplus which will discharge the principal by installments within a short term.\nThe third is to raise the amount by taxes.\nThe first of these three expedients appears to the Secretary altogether unadviseable.\nFirst. It is his present opinion, that it will be found, in various respects, permanently the interest of the United States to retain the Interest to which they are intitled in the Bank. But\nSecondly\u2014If this opinion should not be well founded, it would be improvident to dispose of it at the present juncture\u2014since upon a comprehensive view of the subject, it can hardly admit of a doubt, that its future value, at a period not very distant, will be considerably greater than its present\u2014While the Government will enjoy the benefit of whatever dividends shall be declared in the Interval. And\nThirdly\u2014Whether it shall be deemed proper to retain or dispose of this Interest, the most useful application of the proceeds will be as a fund for extinguishing the public debt. A necessity of applying it to any different object, if it should be found to exist, would be matter of serious regret.\nThe second expedient would in the judgment of the Secretary be preferable to the first.\nFor this the following Reason, if there were no other, is presumed to be conclusive\u2014namely, That the probable increase of the value of the Stock may itself be estimated as a considerable, if not a sufficient fund, for the repayment of the sum which might be borrowed.\nIf the measure of a Loan should be thought eligible, it is submitted as most adviseable to accompany it with a provision, sufficient not only to pay the interest, but to discharge the principal within a short period. This will, at least, mitigate the inconvenience of making an addition to the public debt.\nBut the result of mature reflection is, in the mind of the Secretary, a strong conviction, that the last of the three expedients, which have been mentioned, is to be preferred to either of the other two.\nNothing can more interest the National Credit and prosperity, than a constant and systematic attention to husband all the means previously possessed for extinguishing the present debt, and to avoid, as much as possible, the incurring of any new debt.\nNecessity alone therefore can justify the application of any of the public property, other than the annual Revenues, to the current service, or to the temporary and casual exigencies of the Country\u2014or the contracting of an additional debt, by loans, to provide for these exigencies.\nGreat emergencies indeed might exist in which loans would be indispensible. But the occasions which will justify them must be truly of that description.\nThe present is not of such a nature. The sum to be provided is not of magnitude enough to furnish the plea of necessity.\nTaxes are never welcome to a community. They seldom fail to excite uneasy sensations more or less extensive. Hence a too strong propensity, in the Governments of Nations, to anticipate and mortgage the resources of posterity, rather than encounter the inconveniences of a present increase of taxes.\nBut this policy, when not dictated by very peculiar circumstances, is of the worst kind. Its obvious tendency is, by enhancing the permanent burdens of the people, to produce lasting distress, and its natural issue is in National Bankruptcy.\nIt will be happy, if the Councils of this country, sanctioned by the voice of an enlightened community, shall be able to pursue a different course.\nYielding to this impression, The Secretary proceeds to state for the consideration of the House the objects, which have occurred to him as most proper to be resorted to, for raising the requisite sum by taxes.\nFrom the most careful view, which he is able to take of all the circumstances, that at the present juncture naturally enter into consideration, he is led to conclude, that the most eligible mode, in which the necessary provision can at this time be made, is by some additional duties on imported articles.\nThis conclusion is made with reluctance, for reasons which were noticed upon a former occasion, and from the reflection, that frequent and unexpected alterations in the rates of duties, on the objects of Trade, by inducing uncertainty in mercantile speculations and calculations, are really injurious to Commerce and hurtful to the interests of those who carry it on.\nThe stability of the duties to be paid by the merchants is in fact of more consequence to them than their quantum; if within reasonable bounds.\nIt were therefore much to have been wished that so early a resort to new demands on that class of Citizens could have been avoided\u2014and especially that they could have been deferred, until a general Tariff could have been maturely digested, upon principles, which might with propriety render it essentially stationary.\nBut while there are these motives to regret, there are others of a consoling tendency; some of which indicate, that an augmentation of duties, at the present juncture, may have the effect of lessening some public evils, and producing some public benefits.\nIt is a pleasing fact, if the information of the Secretary be not very erroneous\u2014that the improved state of the credit of this country enables our Merchants to procure the supplies, which they import from abroad, upon much more cheap, and advantageous terms than heretofore; a circumstance which must alleviate to them the pressure of somewhat higher rates of duty; and must contribute at the same time to reconcile them to burthens, which being connected with an efficacious discharge of the duty of the government, are of a nature to give solidity and permanency to the advantages they enjoy under it.\nIt is certain, also, that a spirit of manufacturing prevails at this time, in a greater degree, than it has done at any antecedent period; and as far as an increase of duties shall tend to second and aid this spirit, they will serve to promote essentially the industry, the wealth, the strength, the independence and the substantial prosperity of the country.\nThe returns for a year, ending with the 30th of September last, an abstract of which is in preparation to be communicated to the Legislature, evince a much increased importation, during that year, greater far than can be referred to a naturally increasing demand, from the progress of population, and announce a probability of a more than proportional increase of consumption; there being no appearance of an extraordinary abundance of goods in the Market. If happily an extension of the duties shall operate as a restraint upon excessive consumption, it will be a salutary mean of preserving the community from future embarrassment, public and private. But if this should not be the case, it is at least prudent in the government, to extract from it the resources necessary for current exigencies, rather than postpone the burthen to a period, when that very circumstance may cause it to be more grievously felt.\nThese different considerations unite with others, which will suggest themselves to induce, in the present state of things, a preference of taxes on imported articles to any other mode of raising the sum required.\nIt is therefore respectfully submitted.\nThat the existing duties on the Articles hereafter enumerated be repealed and that in place of them the following be laid\u2014Vizt.\nWines.\nCents\nMadeira of the quality of London parti~\n\u214c Gall.\nditto London Market\n\u214c ditto\nOther Madeira Wines\n\u214c ditto\nSherry\n\u214c ditto\nSt. Lucar\n\u214c ditto\nLisbon\n\u214c ditto\nOporto\n\u214c ditto\nTeneriffe & Fayal\n\u214c ditto\nAll other Wines 40 \u214c Centum ad valorem.\nSpirits.\nThose distilled wholly or chiefly from Grain.\nOf the first class of proof\n\u214c Gallon\nOf the second ditto\n\u214c ditto\nOf the third class of proof\n\u214c Gallon\nOf the fourth ditto\n\u214c ditto\nOf the fifth ditto\n\u214c ditto\nOf the sixth ditto\n\u214c ditto\nOther distilled Spirits.\nOf the second class of proof & under\n\u214c Gall.\nOf the third ditto\n\u214c ditto\nOf the fourth ditto\n\u214c ditto\nOf the fifth ditto\n\u214c ditto\nOf the sixth ditto\n\u214c ditto\nBeer, Ale and Porter\n\u214c Gallon\nSteel\n\u214c Cwt.\nNails.\n\u214c lb.\nCocoa\n\u214c do.\nChocolate\n\u214c do.\nPlaying Cards\n\u214c pack\nShoes & Slippers of silk\nShoes & Slippers of stained or colored\u2003\u2002Leather (other than black) for Men & Women\n\u2003\u2002ditto ditto for Children\nAll other Shoes & slippers for (men & women) clogs & goloshoes\nAll other Shoes & slippers for children\nArticles ad valorem.\nChina Wares\n15. \u214c Centum advalorem.\nLooking Glass, Window and other glass and all manufactures of Glass, black quart bottles excepted\nMuskets\nPistols\nSwords, Cutlasses, Hangers & other fire & side Arms\nStarch\nHair Powder\nWafers\nGlue\nCast Slit and rolled Iron, and generally all manufactures of Iron, Steel, Tin, Pewter, Copper, brass or of which either of these Metals is the Article of chief value (not being otherwise particularly enumerated)\n10 \u214c Centum advalorem.\nCabinet wares\nLeather tanned and tawed and all manufactures of Leather, or of which leather is the article of chief value (not being otherwise particularly enumerated)\nMedicinal drugs, except those commonly used in dying\nHats, Caps and Bonnets of every sort\nGloves and Mittens\nStockings\nMillinary ready made\nArtificial flowers, feathers and other ornaments for womens Head dresses.\nFans.\nDolls dressed and undressed.\nToys\nButtons of every kind\nCarpets & Carpeting, Mats and floor Cloths\nSail Cloth\nSheathing & Cartridge paper\nAll powders, pastes, balls, balsams, ointments, oils, waters, washes, tinctures, essences liquors, or other preparation or composition, commonly called sweet-scents, odours, perfumes or cosmetics\nAll Dentifrice, powders, tinctures, preparations or compositions whatsoever for the teeth or gums.\nPrinted Books, except those specially imported for a College, Academy or other public or incorporated Seminary of Learning or institution which shall be wholly Exempted from duty.\nThe foregoing duties to be permanently established and to be appropriated in the first place to the payment of the interest of the public debt, in the second to such other grants and appropriations as have been heretofore made, and in the third to the purposes of the Act for making further and more effectual provision for the protection of the frontiers of the United States.\nAn addition of two & half \u214c Cent advalorem to be made to the duty on all goods heretofore rated at five \u214c Centum ad valorem.\nThis addition to be temporary, and accordingly to be so established as that it shall not continue longer, than till the present Indian War shall terminate, and the expences of carrying it on shall have been defrayed, which will of course include the reimbursement of any sums, that may have been borrowed by way of anticipation of the product of the duties.\nIt is represented that the present duty on Salt operates unequally from the considerable difference in weight in proportion to quantity of different kinds of Salt, a bushel weighing from about 56 to upwards of 80 Wt. It would have an equalizing effect if the bushel were defined by weight; and if 56 pounds were taken as the standard, a valuable accession to the revenue would result.\nThis regulation is therefore submitted as a resource upon the present occasion. The rate of duty to remain as it is.\nIt will be a reasonable accomodation to Trade, if it is made a part of this arrangement, to extend the credit for the duty on salt to a longer term. It is an article which from the circumstances of its importation frequently lies on hand for a considerable time; and in relation to the Fisheries is usually sold upon a credit of several Months.\nSome remarks may be proper in regard to the proposed duties.\nThose on Spirits and Wines may appear high. They are doubtless considerable. But there are precedents elsewhere of much higher duties on the same Articles. And it is certainly in every view justifiable to make a free use of them for the purposes of Revenue.\nWines generally speaking are the luxury of classes of the community who can afford to pay a considerable duty upon them.\nIt has appeared adviseable to adhere to the idea of a specific duty \u214c Quantity on all the species of wines in most common consumption in the Country, and those most susceptible of precise designation; as affording greatest certainty to the Revenue. And to adopt a general ad valorem rate for other kinds, proportioned to the specific duties. This rate is 40 \u214c Cent.\nThe distinction has proceeded from the difficulty of a precise enumeration of all the other kinds of Wine, which are and may be imported, and of such an adjustment of specific rates, as will bear some reasonable proportion to the value of the Article. The present lowest rate of duty on Wines amounts to 200 and 300 \u214c Cent on the value of certain kinds; which may be considered as equivalent to a prohibition.\nWhile therefore ideas of proportion will be better consulted than heretofore, by the proposed arrangement, it is probable, that the revenue will be benefitted, rather than injured, by a reduction of the duties on low priced Wines.\nThe considerations which render Ardent Spirits a proper object of high duties, have been repeatedly dwelt upon. It may be added that it is a familiar and a just remark that the peculiarly low price of Ardent spirits in this Country is a great source of Intemperance.\nTo bring the price of the Article more nearly to a level with the price of it in other markets by an increase of duty, while it will contribute to the advancement of the revenue, cannot but prove in other respects a public benefit. The rates proposed will be still moderate compared with examples in other Countries; and the Article is of a nature to enable the Importer, without difficulty, to transfer the duty to the consumer.\nA discrimination is suggested in respect to duties on spirits distilled from Grain. To this, there have been two inducements\u2014One, that the difference in the duty is conformable to the difference [between] the cost of the grain Spirits usually imported and [that] of West India Rum. Another, that it is in a particular manner the interest of the United States to favor the distillation of its own grain, in competition with foreign spirits from the same material. In the second division of Spirits, the first class of proof is dropped; because none of it comes from the West Indies; and because any other Spirits usually imported which may be of so low a proof are higher priced, even than some of the higher proofs of West India Spirits. The dropping of that class of proof therefore in this case is favorable to the Revenue and favorable to equality.\nSeveral of the other specific duties which are proposed, besides the inducements to them as items of revenue are strongly recommended by considerations which have been stated in the Report of the Secretary on the subject of manufactures. The same Report states inducements to a 15 \u214c Cent duty on some of the Articles, which are mentioned, as proper to be comprized under that rate.\nWith regard to China and Glass there are two weighty reasons for a comparitively high duty upon them. The use of them is very limited except by the wealthier classes. And both their bulk and liability to damage in transportation are great securities against evasions of the Revenue. It will however merit consideration whether for the accommodation of Importers a longer term of credit ought not to be allowed on these Articles.\nA duty of two Cents \u214c lb on Cocoa is less in proportion to value than the present duty on Coffee. As an extensive article of consumption it is a productive one of Revenue.\nThe Duty on playing cards can give rise to no question except as to the practicability of a safe Collection. In order to this it will be proper to supperadd certain precautions, which will readily occur in regulating the details of a bill for the purpose. A similar attention will be requisite in regard to the duties on Wines. The employment of marks and certificates may advantageously be extended to this Article.\nThe rate of 10 \u214c Centum ad valorem it is hoped will not be deemed immoderate in relation to the Articles to which it is proposed to apply it. It is difficult to assign rules for what ought to be considered as a just standard. But after the best consideration, which the Secretary has been able to bestow upon it, he cannot discover, that any real inconvenience is likely permanently to result from the extension of that rate to the cases proposed.\nThe addition of 2\u00bd \u214c Cent to the duty on the mass of articles now rated at 5 will constitude an important, though not an excessive augmentation. Nevertheless, it is proposed, that it shall be only temporary\u2014and there is reasonable ground of expectation, that the cause for having recourse to it will not be of very long continuance.\nIt will not have escaped the observation of the House that the duties which were suggested in the Secretary\u2019s report, on that subject, as encouragements to Manufactures, are for the most part included among the objects of this report.\nIt may tend to avoid future embarrassment, if such abolitions and drawbacks, as shall be deemed expedient, with a view to promoting manufactures, shall accompany the establishment and appropriation of whatever further duties may be laid, for the object in contemplation.\nAnd it may be found convenient to qualify the appropriation of the surplus which is to be applied to that object, so as to let in such other appropriations during the session as occurrences may suggest.\nAn estimate of the additional revenue which may be expected from the proposed duties is subjoined.\nIt will occur to the house, that the Credit allowed for the duties will require an anticipation of their product by a temporary loan for which provision in the law will be requisite.\n[All which is humbly submitted\nAlexander HamiltonSecy of the Treasury]\nEstimate of probable additional Revenue from the proposed duties\nMadeira Wine 300 000 Gallons average increase 12 Cents\u2003\u2002\u214c Gallon\nOther Wines 700.000 Gs. average increase 3 Cents\u2003\u2002 \u214c Gallon\nDistilled Spirits 3.600 000 Gallons average increase, allowing for\u2003\u2002proposed deduction from the duties on domestic Spirits 2 Cents\nSalt, from the equalizing regulation proposed will probably\u2003\u2002 yield \u2159 more or 2 Cents \u214c bushell on 2.000 000 bush.\nMalt liquors 200.000 Gallons at 2\u00bd Cents\nNails & Spikes 1.800.000 lb at 1 Cent\nPlaying Cards \u2003 20.000 at 15 Cents\nOther enumerated Articles ad valorem at 15 \u214c Cent\nIncreased duty on articles rated permanently at 10 \u214c Cent ad valorem\u2003\u2002 computed at 2 Millions of Dollars in value at 3 \u214c Cent\nTemporary addition at 2\u00bd \u214c Cent on the Articles now rated at\u2003\u2002 5 computed on 10.000.000 of dollars", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0114", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 16 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departt. March 16th. 1792\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President the draft of a report on the subject of ways & means for carrying into execution the Military bill.\nHe will wait on the President tomorrow morning for his orders; as it is interesting there should be no avoidable delay.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0115", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 16 March 1792\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir \u2003 (private)\nPortsmo. New Hamp. March 16. 1792\nOn the 9th. of June last I had the honor to write you on the Subject of my emoluments as Collector of the Customs for the district of Portsmouth and transmitted you a Statement of them for one Year in Conformity with your Circular direction of the 14th. of April.\nThe Many important public matters which continually arrests your attention I imagine would hardly admit of your reporting on every Subject to which you had extended your intention of producing a reform\u2014among those of the least importance to the public is possibly that which is the Subject of this letter. On this consideration, it is with difficulty that I can prevail on myself to address a private letter to you, but having conceived that further delay would be extremely injurious to my interest, and that an application to Congress was necessary as a ground of inquiry, and having transmitted a petition to be presented in which I have refered to the above mentioned Statement of emoluments, I have considered it as expedient to the purpose of my petition to request your obliging attention to it and that you will be pleased to make such remarks on the emoluments and the duties of the office, as shall appear on your examination to be requisite in order to obtain a just allowance. Indeed my principal reliance must be on your report\u2014as but few members of the Legislature can be competent judges of the Value of the Services. I will not presume to remark on the mode\u2014but only to observe that should such compensations as may be allowed, only look forward to future Services\u2014the part time of more than two years and an half will remain uncompensated.\nI intreat you to excuse this application & to believe me to be with Sentiments of respect & esteem \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Mo. Ob: & hume serv\nThe Hon. Alex. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0116", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 17 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 17. 1792\nGentlemen\nWhen lately I furnished you with drafts upon the Bank of Massachusettes for 50.000 Dollars I mentioned to the Committee of your Board, on whose application, the operation was made, That it might happen, that I should want an equal sum there, at the end of the present Quarter, for payment of the Quarters Interest; in which case I should rely upon the aid of the Bank.\nIt does happen that the specie at my command, in that state, is short Thirty thousand Dollars of the requisite sum.\nIt is very probable that this deficiency will in time be supplied from public sources; but of this I cannot be sure. And it will not answer to leave the least uncertainty upon so delicate a point.\nI am therefore under the necessity of requesting that you will furnish me with a Credit for 30 000 Dollars upon whatever specie funds you may have in the state of Massachusettes; to be used or not as occasion may require.\nThe advanced stage of the quarter requires dispatch.\nWith perfect consideration I have the honor to be \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe President Directors & Companyof the Bank of the U States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0117", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 18 March 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Baltimore, March 18, 1792. On June 5, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Williams: \u201cI have before me your letters of the 18th of March, 18th of April, 8th & 27th of May.\u201d Letter of March 18 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0118", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 19 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\n[Philadelphia, March 19, 1792. On April 10, 1792, Hamilton wrote to the president and directors of the Bank of the United States: \u201cthe operation suggested in my letter of the 19th ultimo continues to be desirable.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0121", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Lamb, 19 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lamb, John\n[Philadelphia, March 19, 1792. On March 19, 1792, Hamilton wrote to William Seton, cashier of the Bank of New York, enclosing a letter to Lamb, collector of the customs for New York City. Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0122", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 19 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nMy Dear Sir\n[Philadelphia] March 19. 1792\nIt is strongly represented here, that you have restricted your operations so as absolutely to afford no accommodation in the present distress of the City. Knowing the disposition of the Directors, I am persuaded, that every thing is done which is prudent. And I dare say, there is much exaggeration.\nThis is therefore barely to observe, That as far as you may have been influenced by any apprehension of being distressed by the establishment of a branch of the Bank of The U States and a want of cooperation, you may relinquish your apprehensions, as I have good evidence from a variety of conversations that it will be enjoined upon the Directors of the Branch to maintain the most perfect & confidential communication with your institution & to cooperate in mutual & general accommodation.\nYou may therefore act on this Idea and do as much as would be otherwise prudent. In giving you this intimation I will add that should not the course be pursued which I have good ground to expect by the Bank of the U States I will decidedly aid your Institution so as to preserve it from harm in consequence of any greater latitude which may have been taken upon this intimation.\nAt the same time I am far from wishing to encourage an imprudent extension of accommodation at such a crisis. Perhaps however it may be worth considering how much more can be done in favour of parties who can pledge public Stock as collateral security. This foundation of Credit you are sure is a good one.\nThe Merchants of New York have to pay considerable sums in duties in this and the next Month. You may boldly accommodate them under an assurance that the money shall in no event be drawn out of your hands in less than three Months, unless perfectly agreeable to you.\nYou know the Collector will receive bank notes, which have thirty days to run. I send you inclosed a letter directing him to furnish you, if required, with a list of the names and sums of those who have bonds which will fall due to the end of April in order that you may if you please make a special operation for their accommodation, under the above assurance.\nYours sincerely\nA Hamilton\nWm. Seton Esquire Cashier", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0123", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Troup, 19 March 1792\nFrom: Troup, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy dear friend\nNYork 19 March 1792\nEver since the recipt of your last letter I have been kept in such a state of distraction that I have not been able to compose my mind sufficiently to write to you. Courts have been sitting day after day & it so happens that I have had business in all of them, but, as was the case with you, instead of being simple it is of the most perplexing kind.\nI now am forced to write to you by an event which has called into action all my feelings & overwhelmed me with grief, the bitterness of which can only be conceived by an heart like yours. Before I enter upon this painful subject I must inform you that before Genl Schuyler went to Philadelphia I had totally withdrawn myself from a\u27e8ll\u27e9 engagements with the friends of the new bank & had left the thing to its fate. After mature reflection upon the subject I saw that it would be productive of real evil\u2014and it was manifest to me that there was mingled with the motives of some of the leaders of the association a large portion of personal enmity to you & of rooted hatred of the government. Upon this \u27e8conviction\u27e9 I requested Genl. Schuyler to get a letter from you to Col. Lewis who I understood was an advocate of the measure. You will not censure my heart for my connexion with this project. It has ever felt the liveliest emotions for your fame & the public good. I condemn myself however for one thing\u2014I am ashamed that any thing said about the friends of the measure should ever have irrated me. It was unworthy of me and of that rectitude which I am upon every occasion anxious to observe. At present I consider the bill as lost. If no other cause existed to prove the ruinous tendency of the establishment of another bank the present convulsion in this City furnishes the dearest evidence of it. This convulsion is immediately owing to the event above alluded to\u2014Our friend Duer\u2019s failure. This poor man is in a state of almost complete insanity; and his situation is a source of inexpressible grief to all his friends. On Saturday night his friends met at his house & staid with him till near 12 o\u2019Clock when we broke up in confusion without being able to agree upon a single measure. An effort was made on Sunday to collect another meeting at my house which was effected. All we could do was to draw up a notification & sign it\u2014by which we said that from the magnitude & variety of Duer\u2019s operations he would not be able to \u27e8make\u27e9 any specific propositions to his creditors till next saturday when we requested a meeting of the creditors. I find this has composed the public mind which had been much irritated and threatned to break forth into acts of violence. What will be the result God only knows. The truth is that the notes unpaid amount to about half a million of dollars & Duer has not a farthing of money or a particle of stock to pay them with. All the property he has in the World is \u27e8some\u27e9 land in the Province of Maine upon which there is a heavy encumbrance of purchase Money due. You will ask what has become of his money & Stock. His answer is & he calls God to witness the truth of it that every iota of money & stocks has been applied by him to the satisfaction of engagements personally made with him upon a confidence in his honor and friendship. Such is the state of things. We all see the absolute necessity of supporting his character & extricating him if possible from his embarrassments. For this purpose we are endeavoring to open a loan upon his land\u2014for nothing but money will satisfy the voracious appetites of his note holders. If we fail in this attempt & there is nothing offered but land I fear his reputation will be eternally blasted & that his person will be endangered. Widows, orphans, merchants mechanicks &c are all concerned in the notes. And in the large number are some low & turbulent spirits. We shall also attempt the loan in Philadelphia. If your friends in Philadelphia view the subject in the light we do here, they will suppose that Duer\u2019s total bankruptcy will affect the public interest by bringing the funding system into odium. I am strongly impressed with the mischiefs that will result from it myself and I am striving day & night to put Matters upon the best footing I can. My heart bleeds for Duer and My purse shall flow for him as far as prudence will warrant. This letter is for your own eye only. Communicate Duer\u2019s situation to our friends & give us your advice by the earliest opportunity. I am exceedingly thankful for your last letter & shall ever regard it as the most unequivocal testimony of your friendship.\nThe Moment Jay came forward I abandoned all ideas of Burr & have constantly been doing every thing in my power to promote Jay\u2019s election. If we can carry it the state will be blessed. He is one of the worthiest of men\u2014& independent of his character I owe him obligations which my heart tells me I never can discharge. With regard to Burr\u2019s election I have a secret to tell you which I cannot communicate till I see you. I have reason to suspect that we have both been abused. No good can result from any explanations at present; and therefore I shall be quiet. This hint is most confidentally communicated.\nGod bless you \u2003 Yours\nRob. Troup\nA Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0124", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Adams, [20 March 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\n[Philadelphia, March 20, 1792]\nMr. Hamilton presents his respectful Compliments to the Vice President. He may have heared that the Treasurer was in the Market last night and may be at a loss concerning his authority. The ground of the operation is an Act of the Board of the 15th of August last appropriating a sum between three & four hundred Thousand Dollars, which Mr. Hamilton considers as any sum short of 400.000 Dollars; leaving still a sum to be expended within the terms as to price prescribed by that Act. This is merely by way of information.\nTuesday March 20th. 91", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0125", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 20 March 179[2]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] March 20, 179[2.] Explains why the \u201cTreasurer was in the Market last night.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0126", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 21 March 1792\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia March 21. 1792\nA difference of opinion having arisen among those of the Trustees of the Sinking Fund, who are now in this City, respecting the construction of their authority under the Act making provision for the Reduction of the Public Debt, by which they are equally divided, your presence here towards settling the principle which is in question, in order to the future conduct of the business, has become indispensable.\nThe Board at a Meeting this day have accordingly come to a resolution to request your attendance here as speedily as possible; which on their behalf I now do.\nI have the honor to be very respectfully Sir Your most Obedient ser\nJohn Adams\nThe Chief Justice of The United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0128", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, 21 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, March 21, 1792. On April 9, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have received your letter of the 21st. of this last month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0130", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gouverneur Morris, 21 March 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Hamilton\nLondon 21 March 1792\nA Vessel just going to New York presents me an Opportunity of saying that I thank you for your Exertions to effect my Appointment. I know you too well my good Friend to make long Speeches on that Subject. I shall acknowlege the Services of my Friends properly on proper Occasions and till then be silent. In patronizing this Appointment you have incurred more Trouble than you was perhaps aware of for you must water the Tree which you have planted. In plain English I beg you to favor me with your Correspondence and to give me Information, which otherwise I may not obtain. In Return I will apprize you of what is doing on this Side of the Water confidentially which I will not do to every Body.\nThe other Day at an Auction of the late Marquis de la luzerne\u2019s Effects his various Orders were put up and among them those of the Cincinnati. These I bought out of Respect to that Society But as I have not the Honor of belonging to it they are useless to me and therefore if you know any worthy Member to Whom they may be acceptable I will with much Pleasure deliver them to your order.\nI am truly yours\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0132", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 21 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nSir,\nTreasury Department March 21st. 1792\nAs the discharge of the arrears of interest and instalments of principal of the French debt, which are due, may have occasioned your power to borrow for that object to be suspended, until you can obtain a loan at a rate of interest and Charges sufficiently reduced, it is my wish, that as soon as it shall be proper after the receipt of this letter you would proceed to borrow the sum of three Millions of florins on the terms of the Antwerp loan, to be applied to the purposes mentioned in the Act of the 12th August 1790 for the reduction of the public debt.\nI shall wish for the earliest advices upon this subject to enable me to direct the draughts, and I request your particular attention so to manage the operation, that no loss of interest, which can be avoided may take place.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 with great consideration & esteem \u2003 Your most obedt Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nWm Short EsqrMinister Residentat the Hague", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0133", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nathaniel Appleton, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Appleton, Nathaniel\nSir\nTreasury Department  March 22. 1792.\nYou will find enclosed an open letter for the Directors of the Office of Discount and Deposit (or the Branch of the Bank of the United States) at Boston, by which you will perceive that you are to obtain from them the sum of thirty thousand Dollars, if you shall have occasion for it, to pay the quarter\u2019s interest.\nYou are first to avail yourself of all the specie in the hands of the Collector of Boston, excepting only the sum of 6,000 Dollars, which is to be retained by him, to meet certain bills of the Commissioner of Loans in New Hampshire, which he is authorized to direct to the Collector. The remaining specie the Collector is to deposit in the Boston Branch of the Bank of the United States, for the purpose of paying the interest on the public debt. He is also to pay in all the notes of the Bank of the US to be deposited in such way or form as the said Branch shall determine to receive the paper of the Bank of the United States.\nYou are further to avail yourself of all the monies received, when this reaches you, or to be received on or before the 2d of April, by the Bank of Massachusetts, taking the greatest care so to manage and conduct the receipt of this money as to produce to them no avoidable inconvenience or derangement. The sum they held in specie at the last return, on the 24th of February, was 31,197. 50/100 Dollars, and in the Bills or notes of the Bank of the United States 620 Dollars. Since that, further sums have no doubt been transmitted, and additions may be made before the expiration of the 2d of April.\nThe monies in your hands, arising from the sales of the Treasurers Bills, and whatever may remain of the former Quarters will be deposited with the Branch Bank, with which you are hereafter to make your deposits. You will also apprize the Branch Bank of the sum you possess in the Treasurer\u2019s bills, and the places or persons, on which you are at liberty to fill up their direction, in order that both you and they may have the chance of disposing of them, if there be need and opportunity.\nAny of the public Creditors, who may incline to receive their interest in notes of the Bank of the United States, may be so paid as far as the notes are at command.\nNo use is to be made of the Treasurer\u2019s Bills, or other means in your power, or in the power of the Branch Bank further than what may be necessary to the discharge of the interest that will be payable the 1st of April, including any balances on former quarters.\nWhatever monies (part of the 30,000 Dollars mentioned in the letter from the President of the Bank of the United States) shall be expended in the payment of the interest is to be finally covered by the Draughts of the Treasurer, of which you are possessed so far as they shall be finally unsold, which will be in lieu of my draughts for that sum mentioned in the letter. Should these draughts be insufficient to cover the 30,000 Dollars, my letter will be sufficient present Authority, and all due formality will be given to the transaction, on advice.\nThe payment of the quarter\u2019s interest is to be conducted by the Branch Bank in the manner pursued here. That is to say\u2014You are to possess them of the Dividend Book, with the unsigned receipts, which it is necessary for you to have as vouchers, and they are to make the payments and take the receipts in Bank. Your particular information and some extraordinary attention to the course of their payments the first time will be prudent, and may save future trouble. But should the Branch Bank not be in operation yet, so as to render it practicable for them to perform on the day the business of the payment of the interest, you are to pursue the former method, and to proceed in the payments, yourself, as no remission of the usual and perfect punctuality is on any account to occur.\nI am with great consideration \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient serv\nAlexander Hamilton\nNathaniel Appleton EsqrCommissr of Loans\nBoston\nPS \u2003 It will be proper to govern yourself entirely by the judgment of the President and Directors of the Branch Bank in the receipt of the monies and United States Bank notes which are to be paid to you by the Massachusetts Bank.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0134", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Duer, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Duer, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, March 22, 1792. The calendar summary of this letter reads as follows: \u201cSimilar letter of appreciation.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0135", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 22. 1792.\nThe Commissioner of Loans will receive by this post my instructions relative to the quarter\u2019s interest on the public debt. After retaining the sum of six thousand Dollars, in specie, to pay certain Bills of the Commissioner of Loans in New Hampshire, you will be pleased to pay into the Boston Branch Bank the remaining specie and notes of the Bank of the United States which will be in your hands, for the purpose of discharging the interest abovementioned. You will hereafter make your deposits, once in every week, in the Boston Branch Bank, taking duplicate receipts, and transmitting one of them to this Off\u27e8ice.\u27e9\nBenjamin Lincoln EsqrCollector Boston.\n\u27e8P. S. My meaning is that the\u27e9 specie you have in hand after retaining the above mentioned six thousand Dollars should be paid to the order of the Commissioner of Loans upon drafts of the Treasurer in his favour in order to being deposited in the Branch-Bank.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0136", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Philip Livingston, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Livingston, Philip\n[Philadelphia, March 22, 1792. On March 24, 1792, Livingston wrote to Hamilton: \u201cUpon the receipt of your Letter of the 22d. Inst.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0139", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Baltimore, March 22, 1792. On March 29, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Williams: \u201cI have received your letter of the 22d instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0140", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Duer, [23 March 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Duer, William\nMy Dear Duer\n[Philadelphia, March 23, 1792]\nFive minutes ago, I received your Letter of yesterday. I hasten to express to you my thoughts; as your situation does not permit delay.\nI am of opinion that those friends, who have lent you their money or security from personal confidence in your honor, and without being interested in the operation in which you may have been engaged, ought to be taken care of absolutely and preferably to all other Creditors. In the next place, public institutions ought to be secured. On this point the Manufacturing Society will claim peculiar regard. I am told the funds of that Society have been drawn out of both banks. I trust they are not diverted. The public interest & my reputation are deeply concerned in this matter.\nYour affairs with the Government as connected with your office as Assistant to the Board of Treasury will deserve your particular attention.\nPersons of whom you have made actual purchases and whose property has been delivered to you would stand next after public institutions. But here perhaps some arbitration may be made. It would certainly be desireable to distinguish between the price of the Stock at the time of purchase and enhanced price upon time.\nWith regard to contracts merely executory and in regard to which differences would be to be paid, no stock having been delivered\u2014I postpone claims of this nature to all others. They ought not to interfere with any claim which is founded on value actually given.\nAs to the usurious Tribe\u2014these present themselves under different aspects. Are these women or ignorant people or Trustees of Infants? The real principal advanced & legal interest would in such cases stand in my mind on high ground. The mere veteran usurers may be taken greater liberties with. Their real principal & interest however abstracted from usurious accumulation would stand better than claims constituted wholly by profits from speculative bargains.\nBut the following course deserves consideration. Take care of Debts to friends who have aided you by their money or credit disinterestedly and public institutions.\nAssign the rest of your property for the benefit of Creditors generally. The Law will do the rest. Wherever usury can be proved the contract I take it will be null. Where it cannot be proved the parties will be obliged to acknowledge on oath & then their principal & Interest only will be due.\nWherever a fair count can be stated and all the sums borrowed & paid can be set against each other, it is probable it will be found that more has been paid than on a computation of legal interest was ever received. Here I presume the demand would be extinguished & possibly the parties would be compelled to disgorge.\nThese are rather desultory thoughts than a systematic view of the subject. I wish I had more time to form a more digested opinion but as I have not you must take what I can give.\nAdieu My unfortunate friend God bless you & extricate you with reputation. Where is Lady Kitty? Give my love to her. Again Adieu.\nBe honorable calm & firm.\nA Hamilton\nMarch 23d.\nWm. Duer Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0141", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Jay, 23 March 1792\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy good Friend\nNew York 23 March 1792\nBy the post I recd. this afternoon Letters from the Vice Presidt. & Atty. Genl. calling me to the Board of Trustees. My answers to both are necessarily very concise, having been engag\u2019d by Company, and now being pressed for Time, they are enclosed.\nI regard my Duty to attend the Courts as being in point of legal Obligation primary, and to attend the Trustees as secondary\u2014and yet I can concieve that the Order would be sometimes inverted, if only the Importance of the occasion was considered.\nMy answr. to the Vice presidt. proposes in a few words, that the Question in agitation be stated to me. It appears from his Letter to be a meer law Question. In that Case my opinion shall without Delay be formed and transmitted. This Letter will go by an Express who I am told will set out at 10 OCk.\nYou doubtless have heard more than I can tell you of the nature and extent of our friend Duers misfortunes. I sincerely regret these Consequences to him and to the very many who are and will be affected by them. They have affected all money operations here, and I believe it is still doubtful whether any favorable change likely to last, will soon take place.\nWhy cannot I give my opinion on a Law Question in the city of New York as well as in the City of Pha?\nYours very Affy.\nJohn Jay\nThe Honb. A. Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0143", "content": "Title: Contract with Peter Nagle and Philip Zieber, 24 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Nagle, Peter,Zieber, Philip\nTo: \n[Philadelphia] March 24, 1792. \u201cArticles of agreement between Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury, on behalf of the United [States] of America, and Peter Nagle & Philip Zieber of the Borough of Reading in the County of Berks Hatters.\u2026 That the said Peter Nagle and Philip Zieber shall furnish & Delive\u27e8r\u27e9 to the order of the Secretary for the department of War four Thousand Six hundred & eight hats \u2026 at the price of five Shillings & nine pence Pennsylvania Currency, or Seventy Six & two thirds Cents each hat.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0144", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Philip Livingston, 24 March 1792\nFrom: Livingston, Philip\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sr\nNew York 24th. March 1792\nUpon the receipt of your Letter of the 22d. Inst. I called upon Mr. Jay, who I find is of opinion that, he cannot go to Philadelphia & return in time, for his Court & that he can give his opinion in writing. Mr. Gulian Verplanck seems disposed that the New York Bank shoud give every aid in their power consistent with safety, & on Tuesday they will assist the Dealers in some degree.\nI have seen Low, He thinks the Stock of the Manufacturing Society safe, except 10,000 Drs in the hands of Duers Agents a Mr. Ingram, to be safe.\nSchuyler, & myself think, Mr. Jay\u2019s opinion, if the Trustees, who may be oposed to it, object, will not decide the business\u2014that his vote must be viva, voce. I sat with Low & Schuyler two Hours last night. Stock\u2019s continue depressed & Things Gloomy. Duer comes forward to day, with some propositions, but I hope not in person as he cannot make any propositions that will be satisfactory & his Creditors will be enraged.\nAs Mr. Jays opinion in writing may be received, & enable you to come into the Market again, & you would not receive it by Post untill Tuesday afternoon I thought best to send it off by express.\nI am with great regard \u2003 Your\u2019s\nPh: Livingston\nThe Honbe. A Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0145", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Morris, 24 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Morris, Richard\n[Philadelphia, March 24, 1792. On April 13, 1792, Morris wrote to Hamilton: \u201cYour favour of the 24th. Ulto. is duly Recd.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0146", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Reynolds, 24 March 1792\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\n[Philadelphia] Sunday Evening 24th March. 1792\nOn my entering the Room the last evening. I found Mrs Reynolds in a setuvation little different from distraction and for some time could not prevail on her to tell me the Cause. at last She informed me that you had been here likewise of a letter she had wrote you in a fright. which she need not have don as I Never intended doing any thing I told her but did it to humble Her. for the imprudent languge she made youse of to me. and You may Rest ashured sir. that I have not a wish to do any thing that may give you or your family a moments pain I know not what you may think of me. but suppose yourself for a moment in my setuvation. that your wife whom you tenderly love. should plase her affections on another object and here her say. that all her happiness depends intirely on that object. what would you do in such a Case. would you have acted as I have don. I have Consented to things which I thought I never could have don. but I have dun it to make life tolerable. and for the sake of a person whose happiness is dearer to me than my own. I have another afliction aded to the Rest that is almost insupportable. I find when ever you have been with her. she is Chearful and kind. but when you have not in some time she is Quite to Reverse. and wishes to be alone by her self. but when I tell her of it. all her answer is she Cant help it. and hopes I will forgive her. shurely you Cannot wonder if I should Act ever so imprudent. though at present if I could take all her Grief upon myself I would do it with pleashure. the excess of which alarm me untill now. I have had no idea of. I have spent this day at her bed side in trying to give her the Consolation which I myself stand in need of. she also tell me. you wish to see me tomorrow evening and then I shall Convince you. that I would not wish to trifle with you And would much Rather add to the happiness of all than to disstress any\nam sir Your\nJames Reynolds\nMr. Alexr. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0148", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 24 March 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nParis March 24. 1792\nIt has been some time since I have had the honor of writing to you, owing to no material event having taken place\u2014& to my being in constant expectation from day to day that there would be occurences which would render it necessary for me to trouble you.\nBeing very much indisposed I took the liberty of asking the Secretary of State to communicate to you from his letter the intelligence respecting the Antwerp loan, & the delay of the assembly here, in voting the succours to the islands, towards which the minister of Marine had proposed applying the American debt. The delay still continues, but a decision must inevitably take place ere long.\nI have formerly mentioned to you that the Antwerp loan would be continued to be paid here as fast as recieved\u2014as well as the manner in which these payments were paid, & my reasons for consenting to the reciepts given at Antwerp being expressed in florins, their value in livres tournois being to be regulated in future, viz the indemnity which you purpose allowing for the depreciation on the assignats. You authorize me in your letter to fix this indemnity by the rate of exchange in specie. I have thought it most advisable, however to leave this indemnity open to future consideration, as no inconvenience could arise to the U.S. from this circumstance, & as it left the discussion to the person who, being to be named here in a permanent character, would necessarily have a greater degree of the confidence of the government of the U.S., than if in a temporary one only, & of course do this business as well as every other of a delicate nature more satisfactorily both to them & to himself.\nAs you informed me that you had on M. de Ternant\u2019s application mentioned to him that the U.S. did not intend taking advantage of the depreciation of the assignats, & as I was sure he would inform ministry of this intention I thought it proper in every account to make them the same communication. I have been fully satisfied since that he had no authority for making such an application to you. You will probably find that there were several motives for this volunteer step.\nThe Antwerp loan as you have been informed was to be paid at the rate of 600,000 florins monthly. M. de Wolf had assured me & authorized me to assure you also that it would be paid much sooner. I found however it began to go more slowly owing probably to the sum being too large for the market. I had frequently mentioned to him my desire that it should be stopped at 1,500,000 or two millions, but he always replied that this did not depend on him, without the consent of the undertakers & that I might rest assured that the loan would be completed in the time agreed on. Fearing however he might be too sanguine & judging that it would be more advantageous for the credit of the U.S. to have a loan opened there at a reduced rate of interest as he had always assured me was practicable, I made him the offer of authorizing him to open a loan there at 4. p. cent interest, for the amount of the sum he could suppress of the present loan\u2014& in order to induce the undertakers as well as himself to come into the plan I added that I would consent for this diminution of the interest to increase the premium\u2014without fixing this increase I knew it would be a very small one, which would be much more than compensated by the reduction of the interest, besides that it wd. have the advantage of preventing the risk of the present loan going more slowly than was agreed on, from its being too heavy for the market. I could not help having my fears on this subject notwithstanding the positive assurances of M. de Wolf to the contrary. I considered myself sufficiently warranted in these fears from what had passed & particularly from the payment of the month of febry not being fully completed until the 5th of this month.\nIn answer to my offer he informed me that he had found means of suppressing 700,000 florins of the present loan & had hopes of suppressing 300,000 more so as to stop it at two millions. He was taken ill a few days after as he informed me by one of his clerks, being confined to his bed & his life considered as in danger by the physicians, he has done nothing further in this way. I hope however it will be stopped at two millions in which case there will remain only the trifling sum of 200,000 florins to be disposed of.\nYou will readily concieve that the first time of opening a loan at any place whatever, there are several circumstances depending on locality which cannot be known & for which reliance must necessarily be placed on the banker. A short experience persuaded me that it would have been better to have opened a smaller loan at Antwerp, but it was then too late. I had been guided in this business by M. de Wolf, recommended to me & supported with much warmth by Mr. Morris as having a perfect acquaintance with him, & by Mr. Morris himself who having resided some time at Antwerp, had an opportunity of knowing the place.\nI have frequently mentioned to you that the increasing credit & confidence in the administration of the U.S. would present them necessarily to their choice a variety of alternatives for liquidating & ameliorating the conditions of their foreign debt. I have good reason to believe since my return from Amsterdam that the debt to France might be immediately paid off by one stroke by a contract with the first banking house in Paris, Boyd & Kerr, who would engage to pay into the public treasury the amount of the balance of the American debt to France as well due as to become due & recieve in payment the obligations of the U.S. at 4. p. cent interest, either in London or Amsterdam, according to the rate of exchange at present.\nThe advantages of such an operation would be considerable\u20141. it would place the U.S. beyond any future reproach on account of delay & would reduce the interest of this debt from five to four p. cent. 2. the sum on which they would have interest to pay would be but more than half what it is at present, as the exchange is about that rate. 3. they would be still more perfectly masters of the indemnity they purpose offering to France, & even if they were in future to add the half gained at present by way of exchange, still they would in the mean time avoid the interest on that half, because the debt to France being considered as completely discharged at the moment of the nominal amount in assignats being delivered here. An interest of course would be expected on the additional sum which the U.S. should prefer to give in future as an indemnity for the depreciation of assignats. 4. their obligations for this operation being given payable in London, would leave the Amsterdam market free for other purposes & particularly for immediately reducing the interest on all their bonds there to 4. p. cent. The banking house here wch. would make this contract having in their hands & at their disposition the funds of La Borde, the richest individual in France, & being connected closely in their operations with Hope of Amsterdam & his correspondent in London & becoming thus stock holders in the American funds to so great an amount would be powerful auxiliaries enlisted in support of their credit.\nThe only possible objection I see to such an operation is that which was formerly made by the commissioners at Amsterdam, when Mr. Morris & Mr. Parker had an idea of purchasing up the French debt\u2014viz. that it would be dangerous for the U.S. to have so large a sum in the hands of a few individuals, as it would render their credit dependent, on the speculations & resources of those individuals. This objection however loses its force in the present instance in a very great degree, as the sum due now is considerably smaller & as the value of obligations would be in reality not more than half the amount of the nominal balance remaining\u2014& also as the contractors in the present instance are fully masters in themselves of such sums whereas the others were to raise them by such aid as they should find or by future speculation, & of course might have been found to make sacrifices on these bonds injurious to the credit of the U.S.\nI am aware that it would have been a matter of much delicacy to have settled the rates of exchange, at which these sums should have been paid to the contractors by the obligations of the U.S. as they would not probably have furnished the whole amount in assignats at once & as the exchange varies daily. It was this consideration alone which prevented my pressing an operation which appeared to me to promise so many advantages to the U.S. & made me desirous that it should remain open if time & circumstances would admit of it, until the will of the government of the U.S. should be more completely represented here, determining however if it became absolutely necessary to act, not to let pass so favorable an opportunity of serving their interests. I considered my powers fully competent thereto, as it was in fact nothing more than borrowing in London a certain sum, much within my limits, to pay off the French debt.\nUnder these circumstances I learned through the public papers & also from Mr. Morris in London, that the President had nominated him, to represent the U.S here as minister plenipotentiary. I expected of course that he would arrive here without delay in that character\u2014& consequently determined on no consideration to act further, previously to his arrival. Although I learned afterwards that the Senate had not yet confirmed the nomination, yet you will no doubt, Sir, readily concieve that delicacy & propriety forbad my proceeding after having learned that the President\u2019s will was thus pronounced in favor of another, & as by his instructions to you, of which you sent me a copy, arrangements respecting the French debt were to be made by the person resident here. I still remain in daily expectation of the delay to the Senate\u2019s confirmation ceasing, & of Mr. Morris\u2019s arrival here. I dont doubt that he will consider the plan abovementioned in the same light that I have done & that he will pursue the interests of the U.S. with more intelligence, efficacity & success in this as well as every other instance, than has fallen to my share.\nAs it is probable that their general interests have been less advanced in this country, whilst confided to my care, than might have been hoped for, I flatter myself you will excuse me, for taking the liberty to arrest your attention an instant on the peculiarly unfavorable circumstances which seem to have begun with the moment of my having been employed & to have ceased also with the expiration of my term.\nThe revolution here carried with it a spirit of innovation in the whole organisation of their system, & of hostility to every thing that existed under the former government. The moment for organizing their commercial system came soon after I was charged with the affairs of the U.S. & was taken absolutely into the hands of the committee of the assembly, where the influence of the ministry was not only without weight, but their opinions in favour of any plan were prejudicial to it. They were constantly in favor of treating the productions of the U.S. with marked favor & on the most liberal footing. My letters will have shewn how the nature of the revolution, private intrigues & private interests formed a current against such a system which unquestionably no person here from the U.S. of what talents, virtue & merit soever could have resisted. I have never ceased announcing that changes such as we wish would be made in time, & as soon as the government should be formed & really in action. Although that term is not yet arrived, yet the present state of ministry is such as to give the fullest hopes of the change being now possible. The majority of the assembly have by various means at length obtained a ministry of their choice, & in whom they place their confidence\u2014the plans of ministry will accordingly be adopted, & the minister who will have the direction of all commercial matters M. Claviere is a man much known for his writings in favour of a liberal system of commerce & particularly of encouragement to that with the U.S. He published a work express[ly] on the subject some years ago & will now attempt to realize his ideas. This accidental circumstance takes place at the moment of my being withdrawn from hence & leaves Mr. Morris nothing to do but to call the attention of government to this object in order to affect the changes desired by the U.S. I mention this by no means with the intention of taking from the merit of the efforts which will certainly be made by that gentleman, but merely to explain the circumstances, that government may not attribute absolutely to me, a commercial system which begun as it were & will end with the term of my being employed. I may flatter myself with a just & enlightened administration, well acquainted with the principles of this revolution & weighing their influence in the present case, ascribing the effects to their true causes. I have no right to hope that the public who judge of actions by the event, should make an exception in my favor; & of course as it has been my misfortune to reside here during the adoption of a system of commerce prejudicial to the U.S. & as it will cease with the time of my residence, I must submit to the fault being in their mind attributed to me & will sincerely rejoice in a change, by whomsoever effected, that I am persuaded will be advantageous to the United States. I have now Sir only to beg your pardon for so long & tedious a digression, into which I have been involuntarily led by the high value I place on your opinion with respect to my conduct in every instance\u2014& if I have been wrong in thus troubling I hope you will consider the motive as a sufficient excuse & allow me to add assurances of the profound respect with [which] I shall ever have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant\nW: Short\nThe Honble.Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury, Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0149", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Troup, 24 March 1792\nFrom: Troup, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, March 24, 1792. The calendar summary of this letter reads as follows: \u201c\u2018My heart is nearly broken with the distress of poor Duer.\u2019 Brockholst Livingston and others gloating over Duer.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0150", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [24 March 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, March 24, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to communicate to The President a letter which he has just received from Mr. Short. It communicates the agreeable information of a Loan at four per Cent.\n24th. March 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0152", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Philip Schuyler, 25 March 1792\nFrom: Schuyler, Philip\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy Dear Sir\nNew York March 25th 1792\nMr. Philip Livingston, afforded me the perusal of a letter from you, to him. The closing paragraph give me so much uneasiness, that I requested Mr Low to meet Mr Livingston & me, at my room on friday evening, where Mr Low detailed the state of the funds of the Manufactoring society, the result of which was that ten thousand dollars thereof were under such arrangements of Mr Duer, that they would be probably lost, that fifty thousand were in the hands of one of the Company for the purpose of importing Cloaths from Europe, that 20000 Dollars would be properly Accounted for by Mr Walker, and that the residue was on loan to Mr McComb, who besides his bond, was to deposit or had deposited, a sufficiency of deffered debt as a collateral security. Mr Low promised me to write you on the Subject, but least he should forget, or that his letter may miscarry, I deemed It best to give the above detail. If my recollection serves, I think he mentioned, that Mr Duer had drawn in favor of Mr Ingram of Philadelphia, for the ten thousand, and that Duer said they were not Appropriated. Would It not be proper to converse with Mr Ingram, and If the money is still in his hands, and not appropriated by Mr Duer, I conceive that the latter Gentlemen would on your Application draw in favor of Mr Walker on Mr Ingram.\nEarly on friday Morning I was sent for to Mr.   in the broad way. I went, he informed me that he was involved in Mr Duers misfortunes, that he had sent for me to afford my advice. It would be needless particularly to state what passed, If Your opinion had not been quoted, and If I had not subsequently been informed that he intends, If he has not already, to apply to you for advice. \u201cI have\u201d, says he \u201cindorsed, Duers notes, they are now daily payable, and If I discharge them, or must Discharge them, It will absorb my whole estate.\u201d\u2014to which Amount have you indorsed, \u201cOne hundred and Sixty thousand pounds,\u201d\u2014without any Security, \u201cNo I have some but not Adequate to cover my endorsements. For Gods sake, My Dear Sir try If you cannot prevail on Mr Duer to secure me, he has bills on England I will take them.\u201d It is delicate for me to interfere, why not apply in person. \u201cHe thinks I am secured and storms when I speak to him.\u201d I cannot ask of Mr Duer any thing that would be improper. I will go to him, and converse with him about his affairs, and try to learn what propositions he intends to make to Morrow. I have several days ago called on him, he took It kind. If I am permitted to communicate any thing that passes between him and me, I will advise you thereof, that you may take your Measures. Mr Duer had taken Shelter at Baron Steubens. I went, saw him, found him exceedingly distressed and agitated, Not prepared to come forward with any specific proposition to his Creditors, Complained that some who had pretended friendship had deserted him, that they pressed him for partial security, that he had afforded It in two instances, the effects of which he already felt. After this It was unnecessary to say any thing on the Subject of the person who had requested me to see him, If even I had conceived it proper, which I did not. He Duer told me he expected a letter from you, that he would wish to see me after he should have received it, assured me that he would be able to convince the candid, that he had not acted dishonestly by any, however his fortune might be lost. I returned to the other person\u2014mentioned generally what had passed. Observed that I did not believe Mr Duer would be able to pay. \u201cWhat then is to be done\u201d was the question put to me. I answered prepare a statement of all the indorsements by you, exhibit an Account of all the debt, Bank Stock &c that has been transferred to you to cover your indorsements, and If as you assert, you are merely an indorser out of friendship to Mr. Duer, the holders of the indorsed notes may consider you as an Unfortunate Creditor of Mr Duer and they may possibly be contented with the property that has been transferred, or assigned to you. \u201cBut If I do that, they will still fall on my Estate.\u201d So they may in any event, but unless you make such a statement, and Account for every farthing that has been covered and how, you will add a sacrifice of reputation, to that of property, and you will sour minds instead of conciliating them. A near relation of his was present, accorded with me in opinion. But I found great reluctance in the debtor to such an exhibit, he would \u201crather go to Goal than give up his estate.\u201d \u201cMany of the notes,\u201d says he, \u201chave been due some days, and yet are not protested, and I am informed that Colo. Hamilton has given an opinion that the indorser in such case is not liable.\u201d I question it, but If it is so, that would be an improper action for the forbearance of the holders. \u201cBy God I will not give up my estate. I cannot give it up. It is not mine, I have conveyed it.\nI walked out, and have not seen him since. I forgot to mention that the person to whom I have attended, informed me that Mr Duer had conveyed to him about eighty thousand acres of land in this state, a large tract or tracts in Vermont, that the lands and Stocks are he estimated at about Sixty thousand pounds, but Observed that Mr Duer owed him much money by notes of hand.\nI do not like the complexion of this business, either as It regards the conduct of Mr Duer, or the other person. And permit me to add that I believe It will be most prudent, If Your opinion should be required, either as a Gentleman of the law, or otherwise, to wave It.\nJust before I finished the last sentence Mr. Cochran came in, informed me that he was well informed, that a number of persons who hold notes indorsed as abovementioned, were determined to discover what stock had been transferred by Duer to the person in question, and that If he (Cochran) did not suffer an inspection of the books, they would Obtain It by force, and beged my advice. I gave It as follows. That he should request a written order from the person to him to permit the holders of the notes or some particular one or more of them to inspect the Account of that person, that If he refused to give this order, he should state his information in writing to the Attorney of the United States for the district, intreating his advice, what course to pursue in case any force should be attempted. That as he supposed the holders would come in a body to his office, during office hours, that he ought to refuse complying with their request to see the Accounts of the person. That If they seized the books by force, he should inform them that having done his duty, in the refusal, and not able to oppose the force, he had only to intreat them not to take the books out of the office, and not to inspect any other than the Account in question. Immediately after Cochran left me I was informed by several Gentlemen, that the Animosity against Duer is transferring to the other person, and to a neighbour of his, who are both believed to have coluded with him, to very unjustifiable purposes. Heaven only knows what will be the ultimate result of all this confusion; suspicion increases and every man seems afraid of his neighbour.\nYou may have seen a publication in Childs daily Gazette of the 21st Instant, that I was appointed one Amongst others to produce a memorial to Congress on the claims of the late Army. I was not at the Meeting was not advised with, have never declared my sentiments on the Subject. Gen: Clinton was not there and I find that Coll. Cortlandt named me as a proper person. I have tasked him for taking the liberty, without giving my sense on the Subject.\nAdieu I am Dr Sir \u2003 Most Affectionately Yours &c &c\nPh: Schuyler\nI wish Mr King was here. I have urged him to come, persuaded that he would do much good, and prevent evils which a set of unprincipled villains contemplate. I hope you will think It proper to second my request to King.\nHone Alexander Hamilton Esq.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0153", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 25 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nPhila. 25th March 1792\nPrivate\nIf six per Cents should sink below par, you may purchase on account of the United States at par to the extent of Fifty thousand Dollars. You will not however declare on whose account you act, because tho there is, as to a purchase on that principle, no difference of opinion among the Trustees, the thing is not formally aranged and this is Sunday.\nIt will be very probably conjectured that you appear for the Public; and the conjecture may be left to have its course but without confession. The purchase ought in the present state of things to be at Auction and not till tomorrow evening. But if the purchase at Auction will not tend as well to the purpose of relief as a different mode\u2014it may be departed from. The usual Note must be made of persons, time &c. You will consider whether done all at once, or a part now and a part then will best answer the purpose\u2014in the state of this Market, the latter mode is found preferable. I have just received a Letter from Mr. Short our Minister Resident dated Amsterdam 28th December, by which he informs me that he has effected a loan for Three Millions of Florins at 4 \u214c Cent Interest on account of the United States. This may be announced; and as in the present moment of suspicion some minds may be disposed to consider the thing as a mere expedient to support the Stocks, I pledge my honor for its exact truth. Why then so much despondency among the holders of our Stock? When Foreigners lend the United States at 4 \u214c Cent will they not purchase here upon a similar scale making reasonable allowance for expence of Agency &c? Why then do Individuals part with so good a property so much below its value? Does Duers failure affect the solidity of the Government?\nAfter paying the present Quarters Interest I shall have near a Million of Dollars in Cash, and a Million more in Bonds from the Duties of last year. All this is truly so much before hand. The Duties for the Current year being fully adequate to the objects of the year. Except a further sum of about Five hundred thousand Dollars for the Western Expedition for which the ways and means have been proposed. Is the Treasury of Great Britain comparatively in so good a State? Is the Nation comparatively so equal to its debt. Why then so much depression? I shall be answered\u2014the immediate necessity for Money. But if the Banks are forbearing as to the necessity of paying up\u2014cannot the parties give each other mutual credit and avoid so great a press? If there are a few Harpies who will not concur in the forbearance, let such be paid and execrated, and let others forbear. The necessity of great sacrifices among your Dealers cannot affect the Nation; but it may deeply wound the City of New York; by a transfer to Foreigners and Citizens of other States of a large Mass of property greatly below its value. The face of your affairs may undergo for a considerable time a serious change. Would not the plan I suggested to you in my last be a means of securing more effectually the debts due to the Bank\u2014by accepting in part payment the Credits on your Books?\nWhile I encourage due exertion in the Banks, I observe, that I hope they will put nothing to risk. No calamity truly public can happen while these Institutions remain sound; they must therefore not yield too far to the impulse of circumstances.\nYours &ca", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0155", "content": "Title: Meeting of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, [26 March 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, March 26, 1792]\nAt a meeting held at the house of the Vice President on the 26th of March 1792:\nPresent: The Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Attorney General.\nThis Board having been equally divided, at their former meeting, on the construction of the act establishing the Board, and a letter having been written, by their order, to the Chief Justice, desiring his immediate attendance in the city of Philadelphia, and he having requested that the points on which the said division took place should be stated to him in writing; and, it appearing to the Board, that the question turns upon the mere words of the law; that his attendance as a trustee of the sinking fund, would interfere with his attendance as a judge, on the circuit courts now near at hand; and that it is necessary to operate immediately, if at all.\nResolved, (the Secretary of State dissenting) That the said question be stated in writing, and forwarded to the Chief Justice, with a request that he transmit his opinion thereupon, as soon as convenient. But this resolution being dictated by special circumstances, is not to be interpreted so as to form a precedent for obtaining the vote of an absent member on any other occasion.\nResolved, that the Secretary of the Treasury be authorised to cause to be applied, either at the city of Philadelphia, or New York, a sum not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars, to the purchase of that part of the funded debt which bears an immediate interest of six per centum per annum, at the rate of twenty shillings in the pound. And, that the said purchases be made, if at the city of Philadelphia, by the Treasurer of the United States; if at New York, by the cashier of the Bank of New York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0156", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 26 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphiaMarch 26. 1792\nI send you an Official Order for 50 000 Dollars subject to the directions in my private letter of yesterday.\nYrs. sincerely\nA Hamilton\nYou will only present the inclosed when necessary.\nWm. Seton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0157", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 26 March 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy dear sir\nNew York 26th March 1792\nI had the pleasure to receive your kind Letter of yesterday, this day at 10 o\u2019Clock. We have no public Sales of Stocks now in the Evenings\u2014therefore I can not go into the Market till tomorrow, and altho the sum is small, yet be assured it will be a relief. The Collector has furnished the List of Names of those who have duties to pay between this and the first of May, and our Directors have given out that they will discount on a Deposit of Stock. The Large Dealers in Stock are to have a meeting this Evening and it is reported will enter into an absolute agreement not to draw out any Specie from the Banks for 3 Months to come\u2014So that from tomorrow I hope the prospect will brighten. I have made as public as possible the New Loan obtained in Amsterdam, it gives most universal satisfaction. The January Packet arrived this day\u2014the orders for the purchase of 6 \u214c Cents at 22/ are very extensive if Bills could be sold at par\u2014but the present consternation and want of Confidence in each other have ordered Bills to 10 \u214c Cent under par\u2014that the orders cannot be executed.\nI am writing in such a bustle of business that I hardly know what I say\u2014shall have the pleasure of writing you again tomorrow. Meanwhile have the honor to be with the greatest esteem & respect\nDear sir \u2003 Your obliged Obed Hume Servt\nWm Seton\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0158", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Gulian Verplanck, 26 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Verplanck, Gulian\nGentlemen:\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 26, 1792\nYou will please to pay to William Seton Esquire cashier of your institution, fifty thousand dollars to be applied by him towards purchases of the public debt on account of the United States\u2014which shall be covered by a warant in due form. With great consideration,\nI have the honor to be, gentlemen, \u2003 Your obd\u2019t serv\u2019t\nAlexander HamiltonSec\u2019y of the Treasury\nGulian Verplanck, Esq.Cashier of the Bank of New York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0159", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Allibone, [27 March 1792]\nFrom: Allibone, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\n[Philadelphia, March 27, 1792]\nI have the Honor to Enclose a statement of what mony will be wanted in discharge of the engagments in the Office of Superintendant of the Delaware Light House &c for the present quarter up to the thirty first Instant and am with Highest Respect your most Obedient.\nHumble Servant\nWillm Allibone\nHonble Alexander HamiltonEsquire Secretaryof the Treasury\nMarch 27th. 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0160", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Isaac Ledyard, 27 March 1792\nFrom: Ledyard, Isaac\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNYork 27th. Mar: 1792\nDear sir\nThe Petition which you was so good as to shew a friendly concern for (to benifit by the final provision from which I was strangely precluded) is as you advised referred to the Secy of War. I fear this information may come too late for your benevolence to be exercised toward me as you designed.\nYesterday I was informed to my great disappointment & grief that an application of mine to Congress praying leave for the Offices of the Treasury Depart. to revise my account with the public in which there was an error acknowledged by the Comr. who settled it of several hundred pounds to my disadvantage, was rejected by the House of Representatives after having passed the Senate. This fatality happening to my least disputable Claim has nearly destroyed my hopes in the others, what remain rest intirely on your friendship.\nHad only one of my Claims succeeded, its aid with careful nursing might have rendered my situation tolerable, without it I must abandon Society & former pursuits. I pray you my dear and honored friend to be assured that nothing but necessity could induce me to give you the trouble of this Letter, & that with a gentleman not less proud for being poor the necessity must be very great that induces to the acknowledgement. A Wife and Infants out of the question, for myself alone I could soon close the unvarying scene of my disappointments & mortifications, As it is I am\u2014unhappy.\nPitty & forgive what your firmer mind sees wanting in my philosophy. I have left the happiness to be most respectfully and affectionately your Obedient & hunble Servt.\nIsaac Ledyard\nPS \u2003 The prospect of Mr. Jays success brightens very considerably so that now a fair hope may be entertained.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0161", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Maxwell, 27 March 1792\nFrom: Maxwell, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Greenwich, New Jersey, March 27, 1792. On June 26, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Maxwell: \u201cYour Letter of the 27 of March was duly received.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0163", "content": "Title: [Report on a Return of Imports and Tonnage Duties], 28 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nTreasury DepartmentMarch 28th. 1792.[Communicated on March 28, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nSir,\nIn pursuance of the order of the House of Representatives of the 10th. day of November last, I have the honor to transmit returns of duties arising on Imports and Tonnage within the United States, for the year ending the 30th. day of September last: also a return of Exports within the same year, excepting two quarters of the district of Charleston in South Carolina, and a few quarters of some of the small ports. These documents would have been transmitted earlier, but the delay of the returns from Charleston, arising from the death of the late Collector of that district, has rendered it impossible.\nI have the honor to be, \u2003 With the greatest respect, \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obedient, and \u2003 Most humble servant,\nAlexander Hamilton.\nThe HonorableThe Speaker of the House of Representatives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0164", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of William Smith, [28 March 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, March 28, 1792Communicated on March 29, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred the petition of William Smith of Baltimore Town in the State of Maryland, respectfully submits the following Report:\nThe resolutions of the United States in Congress assembled, which respect the issuing of the Certificates commonly called Loan Office Certificates, make it necessary, that they should be previously countersigned by certain officers, denominated Commissioners of Loans, who were to be appointed under the authority of the particular States.\nAfter diligent inquiry within the State of Georgia, no evidence has been obtained, either of the appointment of E. Davies, (the person by whom the certificates in question were countersigned) to the office of Commissioner of Loans for that State, or that he was ever known or reputed to have acted in that capacity. The reverse of this, indeed, appears, from various communications to the Treasury, copies of which are contained in the Schedule herewith submitted.\nIt is to be remarked, that E. Davies does not even stile himself, Commissioner of Loans, but, instead of this, adds to his signature, the words \u201cby order of J. A. Frutler, Governor of Georgia.\u201d\nThe Certificates, however, are signed, by the proper officer, and all such as have appeared are genuine; and interest, as alleged in the petition, has been paid upon them by the late Treasurer of the United States, as in other cases.\nA number of those Certificates have been offered to the present Commissioner of Loans for the State of Georgia, to be subscribed. pursuant to the Act making provision for the debt of the United States, and upon a reference to the Treasury by that officer, have been directed to be refused.\nThe reasons for this direction are substantially, as follow.\nThe certificates in question having been irregularly issued, and without the requisites prescribed by the Acts of Congress, were of course, in the first instance, not obligatory upon the United States.\nThe subsequent payment of interest upon them, by an executive officer, without the sanction of any order or resolution of Congress, could not confer validity upon a claim, originally destitute of it; it might occasion hardship to individuals who, upon the credit of that payment, may have been induced to become possessors of those certificates for valuable consideration.\nThere are examples of the payment of interest, by the mistakes of public officers upon counterfeit and forged Certificates. It seems to be clear, that such payments cannot render valid, or obligatory, certificates of that description. And yet a similar hardship to that which has been mentioned, would attend those, who may have afterwards become possessed of them for valuable consideration. Nor does there occur any distinction between the effect of such payment in the one and in the other case.\nBetween individuals, the payment of interest by an Agent, upon the presumed, but not real obligation of his principal, either through mistake or otherwise, without special authority of the principal, could certainly give no new validity to such an obligation. And the same rules of right, which govern cases between individuals, appear to be proper guides in cases between the public and individuals.\nThese considerations were deemed conclusive against the admission of these certificates under the powers vested in the officers of the Treasury. It remains for the Legislature to decide, how far there are considerations strong enough to induce a special interposition in their favor.\nIn making this decision, the following circumstances will, it is presumed, appear to deserve attention.\nThe present is not a case of mere informality. There is no evidence that the certificates were issued for any purpose of the United States. The contrary, indeed, is stated to be the fact.\nTheir amount is not positively ascertained, no account of issues having ever been rendered, though there is no appearance of any considerable sums being afloat.\nAll which is respectfully submitted.\nAlexander Hamilton,Secy. of the Treasy.\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 28th: 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0165", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Smith, 28 March 1792\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nLoan Office [Philadelphia] Penna. March 28th 1792.\nThe amount of Stock on the books of this office subject to Interest for the Quarter ending the 31st March 1792 is as follows Viz.\nAmot. of 6 \u214c Ct. Funded Stock\nInterest from the 1st Octr. 1791.\nAmot. of Ditto\nInterest on Do. from Jany. 1. 1792\nAmot. of 3 \u214c Ct. Stock\nInterest on Do. from Octr. 1. 1791\nAmot. of Do\nIntt on do from Jany 1. 1792\nAmot. of 6 \u214c Ct Stock assumed Debt\nIntt. from Jany. 1. 1792.\nAmot of 3 \u214c Ct. \u2003 Do \u2003 Do\nInt. from Jany. 1. 1792.\nTotal Dollars\nexclusive of the Interest to the State of Pennsa. which amounts as \u214c my Letter the 28th of Febuary last to 13.982 Dollars 14 Cents.\nFrom the importunate necessity of my Clerks, who have not received their Wages for two Quarters past I am under the necessity of praying your attention for the payment of their Salarys. I flatter myself that after a few months the greater part of their services may be dispensed with.\nI have the honor to be with the greatest respect \u2003 Sir \u2003 your most obedt Hble servt\nThomas Smith Com Loans\nHonble. Alexander HamiltonSecty Treay. United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0167", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nicholas Low, 29 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Low, Nicholas\n[Philadelphia, March 29, 1792. On April 10, 1792, Low wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI am duely favord with yours of 23. 29 & 31 Ulto.\u201d Letter of March 29 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0168", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Miller, Junior, 29 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Miller, John, Jr.\nTreasury Department, March 29, 1792. \u201cI am desirous to avail the United States of your knowledge of the various species of Merchandize \u2026 for the Infantry and Cavalry of the United States, which are to be furnished, by contract, by Messrs Charles Young and Thomas Billington.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0170", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 29 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 29 1792.\nI have received your letter of the 22d instant, and am extremely sorry to perceive the difficulties you mention. It is not in my power to authorise your dispensing with the execution of the laws, as explained by your standing instructions from the Treasury; but as I have always a desire to give every convenient and prudent facility to commerce, I have made an eventual engagement to the Bank of Maryland to leave in their hands a sum of public money, equivalent to any Notes they may discount for importers, to discharge the duties which shall fall due in your Office on or before the 15th day of April next. Should they require a list of the Bonds, exhibiting as well the names of the Obligors as the sums due, and the times of payment, You will furnish it to them.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Mo. Obedt Servant\nA Hamilton\nPS\u2014I hope the arrangement desired will produce the requisite accomodation to the Merchants; because it is indispensable that punctuallity should be enforced if necessary.\nOtho H Williams Esqr.Baltimore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0173", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Gulian Verplanck, 30 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Verplanck, Gulian\nSir\nTreasury Department March 30th 1792\nAs it will be convenient to you to be apprized of the alterations in the business of the Treasury, which take place from time to time in consequence of arrangements with the Bank of the united States, I think it expedient to inform you, that the receipt and exchange for Specie of the Bank notes and Cash notes of the Institution over which you preside, will be discontinued in the Custom houses out of the City of New York in a few weeks after the receipt of a circular letter written this day.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obedt Servt\nAlexander HamiltonSecy of the Treasy\nThe President of the Bankof New York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0175", "content": "Title: John Jay to the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, [31 March 1792]\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\n[New York, March 31, 1792]\nThe Chief Justice of the United States, presents his compliments to the Attorney General, and requests the favor of him to lay before the Board of trustees, the opinion herewith enclosed, on the question stated in their act of the 26th instant; a copy of which the Chief Justice yesterday received, enclosed in the letter which the Attorney General did him the honor to write on the 29th instant.\nNew-York, March 31, 1792.\nQuestion. 1. Do the words \u201cif not exceeding the par or true value thereof,\u201d in the act making provision for the reduction of the public debt, restrain the purchase of any part of the debt of the United States (whether subscribed, and bearing an immediate interest of six per cent. or an immediate interest of three per cent. or a future interest of six per cent. or unsubscribed) so long as the market price of the same shall not exceed 20 shillings in the pound?\nQuestion 2. If these words do restrain the purchase of any species of the public debt, within limits narrower than 20 shillings in the pound, what rate of interest shall be adopted, as the rule for computing the value of each kind of stock at this day?\nThe meaning of the word par is well ascertained. When cash, equal in amount to the sum specified in a bill of exchange, is paid for it, that bill is said to have been bought and sold at par.\nWhen stock is bought and sold for more or less than what the public have engaged to pay, that stock is said to have been bought and sold above and below par. Bank notes usually pass, in the vicinity of the bank, for the sums they promise, that is, at par.\nThe true value of stock considered as merchandise, is the market price. The true value of stock, considered as evidence of money due from debtor to creditor, is regarded, by the law, as being precisely so much cash as was contracted to be paid. Hence, it seems, that the value of stock is of two kinds\u2014the one, commercial, and fluctuating; the other, legal, and fixed. The act adverts to and recognises both; the former in restraining the trustees from giving more than the market price, though below par, the latter in restraining them from purchasing at prices above par.\nIs there not a kind of value distinct from either? I think there is; and that it is the one alluded to in the second question above stated. It is the result of comparison, combination, and calculation, and governed by some principle assumed as a standard. It differs, therefore, from the legal value, which always is the exact sum promised to be paid; and it differs from the market price, which has no standard, but depends on momentary and fluctuating circumstances.\nIs the true value, mentioned in the act, of this latter, or third kind? I think not.\nAs this is not the ordinary sense of the word value, and as a standard to ascertain it is neither indicated by the act, nor very easy to find; it seems singular that the Congress, if they really contemplated that kind of value, should omit not only to declare this meaning, particularly and expressly, but also to fix the standard whereby the trustees should be regulated.\nAs the act distinguishes the market value from the legal value, so, also, the value, in question, if intended, would probably have been distinguished from both, and not confounded, as it now is, with the legal value, by so connecting the words the par, with the words true value, by the particle or, as naturally and grammatically to exclude the idea in contemplation: for the particle or, placed as it is, appears, to me, to be precisely equivalent to\u2014that is to say; in other words, to wit:\nNo other than the legal value can, accurately, be called the true value in general terms. The laws of morality, and of the land, oblige the debtor to pay the sum promised, and they entitle and direct the creditor to receive it. Debtors and creditors are the only persons strictly interested in the value of debts. Whatever is the true value between them, must be seen as being so by others, as well as by them; and, therefore, when laws, or persons, and especially laws, speak of the true value of a debt, they are, in my opinion, always to be understood as intending the sum due, or legal value, unless they use additional expressions to particularise their meaning.\nFor these reasons I am of opinion that the words \u201cif not exceeding the par or true value thereof,\u201d do not restrain the purchases of any part of the debt of the United States, so long as the market price of the same shall not exceed the sum actually due from, and payable by, the United States, in discharge of those debts.\nJohn Jay.\n31st March, 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0176", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, 31 March 1792\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nBoston March 31st. 1792\nAs you have often expressed a wish to establish uniformity among all the officers commissioned in different districts to perform similar duties I am induced to mention an instance wherein from the want of similarity questions arise which leaves us quite at a loss how to determine the length of Vessels from the registers some inserting therein the real length & some the length after the deduction of three fifths of the Beam. Our practice has been to insert the real length others we find practice differently. Would it not be well when you shall address a circular letter to the collectors to express your opinion on the subject?\nSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0177", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nicholas Low, 31 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Low, Nicholas\n[Philadelphia, March 31, 1792. On April 10, 1792, Low wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI am duely favord with yours of 23. 29 & 31 Ulto.\u201d Letter of March 31 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0178", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, March, 1792.] Sends list of names of persons recommended for positions of director of the Mint and treasurer of the Mint.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0179", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 2 April 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] April 2, 1792. \u201cThis letter will be accompanied by a weekly return of monies received and paid \u2026 and also a Statement of the case of the Brig Chance, and papers respectg. the same. I shall refrain from prosecuting Capt. Corey.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0180", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Meletiah Jordan, 2 April 1792\nFrom: Jordan, Meletiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nFrenchman\u2019s Bay [District of Maine] April 2, 1792. \u201c\u2026 The difficult situation of this District of which I have already informed you has obliged my purchasing a small Boat.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0181", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nathan Keais, 2 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Keais, Nathan\n[Philadelphia, April 2, 1792. On April 26, 1792, Keais wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI this Day was Honored with the Receipt of your Letter of the 2nd Instant Covering A Commission \u2026 as Inspector of the Revenue for this port.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0182", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Philip Livingston, 2 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Livingston, Philip\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia April 2d1792\nI thank you for sending by express the Chief Justice\u2019s Letter. It will enable me to enter the Market more advantageously for the support of the Debt. I detained the express \u2019till today, in expectation of being able to forward by him the result. But certain indispensable engagements of some of the Trustees prevent a Meeting \u2019till tomorrow. The arrangement will be conveyed by express.\nI observe that certain characters continue to sport with the Market & with the distresses of their fellow Citizens. \u2019Tis time there should be a line of separation between honest Men & knaves; between respectable stockholders and dealers in the funds, and mere unprincipled Gamblers. Public infamy must restrain what the laws cannot.\nThis spirit must be cultivated among the friends of good government and good principles. The relaxations in a just system of thinking, which have been produced by an excess of the spirit of speculation must be corrected. And Contempt and Neglect must attend those who manifest that they have no principle but to get money.\nYrs. with great regard\nA Hamilton\nP. The monies which you will have paid for the two expresses will be reimbursed at the Treasury. Be so good as to take Receipts for what you pay & make out a little account against the Secretary of the Treasury charging for so much paid at each time to express A or B to carry a letter from the Chief of the United States to the Trustees of the Sinking fund. Send this to Mr. Kean.\nP. Livingston Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0184-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Reynolds, 3 April 1792\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia 3d, April, 1792.\nI hope you will pardon me in taking the liberty I do In troubling you so offen. it hurts me to let you Know my Setivation. I should take it as a protickeler if you will Oblige me with the loane of about thirty Dollars. I am in hopes in a fue days I shall be In a more better Setivation. and then I shall Be able to make you ample Satisfaction for your Favours shewn me. I want it for some little Necssaries of life for my family. sir you granting the above favour this morning will very much Oblige your most Obediant and humble Servant\nJames Reynolds\nAlex. Hamilton Esqr.\nN B \u2003 the inclose is a Receipt for Ninety dollars. that is if you Can Oblige me with the thirty. that including Boath Sums", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0184-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Receipt from James Reynolds, [3 April 1792]\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, April 3, 1792]\nReceived philadelphia 3d. April. 1792 of Alexander Hamilton Esqr. Ninety dollars which I promise to pay on demand\nJames Reynolds\n90, Dollars", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0186", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nathan Keais, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Keais, Nathan\n[Philadelphia, April 4, 1792. On April 26, 1792, Keais wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI this Day was Honored with the Receipt of your Letter \u2026 of the 4th.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0187", "content": "Title: Meeting of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 4, 1792]\nAt a meeting of the Trustees of the Sinking Fund, at the house of the Vice President of the United States, on the 4th day of April, 1792,\nPresent: The Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Attorney General.\nResolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury be authorised to cause to be applied so much of the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, directed to be expended by the act of this Board, of the 26th day of March last, as may remain in hand, to the purchase of three per cent. and deferred stock, upon a computation of interest at the rate of five per centum.\nFrom this resolution, the Secretary of State dissents.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0188", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphiaApril 4th 1792\nThe post of this day brought me a letter from you. I am pained, beyond expression, at the picture you and others give me of the situation of my fellow Citizens\u2014especially as an ignorance of the extent of the disorder renders it impossible to judge whether any adequate remedy can be applied.\nYou may apply another 50 000 Dollars to purchases at such time as you judge it can be rendered most useful. The prices may be 20/ for 6 per Cents 12 for three\u2019s and 12/6 for deferred. The law & the object require that it should be known you purchase for the public. I shall by the next post send an Official authorisation.\nI have doubt however whether it will be best to apply this immediately or wait the happening of the crisis which I fear is inevitable. If as is represented a pretty extensive explosion is to take place\u2014the depression of the funds at such a moment will be in the extreme and then it may be more important than now to enter the market in force. I can in such case without difficulty add a hundred thousand Dollars probably a larger Sum. But you who are on the spot being best able to calculate consequences I leave the proper moment of operating to your judgment. To relieve the distressed and to support the funds are primary objects.\nAs it may possibly become adviseable for the Bank to receive payments in Stock from embarrassed persons, it may not be amiss that you should know as a guide That there are at this moment orders from a respectable Dutch concern to purchase 6 \u214c Cents at 24/ if bills can be sold at par. Of this I have the most unequivocal evidence. This is a proof that foreigners will be willing to give that price.\nHow vexatious that imprudent speculations of Individuals should lead to an alienation of the National property at such under rates as are now given!\nI presume your greatest embarrassments arise from the contracts to pay and deliver not yet at issue. Is it possible to form any conjecture of their extent?\nAffectionately Yrs\nA Hamilton\nP. S. I will thank you for a memorandum, in confidence, of how much remains unexpended in Bank of the sums which have been passed to the Credit of the Commissioner of Loans at different times,\nWilliam Seton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0189-0002", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphiaApril 4 1792\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President of the United States. He was informed yesterday, by the Attorney General, that his opinion concerning the constitutionality of the Representation Bill was desired this morning. He now sends it with his reasons but more imperfectly stated than he could have wished\u2014through want of time. He has never seen the bill, but from the accounts he has had of it he takes it for granted that he cannot have misconceived its contents so as to cause any material error in the process of his reasoning.\nThe President desires an opinion, whether the Act intitled \u201cAn Act for an apportionment of Representatives among the several states according to the first enumeration\u201d be constitutional, or not.\nIt is inferred from the provisions of the Act\u2014That the following process has been pursued.\nI The aggregate numbers of the United States are divided by 30000, which gives the total number of representatives, or 120.\nII This number is apportionned among the several states by the following rule\u2014As the aggregate numbers of the United States are to the total number of representatives found as above, so are the particular numbers of each state to the number of representatives of such state. But\nIII As this second process leaves a residue of Eight out of the 120 members unapportioned, these are distributed among those states which upon that second process have the largest fractions or remainders.\nAs a ratio of 30000 appears to have been adopted as a guide\u2014The Question is whether this ratio ought to have been applied, in the first instance, to the aggregate numbers of the United States or to the particular numbers of each state.\nI am of opinion that either of these courses might have been constitutionally pursued\u2014or in other words that there is no criterion by which it can be pronounced decisively that the one or the other is the true construction. Cases so situated often arise on constitutions and Laws.\nThe part of the constitution in question is thus expressed\u2014\u201cRepresentatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers.\u201d\nTis plain that the same rule is to be pursued with regard to direct taxes as with regard to Representatives.\nWhat is the process which would naturally be followed in relation to the apportionment of direct taxes?\nClearly this\u2014The total sum necessary would be first ascertained.\nThis total sum would then \u27e8be\u27e9 apportioned among the several states by the following rule\u2014viz\u2014\nAs the aggregate numbers of the United States are to the whole sum required so are the particular numbers of a particular state to the proportion of such state. Which is, so far, the exact process that has been followed by the Bill, in the apportionment of representatives.\nAnd hence results a strong argument for its constitutionality.\nIf there had been no ratio mentioned in the constitution \u2019tis evident that no other course could have been well purused. No doubt at least of the propriety of that which has been pursued could have been then entertained.\nDoes the mention of a ratio necessarily alter it?\nThe words of the constitution in respect to the ratio are these \u201cThe number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 30000, but each state shall have at least one representative.\u201d\nThis provision may naturally be read and understood thus\u2014\u201cThe whole number of the representatives of the United States shall not exceed one to every 30000 of the aggregate numbers of the United States; but if it should happen that the proportion of the numbers of any state to the aggregate numbers of the United States should not give to such state one representative\u2014such state shall nevertheless have one. No state shall be without a representative.\nThere is nothing in the form of expression to confine the application of the ratio to the several numbers of the states. The mode of expression equally permits its application to their joint or aggregate numbers. The intent of inserting it is merely to determine a proportional limit which the number of the house of representatives shall not exceed. This is as well satisfied by resorting to the collective as to the separate population of the respective states.\nThere is therefore nothing in the last recited clause to controul or direct the sense of the first.\nIf it be said that the further process which apportions the residue among the states having the greatest remainders is the circumstance that renders the bill unconstitutional because it renders the representation not strictly according to the respective numbers of the states it may be answered\u2014\nThat this is but a necessary consequence of the first principle.\nAs there would commonly be left, by the first process, an unapportioned residue of the total number, to be apportioned, it is of necessity that that residue should be distributed among the several states by some rule and none more equal or defensible can be found than that of giving a preference to the greatest remainders.\nIf this makes the apportionment not mathematically \u201caccording to the respective numbers of the several states\u201d so neither would the opposite principle of construction.\nFractions more or less great would in this case also, and, in a greater degree, prevent a conformity of the proportion of representatives to numbers. The same objection would lie in this respect against both principles of construction; against that in the bill least.\nUpon the whole then, The Bill apportions the Representatives among the several states according to their respective numbers; so as that the number of representatives does not exceed one for every 30000 persons each state having at least one member. It therefore performs every requisition of the constitution; and it will not be denied that it performs this in the manner most consistent with equality.\nThere appears therefore no room to say, that the bill is unconstitutional, though there may be another construction, of which the constitution is capable. In cases where two constructions may reasonably be adopted, and neither can be pronounced inconsistent with the public good, it seems proper that the legislative sense should prevail. The present appears to the Secretary clearly to be such a case.\nPhiladelphia April4th 1792Alex. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0190", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Joseph Howell, Junior, 5 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Howell, Joseph, Jr.\n[Treasury Department, April 5, 1792. The dealer\u2019s catalogue description of this letter reads: \u201cRequesting that certified payrolls of the balances due the officers of the Maryland line be furnished him.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0191", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Stephen Moylan, 5 April 1792\nFrom: Moylan, Stephen\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, April 5, 1792. \u201cI will not take up your time for the trouble I am about to give by apologizing for it.\u2026 I never received my commutation certificate the reasons are, first I was under a necessity of living very retired since the peace the Limitation Act never came to my Knowledge until May 89 when I went to New York\u2014the other is, an impossibility of my being able to close my Regimental Accounts\u2014Such as I coud make out were transmitted to the proper office. The reason of my inability in this matter proceeds from the loss of a part of my most essential papers.\u2026 If you can put me in the way of getting what is so justly due to me for long and some essential services renderd the public it will place me in a very different situation to that I now stand in\u2014it will place me above Want.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0192-0001", "content": "Title: Report on Compensation of Officers Employed in the Collection of the Revenue, [5 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 5, 1792Communicated on April 5, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nPursuant to the Order of the House of Representatives of the 18th of January, 1791, directing the Secretary of the Treasury to report his opinion whether any and what farther compensation ought to be made to the respective Officers employed in the collection of the revenue,\nThe said Secretary respectfully submits the following Report.\nThe paper marked (A) herewith transmitted, contains an Abstract of the emoluments of the several officers of the customs, for one year, as far as returns have been received at the Treasury, and suggests in a column, for the purpose, such additions as, in certain cases, appear advisable.\nThese additions are founded upon a combined estimate of various circumstances; the quantity of business to be performed, the probability or otherwise of an increase of emolument under the existing provisions, the expense of living at different places, and the comparative importance of the respective parts to the revenue.\nThe apportionment is, of course, in many instances, rather matter of arbitration, than of precise calculation, and will probably require correction from the superior local information of the members of the House.\nThe Secretary takes this occasion to observe, that hitherto there has been no prohibition, by law, of officers of the customs being engaged in trade. Such a prohibition appears indispensible for obvious reasons\u2014while it will be a reason for rendering their emoluments more competent.\nThe report of the Secretary lately made in respect to the Act laying duties on distilled spirits, submits a farther provision for compensating the officers employed in the execution of that Act, in the only mode, which is presumed to be practicable. Hence it becomes unnecessary to include them in the present report.\nAll which is respectfully submitted,\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department April 5th 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0192-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure A: [Emoluments of Surveyors of the Customs for the Year 1790], [5 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nA.\nStatement of Emoluments of the Surveyors of the Customs, in the United States, for the year 1790, except in the cases of North Carolina and Rhode Island, which are stated from the time of the operation of the offices in those States, in 1790, to the same period in the year following, so as to embrace likewise one entire year.\nPorts\nAmount received.\nClerk hire charged\nRent, Fuel, Stationery &c\nNett amount of Emoluments.\nSalary allowed by the Collection law.\nAdditional Salaries proposed.\nPortsmouth\nNewbury port\nGloucester\nSalem\nBeverly\nIpswich\nBoston\nPortland\nNewport\nNorth Kingston\nEast Greenwich\nWarren\nBristol\nPawcatuck river\nProvidence\nPatuxet\nNew London\nStonington\nMiddletown\nNew-Haven\nNew York, Hudson,\nAlbany\nLittle Egg Harbor\nPhiladelphia\nBaltimore,\nTown Creek,\nSaint Mary\u2019s\nLewellensburg,\nNorfolk,\nSuffolk,\nSmithfield,\nBermuda Hundred,\nPetersburg,\nRichmond,\nWestpoint,\nUrbanna,\nPort Royal,\nFredericksburg,\nAlexandria,\nWilmington (N.C.)\nBeaufort,\nSwansborough,\nHertford,\nWinton,\nBennet\u2019s creek,\nPlymouth,\nWindsor,\nShewarkey,\nMurfreesborough,\nNixonton\nIndian Town\nCurretuck Inlet,\nPasquotank river bridge\nNewbiggen Creek\nCharleston\nSavannah\nTreasury Department,April 4th 1792.\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0192-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [Emoluments of Collectors of the Customs for the Year 1790], [5 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nStatement of Emoluments of the Collectors of the Customs, in the United States, for the year 1790, except in the cases of North Carolina and Rhode Island, which are stated from the time of the operation of the offices in those States, in 1790, to the same period in the year following, so as to embrace likewise one entire year.\nAdditional Salaries proposed\nPorts\nAmount received.\nClerk-hire charged.\nRent, Fuel Stationery &c.\nNett amount of Emoluments.\nAnnual Salary allowed by the Collection law\nAnnual Salary.\nPercentage on duties collected.\nPortsmouth\n\u00bd per cent.\nNewbury-port\nGloucester\nSalem & Beverly\nMarblehead (9 months)\nBoston & Charlestown\nPlymouth\nBarnstable\nNantucket & Sherburne\nEdgar Town\nNew Bedford\nDighton\nYork\nBiddeford and Pepperelborough}\nPortland\nBath\nWiscassett\nPenobscot\nFrenchman\u2019s Bay\nMachias\nPassamaquody\nNewport\nProvidence\nNew London\nNew Haven\nFairfield\nAllburgh\nSagg Harbour\nNew York\nPerth Amboy\nBurlington\nBridge town\nGreat Egg Harbour.\nPhiladelphia\nWilmington (Delaware)\nBaltimore\nChester\nOxford\nVienna\nSnow Hill\nAnnapolis\nNottingham\nCedar point\nGeorge town (of Maryland)\nHampton\nNorfolk\nBermuda Hundred\nYork Town\nTappahannock\nYeocomico river\nDumfries\nAlexandria\nFoley-landing\nCherrystone\nSouth Quay\nLouisville\nWilmington (N.C)\nNew Bern\nWashington\nEdenton\nPlankbridge\nGeorge Town (S:C:)\nCharleston.\nBeaufort.\nSavannah\nSunbury\nBrunswick\nSt. Mary\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0192-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [Emoluments of Naval Officers for the Year 1790], [5 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nEmoluments of Naval Officers for one year\u2014stated as before mentioned.\nPorts\nAmount received.\nClerk Hire charged.\nRent, Fuel Stationery &c.\nNett amot of Emoluments.\nAnnual Salary allowed by the Collection law.\nAnnual Salary proposed.\nPortsmouth\n100 dollars.\nNewburyport\nSalem\nBoston\nNew York\nPhiladelphia\nBaltimore\nNorfolk\nWilmington (N:C:)\nCharleston\nSavannah\nNewport\nProvidence\nTreasury Department, April 5th. 1792.\nAlexander Hamilton, Secy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0193", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 5 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt. 5th. April 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to represent to the President of the United States, that an application has been made at the Treasury by the honble Mr. Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania in behalf of the Administratrix of Nicholas F. Westphal deceased, for the discharge of a Claim due to the Estate of her late husband in virtue of the last clause of \u201cAn Act for the relief of certain widows, Orphans, Invalids and other persons,\u201d of which a copy is enclosed. The Secretary begs leave to suggest that this claim being payable out of the unexpended appropriations to the contingent charges of Government, it appears to require a special order of the President.\nA. HamiltonSecy. of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0194", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 5 April 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy Dear Sir\nBaltimore 5 April 1792\nYour official letter respecting the punctual collecting of duties shall have my particular attention.\nThe advantages expected from your eventual agreement with the bank of Maryland have not been realized by the merchants, owing I understand, to some want of concert among the directors; But I have reason to expect that all will be settled this Week.\nI am much gratified by your intimation that my name has occurred in conversation about a successor to the unfortunate St. Clair\u2014and I thank you for your concern about my health. I am so happy as to tell you that my health is much restored; But, my Dear friend, if I had the best health, and all the best qualifications for such a command, what is there in it to excite ambition, or to gratify any other passion?\nHappy in my family, and possessing a decent sufficiency, what should induce me to hazzard the fate of Harmar, or the more hapless st. Clair\u2014Or even if I were prosperous and Should even prove myself as great as Greene I might, like him, be traduced in my grave: while my family might beg, in vain, for protection.\nI regret extremely the mortifications to which our friend St. Clair is exposed; but he, unfortunately shall I say, lives to face his accusers.\nGreene, poor fellow, is gone, and as it would seem has left scarcely an advocate behind him. The shameful speech of Genl. Sumpter upon Mrs Greenes petition excited my indignation, and I resolved upon saying some thing to the public in reply to it. But diffidence suspended the execution of my purpose; I have taken up my paper again, and after scratching a great deal almost persuade myself that it ought to appear.\nPeruse it, and if you can approve let it appear, all at once, in one of the Philadelphia papers\u2014Ours would divide it into two or three scraps, and dissipate the little force it has.\nIf there is any more brawling in Congress about the unmerited abuse or neglect of the s. Carolina Militia, or the NC Militia, I will take occasion to give a detail of occurrences which shall place their merits in a proper light. The Vanity of puffing the southern Militia has, more than once disgraced the Ho: Rep\u2014\u2014, and the insolent vulgarity of some of its members deserves public reproof.\nI am with great Esteem \u2003 and Confidence \u2003 Dr. sir, Your most Obt\nO. H Williams\nColl Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0195", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Digges, 6 April 1792\nFrom: Digges, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir.\nBelfast (Ireland) Apr 6. 1792\nI stand in need of Your forgiveness for intruding myself upon You, but I hope that my motive for so doing (an ardent desire to promote manufactures in America) will in some measure appologize for me.\nA Vessel sailing this day from hence from Boston, and the opportunity of inclosing this Lettr to Mr Tho\u2019 Russel of that place (who I am sure will forward it safe) induces me to write to You on the subject of Manufactures & Machinery, which I am happy to see begins now to be tookd up & pratonized in our Country.\nI have not the pleasure to be personally known to You \u2019tho well acquainted with Your worth & the benefits our Country is likely to derive from Your assiduity & ability. My home & soil is at Digges\u2019s Landing on Potowmac nearly fronting the Presidents, to whom & many of the Gentlemen about Him & yourself I am known, and am but a casual Resident in this manufacturing quarter of Ireland in order to get over some Tennantry, and among them Artists, to fix on lands I possess both in Virginia & Maryland not far from the new Federal Town.\nIt was with much pleasure & attention I very lately read Your Report to Congress on the Subject of Manufactures, wch. I found published in the New York Papers in Numbers compleated to the end. In this quarter American Books are very rarely to be met, & when sent as presents, little read & not attended to. This induc\u2019d me to take the liberty with your book of having it republishd at my Expence 1000 Copys price 1/\u2014by Byrne Book sellers in Dublin in order to distribute it with ease, & for disseminating its information among many Manufactoring Societys here as well as in England, (where I will take 3 or 400 Copys in a few days) and by so getting it read, induce artists to move towards a Country so likely to very soon give them ample employ & domestic ease. I hope You will not be offended with me for so doing, & I am confident the distribution of it, in the way I intend, will induce many to move towards the manufactoring parts of America. Sorry I am to say it that mine is still backward in the encouragement of manufactorys or artists, but I trust it will soon get better as the Slavery by blacks decreases & by Emigration from these Countrys we get betterd as to a free tennantry.\nI was very lucky in being the means of sending Wm. Pearce to Philaa. last June, where I hope He has succeeded & been encouraged in obtaining a Pattent or Premium for His new invented double loom. I gave him recommendatory Lettrs. to the President, to Mr Jefferson, Goverr. Dickinson, Mr Seton, Conyngham & Nesbit & others, & I am to hope He has made His way to You. He is a Man deserving to be cherish\u27e8ed\u27e9 as an uncommon ingenious Artist in the fixing Mill Machinery, Looms, &ca. and before He went explained to me the principle of a Mill for weaving Cloth by force of steam or Water, as well as One for Spinning Flax thred nearly on the same plan of facility & numbers of threads that the Cotton Mules can spin, wch. is from 80 to 180 threads at once, & attended by one man & two small children to each mule. Mr Thos McCabe of this Town (to whom the introduction of Cotton fabricks in Ireland is much indebted) is a partner in the Loom scheme with Mr Wm Pearce, and has now in His possession the compleat drawings & specifications of a machine for spinning the thread which I now inclose you (a description of which you have in the paper covering the thread). It is the first effort in England & spoke highly of as to the benefits of reducing manual labor, for one man & a small boy tends the machine wch spins 80 threads at one throw of the machine. I have seen the Work & got copys of the drawings, and I have Mr McCabes possitive promise of sending it to You or the President by the first Passenger Ship wch. will be the Wilmington Cap Jefferies for Phia & She will sail in May.\nI go from hence in a few days to spend the summer among manufacturers & artists in Lancashire & Yorkshire, a Country I have before known, & where many are ready to move for America, but the difficultys of so doing are very great. By the laws of England they can stop an artist from migration, & the smallest particle of machinery, tools &ca will stop the Ship if informed against\u2014the person attempting to inviegle away an artist is subject not only to very rough treatment, but a fine of 500 \u00a3 & 12 months imprisonment. In this Country they, are not so nice, & by some art, & very little expence I have been the means of sending 18 or 20 very valuable artists & machine makers in the course of last year. It subjects You however to unpleasant circumstances of jealousy from acquaintances, & private sensure.\nThere will be a considerable emigration this Spring from this place, Derry & Newry, I dare say not less than 10,000 people, and in every family there are spinners & often weaver\u2019s\u2014almost wholly a protestant body, sober, & industrious & very different from the Southern & western Irish, where manufactures have not yet found their way & the people in consequence, idle, distressd, & extremly poor. Such is the encreasing commerce & manufactories of Antrim & Down (by far the fulest peopled Countys in Ireland) that in the Course of the last 12 months not less than 12 or 15,000 \u00a3\u2019s worth of machinery for spining Cotton only, has been imported from Liverpool into this port. The Mules, Billys, Brush Rollers & all other of the machinery comes in the frame bulk nearly ready to work, & is of such bulk that very few vessels can admit them, particularly the mules, into the hold\u2014of course, abstracted from the risque of shipping them direct from Engd. to America, the getting \u2019em across the atlantic would be attended with vast difficulty. The only way to counteract this will be to get over the two men who make each of these machines vist. the Brass, Clockwork movements of them, & the frame & wood-work makers. I mean to make an attempt at this, and will trust to yours & other patronage to such Men as may go to fix in America. The beauty & benefits of machinery is such, & has so much reduced the manufacture of various articles, by the reduction of manual labour, as to make it incredible to those who have not seen and contemplated machinery. You have now the man in America, Wm. Pearce, who invented first the famous wheel machinery for Sir R. Arkwrights famous spining Mill in Manchester; and He also had a hand in the Mill at Doncaster, wch by force of an Ox weaves Broad Cloth by Machinery. He also knows the principle on wch the thread wch I now send you is so quickly & beneficially spun without going thro the usual form of the Finger. His double Loom, wch I hope you have by this time seen at work is also an admirable peice of simple art, and without applying other force than the hand, wch He can do to throw the Shuttle, weaves in proportion of three yards to one in the common way. I look upon Him somewhat like a second Archimedes. His pride, tho an ignorant & low bred man prompted Him to move from Hence on being disapointed, by an il-timed party in the House of Commons here, of getting the Sum that He & Mr McCabe askd for the discovery of the loom. He has I understand quarrelled with Jameson, & Hall (two working artists whom I sent out in the Ship with Him) and I am sure Jameson is in fault, for he here made a vile tho\u2019 faint attempt to discover Pearce\u2019s secret because He had been employd by Pearce to erect the Loom.\nI am sure it woud have a tendency to good to have some plan fixd in America for the encouragement of ingenious artists & manufa~rers going there, something like a premium or reward to be publickly advertis\u2019d & held out in the American Papers, & those papers carefully got distributed here & about Liverpool & Manchester, for in these Countrys they hardly ever will publish any favourable acco~of America or insert a Paragraph wch. may lead the people to Emigration. I think too a small bounty pr head on every Emigrant landing (suppose only one Dollar pr. head for every one that goes in a Vessel carrying more than 100 adults; and to exempt the vessel so carrying them from the Tonnage or other Fees for that voyage, may have a good tendency to induce more to go, for here a few Shillings makes a difference in the price of passage money, that retards many from going. Such are the wants of a people even in a very full peopled Country & possessing a most beneficial staple manufactory of Linen & rapidly rising in the Cotton one.\nI hope You will excuse Sir the length of my letter & loose suggestions. I have much at heart & wish most earnestly to see manufactures begin even in my Country. I am very confidant our high price of labour will be no obstruction when the facility & cheapness with which we can Errect mill work, & I trust machinery too, will be put in counterpoise to manual labour. Already there is a Mill in England which can twist from a small cord, up to the largest Cable for a Ship by force of water, & by which in the making of a Cable the labour of about sixty persons is saved. At Manchester too a man whom I well know (Mr Grimshaw) lately erected a Mill at the Expence of 14,000 \u00a3, which by force of steam wove some hundreds of ps./s of cotton at once, under one roof & with but little attendance, of only dressing the Looms & loading the Shuttles, but the misguided multitude, fearing it would ruin the working weavers maliciously burnt down the mill after it had begun to work. From the encreasing spirit of the English towards discovery of machinery in various ways, it is impossible to tell or guess what lengths the human genius may not go. I hope it will take a flight across the Atlantic, & by way of expediting it I shall be extremely happy for any hints from you, or from any Gentlemen Engaged in the promotion of Amn. Manufactures, & who may have more leisure to write.\nMy stay in England will be a full twelvemonth from this period, and my direction is to the care of Joshua Johnson Esqr Consul Gen~for US in London. I shall be happy to execute any Commands for You & am with great esteem & respect\nSir Yr Obt Hle Servt\nThos Digges\nYou will please to Excuse this hasty letter wch in truth, as the Captn. is about to move, I have not time to read over.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0196", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Archibald Mercer, 6 April 1792\nFrom: Mercer, Archibald\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir!\nNew Brunswick [New Jersey] April 6th: 1792.\nThe Directors of the Manufacturing Society held their quarterly meeting at this place on Tuesday last. All the Gentlemen from Jersey met, but none of the Directors from New York appearing, it was thought of the utmost importance, considering the advanced season of the Year, the confusion our affairs appeared to be in, and the necessity of restoring the public confidence that a full board should be obtained if possible and the situation of our funds investigated & known. We therefore sent to New York requesting some of the Gentlemen to come forward with every information in their Power. To this Mr: Walker replied \u201cThat in this critical moment when every hour brings its misfortunes and the property of every man at hazard none of them can possibly leave town; wishing us to adjourn to New York.\u201d By way of accomodation and in order that the business of the Society may not be wholly neglected this board have adjourned to the 17th: Inst: to meet at Powles Hook. From the best information we can obtain there is no Money at Command nor are we wholly satisfied with the application of it, but for want of full information we can only give you this hint. Mr: Peirce called upon the board on Tuesday with a letter, which he said was from you. We did suppose it contained some communications for the inspection of this Board but it being directed to Mr: Low, we concluded to send it forward by Pearce, who has not since returned.\nMr: Hubbard we are informed by Mr. Flint, has resigned his appointment as Superintendant General, but in such a Manner as to preserve our confidence in him as a suitable Person for the appointment.\nIt is natural for us in the present situation of the business, to look up to you as the founder of the institution & from the communications we have received from you, we have no doubt but you have the good of the Society at Heart. Hitherto we have depended on our Governor for the necessary plans to be pursued and which he promised to lay before us, but as a great deal of time has been spent to little purpose, and the critical situation of his private affairs will and must prevent his attention to this business, we take the liberty of requesting in the Name of the Society that you will be kind enough to furnish us with your Idea\u2019s and advice on the Subject and assist us in our operations as far as in your power.\nAt present we think it advisable to confine our attention to the Cotton branches alone, and have at this meeting dismissed several applications for other branches that have been kept in some measure in suspence. At our last meeting the Governor informed us that some steps had been taken by you, & himself, with regard to the procuring of Workmen from Europe, and that the probable expence would be about 20\u2019000 Dollars. We take the liberty to inclose you the resolutions of the board on that Subject, and would be glad to know whether you have or can take any measures to accomplish that object\u2014and whether you would recommend any other branch of Manufacture besides the Cotton, to be adopted. We are very apprehensive that from the delay that has taken place, the whole year will be lost with regard to the Printing of Callicoes, and a very great expence and to no purpose, as the fashions may totally Change, and the long-cloaths sent for, lay upon hand til next year.\nMr: Lowrey is appointed to wait on you with this letter, and to take in Charge your communications on the Subject. In behalf of the Society for establishing useful Manufactures, I am with perfect respect. \u2003 sir \u2003 Your most obedt: \u2003 and very hum: Servant\nArchibald Mercer D.G.\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr:Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0197-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gouverneur Morris, 6 April 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Hamilton.\nLondon 6 April 1792\nA friend ask\u2019d me some Days ago to calculate for him the true Value of our public funds. I did so and you will find in answer to the Queries No: 1. 2. & 3 the result of my first Enquiries. But my Mind being once in this Train I determined on greater Accuracy at the Expence of a little more Attention, and the Questions I propounded to myself with the Answers are contained in the enclosed Paper under the Heads 4. 5. & 6. Lastly as I had assumed for one Basis the Interest of 4 p % which we pay in Europe, and as a Commission is allowed on the Negotiation, I thought it well to enquire what additional Interest accrued from that Circumstance. This appears in the Question No. 7. You will observe that I communicated only the Answers to the three first Questions.\nAbout the same Time a Newspaper was put into my Hand containing your Report of the 23d of last January, and that led me to consider in what Way Money could be most advantageously employed in Diminution of the public Debt, and after sundry Estimates one Operation appear\u2019d to me so advantageous that I thought it worth while to trouble you with this Letter and with the Calculations above referred to. I beleive that on Examination you will find them to be exact. And altho the Answer to Question 5 may seem to be exhorbitant yet the Result would in fact be still greater if the Party receiving his Annuity of two per Quarter should apply it in discounting Notes which have three Months to run at the low Rate of 1 p%: a fortiori at 1 \u00bd the legal Rate now going in America. I need not remark to you on the Difference between Discount and Interest which in the Case put is that between 1/99 & 1/100 or 1 in 9.900.\nI ought to apologize for writing this Letter but I will not because if it does not carry its\u2019 own Excuse none which I can make will be worth a farthing. farewell\nI am truly yours\nGouv Morris\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0197-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [From Gouverneur Morris], [6 April 1792]\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nIn what Time will an Annuity of 8 pay 100. Int: at 6 p %.\nAnsr. 23.7913 Years or 23 Years 288 Days.\nWhat is the present Value of an Annuity of 8 for 23.7913 Years Int: at 4 p %.\nWhat principal Sum will in ten Years amount to 121.3342 Int: at 4 p %.\nIn What Time will a quarterly Payment of 2 pay 100. Int: at 1\u00bc p % quarterly.\nAnsr: 23.277875 Years or 23 Years 101 Days\nWhat is the present Value of a quarterly Payment of 2 for 23.277875 Years Quarterly Interest at 1 p %\nAnsr: 150.\nWhat principal Sum will in ten Years amount to 150 Int: at 4 p %\nWhat is the Rate of Interest paid by the Borrowers when a Commission of 4 p % is allowed on a Loan for 20 Years bearing 4 p % Interest.\nValue of the deferred Debt by Qu: & Ansr. No. 3.\nviz\nC\nC\nto\nJuly\nsay\nto\nJuly\nsay\nto\nJany.\nto\nJany\nto\nJuly\nto\nJuly\nto\nJany\nto\nJany\n25 January 1796\nRedemption of deferred Debt.\nFrom July 92 to Jany 93 Value\nSuppose the Price p %\nCommission on borrowing 75 at 4 p %\nRemains\nMultiply by\nThe gain is then at least one eighth of the Money applied to this Operation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0198", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Trumbull, 6 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Trumbull, Jonathan\nSir,\nTreasury DepartmentApril 6th 1792.\nI have the honor, pursuant to the order of the House on that subject, to transmit herewith sundry petitions for personal services in the Army and Navy, which have been heretofore referred to me, and to be, with perfect respect, \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obedient, and \u2003 Humble Servant\nAlexander Hamilton.\nThe HonorableThe Speaker of the House of Representatives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0199", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 6 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] April 6, 1792. \u201c\u2026 you will cause to be paid to Nicholas Ferdinand Westfall the sum of three hundred and thirty six Dollars out of the fund of Ten thousand Dollars appropriated for defraying the contingent charges of Government.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0200", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 6 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nUnited States 6. April 1792.\nYou will lay before the House of Representatives such papers from your Department as are requested by the enclosed resolution.\nG: W.\nNB. The papers alluded to are such as relate to the Expedition under Genl. St. Clair.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0201", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jonathan Dayton, [7\u20138 April 1792]\nFrom: Dayton, Jonathan\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDr. Sir,\nThursday noon [April, 7\u20138, 1792]\nI herewith enclose a letter which I have received from Messrs. Mackay & Dixey. The subject appears to be of some moment, and the objects may probably be attained, by an alteration in the bill about to be brought forward pursuant to your report on ways & means, if you do not dissaprove of it. I am still confined to my lodgings and shall be happy to speak with you on the subject.\nAnother letter respecting the claim of Perry & Hayes, is also enclosed. Be so good as to inform me whether you have yet made, or prepared, your re\u27e8port\u27e9 on that matter.\nWith very sincere esteem \u2003 Yours\nJona: Dayton\nP.S. Be pleased to return the letters.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0202-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Receipt from James Reynolds, [7 April 1792]\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, April 7, 1792]\nReceived philadelphia. 7th. April. 1792. of Alexander Hamilton Esqr. Forty five dollars which I promise to pay on demand\nJames Reynolds\n45 dollars", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0206", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 9 April 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, April 9, 1792. \u201cAgreeable to your request of the 29th of March, I have, on receiving an Order and the enclosed Assignment, paid to the Marshall of Rhode-Island District, 2105 Dollars and 12 Cents; which sum, as you direct, shall be noted in my Weekly Returns until it is replaced. I beg leave to observe, on this Occasion, that in my last Quarter\u2019s Accots., transmitted the 5th Instant, will be found 701 Dolls. & 93 Cents, paid for Drawbacks on Wine exported in the President Washington to the East-Indies, which was not included in my Estimate of Monies that would probably be demandable out of this Office by the 14th of May next; and which added to that now paid the Marshall, makes 2,807 Dollars & 5 Cents, which Sum I expect to be in want of in One Month from this Time.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0207", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nicholas Romayne, 9 April 1792\nFrom: Romayne, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir,\nNew York. April 9th. 1792\nMr. Dodge who officiated sometime in the Custom-house Department in this City, I am informed was deranged on account of some neglect of Duty. Circumstances I am told have been so much in his favour that the penalty incurred has not been exacted\u2014with the particulars of which I presumed you are acquainted.\nHe has served in the Armies of the United States during the late war, and his engagements there prevented him from acquiring a trade or profession\u2014he has a large family\u2014his numerous connections in this place are soliciting his being replaced & I am sensible if it be otherwise not against the good of the public service, they will gratefully acknowledge any kindness you may please to extend towards [him] as well as myself.\nI have the honour to be \u2003 Your Obt. Servt.\nNics. Romayne\nThe Honble. Alexander Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0208", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 9 April 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy dear sir\n[New York] Monday 9 April 1792\nI did not answer your kind favour of the 4th. this morning as I wished to take in the occurrences of this day, in hopes something better would take place in the State of Credit from the arrival of the East India Ships and other large and valuable property but I am sorry to say it has not had the wished for effect, and every thing still is going down Hill. The extent of the evil, or the amount of Contracts &ca, it is impossible to form a judgement of but I understand from everybody that this week will be the most distressing period of any. I therefore deemed it best agreeably to the lattitude you give me, not to enter into the Market to purchase till Wednesday, before which many must make a settlement on differences between one another\u2014& from inability of all parties they must have forbearance\u2014purchases afterwards will be a real relief, and as 50,000 would be but a small sum to invest I feel a hope from what you say that tomorrow I may receive orders from you to extend the purchases. The Bank continues to discount twice a week on a deposit of Stock & has very considerably by this means extended its loans\u2014but so many failures are daily happening that I fear many of our old Loans are in jeopardy. Before the last credit of 100,000 was put to the account of the Commissioner of Loans, there was a ballance due to him on our Books of 13,561 Dollars. He mentioned to me yesterday that he expected to give the Bank credit for 16,000 Dollars that would not be wanted.\nThe whisper of the day is very unfavorable, for should the report prove true that Mr. M_____ cannot or will not comply with his engagements, the distress already experienced is but a trifle to what is yet to be expected.\nI am with the sincerest respect & esteem \u2003 Dear sir \u2003 Your obliged Obed Servt\nWm Seton\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0209", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 10 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 10. 1792.\nPermit me to request the favor of you, to cause a warrant to be issued on the Treasurer of the United States payable to George Taylor Junr. to the amount of five hundred dollars, for defraying the contingent expenses of the department of State. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the highest respect and esteem &c.\nTh: Jefferson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0210", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nicholas Low, 10 April 1792\nFrom: Low, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nmy dear sir\nNew York 10 April 1792\nThe Failure of John Dewhurst may be attended with a total Loss to the Manufacturing Society of the Money intrusted to him\u2014he remitted the Money to a Mr. Hill of London his partner subject to the order of a Mr. King of Liverpool to whom Mr. Hall sent the Order for the Goods. The Intelligence of Dewhurst\u2019s Failure goes by the British packet saild yesterday to call at Halifax. Walker Duer Macomb & myself with the privaty of Mr. Hall have determined without communicating our plan to any other of the Directors to dispatch a pilot Boat to land a confidential Messenger at the first convenient port she can make in England with a Letter to Mr. King requesting him to repair immediately to London and secure the Money in the Hands of Hill, the Boat will be dispatched in two or three Days at farthest. We trust she will arrive Time enough before the packet to secure our object and have conceived it our Duty to adopt this as the only Chance of saving so large a Sum. This to your private Ear & I hope the Expedient will meet your approbation. The Directors are to meet here on the 17 Instant. We shall be glad to have such Communications as you may think proper for us. I fear Macomb will not be able to go thru all his Engagements. If he stops an almost universal Stoppage of Payment will ensue. I am duely favord with yours of 23. 29 & 31 Ulto.\nYours very sincerely\nNich Low\nAlexr. Hamilton EsqSecretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0212", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 10 April 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, April 10, 1792. On April 12, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Seton: \u201cI have your letters of the 10th & 11th.\u201d Letter of April 10 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0213", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 10 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nSir.\nTreasury DepartmentApril 10. 1792.\nMy last letter to you was of the 2nd instant.\nIt is proper that you be informed that a sum of eight thousand, three hundred and twenty five Dollars was paid here on application of Mr. de Ternant the Minister of France to himself and twenty two thousand Dollars to Mr. de la forest the Vice Consul General on the 21st. of February last, and the sum of one hundred thousand Dollars on the 12th. of March. Three further payments of 100,000 Dollars each are engaged to be made here in like manner, on the 1st. of June, on the first of September and on the first of December next, or before if convenient. All these are payments on account of the debt due to France.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 with great consideration \u2003 Sir Your most obed. servt.\nAlex Hamilton\nP.S. \u2003 An account against the Government of France has been settled at the Treasury for arms, amunition &ca. amounting to Eight thousand Nine hundred and sixty two Dollars. of which a certified Copy is here enclosed. This is also on account of the debt due to France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0214", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 10 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nGentlemen,\nTreasury Department April 10th. 1792\nI am induced by circumstances which have come within my knowledge to inform you, that the operation suggested in my letter of the 19th ultimo continues to be desirable in relation to those, who have payments to make at the Custom house in the course of the current Month. You will consider it as it concerns the convenience of the Bank of the United States.\nI have the honor to be, with \u2003 great consideration \u2003 Gentlemen, Your most obedt Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe President, Directors & Co ofthe Bank of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0216", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 11 April 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear sir\nNew York 11 April 1792\nI find upon enquiry from those who are most conversant in the nature and extent of the Stock Contracts, that Monday the 15th of this month is the day which will probably produce the greatest distress, of course the day on which relief will be the most essential. What is called here the Company, of which Mr Macomb is the ostensible person, have on that day to take Stock or pay differences on half a Million. If they do not comply, then all other Contracts are a float, & the sacrifices must be very great. If they only pay the differences & dont take the Stock, this may be calculated at the rates that the distress will cause the price of Stock to be at, which will go near to ruin them, so that it is of infinite consequence to the Community that the Company should not be too much oppressed if they mean to comply with their Engagements, or that the Public should have immediately relief, if they do not mean to comply. Therefore if it was possible that I could go into the Market for you in force that day, and that it was known I should do so, it would in all probability save the City from utter ruin. Perhaps such a day may never occur again. I take the liberty of mentioning this to you, as your answer can reach me on Saturday which would be time enough.\nI am with the most sincere respect & esteem \u2003 Dear sir \u2003 Your obliged Obe Servt\nWm Seton\nA. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0218", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Bacler de Leval, [12 April 1792]\nFrom: Leval, Bacler de\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, April 12, 1792.]\nSans doute Monsieur vous ete dans de bien grandes inquietudes Sur L\u2019existence presente de votre malheureux ami et Sa respectable femme. Je Soufre autans que vous que Les circonstances vous obligent a rester a philadelphie dans un moment ou votre presente Leur est Si necessaire. Ils vous attende avec bien de l\u2019impatience mais en attendans votre arriv\u00e9e rend\u00e9 leur un bien grand Service: engag\u00e8 M de Casenove a partir aussi tot pour aider notre pauvre ami a Sortir d\u2019un ernbaras cruel. Je lui ecris de leur part, ils l\u2019attende avec La plus vive impatience. Au nom de L\u2019amitie qu\u2019il ne differe pas d\u2019un jour, Vous m\u2019aves dit qu\u2019il vous ecrirois je devois vous porter Sa Lettre mais tout a coup Les affaires ont pris une tournant Si Sinistre que je ne puis pas quiter cette respectable famille. Les affaires a new york Sont dans une Confusion affreuse \u00e8t elles empire tous Les jours par de nouvelle bancroute. Tranquilises vous cependant Sur votre ami, il Se tira encore mieux d\u2019affaire que Les autres mais pour cela il faut quil Sois Second\u00e9 par Les Conseils et L\u2019experience d\u2019un veritable ami et il ny a pas un moment a perdre. Engag\u00e8 donc Monsieur M de Casenove a tous quiter pour venir Sauver notre ami. Il espere tout de Sa presence icy, il L\u2019attens Lundy. Vous voyes qu\u2019il faut que Le tems presse bien pour Lui en Laisser aussi peu, et j\u2019espere tous Si il vient, je crains tout, Seulement Si il differe. Voila Monsieur notre Situation presente. M de La roche a pris le partie de ne pas quiter Duer ny jour ny nuit. Il couche dans Sa chambre a La prison et n\u2019en Sortira que Lors que notre ami Sera plus tranquil et que vous Seres tous icy. Je vous prie de me croire Monsieur avec Les Sentiments que vous inspires Votre tres humble Servante\nBacler deLeval\nle 12 avril 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0219", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of New York, 12 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of New York\nGentlemen\nTreasury DepartmentApril 12. 1792\nSince my official letter to you authorising an advance to your Cashier of Fifty Thousand Dollars to be applied to the purchase of public debt on account of the United States I have authorised that Gentleman to apply for another fifty thousand Dollars and to make the like use of it. I now confirm this direction and add my desire that he may be furnished with a further sum of fifty thousand Dollars, making in the whole One hundred and fifty thousand, the whole for the purpose above mentioned.\nWith great consideration \u2003 I ha\u27e8ve the honor to be\u27e9\nThe President Directors & Comp\u27e8any\u27e9of the Bank of NYor\u27e8k\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0220", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Daniel Ellis and John How, [12 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 12, 1792Communicated on April 17, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives;\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, pursuant to an Order of the House of Representatives of the 17th. of January 1791, referring to him the petition of Daniel Ellis and John How, Executors of Samuel How, late of the City of Burlington, deceased, respectfully reports.\nThat it appears by the Petitioners own shewing, that the subject of their claim, which is payment for supplies furnished to a Pennsylvania row-galley, has been originally regarded by Congress, as a charge proper for the consideration of the State. And that the Comptroller General of Pennsylvania, who appears to be the proper Officer to decide on the said claim, has rejected it.\nThe Secretary does not, therefore, perceive, that the case is of a nature to claim relief from the United States.\nAll which is humbly submitted,\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department\nApril 12th 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0221", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Ezra Stiles, [12 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 12, 1792Communicated on April 17, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, pursuant to an Order of the House of Representatives of the 5th. of April 1790, referring to him the petition of Ezra Stiles, on behalf of the President and fellows of Yale College in Connecticut, respectfully reports.\nThat the Act making provision for the debt of the United States, exempts, in future, Philosophical Apparatus from the duties on importation.\nThat it will, therefore, be agreeable to the spirit of that Act, if the Legislature should think proper to direct restitution, in this case, of the duties which have been paid, as set forth in the petition, to be made to the parties. And that, to the Secretary it appears expedient, from a consideration, that it will be conductive to the interests of learning.\nAll which is humbly submitted,\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department, April 12th 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0222", "content": "Title: Report on a Petition of Philip Verplank, [12 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 12, 1792Communicated on April 17, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, pursuant to an Order of the House of Representatives, of the 14th of July, 1790, referring to him the petition of Philip Verplank, respectfully reports;\nThat by reference to the accounts of William Barber, esquire, late Commissioner for the State of New York, it appears, that an account was exhibited to him, for wood, grain, and other supplies, taken by the American Army, as also for the use of the estate of the petitioner, at Verplank\u2019s point, during the late war, the estimated value of which was \u00a34238.18.3, New York Currency.\nThat, of this Account, the Commissioner admitted the sum of 7970. 81/90 dollars, and rejected the remainder, as being, in his opinion, unauthorized by law.\nThat, as the claim of the petitioner has already been under the consideration of a Commissioner, who was vested with ample and final authority, a revision of it, in order to a farther allowance, would, in the opinion of the Secretary, be a precedent full of danger. The compensation already made bears so large a proportion to the sum claimed, that there is no appearance of extraordinary loss or signal hardship, to call for a special interposition of the Legislature.\nAll which is humbly submitted,\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department, April 12th. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0223", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Simon Nathan, [12 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 12, 1792Communicated on April 17, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, pursuant to an Order of the House of Representatives of the 30th July, 1790, referring to him the memorial of Simon Nathan, of the City of New York, respectfully reports;\nThat the subject of the Memorialist\u2019s application, from his own statement, appears to relate wholly to the State of Virginia, and not to the United States.\nThe Secretary is, therefore, of opinion, that if, in justice, the case of the said Memorialist should require relief, it cannot, on this ground, be reasonably expected to be afforded by the United States.\nAll which is humbly submitted,\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department. April 12th 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0225", "content": "Title: Meeting of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, [12 April 1792]\nFrom: Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 12, 1792]\nAt a meeting of the Trustees of the Sinking Fund, on Thursday, the 12th of April, 1792,\nPresent, The Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Attorney General.\nResolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury be authorised to expend, in the purchase of stock, a further sum, not exceeding two hundred thousand dollars, on the principles of the resolution of the 15th day of August, 1791.\nFrom so much of the above resolution as relates to the purchase of three per cent. and deferred stock, the Secretary of State dissented.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0226", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Philip Schuyler, 12 April 1792\nFrom: Schuyler, Philip\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, April 12, 1792. \u201cIsaac Van Wyck Esqr. of Fish Kill in Dutchess county has requested me for an introductory line to you. He repairs to Philadelphia to Solicit a contract for carrying the mail between this and Albany. I have known Mr Van Wyck from his infancy, and to me has always appeared to deserve the character which he Generally sustains, That of an honest man, punctial in his dealings, and of marked Attention to his business.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0227", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 12 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nMy Dear Sir\nPhilad. April 12. 1792\nI have your letters of the 10th & 11th and more to my distress than surprise I learn by other letters a confirmation of what you apprehended namely Mr. Macombs failure. This misfortune has I fear a long tail to it.\nThe inclosed you will perceive gives you additional latitude. The terms as heretofore, for six \u214c Cents 20/ three per Cents 12/ & deferred 12/6.\nYou must judge of the best mode & manner of applying the sum. The operations here not being extensive, I have found it best to eke out my aid. I doubt whether this will answer with you. My reason was to keep up men\u2019s spirits by appearing often though not much at one time. All is left to you.\nYou will doubtless be cautious in securing your transfers before you pay.\nSome time since in a private letter I suggested a plan of relief something like the following.\nAll parties concerned to agree to liquidate all contracts not executed by stating Stock at a liberal value say 22/6. for 6 \u214c Cents 12/ for three\u2019s 13 for deferred\u2014to adjust all differences according to the actual differences between these rates and the sums stipulated & to pay and receive those differences in Stock at the above prices.\nMany good consequences would have arisen from such a plan. I think it might have parried the misfortune. I fear it is now too late but something like it may perhaps break the force of the Evil.\nYours affecty\nA Hamilton\nWm. Seton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0228", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [12 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, April 12, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to communicate to the President a resolution of the Trustees of the Sinking Fund as of this morning. A particular piece of urgent business prevents personally waiting on the President with it. It is very much to be desired that the resolution may receive the immediate decision of the President. It is upon the same principles with the last.\n12th. April 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0229", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Richard Morris, 13 April 1792\nFrom: Morris, Richard\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nNew York 13 April 1792\nYour favour of the 24th. Ulto. is duly Recd. I am Sorry at giving you so much trouble in this business but I am Certain Youl Excuse me from the Consideration that I am in Some measure to derange before I can properly Arrange. Had I come to the Office in the first instance, I should have thought the Law, and your Instructions, perfectly Sufficient, and Directory, and taken at once a Decided part, but when I thought it Necessary to make Alterations in the Arrangement of my predecessor I doubted my own Judgement and wished your Sentiments. I am Much Obliged for your Decision in the Business.\nMr Matthew M Clarkson who Mr Smith Appointed I Just now Mett in my way to the Office. I informed him I was about makeing my Quarterly Return and wanted the Necessarys from his Office, amongst Others the Money. It produced Some Little Altercation tho very decent and Good Humour\u2019d it Concluded with my informing him that he was only a Collector and that Amongst them there was no Distinction of Sub and Superior. He mentioned his being then on his way to the Ferry boat in his way to Philadelphia where he Should See You. What his Representations may be I know not. His own Sence may inform him that his Office is Useless and Really is an Embarrasment in the Department. However he may wish to have an Establishment, that may be his Errand, if it is I wish him Disappointed at least untill the deposit is properly Arranged. Then if an Appointment in his present Line is Necessary I shall perhaps be as happy as any one in Seeing a Clarkson fill it. This I write not as a Publick Letter but hearing Mr Clarkson was going for Philadelphia I thought it my duty to say thus much to you for private Information. I therefore Send you on my Own Scral in the Draft without Copying. My Respectfull Compliments to Your Lady and be Assured I am with Real Regard and perfect Esteem.\nYour Obliged Hume Servt\nRd Morris\nI mean to Answer Your Last letter to Me.\nAlexr Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0230", "content": "Title: Report on Additional Appropriations, [13\u201316 April 1792]\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 13\u201316, 1792Communicated on April 17, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury respectfully reports to the House of Representatives, an Estimate of certain Sums, amounting together to thirty four thousand four hundred and ninety seven dollars, ninety Cents, for which an appropriation is requisite, in addition to the provisions heretofore made.\nThe funds in the power of the legislature, for this purpose, are the surplus of the duties on imports and tonnage to the end of the year 1791; certain unexpended surpluses on former appropriations, and certain sums, which have been paid into the treasury, in consequence of settlements with individuals.\nThe Secretary takes this opportunity to observe, that the only fund, which has been heretofore appropriated for satisfying the purposes of the Act, for raising and adding another regiment to the military establishment of the United States, and for making farther provision for the protection of the frontiers, is the product to the end of the year 1791, of the duties on spirits distilled within the United States, and of the additional duties laid by the same Act, which imposes those duties on imported spirits; which fund will not prove adequate to the object. A farther provision is therefore necessary, and may be made out of the unappropriated surplus of the duties on imports and tonnage to the end of the year 1791.\nAll which is humbly submitted\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department, April 13th. 1792.\nEstimate of sums necessary to be appropriated in addition to those provided for by the Act passed the 23d Decr. 1791.\ndollars. cents.\nFor the discharge of a balance due Benjamin Hawkins and other Commissioners appointed under an Act of Congress of 15th March 1785, for treating with the Southern Indians, which balance the Comptroller of the Treasury admitted 5th. January 1792\nFor the first Clerk to the general Board of Commissioners, his additional salary provided for by a clause in the Act for extending the time for settling the accounts between the United States and the individual States, from the 23d January to 31st December 1792, at 200 dollars per annum\nFor defraying the expense which will attend the stating and printing of the public accounts at the Treasury, in compliance with the order of the House of Representatives, dated the 30th December 1791\nClerks of Courts, Jurors, Witnesses &c.\nThe fund arising from fines, forfeitures and penalties, having last year proved insufficient for the discharge of the accounts of Clerks of Courts &c to which they were appropriated: a sum for the present year is estimated in order to provide against a similar contingency, of 10.000.\u2007\u2007\nAnd also for the discharge of certain accounts, actually settled to the 31st December, 1791, in addition to the sums heretofore appropriated 7.000.\u2007\u2007\nTo rectify a mistake in the Register\u2019s estimate for the enumeration of the inhabitants of Virginia, he having stated the Marshal\u2019s account at 4253.90\nWhereas it ought to have been 7553.90,\nthe difference is\nFor the Marshall of the district of South Carolina, his accounts settled; for the enumeration of the inhabitants of that State, amount to 4395.59\nThe sum estimated was only 3000.\u2007\u2007\nRemains to be appropriated\nFor so much short estimated for the discharge of sundry accounts against the Treasury Department. The accounts brought in for payment to 31st December 1791, exceeding the said estimate, by,\nFor defraying the incidental expenses of furnishing the Supervisors of excise with screw-presses, stamp seals, and other articles\nFor the Commissioner of Army Accounts, his additional estimate for 1792, Vizt.\nFor Lieut: John Freeman, of the late Maryland line for balance of subsistence, for the years 1782 & 1783 41.75.\nSalary of a Clerk on extra hours, from the first of May 1791, to the 1st of April 1792 229.16\nSalary of two clerks in addition to those allowed by the last appropriation, as he finds it impossible with the present assistance to conduct the business with that dispatch and propriety required 1.000\u2007\u2007\nContingencies \u2007 100\u2007\u2007\nFor an additional estimate of the Clerk of the House of Representatives, to enable him to pay the doorkeepers for their respective services during the recess of the House, in conformity with the Act of Appropriation, passed at the present Session, and of a resolution of the House of the 24th instant.\nFor the discharge of such demands on the United States, not otherwise provided for, as shall have been ascertained and admitted, in due course of settlement at the treasury, and which are of a nature, according to the usage thereof, to require payment in specie\nDollars,\nTreasury Department Register\u2019s Office, 16th April 1792.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0233-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure A: [List of Petitions for Compensations for Supplies], [16 April 1792]\nFrom: \nTo: \nList of petitions for compensations for supplies furnished during the late War.\nPetition of\nLewis Van Woert,\nPetition of\nJohn Holbrook,\nJacob Green and others surviving partners of Nathaniel Green & Co.\nLudwig Kuhn,\nLevy Bartleson,\nAbiel Smith,\nWilliam Harris,\nWebb and White,\nBenjamin Van Fossan, Administrator of Peter Van Fossan.\nJohn Crumpton, and Griffith Jones.\nThomas Hart.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0233-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure B: [List of Petitions for Compensation for Transportation], [16 April 1792]\nFrom: \nTo: \nList of petitions for compensation for transportation during the late War.\nPetition of\nChristian Knipe. John Smyth\nPetition of\nNathaniel Tracy, and Roger McLean", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0234", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 16 April 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy dear sir\nNew York 16 April 1792.\nI received your Letter by the Express on fryday Morning, previous to which I had been relieving a few by purchases of Stock upon the Strength of the second extention of fifty thousand Dollars At Noon I went into the Market, but the applications were so numerous & so vastly beyond my expectation, I found it necessary to declare I could take but very small sums from each. However notwithstanding this, every one pressed forward & were so eager, that I could only take down names, upon a declaration that I would average the whole. This I did, that no one might be left without some relief\u2014so that the investment of the 100,000 Dollars, goes to upwards of 80 Persons, from which you may form a judgment that your orders for purchase were well timed\u2014at the same time it is an evidence of the great and universal distress which prevails, & which I am sorry to say is such that it would be utterly impossible to make purchases equal to the relief. However it cannot now be worse, and when the public mind calms down a little, it is to be hoped that good will arise out of evil\u2014that the spirit of Industry, instead of Gambling will revive, and that the Stocks will come to their proper and real value.\nI am with the highest esteem and respect \u2003 Dear sir. \u2003 Your Obliged Obed Hu Servt\nWm Seton\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0239", "content": "Title: Report on Marine Hospitals, [17 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 17, 1792Communicated on April 17, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom were referred certain papers concerning a marine Hospital at the town of Washington in the State of Virginia, and a memorial of the Marine Society of Boston, on the subject of marine Hospitals, respectfully submits the following Report:\nThe establishment of one or more marine Hospitals in the United States is a measure desirable on various accounts. The interests of humanity are concerned in it, from its tendency to protect from want and misery, a very useful, and, for the most part, a very needy class of the Community. The interests of navigation and trade are also concerned in it, from the protection and relief, which it is calculated to afford to the same class; conducing to attract and attach seamen to the country.\nA fund for the purpose may, it is presumed, be most conveniently derived from the expedient suggested in the abovementioned Memorial, namely, a contribution by the mariners and seamen of the United States, out of their wages to be regulated by law.\nThe rate of the contribution may be ten cents per month for each mariner or seamen, to be reserved, pursuant to articles, by masters of vessels, and paid to the collectors of districts, to which the vessels respectively belong. Effectual regulations for this purpose may, without difficulty be devised.\nThe benefit of the fund ought to extend, not only to disabled and decrepid seamen, but to the widows and children of those who may have been killed or drowned, in the course of their service as seamen.\nIt will probably be found expedient, besides the reception and accomodation of the parties entitled, at any hospital which may be instituted to authorize the granting pensions, in aid of those who may be in condition, partly to procure a subsistence from their own labor. There may be cases, in which this mode of relief may be more accommodating to the individuals, and, at the same time, more \u0153conomical.\nThe Hospital, or if more than one, each Hospital, and its funds, must be placed under the management of a competent number of directors. It is presumed, that for so charitable a purpose, persons will be found, who will be willing without emolument, to execute the trust, but in order to this, it must be rendered as little troublesome as possible, and for this purpose, the number of directors must be considerable. Twenty five, of whom five to be competent to ordinary business, may be an eligible number. Various options will occur to the legislature, as to the mode of constituting the directors, who must, of course, have the power to appoint and compensate certain necessary officers, attendants and servants.\nIt is suggested in the memorial from the marine Society of Boston, as expedient, to have three Hospitals. But it is not obvious, that one would not for a considerable time, at least, answer the purpose. More would be productive of a greater expense, in the first establishment, and in the subsequent maintenance of it. A plurality would, however, have some advantages arising from the operation of local considerations and feelings.\nPreliminarily to a decision, how far it may be expedient to embrace the offer of the marine Hospital at the town of Washington in Virginia, the general principles of the establishment, including the questions of number and locality, will require to be decided by the Legislature.\nShould Congress think fit to adopt an arrangement, which will include the town of Washington, as an eligible situation, it will, in the opinion of the Secretary, be advisable, to vest somewhere a power to contract for the building already there. This will probably be found the best mode of reconciling all the considerations which ought to enter into such an arrangement.\nAll which is respectfully submitted,\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury.\nTreasury Department, April 17th 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0240", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Reynolds, 17 April 1792\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia 17th. April. 1792.\nI am sorry to be the barer of So disagreeable. an unhappy infermation. I must tell you Sir that I have bin the most unhappiest man, for this five days in Existance, which you aught to be the last person I ever Should tell my troubls to. ever Sence the night you Calld and gave her the Blank Paper. She has treated me more Cruel than pen cant paint out. and Ses that She is determed never to be a wife to me any more, and Ses that it Is a plan of ours. what has past god knows I Freely forgive you and dont wish to give you fear or pain a moment on the account of it. now Sir I hope you will give me your advise as freely as if Nothing had eve passed Between us I think it is in your power to make matter all Easy again. and I suppose you to be that Man of fealling that you would wish to make every person happy Where it in your power I shall wate to See you at the Office if its Convenant. I am sir with Asteem yours\nJames Reynolds\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0241", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 17 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem and Jan\nGentlemen,\nTreasury Department.April 17th: 1792.\nThe Treasurer of the United States has my authority to draw upon you, at thirty days sight, for 500,000 Guilders in favor of John Kean Esquire, Cashier of the Bank of the United States, to which you will please to give due honor.\nI am &c.\nAlexander Hamilton.\nMessrs. Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard.\nAmsterdam.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0242", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Kean, 18 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Kean, John\nSir\nTreasury Department April 18th 1792\nThe bills drawn by the Treasurer on the 11th of February upon the Collectors of New London, New Haven and Fairfield, the sale of which I desired to be suspended, by my letter of the 12th ultimo, may now be disposed of.\nI am, with consideration \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your obedt Servant\nA Hamilton\nJohn Kean EsqrCashier of the Bank of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0244-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure A: [Petitions for the Renewal of Certificates], 20 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nList of sundry Petitions for the renewal of Certificates reported on to the House of Representatives, April 20th: 1792.\nNo.\nPetition of\nJosias Clapham\nNo.\nPetition of\nDaniel Schermerhorn\nJohn Higby.\nJohn Craine.\nJohn Elias Moore\nPeter Huber.\nWilliam Arnold\nJohn Hays.\nWilliam Albaugh and Margaret Cowell}\nDaniel Robbins.\nDaniel Freer.\nJohn Pollhemus.\nLaurana Richardson &c.\nThomas Donnellan,\nElizabeth Mark.\nStephen Remington\nHenry Lee,\nDaniel Skillman,\nWilliam Graham junr.\nJohn Hayden.\nWilliam Baker.\nJob Kittredge &c.\nWilliam Jones.\nWilliam Robinson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0244-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure B: [List of Sundry Petitions], [18 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nAbstract of the subjects of sundry petitions praying the renewal of Certificates, and Observations thereon.\nThe petition of Josias Clapham referred 18th November, 1791, sets forth.\nThat he was possessed of two Certificates issued from the Loan Office of Virginia,\nNo.\ndated\n16th.\nOctober\nfor\ndollars,\nin his own name,\n1st.\nJanuary\nin the name of Isaac Zane.\nOne Certificate issued from the Loan Office of Pennsylvania, May 9th. 1778, for 1000 dollars.\nTwo others issued from the Loan Office of Maryland,\nFebruary 12th. 1779, for 500 dollars,\nAnd about 200 dollars in Indents. All of which, he alleges to have been destroyed by the burning of a house in Richmond, on the 2nd. day of January 1788. This he attests by his own oath, and corroborates it, by the oath of Leven Powell, and by a Cerficate of John Hopkins, Commissioner of Loans, as to the burning of the House.\nThe existence of the first mentioned two Certificates, No. 12 and 231, is proved by the said Commissioner; but nothing is said about the others, being not sufficiently described.\nIt does not appear, that any proceedings have been had, pursuant to the resolution of Congress, of the 10th. of May 1780.\nA certificate from the Auditor of the State is produced, intended (as is presumed) to shew, that the State has renewed certain certificates and warrants, which were lost by the same accident.\nThe fact of the destruction is as well proved, as can generally be expected under such circumstances, and relief seems proper in the particular case, if on the general principle, any ought immediately to be granted; accompanying it with the precautions contemplated by the abovementioned resolution. This, however, is only intended to apply to the certificates, the existence of which is, or can be officially ascertained.\nThe petition of John Higby New York, referred 21st. November 1791, sets forth:\nThat he was possessed of a Loan Office Certificate, issued from the Loan Office of the State of New York, No. 10,211, dated April 20th. 1779, for three hundred dollars, in his own name.\nThat the said Certificate was destroyed by fire, in his dwelling-house, on the night of the 16th. of October 1780, when he was taken prisoner by a party of British, and carried to Canada.\nNo proof whatever is produced, except of the existence of the Certificate, which is established by the public records.\nWithout more proof, relief could not be granted with propriety.\nThe petition of John Elias Moore, Charleston, referred 21st. November 1791, sets forth:\nThat his father, John Moore held, in his own name, the following Loan-Office Certificates of South Carolina, Viz:\nNo.\ndated\nAugust\n12th.\namount,\nDollars\nJanuary\n14th.\neach,\nditto\nditto,\neach\nThat the said Certificates were taken away, or destroyed by the British in April 1780.\nThe only proof produced is the oath of the said John Moore.\nThe existence of the Certificates for the first mentioned 2200 dollars, with a difference of date (being 9th. August 1780,) and of the other sums above stated amounting to 22.800 dollars, appears by the public records.\nRelief, in this state of things, cannot safely be given; The oath of an interested party, not corroborated by collateral proof, is an insufficient foundation.\nThe non appearance, hitherto, of the Certificates is not conclusive proof that they may not appear hereafter; a considerable part of the public Certificates being still unsubscribed.\nThe petition of William Arnold, Rhode Island, referred November 24th, 1791, sets forth.\nThat he was possessed of a Loan Office Certificate of Massachusetts, No. 1207, dated October 25th. 1777, for 600 dollars, in the name of Christopher Clarke.\nThat the said Certificate was burnt with his house and store on the 27th. December 1787, at East Greenwich. The proof of this, is the oath of the party, corroborated as to the burning of the House and Store, by two witnesses.\nThe existence of the Certificate is proved by official documents.\nThe Commissioner of Loans of Massachusetts certifies that proceedings under the resolution of Congress have been had, and are deposited in the Loan Office of Massachusetts.\nBy the Newport Herald it appears, that it has been advertised from the 10th. of October to the 25th. November 1790, and by N. Appleton\u2019s certificate, that it has been advertised in one of the Boston papers, the Columbia Centinel, No. 700.\nIt was not, however, advertised immediately as the resolution requires.\nRelief, however, appears proper in the particular case, if, on the general principle, any ought immediately to be granted.\nNo. 5\nThe Petition of William Albaugh, and Margaret Crowell, executors of Henry Crowell, of Maryland, referred November 28th. 1791 sets forth:\nThat the Testator was possessed of the following Certificates, issued from the Loan Office of Maryland, in his name, Viz:\nNo.\ndated\nApril\n27th\nfor\ndollars,\ndo\nSeptember\ndo\ndo\nThat after the said Certificates were included in the inventory of the estate of the deceased, they were returned into the possession and care of the said Margaret Crowell, widow of the said deceased, since which those three Certificates, dated in September, have been lost or destroyed, and a piece of one of the others dated in April, is torn away and lost, (the other part is produced.) It is suggested, that they have probably been destroyed by the children of the family.\nThe proof is the oaths of the parties, and that they have not been sold or conveyed, and certified by George Murdock, Register of Frederick County, that the parties stood charged with the said Certificates.\nThe existence of the Certificates is proved by official vouchers.\nNo proceedings under the resolution of Congress appear to have been had.\nThe circumstances appear to be too inconclusive to authorize relief at present. Better evidence may hereafter result from the calling in of all outstanding certificates. This, however, with the exception of the Certificate, part of which is produced; in regard to which, relief appears proper.\nThe Petition of Daniel Freer, Ulster County, New York, referred, January 5th. 1792, sets forth.\nThat he held, in his own name, the following Office Certificates, issued from the Office of New York;\nNo.\ndated\nMay\n27th.\nfor\ndollars,\nThat in the month of June, 1781, his house, furniture and papers, among which were the said Certificates, were destroyed by fire.\nThe only proof is the oath of the party.\nThe existence of the Certificates is proved by official vouchers. No proceedings appear to have been had under the resolution.\nThe proof thus far is defective, no collateral evidence being produced, even of the burning of the house.\nThe petition of Laurana Richardson, Administratrix of George Richardson deceased, referred January 10th. 1792, sets forth:\nThat her testator was possessed of a Loan Office certificate, dated 26th. February 1779, for five hundred dollars.\nThat on the invasion of the State by the enemy, he buried the said Certificate with some other things\u2014that he could not find the certificate, and suggests, that it must have been destroyed by the earth.\nNo proof is produced.\nThe evidence of the Certificate is ascertained by official vouchers.\nThere appears not sufficient ground for relief in this case.\nThe petition of Elizabeth Mark, widow of George Mark, referred 15th December 1791, sets forth:\nThat the said George Mark was, in his lifetime, possessed of a Certificate issued from the Loan Office of Pennsylvania,\nNo. 189, dated January 1st, 1781, for 345 44/90 dollars.\nThat William Mark, son of the petitioner, in the month of February 1783, received the said Certificate from his mother, for the purpose of drawing the interest due upon it. That he went from Reading to Philadelphia, in a boat upon the Schuylkill, and that he lost a pocket-book on the way, which contained the said Certificate.\nThis is attested by the oath of the said William Mark, and is corroborated by the deposition of George Gardner and Peter Steighter.\nThe existence of the Certificate appears by official record.\nThe propriety of relief in this case will, therefore depend on the determination of the general question, \u201cwhether any shall be granted in the case of lost Certificates.\u201d\nThe petition of Henry Lee, of Pennsylvania, referred, January 17th. 1792, sets forth:\nThat he was possessed of the following Loan Office Certificates, issued from the Office of Pennsylvania, in his own name, Viz:\nNo.\ndated\nJune\n11th.\nfor\ndollars.\nThat about the month of July 1782, he took the said certificates to Philadelphia, in order to draw the interest, but received none. That on his return home, the said Certificates having got wet, he laid them by the fire to dry; that they were attracted by the heat, and instantly burnt.\nThe proof adduced is the oath of the party, corroborated by the testimony of Jacob Lee his son.\nThe existence of the Certificates is proved by official vouchers.\nNo proceedings appear to have been had, pursuant to the resolution of Congress.\nThe proof is as can be expected in any similar case, and relief appears to be proper, if, on the general principle, any ought immediately to be granted, accompanying it with the precautions contemplated by the above mentioned resolutions.\nThe petition of William Graham junior, Philadelphia, referred January 31st. 1792, sets forth.\nThat he was possessed of the following Loan Office Certificates\u2014\nNo.\ndated\nOctober\n13th.\nfor\ndollars,\npayable to Francis Lee of Philadelphia\nMarch\n8th.\ndollars,\npayable to Edmund Custis Virginia.\nThat on the 20th. November 1779, he placed the said Certificates into the hands of William Graham, of Philadelphia, merchant, as per receipt produced, to be by him delivered to Samuel Montgomery Brown, at Saint Eustatia, for which place, the said William Graham was to sail, in the ship Lady Washington. That the said ship did sail on the 26th. of November, and on the 4th. December, was captured by the Roebuck.\nThat the said Certificates, being in a leather saddle-bag, got wet and were destroyed.\nThe proof adduced is the oath of the said William Graham, made the 19th. of January last.\nThe existence of the Certificates is proved by official vouchers.\nThe great distance of time between the fact and the proof, is a material objection to it. The objection too is strengthened by the responsibility of the deponent for the Certificates entrusted to him.\nIt would not appear proper to grant relief in such a case; at least till the calling in of all outstanding Certificates shall have furnished a confirmation.\nThe petition of William Baker, New Jersey, referred, 22d February 1792, sets forth:\nThat on the 11th. of February 1779, he received two Loan Office Certificates, issued in his name by Joseph Borden;\nNo.\nfor\ndollars.\ndollars.\nThat on the same day, he delivered them into the hands of his mother, Judith Baker, to take care of them. That she put them in a Cupboard drawer. That some time in the month of October 1781, the said Judith discovered that the Certificates above mentioned, and other papers, were entirely destroyed by rats or other vermin.\nThe proof adduced is the oath of the said Judith Baker, of the 7th. of February 1792, which testifies the delivery of the Certificates to her, her having put them in the Cupboard, and the destruction by vermin of the papers, which were in the drawer, but admits that there were no remains of the Certificates left to distinguish them from other papers.\nThe existence of the Certificates is proved by James Ewing; and that they had not been presented on the 4th. of February 1792: The same is proved by records in the Auditor\u2019s office.\nA certificate of Isaac Collins, printer, of an Advertisement having been inserted six weeks, is also produced.\nThe proof in this case, though not conclusive, is so strong as to justify relief, if on the general principle, it is deemed advisable to grant immediate relief.\nThe petition of William Jones, Maryland, referred, March 12th. 1792, sets forth:\nThat he was possessed of the following Loan Office Certificates, issued from the Office of Maryland; Viz:\nNo. 4564, dated February 15th. 1779, for 600 dollars, issued to Thomas Graham.\nAugust\n24th.\ndollars each,\nNovember\n24th\nditto\n3100 dollars.\nThat on the 26th March 1782, his house was consumed by fire, and with it the said Certificates.\nThe proof adduced is the oath of the party, corroborated by the deposition of Michael Jenifer Stone, as to the good character of the party, and the burning of the house.\nThe existence of the Certificates is proved by an official Certificate of the Commissioner of Loans.\nNo proceedings appear to have been had under the resolution of Congress.\nThe proof in this case is as satisfactory, as can well be expected in a similar case, and relief will be proper, if, on the general principle, immediate relief in any such case, is deemed advisable.\nThe petition of Daniel Schermerhorn, New York, referred November 22d. 1791, sets forth.\nThat he purchased of one David Root a final settlement Certificate, signed by John Pierce, No. 29. 158, for 80 dollars. That children got hold of some papers, and the said Certificate not being found among them, it is supposed to have been thrown in the fire, of which no other proof, than the oath of the party, is produced.\nThe existence of the Certificate appears by official records. No proceedings appear to have been had under the resolution of Congress.\nThe evidence here is too vague and inconclusive to justify relief without further light.\nThe petition of John Craine, Virginia, referred November 22d. 1791, sets forth.\nThat he was possessed of a final settlement Certificate, issued the 13th. of August 1784, in the name of James Swart, No. 80.314, for 100 dollars. That the Certificate was destroyed in his waistcoat pocket, when in the wash, about two years ago.\nThe proof adduced is the oath of the party, corroborated by no collateral evidence.\nThe existence of the Certificate appears by official records.\nThe evidence here does not appear sufficient. The final calling in of outstanding Certificates may afford further light.\nThe petition of Peter Huber, Pennsylvania, referred November 23d. 1791, sets forth.\nThat he was possessed of a certain Certificate, signed by Benjamin Stelle, which was upwards of twenty pounds, but the number and exact sum he does not remember. That the said Certificate with others, got wet in crossing Perkioming Creek, and was burnt in the attempt of drying it, at the house of Jacob Meisinger at Philadelphia. No proof of this, nor of its existence. No ground for relief.\nThe petition of John Hays, Virginia, referred December 15th. 1791, sets forth:\nThat he received from the Commissioner of Accounts in Virginia, two Certificates; the one for 1000 dollars, and the other for 1910. 21/90 dollars, as part of his commutation.\nThat on the first Tuesday in March 1791, his house was burned, and among other valuable papers, the said Certificates.\nThe proof is the oath of the party, corroborated by the oaths of three different persons.\nThe existence of the Certificates is proved by an Official voucher.\nThe proof is as full as can be expected in similar cases, and relief is proper, if it is deemed advisable, on the general principle, to grant relief immediately in any such case.\nThe petition of Daniel Robbins junior, Massachusetts, referred November 3d. 1791, sets forth.\nThat he was possessed of a final settlement Certificate in the name of Jacob Hart, dated January 1st. 1781, for 80 dollars. That on the 4th. of June 1788, his house was consumed by fire, and the said Certificate burnt in it.\nThe facts alleged are proved by the oath of the party, and corroborated by a Certificate of George Comings and Jonathan Whiting, selectmen of Winthrop; but the Certificate alleged to have been burnt is not sufficiently identified. And its existence is not proved by any official document. There is, therefore, not sufficient ground for relief.\nThe petition of John Polhemus, New Jersey, referred 31st. January 1792, sets forth.\nThat on the 24th. of July 1786, he received a final settlement certificate, issued in his name by John Pierce, No. 94.167, for 284 20/90ths dollars, on interest from the 1st. September 1777.\nThat some time after, he trusted the said Certificate in the hands of Captain Daniel Baldwin, to draw the interest on the same, at the proper office in New York. That interest was paid up to the 31st. December 1784. That some time in February 1787, the said certifiicate was accidentally destroyed by fire, while in possession of said Daniel Baldwin. Proof is made by the oath of Daniel Baldwin, that it was burnt, but how, or where, is not stated.\nThe existence of the Certificate appears from Pierce\u2019s register, in the Auditor\u2019s office; and on the register it is noted by Guilian Mc.Evers, formerly a Clerk in the Office, that it has been presented since by George Service.\nThere appears, therefore, to have been a misrepresentation, and no ground for relief.\nThe petition of Thomas Donnellan, Baltimore, referred February 3d. 1792, sets forth.\nThat a Certificate was issued to him by the late Quarter Master General, for 308 dollars.\nThat the said Certificate was accidentally burnt with the dwelling house of the petitioner, and all his effects in the month of December 1788.\nThere is no proof of the fact, nor any of the existence of the Certificate. Therefore no ground for relief, independent of any objection to the kind of Certificate.\nThe petition of Stephen Remington, of Providence, referred February 20th. 1792, sets forth.\nThat in the month of November 1786, he was possessed of a final settlement certificate, issued by John Pierce in the name of Philip Slew, No. 27.340, dated March 1st. 1784 for 80 dollars.\nThat the said Certificate in the said month of November, was taken out of his desk, by one John Whitby, while in liquor, by whom it was thrown into the fire, with sundry other papers, and consumed.\nThe proof adduced is the oath of the party, corroborated by that of Rufus Humphrey.\nThe existence of the certificate appears by record in the Auditor\u2019s Office, where it stands dated 20th. January 1784.\nThe proof is as fully as could be expected from the nature of the case. Relief, therefore, on the usual conditions, would be proper, if, on the general principle, it is deemed, at present, advisable in any such case.\nThe memorial of Samuel Skillman, New Jersey, referred 22d February 1792, sets forth.\nThat he received a Certificate for services signed by Benjamin Thompson, Commissioner New Jersey, No. 1787, dated 23d. December, 1784, for 588 dollars.\nThat in the month of August 1785, his house was burnt with all his property, and the Certificate.\nThe proof adduced is the oath of the party, corroborated by a certificate of sundry persons.\nThe existence of the Certificate is proved by the Commissioner and Treasurer of the State, and by record in the Auditor\u2019s Office.\nThe proof is as satisfactory, as can be well expected in a similar case; and relief will be proper, on the usual conditions, if, on the general principle, it is deemed advisable at present in any such case.\nThe petition of John Hayden, Pennsylvania, referred 23d. February 1792, sets forth.\nThat some time in the year 1784, or 1785, he purchased a certificate issued by Jonathan Burrall, to George Emmell, No. 55, for 267 dollars.\nThat the said Certificate was destroyed by accident, on the 26th. day of August 1785.\nThe proof consists of a certificate of George Emmell, testifying the sale of the certificate in question to the petitioner, and of a deposition of William Nixon, stating that the deponent and petitioner were working in a field; that the petitioner had laid off his jacket; that some cattle being in the field, one of them got hold of the jacket, and eat the pocket, in which was a pocket book containing the said certificate, as was, at the time of the accident, asserted by the petitioner. That, on examination, they found a small piece of the pocket book, the other part being destroyed.\nThe existence of the Certificate appears from official records.\nFurther light in this case, from the final calling in of outstanding Certificates, appears to be necessary towards granting relief with safety.\nThe petition of Job Kittredge, Ebenezer Whittemore and Martha Whittemore, heirs of William Kittredge deceased, referred February 27th. 1792, sets forth:\nThat the said William Kittredge was, in his life time, possessed of a final settlement certificate, issued to John Paris, dated March 1st. 1784, No. 33.162 for 80 dollars. That the said Job Kittredge was owner of another final settlement certificate, issued to Palfrey Down, bearing the same date, No. 32.627 for 90 dollars, and another final settlement certificate, issued to Benjamin Baldwin, dated May 1st. 1784, No. 58.892, for 26 dollars, and an indent, issued by Nathaniel Appleton, for 20 dollars.\nThat all these Certificates were burnt on the 25th. of April 1788, with the dwelling house of the deceased.\nNo proof is produced of the facts alleged.\nThe existence of the Certificates, except the indent, appears by official records. But it appears, that the first mentioned Certificate No. 33.162, was taken up by the late Board of Treasury, and a Register\u2019s certificate given for it. Therefore, there appears to be misrepresentation, and no ground for relief.\nThe petition of William Robinson, Connecticut, referred January 11th. 1792, sets forth.\nThat he obtained from Captain Simeon Spalding, on certain conditions, as stated in the receipt therewith produced, bearing date, 18th. September 1783, a final settlement certificate, issued by John Pierce, to said Simeon Spalding, for 760 dollars, interest from the 22nd. March 1783.\nThat the petitioner delivered the said Certificate into the hands of Captain John Cady, who was going to New York, for the purpose of buying goods, with said Certificate for the petitioner.\nThat he purchased, however, no goods, returned by water, and accidentally fell overboard, and was never afterwards found; and that his pocket book, with all his papers, and the note aforesaid, were lost with him.\nThe facts alleged are circumstantially proved by the Oaths of the petitioner, of Robert Lightfood, and Joanna Cady.\nThe existence of the Certificate appears by official records.\nThere are various possibilities in this case, which would render it particularly unsafe to renew the Certificate, without farther light from the final calling in of outstanding Certificates.\nThe petition of Henry Bass, Boston, referred July 26th: 1790, sets forth.\nThat he was owner and possessor of a Continental Loan Office Certificate, issued by Derick Ten Broek, Commissioner for the State of New York, dated March 13th. 1778, for 600 dollars, number not ascertained.\nThat in the year 1781, he delivered the said Certificate to John Waite, for the purpose of receiving at New York, the interest due thereon.\nThat the said John Wait lost the said Certificate with a pillow case, in which it was kept, with some other papers at Tarrytown.\nThe proof adduced is the affidavit of John Wait.\nThe Certificate not being sufficiently identified, by the description, its existence cannot be ascertained.\nIt appears from the register of the Commissioner in the Auditor\u2019s office, that no such Certificate was ever issued to Henry Bass, himself.\nIn this uncertainty, there is no ground for relief. It can never be determined, (taking the loss alledged for granted) that the Certificate may not have been found, and either taken up and cancelled, or exist a claim against the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0245", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 18 April 1792\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth [New Hampshire] April 18, 1792. \u201cI have to inform you of a Seizure that has taken place in this district of a Small quantity of Coffee, unladed contrary to Law from the Sch Adventure Edward Tredick Master from St Martins. The discovery was made by the officers of the Scammel then laying in the harbour about one Mile within the light house\u2014who observed a boat go alongside of the Adventure when a Mile without the harbour. The boat was followd on her return by the Master of the Cutter who took possession of three Small boxes or parcells of Coffee which had been landd from her. The Coffee on inquiry appears to have belonged to one of the Seaman.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0247", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [19 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, April 19, 1792]\nMr. Hamilton requests Mr. Jefferson to inform him whether he has received from Mr. Hamilton\u2019s Office copies of the correspondence between Mr. Ternant & him concerning the advance of the 400.000 Dollars. These copies were prepared sometime since & it is not ascertained whether they have been mislaid or forwarded to Mr. Jefferson. A line in answer will oblige.\nApril 19", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0249", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 19 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 19. 1792.\nIn consequence of letters received from mr William Short on the subject of his property invested in the public funds, I am to desire that no transfer may be permitted of any stock standing in his own name, or in the name of any other for his use.\nI have the honor to be with perfect esteem & respect \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obedient & most humble sert.\nTh: Jefferson\nThe Secretary of the treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0250", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Eliphalet Ladd, [19 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 19, 1792Communicated on April 20, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury to whom was referred the Memorial of Eliphalet Ladd, respectfully makes the following Report thereupon.\nIt has been made a question, whether under the laws of the United States, as they now stand, duties are payable on goods imported in vessels which have suffered shipwreck in the act of transportation. A suit, in which this question is involved, is depending in one of the Courts of the United States.\nBut the terms of the law have rendered it the duty of the Officers of the customs to advance the claim, which has been done on all the occasions that have hitherto occurred.\nThe casualty of shipwreck is so affecting a calamity, and is usually attended with such considerable loss to the concerned, that the exacting from the sufferers, the public dues on the articles which escape, is apt to be regarded as partaking of severity and oppression.\nThe provision for the case of damaged goods is not always a sufficient remedy. It may happen that the goods saved are not damaged, though a large proportion may have been entirely lost.\nIt would seem, upon the whole, expedient, either entirely to remit the duties in every case of shipwreck, or to vest somewhere a power, either to remit, or abate, according to the circumstances of each case.\nThe last would best consist with a due apportionment of the degree of relief, to the degree of suffering. From the rareness of the casualty, the loss to the revenue, from either arrangement, could not be very material.\nThe case stated in the petition appears to be a strong one for relief.\nAll which is humbly Submitted,\nAlexander Hamilton.Secry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department April 19th 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0251", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 19 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department April 19th. 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to transmit to the President a copy of his letter of the 8th. of March to the Minister plenipotentiary of France, on the subject of an advance of money, and another of the Minister\u2019s answer; in order that the President may be pleased to cause the necessary instructions to be sent through the proper Department to the Minister plenipotentiary of the United States, at the Court of France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0253", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Robert Neill, [21 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia April 21, 1792Communicated on April 21, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury to whom was referred the petition of Robert Niel, respectfully makes the following report thereupon.\nIt is stated by the petitioner, that pursuant to an order which he received from Clement Biddle, Deputy Quarter Master General, in the month of April 1777, a capture was made of a number of horses and cattle, for the use of the armies of the United States. That fifteen of the horses and ten of the cattle were actually carried to Head Quarters, and placed in the yard of the deputy Quarter General.\nThat the said petitioner, agreeably to the instructions he received from General Stevens, and to the usage of the army, caused the horses and cattle to be appraised, and the amount thereof to be paid to the officers of the party who captured them.\nThat he exhibited an account to the proper officers of the Treasury, for the sum of six hundred pounds, or thereabouts, paid to the officer aforesaid, accompanied with vouchers, as set forth in the said petition, and that the account was rejected by the Auditor and Comptroller of the Treasury.\nThe petitioner, conceiving himself aggrieved by the said determination, of the Officers of the Treasury, therefore, prays that relief may be afforded him by the Legislature.\nThe following reasons, which guided the late Comptroller of the Treasury, in the decision of this case, have been stated to the Secretary, to wit: In the settlement of the accounts of the said Robert Niel as Assistant Quarter Master, he has obtained credit for sundry disbursements, including his pay from the 15th day of February to the 15th day of August 1777, in the sum of 7935. \u2076\u2078\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080ths dollars, and stands charged for cash received by him at sundry times, to the amount of 7885. \u00b9\u2075/\u2081\u2080\u2080 dollars, leaving a balance due to the said Robert Niel, of 50. \u2075\u00b3\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 dollars, with interest, at 6 \u214c cent per annum, from the 15th day of June 1777. Among other credits claimed by him, is that which is the subject of his petition. The circumstances connected with this claim are as follow.\nThe claim itself is for 15 horses, and ten head of cattle, taken from the enemies lines in April 1777, and delivered to the order of Colonel Biddle, Deputy Quarter Master General, for the use of the army, at the appraised price of 1500 dollars, which sum is represented to have been paid to the captors by order of General Stevens. The evidence produced in support of this claim being judged inconclusive and unsatisfactory, it was not admitted. The reasons, which particularly operated against the admission, were, that no receipt has been produced by Mr. Niel, from the Deputy Quarter Master General\u2019s department, for the delivery of the cattle, nor has any appraisement appeared of their value. Receipts have been produced for the payment of 2075. \u00b9\u2077/\u2081\u2080\u2080 dollars, to several officers, for the dividend of the troops who were captors, which receipts specify, that the monies arose from the sales of property taken, as above stated. But there is no regular account of the property taken, nor has Mr. Niel shewn how far the monies paid by him were received from the sales made by himself. The proof adduced to shew the delivery of the cattle and horses, to Colonel Biddle, consists of affidavits recently taken.\nBy a paper found among the vouchers to Colonel Biddle\u2019s accounts, it appears, that on the 5th of April 1777, nine horses were appraised, by his direction, and that the appraisement amounted to \u00a3245: subjoined to the statement thereof, is an order, signed C. Biddle, D. Q. M. G. for payment of the amount to Captain William Briton, one of the captors. A circumstance, which strongly indicates, that those horses were taken on the same expedition, to which this charge is referred by Mr. Niel. It does not appear that any cattle were paid for by Colonel Biddle, but, as he was not in the Commissary\u2019s department, it was not in the line of his duty to pay for them.\nIt is observable, that the entry, made in Mr. Niel\u2019s books, of this transaction, appears, from the color of the ink, and difference of characters, to have been written lately. It is out of its proper place, immediately preceding an entry of the 19th of March, whereas the transaction itself did not take place, till about the 10th of April.\nFrom a conference between the Comptroller and Colonel Biddle, on the subject of this claim, the following information results.\nThat it was the general practice, whenever any captured cattle or horses were brought to the Quarter Master or Commissary, for the use of the army, to give a receipt for them to the party delivering the same, and to have a certified appraisement made of them immediately, and also to pay the amount of such appraisement to the captors, if they had money, or to give some certificate, that such amount was due, if they had none. That in the spring 1777, the time of this capture, there was plenty of money in the hands of the proper officers for the purpose; and that if Mr. Niel had presented his account, he would, upon application, most assuredly have obtained payment.\nThat, upon the whole, it appeared highly improbable, that an individual should have paid 1500 dollars, equal to specie, on account of the United States, without a previous receipt of the amount from the proper officers, or without subsequent application for reimbursement, when the means of obtaining the former, or of successfully urging the latter, were so clearly within his power. And although it had been represented, that Mr. Niel conducted himself, as Assistant Quarter, with much zeal and activity; although the inexperience of the period, in which the transaction happened, might palliate for some deviation from forms, yet, considering that Mr. Niel, in support of his claim, had produced no invoice of the property captured, no receipt for the delivery, either from the Quarter Master, or Commissary department, no instrument of Appraisement \u2014When it was considered, that the advance was greater than an individual would probably make without a voucher, and without immediate application for reimbusement (which, in the opinion of Colonel Biddle, would have been obtained, if it had been applied for) When, along with these circumstances, the suspicious appearance of the entry had been taken into consideration by the late Comptroller, he had been induced to decide against the claim.\nUnder this representation of the case, the Secretary is of opinion, that the reasons for not admitting the claim of the petitioner, were good and sufficient, and that no special interposition of the Legislature in his favor is advisable.\nAll which is humbly submitted,\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department April 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0254", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Duer, 22 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Duer, William\nMy Dear Duer\n[Philadelphia] April 22, 1792\nI hoped ere this to have seen you, to have afforded you whatever of aid could have resulted from my advice after knowing your real situation. But the session protracts itself & I can scarcely say when it will finish. Lest the information contained in my last should induce you to postpone any arrangement with your Creditors, in the hope of speedily having an opportunity of consulting me I have thought it best to apprise you of the degree of delay which may attend my proposed visit to New York. Indeed I can hardly flatter myself that my advice could be of any real importance to you.\nHow are you? How are your family? At a moment of composure I shall be glad to hear from you.\nEliza joins me in affectionate remembrances to Lady Kitty. Farewell\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0255", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 22 April 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nParis April 22. 1792.\nSince my last of the 24th. ulto. the decree which I then announced to you as being soon to take place, with respect to the supplies for S. Domingo, has been passed. Instead of adopting the proposition of the former minister of Marine, M. de Bertrand, they confined themselves to vote six millions of livres to be applied as relief for S: Domingo, by the Minister of that department. He has determined that a certain sum should be employed in purchases in the U.S. & has therefore applied to me to know if I could take on me to stipulate for our government that they would furnish the money in America on account of our debt to France.\nAfter this decree had been so long delayed I had hoped it would not be passed before the arrival of Mr. Morris, & particularly as I had learned that the Senate had confirmed the nomination of the President, & of course expected him here daily, having written to him how much I was averse to acting in a place after having learned that it was the will of Government that it should be confided to another.\nThe ministry having made this application to me however, & the business not admitting of delay, I considered it my duty to act in it, on account of the advantage it presents to the U.S. of converting a part of this debt into a fund to be employed in the purchases of their own productions. I could have no doubt of the expediency of the measure as the last loan had been detained in the hands of the bankers of the U.S. in the expectation of its being employed in this way, & as this was conformable to the desire of Mr. Morris, who is now to act in the business & of course if here would take the measures which I have done in compliance with the wishes of the ministry.\nIt was an inconvenience in fixing the sum to be furnished by the U.S. in livres, as I wished to avoid regulating the rate of exchange. Accordingly in my answer to the minister I engaged that a certain sum, which has been since fixed at 800,000 dollars should be held by you at the disposition of France for the purchase of supplies in America for S. Domingo\u2014the exchange to be regulated hereafter between the two countries. In consequence thereof I have since had a meeting with two of the ministry where it was agreed that I should deliver a credit on you for that sum to the commissaries of the treasury, & that they should pass it to the credit of the U.S. With them there was difficulty on account of the sum being expressed in dollars, as it could not enter in that form into their comptability. These circumstances have occasioned the delay of some days as every thing of the kind has to be sent backward & forward through a variety of hands. In expectation of Mr. Morris\u2019s coming on here daily I had hoped from this delay that he might arrive here before the mode of carrying; the measure into execution was finally adopted. I have just recieved a letter from him however informing me that although he has recieved his credentials, he is delayed by some business but shall leave London soon; & also one from the Minister of the Marine desiring me to meet him tomorrow to give the finishing hand to this business, as not admitting of further delay.\nIt is for that reason Sir, that I send off this letter by the post of to-morrow morning, to give you notice that the credit abovementioned will be furnished on you, to answer which the value will be kept in the hands of the bankers at Amsterdam out of the late loan at present existing. You may therefore in all safety begin your draughts for that sum, 2100 bonds having been already delivered. I have not mentioned to this government or to any body that you would have to draw on Amsterdam, lest it might affect the exchange in the course of your operation, nor do the bankers know in what manner the sum in their hands is to be applied. Should this business be finally settled, as I don\u2019t doubt, to-morrow, I will inform you of it by the succeeding English post, & also by the way of Havre. In the mean time I have the honor to be Sir, most respectfully your obedt. servant\nW: Short\nThe Honble.Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury. Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0256", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Williamson, [22 April 1792]\nFrom: Williamson, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\n[Baltimore, April 22, 1792]\nI beg pardon for the trouble I am giving but I trust when you consider the object you will excuse me. In the Course of many applications I have lately had for Lands in the Genesee I have before me a Letter from a friend of mine who is to embark in the first ship for Britain to bring out a considerable number of Highlanders from Scotland probably 3. or 4 ship load. Mr Steuart informs me that he has met with a Capt Steuart of the Nancy bound for Ireland\u2014who is engaged to bring out 200 people from the North of Ireland to settle in this Country that they are all able to pay their own passage and mostly all of them worth money besides. Capt. Steuart has desired me to send him my terms for settlements in the Genesee which I have done. As these people come from a part of Ireland where 9/10ths of the country live by the manufactoring of fine Linnen, & come voluntarily without expence to the publick\u2014I think it well worth the attention of Legislature of this Country if it should not be so of individuals to adopt some measures that would at once introduce the manufactory of fine Linnen and Cambrick into a Country certainly better calculated for it than any part of America on this side of the Ohio\u2014as in the Genesee the same as in Ireland every farmer may grow and manufacture his own Flax.\nIt appears to me that only few points are necessary to accomplish this end vizt. to keep the Irish in one body, to give them Lands capable of growing flax in perfection, and to induce them to occupy as small farms as possible. To give them Lands capable of bearing flax in perfection is in my power\u2014and In the terms I Offer, I have given every inducement to make it their interest to take small Lotts. As I have written more fully to Mr. Morris on the subject I shall tresspass no more on your time. To him as to further particulars I beg leave to refer you\u2014but it appears evident to me that if the object is desirable no opportunity ever occured by which it could be so easily attained.\nIf manufactories are bribed to come into a Country in all probabillity you get the most dissolute\u2014but those who emigrate voluntarily and pay their own expence must have been industrious to be able to do it.\nI have the Honor to be with great Esteem \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your very humble Sert\nC. Williamson\nBaltimore 22d April 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0258", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Reynolds, 23 April 1792\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia 23d. April. 1792.\nI am sorry I am in this disagreeable sutivation which Obliges me to trouble you So offen as I do. but I hope it wont be long before it will be In my power to discharge what I am indebted to you Nothing will give me greater pleasure I must Sir ask the loan of thirty dollars more from you, which I shall asteem as a particular favour. and you may Rest ashured that I will pay you with Strickest Justice. for the Reliefe you have aforded me, the Inclosed is the Receipt for the thirty dollars. I shall wate at your Office. Sir for an answer I am sir your very Humble Servant\nJames Reynolds\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0259", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [23 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, April 23, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to present his respects to the President of the United States, and to submit to him the inclosed communications respecting an instance of misconduct in the Collector of Newbury Port.\n23d April 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0260", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 24 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, April 24, 1792. \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to submit to the President of the United States, a Contract lately made between the Superintendant of the Delaware Lighthouse, and Joseph Anthony & Son of Philadelphia, for a quantity of Oil.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0261", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, 25 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, April 25, 1792. On May 7, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have received your letter of the 25th of the last month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0262", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 25 April 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, April 25, 1792. \u201cBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of the Treasury, a Contract lately made between the Superintendent of the Delaware Light-house, and Joseph Anthony & son of Philadelphia for a quantity of Oil, which has received the President\u2019s Approbation.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0263", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 25 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nSir\nTreasury Department25th April 1792\nOn application to the Supervisor of the Revenue for Rhode Island he will furnish your Office on a temporary loan with the Sum of two thousand eight hundred & seven Dollars for the purpose of discharging the drawbacks &c as \u214c the statement transmitted to me. You will receipt for this money as to be returned by you & pay it accordingly out of the Duties of import & tonnage.\nIt will be necessary hereafter that you regularly note in your weekly return the drawbacks & allowances which will become due on the exportation of Goods from your District for the Month which will follow the rate of each Weekly Return in order that due provision for the payment of the same may be constantly made. This is meant as a temporary measure as I shall communicate to you a particular arrangement, as soon as I have leisure to devise it. It may be well to observe to the Merchants who are entitled to these Drawbacks that the delay has occured only by reason of the extraordinary amount of them.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your most obedient Servant\nAlex Hamilton\nJeremiah Olney Esqr.Collector at Providence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0264", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 25 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\n[Philadelphia, April 25, 1792. On April 29, 1792, Seton wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI received your official Letter of the 25th.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0265", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 25 April 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nParis April 25. 1792\nI had the honor of writing to you on the 22d. & then informed you that I was the next day to have a meeting with the Minister of the Marine by his desire in order to terminate the mode of carrying into execution the measure agreed on of furnishing 800,000 dollars in America for the purchase of supplies for S. Domingo. I considered the business as so far fixed that I thought it proper to give you that previous notice that you might commence your draughts on Amsterdam in order to have the sum at your disposition in America. At our meeting the next day, after my letter had been sent off by the post, it was suggested to the minister by one of his assistants that having already recieved advice that bills would arrive from S. Domingo to the amount of twelve millions of livres, it would be proper to submit the matter to the assembly to know whether their intention still was that the six millions voted should be exclusive of the twelve millions which the colony had drawn for. The minister considered this as indispensable for prudence sake, but told me he was absolutely sure that the decree for the six millions would remain untouched. In this situation of the business therefore I send this letter after my last in hopes of its overtaking it in London, merely to make you acquainted with the circumstance, that your draughts for the 800,000 dollars may be suspended until the present delay shall be removed of which you will be immediately informed.\nI thought it right that no appearance of delay on the part of the U.S. should be shewn in this business, & have recieved the thanks of the minister for our readiness to comply with the wishes of France for the relief of so important a colony. But as there still remained some difficulty between the department of marine & the commissaries of the treasury, arising probably from a kind of rivality or misunderstanding & as the application to the assembly would necessarily take up some days during which I had every reason to believe that Mr. Morris would arrive here, I observed to the minister that it wd. be more agreeable to me under those circumstances that the matter should be finally settled by him. The affair stands thus suspended for a few days only.\nI know that Mr. Morris has a full idea of the advantage resulting to the U.S. from this mode of paying a part of their debt, as he had been active in it before he was thus publicly employed; & of course that he will approve the measure. But as it is possible he may have some other plan for carrying it into execution, I cannot be sorry under present circumstances, that a delay not proceeding from the U.S. should leave the subject open for him. His experience in matters of commerce may perhaps enable him to discover some other mode of remitting this money as more conducive to the public interest.\nYour letters of Feb. 14. & March 5. were recieved yesterday forwarded to me from Amsterdam. The last which I have recieved before them was of Nov. 1. 91.\nI have the honor to be with the most perfect respect \u2003 Sir \u2003 your most obedient & most humble servant\nW Short\nP.S. \u2003 It is proper to inform you that neither the Spanish debt nor that to the Farmers general have been yet touched, & that therefore the intended reclamation mentioned in your letter of March. 5. stands on whole ground. You will see by the state of the debt furnished me by the commissaries of the treasury & forwarded to you in a former letter that the government have taken on their acct. the debt to the farmers-general.\nThe HonbleAlexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0266", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nathan Keais, 26 April 1792\nFrom: Keais, Nathan\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPort Washington [North Carolina] April 26, 1792. Acknowledges \u201cthe Receipt of your Letter of the 2nd Instant Covering A Commission from the President of the United States to me as Inspector of the Revenue for this port Likewise yours of the 4th which is now before me.\u201d Writes \u201cRespective the Stakage of the Shoals in this State.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0267", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 26 April 1792\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nT.DC. Off April 26. 1792\nThe inclosed documents were lodged in this office by the assignees therein named for the purpose of obtaining transfers of all the Stock in the books of the Treasury to the Credit of John M. Taylor & Andrew Summers.\nThe business has been hitherto suspended for the purpose of ascertaining whether any of the provisions in the Bankrupt Law of Pensylvania, would render it unsafe or inexpedient to permit the transfers desired.\nNo caveat against the transfers of the Stock has been lodged in this Office, & no act of Bankruptcy has to my knowledge been committed by either Messrs. Taylor or Summers, unless the assignment of their property for the benifit of their Creditors, herewith transmitted should be deemed an act of that nature.\nAt the special request of the assignees I now transmit the instruments of Assignment, for the purpose of obtaining the opinion of the Attorney General of the United States, on the question, whether a general Assignment of the effects of a trader, for the benefit of his Creditors, ought to be considered as an Act of Bankruptcy\u2014and also whether the Offices of the Treasury are bound to suspend the allowance of transfers, by a reputed bankrupt, unless notice of some clear act of bankruptcy shall have been formally communicated by a Creditor.\nI have the honor to be with the greatest respect \u2003 &c\nAlex Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0268", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Allibone, 27 April 1792\nFrom: Allibone, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] April 27, 1792. Encloses \u201ca Coppy of an Invoice of Oil, which has been delivered this day by Joseph Anthony & Son, agreeably to Contract.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0269", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 27 April 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States, April 27th 1792.\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of the Treasury a letter from the Supervisor of the District of South Carolina requesting leave of absence from his office for about three months.\nThe President refers this request to the Secretary of the Treasury whose knowledge of the duties to be performed by the Supervisor will enable him to say whether it can be granted consistent with the good of the public service. If it can, the President observes, that he can have no objection to indulging the Supervisor.\nTobias Lear.S.P.U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0270", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Joseph Henderson, [27 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 27, 1792Communicated on April 30, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred the petition of Joseph Henderson, respectfully submits the following Report thereupon.\nThe Marine Committee of Congress, by a letter to the Navy Board for the eastern department, dated the 19th day of June 1778, authorised that Board to appoint some proper person to the office of Naval Paymaster, observing that Congress had not yet fixed a salary for the Officer contemplated; but that, when it was done, they presumed it would be adequate to the importance of the office.\nIn consequence of this direction, the Navy Board, on the 5th of August following, appointed the petitioner to act in the above mentioned capacity, in which he appears to have acted, till some time in the year 1782, but when, is not clearly ascertained.\nBy an account settled between the Board and the petitioner, dated the 1st of August 1782, it appears that he was allowed by the Board, four hundred and three pounds ten shillings, for \u201chis services posting books, from May 1779 to May 1782,\u201d which James Warren, one of the Board, avers to have had reference merely to his services as an assistant, or Clerk to the Board, and not to his services as paymaster.\nIt does not appear, that Congress ever assigned any salary or allowance to the office or appointment in question, or that the petitioner ever received any other compensation than as abovementioned.\nFrom this state of facts, it results, that the petitioner has a claim to a farther compensation, unless there be some other circumstance of sufficient force to controul it.\nAs well from the nature of the office, as from express instructions, it was the duty of the petitioner, to keep regular and fair books of accounts with all persons belonging to the vessels of war within the department.\nBut it is represented to the Secretary, that the accounts of the petitioner were not kept agreeably to his instructions, whereby settlements with individuals have been delayed and embarrassed.\nHow far this circumstance ought, upon the whole, to bar the claim of the petitioner, is respectfully submitted. To the Secretary, it would rather appear to be the most proper course of public proceeding, to allow a moderate yearly compensation. The quantum may reasonably be regulated with an eye to the collateral compensation, which was enjoyed by the petitioner, and to the appearances of defective execution.\nNo impediment arises on the score of the Acts of limitation.\nAll which is humbly submitted\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department April 27th 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0271", "content": "Title: Report on the Petitions of Richard Blackledge, [28 April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 28, 1792Communicated on April 30, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom were referred by the House of Representatives, two petitions of Richard Blackledge, one bearing date the 20th of December 1790, the other bearing date the 19th: of January 1791, respectfully submits the following report thereupon.\nThe first of the said petitions seeks compensation for some Coffee and Sugar, which appear to have been supplied by the petitioner, to officers and soldiers of the North Carolina line and militia, in captivity, during the late war. By the petitioner\u2019s own shewing, the supply was originally intended to be on the credit of the State of North Carolina, induced by a particular measure of that State, without any agency whatever of the United States, to authorize or invite it. However meritorious, therefore, the claim of the petitioner, it can only be properly addressed to the before mentioned State. An admission of it, as a charge against the United States, in favor of the individual, would be contrary to the course of the transaction, and could not be done, without an interference with the Acts of limitation.\nThe second of the said petitions seeks compensation for a quantity of leather, sold to the late Governor Caswell of North Carolina, in February, April and May 1778, and for fifty sides of leather sold and delivered to Edward Hall, a Quarter Master, in July 1781.\nIt appears by a resolution of Congress of the 25th. of November 1777, that Governor Caswell, by the description of \u201cGovernor Caswell,\u201d was requested and empowered to purchase leather for the use of the United States, for the payment of which, he was authorised to draw on the Treasury, and was desired to transmit accounts of his proceedings, to the Board of War, and Clothier General.\nA question is made, whether Governor Caswell was, by that resolution, constituted an agent to Congress, in his private or public capacity. If there be any ambiguity on this point, in the wording of the resolution, the contemporary transactions explain, at least, the intention.\nIt appears by the Treasury books, that warrants have been drawn, to a considerable amount, for satisfying the drafts of the late Governor Caswell (some of them having express relation to his agency,) all which have been charged to the State of North Carolina.\nIt further appears, from the books of the then Clothier General, (extracts from which, marked A, are herewith sent) that considerable quantities of leather, and some shoes, amounting in nominal value to \u00a37.720.15. were delivered at Lancaster in Pennsylvania, in April, June, August and November 1778, and were credited in these books, to the State of North Carolina.\nThese circumstances explain the light, in which the agency in question was considered at that time.\nThe particular transaction, on which the claim of the petitioner is grounded, is an evidence, that he himself considered Governor Caswell, as contracting in his official character, and even that the credit given was to the State of North Carolina. The document, that establishes the purchase, is an account acknowledged by Governor Caswell, which is headed thus \u201cRichard Caswell for the public of North Carolina to the Executors of Richard Blackledge Dr.\u201d It may be inferred from this, that the course of the business was understood to be that Governor Caswell purchased, as on account of the State of North Carolina, and that an adjustment was to be made between the United States and that State.\nThere is a presumption (though it does not appear from the entries) that the leather supplied by the petitioner was a part of that, for which credit is given on the books of the Clothier General.\nAfter a careful examination, it has not been found that Governor Caswell ever rendered an account of his transactions, according to the requisition of the resolution, under which he acted.\nWith respect to the charge for leather delivered to Edward Hall, there is no other trace of it, than in the documents which accompany the memorial.\nThe whole claim, as on behalf of the petitioner against the United States, if there were no other objection to it, would be barred by the Acts of limitation.\nIn this state of things, the only practicable mode of doing justice to the petitioner, without contravening the course of the transaction, and the Acts of limitation, is for the State of North Carolina to adjust and satisfy the demand, as far as regards the leather sold to Governor Caswell, on the consideration of a reciprocal credit in the accounts of that State with the United States.\nThere are appearances to induce a supposition, that an uncertainty as to such a credit has been heretofore an obstacle to the settlement by the State.\nOn this point the Secretary can only observe, that there is, in his opinion, no cause to doubt that the State of North Carolina can obtain a credit, in conformity to the entries in the books of the late Clothier General, in the settlement of the accounts of that State with the United States.\nWith regard to the part of the claim, which relates to the leather delivered to Edward Hall, an admission of it could not, in the opinion of the Secretary, be allowed, but upon a principle, which would entirely unsettle the Acts of limitation.\nAll which is humbly submitted,\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department April 28th: 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0272", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Alexander Contee Hanson, [28 April 1792]\nFrom: \nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 28, 1792Communicated on April 30, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, on the petition of Alexander Contee Hanson, referred to him by the House of Representatives on the 25th of January 1791, respectfully makes the following Report.\nIt appears that Congress, by their Act of the 14th of September 1786, appointed nine Judges (of whom the petitioner was one) to constitute a Court for hearing and determining a controversy of boundaries between the States of South Carolina and Georgia.\nThat this Court was directed to be holden at the City of New York, on the third Monday of June 1787.\nThat the Commissioner, in consequence of his appointment, attended at New York, at the time prescribed, without previous knowledge of a compromise, which had taken place between the parties, which prevented the necessity of a judicial decision.\nThat the petitioner was sixteen days absent from home upon his journey, having remained some days in Philadelphia (as he alleges) partly for the purpose of endeavoring to procure compensation, and partly on account of indisposition.\nThat no compensation has been made to him for trouble or loss of time.\nIt further appears, that no compensation was established by Congress, for the service, and that in no similar case, has any been made by the United States.\nIt is understood, that compensations have in other cases of similar controversy, been made by the States concerned.\nUpon this state of facts, the following observations occur.\nHere was a service performed by the petitioner, on the requisition and appointment of the government of the United States.\nIt seems, therefore, just and regular, that a compensation should be made by the same authority, unless some different mode was originally provided, as resulted from the course of the business.\nNo different mode was originally provided, and the compromise of the dispute prevented any award or adjustment of costs, by the Court.\nIt was and still is reasonable that the States concerned should have made the requisite compensation between them; but it appears a well founded expectation, that the United States should either see this done, or should themselves make the compensation.\nIt is therefore submitted as in the opinion of the Secretary proper, that the Legislature should make provision for the one or the other; defining, at the same time, the quantum of the compensation.\nAll which is respectfully submitted\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department April 28th 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0273", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joshua Mersereau, 29 April 1792\nFrom: Mersereau, Joshua\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Elizabeth, New Jersey, April 29, 1792]\nThe Honble. Alexr. Hambleton\nSir\nI take the liberty of asking, What Success Colo. Harper has Met with in respect to his appointment. You will please to Excuse the Liberty I have taken as I am antious to hear of his appointment\u2014as I am Confident it will tend greatly to the happyness of our part of the Country\u2014as the Indians put full Confidence, in the Col. and Wish much for his appointment saying he never Deceivd. them as others have, in their Translations. Please to Make my respectfull Comps. acceptable To your Lady and accept the same \u2003 from Your Obedt. \u2003 Hum: Servt.\nJoshua Mersereau\nElizabeth TownApril 29 1792\nNB: \u2003 I expect our Election is Very Tight. Mr. Jays being one of the Emancipation Committee opperates much against him. With our Old Copper heads.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0275", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Allibone, 30 April 1792\nFrom: Allibone, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] April 30, 1792. \u201cSince delivering the estimates and observations for Building a Pier at mud Island. I have made careful Enquiry into the vallue of the articles estimated. The result whereof is that the Smiths ask from 6d to 6d\u00bd for that kind of Iron work, And the Price of Building Stone of Inferiour quality is 5/4 at the whaves & that of Superiour is 6/10. the Delaware paving Stone is 10/6 the load. but would not answer so well for packing in a Pier in that exposed situation. Ships Ballast may be had considerably Lower but could not be depended on, as it might not be to be had when wanted, and could not be waited for. And there would be the addition of freight from hence.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0276", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [April 30\u2013July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 30\u2013July 3, 1792]\nIt is somewhat remarkable that in my last conversation with Mr Hamilton on these points, he said that this government would, he doubted not, consent to grant to the subjects of the crown a free intercourse of commerce with the Indians dwelling within the American territory, provided that a similar intercourse with the Indians residing in the territory of Canada should be allowed to the citizens of the United States. Within three days after this conversation I received from Governor Simcoe a memorial of the merchants of Montreal, a copy of which I have the honor of inclosing and from which your Lordship will perceive that those Gentlemen imagine that the evils, resulting from the surrender of the posts, would be considerably alleviated by the permission, to the subjects of the two countries, of this reciprocity of commerce with the Indians residing within their respective dominions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0277", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Archibald Mercer, 30 April 1792\nFrom: Mercer, Archibald\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nMillstone [New Jersey] April 30 1792\nI am requested to acknowledge rect. of your favour of 14th Inst. to the Governor and Directors of the Society for establishing useful Manufactories.\nIt is with pleasure I inform you that your observations in general conincide with the opinion of the board of Directors, and that they will esteem as a favour any communication you may be disposed to favour them with from time to time.\nIt is with regret I inform you the affairs of the Society are as much deranged as they well can be. At present we can only count upon 70,000 Dols in Deferred Stock transferred on the Books of Cochrans Office in the Name of the Society at 14/ in the pound, and this was not done until some time after the Loan, the propriety of which I leave you to Judge as the money was all wanted; the residue of the first payment except some necessary advances we consider in Jeopardy, tho measures have been taken to secure about Eleven Thousand pounds Stg committed to Mr Duhurst for the purpose of procureing plain cotton linens to begin the printing business. Should that Money, or the proceeds be safe, I have no doubt the business may soon be put in Train with more promising prospects, and at all events, if we have men of clear integrity to conduct the business in future the institution may yet flourish. A special meeting of the Board of Directors is called to meet at New Ark the 15th of May, as the Permanent seat of the Manufactory is then to be fixed on, and the principal officers of the institution appointed and their duties regulated. It is the wish of all the directors that you attend the meeting, as every thing depends upon a good beginning. For my part I confess myself perfectly ignorant of every duty relating to the Manufactoring business. As it is a favourite design of yours, you have no doubt considered the subject and as we all have a full confidence in you your presence will be absolutely necessary.\nI have the Honour to be sir \u2003 Your obt Hume Servt\nArchibald Mercer D. Govr.S U M\nAlexander Hamilton Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0279", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Mathews, 1 May 1792\nFrom: Mathews, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[May 1, 1792. On July 10, 1792, Tench Coxe wrote to Mathews: \u201cI have before me your Letter of the 1st: of May to the Secretary of the Treasury, and I feel great pleasure in observing that the little duty, which has accrued under the Act of March 1791 is likely to be collected without legal compulsion.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0281", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 1 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, May 1, 1792. On May 2, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Washington: \u201cThe case was here before the Secretary\u2019s letter of yesterday was sent to the President.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0283", "content": "Title: Receipt from George Parkinson, [2 May 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Parkinson, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May 2, 1792]\nReceived May 2d. 1792 of Alexander Hamilton One hundred Dollars on account of The Society for establishing useful manufactures.\nGeo: Parkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0286", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nehemiah Hubbard, 3 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hubbard, Nehemiah\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 3d. 1792\nI heared with much regret, though under the appearances which must have struck you, not with much surprize, of your determination to decline the appointment of Superintendant of the Manufacturing Society. This institution has presented itself to my mind as of such real public importance, that I feel myself much interested in its success; and I acknowlege that I continue to entertain a conviction of the practicability of insuring that success by judicious management. To this end a fit person as Superintendant is undoubtedly an essential mean. And my repeated reflections have proved to me that it is far from easy to find a choice of proper characters. Hence I feel a peculiar anxiety that you should reconsider your resolution and still consent to undertake the business.\nThose characters in the Direction who were too much invelopped in Speculation to pay proper attention to the trust will henceforth be out of the Question and I entertain no doubt that the next Election will supply their places in a manner which will inspire confidence. I am also persuaded that the Superintendant, if a competent and trust worthy person, will be cloathed with such a portion of discretionary authority as will enable him to fulfil the objects of the Society. To this I may add, that subordinate characters, to be placed at the head of the several branches (I mean of the Cotton Manufactory) of whose competency there is satisfactory evidence are actually engaged, and that a considerable progress has been made in preparation.\nThe Society meet on the 15th. instant. It is my intention to meet them\u2014and I feel a confidence that I shall be able to give such a direction to their measures as will recover the ground that has been lost by delay & indecision. If I can by that time announce that you are willing to serve the Company, it will give me particular satisfaction.\nI will however observe that in such case it is of moment you should be able to enter promptly on the business. The spot must be fixed upon and the buildings commenced. Let me, I pray you, previous to that time hear from you on the subject.\nI am aware that the Step proposed to you is of consequence. I will only add that if the event shall not answer expectation, I should feel myself bound to endeavour to render it not injurious to you by any source which might be in my power.\nI am with esteem \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obed servant\nA Hamilton\nN Hubbard Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0288", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Simon W. Wilson, [3 May 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May 3, 1792Communicated on May 8, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury to whom was referred the petition of Simon W. Wilson, respectfully submits the following Report.\nThe petition seeks reimbursement of certain expenses, incurred by way of salvage and otherwise, in relation to a certain schooner, which is alleged to have been ordered into the public service, during the late war, by the President of Delaware, and in consequence of it captured by the enemy, and recaptured by a vessel of the United States.\nAn affidavit is produced, which states the declaration of the fact by one of the owners of the vessel, now deceased, and an acknowledgment of the President of the State of Delaware, having reference to that declaration, that \u201cwhat he had done was as a public officer;\u2014that the parties ought to be paid for the vessel by the public, and that he should endeavor to get it done.\u201d\nIt is stated, that repeated applications have been made by the legislature of Delaware, for relief, but to no effect; they alleging that the charge was a Continental one, and did not lie before them. But it does not appear, that any application has been made to the United States, within the limits of the Acts of limitation, and no special reason is assigned for the delay.\nCompensations in similar cases, are of a delicate nature, and would always require careful examination, under circumstances that could afford full light. At this late day, a satisfactory investigation is perhaps not very easy. If the vessel, for example, was merely hired for public use, without a special guarantee, there would be no good claim for compensation in the case stated. If she was impressed into the public service, the consequence might be different. It is alleged that the vessel was ordered into the public service, but the nature of this order does not appear. It may have been to procure vessels, and may have been executed by a voluntary contract; or it may have been executed in a manner, that had the force of an impressment. The latter is probable, from the circumstances stated; but it is not unequivocally ascertained.\nUnder all these circumstances, the Secretary does not perceive any reason sufficiently special and discriminative to induce a relaxation in the acts of the Legislature in favor of the petitioner.\nAll which is humbly submitted\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department May 3d. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0289", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [3 May 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, May 3, 1792]\nMr. Hamilton presents his respects to the President. Colo. Wigglesworth\u2019s christian name is Edward.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0290", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 3 May 1792\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nT D Co May 3d 1792\nThe inclosed Letters of Administration granted to Catharine Jones on the estates of John Hanholt George Hollman, Bernard Brulbiner, James Burt John Geroir, & Atonia Lasambert late Soldiers of Genl Hazens Regt. were some time since presented at this Office with a power of Attorney from the said Catharine Jones, to Alexander Power of the City of Philadelphia, Broker for the purpose of obtaining the balances due by the United States to the persons above named.\nIt so happened, that while the papers were under consideration powers of Attorney were presented by Benjamin Mooers Esq who served as an Officer in the Regt. lately commanded by Genl. Hazen for the pay of John Geroir and Antoine Lasambert two of the persons on whose estates Catharine Jones, had administered. On conversing with Mr. Mooers I recd. the most positive assurance, that the persons whose powers he produced were living a few months since, near St Johns in Canada.\nThe suggestion on which Catharine Jones appears to have obtained Letters of Administration, is that of being a Creditor of the persons before named. On being desired to shew the nature of her demand, she delivered the inclosed Account.\nUnder these circumstances, I did not hesitate to direct a Certificate to be issued on the power of Atty produced by Mr. Mooers in favr of Antoine Lasembert and to receive a caveat from him in behalf of John Geroir whose power of Attorney was not admitted having been informally executed\u2014And I have declined admitting the authority of Catharine Jones to receive any part of the sums claimed by her as Administratrix.\nI conceive it to be my duty to observe, that though no instance has fallen under my observation, when the deception was so apparent as in the present case, yet I have had frequent cause for suspicion that Letters of Administration have been obtained on unfounded suggestions.\nAs the right to receive the Certificates is contended for in behalf of the Administratrix, and as the interests of the United States & their Creditors are concerned in ascertaining the most proper line of conduct for me to pursue in this & similar cases, I have taken the liberty to request you to state the case to the Attorney General of the United States for his opinion.\nI have the honor to be &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0291", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 4 May 1792\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nT DC. Off May 4. 1792\nThe following occurrence took place a few days since in this Office, which I take the liberty to state, that a rule may be established to govern in future or similar occasions. Solomen Marks Jr appeared at the Office with John McCulloh and in his presence wrote a transfer to said McCulloh on a Certificate for One hundred & eighty one Dolls & sixty one Cents. six \u214c Cent Stock.\nBefore the transfer was recorded and before it had been presented for my approbation, Marks returned to the Office and in McCulloh\u2019s presence revoked the transfer. Marks has also appeared sundry times since and has formally forbid the transfer to be made. Mr. McCulloh has also appeared and demanded that the transfer be not suspended.\nThe question submitted to your consideration is, whether after a transfer is written on a Certificate & delivered into the Office & before it has been admitted by the Comptroller of the Treasury, it can be revoked.\nIn the present case I have retained the Certificate & suspended allowing the transfer.\nI am &c\nHon A H.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0292", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel R. Gerry, 5 May 1792\nFrom: Gerry, Samuel R.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[May 5, 1792. On May 28, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Gerry: \u201cYour letter of the 5th instant has been received at the Treasury.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0293", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Israel Ludlow, 5 May 1792\nFrom: Ludlow, Israel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir:\nPhiladelphia, May 5, 1792.\nThe unexpected delays that have attended my executing the surveys of the Ohio and Miami Companies, together with your letters, which I have received from time to time, urging my speedy exertions to effect the business, induces me to explain to you the cause of the delay.\nIn November, 1790, I was honored with your letter of instruction at this place. I proceeded immediately to Fort Harmar, being possessed of General Knox\u2019s letter, or order to the Commandant for an escort. On my way, at Fort Pitt, I saw Maj. Doughty, who, after becoming acquainted with my business, informed me that there was no doubt but an escort would be furnished on my arrival at Fort Harmar, upon which I supplied myself with chain-carriers and other hands necessary, pack-horses, corn, provision, and camp equipage for the coming cold season.\nOn my arrival at Fort Harmar, I found no escort could be obtained. Maj. Ziegler, who commanded, gave me his answer in writing, which was that he did not consider the troops then under his command more than sufficient to guard the settlement of Marietta, the Indians having shortly before that defeated and broken up one of their frontier stations. Of course, he could not comply with the order of Gen. Knox and my request (a copy of that letter I inclosed to you). Upon that information, from necessity I gave up the pursuit at that time, and proceeded to Fort Washington, supposing I could execute the Miami survey.\nDischarging my hired men and pack-horses, I applied to Gen. Harmar, who then commanded, for protection while surveying the Miami tract. He informed me he did not consider his whole command a sufficient escort for my purpose (a copy of his answer I forwarded to you). On the arrival of Gen. St. Clair, in May following, I made an official application for fifteen men or more, should it be convenient, to accompany me as an escort while surveying the Miami and Ohio tracts. He assured me that he considered the execution of this survey a matter of the highest interest and importance to the United States, and that he would make every effort to assist me with a sufficient guard, but that it was then impracticable (his letter I will forward to you). Thus the business was again put off until the 20th of October following, when I was favored with the services of fifteen men, commanded by a sergeant, with whom I proceeded to execute the Ohio Company\u2019s survey. I succeeded, and returned to Fort Washington, but with the loss of six of the escort, and leaving in the woods all of my pack-horses and their equipage, and being obliged to make a raft of logs to descend the Ohio as far as Limestone, from opposite the mouth of the Great Sandy River.\nOn my arrival at Fort Washington, I again applied for protection to proceed in the Miami survey. That assistance was refused by Maj. Ziegler, who then commanded (his letter I will produce). My reputation, as well as the public good, being in some measure affected by the delay of the business, I was constrained to have recourse to an effort which my instruction did not advise, viz.: to attempt making the survey by the aid of three active woodsmen, to assist as spies, and give notice of any approaching danger. My attempts proved unsuccessful. After extending the western boundary more than one hundred miles up the Miami River, the deep snows and cold weather rendered our situation too distressing, by reason of my men having their feet frozen, and unfit to furnish game for supplies. In consequence, we returned to Fort Washington. The cold weather abating, I made another attempt, extending the east boundary as far as the line intersected the Little Miami River, where we discovered signs of the near approach of Indians, and, having but three armed men in company, induced me to return again to Fort Washington, which I found commanded by General Wilkinson, to whom I applied for an escort, which was denied me (his letter I have the honor to inclose to you with the others).\nI now have the satisfaction to present to you the whole of the survey of the Ohio and part of the Miami purchases, executed agreeably to instructions.\nI am, sir, yours respectfully,\nIsrael Ludlow.\nHon. Alex. Hamilton,Sec. of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0294", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 5 May 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, May 5, 1792. \u201cI have received your favor of the 25th of April 1792. I shall apply to the Supervisor for the Sum you mention, in a few Days; and repay it as soon as I have the Money to spare.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0295", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 5 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\n[Philadelphia, May 5, 1792. On May 28, 1792, Seton acknowledged the receipt of Hamilton\u2019s \u201corders on the 5th May instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0296", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, [6 May 1792]\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia, May 6, 1792]\nThe bill relative to the debt having passed thro the House I hope an handsome conclusion will be made to the business of the Departments. I should not have troubled you again upon [it], but that I am well informed that a Member of the Senate, who opposed the bill in its present Shape said a week ago that \u201cthe whole of the Treasury clauses except the Compensations would be struck out in the House\u201d and one of the Eastern gentlemen told the Auditor that the bill would certainly be taken up and passed \u201cat least so far as regarded the Compensations.\u201d The delays which have been made since the bill came from the Senate, which is now near two weeks, are a painful comment on the observations abovementioned. Permit me, Sir, to say a few words upon this subject before it be too late to remedy the public & personal Evils such a conclusion of the business will produce.\nThe state of the public business will remain in its present perplexing form\u2014there will be no provision for the settlement of accounts audited by Mr. Wolcot\u2014there will be no provision for the temporary execution of the duties of the Executive offes. of the government. I, and my family will be left without an Establishment\u2014as will Mr. Meyer & Mr. Jones. After so much consideration & discussion this matter cannot fail to be ascribed to causes irritating to and inconsistent with the national interests. It will appear to some members, I know, from every part of the Union as a most undeserved ill turn done to me by a respectable part of the federal interest, a circumstance, which will have, I may say, an astonishing and very unpleasing Complexion to all the sincere friends of the general Government considering the part I have borne in regard to it from the Annapolis Convention to the present time.\nThe clause relative to the deposit of the Customs is viewed among many good & judicious men as inconsistent with the office of Comptroller of the Treasury. I have good reason to believe that Mr. Morris\u2019s vote in the Senate against it was founded on an opinion that the director of the Collectors conduct ought not to sit in Judgment upon their accounts. Mr. Cabot told me in the most explicit terms that he disapproved of the annexing of the Customs to the office of Comptroller. The first remark I ever heard upon the first Report was from Mr. Delany, who called upon me to know, if you were in your office, & finding you were engaged mentioned to me his alarm at the Union of those two duties. He wished to represent it to you, and I earnestly intreated and almost insisted, that he should not, observing that as He was a Pennsylvanian, I should be suspected of moving him to do so. On Saturday, I spoke to Mr. Findley for the first time, on the bill generally, when he told me a Number of the Members & he among them had determined to oppose that clause with decision\u2014and for the reason abovementioned. Now, Sir, I can prove to you that I mentioned to one of the House, whom I once asked to call up the report of Mr Smith &c. (in fact to Mr Murray) that tho I thought ye clause improper I hoped nothing would prevent the arrangement taking effect, as it was necessary for me to get an Establishment for my family, and I was sure the first Session would produce an alteration of the business of the Customs from a general conviction of its impropriety.\nI hope & trust, Sir, that the mere circumstance of leaving the Customs in your hands, and the not adding that power to an office, which members of the new & old Congress sought in Competition with Mr. Wolcot, will not influence to unkindness and injustice to me. The Eastern Gentlemen are not aware of the deep impolicy & impression, which will attend a unfavorable issue to this business. For my own part I know not which way in such an Event to turn from the most painful feelings. In your office and in your domestic circle I shall meet with the Authors of my unmerited dishonor and sufferings. I must exhibit to the gentlemen who are in and above the government a contemptible appearance of good will and harmony with those members of the legislature from whose hands I shall have recd the most unhandsome treatment\u2014or I must avoid (so far as my office will permit) those scenes where they so often are. In short, Sir, I must seek in the bosom of my family, that comfort wch this Event will deprive me of in every other Scene. I do not mean, Sir, to talk of a resignation for tho I own the dignity of my public & personal Character would be better preserved by that measure it is unhappily not in my power at this Moment.\nIt may be suggested perhaps that all the Sensibility I now feel is the mere workings of Ambition, but to you, Sir, that will not appear to be possible when you remember that I was willing to have left all the prospects of the Treasury for the post office and the connected opportunity of a life employed at pleasure in the investigation of the great interests of my Country. I believed I had some of that talent, which would have enabled me to lead a generous intelligent people, by the light of unknown but interesting truth into the true road to wealth and happiness. Excuse me, Sir, for this last effort to avoid a course of things out of which many evils will arise which I forbear to particularize, & Believe me when I devoutly pray, with an aching heart, for the consummation of your noble Scheme of national Happiness with confidence in its success, and for a greater portion of personal felicity to you and your family than, I fear, will result from all your exertions & Services.\nYr. respectful Servt.\nT. Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0298", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 7 May 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] May 7, 1792. \u201cI have received your letter of the 25th of the last month and have borrowed and received of the Supervisor Two thousand, three hundred and thirty three dollars, which will be sufft. to pay all the drawbacks which are due. To preclude the possibility of any delay the Surpervisor on the Receipt of your letter dispatched his Clerk to this place for the purpose of receiving from the Collectors the monies in their hands, to advance it to me. I still wish for an explanation respectg. the Thermometer which I mentioned in my letter of the 9th. of April, and beg leave to call your attention to that Part of my letter of the 5th. of March last which relates to the taring of sugars &c.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0299", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Walker, 7 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Walker, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphiaMay 7. 1792\nThe bearer of this Mr. George Parkinson is an ingenious Mechanic who has been engaged by me in the service of The Society for establishing useful manufactures. I have advised him to go to New York to assist Mr. Marshall to whom I have given him a letter & to whom I am persuaded he will be useful.\nI take this occasion to make him known to you that he may receive any little pecuniary aid of which he may stand in need, as far as you may be authorised.\nWith great regard \u2003 Yrs\nA Hamilton\nB Walker Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0300", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, [7 May 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, May 7, 1792]\nFor carrying into execution the provisions in that behalf made by the Act intitled, \u201cAn Act for raising a farther sum of money for the protection of the Frontiers, and for other purposes therein mentioned,\u201d I do hereby authorise you the said Secretary of the Treasury to agree and contract with The President Directors & Company of the Bank of the United States, with any other body politic or corporate within the United States, or with any other person or persons, for a loan or loans to the United States of any sum or sums not exceeding in the whole Five hundred and twenty three thousand five hundred Dollars to be advanced & paid in such proportions and at such periods as you shall judge necessary for fulfilling the purposes of the said Act. Provided that the rate of interest of such loan or loans shall not exceed five per centum per annum, and that the principal thereof may be reimbursed at the pleasure of the United States. And I hereby promise to ratify what you shall lawfully do in the premises.\nIn testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my hand at the City of Philadelphia the seventh day of May in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety two.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0301", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 7 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 7, 1792. \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury \u2026 has the honor to enclose a copy of the Authorisation which the President signed this morning.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0302", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 7 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Staphorst, Nicholaas van,Staphorst, Jacob van,Hubbard, Nicholas\n[Philadelphia, May 7, 1792. On July 26, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard: \u201cYou will herewith receive triplicates of my letters of the 7th. of May and 20th. ultimo.\u201d Letter of May 7 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0303-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Timothy Pickering, 8 May 1792\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir, Philadelphia May 8. 1792.\nThe Indians of the Five Nations who lately visited Philadelphia, received their invitation from me, in the manner described in the inclosed copy of a letter to the President. Mr. Kirkland, the bearer of my message, received his instructions from the Secretary of War, to whom he from time to time transmitted information of his proceedings. Of this I was ignorant until after the arrival of the Indians, when Mr. Kirkland referred to them as matters well known to me, but of which not a syllable had been communicated to me. Nor did I know they were coming, till they had arrived at Nazareth. This I heard from a Moravian of that place. The same day, as I was passing up Chesnut Street, the Secy. of War crossed over and told me the Indians were at Bethlehem, and said\u2014\u201cI believe I must get you to negociate with them: Do think of it.\u201d I heard no more of them until one of his clerks came and told me they were arrived at Odlers\u2019s Hotel; & that the Secretary of War wished me to see them immediately. I walked up, to bid them welcome. The next day, March 15th, they delivered their formal speeches in answer to my invitation. On the 16th. I replied; and at the close of my speech, used these words.\n\u201cBrothers,\nI have now finished what I had to do. In behalf of the United States I invited you to their Great Council Fire, to settle the plan of introducing among you the knowledge of husbandry and a few of the most useful arts. You have come. We have taken each other by the hand, and spoken together as friends and brothers. All further proceedings on the subject will be conducted in such manner as the Great Chief of the United States shall direct.\u201d\nI heard no more from the Secretary of War on the business of negociation, until the 22d. of March, the morning after I had sent the letter before mentioned to the President; when a clerk from the war office came with the compliments of the Secretary, who desired to see me. From the stile of my letter, and an explicit declaration, that I did not wish to appear in the matter; I thought the president would have put my letter in his pocket; tho\u2019 I did expect it would occasion a material alteration in the intended speech. But when I arrived, I found my letter on the Secretary\u2019s table. He looked it up, and said my sentiments were very just. He then shewed me the Speech, with the most exceptionable parts crossed out; and after some other alterations had been proposed and agreed to, and he had got to the close of the speech, he asked me if I would permit him to introduce my name with his own, that I might assist in the negociations with the Indians. I consented; and expressed my reason\u2014That having suggested to the Indians ideas of civilization, I felt a solicitude to see a plan formed for the purpose, and a fair experiment made to carry it into effect: and that I would therefore give what assistance I could. You heard the speech, in which the President named me with the Secretary of War as the persons with whom the Indians were to negociate. I suppose it is well known that almost the whole burthen of the business has fallen upon me; and really it has been very burthensome. All the proceedings in writing would fill a considerable volume. But besides formal speeches, a multitude of conversations were inevitable. The Indian speeches were taken in haste from the mouths of the Interpreters; were legible only to myself; and needing corrections, too, I was obliged to transcribe them with my own hand. To give you an exact idea of my labour, I must go into a still more tedious detail; but I will only add That the business has engaged my close attention for more than thirty entire days. I frequently wrote at night; and even Sundays seldom gave me any rest.\nYou see the conclusion: Am I entiled to any compensation? I have not said a word about it to the Secretary of War: and he also has been silent. Yet he knows that he did not negociate with the Creeks for nothing; altho\u2019 the business pertained to his department.\nMore than one reason will occur, why I give you the trouble of this communication. Suffer me to submit the \u27e8ma\u27e9tter entirely to your judgment. If you think something should be allowed me, you will have the goodness to put the matter in train. The quantum I should wish you and the Secretary of war to determine. I think you know that I am not mercenary nor extravagant. If it should be thought proper not to make any allowance, I shall acquiesce. In that case I would thank you to return this letter, as I have taken no copy [of] it. I may keep it as a memorandum of facts.\nWith the truest respect & esteem I am, dear sir, Your most obed. servant\nTimothy Pickering.\nP.S. On Thursday I expect to leave town, to bring my family to this city.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0304", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 8 May 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Baltimore, May 8, 1792. On June 5, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Williams: \u201cI have before me your letters of the 18th of March, 18th of April, 8th & 27th of May.\u201d Letter of May 8 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0305", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Philip Schuyler, 9 May 1792\nFrom: Schuyler, Philip\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir\nAlbany May 9th 1792\nMrs. Rensselaer\u2019s health is so much impaired that It is thought advisable that she should go to N York for better medical assistance, and to try the Effects of a change of Air, I shall accompany her and we shall leave this on friday the 11th Instant at farthest. Cannot you my Eliza and Cornelia make arrangements to meet us at N York towards the close of next week. Pray drop a line to be left at Mrs. Daugbineys until called for best under cover to her.\nIf all the votes taken for Mr. Jay are to be returned and fairly canvassed, I have reason to believe he would prevail, but I apprehend much foul play in the returning officers at least.\nAdieu we all Join in love to you and all with you.\nI am Dr Sir Yours affectionately \u2003 &c &c\nP Schuyler\nHonb Alexr Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0306", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 9 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Department 9th. May 1792.\nI have the honor to send herewith an adjustment at the Treasury concerning the quantity of Acres in Warrants for army bounty rights, which ought to be deemed an equivalent for the 214,285 Acres of land mentioned in the second enacting clause of the Act intitled \u201cAn Act authorising the grant and conveyance of certain Lands to the Ohio Company of associates\u201d; and a Certificate of the delivery of the requisite quantity of Warrants in conformity to that adjustment.\nIt is with regret I find myself required by Law to discharge an official duty in a case in which I happen to be interested as a party, and which is capable of being regulated by different constructions.\nThus circumstanced I have conceived it proper to repose myself on the judgment of others; and having referred the matter to the accounting Officers of the Treasury, with the opinion of the Attorney General, which was previously obtained, I have governed myself by the determination of those Officers.\nI submit it nevertheless to the President whether it will not be adviseable to require as a condition to the issuing of the Grant that the parties give bond to pay any deficiency which there may be in the quantity of Warrants delivered, if the Legislature at the ensuing Session shall decide that the construction which has been adopted is not the true one, or to surrender the Letters Patent for the Tract in question.\nWith the highest respect, \u2003 I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0307", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 9 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt. 9th. May 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to transmit a fair copy of the Draft approved by the President this morning respecting the Port of Entry & Delivery in the District of Vermont.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0309", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sylvanus Bourne, 10 May 1792\nFrom: Bourne, Sylvanus\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nBoston May 10th 1792\nI am in this moment favoured with a letter from Mr Bourne informing of my having lost my Object in the mint Department & I\u2019ll assure you my Dr Sir the impression on my feelings is severe indeed\u2014as I presume you had not the least doubt of my success from your conversation last had with me. I have on the strength made arrangments which will result injuriously to me\u2014such as borrowing some money &c & with freedom inform you that I am totally destitute of other plans or expectations but feel some relief from a clause in Mr Bourne\u2019s letter where he mentions his opinion that I should obtain some other appointment. Of this you will please to inform me if within your cognizance, or give me a clerkship within your department\u2014where I shall hope by my behaviour to merit your future notice to a better place.\nMy respected Sir\u2014Suffer me to rest my hopes on your friendship & the incense of my gratitude shall never cease to burn.\nI anxiously wait your answer & am with sentiments of respect & permit me to add personal attachment \u2003 Your Obedt Servt\nSylva Bourne\nExcuse my innaccuracies which arise from an agitated mind.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0310", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sylvanus Bourne, 10 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bourne, Sylvanus\n[Philadelphia, May 10, 1792. On May 24, 1792, Bourne wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI had the honour to receive your favr of the 10th Inst.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0312", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 10 May 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, May 10, 1792. \u201cThe Second Section of the Coasting Act requires all Vessels of the United States to be registered by the Collector of the District to which they respectively belong; the Seventh Section provides for registering them at other Districts: different constructions having occasioned different practices, I beg the favor Sir, of your Opinion, whether it is expedient that Vessels, registered in conformity to the sd. Seventh Section, be registered anew on their arrival at the District to which they belong, no alteration in them, nor transfers of Property, having been made? \u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0313", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 10 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nDear Sir,\nTreasury DepartmentMay 10th 1792.\nI received your letter of the 7th instant, covering an account of Stock purchased by you for the United States.\nI observe that you have exceeded the sum which was limitted by me to the amount of one thousand and ninety eight Dollars, eighty nine Cents. But so small a difference is not very material, and I am willing that the whole should remain on account of the United States.\nIn order to a winding up of the business, I have now to request that you will as soon as it can conveniently be done, cause all the stock to be transferred in the names of the Trustees as heretofore, and, that you will then procure from the Commissioner, and forward to me, the necessary certificates, for transferring the Stock from the Books of the Commissioner to those of the Treasury.\nYou will please to accept of my best acknowledgment for this additional mark of your zeal for the public service, and believe me to be,\nWith very great consideration & regard \u2003 Dear Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servant\nAlex Hamilton\nWillm Seton EsqrCashier of the Bank of New York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0314", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 10 May 1792\nFrom: \nTo: \nSir,\nTreasury Department, May 10, 1792.\nIt is my wish, that in your official correspondence with the Secretary of the Treasury, you will henceforth make it a rule, to designate your office and the place where it is kept, upon the outside of your letters.\nWhen weekly returns are transmitted which require no particular remarks, it will be agreeable to me, and save trouble to you, if for the future they be simply put under blank covers and directed in the form of a letter.\nI inclose you a form of an account of Bonds remaining uncancelled, taken in your district for securing the bonding of duties in some other district, upon goods reported at your office, to be intended to be landed in such other district. This return you will make, in the first instance, on the receipt of the form, and afterwards with your quarterly accounts from time to time.\nIt is my desire that application be made by letter to the obligors, who may reside in your district, in all cases wherein bonds heretofore executed now remain uncancelled, if dated three months since, and that all such as now are, or shall be uncancelled at the end of four months from their date, be put in suit.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 \u27e8Your obedient Servant,\u27e9\nP S. \u2003 Some Acts of the last session of Congress will accompany this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0315-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 11 May 1792\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nTreasury Departmt.Registers Office 11 May 1792.\nI have the honor to enclose a list of the Clerks engaged in this Office, with a note of the Objects on which they were employd and the Rate of their respective Compensations. Being with the greatest Respect \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your mo: ob: hb: Servt.\nJ. N. Regr.\nThe Honble: Alexr. Hamilton EsqrSecy. of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0317", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Allibone, 12 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Allibone, William\n[Philadelphia, May 12, 1792. On May 18, 1792, Tench Coxe wrote to \u201cA Committee of the Merchants of the City of Philadelphia\u201d and referred to a letter \u201cfrom the Secretary of the Treasury of the 12th: instant\u201d to Allibone. Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0318", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Barton, Junior, 12 May 1792\nFrom: Barton, William, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nOffice of InspectionPort of Providence May 12th. 1792.\nThere was shiped some time past from this place five chests of Souchong and one Chest of Hyson tea to Messrs. Sam Ward and Brothers of New York; the tea was imported in the Ship Genl Washington in June last, and for which certificates have regularly been granted from this Office. The Messrs Wards acknowledge to have received the certificates with the tea, but are willing to make affidavit to the same being lost or mislaid; on which account they have applied to this office for new certificates. Tho satisfied in my own mind that there is no intention of fraud in the application, I did not think it my duty to grant the certificates, but have taken the liberty to give you this information; that I might receive such directions in this case as shall be proper. I am Sir with great respect Your most obedient humble servant.\nWm. Barton Inspectorof the Revenue\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0320", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 12 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury DepartmentMay 12th 1792\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his Compliments to The Secretary of State and requests that he will be pleased to cause the Patent for 214.285 acres when sealed & recorded to be delivered to the bearer The Rev Mr Cutler.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0321", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, 12 May 1792\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston, May 12, 1792. \u201cI have received your Letter of the 2d. instant. The manner in which you have directed the lodgment of the money will obviate all the difficulties which I supposed might take place under your first order.\u2026 I wish to know how I shall settle the price of goods imported from France. Their paper seems to be in a depreciated state and the goods charged proportionately high.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0322", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 12 May 1792\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, May 12, 1792. Submits \u201cforms for regulating the payment of Interest on the Funded Stock in the Loan Offices of Massachusetts, New York, Pensylvania, Maryland & So Carolina.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0323", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 13 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBristol [Pennsylvania] May 13. 1792.\nI left the City of Philadelphia this Morning on my way to Newark as I mention\u2019d to you previous to your departure. Nothing new had occurred.\nMr. Belli was furnished with the requisite sum for the purchase of Dragoon Horses in Kentucke, in conformity to an arrangement, which I understand [from] the Secretary at War, was made pursuant to your direction. The Quarter Master General also has had an advance commensurate with the objects he is immediately to provide for; so that every thing is in proper train as far as pecuniary supply is concerned.\nWith the most perfect respect and truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nA: Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0324", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edward Carrington, 17 May 1792\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Richmond, May 17, 1792. On July 11, 1792, Tench Coxe wrote to Carrington: \u201cIn your letter of the 17th. of May last, addressed to the Secretary of the Treasury, you acquaint him of the Resignation of Mr. James Wells \u2026 I presumed you are informed, that Mr. Cowpland Parker has been appointed surveyor and consequently Inspector for that port.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0325", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sheftall Sheftall, 17 May 1792\nFrom: Sheftall, Sheftall\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, May 17, 1792. Inquires concerning action taken on petition of his father, Mordecai Sheftall.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0326", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Abishai Thomas, 18 May 1792\nFrom: Thomas, Abishai\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladl. 18 May 1792\nI am directed by a Resolution of the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina to \u201cInform myself by what means this State obtained a Credit with the United States for a quantity of Leather received of Richard Blackledge,\u201d and to \u201ctransmit to the next General Aseembly such vouchers or other information as I may deem proper to give the necessary information to the General Assembly.\u201d To enable me to comply with the said Resolution, I am to solicit the favor of you to cause the proper Officer to furnish me with a Certified transcript from the Books of the Treasury department, or those of the late Clothier General, of the Credit, or Credits which may exist thereon for account of Leather as aforesaid, or generally, designating if practicable such circumstances relative to the delivery as may enable me, or the General Assembly to trace whether it be the same which was purchased from Mr. Blackledge.\nI am Sir \u2003 very respectfully \u2003 yr. mo. obt. Serv.\nAb. Thomas\nSecretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0327", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Hiller, 19 May 1792\nFrom: Hiller, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Salem, Massachusetts, May 19, 1792. On June 27, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Hiller: \u201cI have yet to reply to your letter of the 19th Ultimo.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0328", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 19 May 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, May 19, 1792. \u201cHaving been under the disagreeable necessity of putting in suit another of Welcome Arnold Esquire\u2019s Bonds, \u2026 I wish to be informed, whether the directions, contained in your Letter of the 6th of July 1791, to notify other Collectors of his delinquency, was intended as Instructions for my conduct thereafter on similar occasions; or whether I am to omit giving the Notice, on putting any Bond in Suit, until I receive your Orders to do it? \u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0329", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Ballard, 20 May 1792\nFrom: Ballard, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Baltimore, May 20, 1792. On May 31, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Ballard and acknowledged \u201cyour letter of the 20th. instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0330", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, [20 May 1792]\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir.\n[Philadelphia, May 20, 1792]\nI understand from Mrs. Hamilton that you do not expect to return from Newark for several days from which I conclude that you mean to make a complete arrangement of the Business of the Manufacturing Society. I am heartily glad of this tho I could have wished you were returned as I have gone thro the preparation of all the instructions, forms &ca. which are rendered necessary by the Alterations in the Excise System. Could I have passed them under your Eye on Friday when they were completed the greater part of them might have gone forward on Monday. Mr. Barton entered with me on Saturday, and I am satisfied he will prove an Acquisition. I find that Mr. Rittenhouse & his other friends have advised him to it.\nThe contractors have delivered 33,000 Drs. worth of clothing & have recd. 43,000 drs. in Money including Smiths Bill accepted by you, which I should rather have said was recd. by Smith. I find they have about 5000 Drs. worth of goods on hand not made up, and are really going on well.\nI do not perceive any inconvenience which has occured from your absence except that the preparations for the opening of the new loan can not go on. I had a pretty full conversation with the Comptr. in the first part of the Week and gave him a copy of the law which I advised him to transmit it to you with some of the Remarks, wch. struck us. There is no provision in the law for the payment of the Interest, but I believe the other acts will be found to provide for it tho I have not yet examined them. I hope you had time to write the Comptr. by Saturday\u2019s mail.\nA letter was recd. by the Georgia Mail for the President which I transmitted to Mt. Vernon.\nYou some time ago mentioned your wish that I should partake in the Management of the New Jersey Manufg. Society. As I conceive the legal impropriety not to exist, if the Stock is not composed of the debt of the U. S. nor of any State I mention to you that I shall not hesitate to take a concern. My wish to aid so salutary a plan, which has been devised by you & therefore will interest your feelings will render me perfectly disposed to use my best Endeavours to promote it, if I take but a single Share. The interdiction of commerce is not applied to the Commr. of the Reve. The Objects forbidden are \u201cthe funds or debts of the U. S & of any state and every kind of public property of either.\u201d & no others.\nReceipts for 38,000 Drs. have been recd. from the supervisor of Masstts.\nLetters from Mr. Marshall to Col Carrington & from the latter to you shew an uneasiness about the Revenue law to exist in part of Kentucky. The new Act will diminish their opposition, because it is so much more favorable to them than the former, & because it proves that there is no Idea of a Repeal.\nI have the Honor to be with respectful Attachment, dr. sir, yr most obedt & hum. servt.\nTench Coxe\nPhilada Sunday Night 11 OClock.\nThe defect in the new law in regard to the return of Spirits distilled in the U.S. which have been exported to foreign Countries appears to be in a considerable degree cured by the prohibition to import any distilled Spirits in marked Casks. They might be shifted into other Casks, but the proof of their identity might be made very difficult and they could not be moved without being marked & certified, nor marked & certified without paying duty. This is a hasty View of the Matter, which will require further Examn., but the door of danger is not so open as it at first appeared.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0331-0002", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [20\u201327 May 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, May 20\u201327, 1792]\nMr. Hamilton presents his respectful Compliments to The Secretary of State. He has perused with as much care and attention as time has permitted the draft of a letter in answer to that of Mr. Hammond of March 5th.\nMuch strong ground has been taken and strongly maintained, particularly in relation to\u2014\n1 \u2003 The recommendatory clauses of the Treaty\n2 \u2003 The previous infractions by G Britain as to Negroes & Posts.\n3 \u2003 The Question of Interest.\nAnd many of the suggestions of the British Minister concerning particular acts and adjudications, as far as can be judged without consulting the documents, appear to be satisfactorily obviated.\nBut doubts arise on the following particulars\u2014\n1. \u2003 The expediency of the retaliation in the 1. 2 & 3d. Pages. Much of the propriety of what is said depends on the question of the original right or wrong of the war. Should it lead to observations on that point, it may involve an awkward and irritating discussion. Will it not be more dignified as well as more discreet to observe concisely and generally on the impropriety of having deduced imputations from transactions during the war, and alluding in the aggregate and without specification to the instances of Legislative Warfare on the part of the British Parliament which might be recriminated, to say, that this is foreborne as leading to an unprofitable and unconciliating discussion?\n2 \u2003 The soundness of the doctrine (page 4) that all Governmental acts of the States prior to the 11 of April are out of the discussion. Does not the term \u201csujets,\u201d to whom, according to Vatel, notice is necessary, apply merely to Individuals? Are not states members of a f\u0153deral league the \u201cparties contractantes\u201d who are bound by the treaty itself from the time of its conclusion; that is, in the present case, from the time the provisional treaty took effect by the ratification of the preliminary articles between France & Britain?\n3 \u2003 The expediency of so full a justification of the proceedings of certain states with regard to Debts. In this respect, Extenuation rather than Vindication would seem to be the desireable course. It is an obvious truth and is so stated that Congress alone had the right to pronounce a breach of the Treaty and to fix the measure of retaliation. Not having done it the states which undertook the task for them contravened both their F\u0153deral duty and the Treaty. Do not some of the Acts of Congress import that the thing was viewed by that body in this light? Will it be well for the Executive now to implicate itself in too strong a defence of measures which have been regarded by a great proportion of the Union and by a respectable part of the citizens of almost every state as exceptionable in various lights? May not too earnest an apology for installment and paper-money laws, if made public hereafter, tend to prejudice somewhat the cause of good government and perhaps to affect disadvantageously the character of the General Government?\nTo steer between too much concession and too much justification in this particular is a task both difficult and delicate\u2014but it is worthy of the greatest circumspection to accomplish it.\n4 \u2003 The expediency of risking the implication of the tacit approbation of Congress of the \u201cretaliations of the four states\u201d by saying that they neither gave nor refused their sanction to those retaliations? Will not the national character stand better if no ground to suspect the connivance of the National Government is afforded? Is not the fact, that Congress were inactive spectators of the Infractions which took place, because they had no effectual power to controul them?\n5 \u2003 The truth of the position which seems to be admitted (Page 57) that the quality of Alien Enemy subsisted till the Definitive Treaty. Does not an indefinite cessation founded too on a preliminary Treaty, put an end to the State of War and consequently destroy the relation of alien enemy. The State of War may or may not revive if points which remain to be adjusted by a definitive Treaty are never adjusted by such a treaty\u2014but it is conceived that a definitive Treaty may never take place and yet the state of War and all its consequences be completely terminated.\n6 \u2003 The expediency of grounding any argument on the supposition of either of the parties being in the wrong as in Page 65. The rule in construing Treaties is to suppose both parties in the right, for want of a common judge &c. And a departure from this rule in argument might possibly lead to unpleasant recrimination.\nThe foregoing are the principal points that have occurred on one perusal. They are submitted without reserve. Some lesser matters struck which would involve too lengthy a commentary. Many of them merely respecting particular expressions. A mark thus + \u27e8is\u27e9 in the margin of the places, which will probably suggest to the Secretary of State, on a revision, the nature of the reflections which may have arisen. It is imagined that there is a small mistake in stating that Waddington paid no rent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0332", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Lindsay, 20 May 1792\nFrom: Lindsay, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nCollectors Office District ofNorfolk & Portsmo. [Virginia] 20 May 1792\nI have received Notice from Mr. James Wells that he has thought proper to resign his appointment of Surveyor for the Port of Smithfield, and also that of Port Inspector for the same place.\nColo. Parker has informed me he has recommended his Brother as a proper person to succeed Mr. Wells, who I doubt not (if appointed,) will justify the recommendation.\nI am respectfully \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Ob Serv\nWm. Lindsay Colr\nAlexr. Hamilton EsqrSecy of the Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0333", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 21 May 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] May 21, 1792. \u201c\u2026 I wish to be favoured with your instructions respecting the case of the Brig Chance, a Statemt. of which I sent to you on the 2nd. of Apl. last, with an explanation respectg. the Thermometer mentioned in my letter of the 9th. of the same month, and with your directions relative to the tare of Sugars mentioned in my letter of the 5th. of last March, when the important business of your office will permit it. Suffer me also to mention that I have acted as Superintendant of the Light House ever since the 11th. of Oct. 1790. and no allowance has been made to me for that Service, agreeably to the expectations your letter of the 27th. of April 1791 induced me to entertain; And I have debited the United States for the money advanced for the Light-House; but no sums have been received by me in virtue of Warrants from the Treasy on account thereon by which the United States might be credited.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0334", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 21 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia May 21st 1792.\nI returned here yesterday from New Ark, & find that nothing material has occurred in my absence.\nThere is nothing new except what is contained in the papers, and what I doubt not has been announced to you from the War Department\u2014the Convention between Hamtramck and certain Tribes on the Wabash.\nWith the most perfect respect and truest attachment, \u2003 I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexr. Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0335", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, 22 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nSir\n[Philadelphia] May 22d 1792\nPursuant to the 6th Section of the Act making alterations in the Treasury & War Departments, I have concluded to commit to you the general Superintendence of the Light Houses and other establishments relating to the security of Navigation according to the powers vested in me by law.\nInformation will be given accordingly to the respective Superintendents who will be instructed to correspond in future with you, and take your directions.\nWhen the Presidents sanction is in any case requisite you will make report to me in order that the requisite submission to him may be made.\nI am Sir &c\nAlexr Hamilton\nThe Commissioner of the Revenue", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0336", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Daniel Stevens, 22 May 1792\nFrom: Stevens, Daniel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Charleston, South Carolina, May 22, 1792. On June 16, 1792, Tench Coxe wrote to Stevens: \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury has delivered to me your letters to him of the 22nd. and 26th of May, and he has requested me to communicate to you the great satisfaction he feels at the success of your efforts to explain and render acceptable the duties on Spirits & Stills. Your forbearance to prossecute the body of those persons, who have from want of due Consideration indiscreetly opposed the law, meets his approbation. It is wished that the deportment of the principal offender may be such as to render it prudent and safe to extend the same indulgence towards him, but this must depend upon his renouncing all refractory conduct, and convincing you of his sincere disposition to demean himself with due propriety in future. Should this temper be manifested by him, and should you not perceive any good reasons for prosecuting him, it may be well that he be treated with the same lenity.\u201d Letter of May 22 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0337", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Superintendents of Lighthouses, 22 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Superintendents of Lighthouses\nSir,\nTreasury Department May 22nd 1792\nPursuant to the 6th Section of the Act making alterations in the Treasury and War Departments, I have concluded to commit to Tench Coxe Esquire Commissioner of the Revenue, the general superintendence of the Light house and other establishments, relating to the security of navigation according to the powers vested in me by law.\nYou will therefore be pleased to correspond in future with the said Commissioner of Revenue, touching all matters relating to the Light House establishment and take his directions thereon.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your most obedt Servt\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0338", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 23 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\n[Philadelphia, May 23, 1792. On May 28, 1792, Seton wrote to Hamilton: \u201cYour kind letter of the 23d, I did not receive till after the last post for the week was gone out.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0339", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 23 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentMay 23. 1792.\nI have to request, if in future you should have any particular communication to make to the Secretary of the Treasury, that you will designate Your Office upon the outside of your letters.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt. Servant\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0340", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Willing, 23 May 1792\nFrom: Willing, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, May 23, 1792. On May 23, 1792, Hamilton acknowledged the receipt of \"Mr. W Letter of today.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0341", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, [23 May 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, May 23, 1792]\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Willing incloses the rough draft of an agreement comprising the ideas contained in Mr. W Letter of today. If approved Mr. H will have it corrected & copied. If any alterations are desired Mr. W. will pleased to signify them. Mr. H is desirous of finishing the arranget as soon as may be.\nMay 23", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0342", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sylvanus Bourne, 24 May 1792\nFrom: Bourne, Sylvanus\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nBoston May 24th 1792\nHaving been absent in the Country, it was not till yesterday, that I had the honour to receive your favr of the 10th Inst.\nI had (as you supposed) been previously informed of the issue of an affair, which tho\u2019 ultimately without your controul, had, I am confidant, the support of your most friendly exertions. My letter to you of the 10th in a degree anticipated the present answer to yours of the same date. Taught by long experience the futility of indulging those pleasing hopes in regard to life, which my education has inspired me with, while they are opposed by relentless misfortune & dissapointments, I consent to accept, the only place, you can at present give me, in confidence that \u201cmens sibi conscia recti\u201d may enliven the obscure path I am called to walk in, and serve as an antidote to the insiduous smiles of those who may enjoy more apparent fame.\nI presume from the duty of the place you have assigned me that I shall be immediately subject to your directions & not subservient to the caprice of any clerks in the department: from this idea I derive solace.\nPressing as my situation is, I would still prefer the chance of contingent events, to the acceptance of a similar place with any one but you, my respected Sir\u2014as I flatter myself yet to obtain (under the auspices of your kind patronage) some place more reputable & congenial to my wishes; provided the strength of these, may not beguile the weight of my pretensions.\nConscious that you cannot but view with Complacency the glow of a laudable ambition, I have not suppressed sentiments resulting from this source.\nI have the honour to be with unequivocal Respect & Esteem \u2003 sir \u2003 Your most Obedt Humble servt\nSylva Bourne\nPS. \u2003 Some necessary arrangment of my affaires will unavoidably detain me 10 days or a fortnight in this town; for which I ask your kind indulgence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0345", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Stephen Cross, 25 May 1792\nFrom: Cross, Stephen\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newburyport, Massachusetts, May 25, 1792. In a letter to Hamilton of October 18, 1792, Cross referred to \u201cmy letter of May 25th.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0346", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 25 May 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Charleston, South Carolina, May 25, 1792. On June 25, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Pinckney: \u201cI have duly received your letter of the 25th of May.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0348", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, 25 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentMay 25. 1792\nIn conformity to my proposition accepted by the President Directors & Company of the Bank of the United States as expressed in their resolution of the 8th instant and to the desire of the Board signified in your letter of the 23, I have caused an Agreement to be prepared, which having been first shewn to you and approved, I have executed in two parts and now send them to you to be executed under the seal of the Corporation. One of them you will please to have returned to me.\nWith very respectful consideration \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir Your most Obedient & humble servant\nAlexander HamiltonSecy of the Treasury\nThomas Willing EsquirePresident of the Bank of the UStates.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0349", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edward Carrington, 26 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Carrington, Edward\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 26th, 1792\nBelieving that I possess a share of your personal friendship and confidence and yielding to that which I feel towards you\u2014persuaded also that our political creed is the same on two essential points, 1st the necessity of Union to the respectability and happiness of this Country and 2 the necessity of an efficient general government to maintain that Union\u2014I have concluded to unbosom myself to you on the present state of political parties and views. I ask no reply to what I shall say. I only ask that you will be persuaded, the representations I shall make are agreable to the real and sincere impressions of my mind. You will make the due allowances for the influence of circumstances upon it\u2014you will consult your own observations and you will draw such a conclusion as shall appear to you proper.\nWhen I accepted the Office, I now hold, it was under a full persuasion, that from similarity of thinking, conspiring with personal goodwill, I should have the firm support of Mr. Madison, in the general course of my administration. Aware of the intrinsic difficultties of the situation and of the powers of Mr. Madison, I do not believe I should have accepted under a different supposition.\nI have mentioned the similarity of thinking between that Gentleman and myself. This was relative not merely to the general principles of National Policy and Government but to the leading points which were likely to constitute questions in the administration of the finances. I mean 1 the expediency of funding the debt 2 the inexpediency of discrimination between original and present holders 3 The expediency of assuming the state Debts.\nAs to the first point, the evidence of Mr. Madisons sentiments at one period is to be found in the address of Congress of April 26th 1783, which was planned by him in conformity to his own ideas and without any previous suggestions from the Committee and with his hearty cooperation in every part of the business. His conversations upon various occasions since have been expressive of a continuance in the same sentiment, nor indeed, has he yet contradicted it by any part of his official conduct. How far there is reason to apprehend a change in this particular will be stated hereafter.\nAs to the second part, the same address is an evidence of Mr. Madison\u2019s sentiments at the same period. And I had been informed that at a later period he had been in the Legislature of Virginia a strenuous and successful opponent of the principle of discrimination. Add to this that a variety of conversations had taken place between him and myself respecting the public debt down to the commencement of the New Government in none of which had he glanced at the idea of a change of opinion. I wrote him a letter after my appointment in the recess of Congress to obtain his sentiments on the subject of the Finances. In his answer there is not a lisp of his new system.\nAs to the third point, the question of an assumption of the state Debts by the U States was in discussion when the Convention that framed the present Government was sitting at Philadelphia; and in a long conversation, which I had with Mr. Madison in an afternoon\u2019s walk I well remember that we were perfectly agreed in the expediency and propriety of such a measure, though we were both of opinion that it would be more adviseable to make it a measure of administration than an article of constitution; from the impolicy of multiplying obstacles to its reception on collateral details.\nUnder these circumstances, you will naturally imagine that it must have been matter of surprize to me, when I was apprised, that it was Mr. Madison\u2019s intention to oppose my plan on both the last mentioned points.\nBefore the debate commenced, I had a conversation with him on my report, in the course of which I alluded to the calculation I had made of his sentiments and the grounds of that calculation. He did not deny them, but alledged in his justification that the very considerable alienation of the debt, subsequent to the periods at which he had opposed a discrimination, had essentially changed the state of the question\u2014and that as to the assumption, he had contemplated it to take place as matters stood at the peace.\nWhile the change of opinion avowed on the point of discrimination diminished my respect for the force of Mr. Madison\u2019s mind and the soundness of his judgment\u2014and while the idea of reserving and setting afloat a vast mass of already extinguished debt as the condition of a measure the leading objects of which were an accession of strength to the National Government and an assurance of order and vigour in the national finances by doing away the necessity of thirteen complicated and conflicting systems of finance\u2014appeared to me somewhat extraordinary: Yet my previous impressions of the fairness of Mr. Madison\u2019s character and my reliance on his good will towards me disposed me to believe that his suggestions were sincere; and even, on the point of an assumption of the debts of the States as they stood at the peace, to lean towards a cooperation in his view; \u2019till on feeling the ground I found the thing impracticable, and on further reflection I thought it liable to immense difficulties. It was tried and failed with little countenance.\nAt this time and afterwards repeated intimations were given to me that Mr. Madison, from a spirit of rivalship or some other cause had become personally unfriendly to me; and one Gentleman in particular, whose honor I have no reason to doubt, assured me, that Mr. Madison in a conversation with him had made a pretty direct attempt to insinuate unfavourable impressions of me.\nStill I suspended my opinion on the subject. I knew the malevolent officiousness of mankind too well to yield a very ready acquiescience to the suggestions which were made, and resolved to wait \u2019till time and more experience should afford a solution.\nIt was not \u2019till the last session that I became unequivocally convinced of the following truth\u2014\u201cThat Mr. Madison cooperating with Mr. Jefferson is at the head of a faction decidedly hostile to me and my administration, and actuated by views in my judgment subversive of the principles of good government and dangerous to the union, peace and happiness of the Country.\u201d\nThese are strong expressions; they may pain your friendship for one or both of the Gentlemen whom I have named. I have not lightly resolved to hazard them. They are the result of a Serious alarm in my mind for the public welfare, and of a full conviction that what I have alledged is a truth, and a truth, which ought to be told and well attended to, by all the friends of Union and efficient National Government. The suggestion will, I hope, at least awaken attention, free from the byass of former prepossessions.\nThis conviction in my mind is the result of a long train of circumstances; many of them minute. To attempt to detail them all would fill a volume. I shall therefore confine myself to the mention of a few.\nFirst\u2014As to the point of opposition to me and my administration.\nMr. Jefferson with very little reserve manifests his dislike of the funding system generally; calling in question the expediency of funding a debt at all. Some expressions which he has dropped in my own presence (sometimes without sufficient attention to delicacy) will not permit me to doubt on this point, representations, which I have had from various respectable quarters. I do not mean, that he advocates directly the undoing of what has been done, but he censures the whole on principles, which if they should become general, could not but end in the subversion of the system.\nIn various conversations with foreigners as well as citizens, he has thrown censure on my principles of government and on my measures of administration. He has predicted that the people would not long tolerate my proceedings & that I should not long maintain my ground. Some of those, whom he immediately and notoriously moves, have even whispered suspicions of the rectitude of my motives and conduct. In the question concerning the Bank he not only delivered an opinion in writing against its constitutionality & expediency; but he did it in a stile and manner which I felt as partaking of asperity and ill humour towards me. As one of the trustees of the sinking fund, I have experienced in almost every leading question opposition from him. When any turn of things in the community has threatened either odium or embarrassment to me, he has not been able to suppress the satisfaction which it gave him.\nA part of this is of course information, and might be misrepresentation. But it comes through so many channels and so well accords with what falls under my own observation that I can entertain no doubt.\nI find a strong confirmation in the following circumstances. Freneau the present Printer of the National Gazette, who was a journeyman with Childs & Swain at New York, was a known anti-federalist. It is reduced to a certainty that he was brought to Philadelphia by Mr. Jefferson to be the conductor of a News Paper. It is notorious that cotemporarily with the commencement of his paper he was a Clerk in the department of state for foreign languages. Hence a clear inference that his paper has been set on foot and is conducted under the patronage & not against the views of Mr. Jefferson. What then is the complexion of this paper? Let any impartial man peruse all the numbers down to the present day; and I never was more mistaken, if he does not pronounce that it is a paper devoted to the subversion of me & the measures in which I have had an Agency; and I am little less mistaken if he do not pronounce that it is a paper of a tendency generally unfriendly to the Government of the U States.\nIt may be said, that a News Paper being open to all the publications, which are offered to it, its complexion may be influenced by other views than those of the Editor. But the fact here is that wherever the Editor appears it is in a correspondent dress. The paragraphs which appear as his own, the publications, not original which are selected for his press, are of the same malignant and unfriendly aspect, so as not to leave a doubt of the temper which directs the publication.\nAgain Brown, who publishes an Evening paper called The Federal Gazette was originally a zealous federalist and personally friendly to me. He has been employed by Mr. Jefferson as a Printer to the Government for the publication of the laws; and for some time past \u2019till lately the complexion of his press was equally bitter and unfriendly to me & to the Government.\nLately, Col Pickering in consequence of certain attacks upon him, got hold of some instances of malconduct of his which have served to hold him in Check and seemed to have varied his tone a little. I dont lay so much stress on this last case as on the former. There, I find an internal evidence which is as conclusive as can be expected in any similar case. Thus far, as to Mr. Jefferson.\nWith regard to Mr. Madison\u2014the matter stands thus. I have not heard, but in the one instance to which I have alluded, of his having held language unfriendly to me in private conversation. But in his public conduct there has been a more uniform & persevering opposition than I have been able to resolve into a sincere difference of opinion. I cannot persuade myself that Mr. Madison and I, whose politics had formerly so much the same point of departure, should now diverge so widely in our opinions of the measures which are proper to be pursued. The opinion I once entertained of the candour and simplicity and fairness of Mr. Madisons character has, I acknowledge, given way to a decided opinion that it is one of a peculiarly artificial and complicated kind.\nFor a considerable part of the last session, Mr. Madison lay in a great measure perdu. But it was evident from his votes & a variety of little movements and appearances, that he was the prompter of Mr. Giles & others, who were the open instruments of opposition. Two facts occurred, in the course of the session, which I view as unequivocal demonstrations of his disposition towards me. In one, a direct and decisive blow was aimed. When the department of the Treasury was established Mr. Madison was an unequivocal advocate of the principles which prevailed in it and of the powers and duties which were assigned by it to the head of the department. This appeared both from his private and public discourses; and I will add, that I have personal evidence that Mr. Madison is as well convinced as any man in the U States of the necessity of the arrangement which characterizes that establishment to the orderly conducting of the business of the Finances.\nMr. Madison nevertheless opposed directly a reference to me to report ways & means for the Western expedition, & combatted on principle the propriety of such references.\nHe well knew, that, if he had prevailed, a certain consequence was, my resignation\u2014that I would not be fool enough to make pecuniary sacrifices and endure a life of extreme drudgery without opportunity either to do material good or to acquire reputation; and frequently with a responsibility in reputation for measures in which I had no hand, and in respect to which, the part I had acted, if any, could not be known.\nTo accomplish this point, an effectual train, as was supposed, was laid. Besides those who ordinarily acted under Mr. Madison\u2019s banners, several, who had generally acted with me from various motives, vanity, self importance, &c. &c. were enlisted.\nMy overthrow was anticipated as certain and Mr. Madison, laying aside his wonted caution, boldly led his troops as he imagined to a certain victory. He was disappointed. Though, late I became apprized of the danger. Measures of counteraction were adopted, & when the Question was called, Mr. Madison was confounded to find characters voting against him, whom he had counted upon as certain.\nTowards the close of the Session, another, though a more covert, attack was made. It was in the shape of a proposition to insert in the supplementary Act respecting the public Debt something by way of instruction to the Trustees \u201cto make their purchases of the debt at the lowest market price.\u201d In the course of the discussion of this point, Mr. Madison dealt much in insidious insinuations calculated to give an impression that the public money under my particular direction had been unfaithfully applied to put undue advantages in the pockets of speculators, & to support the debt at an artificial price for their benefit. The whole manner of this transaction left no doubt in any ones mind that Mr. Madison was actuated by personal & political animosity.\nAs to this last instance, it is but candid to acknowledge, that Mr. Madison had a better right to act the enemy than on any former occasion. I had some short time before, subsequent to his conduct respecting the reference, declared openly my opinion of the views, by which he was actuated towards me, & my determination to consider & treat him as a political enemy.\nAn intervening proof of Mr. Madisons unfriendly intrigues to my disadvantage is to be found in the following incident which I relate to you upon my honor but from the nature of it, you will perceive in the strictest confidence. The president having prepared his speech at the commencement of the ensuing session communicated it to Mr. Madison for his remarks. It contained among other things a clause concerning weights & measures, hinting the advantage of an invariable standard, which preceded, in the original state of the speech, a clause concerning the Mint. Mr. Madison suggested a transposition of these clauses & the addition of certain words, which I now forget importing an immediate connection between the two subjects. You may recollect that Mr. Jefferson proposes that the unit of weight & the unit in the coins shall be the same, & that my propositions are to preserve the Dollar as the Unit, adhering to its present quantity of Silver, & establishing the same proportion of alloy in the silver as in the gold Coins. The evident design of this manoeuvre was to connect the Presidents opinion in favour of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s idea, in contradiction to mine, &, the worst of it is, without his being aware of the tendency of the thing. It happened, that the President shewed me the Speech, altered in conformity to Mr. Madisons suggestion, just before it was copied for the purpose of being delivered. I remarked to him the tendency of the alteration. He declared that he had not been aware of it & had no such intention; & without hesitation agreed to expunge the words which were designed to connect the two subjects.\nThis transaction, in my opinion, not only furnishes a proof of Mr. Madisons intrigues, in opposition to my measures, but charges him with an abuse of the Presidents confidence in him, by endeavouring to make him, without his knowledge, take part with one officer against another, in a case in which they had given different opinions to the Legislature of the Country. I forbore to awaken the President\u2019s mind to this last inference; but it is among the circumstances which have convinced me that Mr. Madisons true character is the reverse of that simple, fair, candid one, which he has assumed.\nI have informed you, that Mr. Freneau was brought to Philadelphia, by Mr. Jefferson, to be the Conductor of a News Paper. My information announced Mr. Madison as the mean of negotiation while he was at New York last summer. This and the general coincidence & close intimacy between the two Gentlemen leave no doubt that their views are substantially the same.\nSecondly As to the tendency of the views of the two Gentlemen who have been named.\nMr. Jefferson is an avowed enemy to a funded debt. Mr. Madison disavows in public any intention to undo what has been done; but in a private conversation with Mr. Charles Carroll (Senator), this Gentlemans name I mention confidentially though he mentioned the matter to Mr. King & several other Gentlemen as well as myself; & if any chance should bring you together you would easily bring him to repeat it to you, he favoured the sentiment in Mr. Mercers speech that a Legislature had no right to fund the debt by mortgaging permanently the public revenues because they had no right to bind posterity. The inference is that what has been unlawfully done may be undone.\nThe discourse of partizans in the Legislature & the publications in the party news-papers direct their main battery against the principle of a funded debt, & represent it in the most odious light as a perfect Pandoras box.\nIf Mr. Barnewell of St. Carolina, who appears to be a man of nice honor, may be credited, Mr. Giles declared in a conversation with him that if there was a question for reversing the funding system on the abstract point of the right of pledging & the futility of preserving public faith, he should be for reversal; merely to demonstrate his sense of the defect of right & the inutility of the thing. If positions equally extravagant were not publicly advanced by some of the party & secretly countenanced by the most guarded & discreet of them, one would be led, from the absurdity of the declaration, to suspect misapprehension. But from what is known any thing may be believed.\nWhatever were the original merits of the funding system, after having been so solemly adopted, & after so great a transfer of property under it, what would become of the Government should it be reversed? What of the National Reputation? Upon what system of morality can so atrocious a doctrine be maintained? In me, I confess it excites indignation & horror!\nWhat are we to think of those maxims of Government by which the power of a Legislature is denied to bind the Nation by a Contract in an affair of property for twenty four years? For this is precisely the case of the debt. What are to become of all the legal rights of property, of all charters to corporations, nay, of all grants to a man his heirs & assigns for ever, if this doctrine be true? What is the term for which a government is in capacity to contract? Questions might be multiplied without end to demonstrate the perniciousness & absurdity of such a doctrine.\nIn almost all the questions great & small which have arisen, since the first session of Congress, Mr. Jefferson & Mr. Madison have been found among those who were disposed to narrow the Federal authority. The question of a National Bank is one example. The question of bounties to the Fisheries is another. Mr. Madison resisted it on the ground of constitutionality, \u2019till it was evident, by the intermediate questions taken, that the bill would pass & he then under the wretched subterfuge of a change of a single word \u201cbounty\u201d for \u201callowance\u201d went over to the Majority & voted for the bill. In the Militia bill & in a variety of minor cases he has leaned to abridging the exercise of foederal authority, & leaving as much as possible to the States & he has lost no opportunity of sounding the alarm with great affected solemnity at encroachments meditated on the rights of the States, & of holding up the bugbear of a faction in the Government having designs unfriendly to Liberty.\nThis kind of conduct has appeared to me the more extraordinary on the part of Mr. Madison as I know for a certainty it was a primary article in his Creed that the real danger in our system was the subversion of the National authority by the preponderancy of the State Governments. All his measures have proceeded on an opposite supposition.\nI recur again to the instance of Freneaus paper. In matters of this kind one cannot have direct proof of men\u2019s latent views; they must be inferred from circumstances. As the coadjutor of Mr. Jefferson in the establishment of this paper, I include Mr. Madison in the consequences imputable to it.\nIn respect to our foreign politics the views of these Gentlemen are in my judgment equally unsound & dangerous. They have a womanish attachment to France and a womanish resentment against Great Britain. They would draw us into the closest embrace of the former & involve us in all the consequences of her politics, & they would risk the peace of the country in their endeavours to keep us at the greatest possible distance from the latter. This disposition goes to a length particularly in Mr. Jefferson of which, till lately, I had no adequate Idea. Various circumstances prove to me that if these Gentlemen were left to pursue their own course there would be in less than six months an open War between the U States & Great Britain.\nI trust I have a due sense of the conduct of France towards this Country in the late Revolution, & that I shall always be among the foremost in making her every suitable return; but there is a wide difference between this & implicating ourselves in all her politics; between bearing good will to her, & hating and wranggling with all those whom she hates. The Neutral & the Pacific Policy appear to me to mark the true path to the U States.\nHaving now delineated to you what I conceive to be the true complexion of the politics of these Gentlemen, I will now attempt a solution of these strange appearances.\nMr. Jefferson, it is known, did not in the first instance cordially acquiesce in the new constitution for the U States; he had many doubts & reserves. He left this Country before we had experienced the imbicillities of the former.\nIn France he saw government only on the side of its abuses. He drank deeply of the French Philosophy, in Religion, in Science, in politics. He came from France in the moment of a fermentation which he had had a share in exciting, & in the passions and feelings of which he shared both from temperament and situation.\nHe came here probably with a too partial idea of his own powers, and with the expectation of a greater share in the direction of our councils than he has in reality enjoyed. I am not sure that he had not peculiarly marked out for himself the department of the Finances.\nHe came electrified plus with attachment to France and with the project of knitting together the two Countries in the closest political bands.\nMr. Madison had always entertained an exalted opinion of the talents, knowledge and virtues of Mr. Jefferson. The sentiment was probably reciprocal. A close correspondence subsisted between them during the time of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s absence from this country. A close intimacy arose upon his return.\nWhether any peculiar opinions of Mr. Jefferson concerning the public debt wrought a change in the sentiments of Mr. Madison (for it is certain that the former is more radically wrong than the latter) or whether Mr. Madison seduced by the expectation of popularity and possibly by the calculation of advantage to the state of Virginia was led to change his own opinion\u2014certain it is, that a very material change took place, & that the two Gentlemen were united in the new ideas. Mr. Jefferson was indiscreetly open in his approbation of Mr. Madison\u2019s principles, upon his first coming to the seat of Government. I say indiscreetly, because a Gentleman in the administration in one department ought not to have taken sides against another, in another department.\nThe course of this business & a variety of circumstances which took place left Mr. Madison a very discontented & chagrined man and begot some degree of ill humour in Mr. Jefferson.\nAttempts were made by these Gentlemen in different ways to produce a Commercial Warfare with Great Britain. In this too they were disappointed. And as they had the liveliest wishes on the subject their dissatisfaction has been proportionally great; and as I had not favoured the project, I was comprehended in their displeasure.\nThese causes and perhaps some others created, much sooner than I was aware of it, a systematic opposition to me on the part of those Gentlemen. My subversion, I am now satisfied, has been long an object with them.\nSubsequent events have encreased the Spirit of opposition and the feelings of personal mortification on the part of these Gentlemen.\nA mighty stand was made on the affair of the Bank. There was much commitment in that case. I prevailed.\nOn the Mint business I was opposed from the same Quarter, & with still less success. In the affair of ways & means for the Western expedition\u2014on the supplementary arrangements concerning the debt except as to the additional assumption, my views have been equally prevalent in opposition to theirs. This current of success on one side & defeat on the other have rendered the Opposition furious, & have produced a disposition to subvert their Competitors even at the expence of the Government.\nAnother circumstance has contributed to widening the breach. \u2019Tis evident beyond a question, from every movement, that Mr Jefferson aims with ardent desire at the Presidential Chair. This too is an important object of the party-politics. It is supposed, from the nature of my former personal & political connexions, that I may favour some other candidate more than Mr. Jefferson when the Question shall occur by the retreat of the present Gentleman. My influence therefore with the Community becomes a thing, on ambitious & personal grounds, to be resisted & destroyed.\nYou know how much it was a point to establish the Secretary of State as the Officer who was to administer the Government in defect of the President & Vice President. Here I acknowledge, though I took far less part than was supposed, I run counter to Mr. Jefferson\u2019s wishes; but if I had had no other reason for it, I had already experienced opposition from him which rendered it a measure of self defence.\nIt is possible too (for men easily heat their imaginations when their passions are heated) that they have by degrees persuaded themselves of what they may have at first only sported to influence others\u2014namely that there is some dreadful combination against State Government & republicanism; which according to them, are convertible terms. But there is so much absurdity in this supposition, that the admission of it tends to apologize for their hearts, at the expence of their heads.\nUnder the influence of all these circumstances, the attachment to the Government of the U States originally weak in Mr Jeffersons mind has given way to something very like dislike; in Mr. Madisons, it is so counteracted by personal feelings, as to be more an affair of the head than of the heart\u2014more the result of a conviction of the necessity of Union than of cordiality to the thing itself. I hope it does not stand worse than this with him.\nIn such a state of mind, both these Gentlemen are prepared to hazard a great deal to effect a change. Most of the important measures of every Government are connected with the Treasury. To subvert the present head of it they deem it expedient to risk rendering the Government itself odious; perhaps foolishly thinking that they can easily recover the lost affections & confidence of the people, and not appreciating as they ought to do the natural resistance to Government which in every community results from the human passions, the degree to which this is strengthened by the organised rivality of State Governments, & the infinite danger that the National Government once rendered odious will be kept so by these powerful & indefatigable enemies.\nThey forget an old but a very just, though a coarse saying\u2014That it is much easier to raise the Devil than to lay him.\nPoor Knox has come in for a share of their persecution as a man who generally thinks with me & who has a portion of the Presidents good Will & confidence.\nIn giving you this picture of political parties, my design is I confess, to awaken your attention, if it has not yet been awakened to the conduct of the Gentlemen in question. If my opinion of them is founded, it is certainly of great moment to the public weal that they should be understood. I rely on the strength of your mind to appreciate men as they merit\u2014when you have a clue to their real views.\nA word on another point. I am told that serious apprehensions are disseminated in your state as to the existence of a Monarchical party meditating the destruction of State & Republican Government. If it is possible that so absurd an idea can gain ground it is necessary that it should be combatted. I assure you on my private faith and honor as a Man that there is not in my judgment a shadow of foundation of it. A very small number of men indeed may entertain theories less republican than Mr Jefferson & Mr. Madison; but I am persuaded there is not a Man among them who would not regard as both criminal & visionary any attempt to subvert the republican system of the Country. Most of these men rather fear that it may not justify itself by its fruits, than feel a predilection for a different form; and their fears are not diminished by the factions & fanatical politics which they find prevailing among a certain set of Gentlemen and threatening to disturb the tranquillity and order of the Government.\nAs to the destruction of State Governments, the great and real anxiety is to be able to preserve the National from the too potent and counteracting influence of those Governments. As to my own political Creed, I give it to you with the utmost sincerity. I am affectionately attached to the Republican theory. I desire above all things to see the equality of political rights exclusive of all hereditary distinction firmly established by a practical demonstration of its being consistent with the order and happiness of society.\nAs to State Governments, the prevailing byass of my judgment is that if they can be circumscribed within bounds consistent with the preservation of the National Government they will prove useful and salutary. If the States were all of the size of Connecticut, Maryland or New Jersey, I should decidedly regard the local Governments as both safe & useful. As the thing now is, however, I acknowledge the most serious apprehensions that the Government of the U States will not be able to maintain itself against their influence. I see that influence already penetrating into the National Councils & preverting their direction.\nHence a disposition on my part towards a liberal construction of the powers of the National Government and to erect every fence to guard it from depredations, which is, in my opinion, consistent with constitutional propriety.\nAs to any combination to prostrate the State Governments I disavow and deny it. From an apprehension lest the Judiciary should not work efficiently or harmoniously I have been desirous of seeing some rational scheme of connection adopted as an amendment to the constitution, otherwise I am for maintaining things as they are, though I doubt much the possibility of it, from a tendency in the nature of things towards the preponderancy of the State Governments.\nI said, that I was affectionately attached to the Republican theory. This is the real language of my heart which I open to you in the sincerity of friendship; & I add that I have strong hopes of the success of that theory; but in candor I ought also to add that I am far from being without doubts. I consider its success as yet a problem.\nIt is yet to be determined by experience whether it be consistent with that stability and order in Government which are essential to public strength & private security and happiness. On the whole, the only enemy which Republicanism has to fear in this Country is in the Spirit of faction and anarchy. If this will not permit the ends of Government to be attained under it\u2014if it engenders disorders in the community, all regular & orderly minds will wish for a change\u2014and the demagogues who have produced the disorder will make it for their own aggrandizement. This is the old Story.\nIf I were disposed to promote Monarchy & overthrow State Governments, I would mount the hobby horse of popularity\u2014I would cry out usurpation\u2014danger to liberty &c. &c\u2014I would endeavour to prostrate the National Government\u2014raise a ferment\u2014and then \u201cride in the Whirlwind and direct the Storm.\u201d That there are men acting with Jefferson & Madison who have this in view I verily believe. I could lay my finger on some of them. That Madison does not mean it I also verily believe, and I rather believe the same of Jefferson; but I read him upon the whole thus\u2014\u201cA man of profound ambition & violent passions.\u201d\nYou must be by this time tired of my epistle. Perhaps I have treated certain characters with too much severity. I have however not meant to do them injustice\u2014and from the bottom of my soul believe I have drawn them truly and that it is of the utmost consequence to the public weal they should be viewed in their true colors. I yield to this impression. I will only add that I make no clandestine attacks on the gentlemen concerned. They are both apprized indirectly from myself of the opinion I entertain of their views. With the truest regard and esteem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0350", "content": "Title: Receipt from William Pearce, [26 May 1792]\nFrom: Pearce, William,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May 26, 1792]\nReceived Philadelphia May 26. 1792 of Alexander Hamilton forty Dollars on account of the Society for establishing useful Manufactures.\nWm. Pearce", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0351", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 26 May 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Paris, May 26, 1792. On June 28, 1792, Short wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI had the satisfaction of announcing to you by a few lines written for that purpose only from Paris on the 26th of May, that a second loan at 4 p. cent had been contracted for.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0352", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Daniel Stevens, 26 May 1792\nFrom: Stevens, Daniel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Charleston, South Carolina, May 26, 1792. On June 16, 1792, Tench Coxe wrote to Stevens: \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury has delivered to me your letters to him of the 22nd. and 26th of May.\u201d Letter of May 26 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0353", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 27 May 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Baltimore, May 27, 1792. On June 5, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Williams: \u201cI have before me your letters of the 18th of March, 18th of April, 8th & 27th of May.\u201d Letter of May 27 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0355", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [28\u201329 May 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May 28\u201329, 1792]\nAccordingly within two or three days after the receipt of your Lordship\u2019s dispatch, I waited upon Mr Hamilton. After some conversation upon other topics, I adverted to the sentiments expressed by the deputies of the six nations in their conferences with the President (as mentioned in my dispatch No 21) relative to the neglect of them at the conclusion of the peace between Great Britain and the United States. Mr Hamilton replied that he had not seen all the communications which had passed between the President and the Indians, but it was possible that the latter might have employed the kind of arguments to which I alluded. Upon this I said that this language and complaint of the Indian deputies had impressed me with an opinion that the present was a moment peculiarly favorable not only to the immediate restoration of peace, but to the future establishment of tranquillity in the northern part of this continent on a permanent basis. I added (as a sentiment of my own) that I thought a project might be devised which would conciliate all the clashing interests of the Indians, the United States, and the King\u2019s government of Canada, and bind them in one common system of harmony and reciprocal benefit. I then stretched out loosely the general outline of the proposition contained in your Lordship\u2019s dispatch, and enforced the numerous advantages that would arise from the adoption of it\u2014the security that it would afford to the Indians by the removal of future grounds of complaint\u2014the final arrangement of the subjects at present in discussion between our two countries\u2014and the future prevention of any collision of interest between the subjects of the crown and the citizens of the United States, who would be thus separated from each other by the interposition of an intermediate territory, on which neither party would be allowed to form settlements.\nMr. Hamilton having heard me with great attention, did not attempt to enter into any discussion of the arguments I had alledged, but replied briefly and coldly, that he wished me to understand that any plan, which comprehended any thing like a cession of territory or right or the allowance of any other power to interfere in the disputes with the Indians, would be considered by this government as absolutely impracticable and inadmissible.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0357", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nathan Keais, 28 May 1792\nFrom: Keais, Nathan\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPort Washingon [North Carolina] May 28, 1792. \u201cI here inclose \u2026 Copys of Several bonds taken in consequence of the Contract \u2026 for staking the shoals and Channels within Ocracock Barr and Old topsail inlet. This I have done with all possible dispatch as the Stakes in and about Ocracock are principally down.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0358", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 28 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir\nTreasury department28 May 1792\nThe Accountant for the departt. of War having mentioned to me as on your part that it was requisite immediately to furnish to the officers on the recruiting service, a further sum of money for that service and having suggested that some arrangement was necessary in relation to the transmitting of it to them\u2014I have the honor to propose the following.\nLet warrants issue by the Secy of war Countersign\u2019d as the law requires upon the Treasurer in favor of the supervisor of the revenue within the State in which the recruiting officers are, specifying in it the names of the officers for whom the money is intended, and the Sum for each. Let these warrants be deposited wh. the Treasurer and let the Treasurer out of the monies which shall have been deposited in his hands for the Use of the war department remit in Bank post notes filled up in the name of the Supervisor the Amot of the warrant.\nLet the accountant be Charged to inform the Supervisor of the officers to whom the money is to be paid the places where they are understood to be and the Sum to be paid to each, and let him also advise each officer of the amot which has been remitted for him and to whom. The requisite instructions from the Treasury to Secure the Cooperation of the Supervisors will be furnished. They will be directed 1st. on receipt of the money to send receipts for it by duplicates to the Treasurer 2d to advise the recruiting officers of its having come to hand & 3d to pay it to them, taking on themselves to forward it whenever it can be done with Safety.\nThe receipt of the Supervisor annexed to the Warrt. will be a Voucher to the Treasurer for the paymt, a Charge will be made in the Books of the Accountant to each Supervisor for the Sum remitted to him, from which he will exonerate himself by transmitting the receipts of the officers to whom he shall have paid the money who will then be Charged in the same Books wh. the amot paid to him respectively to be afterwards Accounted for.\nAt the foot you will find the names & places of abode of the Supervisors from Virginia to massachusetts inclusively. I understand [from] Mr Howell that the arrangement need not extend farther.\nP.S. \u2003 In any Case in which you may deem it adviseable to send the money by a Special messenger a warrt. Can issue in favour of such messenger and a Charge in the Books of the Accountant raised against him to be discharged by the production of the officers receipts.\nnath Gorham Esqe. Supervisor of the Revenue Boston. Massatts.\nJohn S Dexter\ndo\nProvidence R Island\nJohn Chester\ndo\nweathersfield Connecticut\nnoah Smith\ndo\nBennington Vermont\nRichd. Morris\ndo\nNew York New York\nAron Dunham\ndo\nTrenton New Jersey\nandrew Barrett\ndo\nnear Dover Delaware\nGeo. Gale\ndo\nBaltimore Maryland\n   Joshua Wentworth \u2002 Supervisor \u2002 Portsmouth \u2002 New Hampshire\nEdward Carrington\ndo\nRichmond Virginia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0359", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 28 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nSir;\nTreasury Department May 28th 1792\nI am to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 10th Instant.\nWhatever constructions may have been put upon the Act for regulating the coasting trade, it is very certain that the law makes no provision for a second registry in the case as stated by you. It will be a natural conclusion therefore to suppose, that if any Ship or Vessel has been once registered agreeably to the forms prescribed by the Act, it supersedes the necessity of a second register unless some of the Casualties mentioned in the law have taken place.\nI am with consideration \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most humble Servt.\nA Hamilton\nJeremiah Olney Esqr.Collector Providence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0361", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 28 May 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy Dear sir\nNew York 28th May 1792\nYour kind letter of the 23d, I did not receive till after the last post for the week was gone out; I have seen Mr. Cutting and informed him I was ready to pay the judgement against the Baron. He said he would make out the Account & call upon me. The amount will be upwards of \u00a3500. As our Bank Stock is now only at 28 \u214c Cent premium I think it will be better to have the Note of 1200 Dollars you enclosed to me, discounted, as before its period of payment I think the Stock will be higher. Mr. Troup has endorsed it. I cannot however help expressing a regret, that the extreme delicacy of your feelings should induce you to part with a Stock so extremely more valuable than its present price in the Market. In virtue of your Power of Attorney, I have signed the Books for all your Dividends\u2014Vizt\nDividend on 1 Novr. 1790\nDolls\nSurplus Dividend 30 April 1791\nDividend on 1 May 1791\nDividend on 1 Novr. 1791\nDividend on 1 May 1792\nDoll.\nwhich Sum is carried to the credit of your Account, which was overdrawn before Dolls. 245\u2077\u00b2\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080\u2014so that the ballance now due to you in Bank is Dolls. 75.\u00b2\u2078\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080.\nI trust you cannot doubt of the pleasure it will ever give me to obey your Commands\u2014& how much you gratify my feelings by employing me in any way that I can testify the sincere respect & esteem with which I am Dear sir\nYour Obliged Obed Hble Ser\nWm Seton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0363", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Willing, 29 May 1792\nFrom: Willing, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, May 29, 1792. On June 11, 1792, Hamilton acknowledged the receipt of Willing\u2019s \u201cletter of the 29th of last month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0365", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Duer, 30 May 1792\nFrom: Duer, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, May 30, 1792. The calendar summary of this letter reads as follows: \u201cMuch embarrassed by his engagement with Ohio Company.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0366", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, 30 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, May 30, 1792. On June 11, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have recd.\u2026 your Letter of the 30th of the last month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0367", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 30 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] May 30, 1792. \u201cTh: Jefferson presents his respectful compliments to the Secretary of the Treasury, and sends him the above extract at the request of mr Short who, being unwell, wrote only a few lines to Th: J.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0368", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Marshall, 30 May 1792\nFrom: Marshall, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nN York May 30th. 1792\n\u2019Tis with extreem regret I intrude upon your time, but will be as concise as possible, in short Sir, I respectfully solicit your Countenance to Benjm. Walker Esqr. for the Loan, (upon my Bond) for 300 Dollars, for which I am perfectly willing to give legal Interest. The following are my reasons for this Solicitation\u2014to keep my accounts even for at present I am 12 \u00a3 Dr. on my Books, and positively arising from no Extravagence, but from the Inadequacy of my Income to the expences attached to my Situation. My \u27e8\u2013\u27e9 and Turners will have within two Dollars a week as much as myself, which, all things Considered will render their places more beneficial than mine. For instance, a Turner of tolerable Capacity was engaged by me about two months back, being (from Sickness) much reduced, he solicited me to lend him 12 Dollars, and being afterwards unwel, the Debt amounted to 18. Dol. 7 Shillings, and on Monday Morning last the Man (at the suit of a Landlord at whose House he had boarded & Lodged) was sent to Jail. I shall in all probability loose the money for of Course the Society cannot notice it, but yet Sir, without doing what I never knew a Manufactoror do, I Cannot avoid the Danger to my other people. I have at least 20 Dollars advanced to them for the purpose of purchasing Tools, (for I agree with them to find their \u27e8\u2013\u27e9) and this I stop at so much per Week. I mean to remove into the Country next week, if possible previous to which I must supply myself several Necessaries my present Circumstance will not permit of. I will not longer intrude but hope that the above cited reasons will be sufficient to induce you to Comply from a Conviction of the propriety of the measure. I board at Mr. Robinson, Builder, Verletenburgh Hill, and in Expectation of the favour of your Answer I remain respectfully Sir \u2003 Your Most Obedient \u2003 Humble Servent\nThomas Marshall\nThe Honble.Alexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0369", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 30 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\n[Philadelphia, May 30, 1792. On June 3, 1792, Seton wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letters of the 24th & 30th. May.\u201d Letter of May 30 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0371", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 31 May 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, May 31, 1792. \u201cPrior to the recommencement of the building of the Light House on Bald Head, I found it necessary to make an examination of that part of the work which has been executed under the direction of the Commissioners appointed by the Legislature of North Carolina: and I do myself the Honor to state to you some ideas that have occured, together with the plan of proceeding, which appears most eligible in order, that you may be enabled to know the pleasure of the President thereon. First. The firmness of the ground on which the building stands, does not appear to be sufficiently ascertained.\u2026 Secondly. The foundation not being in any part of Stone, but entirely of brick and from its situation liable to be affected by salt moisture, there is some hazard of its being rendered too infirm in time by the crumbling of the Bricks to endure so great a Weight as the building above.\u2026 Third. By comparison with the light houses of Chessapeak, Delaware and New York the Walls of that at Bald head appear to be weak.\u2026 Fourth. The lanthorn is proposed to be Wood and without sufficient linings of Sheet Metal to guard against fire. On Account of these four objections I beg leave to suggest the following precautions additions to and variations from the original plan.\u2026 First. That an examination of the ground on which the building has been Commenced should be made by digging as near as will be safe a pit or hole down to the level of the foundation and below that level on one side, and another on the opposite side that if there be any want of firmness in the ground it may be discovered.\u2026 Second. It may be useful to erect some broad and firm butments of stone (if attainable) or of Brick to be laid with Stone lime within and without the building of the depth of the foundation and laid to the height of the level of the Earth.\u2026 Third. It will diminish the Comparative weakness of the Walls, if the masonry should be carried up to the height of Ninety feet instead of one hundred.\u2026 Fourth. The lanthorn should be secured from fire by a bed of mortar under the floor and by sheet copper, as the expence of an iron frame will not be within the Compass of the grant.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0372", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 31 May 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States May 31st 1792.\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of the Treasury the enclosed copy of a Letter from the Secretary of State to the President; and to request that the Secretary of the Treasury will let the President know when the sum mention\u2019d in the enclosed Letter will be conveniently ready for his order.\nTobias LearS.P.U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0374", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 31 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, May 31, 1792.] \u201c\u2026 the place of Keeper of the Light house on Thatcher\u2019s Island in the State of Massachusetts has become vacant by the death of Mr. Hustin. The following persons are respectably recommended\u2014Joseph Sayword\u2014Henry White\u2014Samuel Hustin, son of the deceas\u2019d Keeper, and Rowe.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0376", "content": "Title: The Vindication No. I, [May\u2013August 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May\u2013August, 1792]\nIt was to have been foreseen, that though the virtuous part of those who were opposed to the present Constitution of the UStates while in deliberation before the People would yield to the evidence which experience should afford of its usefulness and safety, there were of a certain character opponents, who as happens in all great political questions would always remain incurably hostile to it. That in the course of its administration, its greatest merits would be in the eyes of such men its greatest blemishes, its most brilliant successes to them occasions of bitter chagrin and envious detraction, its slightest mismanagements subjects of malignant exaggeration, its most trivial misfortunes the welcome topics of virulent accusation and insidious misrepresentation. With some men, the hardest thing to forgive is the demonstration of their errors\u2014the manifestation that they are not infallible. Mortified vanity is one of the most corroding emotions of the human mind; one of the most inextinguishable sources of animosity and hatred.\nIt was equally to have been foreseen that personal disappointments, would be likely to alienate from the Govt some individuals who had at first advocated its adoption, perhaps from motives not the most patriotic or commendable; that personal rivalships and competitions would throw others into an opposition to its measures without much regard to their intrinsic merits or demerits, and that a third class would embrace the path of opposition as the supposed road to popularity & preferment, raising upon every colorable pretext the cry of \u201cDanger to Liberty\u201d and endeavouring to disseminate among the people false terrors & ill grounded alarms. Ph\u0153nomena like these have deformed the political horison and testified the depravity of mankind in all countries and at all times.\nIt was likewise to have been expected that among the well meaning friends of the Government, there would be a part competent to the proper management of the affairs of the Union, who sensible from experience of the insufficiency of the former system gave their assent to the substitute offered to their choice rather from general impressions of the necessity of a change than from an accurate view of the necessary compass of the authorities which ought to constitute it. When they came to witness the exercise of those authorities upon a scale more comprehensive than they had contemplated and to hear the incendiary comments of those who will ever be on the watch for pretexts to brand the proceedings of the government with imputations of usurpation and tyranny and the factious or indiscreet clamours of those who in and out of the legislature with too much levity torture the Constitution into objections to measures which they deem inexpedient, it was to have been expected, I say, that some such men might be carried away by transient anxieties and apprehensions and might for a moment add weight to an opposition which could not fail to grow out of other causes and the real objects of which they would abhor.\nThere is a yet another class of men, who in all the stages of our republican system, either from desperate circumstances, or irregular ambition, or a mixture of both, will labour incessantly to keep the government in a troubled and unsettled state, to sow disquietudes in the minds of the people and to promote confusion and change. Every republic at all times has it Catalines and its C\u00e6sars.\nMen of this stamp, while in their hearts they scoff at the principles of Liberty, while in their real characters they are arbitrary persecuting intolerant and despotic, are in all their harangues and professions the most zealous, nay if they are to be believed, the only friends to Liberty. Mercenary and corrupt themselves, they are continually making a parade of their purity and disinterestedness and heaping upon others charges of peculation and corruption. Extravagant and dissipated in their own affairs, they are always prating about public \u0153conomy and railing at the Government, for its pretended profusion. Conscious that as long as the confidence of the people shall be maintained in their tried and faithful servants, in men of real integrity and patriotism, their ambitious projects can never succeed, they leave no artifice unessayed, they spare no pains to destroy that confidence and blacken the characters that stand in their way. Convinced that as long as order and system in the public affairs can be maintained their schemes can never be realised, they are constantly representing the means of that order and system as chains forged for the people. Themselves the only plotters and conspirators they are forever spreading tales of plots and conspiracies\u2014Always talking of the republican cause, and meaning nothing but the cause of themselves and their party, virtue & Liberty constantly on their lips, framed usurpation and tyranny in their hearts.\nThere is yet another class of opponents to the Government & its administration, who are of too much consequence not to be mentioned, a sect of political Doctors\u2014a kind of Popes in Government\u2014standards of political orthodoxy who brand with heresy all opinions but their own\u2014men of sublimated imaginations and weak judgments pretenders to profound knowlege, yet ignorant of the most useful of all sciences, the science of human nature\u2014men who dignify themselves with the appellation of Philosophers, yet are destitute of the first elements of true philosophy\u2014Lovers of paradoxes, men who maintain expressly that Religion is not necessary to Society, and very nearly that Government itself is a nuisance, that Priests and Clergymen of all descriptions are worse than useless.\nSuch men the ridicule of any cause which they espouse and the best Witnesses to the goodness of that which they oppose have no small share in the clamours which are raised and in the dissatisfactions which are excited.\nWhile the real object of those clamours, with the persons most active in propaging them, is opposition to the Government, the pretence is opposition to the administration of it. While they are straining every nerve to render it odious, they are profuse in their professions of attachment of it. To oppose avowedly the work of the people would be too barefaced. It would not accord with that system of treacherous flattery which is the usual engine of these pretended \u201cFriends\u201d but real \u201cBetrayers\u201d of the People. Circumstances require that the mode of attack should be changed. The Government is to be good if not excellent but its administration is to be execrable, detestable, a mere sink of corruption, a deep laid plan to overturn the republican system of the Country.\nSuspicious of the most flagitious prostitution and corruption in office, of improper connections with brokers and speculations to fleece the community, of the horrid depravity of promoting wars and the shedding of human blood for the sake of sharing collusively in the emoluments of lucrative contracts, suspicions like these are if possible to be thrown upon men, the whole tenor of whose lives gives the lie to them, who before they came into office were never either land-jobbers or stoc[k] jobbers or jobbers of any other kind, who can appeal to their fellow citizens of every party and description to attest that their reputations for probity are unsullied; that their conduct, in all pecuniary concerns, has been nicely correct and even exemplarily disininterested, who it is notorious have sacrificed and are sacrificing the interests of their families to their public zeal, who whenever the necessity of resisting the machinations of the enemies of the public quiet will permit them to retire, will return poorer than they came into office, and will have to resume under numerous disadvantages, the pursuits which they before followed under every advantage. Shame where is thy blush, if detraction so malignant as this can affront the public ear. Integrity where is thy shield, where thy reward, if the poisonous breath of an unprincipled cabal can pollute that good name, which thou incessantly toiled to deserve!\nPeople of America can ye be deceived by Arts like these? Will ye suffer yourselves to be cheated out of your confidence in men who deserve it most? Will ye be the dupes of hypocritical pretenders?\nThink for yourselves. Look around you, consult your own experience. If any of you have doubts, listen calmly and dispassionately to the arguments and facts which in the course of the following numbers shall be opposed to the suggestions which would persuade you that the administration of your government has been in the aggregate weak or wicked or both!", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0377-0002", "content": "Title: The Vindication No. II: Second Version, [May\u2013August 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May\u2013August, 1792]\nOf all the measures of the Government, that which has been most bitterly inveighed against is the Funding System contained in the Act making provision for the Debt of the United States. As well for this reason, as on account of its superior importance, the objections which have been made to it are intitled to an examination in the first place.\nIt is a curious ph\u0153nomenon in political history (not easy to be parallelled) that a measure which has elevated the credit of the country from a state of absolute prostration to a state of exalted preeminence should bring upon the authors of it reprobation and censure. It is certainly what in the ordinary course of human affairs they could not have anticipated\u2014they are even not chargeable with arrogance if they indulged from it the hope of credit & applause\u2014and if the clamours which have been raised have truly proceeded as the clamourers assure us from patriotic motives, it must be confessed that they have the additional merit of Novelty and singularity. There must be something original in the passions as well as in the ideas of the sect to which they are attributable. It will be hardly possible not to believe that some mysterious work of political regeneration has begun to make its way in the world and that all those who have not been the subjects of it are in a state of pitiable darkness and error.\nThe two first points which in considering the funding system present themselves to attention are the existence and the composition of the Debt funded.\nA person, who unacquainted with the fact should learn the history of our debt from the declamations with which certain news papers are perpetually charged would be led to suppose that it is the mere creature of the present government, for the purpose of burthening the people with taxes and producing an artificial and corrupt influence over them. He would at least take it for granted that it had been contracted in the pursuit of some wanton or vain project of ambition or glory. He would scarcely be able to conceive that every part of it was the relict of a War which had given independence and preserved liberty to the Country; that the present Government found it as it is in point of magnitude (except as to the diminutions made by itself) and has done nothing more than to bring under a regular regimen and provision what was before a scattered and heterogeneous mass.\nAnd yet this is the simple and exact state of the business. The whole of the Debt embraced by the provisions of the funding system consisted of the unextinguished principal and arrears of interest of the debt which had been contracted by the UStates in the course of the late War with Great Britain and which remains uncancelled and the principal and arrears of interest of the separate debts of the respective States contracted during the same period; which remained outstanding and unsatisfied; relating to sources and supplies for carrying on the War. Nothing more was done by that system, than to incorporate these two species of debt into one mass, and to make for the whole one general comprehensive provision.\nThere is therefore no Arithmetic no logic by which it can be shewn that the Funding system has augmented the aggregate of the debt of the Country. The sum total is manifestly the same; though the parts which were before divided are not united.\nThere is consequently no color for an assertion, that the System in question either created any new debt or made any addition to the old. And it follows that the collective burthen upon the people of the UStates must have been as great without as with the union of the different portions and descriptions of the Debt. The only difference can be that without it that burthen would have been otherwise distributed and would have fallen with unequal weight instead of being equally borne as it now is.\nThese conclusions which have been drawn respecting the new increase of the Debt proceed upon the presumption that every part of the public debt as well that of the States individually as that of the UStates was to have been honestly paid. If there is any fallacy in this supposition the inferences may be erroneous; but the error would imply the disgrace of the United States or of parts of them; a disgrace from which every man of true honor and genuine patriotism will be happy to see them rescued.\nWhen we hear the epithets \u201cvile matter\u201d \u201ccorrupt mass\u201d bestowed upon the public Debt and the owners of it indiscriminately maligned as the harpies and vultures of the community, there is ground to suspect that those who hold the language though they may not dare to avow it contemplate a more summary process for getting rid of debts than that of paying them. Indeed Charity itself cannot avoid concluding from the language and conduct of some men (and some of them of no inconsiderable importance) that in their vocabularies creditor and enemy are synonimous terms and that they have a laudable antipathy against every man to whom they owe money either as individuals or as members of the Society.\nIt has been said, that the sum of the Debt, to be ultimately provided for, has been artificially increased by the plan for the settlement of Accounts between the United & Individual States. This point will be most properly the subject of a distinct examination; as the Act for the settlement of accounts is a distinct one from that which establishes the funding system. It will appear upon examination that there is no foundation for the assertion and moreover that the plan which has been adopted by the present Government for the settlement of Accounts is essentially a recapitulation of that which was adopted under the Confederation; and which established principles which were not only equitable in themselves but could not have been reversed without an infraction of the public faith.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0378", "content": "Title: The Vindication No. III, [May\u2013August 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May\u2013August, 1792]\nMy last number contained a concise and simple statement of facts tending to shew that the public Debt was neither created nor increased by the Funding system, and consequently that it is not responsible either for the existence or the magnitude of the Debt.\nIt will be proper next to examine the allegations which have been made of a contrary tendency.\nIn the first place it is asserted that the debt is greater than it ought to be, because from the state of depreciation in which the government found it a much less provision for it than that which was made might have sufficed. A saving of nearly one half it is said might have been made by providing for it in the hands of Alienees at least, at 8 or 10/ in the pound; who having come by it at a much less rate would have been well compensated by such a provision.\nTo a man who entertains correct notions of public faith, and who feels as he ought to feel for the reputation & dignity of the country, it is mortifying to reflect that there are partisans enough of such a doctrine to render it worth the while to combat it. It is still more mortifying to know that in that class are comprehended some men who are in other respects soberminded and upright, friends to order, and strenuous advocates for the rights of property.\nIn reasoning upon all subjects it is necessary to take as a point of departure some principle in which reasonable and sound minds will agree. Without this, there can be no argument, no conclusion, in moral or political any more than in physical or mathematical disquisitions.\nThe principle which shall be assumed here is this\u2014that the established rules of morality and justice are applicable to nations as well as to Individuals; that the former as well as the latter are bound to keep their promises, to fulfil their engagements, to respect the rights of property which others have acquired under contracts with them.\nWithout this, there is an end of all distinct ideas of right or wrong justice or injustice in relation to Society or Government. There can be no such thing as rights\u2014no such thing as property or liberty. All the boasted advantages of a constitution of Government vanish in air. Every thing must float on the variable and vague opinions of the Governing party of whomsoever composed.\nTo this it may be answered, that the doctrine as a general one is true; but that there are certain great cases which operate as exceptions to the rule and in which the public good may demand and justify a departure from it.\nIt shall not be denied that there are such cases; but as the admission of them is one of the most common as well as the most fruitful sources of error and abuse it is of the greatest importance that just ideas should be formed of their true nature foundation and extent. To Minds which are either depraved or feeble, or under the influence of any particular passion or prejudice it is enough that cases are only attended with some extraordinary circumstances to induce their being considered as among the exceptions. Convenience is with them a substitute for necessity, and some temporary partial advantage is an equivalent for a fundamental and permanent interest of Society. We have too often seen in the United States examples of this species of levity. The treaties of the UStates the sacred rights of private property have been too frequently sported with from a too great facility in admitting exceptions to the maxims of public faith, and the general rules of property. A desire to escape from this evil was a principal cause of the Union which took place among good men to establish the National Government, and it behoved to friends to have been particularly cautious how they set an example of equal relaxation in the practice of that very Government.\nThe characteristics of the only admissible exception to the principle that has been assumed are 1\u2014Necessity. IId there being some intrinsic and inherent quality in the thing which is to constitute the exception, contrary to the Social Order and to the permanent good of society.\nNecessity is admitted in all moral reasonings as an exception to general rules. It is of two kinds, as applied to Nations\u2014where there is want of ability to perform a duty and then it is involuntary, and where the general rule cannot be observed without some manifest and great national calamity.\nIf from extraordinary circumstances a nation is disabled from performing its stipulations, or its duty in any other respect, it is then excuseable on the score of inability. But the inability must be a real not a pretended one\u2014one that has been experimentally ascertained, or that can [be] demonstrated to the satisfaction of all honest and discerning men. And the deviation ought to be as small as possible. All that is practicable ought to be done.\nA nation is alike excuseable in certain extraordinary cases for not observing a right or performing a duty if the one or the other would involve a manifest and great national calamity. But here also an extreme case is intended; the calamity to be avoided must not only be evident and considerable, it must be such an one as is like to prove fatal to the nation, as threatens its existence or at least its permanent welfare.\nWar for instance is almost always a national calamity of a serious kind; but it ought often to be encountered in protection even of a part of the community injured or annoyed; or in performance of the condition of a defensive alliance with some other nation. But if such special circumstances exist in either case that the going to war would eminently endanger the existence or permenent welfare of the Nation, it may excuseably be foreborne.\nOf the second class of exceptions the case of certain f\u0153dal rights which once oppressed all Europe and still oppresses too great a part of it may serve as an example; rights which made absolute slaves of a part of the community and rendered the condition of the greatest proportion of the remainder not much more eligible.\nThese rights, though involving that of property, being contrary to the Social order and to the permanent welfare of Society were justifiably abolished, in the instances, in which abolitions have taken place, and may be abolished in all the remaining vestiges.\nWherever indeed a right of property is infringed for the general good, if the nature of the case admits of compensation, it ought to be made; but if compensation be impracticable, that impracticability ought to be an obstacle to a clearly essential reform.\nIn what has been said the cases of exception have been laid down as broad as they ought to be. They are cases of extremity\u2014where these is a palpable necessity where some great and permanent national evil is to be avoided\u2014where some great & permanent national good is to be obtained.\nIt must not be to avoid a temporary burthen or inconvenience, to get rid of a particular though a considerable one or to secure a partial advantage. A relaxation of this kind would tend to dissolve all social obligations, to render all rights precarious and to introduce a general dissoluteness and corruption of morals.\nA single glance will suffice to convince that the case of the Debt of the UStates was not one of those cases which could justify a clear infraction of the fundamental rules of good faith and a clear invasion of rights of property acquired under the most unequivocal national stipulation. If there was any doubt before the real facility with which a provision for the debt has been made removes it; a provision which touches no internal source of revenue but the single article of distilled spirits, and lays upon that a very moderate duty.\nBut a history of the real state of the Debt when it was taken up by the Government will put the matter out of all doubt. This shall constitute the subject of my next number.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0379", "content": "Title: The Vindication No. IV, [May\u2013August 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May\u2013August, 1792]\nThe Debt proper or the original Debt of the UStates in its primary form may be classed under four general heads I the Old emissions of Continental money II The Loan office Debt contracted for monies lent to the Government III the army debt contracted for the pay and commutation of the army IV the debt of the five Great Departments as they are called in the resolution of Congress being for services and supplies in the Marine Department, The Quarter Master\u2019s Commissary\u2019s cloathing and Hospital Departments. Emanations from these were the Registered Debt so denominated from new kinds of Certificates issued by the Register of the Treasury in lieu of the former evidences\u2014Indents of Interest, being a species of paper payable to bearer which by different resolutions of Congress were issued on account of arrears of Interest on the old Debt. The new emission money is not added to the enumeration because it was issued upon funds of the respective States with only a Guarantee of the UStates and falls perhaps most properly in the class of State Debts.\nOf this original debt it appears by a statement of the Register of the Treasury published in   not less than  in its first concoction belonged to Citizens of the States from Pensylvania to New Hampshire inclusively the remaining belonging to States from Maryland to Georgia inclusively in nearly the following proportions\nto Maryland\nto Virginia\nto N Carolina\nto S Carolina\nto Georgia\nThe reasons of this state of things are obvious. Until the  the principal theatre of the War had been in the States from Pensylvania North and after that period to the close of it the principal part of the enemy\u2019s force remained stationed at New York which obliged to the keeping upon the same quarter large bodies of troops, till the termination of the War.\nThe natural consequence of this state of things was that a very large proportion of the means for carrying on the war, men money and other supplies were drawn from the States comprehended in the first division. They indeed possessed greater comparitive resources than the more Southern States & with only the same degree of zeal could furnish more to the common cause. Obvious causes always conspire to occasion larger aids to be drawn from the vicinity of the war than from more distant parts of the Country; and the main dependence of the UStates being credit a large debt was created in the scene from which the principal supplies came.\nThe use of this statement of the original distribution of the debt will appear hereafter.\nA leading character of every part of the Debt is, that it was in its origin made alienable. It was payable to the holder, either in capacity of Assignee or bearer; far the greatest part of the latter description. The Contract therefore was, in its very essence, a contract between the Government and the actual holder.\nA considerable part of the debt was consequently alienated by the first proprietors at different periods from its commencement down to the time of passing the funding Act.\nBut there has been much exaggeration both as to the quantity alienated and as to the rates of alienation. The declamations on the subject have constantly represented far the greatest part of the debt in the hand of alienees and have taken the lowest price at which it ever was in the market, as the common standard of the alienation. The changes have been rung upon Two shillings and 6d. in the pound in all the arguments which have advocated a violation of the rights of the alienees.\nNeither the first nor the last supposition is true.\nAs to the first point, namely the quantity of the debt alienated, there are no documents by which it can be satisfactorily ascertained, which of course gives full scope to imagination.\nBut there is an important fact which affords strong evidence that the quantity has always been much less considerable than has been supposed.\nIn the year  the State of New York passed a law permitting the holders of Continental securities to bring them in and receive in exchange for them state securities upon certain conditions which were generally deemed for the advantage of the holders to accept. The same arrangement embraced an exchange of old state securities for new.\nIn the event of this exchange which was completed by the  it appeared that about  of the Debt remained in the hands of the original proprietors.\nIt may be stated as a fact that there has always prevailed in the States North of New York a more firm confidence in an eventual provision for the Debt than existed in that state and it may be inferred that the alienation was still less in those states than in the state of New York.\nIn Jersey and Pennsylvania it is probable that the alienations were not more considerable in their degree than in New York. In Maryland they may be supposed to have been still less on account of that state having made a better provision for its debts than any other & having included in it Continental securities in the hands of its own citizens, by an exchange of Certificates.\nIt is probable from information though not certainly known that a more considerable alienation in proportion had taken place in the States South of Maryland.\nBut making all due allowance for this and taking into the account that the principal part of the Debt was originally owned from Pensylvania North, the probability still is that the progress of alienation has been much less rapid than has been conjectured.\nNothing is more natural than a mistake on this point. The Dealers in the debt in the principal Cities appeared to be continually engaged in buying and selling large sums, and it has not been their fault generally to underrate the extent of their dealings. Thence it came to be imagined that the whole debt or the greatest part of it was in the market; whereas a small sum comparitively was sufficient to satisfy all the appearances. Bandied incessantly from hand to hand a few hundred thousand Dollars appeared like as many millions.\nThe best inquiries on the subject will lead to an opinion that there never was prior to the funding system three millions of Dollars of floating Debt in all the great Stock-Markets of the U States.\nAnd the whole sum which had been acquired by foreigners was about\nFrom all which it is very questionable whether \u2153 of the Debt in the hands of alienees at the time when Congress began to Deliberate concerning a provision for it would not be an ample allowance.\nWith regard to the terms of alienation they have varied from 20/ down to 2/6 in the pound.\nThere are several considerable classes of alienees, who hold the debt at full or high values.\nI \u2003 Those who advanced monies or furnished supplies to public officers upon Loan Office Certificates issued to those Officers in their own names. [An] example of this exists in the cases of purchases made during the War by public officers. Warrants from the Treasury would frequently be drawn in their favour upon the Commissioners of Loans who would often furnish loan office certificates in their own names in payment of those warrants. For these certificates the officers would sometimes procure the current paper in exchange and would transfer the certificates to those who advanced the money. In other cases they would pay for supplies in the certificates themselves which they would in like manner transfer. This is a very extensive case.\nII \u2003 Those whose money has been placed in the funds by Trustees or Agents who took out certificates in their own names and afterwards assigned them to the true proprietors.\nAn instance of this was mentioned in the debates in Congress on the subject of a discrimination between original & present holders, and can be ascertained by any one who will take the pains to inquire. It was that of a Mr. Caldwell a respectable clergyman and zealous patriot in New Jersey, who acted for some time during the war in the capacity of Deputy Quarter Master. In that capacity he frequently had money to pay to Individuals; which at their desire he would place in the Loan office for them, take certificates in his own name and afterwards transfer them to the persons whose money he had deposited.\nThere are likewise instances not a few of Trustees and Agents for absent persons and minors who placed the monies of those whom they represented in the loan offices, took out certificates in their own names and afterwards transferred them to the parties intitled.\nIII \u2003 Those who by laws of particular states were compelled to take certificates at the full value in payment of Debts.\nA law of the State of New York passed in the year  obliged all persons who had resided within the British lines during the war to receive in satisfaction of their debts from those who had been without the lines, certificates.\nIV \u2003 Those who at different periods voluntarily received certificates in payment of Debts. This in some states is a very extensive case. From the precarious situation in which all persons were placed by the revolution whose property was merely personal it was no uncommon thing for creditors to receive from their Debtors certificates in payment of debts and this was almost always at high values.\nEven since the peace compromises between Creditors and Debtors especially those whose fortunes had been injured by the War, in which Certificates were received at full value", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0381", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Ebenezer Tucker, 1 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Tucker, Ebenezer\nTreasury Department, June 1, 1792. Encloses warrant \u201cfrom the Collector of Perth Amboy to John Allen Smith appointing him Inspector of the Customs and Commandant of the Revenue Boat Patterson.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0383", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Harison, [2 June 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Harison, Richard\n[Philadelphia, June 2, 1792]\nMy Dear Sir\nThe Patents to the Ohio Company, in conformity to the Act, were issued before the President went to Mount Vernon. I hope no inconvenience will have ensued. Mr. King having written to me on the same subject, I have sent him a rough sketch of the exterior line of the whole tract granted by the several Patents.\nYrs. sincerely\nA Hamilton\nPhiladelphia June 2d. 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0384", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 2 June 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] June 2, 1792. \u201c\u2026 The President approves of Joseph Sayword to be Keeper of the Lighthouse on Thatchers Island, in the State of Massachusetts.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0385", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 2 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury DepartmentJune 2 1792.\nSir\nYour letter of the 4th of March remains yet to be answered.\nThe question there stated is in substance, whether a Citizen residing out of your state, coming to Boston, and there purchasing a Vessel, must necessarily take and subscribe the oath or affirmation required by law, before the Collector of the District where such Citizen usually resides, in order to obtain a certificate of Registry for such Vessel from your Office.\nI am of this opinion, it being conformable to the seventh section of the Coasting Act. The design of the provision seems to be that the identity of the person who appears as owner, and his being a Citizen can be best known by the Collector of the District where he resides.\nCaptain Sayward has been mentioned to the President as a Candidate for the Office of Keeper of the Light House on Thatcher\u2019s island, and I expect shortly to announce his appointment.\nI am, with great consideration, \u2003 Sir, Your Obedt Servant\nA Hamilton\nBenjamin Lincoln Esqr.Collector, Boston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0386", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edmund Randolph, 2 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\n[Philadelphia, June 2, 1792. On June 21, 1792, Randolph wrote to Hamilton and referred to \u201cyour communication of the 2d instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0387", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Maria Reynolds, 2 June [1792]\nFrom: Reynolds, Maria\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] Saturday Morning the June 2 [1792]\nDear Sir\nI once take up the pen to solicit The favor of seing again oh Col hamilton what have I done that you should thus Neglect me Is it because I am unhappy But stop I will not say you have for perhaps you have caled and have found no opportunity to Come In at least I hope you have I am now A lone and shal be for afew days I believe till Wensday though am not sartain and would wish to se you this Evening I[f] poseble If not as soon as you can make It Convenent oh my dear freend how shal I pleade Enough what shal I say Let me beg of you to Come and If you never se me again oh If you think It best I will submit to It and take a long and last adieu\nMari\nCol hamilton\nfor heaven sake keep me not In suspince Let me know yor Intention Either by a Line or by Catline.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0389", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to James Reynolds, [3\u201322 June 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Reynolds, James\n[Philadelphia, June 3\u201322, 1792]\nIt is utterly out of my power I assure you \u2019pon my honour to comply with your request. Your note is returned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0390", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 3 June 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBank of N York3rd. June 1792.\nsir.\nI have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letters of the 24th & 30th. May agreably to the request contained in the former Messrs. Beach & Canfield of Newark have been paid the sum of four thousand three hundred and fifty Dollars, for which you have their receipt enclosed. The further payments shall be made to them as you desire upon the Certificates of Mr. Melancton Smith for the quantities of shoes they may deliver at the rate of 82\u00b2\u2044\u2089 Cents pr. pair.\nI have the honour to be with the greatest respect \u2003 sir \u2003 Your obliged Obedt. Humb. servt.\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.Secretary of the Treasury of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0392", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 4 June 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] June 4, 1792. \u201cI have received your letter circular of the 22nd. of the last month and will correspond in future with the Commissioner of the Revenue touching all matters relating to the Light house establishment and take his directions thereon.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0397", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 4 June 1792\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Comptroller\u2019s Office, June 4, 1792. \u201cI have considered the question stated by Samuel Bayard Esq Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States \u2026 & am of opinion that charges for postage which may be incurred by him in executing his official duties can be properly allowed.\u2026 The Letters from Mr. Bayard to the several Clerks can be \u27e8ma\u27e9rked as paid & the postage charged to him, to be settled quarterly with the Post Master & allowed in Mr. Bayards Accounts.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0398", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 5 June 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, June 5, 1792. \u201cI have received, under cover with several Acts of Congress, your circular Letters of the 21st. of February and the 10th of May. Due attention shall be paid to their contents. I have never had occasion to take any Bond of the kind mentioned in the latter.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0399", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 5 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury Department \u2003 June 5th 1792\nSir\nI have before me your letters of the 18th of March, 18th of April, 8th & 27th of May.\nI do not observe that it is stated how the Officers who were absent came to be so; so that I am at some loss to judge whether the absence was justifiable or not. I am however rather of opinion that their compensations follow their commissions, as public Officers, and that so long as they are retained in service they must be paid computing from the dates of their respective Commissions. It is at the same time proper matter of inquiry under what circumstances they were absent, in order that the propriety of their conduct may be judged of.\nWith regard to claims for compensation prior to the dates of Commissions, where any officers have been employed by authority in performing any service, in relation to the Cutter, an allowance not exceeding a Dollar \u214c day has been admitted by the Accounting Officers; and it is reported to me that a sum of 155 Dollars and eighty three Cents has been admitted in favor of Capt Gross. If any hands were employed in aid, I presume due regard would be had to their case. But as to claims without special service on the ground of being retained, they will not be admitted.\nIf a contract cannot be effected, it is of necessity to subsist the Men in the other mode you mention as the only practicable one; but a contract even on higher terms than those heretofore limitted would be more agreeable to me. It ought to be so regulated as to secure the supply of the seamen in a satisfactory manner.\nWhat however is necessary to render the Cutter useful must be done \u2019till what is desireable can be done.\nWater and such were not contemplated as parts of the ration. They will be contingent charges, where they cannot be procured without expence. This however ought to be done as much as possible; and I should hope would be in the main practicable.\nIt was my intention to commit to you the business of supplies, equipment and repairs and the direction of the movements of the Cutter in conformity to the general instructions and indications which had been or might be given, without the necessity of a previous special reference to me in particular and ordinary cases. If any thing extra and out of the course of what may have been generally indicated should be contemplated, I should be glad to have it mentioned prior to the incurring of any extra expence.\nAs to additional sails and an additional boat they had better be deferred to be considered hereafter, when the expence of the first establishment is finally ascertained. I take it for granted the Cutter has now one good boat.\nMore hands than the law provides for cannot of course be allowed.\nThose who have had most to do with them remark in Masters of Vessels a strong disposition towards multiplying objects of expence. You will doubtless be upon your guard against this propensity when applications for new purposes are made.\nHitherto the Cutters in the Chesapaek have been of little utility. Under the powers you have as now explained to you I shall rely on your judgment, attention and zeal for rendering them as serviceable as they ought to be without being vexatious to the trade.\nWith great consideration \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servant\nA Hamilton\nOtho H. Williams EsqrCollector Baltimore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0400", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, 6 June 1792\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston, June 6, 1792. \u201cI mentioned to you under the 15 Feby last that we had put our hands on four hogs. N E Rum in old we[s]t India Casks. The matter came to trial yesterday. It was admitted that the rum was distilled in Portland but contended that the duties were duly paid. This being proved the spirits were acquitted. If these things can be practised with impunity a wide door will be opened through which frauds on the revenue may pass undetected.\u2026 There was lately exported from this port a quantity of Coffe to Cadiz. On the arrival of the vessel there the Master discovered a new duty on the Coffee so heavy as to preclude the possibility of selling it without loss consequently did not land it. The exporter wishes to be exempt from paying a second duty on the Coffee. Can he be? If I do not receive particular instruction on the subject I shall receive the duty on the Coffee as in all other cases.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0402", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, 7 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, June 7, 1792. On July 10, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have recd. your letters of the 7th 22nd. and 28th of the last month.\u201d Letter of June 7 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0403", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Heth, 7 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Heth, William\nPrivate\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 7. 1792\nThe same cause which delayed my answering several of your Official Letters has postponed the acknowlegement of your three private letters of the 5. 27 & 29th of February. The truth is, my situation hitherto has thrown upon me more business than it was possible for me to get through; and the intrigues of faction, to which I have been obliged to be attentive, have added not a little to my burthen. I hope from your friendship the proper allowances for my apparent neglect.\nAs to the question, which regards the permanency of the custom house at Bermuda Hundred\u2014as far as it turns on the point of having but one Port of entry in the State, you may be perfectly at your ease; but as it respects mercantile accommodation in relation to the best position in the district, I am really at a loss what to say to you. No formal representation has yet come from the Merchants on that point; but if it could be made appear that another situation was truly more convenient to them, City Point, Broadway or any other, it would probably be substituted\u2014and even if they should become clamorous for another, on only colorable pretences, it might happen that an attention to popularity would produce a change.\nYou must therefore judge on this point from your own knowlege of circumstances and take your measures accordingly. The permanency of a Port of Entry in your district you may confide in.\nThe event will have relieved you from any anxiety on the subject of a certain exchange of office. It could not have happened without your ascertained consent. I am ignorant whether there was any project of the kind\u2014never having had any intimation of it but from yourself. I have however been witness to so many plots and counterplots so much intrigue and cabal in certain quarters, that I can wonder at nothing.\nYou speak of a Branch of the Bank at Richmond. On this point I wish your confidential opinion. I take it for granted that it will not be long before a branch will be established either at Richmond Petersburg or Norfolk. I own that I have not data enough to judge which of these places ought to be preferred. Deposits, by Individuals are of very great importance to a Bank. In order to the enjoying of this advantage, it is necessary that the place where it is seated should have a considerable mercantile circulating Capital. This, Norfolk certainly has. Is it the case also with Richmond or Petersburgh & with which of them most? Where do the Merchants who carry on the business of your district principally reside? What is the course of its trade? What are the comparitive advantages of the several places?\nAs to your personal concerns, as far a[s] real esteem & friendship on my part can be of use to you, or can tend either to your security or advantage, you may firmly count upon it.\nFarewell My D Sir\nA Hamilton\nW Heth Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0404", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edmund Randolph, 7 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\n[Philadelphia, June 7, 1792. On June 10, 1792, Randolph wrote to Hamilton and referred to \u201cyour favor of the 7 Instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0405", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel A. Otis, 8 June 1792\nFrom: Otis, Samuel A.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, June 8, 1792. On June 8, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Otis: \u201cI am to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of this date.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0409", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 8 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury DepartmentJune 8. 1792.\nSir\nIn answer to your letter of the 4th instant, concerning the Cutter, Active, I refer you to mine of the 5th.\nWith regard to the addition of 10 \u214c Ct to be made to the several rates of duties, in respect to all goods, Wares and Merchandizes imported in Ships or Vessels not of the United States, agreeably to the 2d Section of the Act \u201cmaking further provision for the payment of the debt &ca,\u201d I am of opinion that your practice is consistent with the true construction of the laws. The same construction, it appears, has obtained generally in the Custom houses.\nI find, on a review of my correspondence, an opinion communicated to you in my letter of the 25th November 1789 to this effect \u201cThat you cannot register any Vessel whose husband or Acting Owner does not usually reside at or near some port within your District\u201d.\nThis opinion was given in answer to a question stated in your letter of the 14th November; [and was founded on the circumstances of the particular case;] and by way of explanation I shall add, that I meant, you cannot register a Vessel under such circumstances, because you are not authorised to administer the Oath required by law, which must be taken before the Collector of the District in which such Owner or Ship\u2019s husband usually resides, as prescribed by the seventh section of the Act. The design of the provision seems to be that the identity of the person, who appears as Owner, and his being a Citizen, can be best known by the Collector of the District where he resides. [The opinion given is therefore to be understood so as to admit of the exceptions resulting from the seventh Section.]\nI am, with consideration, Sir, \u2003 Your Obed Servant\nA Hamilton\nOtho H Williams Esqr\nBaltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0410", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Heth, 9 June 1792\nFrom: Heth, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[June 9, 1792. \u201cThe French Consul at Norfolk has lately adopted a practice of taking the registers of vessels from such Masters belonging to his Nation, as called there to report on their passage to this district. If he has a right so to do, I shall not be surprized, if some Masters should depart from hence without paying tonnage.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0411", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Walker, [9 June 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Walker, Benjamin\n[Philadelphia, June 9, 1792]\nDr. Walker\nI enclose you a letter which I have received from Mr Marshall. If you can with propriety accommodate him it will be well. I doubt not his embarrassements are real & his emoluments in proportion to his merit are small.\nYrs. sincerely\nA Hamilton\nJune 9. 92\nBenjamin Walker Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0412", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 9 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nPhilad June 9. 1792\nMy Dear Sir\nI feel myself not a little a delinquent in regard to a certain paper you forwarded it to me. I will now explain the reasons of its non appearance. Though I thought it a merited & a very good reproof on certain folks as well as calculated to throw useful light on transactions interesting to the fame of our deceased friend\u2014as the business depending was taking a favourable turn when I received your letter\u2014I doubted the expediency of starting any new Game; lest it should wound the pride and jar the nerves of more than the Individual meant to be chastised\u2014and so perhaps do harm to a cause we both wished to promote.\nIf things had continued in an unpromising train I should have been willing to have taken the chance of the publication. In me, it would have gratified feelings of more than one kind.\nI at first intended to reserve the publication for the conclusion of the business, but then I doubted whether it was worth while to stir again the question. It could not serve the original purpose and it was not necessary to the fame of the General. That stands unassailable, with success.\nIf any impressions have fallen under your Notice, which induce you to think this last conclusion erroneous\u2014the publication at this time will not be too late for that purpose.\nAdieu My Dear Sir \u2003 Believe me always truly & affectionately Yrs\nA Hamilton\nP. S. \u2003 With your permission I will retain the paper as an interesting record of some particulars which were not before known to me.\nOtho H Williams Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0413", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Fisher Ames, 10 June 1792\nFrom: Ames, Fisher\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston June loth. 1792\nDear Sir\nThose who percieve the arduous nature of your duties, ought to wish to aid you in executing them. Whether the auther of the Path to Riches, had it in view to afford you such aid, or not, I think it fit to send you the work, as our political economy lies much within your department. You have found the path for our Country, and it is advancing in it, tho\u2019 you have not sought it for yourself. To drop this obscure way of writing, I enclose Judge Sullivans pamphlet on Banks &c. The modest title page delights me. Where is the upright man to plead for a people? Possibly this enquiry may be made by the people whom the auther so much desires to plead for. The fee expected for pleading is supposed to be the Chair of Governor. Another view is suggested. A state Bank will afford a good field of speculation, of Which fame, that evil tongue says, many of the legislature were not unmindful at their last Session, when the Tontine was in discussion. My friends tell me that the  the Chair, the pride of state sovereignity  Copy federal institutions and the thirst for speculations will move different parties, and produce some sort of bank or Tontine project, and that resistance will be fruitless.\nThe inconsistent jargon of this pamphlet will make you smile. It will not amuse the many, nor instruct the few, but its bulk will deter many from reading it who will vote for a state Bank, presuming that there are arguments enough for it in that great Book.\nAll goes well in the State. The people really prosper, and what is more they know and say it, and give credit to the General Government & for the change they have witnessed. I feel persuaded they are perfectly well affected to good measures. I only fear that the high sense of honor in the paying duties is cooling. When money is in the case Merchants need watching. Mr Gore mentions some facts which indicate the need of Vigilance.\nI do not wish you to answer this. I would not write at all, if by doing it I should impose that task upon you.\nI am dear Sir, with perfect esteem \u2003 Your most obt. humble servant.\nFisher Ames", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0414", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmund Randolph, 10 June 179[2]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia June 10th. 179[2].\nsir.\nIn our conversation Yesterday we reduced the substance of your favor of the 7 Instant to this question: Whether you ought, under any modification, to suspend the payment of Interest to a State, which is intitled under the 17th. section of the act \u201cmaking provision for the debt of the United states,\u201d to receive interest to the amount of the nonsubscribed deficiency; In trust for the nonsubscribing creditors of the State?\nBy the Same section it is provided, that this interest shall continue to be paid to a State, until there be a settlement of Accounts between the United States and It.\nThe loan is however again opened by the act of May the 8th. 1792, from the first day of June 1792 to the first day of march 1793, on the same terms with the former loan.\nIf the first of march 1793 had now arrived, and the sum allotted to any State had been filled up by the subscriptions, that State woud cease to receive an Interest on any part of the allotted sum. For then there woud be no deficiency, nor any person Remaining, for whose benefit the trust was created. Under the Old Act indeed this interest would have been continued until the Settlement of accounts. But as it is manifest that this stipulation was made in contemplation of a deficiency; the very moment when that deficiency shall be removed, the groundwork of a state\u2019s claim to interest is removed also. To suppose, that congress granted this money to the States, whose limited complement was exhausted, would be to charge them with a wanton loan from the Federal Treasury.\nBut I cannot assent to the propriety of Suspending the Payment of interest altogether until the 1st of March 1793. It may happen, that none of the creditors, who have hitherto refused to Subscribe, may be now inclined to Subscribe; and by the nonpayment their situation, which is intended to be equal to that of Subscribers may be renderd worse.\nThe strict line therefore woud be, as often as a quarters interest becomes due, to diminish the payment in proportion to the progress of the new subscription. But perhaps it would be more adviseable and be more satisfactory, if the deduction was to commence on the payment for the succeeding quarter. A quarter has something of the nature of an Integer; and the fixation of thirty days, the Interval between the Opening of the new subscription and the end of the present quarter, might favour of too much rigor.\nI have the honor sir to be yr. mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph\nThe Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0415", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 11 June 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] June 11, 1792. \u201cI have recd. your Letter inclosing sundry Acts of Congress, and also your Letter of the 30th of the last month respectg. the Brig Chance, and have communicated the same and a State of the case to the Atty. of the District.\u2026 By a letter from the Comptroller of the 29th. of the last month it appears that I am not yet credited for the Scales & Weights I purchased for the Port of Bristol. Permit me to refer you to my Letter of the 19th. of last March, and to request that you would signify your approbatn of that purchase.\u2026 Permit me also to renew the wishes expressed in my letters of the 5th of March & 17th of April last for your directs. respecting the tare of Sugar &c.; and to ask for your directs relative to the Thermometer mentioned in my letter of the 9th. of April last.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0416", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 11 June 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York 11th June 1792\nMy Dear sir\nI now enclose you the Bond of Baron Steuben which I took up from Mr. Cutting with his receipt for \u00a3506.13 which I paid him. I wished him to be more particular in the receipt, but he said you had already been informed of all the items that composed the Sum. Bank Stock still keeps from 26 to 28 \u214c Cent and therefore have not sold yours, as I am convinced it must rise, at least it ought to rise if People wish to purchase a Stock that will give them good interest for their money.\nBy the hands of Colo. Walker I received your favour of the 25th May. It was accompanied with a Resolution of the Board of Directors of the Society for establishing Usefull Manufactures that he should negotiate a Loan for Ten thousand Dollars upon a pledge of Publick Stock. Our Board immediately agreed to the Loan and to a charge of 5 \u214c Cent interest, only,\u2014to be charged upon the Sum as drawn out of the Bank. It was taken up upon such a footing as you could have wished, & acceeded to with the most earnest wish to promote the beneficial public purpose intended.\nIn the month of July last year, Mr Pearce the Manufacturer arrived here from Ireland. He brought me Letters from Mr Digges requesting my patronage &c & care of the Modells that he brought. I complied in every sense & receiving afterwards a Letter from the Secretary of State & Mr. Coxe of what importance these Modells were, & directions how to forward them &c, I paid Mr. Pearce\u2019s passage & gave him Money to enable him to get to Phia. The modells I sent by my Son in Law Mr Vining. For the Money I advanced to Mr. Pearce, which was 120 Dollars, I took his Note of hand, which I sent to Mr. Coxe as Mr. Jefferson wrote me all charges would be thankfully repaid. However I have never yet been paid & Mr. Cox writes me that Pearces Note to me is in your hands. I take the liberty of Mentioning this, that it may not be forgot, as it was purely pro bono publico that I advanced the Money.\nI am with the highest respect & esteem \u2003 Dear sir \u2003 Your obliged Obed Hbl Servt\nWm Seton\nP.S. \u2003 your Letter was forwarded by the Packet.\nAlexander Hamilton Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0417", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 11 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department,June 11, 1792.\nSir,\nSome misapprehension having arisen in regard to the provisions concerning Manifests, contained in the 9, 10, 11 and 12th sections of the Collection Law, it becomes proper to enter into certain explanations\u2014to convey the sense and expectations of this Department on the subject.\nIt occurs, in the first place, that these Manifests are only required, where vessels are owned in whole or part by Citizens or Inhabitants of the United States. There is therefore, no hardship imposed on persons, who, from situation, are likely to be ignorant of the law.\nSecondly. Though nothing is said in either of the above enumerated sections, that would not be satisfied, if the Manifests were on board, and ready to be delivered upon the arrival of a vessel within four leagues of the coast of the United States, whether they were made out at the place of departure, or at sea; yet it is clear, from express words in the 16th section, that they ought to be on board at the time of the departure of the vessel from the foreign port or place, at which her cargo was taken in. The general design of the provision, equally with the words alluded to, require this construction.\nIf, therefore, it appears that no Manifests were on board at the time of the departure of the vessel from the foreign port or place, where her Cargo was taken in, it will become the duty of the officers to enforce the penalties of the act (which are found in the 10 and 12th sections) subject to the powers of mitigation and remission, vested in the Secretary of the Treasury. Here will be room for a liberal attention to the difficulties which are natural to the first execution of new regulations.\nThe proviso to the 10th section is a further mean of giving an accommodating operation to the regulation; taking care not to defeat the main design. If the Manifests have once been on board, and have been lost or mislaid without fraud or collusion; if they have been defaced by accident, or, if they are incorrect, through mistake, in each of these cases, the forfeiture is remitted, and the Collector is, in the first instance, the judge.\nIf any circumstances, therefore, required by the 9th section, are omitted\u2014if any parcels of the cargo should not be included in the Manifests\u2014if, upon the whole, the omission can be fairly ascribed to misapprehension, inadvertence, hurry or mistake, there is latitude to avoid a rigorous enforcing of the provision; and it is incumbent upon the Collector to make reasonable and due allowances, having regard to the usual course of business.\nIt has been suggested that it is impracticable to comply with some of the requisitions of the 9th section. That which respects the expressing of the marks and numbers of packages, in words at length, is particularly mentioned.\nOn a review of these requisitions, understood as they ought to be, I do not perceive any real impracticability in any of them. That which requires the expression of marks and numbers, in words at length, is the most questionable of any, and it must be confessed, that where the numbers are unconnected, and the packages numerous, it might occasion a prolixity which would amount to an inconvenience; but where the numbers are in succession, the execution would be both simple and easy.\nFor example\u2014\n20 Bales of Cotton,\nP. S.\nwhich is the usual mode,\nwould be easily expressed thus:\nTwenty Bales of Cotton,\nP. S.\nNo. one to twenty\nThe marks would be expressed in both cases alike; because, on a reasonable construction, it cannot be intended that marks, consisting of letters, are to be expressed in words; still less, that mere characters, which have no absolute signification, shall be so expressed; as, in the example given, the +. The terms of every legal provision are to be taken in a reasonable and practicable sense, and so as not to involve impossibility or absurdity. If a literal execution be not practicable, it must be approached as nearly as is practicable, pursuing the general intent, and securing a substantial conformity.\nBut there are cases, in which a provision, though not strictly impracticable, may be so inconvenient as to demand some degree of relaxation. And where the question relates to collateral precautions in Revenue laws, for the security of the Revenue, small deviations from literal strictness may, with due circumspection, be admitted. I will only observe that such deviations ought to be really necessary ones\u2014such, without which the essential course of business might be disturbed, and oppression ensue\u2014and ought to be as seldom, and as little as possible.\nA question occurs, as to the tenor of the oath prescribed by the 16th section, as it relates to the subject of Manifests. The Master or Commander of the vessel is, in the cases in which Manifests are required to be on Board, to deliver them to the Collector to whom he makes Report,\u2014and to declare to the truth of them \u201cas they ought to be in conformity to the directions of the act.\u201d\nIt is to be observed that the precise form of the oath is not prescribed in the law\u2014and is, therefore, left to be devised by those who are to administer it. It is of course to be so framed as to include whatever is directed to be included in it, and no more; but where general terms are used, the particulars which they appear, from the law, to be intended to comprise may be substituted. It would be dangerous, and might lead to unintentional perjury, to oblige a Master or Commander to swear that the Manifests, which he delivers, are, \u201cas they ought to be, in conformity to the directions of the Act.\u201d\nThe declaration ought, therefore, to express, in substance, that the Manifests, produced and delivered, \u201ccontain a true, just and particular account of the cargo, which was on board the vessel at the time of her departure from the foreign port, (naming it) from which she last sailed for the United States, and that all matters and particulars, therein expressed, are true.\u201d What these particulars ought to be must be determined by the directions of the 9th section.\nThe evidence on which the law appears to rely, as to the fact of the Manifests being on Board at the foreign port of departure, is their being ready to be delivered, upon demand, at any time after the vessel arrives within four leagues of the Coast of the United States.\nThis, however, would not exclude the admission of other evidence, if there should be any other.\nIt is observable, that the Act speaks of one or more Manifests, in reference to the same vessel. This is to give greater scope to conform to circumstances. A part of the Cargo may be taken in at one port, and a Manifest made out there; another part, at another port, and another Manifest made out there. Or a Master may have supposed her loading complete, and prepared his Manifest, and he may afterwards take in other articles, and have to make a supplementary one\u2014or there may be reasons of commerce for not including all the Cargo in one Manifest.\nThis regulation concerning Manifests is considered as of real importance to the Revenue. It will tend, by early ascertaining the true condition of vessels, to prevent plans for smuggling being concerted, after their arrival within the United States, and will be a considerable restraint upon the use of opportunities, which may present between the time of arrival upon the coast, and the final entry at the port of destination.\nIt is, therefore, expected that careful attention will be paid every where to its observance; with the qualifications, which have been indicated, to avoid any thing that might justly be deemed a grievance.\nIf the Merchants are made sensible that a compliance is expected, (and pains should be taken to inform them of what is expected) they can, without inconvenience, cause it to be effected by proper instructions to their Masters and Correspondents. A Manifest can surely be as well made out before the departure, as after the arrival of a vessel,\u2014inaccuracies, in both cases, are to be expected, and due allowances made for them.\nThe 16th section of the Collection Law, considers the report of the Master as a distinct thing from the rendering of a Manifest. But in every case the Manifest may constitute the principal part of the report, which may be annexed to the Manifest, with a reference to it; specifying such other particulars, required to be in the report, as may not be expressed in the Manifest. This will be a perfect compliance with the provision, and will save trouble.\nWith great consideration, I am, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your obedient Servant,\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0419", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, 11 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\nTreasury Department June 11th 1792\nSir\nI have the honor to enclose for the consideration of the Board of Directors, the draft of an Agreement, for carrying into execution the Eleventh Section of the Act, which incorporates the subscribers to the Bank of the united States.\nThey will perceive that it is substantially in conformity to the suggestions, contained in your letter of the 29th of last month. As far as there may be any difference in the manner, it is for the sake of pursuing with greater caution the letter of the law; which speaks of \u201ca subscription.\u201d\nwith respectful consideration \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nP.S. \u2003 If any alterations appear proper The Board will please to suggest them.\nThomas Willing EsqrPresident of the Bankof the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0420", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 12 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\n[Philadelphia, June 12, 1792. On June 25, 1792, Seton wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have made a long delay in answering your favours of the 12th. & 19th.\u201d Letter of June 12 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0422", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 13 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury DepartmentJune 13 1792.\nSir\n\u27e8It appears by\u27e9 a letter which I have received from \u27e8the Collector of Bermuda\u27e9 Hundred that Captain Silas \u27e8Dogget, of the Ship George\u27e9 of Boston on clearing at his Office for a \u27e8foreign port\u27e9 (Ostend) in May 1791, delivered up a trading license, issued at Boston, which, it is stated, was immediately transmitted to you, and a certificate of the delivery granted to Dogget. From Ostend the Captain returned to Boston; and being about to depart from thence to the District of Bermuda Hundred, he asked Mr Rice for the trading license, which he had delivered up at Bermuda Hundred, and which, being found, and not cancelled, was given to him without his paying the Tonnage Duty; and that this identical license was again delivered up by the said Captain, on his clearing for Cadiz.\nI communicate the circumstance to you, as the transaction was doubtless irregular; the redelivery of the license, after a foreign voyage, being against the express letter of the law.\n  Benjamin Lincoln Esqr. Boston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0423", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 13 June 1792\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nT. DC. Off June 13. 1792\nSir,\nThe paper referred to by Abishai Thomas Esq. in his Letter dated the 12th instant, is merely a Rect. signed \u201cJames Green Jr. Treas. Loan Office\u201d for a number of indented Certificates supposed to be then issued in pursuance of the resolutions of Congress of the 2d. of January & 2nd. of July 1779 in favour of a Chairman of a Committee of Accounts in North Carolina. The Rect. was given by Mr. Green, by order of the General Assembly for a deposit in his hands untill further orders. The manner in which the Rect. is expressed, and the character & office assumed by Mr. Green at the time of this transaction, evidently shew that he acted in the capacity of a State Officer. This opinion is confirmed by the circumstance that no Credit has been passed for the deposit in question in Mr. Greens accounts as Commr. of Loans. There has not been the least evidence adduced that the indented Certificates were ever cancelled\u2014the contrary is fairly to be inferred from the tenor of the Rect.\u2014consequently if Mr. Thomas\u2019 claim should be admitted, the United States would be twice charged with the same debt.\nIt may also be observed that James Green had no authority to pass a Rect. which should be obligatury upon the United States as a debt; and if the contrary were true, still this Rect. could not be recd. on Loan as it answers none of the descriptions of evidences of debt, mentioned in the Act of Congress passed on the 4th of August 1790.\nIt is my present opinion that the United States are in no respect bound by the rect. in question, but in case they are in any way affected, the operation of the Rect. ought to be determined by the Commrs. who are to settle the Accounts of the States with the United States.\nI am &c\nHonA H", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0425", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Gardner, 14 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Gardner, William\nPhiladelphia, June 14, 1792\nSir,\nThe Comptroller has intimated to me that there are some expressions in a letter from you to him, indicating some disposition to resign, in consequence of the insufficiency of your compensation. The manner in which you have executed the duties of your office, has been so entirely satisfactory to me, that I shall regret your resignation not a little, and under this impression I am induced to recommend to you to wait the issue of another session. In a report which I made to Congress during the last session, I proposed an increase of your emoluments, and I believe if it had not been for the lateness of the session, when the impatience of Individuals to get home, produced a disposition favorable to objections which tended to prevent the entering upon new business, an additional provision would have been made. The trust of a Commissioner of Loans is so very delicate and important, that it is impossible it can be long left in any state, without such a compensation as will secure a worthy and adequate character in the execution of it.\nWith much esteem, I am, \u2003 Your obedient servant,\nA. Hamilton.\nWm. Gardner, Esq.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0426", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Purviance, 14 June 1792\nFrom: Purviance, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Baltimore, Maryland, June 14, 1792. \u201cThe 21st. of last month, I was informed by three reputable Merchants of this place, that there had been landed from on board the Sloop Ceres, Jno. T. Child, Master, from district of New Port, a quantity of Rum, part of which was said to be West India, and that they had cause to believe that the same was Rum distilled within the United States.\u2026 I was fully convinced of the deception, and accordingly directed the Inspector to make a seizure of the whole of the rum under that description, and likewise to proceed without loss of time to seize on the Sloop.\u2026\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0427", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 14 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nTreasury DepartmentJune 14 1792\nSir,\nYour two letters of the 26th of January and 24th of March have come to hand since mine to you of the 7th of May.\nFor an answer to the first I believe I need do nothing more than refer you to former communications. On the latter some observations arise.\nYou will consider any suggestions which you may find in my letters concerning a rule for adjusting the value of the payments to France rather as hints than instructions. I must however repeat my wish that the point may be now settled. If left for future liquidation and brought to the seat of our Government considerations may be pressed which may embarrass a proper adjustment of the matter; though foreign to those which ought really to govern in such a case. There can be no juncture more favorable than the present for placing the affair upon an eligible footing.\nThe management of this matter as well as of every other which may concern the reimbursement to France remains with you. If in complicance with official usages, Mr. Morris\u2019s instrumentality should be requisite, he will be instructed to co operate.\nI shall learn with pleasure that the operation which you were meditating with Boyed and Keir has been carried into execution.\nThat which you State as the only objection to it would not under the existing circumstances be of much weight. The pecuniary ability too of the parties and their connections would be a material security against some of the principal inconveniences, which were to be apprehended from the accumulation in question. And by creating another monied combination interested in the funds of the Country, it may even in some aspects, tend to render its credit less dependent on the speculations and resources of a small number of Individuals.\nIt will however be a very valuable ingredient in the arrangement, if it shall embrace an adjustment of the Indemnification to France for the depreciation of the Assignats. You will perceive that I am solicitous this point should in no event remain undetermined.\nYour anxiety on the subject which closes your letter is natural but not necessary. The situation you have been in is properly appreciated and that of your sucessor will be so likewise. You need not apprehend misconstruction either on the part of the Government or of the Community.\nAccept my thanks for the continuance of your attention to the course of the Baltic Navigation, and believe me always to be with sentiments of real consideration & esteem \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedt. Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nWilliam Short EsqrMinister Residentfrom the United States at the Hague", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0428", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Abishai Thomas, 14 June 1792\nFrom: Thomas, Abishai\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia 14 June 1792\nSir\nI have duly considered your letter of the 13th with the Comptroller\u2019s answer to your reference to him of my letter to you of the 12th Inst.\nThe certificate or receipt in question is in fact what the Comptroller has only \u201csupposed\u201d it to be as may be fairly inferred from the face of the paper itself. The deposit being made \u201cuntil further orders\u201d does not in my opinion destroy the validity of the receipt, because nothing is adduced to shew that such further orders were issued and I am clearly of opinion such never were.\nThe idea suggested by the Comptroller that Mr. Green \u201cacted in the capacity of a State Officer\u201d is new to me, and I confess I cannot see any ground for that position. That he was an Officer of the United States at the time of this transaction is evident; indeed his signature and title affixed to the paper contended for is demonstrative of this, and the Treasury department have admitted the fact, by receiving on loan all other Certifica\u27e8tes\u27e9 issued by him, of the same description with those for which this receipt was given; which were presented for that purpose. Besides the State never had such an Officer, that came to my knowledge, and I believe if such had been established, I should have known it.\nMr. Green having died previous to the settlement of his accounts as Loan Officer, it is probable that no person can now explain fully the transaction, and as I have been informed his accounts are defective in other instances, I see no just cause why this should be selected as an article to be rejected for want of the formality of an item that such a deposit was made and that a corresponding credit existed to the State of North Carolina. Whether \u201cthe indented Certificates were ever cancelled\u201d is a matter I cannot directly ascertain, but I conceive it improbable that they should again be put in circulation, no person had authority to withdraw them from the hands of Mr. Green except by order of the General Assembly, and if he held them uncancelled subject to such orders. It is probable they were destroyed among other papers which were buried to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy.\nIt being obvious that Mr. Green was not a state officer, it follows that the United States are bound by his official acts, and the Comptroller\u2019s observation, that he \u201chad no authority to pass a receipt which should be obligatory upon the United States,\u201d is in my opinion a position untenable. The Comptroller himself has admitted the contrary by receiving on loan certificates signed by Mr. Green as before recited.\nIt is true that the paper in question does not literally \u201canswer\u201d any \u201cof the descriptions of evidences of debt mentioned in the act of Congress passed on the 4th August 1790,\u201d but it is an acknowledgment of a deposit in the hands of an Officer of the United States of Certificates which literally do answer one of the descriptions recited in said act, as such I have claimed a right to fund it in behalf of the State of North Carolina. As such I yet hold the opinion that it ought to be received, and notwithstanding your having once decided against me, I have a presentiment that on giving the subject a candid discussion you will adopt my side of the question.\nI have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir \u2003 Yr. obt. Servant\nA. Thomas\nSecretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0429", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Wadsworth, 14 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nPhiladelphia June 14 1792\nDr Sir\nI sent you some days since the statement of monies received by me on account of Mr Church & shall be glad to know it got safe to hand and has answered your purpose. It was as perfect as I could make it.\nYrs truly\nA Hamilton\nJ Wadsworth Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0430", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Lewis F. Delesdernier, 15 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delesdernier, Lewis F.\nTreasury DepartmentJune 15. 1792.\nSir\nI find by a remark, subjoined to one of your accounts, that you leave the monies, falling due on Bonds, in the hands of the Obligors, until a safe opportunity offers for Boston. This practice being against the express letter of the law must be forborn in future. It involves a responsibility, on your part, in as much as motives of safety would less exonerate you in cases where parties should fail in their payments, after indulgence had been granted by you, than in a plain case of theft or robbery.\nI conceive the safest mode of securing the public money would be to provide a small iron chest, which might be fastened to the floor; and if one that will answer the purpose can be procured upon reasonable terms I shall have no objection to the expence.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obed Servant\nLewis F Delesdernier EsqrCollector Passamaquody.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0431", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Langdon, 18 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Langdon, John\n[Philadelphia, June 18, 1792. On June 28, 1792, Langdon wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI was honor\u2019d with your favor of the 18th. Inst. by post.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0432", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 18 June 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] June 18, 1792. Transmits \u201ca letter from John Ritchie, Inspector of the 2d division in Maryland, to the President.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0433", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 18 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury DepartmentJune 18. 1792.\nSir\nI have this day decided upon the two cases of Zacharie Coopman and Company, on behalf of Mr. Nichols, and of John Stump. In both I have remitted the interest of all parties, Upon the petitioner\u2019s paying for all actual and necessary disbursements. Duplicates of my decision go, by the mail of this day, to the Clerk of the District Court, at Baltimore.\nI am, Sir, with consideration, \u2003 Your Obedt Servant\nA Hamilton\nOtho H Williams Esqr.\nBaltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0434", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 18 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury DepartmentJune 18th. 1792.\nSir\nThe Commissioner of the Revenue has laid before me copies of three letters, one of the 3rd. of May from you to the Surveyor of Baltimore, another of the 9th of May from him to you, and a third of the 7th of June from him, in capacity of Inspector of the Revenue for the port of Baltimore, to the Supervisor, communicating the correspondence between you and him and stating certain embarrassments which had ensued in consequence of the opinion that the Inspectors of the Customs are not bound to perform the duty which has been assigned to them in relation to distilled Spirits.\nIt is matter of regret that such a question has been pressed so far. It cannot certainly tend to the advancement of the public service to find its operations interrupted by a controversy between the officers respecting the limits of duty. It cannot promote the contentment of the Merchants with the laws of the Country if they are left to suffer in a manner, which they must ascribe either to want of proper arrangements, or to the deliberate non-execution of them. It cannot serve to impress respect for the authority of the Government, when it is understood that its immediate officers decline or evade a compliance with instructions, which have proceeded from the head of the proper department. It was to have been expected, that if doubts were entertained of the legality or propriety of those instructions, or of their true intent, these would have been first made known, by a representation of them to the source from which the instructions proceeded, not by hesitations in the execution, tending to embarrass the public source.\nThe appearance of the question has naturally led to a reconsideration of the grounds of the arrangements. The result is a confirmed conviction that it was right in its origin and ought to be carried into execution.\nThree leading considerations led to it\u2014one that where duties are closely allied and can be conveniently performed by the same persons, it is most conductive to simplicity and order, that they should be so performed\u2014another that the union of them would serve to avoid an unnecessary multiplication of officers\u2014and a third that it was favorable to \u0153conomy. Either none or smaller compensations for the new services would be requisite to persons who were previously in public employ and pay; and whose functions had an immediate connexion with the new ones to be executed.\nSome if not all these considerations may be presumed to have influenced the Legislature in making special provision for constituting officers of the Customs, officers of Inspection, in cases in which it should be deemed adviseable. The arrangement in question has therefore the recommendation of being conformable to this intimation of the Legislative sense.\nNo possibility of an interference of duties could operate as an objection to it. In general, it might be easily practicable to the ordinary inspectors of the Customs to perform the service; and if there are cases, in which from an extraordinary press of business, or other peculiar circumstances, the contrary happens, the remedy is an occasional and temporary appointment of other Inspectors. Their number is in the discretion of the Collector and their compensation being per diem, their appointments may be so likewise.\nFor the same reason (if the restriction in the Act concerning distilled spirits, as to the Article of expence, had not imposed a necessity of strict \u0153conomy) it could not have appeared a hardship on the Inspectors of the Customs to be required to perform the accessory duties which have been allotted to them. The law evidently contemplates a dollar and a quarter per day as an adequate compensation for the services of those officers, and doubtless supposes that they are to be fully occupied. In every instance in which the time of employment might be prolonged, it would involve the advantage of additional compensation for the additional time.\nIt is to be observed that there is no precise delineation of the duty of an Inspector. It was clearly intended that he should perform all those lesser details which could not with convenience be enumerated; regulating himself by the directions of the Surveyor; who is himself under the direction of the Collector. There being no line drawn, there is the less room to say that this or that duty is not within the sphere of the office. Services analogous to those which constitute the general tenor of the duties of the officer may fairly be supposed to be of right demandable of him. And where they are not unduly burthensome, there is no just ground for complaint. It cannot therefore under all the circumstances of the case be admitted that the services required in the present instance are not legally obligatory on the Inspectors.\nBut if they were not, it would be incumbent upon them in point of general official propriety to acquiesce. And their not doing it would be a good reason for substituting others, who are better disposed.\nCritical nicety about the boundaries of official duty (except where the rights of third persons are concerned) can only serve to embarrass the movements of Government. A spirit of refinement in this particular\u2014a habit of recurring to the specific cases of duty defined in the laws to decide whether this or that instruction is to be executed would quickly clog the wheels of the public administration and throw it into disorder. There is a large chapter of undefined relative duties which appertain to every officer in every station. And the best general rule certainly is for each in his sphere to give all possible facility to the course of public business.\nThe door is always open to candid representation and discussion, where anything is required, which an officer may suppose to bear hard upon him whether it respect the quantum of compensation, the quantum of duty or any other matter. If any thing unreasonable is exacted and persevered in, an appeal lies to the highest authority, and if redress is not found there, the path is plain. The right course cannot be to give an example of disorder, by beginning with a non compliance with instructions.\nIf, as may have been the case, the mode of expression used, in the general instructions, has led to a misapprehension of my meaning, what I have now said will remove the ambiguity. And I have the fullest reliance, that you will interpose with decision to cause the Inspectors of the Customs to perform the services, which have been required of them, in aid of the Inspectors of the Revenue, for the ports within your district.\nWith great consideration and esteem \u2003 I am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obedient Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nOtho H. Williams Esqr.Collector, Baltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0435", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 19 June 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom-House,Providence 19th June 1792.\nSir.\nI have received your circular Letter of the 4th Instant. I will endeavor to comply with your Instructions in estimating the value of ad Valorem Goods which may be imported into this District from France; but I foresee difficulties in practicing the Third criterion, preferred by you, which appears to me essentially to involve the Fourth; for to ascertain the Prices of similar Articles prior to the Revolution, it will be absolutely necessary that they should be seen and appraised by competent Judges, the qualities of almost every Article being so various: this will be tedious, and expensive to the Consignees; and attended with considerable inconveniences and Loss in cases where the Goods especially if Glass or crockery Ware, are destined, not in the same Vessels, to other Ports or Places. You have Sir, decided so possitively against the First criterion, that without different directions, I shall never practice it; but the Second, requiring only a knowledge of foreign exchange, which may be always easily obtained, I cannot help wishing may yet be approved of by you as the principal, if not the sole, mode of estimating the value of Goods imported from France, and accompanied with Invoices. This would greatly facilitate the Business; and I imagine, would not be productive of Injury, either to the public or individuals, sufficient to counterbalance the inconveniences attending the practice of the Third criterion.\nThere have been Three or Four Enrolments, granted by me, transmitted from this Office, without a hole cut thro the name of the Collector, which was designedly omitted, in consequence of your circular Letter of the 2nd of Jany. last, in which the word Enrolment was not mentioned, tho\u2019 in every instance inserted in that of the 21st of September. However Sir, it shall not be omitted in future. The circumstance of the stolen Register shall be attended to. I have the Honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nA. Hamilton EsquireSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0436", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 19 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\n[Philadelphia, June 19, 1792. On June 25, 1792, Seton wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have made a long delay in answering your favours of the 12th & 19th.\u201d Letter of June 19 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0437", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 19 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, June 19, 1792. \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President of the Ud. States a provisional Contract entered into between the Superintendent of the Delaware Lighthouse and Abraham Hargis for sinking a Well for the accomodation of that Light house.\u2026 The Secretary has delayed this communication under an impression that the allowance was excessive, and with a hope that something better might be done: but reputable workmen who have been consulted appear to be of opinion that the charge is not unreasonable, and no other person has been found disposed to undertake at a lower rate.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0440", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 20 June 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, June 20, 1792. Transmits \u201cfor the purpose of submission to the President a contract entered into between the Superintendent of the Delaware light House, piers &c. and Thomas Davis and Thomas Connaroe junior, for the replacing of one of the piers which formed the harbour near Mud Island, which pier was carried away by the Ice at the Breaking up of the River Delaware in the last Spring.\u201d Reports on reasons for high cost of repairing pier.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0441", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas FitzSimons, [20 June 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: FitzSimons, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, June 20, 1792]\nDear Sir\nI return you Mr. Holkers papers with the result of the examination which has been made by my direction. As the thing at present appears to me I see no chance for Mr. Holker but in the final winding up of the arrangements concerning the public debt, when the existence or non existence of the certificates will be ascertained.\nYrs. with great esteem & regard\nA Hamilton\nJune 20\nThomas Fitsimmons Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0442", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 20 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury Department, June 20th: 1792.\nSir,\nI enclose you an extract of a letter, lately received from the Collector of Bermuda hundred, concerning a certain practice, which if persisted in, would interfere with the due execution of the laws; and would oblige to a line of conduct, that would involve in difficulties the French bottoms, which arrive in the United States.\nTo avoid both the one and the other, this communication is made, in order that a representation to the Minister of France, may put a Stop to the procedure.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 very respectfully \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your obedt. servt.\nA. Hamilton.\nThe HonorableThomas Jefferson. EsqSecretary of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0443", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 20 June 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCeresville [Maryland] 20th. June 1792\nMy Dear Sir\nYour favor of the 9th relieved me from some degree of anxiety. I confess that, although I should not have any great objection to its being known that I had presumed to write in defence of the Character of a deceased friend, I would not that my private letter to you on the subject should fall into hands that might magnify my strictures on the conduct of some of the Members of Congress into a libel against the whole body. I doubted whether you had ever received it.\nYour reasons for deferring the publication were politic; I would not myself have interupted the favorable dispostition of the legislature; but I think that at the close of the business Vindicator should have appeared with a little alteration and a short note giving the true reason for its not appearing sooner.\nI know that the fame of our friend \u201cstands unassailable with success.\u201d But you, my Dr. Sir, do not seem to know that old \u201cimpressions,\u201d and some of them made almost indelible by the envy which your own encomiums created, are yet remaining; and that a few well authenticated facts only are necessary to their removal: and to give that Celebrity to His fame which is the best reward of his Virtues. Can it be forgotten, that the Country which he emancipated and the Men with whom He wrought that laborious task, were almost equally prejudiced against him? That the Government of South Carolina, which he restored by his wisdom and his Valor (its executive at least) opposed the authority which he derived from the head of the Union. That the Army (at least a great majority of the officers) censured him in effect for respecting a power put up by himself; while the half starved troops joined in the Cabal. Implacable enmities were the consequences. Besides he had personal enemies who assisted in blowing the Coals. The embers of envy are still alive; and altho\u2019 his fame will survive it suffers & his Friends must, and do, some times, feel the influence of those temporary prejudices. Among the most respectable, of my acquaintance, I know Men who entertain and who express doubts of the propriety of his conduct in respect to \u201ca certain affair.\u201d A particular friend, the Reverend Doctr. Allison, who is a liberal and a well informed Man, & to whom I read the paper which I sent you expressed great obligations to me for removing suspicions which had long given him pain. He added that many of the facts which I had stated were new to him, and he was sure they would be to many. He pressed the expediency of the publication (But I Submit it entirely to your discretion, having previously submitted it to your judgment). I destest controversy, particularly a literary one; I do not wear the Arms adapted to such kind of combat. But in such a cause and with truth and justice on my side I co[ul]d almost defy \u201cthe Devil & all his works.\u201d I am, affectionately Yrs\nO H W\nN. B \u2003 Indisposition, or rather a desire of improving my health, has induced me to retire for a few weeks to the Country.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0444", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 20 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem and Jan\n[Philadelphia, June 20, 1792. On July 26, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard: \u201cYou will herewith receive triplicates of my letters of the 7th. of May and 20th. ultimo.\u201d Letter of June 20 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0445", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Daves, 21 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Daves, John\nTreasury Department, June 21, 1792. Requests \u201cenquiries concerning fit Characters to serve as second and third Mates, in the Revenue Cutter on the North Carolina station.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0447", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 21 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\nTreasury Department, June 21, 1792. Requests \u201cenquiries concerning a fit Character to serve as third mate in the Revenue Cutter on the Pennsylvania Station.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0451", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Gaspard Joseph Amand Ducher, 22 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ducher, Gaspard Joseph Amand\n[Philadelphia, June 22, 1792. On October 22, 1792, Ducher wrote to Hamilton: \u201cJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u votre Lettre du 22. juin der.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0452", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, 22 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, June 22, 1792. On July 10, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have recd. your letters of the 7th 22nd. and 28th of the last month.\u201d Letter of June 22 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0456", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Gouverneur Morris, 22 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\n(Private)\nMy dear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 22d 1792\nYour three letters of the 21st of March, 6th and 10th of April have been received, and gave me great pleasure.\nI accept your challenge to meet you in the field of mutual confidential communication; though I cannot always promise punctuality, or copiousness. I will however do the best I can.\nWill it not be a necessary preliminary to agree upon a Cypher? One has been devised for me, which though simple in execution is tedious in preparation. I may shortly forward it.\nIn the mean time, let us settle some appellations for certain official characters. I will call\nThe President\n\u2014 Scavola\nThe vice President\n\u2014 Brutus\nThe Secretary of State\n\u2014 Scipio\nThe Secretary at War\n\u2014 Sempronius\nThe Secretary of the Treasury\n\u2014 Paulus\nThe Attorney General\n\u2014 Lysander\nSenators\nRobert Morris\n\u2014 Cato\nOliver Elsworth\n\u2014 Virginius\nRufus King\n\u2014 Leonidas\nGeorge Cabot\n\u2014 Portius\nAaron Burr\n\u2014 Savius\nRichard Henry Lee\n\u2014 Marcus\nMonroe\n\u2014 Sydney\nRalph Izard\n\u2014 Themistocles\nRepresentatives\nJames Madison\n\u2014 Tarquin\nAmes\n\u2014 Valerius\nAbraham Baldwin\n\u2014 Hambden\nJohn Laurance\n\u2014 Solon\nMercer\n\u2014 Tacitus\nMurray\n\u2014 Livy\nThomas Fitzsimmons\n\u2014 Cicero\nEgbert Benson\n\u2014 Cromwell\nJeremiah Wadsworth\n\u2014 Titius\nJonathan Trumbull\n\u2014 Quintus\nGiles\n\u2014 Chronus\nYou see, I have avoided characteristic Names. In my next you shall have a sketch of the general state of the country, its politics and parties.\nI thank you for your calculations, as I will for every suggestion you shall make. I shall seldom fail to get either a new idea, or a new application of an old one.\nI shall endeavour to put in train, by this opportunity, the papers you advise to be sent, to the Russian Ambassador.\nIf your courage is not put to the test by being put to wear what you have won, it will not be my fault.\nDo you know enough of the catechism in the Vulgar Tongue to fulfil what you have lately undertaken?\nYrs sincerely\nA H\nP. S. \u2003 Do me the favour to have the inclosed delivered to the party.\nGouverneur Morris Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0458", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, 23 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nTreasury Department, June 23, 1792. Encloses \u201cthe contract between the Superintendent of the Delaware Light House and Abraham Hargis.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0459", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Dufouer, 23 June 1792\nFrom: Dufouer, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York June 23d. 1792\nSir,\nI am Again under the necessity of troubling you, and Appealing to your goodness of Heart to Excuse the Intrusion I make on your time while you Read this. It is long since I spent my last shilling relying on that Government for Bread by my Attachment to which I lost the place I held in the Customs & Obliged to behold Men in Office who would have waded thro\u2019 blood to Oppose it. I have the most perfect Relyance that you will provide for me because you have promised you would, not Only to me but to my friends. You may in the hurry of Business at times forget this but I am sure you Cannot break it, but my Good Sir, in the mean time I am in want. I am disturbed thereby both in mind & Body and am Often tempted to Despair. Excuse this Application. Do keep me in mind & my pray\u27e8ers\u27e9 shall Assend to Heaven for you\u27e8r\u27e9 Health & Happiness I am Sir \u2003 Your Verry humb. Servt.\nHenry Dufouer\nThe Honbe. Alexander Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0461", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Lee, 23 June 1792\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nRichmond June 23d. 92\nMy dear sir.\nI cannot so well execute Mr. Randolph\u2019s desire as by enclosing his letter to me. Whatever he has said in favor of Mr. Johnston may be reckoned on with certainty.\nIt has been a long time since I have heard from you, tho daily I hear of you: commended by some, condemned by others\u2014sometimes you are mounted to the skys on the wings of fame, again whisked into the infernal pit.\nI have withdrawn myself from continental politics. My indifference has begot an ignorance & both together have established an uninterrupted calm in my breast. The State business furnishes me with employment and ease & innocence accompany my execution of the dutys of my station.\nIn love with every sweet nymph but not so far gone with any one yet as to think of matrimony.\nSometimes I am interrupted by rumors of indian hostility but on this score my fears decrease as the Secretary of War talks confidently of peace. You never informed me how the horse suited you, nor indeed have you dropt me a line In six months. The beautiful Miss Allen I hear is still unpossessed. Present me to Mrs H.\nfarewell, yours always\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0462", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Mifflin, [23 June 1792]\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, June 23, 1792]\nSir.\nBy a late act of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, provision is made, among other things, for paying the nominal amount of the State Certificates, which are subscribable to the loan, proposed by Congress to the State Creditors, \u201cupon this condition, and not otherwise, that the State Creditors subscribe to that loan, and thereupon, on or before the 1st day of July next, transfer to the State Treasurer, for the use of the Commonwealth, the Certificates which they shall receive from The United States, in consequence of such subscription.\u201d\nThe Comptroller General and Register General of the State, have stated to me, that a difficulty occurs in the execution of this act; as, according to their information, the Certificates of The United States for the amount of the respective subscriptions of the State Creditors, will not be issued until the 1st of March 1793, and, of course, cannot be transferred to the State Treasurer for the use of the Commonwealth, at the period which the Legislature of Pennsylvania had prescribed, previously to the passing of the act of Congress, that extends the time for subscribing to the loan.\nUnder these circumstances, I am induced to request, that you will, as far as you can with propriety, enter into an arrangement, to accommodate the State; and either direct the Certificates to be immediately issued (since there is no reasonable ground to suppose, that the amount of the subscription in pennsylvania will exceed the amount of the assumption); or give your sanction, to a transfer of the receipts, which the Loan-Officer issues, in the first instance, to the parties subscribing; so that, at the regular period, the certificates may be obtained, in the name and for the use, of the Commonwealth.\nThe readiness which you have shewn, on every occasion, to facilitate our fiscal operations, as far as they are connected with the Federal establishment, assures, me that no apology is necessary for this application, and increases the sincere respect, with which \u2003 I am, Sir, Your most obedt., Hble servt.\nThomas Mifflin.\nPhiladelphia,June 23. 1792.\nTo Alexr. Hamilton,Esqr., Secretary of theTreasury, of The United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0463", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Reynolds, 23 June 1792\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia 23d June. 1792.\nHonnored Sir,\nYour Goodness will I hope overlook the present application you will infenately Oblige me if you Can let me have the Loan of fifty dollars. for a few days. what little money I had I put into the turnpike Scrip. and I dont like to sell At the low advance the[y] are selling at. at present. as its very low. if you Can Oblige me with that much in the morning sir you shall have it in a short time again and you Will very much Oblige your Humble and Obed. Serv.\nJ. R.\nAlexr. Hamilton. Esq.\nNB. \u2003 you will I hope pardon me in taking the liberty to Call to day. but my Necessaty is such that it Oblige me to do it: sunday evening", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0464", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 23 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nTreasury DepartmentJune 23rd. 1792.\nSir\nAfter closing my letter to you of the 14th. instant, the Comptroller, to whom I had submitted for examination the statement of the French Treasury transmitted by you, made some communications to me on that subject, of which copies are here enclosed for your information.\nMy own observations upon it must necessairly be reserved for another opportunity, as Mr. Pinkney who will take charge of my letters is to embark for London to day.\nWith consideration and esteem \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nWm. Short Esqr.Minister Resident of the UnitedStates at the Hague.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0466", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 23 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt. 23d. June 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury respectfully submits to the President of the United States the Draft of an Agreement concerning the subscription on behalf of the U States to the Bank, agreeably to terms concerted with the Directors, in order that it may be considered by the President previous to it\u2019s execution. The Secretary will wait upon the President for his Orders on Monday morning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0467", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Gardner, 24 June 1792\nFrom: Gardner, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Portsmouth, New Hampshire, June 24, 1792. On July 13, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Gardner: \u201cI duly received your letter of the 24th ult.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0468", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 24 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia June 24. 1792.\nSir\nI have the honor to inclose you the answer of the Minister of France to the letter I wrote him on the subject of the complaint of the Collector of Bermuda hundred against the French Consul at Norfolk, whereby you will see that he undertakes to have the latter set right. I have not thought it necessary to reply to his observation that \u201cLe Consul de Norfolk est sans doute oblig\u00e9 de maintenir les loix de France, aussi bien que le Collecteur de Bermuda hundred doit faire observer celles des etats-unis;\u201d presuming he can only mean then the former do not interfere with the latter. The supremacy of the laws of every country within itself is too well known to be drawn into question. I shall take care however to note to him in conversation that the latitude of his expression, if taken in all it\u2019s intent, would render it erroneous. I have the honour to be with every sentiment of respect Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nThe Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0471", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Webb, 24 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Webb, William\nTreasury DepartmentJune 24 1792.\nSir\nYour letter of the 11th instant was duly received. In the case therein stated you were surely right in charging the Tonnage Duty upon granting a new license to the Vessel under the circumstances mentioned; which Tonnage cannot legally be refunded.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt Servant.\nA Hamilton\nWilliam Webb Esqr.\nBath.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0473", "content": "Title: Agreement with the President, Directors, and Company of the Bank of the United States, [25 June 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Willing, Thomas\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, June 25, 1792]\nAgreement between Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, by virtue of authority from the President of the United States, on behalf of the United States, of the one part, and the President, Directors and Company of the Bank of the United States of the other part.\nWhereas in and by the Act, intituled An Act to incorporate the Subscribers to the Bank of the United States, it is among other things enacted in the words following \u201cThat it shall be lawful for the President of the United States, at any time or times, within eighteen months after the first day of April next, to cause a subscription to be made to the Stock of the said Corporation, as part of the aforesaid Capital Stock of Ten millions of Dollars, on behalf of the United States, to an amount not exceeding Two millions of Dollars; to be paid out of the monies which shall be borrowed by virtue of either of the Acts, the one entitled, An Act making provision for the debt of the United States; and the other entitled, An Act making provision for the reduction of the public debt; borrowing of the Bank an equal sum, to be applied to the purposes, for which the said monies shall have been procured; reimbursable in Ten years, by equal annual installments; or at any time sooner, or in any greater proportions, that the Government may think fit.\u201d\nAnd whereas for carrying into execution the said provision, The President by writing under his hand bearing date the 9th day of May last past, did authorize the said Secretary to subscribe by one or more subscriptions on behalf and in the Name of the United States for such number of Shares of and in the Capital Stock of the said Corporation as together should amount to Two millions of dollars and the same to pay for out of any monies which have been or shall be borrowed by virtue of either of the Acts the one entitled \u201cAn Act making provision for the debt of the United States\u201d and the other entitled \u201cAn Act making provision for the reduction of the public debt\u201d and did further authorize the said Secretary to borrow of the said Corporation for and on account of the United States and equal sum, namely Two millions of Dollars to be applied to the same purposes for which the said Monies shall have been procured and to be reimbursable in Ten years by equal annual installments or at any time sooner or in any greater proportions that the Government may think fit; Provided that the Interest thereof should not exceed the rate of six per Centum per Annum; and did also empower the said Secretary to enter into and conclude with the said Corporation such contracts and agreements as should be necessary for fulfilling the purposes aforesaid promising to ratify whatever he should lawfully do in the premises.\nNow therefore these presents Witness That it hath been agreed and it is hereby agreed by and between the parties aforesaid as follows, to Wit.\nFirst\u2014The said Secretary of the Treasury forth-with after the execution of these Presents shall pursuant to the authority to him given as aforesaid subscribe in some proper book at the said Bank in the name and on behalf of the United States for Five thousand Shares of and in the Capital Stock of the said Corporation.\nSecondly\u2014The subscription so to be made shall be deemed to have been made on the twentieth day of December last past and the said United States shall be deemed to have become on the said day and shall be proprietors of the said Five thousand shares of and in the said Capital Stock; subject to the conditions and agreements hereinafter specified.\nThirdly\u2014The amount of the said Five thousand shares, namely two Millions of Dollars shall be payable in moieties, one moiety upon the day of the execution of these Presents, the other moiety on the first day of July next.\nFourthly\u2014The said Corporation upon the payment of each of the said Moieties shall forth-with lend, advance and pay a sum, equal to such moiety to the United States to bear an Interest at the rate of six per centum per Annum; subject to the terms of reimbursement in the Act aforesaid specified.\nFifthly\u2014As the dividend upon the said first moiety will begin to accrue on the said 20th day of December last past, the Interest upon the loan which shall be first made pursuant to the article next preceding, that is to say upon the principal sum of one Million of Dollars shall begin to accrue upon the said 20th day of December last, and the Interest upon the said Second loan of one million of Dollars shall begin to accrue upon the said first day of July next.\nSixthly\u2014The interest upon the said loans shall be payable and paid half yearly, that is to say, the first half yearly payment shall be made on the first day of July next and thereafter a half yearly payment shall be made on the first day\u2019s of January and July in each year until the final reimbursement of the said Loans.\nIn testimony whereof The said Secretary hath hereunto subscribed his hand and caused to be affixed the seal of the Treasury of the United States, and the said President, Directors and Company have hereunto caused to be affixed the Seal of the said Corporation. Done at Philadelphia the Twenty fifth day of June in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety two.\nAlexander HamiltonSecy of the TreasyThos. Willing Prest.\nAttestJohn Kean Cashr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0474", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 25 June 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nColles Office [Newport, Rhode Island]June 25th, 1792\nSir,\nI have recd. your three Circular Letters of the 4th 8th & 11th. of this month; and shall pay due attention to the Explanations and directions contained in them.\nBy the 14 Sec: of the Act for registering and clearing vessels &c \u201cif any ship or vessel after having been registered in pursuance of this act, shall in any manner whatever be altered in form or burthen\u201d &c. \u201csuch vessel shall be registered anew by her former name\u201d &c. A figured head is put to a vessel after she has been registered: doth such alteration render it necessary that she should be registered anew? and if so, should the cause thereof be expressed in her new Register?\nThe master of a vessel of twenty tons or upwards licensed to trade between the difft. districts of the United States produces a certified manifest to the Collector of the District where she arrives: but has on board his vessel goods of foreign growth or manufacture, of less value than two hundred dollars, which are not mentioned in his manifest are such goods liable to seizure and forfeiture?\nYour answer to these questions will oblige me.\nAgreeable to your direction I have for sometime noted at the foot of my weekly returns the sum which would be wanted to pay off the drawbacks on distilled Spirits which would become due on the 26th of this month; but I have not yet received authority to borrow monies for that purpose. Permit me to request your attention to this matter.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Yr. most obedt. servt\nWm Ellery Coller\nA Hamilton EsqrSecry Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0475", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, 25 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, June 25, 1792. On July 16, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have recd. your letter of the 25 of June last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0477", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 25 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth\nPhiladelphia June 25. 1792\nMy dear Sir\nI have duly received your letter of the 25th of May, by duplicates, with the first and second of a set of bills of Exchange for \u00a3 200 sterling, received by you on account of Mr. Church\u2019s bond.\nYour former remittance of \u00a3 300 Carolina money was also received and I thought had been acknowledged; but I find by your letter that this was not done. It is not easy for me to give you an idea of the distractions incident to my situation, which alone could account to you for so singular an omission. I shall however rely on your friendship for a proper interpretation of the delay.\nIt is mortifying to me not to be able now to answer your enquiry concerning my opinion on the points you mention to have been stated to me; your letter having been either mislaid or forwarded to Mr Church and the particulars having escaped my recollection. I must ask you to take the trouble to restate them and you may rely on a speedy answer.\nWith the truest esteem and most real regard, \u2003 I remain Dear sir \u2003 Your Obedt. Servant.\nA Hamilton\nCharles C Pinckney Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0479", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 25 June 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York 25th. June 1792.\nDear Sir\nI have made a long delay in answering your favours of the 12th & 19th. owing to not being able to meet with Col. Walker to settle the Bill for 300 Dollars. He has just sent me word that he will call up & pay it tomorrow. The amount will then be past to your Credit in Bank. I shall watch a favorable opportunity for the disposal of your Stock\u2014at present it does not go beyond 27 or 28 \u214c Cent advance. I am much obliged to you for your promise respecting My advance to Mr. Pearce the Manufacturer, but am sorry you should have any trouble in the business. Our Direction are informed of your Sentiments respecting the Loan to the Manufactoring Society. Be assured My Dear Sir, they have so much confidence in any measure pointed out by you, & take so much pleasure in promoting your Views, which they are all well convinced are ever intended for the public good, that by complying with your wishes, they have not even an opportunity of retaliating the obligations this Institution is under to you. Of mine, personally, I shall [say] nothing, but that I am with the highest respect \u2003 Dear sir \u2003 Your Obliged Ob Hu Serv\nWm Seton\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0480", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 25 June 1792\nFrom: \nTo: \nTreasury Department,June 25th, 1792.\nSir,\nAs it is probable that doubts may arise, in regard to the construction of the fifth section of the Act, entitled, \u201cAn Act for raising a farther sum of money for the protection of the frontiers, &c.\u201d that is, whether the additional Ten per centum, mentioned in the said section, relates only to the former rates of duties, laid by the Act \u201cmaking farther provision for the payment of the debt of the United States,\u201d or to those imposed by the first recited Act, I think it necessary to communicate my sentiments upon the subject in a circular letter.\nI am of opinion (in which the Attorney General, who has been consulted concurs) that the rates of duties prescribed by the Act \u201cmaking farther provision for the payment of the debt of the United States,\u201d must govern the addition of ten per centum.\nTo elucidate this by an example, it would stand thus:\nMadeira wine of the quality of London particular,\u2003\u2002by the former Act is subject to a duty of\n35 cents.\nBut wines of that description being by the Act, for\u2003\u2002raising a farther sum of money, &c. liable to a duty\u2003\u2002of 56 cents, add the difference\n56 cents.\nIf imported in ships or vessels not of the United\u2003\u2002 States, 10 per centum are to be added to the first\u2003\u2002rate, which is\nThe Amount of the duties payable in this case would\u2003\u2002 be per Gallon\n59\u00bd cents.\nIt has been suggested that there is a diversity in practice in expressing in the Registers of vessels their respective lengths, which is attended with some disadvantage. To remedy this, it is my desire, that the actual length \u201cfrom the fore part of the main stem to the after part of the stern post\u201d be expressed in each Register as the length of the vessel\u2014not the remainder of that length, after deducting 3/5th of the breadth, as is sometimes practiced.\nThe twelfth section of the Act, entitled, \u201cAn Act to establish the Post-Office and Post-Roads within the United States,\u201d is deemed to contemplate no other ships or vessels than those arriving from abroad.\nPrevious to the adoption of the constitution of the United States, by Rhode-Island, the duty of fifty cents per Ton was in a variety of instances paid upon vessels of that state, trading between different districts, for want of coasting licenses, pursuant to the twenty third section of the Act for registering and clearing vessels, regulating the coasting Trade and for other purposes. Applications have been made for a return of the extra-duties in such cases. I am of opinion that the fourth section of the Act, entitled, \u201cAn Act imposing duties on the Tonnage of ships or vessels\u201d extends to ships and vessels of North-Carolina and Rhode-Island, prior to the respective periods of their adoption of the Constitution.\nWith consideration, I am, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your obedient Servant,\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0481", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 25 June 1792\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Comptroller\u2019s Office, June 25, 1792. \u201cI have considered the proposition stated in \u2026 Governor Mifflins Letter to you dated the 23d. instant, and can discover no objection to an arrangement being made, for permitting transfers to the Commonwealth of Pensylvania, of the sums which have been subscribed in the State Certificates. If this is done the Commonwealth will be intittled to receive the Certificates of Funded Debt which may be issued therefor subsequent to the first day of March next.\u2026 it may be proper to limit the permission which may be given in such manner, that the right in a State to subscribe Certificates, which have been redeemed or discharged, be not conceeded.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0483", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Catharine Greene, 26 June 1792\nFrom: Greene, Catharine\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York 26 June 1792.\nMy Dear Sir\nThe bearer Mr Miller will wait on you to learn the particulars of the transaction with Mr Royal Flint respecting the Certificate I obtained from Baron Glausbeck. I beg you will consider him as My particular friend and any information you can give on this or any other Subject relating to the affairs of My unfortunate family, who, as he will inform You (are all on float again) will greatly oblige your sincerly affectionate,\nCathe Greene", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0485", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Heth, 26 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Heth, William\nPrivate\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] June 26, 1792\nThis accompanies an official letter. I acknowlege, I doubt the accuracy of the opinion of the Attorney General on the last point.\nA law is not to be so litterally construed as to involve absurdity and oppression. The legislature might reasonably restrain its officers from future buying and selling of stock, but could not reasonably prevent their making a disposition of property, which they had previously acquired according to the laws of their country.\nAt the same time for greater caution I should in my own case follow the strict interpretation.\nAll my property in the funds is about 800 Dollars 3 per Cents. These, at a certain period, I should have sold, had I not been unwilling to give occasion to cavil.\nThe restriction itself, as it respects the officers of the Treasury, and I rather think the commissioners of loans, is a wise & unexceptionable one. But the propriety of its further extension is not obvious, and I doubt whether it will be lasting. The act passed in a prodigious hurry.\nA H", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0486", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [26 June 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, June 26, 1792]\nMr. Hamilton presents his respectful compliments to Mr. Jefferson & requests to be favoured with a copy of his Report concerning the distillation of Fresh from Salt-Water.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0488", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the Officers of the Massachusetts Line, 26 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Officers of the Massachusetts Line\nPhiladelphia June 26. 1792\nGentlemen\nI have received your circular letter of the 28 of February last.\nI consider it as addressed to me, in the capacity of a fellow soldier, and in that capacity, I now acknowlege and answer it.\nRespect for you, Gentlemen, and for those, on whose behalf, you write, does not permit me to be silent\u2014and, in replying, the frankness which is due to you and them, and, which is not less due to my own character, forbids me to dissemble\nMy judgment does not accord with the views which are announced in your letter. A perseverance in them will not, I believe, be productive of any advantage to the parties, and may, I fear, be attended with some public inconveniences, which, I am persuaded, they would regret.\nI also have made sacrifices with the army, and, what is less known, for the army. I feel, that I love those who remain, of that respectable band, and that no one can be more solicitous than myself for their welfare. I trust therefore they will do justice to my motives on the present occasion.\nWith very respectful consideration \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Your most obedient & most humble serv\nWilliam Heath\nEsquires\nJ Brooks\nH Jackson\nW Eustis\nJos Crocker\nThomas Edwards", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0489", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 26 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nTreasury Department June 26th. 1792\nSir,\nIn answer to your letter of the 19th ultimo I have to inform you that the instruction with regard to the Notice to be given to other Collectors in cases where Bonds are put in Suit, is meant to be general, within the Limits of my Circular letter of the 6th of February last.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servant\nA Hamilton\nJereh Olney EsqrCollector Providence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0490", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmund Randolph, 26 June 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia June 26th. 1792\nSir\nIn answer to your communication of yesterday, on the case of Col. Heth the Collector of Bermuda Hundred, I have the honor to inform you, that his enquiries demand different solutions.\nThe contract, made before the passing of the law, to which he alludes, may be consummated on the 2nd day of January next without impropriety. For the restriction on Collectors, on the disposal of public securities must be future in its operation, and he may be well said to have disposed of them before the existence of that restriction.\nI am also well satisfied that it is too severe in itself, that Congress should have intended to preve\u27e8nt\u27e9 the Collectors from disposing at any time of their public debt acquired before the passage of the law. But how can I bend the word \u201cdisposal\u201d unqualified, as it is? Could I fin\u27e8d\u27e9 a construction which \u27e8wou\u27e9ld accommodate them, and not set principle at defiance, I would embrace it. But not knowing, where I should stop, I cannot enter upon this uncertain field; and must therefore conclude, that the Collectors are prevented by that law from disposing of any public securities whatsoever, subsequent to the date of its commencing in force.\nI have the honor, Sir, to be \u2003 Yr. mo. ob. serv.\nEdm. Randolph\nThe Secretaryof the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0491", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 26 June 1792\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilade. 26 Juin 1792.\nMess.\nJ\u2019ai recu la lettre du 23 de ce mois par laquelle vous me comuniquez le r\u00e9sultat de votre travail sur la fixation de pair intrins\u00e9que de nos especes respectives, pour servir de regle \u00e0 la liquidation des objets fournis et des sommes pay\u00e9s ou \u00e0 payer ici par votre gouvernement \u00e0 compte de sa dette envers la france. Je desirerois que ce principe de liquidation recut son application en france, et que les comptes de vos fournitures, et avances en argent y fussent d\u00e9finitivement arret\u00e9s. Si, comme je n\u2019en doute pas votre gouvernement y consent, je transmettrai auplutot \u00e0 ma cour la lettre que vous m\u2019avez fait l\u2019honeur de m\u2019addresser, et au moyen des instructions qui seront donn\u00e9s en m\u00eame tems \u00e0 votre Ministre \u00e0 Paris les comptes s\u2019y regleront d\u00e9finitivement entre lui et notre gouvernement.\nLe M. d f. p. l. E. U.\nT\nau secretaire de latresorerie des EtatsUnis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0492", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 26 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTreasury Department June 26. 1792\nSir\nIn answer to your letter of this date, it is only necessary for me to say that it is perfectly agreeable to this Government, that the principle of liquidation, to which you refer should receive its application in France, and that the accounts for supplies and advances of money should be there definitively fixed. I am authorised by The President to say that instructions will accordingly be sent to our Minister at your Court.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 With real respect & esteem \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe Minister Plenipotentiary of France", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0494", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 26 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, June 26, 1792. Submits \u201ca Report of the Commissioner of the Revenue on the subject of a certain Pier to be erected in the River Delaware.\u201d Also submits \u201cthe Contract provisionally entered into between the Superintendant of the Delaware Lighthouse &c. and Thomas Davis and Thomas Connaroe Junior, as the best thing practicable.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0495", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 27 June 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury DepartmentRevenue Office June 27th. 1792.\nSir,\nAmong the Cases, which have been brought before the Auditor of the Treasury and myself in consequence of the 7th. Section of \u201cthe Act making Alterations in the Treasury and War Department\u201d is one in which the Secretary at War is the Claimant. In a conference with the Auditor it appeared to Us a matter of doubt whether the Case is within the meaning of the law, and I do myself the honor to make a statement of it to you, for the purpose of obtaining the Attorney Generals opinion on the subject. The Auditor does not join me on the occasion, being necessarily absent.\nNot long after the organization of the present general Goverment, the Secretary at War rendered an account to the late Auditor of the Treasury (Oliver Wolcott Junr. Esquire, the present Comptroller) who on the 11th. day of June 1790 (after deducting the items now claimed) transmitted the same certified to the late Comptroller for his Decision thereon. On the 19th. of the same Month the said late Comptroller admitted the Settlement, and certified the same to the Register, as appears by his certificate inscribed in the ordinary manner and form, on the report of the Auditor.\nBy the proviso to the 5th. Section of the Act of September 1789 establishing the Treasury Department, any person whose Account has been audited and who is disatisfied with the settlement of the Auditor for the time being, may appeal against it to the Comptroller within six months. The enclosed original paper of the 31st. December 1790 was presented to the Auditor of the Treasury. The date, it will be perceived, is more than six Months after the Auditors settlement. It is affirmed by the Claimant that he was unacquainted with the determination taken by the officers of the Treasury upon his account, tho\u2019 it is stated by him and appears from the records of the two offices, that in March 1790, he was apprized by the Auditor of his intention to reject the items in Question, and that both he and the Auditor had Communications with the late Comptroller, on the merits of the Claim in that Month before the late Auditors settlement and the late Comptrollers admission thereof. It does not appear by the records of the Treasury that any communication of the settlement, or of the admission of it, was made by the late Comptroller although it was common for that officer to make a communication of his decision to the party in writing. Every thing of the Nature of an appeal which is before us, is above stated. The Question on which the Attorney Generals opinion is desired is whether this Claim of the Secretary at War can be legally taken up and decided upon by the officers named in the 7th. Sectn. of the Act making alterations in the Treasury and War Departments.\nIt may be proper to mention, Sir, that the papers came to us without a statement and report of the Auditor upon enquiring for which the papers and proceedings above mentioned were procured. If the proceedings of the late Auditor shall appear to have been duly acted upon by the late Comptroller, we conceive the case cannot be deemed to be one of those contemplated by the Legislature, because the old report of the Auditor will appear to be disposed and there will be no Auditors report in the new Case. But if it shall appear to the Attorney General that the Auditors report in the former case bars his taking it upon the present application, then a very important Question will remain to be determined, viz whether we are to take up the matter on the old or new application. Because if it be on the latter it results that after a rejection by the Auditor and Comptroller of one or more Items in the account of a Claimant, those items may be reconsidered and admitted by the officers of the Treasury Department. The Question however upon which it is material for us to be informed is that already stated.\nI have the honor to be, with the most respectful Attachment, Sir, Your most obedient Servant\nTench Coxe.\nThe honble. theSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0496", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 27 June 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, June 27, 1792. Encloses \u201ca contract between the Superintendant of the Delaware light House and Benjamin Price for two mooring Chains for two of the Beacon boats stationed in the bay of Delaware.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0498", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Joseph Hiller, 27 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hiller, Joseph\nTreasury DepartmentJune 27 1792.\nSir\nI have yet to reply to your letter of the 19th Ultimo, concerning American Rum, which may have been exported, and re-imported for want of sale.\nThe penalties against the landing of articles, which have been entered for exportation, are not understood to apply to the bringing back of articles, which have actually and bona fide been at a foreign port; but to relanding before going to a foreign port.\nDifficulties might however arise in such cases from the twelfth Section of the Act, entitled \u201cAn Act concerning Duties on Spirits distilled within the United States.\u201d But should the case happen without premeditation the forfeiture would doubtless be remitted, on returning the drawback, or paying the Duties. All Spirits not marked and certified would of course be deemed foreign Spirits.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt Servant\nA Hamilton\nJoseph Hiller Esqr.Salem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0499", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 27 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury DepartmentJune 27 1792.\nSir\nI have before me your letter of the 6th instant. I refer you to the 45th Section of the Act, commonly called the Excise law, where you will find a penalty of five hundred Dollars, for making use of untrue certificates. This Section would be applicable in the case you state, as the certificate accompanying the Rum must be deemed untrue relatively to the article.\nI am of opinion that, though there may be a hardship in the case, you cannot dispense with the duty on the Coffee upon re-importation.\nWith great consideration, \u2003 I am, Sir,\nBenjamin Lincoln Esqr. Boston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0500", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 28 June 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, June 28, 1792. Discusses the advantages and disadvantages of \u201cthree contracts for Stakeage in the rivers and Bays of North Carolina from the port of Beaufort inclusively to the northern part of Albemarle sound.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0502", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Fitzgerald, 28 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Fitzgerald, John\n[Philadelphia, June 28, 1792. On the envelope of a letter from Fitzgerald to Hamilton, dated November 21, 1791, Hamilton wrote: \u201cAnsd June 28.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0503", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Heth, 28 June 1792\nFrom: Heth, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBermuda Hundred [Virginia] 28th June 1792\nDear Sir\nYour very friendly & polite favor of the 7th Inst; was received\u2014unsealed\u2014a day or two ago in Richmond with sundry official letters. I beg, my dear Sir, that you will accept of my sincere thanks for the condescending attention which you have paid to my private concerns, and for your assurances of friendship.\nThe business & system of banks, being but new in this country, I have never thought much on the subject, and am therefore, not sufficiently informd, to say, whether a branch of the national bank would answer in Virginia, or not; but at your request, the following loose observations, are, with great deference communicated.\nThe trade of this State is carried on chiefly with foreign capital. Those engaged in it, hardly deserve the name of Merchants, being the factors, agents, and Shopkeepers of the Merchants, and Manufacturers of G Britain, and their business to dispose of the goods of that, for the produce of this Country, and remit it to the order of their principals; with whom, the profits of the trade, of course centre. And this commerce, is so divided, that it will be extremely difficult to find unanimity enough, to fix upon the place for establishing the bank. Richmond, Petersburg, Norfolk, & perhaps, Alexandria, may contend for this honor (Tho, at a meeting of the Merchants from the two first on the subject of moving this Office, it was admitted that Richmond shd be the place), and fixd as it must be, at one of these places, it would occasion such chagrin and disappointment to the others, that, if they did not approve, they would not co-operate in the measure. The trade of Petersburg, at present, exceeds that of Richmond\u2014but both, are infinitely greater than that of Norfolk, the latter, being confined chiefly to the W. Indies\u2014and tho\u2019 to a stranger, or to yourself\u2014Judging from what he sees\u2014and you from the Collectors returns\u2014it may appear greater, yet I know it to be otherwise; insomuch that, perhaps threefourths of the goods enterd at Norfolk, are imported by the Merchants of Petersburg, Richmond & other parts up the country; to whom Norfolk is only a convenient Interpot for sometimes discharging and loading Vessels. Certain Vessels are enter\u2019d there because I am Collector here. The produce which swells the Returns of exports from Norfolk, are Shippd by Merchants in the Upper Districts. Lumber, & Naval Stores, are almost every thing it furnishes. So that, it may with great propriety be said, that those, who carry on the business of Norfolk, reside in the upper Country, as do those in Petersburg & Richmond, who carry on the business of this District. For these reasons, & also, from its exposed, and remote situation from the heart of the Country, it does not by any means appear to be the proper place, nor is it possible that any man can recommend it to you; if possessd of one grain of candor, or information. The last of these objections applies equally to Alexandria.\nTho\u2019 the Trade of Petersburg, is at present greater than Richmond, and, infinitely more so than any in the State, I should nevertheless, give the preference to the latter; because its situation is more central and convenient for business. Being the seat of government, where the assembly always meet, where all public-Offices are kept, where the supreme courts are always held, it occasions a great and continual intercourse with all parts of the State. The number & wealth too of its inhabitants are greater, & it is increasing more rapidly, than any other place in the Country; and when the canal is completed, of which, there is now a flattering prospect, and a good navigation brought to the place, it will most unquestionably draw to it, a considerable part of that trade which now goes to Petersburg. And when the canal that is opening between the waters of Elizabeth river and N. Carolina is finishd, it will still lessen, if not ruin the trade of Petersburg.\nTho\u2019 I have no doubt in my own mind as to the most proper place, for fixing the bank; yet, I have very great doubts of its answering in this State at present (for my convenience as a public Officer, I wish it). If the principal object is discount, I question much, whether it will defray its expences. For the reasons already given, there is no considerable mercantile, circulating Capital; and there are but few monied men in the Country: consequently, the deposits in Specie will be inconsiderable. And the Merchants, or those who carry on the trade, having no attachment to the country, no fixd, or permanent residence in it, or any visible property except their goods and debts, discount will be uncertain; and cannot with propriety be carried to any extent, with this description of people.\nBut an opinion\u2014tho\u2019 I conceive an erroneous one\u2014has prevailed here, that the constitution of the Bank admitted of other deposits than specie. If so, Tobacco offers in this State, a very safe and good deposit. It is not perishable; at least, when of good quality, and properly put up, it will keep sound for years, and be improv\u2019d by age. It is brought to public warehouses for Inspection, and there kept for a certain time free of Storage, and at the risk of the State. So that, the risk the bank would run by receiving it as a deposit, and giving notes for \u2154ds of its current specie value, with liberty to sell at 60 to 90 days, if not taken up, would be, their Notes returning upon them before that time, and in case the Tobacco should be destroyd, waiting untill repaid by the State. The first might be obviated by issuing their notes payable at 60 to 90 days after date\u2014and the last, by an Insurance, by which, in case of loss they might recover of the underwriters, who would stand in the place of the bank, and obtain restitution from the State. The redemption of the Tobacco should be by specie only to be paid into the bank. The deposits in Tobacco would be considerable, and the bank Notes wd acquire such an extensive circulation, that numbers would be lost, and the circulation so slow, that vast advantages would result to the bank from the use of the Money.\nIt would facilitate, and greatly promote the circulation of their notes, if the bank could obtain an act of the Legislature here, for depositing the funds of the State in the bank, and making the taxes receivable in bank-notes. It would be farther necessary to give the bank power of proceeding in a summary manner in recovering payments of discounted bills. Upon the whole I think the Trade of this Country should agree upon the proper place for fixing the bank, should give assurance of their hearty union in its support, and at the same time that it should receive the countenance and protection of the State, before a branch is fixd here otherwise it might give rise to Such an opposition, as would defeat the end. And, in my humble opinion, the last essential, would be difficult to obtain unless some leading influential members of our legislature, should become Stockholders in the bank. One of the most able consel in this country, has already given it as his opinion, that a branch of the bank cannot be established in Virginia, if it demands, or receives an higher Interest than 5 \u214c Cent. Besides, the operations of the government hath by no means been pleasing to the people of this country\u2014on the contrary, the friends to it are daily decreasing. Some of the highest in rank, and ability among us, & who supported it in our convention, are now extremely dissatisfied, and loud in abusing its measures, while some others, of equal fame, only express their chagrine and disappointment in private to those, who joind them in wishing to see the government establishd.\nThus my dear Sir, have I given you my confidential opinion, agreeably to your request, and, with a freedom of remark & observation, unfetterd by restraint, or reserve.\nThe business of the Customs being but little in this District at this Season of the year, and having some things of importance to myself to attend to, in Winchester and Philadelphia, this summer; I propose leaving this for a few weeks, as soon as possible in the ensuing month, after my quarterly accounts are closed; by which time, I hope there will be but little money on hand, and there is no prospect of any business to render my attendance necessary. Besides, private business, which hath been neglected ever since my coming into Office, my constitution has been so much affected by the great application which I paid to the duties of my Office, and constant attendance at this unhealthy place for the first two years, that I find it absolutely necessary to spend some time in the upper country this summer.\nIt will be the middle of August perhaps before I reach Philadelphia, when I hope to find you so much at leisure, as to be able to attend to observations on the revenue laws, which I have long forborne to make, from a persuasion that, if every Collector had been as troublesome to you on that score as I have, it would have employd your whole time to have read our letters, and directed answers. So that, instead of feeling any surprise at not receiving answers to such parts of my letters as appeard to me to require immediate notice I have only wonderd how you got through the great load of business, which hath been thrown upon your shoulders.\nI am \u2003 Dear Sir \u2003 with the sincerest Esteem & friendship \u2003 Yrs\nW. Heth\nColo. A Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0504", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Rufus King, 28 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: King, Rufus\nPhiladelphiaJune 28. 1792\nMy Dear King\nI have not, as you will imagine, been inattentive to your political squabble. I believe you are right (though I have not accurately examined) but I am not without apprehension that a ferment may be raised which may not be allayed when you wish it. Tis not to be forgotten that the opposers of Clinton are the real friends to order & good Government; and that it will ill become them to give an example of the contrary.\nSome folks are talking of Conventions and the Bayonet. But the case will justify neither a resort to first principles nor to violence. Some amendments of your election law and possibly the impeachment of some of the Canvassers who have given proofs of premeditated partiality will be very well\u2014and it will answer good purposes to keep alive within proper bounds the public indignation. But beware of extremes!\nThere appears to be no definite declared objects of the momements on foot which renders them the more Ticklish. What can you do? What do you expect to effect?\nYrs. affectly\nA Hamilton\nRufus King Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0505", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Langdon, 28 June 1792\nFrom: Langdon, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmo. [New Hampshire] June 28th. 1792\nSr.\nI was honor\u2019d with your favor of the 18th Inst. by post; by which I see, Mr. Church supposes he was not one of the Owners of the Ship Portsmouth, at the time she was in France, in which he will find himself Mistaken, when he recollects, that he Came to this place with Mr. Moore and Mercer and Recd. his proportion of a very Valuable Prize, called, the New Duckinfield, which was Captured, by the Portsmouth; in the very Cruise, in which these expences, on the Ship were incurr\u2019d; and at the same time signed, an Agreement and Direction, as one of the owners, of the Portsmo. to me, to fit out the Ship for another Cruise; there were also some small matters bro\u2019t from France, in the Portsmouth, which he recd. his proportion of; Therefore there could be no doubt of his being an Owner that Cruise, as myself and the other Owners Consider\u2019d and delt with him as such.\nInclosed is list of the Owners of the Armed Ship Portsmo, with the proportion each held. Mr. Archibald Mercer of New Jersey one of the Owners, and with whom Ive Settled will be able to give you full information Touching this Affair\nI think Mr. Church purchased his part of the Ship latter part of the year 1777.\nYou\u2019ll please Recollect the reason why this was not Settled in Course; The Demand was not, known till some time since the peace took place. I have the honor to be with highest Esteem & Respect. Sr. your most Obt. Servt. \nJohn Langdon\nHon.A. Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0507", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 28 June 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nThe Hague June 28, 1792\nSir\nI have the honor of resuming from this place my correspondence with you which has been lately suspended by my change of place & circumstance. My late letters & particularly those to the secretary of State will have shewn by what cause so long a space of time has elapsed between my appointment & my arrival here. I am anxious that it should be seen that there was no activity wanting on my part to comply with the will of government in this instance. It was not made known to me until the 7th of May. I immediately took measures which I hoped would enable me to set out on the 26th of the same month\u2014my departure was however unavoidably deferred some days longer. Then being forced to pass through England from the circumstances of the moment & in the hope of rendering my arrival here more direct & perhaps more early, it was not until the 15th inst. that I got to this place.\nI found here your letter of Nov 30. 91. I have since recieved from Amsterdam yours of April 2. 10 & 16. 92. I received at Paris those which you had done me the honor to write me previously in the course of the present year. Mine to you have been dated Jan. 26. March 24. April 22. 25. May 14. 26.\nBefore taking up the subjects of your several letters as relative to the business at Amsterdam I will briefly report what has been mentioned in mine as relative to matters at Paris, in order that in quitting them I may leave with you as clear an idea as I can of the then situation. They are principally as follows.\n1. Depreciation on payments made to France: I have already had the honor of informing you of my announcing your intention on this subject on the reciept of your letter\u2014my reasons for considering it necessary to do so\u2014& my applying this intention to payments to be made in future. Those made on the Antwerp loan only come within this description as yet. You have been informed also how it became indispensable to avoid risk to the U. S. & loss of time to make these payments at Antwerp to a person there authorized by the French government who gave his receipts expressed in florins & marking the exchange at the date of each payment. I have frequently mentioned to you also that the basis on which the depreciation should be calculated, being known & therefore no inconvenience being to be apprehended from a short delay, & having every reason to believe that the person who was to represent the will of government permanently at Paris either was or soon would be designated, I thought it most advisable under every consideration to leave so delicate a subject to his care. The event having manifested the propriety of my not taking this business on myself\u2014I delivered to Mr. Morris my correspondence from Antwerp with the commissaries on the subject, & urged his settling it without delay, on account of the situation of the present government, with whom it was evidently better to regulate the value of assignats than with any other. He was fully sensible of this\u2014but mentioned two causes of delay 1. a letter he had recd from the Sec. of State from which there appeared an intention to throw the depreciation on France\u20142. his not having been admitted reguarly to deliver his credentials, & his not chusing to do anything previously. I hope that ere this he will have recieved some further explanation from the sec. of State which will enable him to proceed\u2014& that the other cause of delay will have ceased also as he informed me previously to my leaving Paris that the day was fixed for his having his audience of the King\u2014& that he will have adjusted the business of depreciation with the French government, although I have as yet no letter from him announcing it. I am waiting for it with some impatience in order to re-commence the payments from Amsterdam, making the proper reservations for your draughts.\n2. Prospect of paying off the French debt by a single operation\u2014I have mentioned to you several alteratives which I thought the increasing credit of the U.S. would present to their choice. That which appeared to me to merit unquestionably the preference was the offer of the house of Boyd & Kerr, supported by La Borde & connected with Hope of Amsterdam. I spoke of this subject particularly in my letter of March 24. You will see there by what means it was delayed. Whilst the exchange continued regularly declining, they would have contracted without hesitation & with the prospects of considerable gain. Before the arrival of Mr. Morris at Paris, a rise in the exchange as unaccountable as unexpected took place which would have rendered such a contract at least unprofitable & probably ruinous to the houses which would have contracted. The new minister also of the department of finance, being much versed in the business of exchange & supposed to employ artificial means of influencing it, no house chose to risk such an enterprize under such circumstances. I informed Mr. Morris of the subject, & he will no doubt make a proper use for the U.S. of such an opportunity if it should again present itself. The Minister who was most feared by the bankers who wished to undertake this business & who indeed were the only ones competent to it, from the funds they had at command, has been lately displaced. I know not how far this may encourage them to renew their offers. I shall ever consider it as a misfortune that they were not formerly closed with\u2014but I don\u2019t doubt you will feel Sir, that the motives which I formerly had the honor of mentioning to you as influencing me in wishing for delay, were fully legitimate.\n3. Application of a part of the debt to France, to succour S. Domingo as proposed by the minister of marine. My letters from Amsterdam & Paris will have informed you of the origin & progress of this business\u2014& by what means I have been brought on to suspend the application of the first 4. per cent loan towards remittances to France, in hopes of its being converted into supplies to be purchased in the U. S. for succours to S. Domingo. The decree of the assembly was at length passed. I had agreed with the minister that you should hold 800,000 dollars at his disposition for these purchases, writing to you at the same time to draw for that amount at Amsterdam. My letters of April 22. & 25 & May 14 will have informed you how this business was delayed\u2014& for what reasons\u2014& also how in consequence of your letter of March 21. it was determined to hold that loan at your disposal instead of longer engaging the 800,000 dollars to the Minister of Marine. It was considered that the delay which he had as[k]ed & the sums already applied in America towards the demands of S. Domingo, would furnish Mr. Morris with fully sufficient reasons for considering the promise I had made, as no longer in force. I have not as yet heard from Mr. Morris what has been done in this business\u2014but am persuaded there will have been no difficulty in it.\n4. Favorable prospect for the U.S. from the disposition of the ministry as to the decrees relative to American commerce\u2014& from the ministry\u2019s having then for the first time a majority in the assembly. Although this does not immediately concern the American debt, yet as I mentioned it to you in a former letter I cannot avoid here touching it again for the last time. I must beg you to recollect the consideration which induced me to mention it to you in my letter of March 24 as well as what I then said respecting it. Since then that ministry have fallen out among themselves\u2014lost the majority which they had in the assembly & consequently the force they exercised on the Monarch. They have been accordingly successfully dismissed although they were always probably unworthy of the confidence of the nation & certainly never enjoyed that of the King, yet if they could have supported themselves & kept the majority they first had in the assembly, I am fully persuaded they would have annuled the late hostile decrees to the commerce of the U.S. & this as well from the principles of the leading members of the ministry, as from their wish in general to counteract the proceedings of the former assembly, which wore a disposition that had become very popular in this. The destruction of this ministry has hastened a crisis in France, the most severe that has yet happened. It is probable that the system of absolute anarchy \u27e8\u2013\u2013\u2013\u27e9 which has been growing up there for some time would in the course of things have brought it on. The post not having since arrived here (stopped as it is supposed either at Paris or on the way) we only know from a single letter sent by express that the mob had broken into the King\u2019s Palace, & unopposed by the national guard had offered every insult to his person\u2014armed with pikes on which the general devise was the death of the King. It is certain that he & his family were totally at their disposal & everyone trembles to learn the fate of this most unfortunate monarch\u2014thus abandoned & delivered up to the fury of a race of miscreants which it was hoped the lights of the present age had dissipated in this civilized part of the world. Government will certainly receive much earlier & fuller information of this melancoly & alarming scene from their minister at Paris. I should not have mentioned it to you but for its connexion with what I had formerly said respecting the abolition of the late decrees respecting the commerce of the U States the late ministry possessing the majority of the assembly.\nIn the re-examination of your several letters which are now before me unanswered\u2014the first circumstance which occurs as necessary to be taken notice of is the part of your letter of Nov. 30. relative to what I had said respecting the commencement of re-imbursements to the 1st of this month. It was an error into which I had been led by the bankers at Amsterdam. They gave me to understand it at a time when I was urging the excess of our means above our wants of money\u2014& when they wished me to believe the contrary. I had not examined the contract & was pleased when I found it was an error.\nI recieve Sir with an heartfelt satisfaction the expressions of your letter of April 2 relative to my exertions at Amsterdam in reducing the interest on the loan at that time to 4. p. cent. If my exertions in France to serve my country & give satisfaction to the government by whom I was employed there have been less successfully faced yet I must beg leave to repeat to you Sir assurances that it was not through want of zeal or efforts on my part. I feel much pleasure in persuading myself that your knowledge of the spirit which prevailed there, & the operations which naturally proceeded from the order of things then existing, will enable you to attribute the effects to their true causes\u2014& convince you that nothing on our part could have arrested the torrent of innovation which prevailed during my residence there charged with the interests of the U. S.\u2014& have protected, much less extended, the privileges of our commerce, in opposition to the cabals & private intrigues of interested individuals which ever gave\u2014ever must govern such assemblies.\nWhat you are pleased to say Sir with respect to the satisfaction with which the intelligence of the result of my exertions at Amsterdam was received by the President & the pleasure it gave to the public at large cannot but be doubly pleasing at this moment in particular.\nI shall communicate to Mr. Morris an extract of your letter of April 2 respecting the adopting a rule for liquidating the payments to France\u2014referring you to what I have said above on that subject.\nNothing has been done at Antwerp since my letter informing you that M de Wolf had suppressed a part of the loan at 4.\u00bd p. cent on the condition of being supplied with bonds at 4. p. cent. I expect him here soon & will inform you of the result of our conference. He is very devious & thinks his exertions entitle him to be employed in a new loan at 4. p. cent. Mr. Morris also is an advocate in favor of it & from his superior knowledge & degree of confidence placed in him by government, his opinions are necessarily entitled to much weight. What you say on the other hand with respect to holding out the idea of confining the loan at Amsterdam in some measure counteracts this.\nI observe what you say in your abovementioned letter with respect to your intended draughts. The two & an half million which you there speak of, you may draw for as soon as you please. In order that there may be no misunderstanding or delay on this subject\u2014it will be well to mention to you that a part of the loans already made will suffice to answer your draughts. I had the satisfaction of announcing to you by a few lines written for that purpose only from Paris on the 26th of May, that a second loan at 4. p. cent had been contracted for. It is now going on. The 800,000 dollars I formerly mentioned to you on account of the minister of marine, to be drawn for, & afterwards as being to be held at your disposition, I shall consider as making a part of the 2\u00bd million of guilders you mention in your letter of April 2, unless you direct the contrary in some future letter. Taking care therefore that the bankers shall be provided to answer your draughts for 2\u00bd million of florins, so as with \u00bd million already drawn for to complete the 3 millions, I shall as soon as I hear from Mr. Morris direct them to proceed in their payments to France\u2014the sums which they have already on hand having accumulated to a much greater degree & remained much longer idle that I would have wished, for the reasons which have been mentioned to you in my several letters. There will be no risk in applying a considerable part of the cash now intended towards the French debt & counting on future entries to answer a part of your draughts. It would be well therefore to inform me as nearly as you can of the times at which they will be made.\nYour letter of April 10 informs me of payments made or to be made in America on account of the French debt. I observe they are expressed in dollars. Would it not be proper that your minister at Paris should be informed of them as well as the rate at which the dollar is to be converted into livres tournois? It would be advantageous probably if it were to be settled by the same rule by which he shall settle the payments made in florins if you have not already fixed it.\nThe information contained in your letter of April 16. was highly satisfactory. The bankers at Amsterdam seemed to think that the impression made there by the fluctuation of the funds in America was too partial & momentary to render it necessary to publish any thing respecting it. They apprehended it ought rather do harm & as my own opinion was similar I have not done it\u2014& therefore kept your letter for my own satisfaction & to enable me to meet such observations as I may hear made on the subject. I do not apprehend that the state of things in France require any thing to be said there either respecting the business. Still for greater security I shall in consequence of what you say send a copy of your letter to Mr. Morris. I have the honor to be Sir, with the accustomed sentiments of attachment & respect your most obedient & humble servant.\nW Short\nAlexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury, Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0509", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 28 June 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCeresville [Maryland] 28 June 1792\nSir.\nA necessary attention to my health required my leaving Baltimore, for a time, and occasions my writing to you from the vicinity of Frederick town.\nI have just received your letter, dated the 18th Inst: relative to certain communications by the Commissioner of the Revenue, comprehending a letter from me of the 3d. of May last, to the Surveyor of the district of Baltimore.\nIt is matter of very great surprize to me that what occurred on the subject alluded to should be represented to you as \u201ca controversy, between the officers, respecting the limits of duty.\u201d I am still more surprized that you should think it justifiable to remonstrate in a strain of rebuke which I know is unmerited.\nMy letter to the Surveyor was occasioned by a representation of some of the Inspectors that they had been employed by him in the department of the Revenue in marking of Casks, & in such laborious & servile parts of the duty as they considered as degrading, and which they apprehended proceeded from pique and resentment. That they were detached from their particular duty as Inspectors of the Customs, & that they were not qualified, or requested to qualify, as the Excise law required that they were even obnoxious to penalty by law for acting as they had been desired and that they had no promise or expectation of indemnification or reward.\nI gave no immediate, or direct, answer to this representation. In fact I did not answer to it at all; But wrote a line to the Surveyor containing, it is true, my opinion relative to their being employed in the revenue department which I conceived to be strictly agreeable to law and therefore not capable of being construed as contradictory to the Instructions of the secretary of the Treasury; For, although the Instructions direct the employing of Inspectors of the Customs as Inspectors of the revenue, as it appeared to me that the Legislature contemplated the expediency only of such a measure I could not imagine that a necessity was intended to be created, and an obligation imposed, without an alternative, by the mode of executing the Law.\nThe intimate connection between the departments, and the ambiguity of the \u201clarge chapter of undefined relative duties which appertain to every officer in every Station\u201d made me conscious of my responsibility and more particularly attentive to my own Station. I saw the \u201cpossibility of an interference of duties\u201d which you deny; I saw that the men whom I had selected, for integrity as well as for abilities, to perform duties, which ought not to be committed to unworthy or ignorant persons, might be engaged in a department wherein I had no controul; and that the Department under my particular superintendence must occasionally be supplied by such as I could pick up: and such as might be picked up by any one else and for any other purpose. Men proper for the service are not to be commanded at an hours warning. I saw too, while I was actually under this embarrassment, and the Government in greater hazard of being rendered odious than it otherwise might have been that those men who had devoted themselves to the service were in a situation to receive \u201cEither none or smaller compensations\u201d than the law allowed for the performance of duties for which they were especially appointed.\nUpon recollection, Sir, it will occur to you that the form required by the Comptroller (whose instructions in respect to forms you have directed me to obey) for Inspectors accounts is for services on board of certain Vessels; and although (upon my representation of the necessity of often employing them otherwise, and the allowance by Law being for \u201cdays service in aid of the customs\u201d) the Comptroller was pleased to dispense with that form, he yet insists on their accounts being Stated in detail. It was not provided for and it was impossible for me to conceive the propriety, even if it might be admitted at the treasury, of charging the Customs with expences incidental to the Revenue. By law & by my instructions I could pay only for services in aid of the former; and, in fact, respecting Services in aid of the latter I could have no official information.\nI claim the merit, if it is such, of being prompt in the performance of my duty, and of not being disposed to \u201chesitate in the execution of the laws.\u201d No officer is less \u201cdisposed to embarrass the public service\u201d or \u201cclog the wheels of administration.\u201d I have given no \u201cexample of disorder.\u201d My letter to the Surveyor was to prevent disorder; and to suggest to him the propriety of obviating in his double capacity, those objections which had been strengthened if not created, by his manner of enforcing instructions of which no legal intimation had given the least anticipation. It occured at a time of an extraordinary stress of business, when all the time of all the Inspectors was necessarily taken up in attending on and discharging of Vessels. Could I have apprehended that at such a time or at any time, the business of the Customs was to be retarded by that of the Revenue; or that, if additional aid was necessary, it was material to the Govert. by which department it was procured? There were Officers enough in one department, and it never occurred to me that it was my duty to create more in order to supply the other, in which the power of Creation is by law made adequate to its occasions.\nWhen this affair is properly understood it will appear that all the embarrassments which did actual occur proceeded not from any \u201cspirit of refinement or critical nicety about the boundarys of Official duty\u201d in the Officers of the Customs.\nI am much pained by the unexpected necessity of defending myself against the imputation of being the Author of them; and I feel not a little, Sir, from your suggestion that the Inspectors not performing duties required of them, whether legally obligatory on them or not, would be a good reason for substituting others.\nThe men at present employed as Inspectors have, most of them, been long in the service of their Country\u2014some of them in much more respectable stations than at present. One of them had the honor to serve early in the first Congress, and several of them, through the whole of the late War, as Officers in the army. Want of a just requital of former services in respect to some of them may be assigned as the cause of their present humble condition.\nI shall inform them, as I have heretofore done, that not only in the particular line of their duty as officers of the Customs, but in relation to the Revenue department, and in every other situation wherein it is in their power to promote the execution of the laws, and support the Government of the United States, it is a duty incumbent on them to do it. I will inform them also that it is your opinion that as Inspectors of the Customs they are bound to obey the orders of the Inspector of the Revenue, as such, and that obedience is expected of them. But I do not engage myself to dismiss them if they should demur to an opinion in which I cannot myself implicitly acquiesce. I believe that the officers as well as the departments were intended to be distinct. The Legislature otherwise wod. not have made a special provision for constituting officers of the one to be officers of the other, as if to reconcile a seeming incompatibility; but wod. have assigned the same duties at once or directed it to be done.\nConfirmed as I am in this opinion before I became the instrument of what I must consider as injustice to deserving men I will appeal to that highest authority to which your letter refers. \u201cIf redress is not found there, the path\u201d (you are pleased to tell me) \u201cis plain.\u201d To me it is very plain. Believe me, no sense of dishonor is attached to my idea of a private Station. Neither disgrace nor distress will attend me. But to others the path may not be equally plain and smooth. Thorns and difficulties may lie in their way; even the terrors of poverty may assail them, and force a compliance with directions right or wrong. This necessity, in my opinion (for I cannot abandon the privilege of thinking) would be an aggravation to the oppression, and I can not apprehend that the compulsive expedient which you recommend will be insisted upon. It would eventually destroy every degree of respectability and render the Inspectors unworthy of that confidence which must necessarily be reposed in officers of even the lowliest denomination.\nSure I am that if, when the Surveyor of Balte. was appointed Inspector of the Revenue he had said, as he reasonably might have done, that all his time and talents were necessarily engaged in discharging the duties of the first office, he would not have been told, \u201cSir, you must do this, and without compensation too, or\u2014the path is plain.\u201d\nThe analogy will not be questioned; nor can I conceive how any officer, who holds his Commission at pleasure, and who does not depend on popular consequence for support, can expect to be at all times exempt from a similar coercion.\nConcerned as I certainly am in this question I will endeavour to acquit myself with that stedfast fidelity to the Government, the dignity of which is not independent of the Virtue of its officers, which, in all events, will insure me the quiet of my own conscience and the approbation of those who judge with information, candor and liberality.\nI am, Sir, your most obedient, and most Humble Servant\nO. H. Williams\nA Hamilton Esqr Secy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0512", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nTreasury Department, June 30, 1792. Returns \u201ccontracts for the stakeage of certain waters in North Carolina\u201d which have received the President\u2019s approbation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0513", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Jay, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jay, John\nPhiladelphia June 30. 1792\nMy Dear Sir\nThe bearer of this is Lt Colonel Toussard, a French Officer, who lost his arm in our service during the late war. He is now Lt Colonel of the Regiment Du Cape, and lately from St Domingo with his family. Being desirous of purchasing some lands in our State, he is setting out on a journey to N York and has requested a line introducing him to you. This I readily comply with, as he is generally esteemed a man of real worth.\nThe attentions you may shew him will oblige \u2003 Dr Sir \u2003 Yr. Affect & Obed serv\nA Hamilton\nChief Justice Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0514", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] June 30, 1792. Transmits \u201cthree Contracts entered into for the stakage of certain waters in North Carolina, which have been submitted to the President of the United States & have received his approbation.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0515", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Lowell, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lowell, John\n[Philadelphia, June 30, 1792. On July 12, 1792, Lowell wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI recd. your letter of the 30th: of June last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0516", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nTreasury DepartmentJune 30. 1792.\nSir\nI have before me your letter of the 22nd. of April last.\nAs I doubt not the details of the projected mangement will leave sufficient latitude, as to time, to avoid embarrassment to the Treasury, it cannot but be satisfactory.\nA bill has been drawn in favour of the Secretary of State on our Commissioners for One hundred and twenty three thousand, seven hundred and fifty Guilders, which, together with the Five hundred thousand, of which you were advised by my letter of the 2nd. of April last will constitute part of the fund which may be reserved for the arrangement in question. I shall forbear any further drafts \u2019till I am advised of its completion.\nYou will no doubt take care to retain a competent sum for the payment of the Interest, which shall be payable during the present year on the Dutch and Antwerp Loans.\nWith much consideration \u2003 I have the honor to remain \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nWilliam Short Esqr.Minister Resident at the Hague.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0518", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, [30 June 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, June 30, 1792]\nFor carrying into execution the provisions of the third section of the Act intitled, \u201cAn Act making certain appropriations therein specified,\u201d passed the Eight day of May in this present year.\nI do hereby authorise you the said Secretary of the Treasury in the name and on the credit of the United States to borrow of any body or bodies politic, person or persons whomsoever the sum of Fifty thousand Dollars; and to enter into such Agreements for the reimbursement thereof as shall be needful and proper; hereby promising to ratify whatever you shall lawfully do in the premises.\nIn testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my hand at the City of Philadelphia the thirtieth day of June in the year One thousand seven hundred and ninety two.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0519", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire, June 30, 1792. \u201cI recd. by the post last evening your letter of the 21st instant. Soon after the receipt of your letter of the 4th of February last, I wrote you under date of the 28th of that Month and transmitted the Name of Benjamin Gunnison as a Suitable person in my opinion for first Mate of the Scammel.\u2026 I now beg leave to renew my nomination of Mr. Gunnison.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-0520", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Bayard, Elisha Boudinot, and Nicholas Low, [June 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bayard, John,Boudinot, Elisha,Low, Nicholas\n[Philadelphia, June, 1792]\nGentlemen\nI have had a full conversation with General Schuyler on the subject of the several propositions which have been under consideration respecting the location of the buildings for the Manufactory. My original impressions on the point have been confirmed by the subsequent examination & I now entertain no doubt that the most adviseable course is to abandon for the present the idea of a Canal and to erect the necessary buildings near the Great Falls.\nIt is not clear to me that the advantages of pursuing the Canalplan would at any rate compensate the difference of expence; but I think it very evident that to attempt it in the first instance would disable the company from prosecuting with adequate means the subsequent arrangements necessary to the Manufactory.\nAs to the location of the District or Township I think it ought to comprehend the little Falls and the head of the Navigation of the Passaick and ought to embrace both sides of that River the whole distance between those two points. As to the rest the more compact it is & consequently the more \u27e8near\u27e9ly in a Square the better. Many local \u27e8circum\u27e9stances unknown to me must decide \u27e8the precise\u27e9 form. I once thought it might be well to take three Miles by twelve on the Passaick; but on further reflection I see no solid advantage in such an extension in length and there will be an obvious convenience in a more compact form. The police of the district in particular can be much better regulated.\nPermit me to suggest that as soon as the location is made a Meeting of the Directors ought to be called at a very short day. Many things press & much will depend on going forward henceforth with ardor & dispactch. With very great esteem & consideration \u2003 I am Gentlemen \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nMessrs Bayard Low &Boudinot", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-9901", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 7 May 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, May 7, 1792. On May 10, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Seton: \u201cI received your letter of the 7th instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-9902", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 7 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nSir\nTreasury Department May 7th 1792\nThe President having ratified the three last loans, namely one of six millions of florins at five per Cent interest; one of three Millions at four per Cent and that which has been negociated at Antwerp, I herewith transmit you the instrument of ratification concerning the latter. The two former I have thought best to enclose directly to the Commissioners in Amsterdam under an impression that this at the time of its arrival may possibly not find you at the Hague.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 with great consideration \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. Servant\nA Hamilton\nWilliam Short Esqr.Minister Resident of theUnited States at the Hague", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-11-02-9903", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 14 May 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nParis May 14 1792\nI recieved the day before yesterday your letter of the 21st. of March expressing your wish that a loan should be opened at the same rate with that of Antwerp. It found me in correspondence with our bankers with respect to the charges on one to be made as soon as a proper moment should occur at 4. p. cent interest\u2014the rate of the last opened in Amsterdam, of which you had not recieved our letters of notification at the date of yours.\nI had desired them to fix the charges at 4\u00bd p. cent which I am persuaded would leave them the same clear profits as on the first loan, & with which of course they should be satisfied. I was apprehensive however they would insist on higher, & was not therefore surprized on recieving their answer the day before yesterday covering your letter of March 21st, in which they say that the charges cannot be lower than 5. p. cent, & that they were not sure of success at this moment, but would use their utmost endeavour whenever the instant should be favorable. I have informed them that I supposed the 5. p. cent was asked on the footing of their being obliged to give more to their undertakers & therefore consented to it\u2014authorizing them to open the loan as soon as the moment would admit of it. The present warfaring appearance of Europe may force a rise in the rate of interest perhaps, but nothing shall be left undone to procure a loan at the present rate of 4. p. cent. If it can be effected at all it may be for the charges allowed as well, as if they were more considerable; & of course I think it improper to propose an augmentation, although it would be much better to increase them than to allow an increase of interest. You may rest assured of being informed without delay of the opening of a new loan, as well as the prospects which may precede it if there should be delay.\nI had the honor of informing you in my two last letters of what had been done here with the minister of marine. Mr. Morris has since arrived here (on the 7th. of this month) of which I immediately informed the Minister of Marine. Having not yet an answer from him, I should imagine he had not yet obtained of the committee the explanation he expected from them with respect to the six millions mentioned in my last. Your letter of the 21st. shewing your intention to employ further sums for the purchase of the public funds, & your disposition to give even an high rate of interest for monies to be thus applied, has suggested that it would be agreeable to you if the monies at present in the hands of our bankers arising on the last loan shd. be put at your disposition for that purpose instead of going to the minister of marine for succours to St. Domingo. I have shewn your letter to Mr. Morris who is of opinion as well as myself to do this. I therefore wish to inform you that the last loan (of December) at 4. p. cent interest shall be held to answer your draughts. Its amount was three millions of florins no part has been paid to France. Of course, there is only to be deducted the amount of applications known to you\u2014& wch. will appear from the bankers accounts transmitted to you in which should be included the payments for interest in february & march & the same for the 1st. of next month. Should the minister of marine obtain from the committee a report according to his wishes, & come forward in the promise made to hold the 800,000 dollars at his disposition in America, Mr. Morris proposes to answer it by informing him that he has already learned from the government that 400,000 have been furnished & does not know but that the monies at your disposition may have been already applied that way. I apprehend however the assembly will include the six millions voted in the twelve millions drawn for, although the minister was formerly persuaded of the contrary, & that the affair will take that turn. Should he delay the renewal of his application it will be an additional reason to give him, that the monies had been in the interval otherwise employed.\nMr. Morris has recieved here under cover to him & delivered to me the triplicate of your letter of Jan 28. for me\u2014neither the first or second has come to my hands, & of course I have not recd. your report therein mentioned. Nor have I recd. your letter of the 30th. Novr mentioned there also. All the others which you have announced have been recd. My late letters to you have been of January 26. March 24. April 22. & 25.\nI have formerly informed you of the footing on wch. the payments made here on the Antwerp loan stood\u2014as well as the cogent reasons for having them made at Antwerp instead of being remitted by bills of exchange. Mr. Morris has recieved a letter from the Sec. of State, by which he apprehends it to be the intention of government to transfer to France the loss by depreciation on the assignats. He of course waits for further instructions before settling the rate at which the U. S. are to be credited for the payments made from Antwerp. In consequence of your letter to me of Sep. 2. I informed the minister here & the commissaries of the treasury, of the intention of the U. S. not to take advantage of this depreciation. I did not include the payments previously made although your letter authorized it, supposing it best to leave this for your future consideration. Of course no indemnity will be made for them. My letters announced this intention of the U. S. only to begin with the Antwerp loan. The rate of exchange & the current difference between Specie & paper here, being known, will furnish the basis for regulating this business finally, which Mr. Morris will do on recieving your further instructions. I hope they will arrive ere long & that the business will be finally settled by him to your satisfaction. I shall give him the letters which have passed on that subject.\nI have mentioned to Mr. Morris what I communicated to you with respect to the proposals of Boyd & Kerr. Since then a very great rise having taken place in the exchange (it was with Amsterdam as low as 27\u00bd & rose to 35. & is now 30) has suspended their ideas on this subject, as such a rise would have proved ruinous to them. They consider it however only a suspension, although it is probable they will be more timorous now, the game being much less sure than they expected. Should they come forward again Mr Morris will no doubt do what so advantageous an operation for the U. S. would dictate. These advantages I mentioned to you in my letter of March 24.\nI shall not have the honor of writing to you again from hence as I shall set out for the Hague towards the end of the month. I am now much busied & hurried in my preparations of departure, having never known until the 7th. of this month whether I was to go there or to Madrid first, & of course was not able to conform my preparations thereto. Until then I had only learned through Mr Morris & the gazettes in general terms that I was appointed to the Hague, & joined in a commission at Madrid. I have the honor to be Sir, most respectfully your obedient & humble servant\nW Short\nAlexander Hamilton \u2003 Secretary of the Treasury, Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0001", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [1\u20132 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Hammond, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 1\u20132, 1792]\nIn one of my recent conversations with Mr Hamilton, I took occasion from the accidental mention of some circumstances relative to the Mississippi, to enquire of him the actual state of the negociation with the Court of Spain on the subject of the navigation of that river. Mr. Hamilton informed me that the negociation was indeed pretty far advanced, but that the conditions, by which the object of it was to be attained, did not at present appear to be so extensively beneficial as might have been desired, since the Spanish government still pertinaciously resisted any cession to the United States of a Sea-port communicating with the Mississippi. He added that an acquisition of this nature was essential to the security and improvement of all the other advantages derivable from the internal navigation of the river, and he presumed that if it could not be effected by negociation, the necessity of obtaining it by any means must at some period ultimately lead to a rupture between this Country and Spain.\nThis language afforded me a fair opportunity of repeating to Mr Hamilton my expectation that, whatever might be the event of the negociation this Country would not enter into any engagements with Spain, which might be injurious to the rights secured by treaty to Great Britain. Mr Hamilton assured me that all the members of this government were unanimous in opinion that the participation of Great Britain in the free navigation of that river was to the United States an object of advantage and not of jealousy. To this I answered that, if such were the real dispositions of the Gentlemen composing this administration I trusted that, whenever the subject came into discussion, I should find these inclined to such a regulation of the boundaries as would afford to his Majesty\u2019s subjects an effectual communication with the Mississippi. Mr Hamilton in reply said he conceived it would well deserve the attention of the United States to consent to as liberal a measure of accommodation in that respect as would not be detrimental to their own interests.\nAs the information I have received from Mr Hamilton does not seem exactly to co-incide with the account communicated by Mr Carmichael to Lord St. Helens, I must own that I am disposed to ascribe the difference to an alteration of system in the Spanish Court rather than to any deception on the part of Mr Hamilton: As in my communications with him I have never yet at any time had reason to suspect him of artifice or imposition.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0003", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, 2 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nTreasury Department, July 2, 1792. \u201cIt appears to be requisite that the sum of one thousand Dollars, which was advanced by the Collector of New York to the late Supervisor, should be refunded by the present Supervisor, in order that it may be carried into the proper account.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0004", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 2 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\nTreasury Department, July 2, 1792. \u201cI have this day decided upon the case of Hollingsworth, Shallcross, Lovering and Le Maigre. There being no appearance of fraud or wilful negligence in the transaction, the interest of all parties in the forfeiture is remitted to the Petitioners, upon their paying costs and charges.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0005", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, 2 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, July 2, 1792. On July 16, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have recd. your \u2026 letter of the 2nd. of July last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0006", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [2 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, July 2, 1792]\nMr. Hamilton presents his respects to the President & has the honor to enclose the sketch of a letter to be written by Mr. Lear to Mr. Langdon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0008", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Lee, 4 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Charles\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentJuly 4 1792.\nI have to request that the Boat mentioned in your letter of the 11th of April last may be delivered to the Collector of Cedar Point.\nIn your letter, under date the 21st of September last, was enclosed a copy of an order of the District Court for compensating Charles Page, who was called as a Witness in the suit against William Simpson, which, agreeably to my Circular letter of the 8th Ultimo, can now be settled.\nI am, Sir, with consideration, \u2003 Your Obedt Servant. \nA Hamilton\nCharles Lee Esqr.\nAlexandria", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0010", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, 5 July 1792\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir!\nCollectors Office, Alexandria [Virginia]5th. July 1792\nYour Circular of the 25th. June last, has been received in which among other things is explained how the additional 10 per Cent on the duties upon Goods, imported in Vessels not of the United States is to be computed; I shall conform to your instruction though I own had I not received it, the computation would have been made on the total Duties without distinguishing the old from the new duties, the last Act having substituted other duties in lieu of the old and not expressing the distinction taken by you.\nPermit me to suggest the doubts which occur in the construction of the 8th. Section of the Act for raising a further sum of money for the protection of the frontiers &c.\n1st. Whether the duties payable one half in six, one quarter in nine and one quarter in 12 months, ought not to be bonded in separate bonds; I have supposed they ought to be, in order that the mode already prescribed for stating the Bonded Duties in the books, may be continued and so a consistency and uniformity will be preserved in this respect, and because in some instances it would be inconvenient to the revenue by occasioning a delay of payment of the dividends last coming due.\nFor instance if one Bond be taken for the payment of the Duties by instalments, if default be made in paying the first instalment and a suit be commenced the Bond must be transmitted to Richmond to the Clerks Office to obtain a Judgment, and when the 2nd. Instalment shall be payable, it will not be paid, because the Bond cannot be seen, and a receipt cannot thereon be endorsed in presence of the Merchant, the Bond not being in the Office of the Collector, but of the Clerk of the Court.\n3rd. Whether the Duties arising on Salt and all other goods, except on the produce of the West Indies, may be Bonded though the amount be less than 50 Dollars, payable by each Importer. I understand the Law to require immediate payment of the duties on the produce of the West Indies if the amount be under 50 Dollars and not in the other cases. This seems to be warranted by the order as well as by the words of the sentence, which will not admit of any other grammatical interpretation.\nI am Sir! respectfully \u2003 Your most Obedient Servant\nCharles Lee, Collectorat Alexandria", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0011", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 5 July 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, July 5, 1792. \u201cOn Monday Morning, the 2nd. Instant, the Master of the Ship Hope from Surinam, the Cargo of which was discharged the preceding Saturday afternoon, informed me that from a hint given by one of his Sailors, he had discovered a bag and one keg of brown Sugar, weighing 109 lb, concealed within the Sealing of the Cabin, but by whom he could not learn: a design to defraud the Revenue being evident in this transaction, I seized the Sugar, and requested the District Attorney to file a Libel against it.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0014", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 6 July 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir.\nProvidence, Custom House, 6th. July 1792.\nI have received your several Letters of the 26, 27th. & 28th of June. The circular Letter, dated the 6th of February last, to which you refer has never come to hand; I am therefore under the necessity of postponing the notification of Mr. Arnold\u2019s delinquincy until I do receive it.\nI have the honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.\nSecy. of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0015", "content": "Title: Draft of a Resolution for the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, [6 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures\nTo: \n[Newark, New Jersey, July 6, 1792]\n[Resolved that 50 Houses be built for the accommodation of the Workmen to be employed in the service of the Society] and of other Mechanics who may choose to settle at the Town of Patterson [and that the materials thereof be Stone & Clay & Pointed] unless [the expence of such materials] shall [exceed] by [Thirty per Cent the expence of a House of the same Dimensions of Wood] in which case they shall be of wood and that the dimensions of each of the said houses shall be in length 24 feet in width 18 feet in height from the lower floor to the Plate 12 feet each house having a Cellar & a Garret [& that a Sum not exceeding 8500 Dollars be appropriated for defraying the expence] thereof.\nThat the foregoing houses stand each of a lot of \u00bc of an acre and that the house and lot be valued at Two hundred & fifty Dollars\u2014that any Mechanic being of good character & a married man may be accommodated with a house and lot either upon a lease for one or more years not exceeding 20 years at an annual rent of Twelve & a half Dollars payable quarter yearly or with a right to become the proprietor thereof at the said value of 250 Dollars paying for the same at any time and in any proportions he shall think fit upon condition that he pay in the mean time at the rate of 5 \u214c Ct. \u214c annum on the whole or so much of the said principal sum as shall remain unpaid until the whole be discharged.\nThat any Mechanic who may incline to build for himself may have a lot of the above dimensions at the sum of 80 Dollars upon the like terms of payment as above specified so as the whole term of payment shall not exceed twenty years.\nThat William Hall Joseph Mort [Thomas] Marshall & William Pearce may each have a lot not exceeding half an acre of ground at the rate of 175 Dollars \u214c Lot, and that there be advanced to William Hall & Joseph Mort each a sum not exceeding 1000 Dollars upon condition that the same be applied to the erecting of a dwelling house upon the Lot to him appertaining. The value of the said Lot and the sum advanced to be payable in four equal installments the first at the end of 5 years the second at the end of five years next succeeding the third at the end of 5 years next succeeding & the 4 at the end of 5 years then next succeeding with interest at the rate of [five] \u214c Centum \u214c. annum.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0018", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 9 July 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nTreasury DepartmentRevenue Office July 9th: 1792.\nAmong the papers which I had the honor to present to You, several suggestions in regard to the compensations to the Inspectors of the Revenue for ports will be observed. When the directions of the Legislature in regard to foreign distilled Spirits, wines and teas are considered it will be perceived, that the duties of the port Inspectors of the Revenue, and those of the Inspectors of the customs deputed by them are extended, and that their responsibilities are encreased. In regard to Teas some of the most responsible services originally performed by the Collectors are transferred to them. The influence of these Circumstances, increased no doubt by his own interest, has occasioned one of the Supervisors to suggest the Idea of the duty on foreign Spirits being paid ultimately into their Hands. Altho\u2019 this cannot be done as the laws now stand, even should it appear equitable and expedient, yet a question arises in regard to the three Articles which are within the Care of the Revenue officers, whether the attention required of them does not entitle them to a share of the Commission accruing on those high duties in a greater degree than the Collectors of the Customs whose services in relation to these Articles are so much less troublesome. The certificate business is very important, as it regards imported articles, the whole burden of it falls on the officers of the Revenue. As it respects teas, very little being imported except at Salem, Boston, Providence, New York and Philadelphia, Inspectors of other ports need not be compensated but in a small degree. The importation of wines is more diffusive in regard to the places of entry, and that of Spirits is general. Tho\u2019 the present arrangement contemplates only distilled Spirits, it may not be improper perhaps informing it to take all the Services of the Revenue Officers (viz: those relative to Wines and Teas) into view, and the Case of the persons (who are not inspectors of the customs) who have been deputed by the Inspectors of ports or appointed by the Supervisors as in New York &c. require consideration. In making the contemplated Arrangement the actual Emoluments of the Inspectors of ports (in their quality of Surveyors or Collectors) should be taken into the Calculation. Should any thing be granted to the port Officers, a retrospect will probably be found just. The propriety of withholding it from those who have refused to perform the service so as to dishonor Goverment, impede its operations and incommode the Merchants, is respectfully suggested for Consideration. It is probable that the retrospective Compensations to the Revenue officers would be satisfactory tho less than what may be requisite in future. There are some argument[s] for some compensation to inspectors for ports, which seem to be almost conclusive. An expence of Clerk hire and in some degree of a Deputy is incurred also of Office Rent, lights and fuel. The inspection of the Exportation of Spirits distilled in the United States, is a duty irrelative to the original Nature of their offices and to the Customs or impost.\nThe Supervisors appear to have aimed at placing the secondary and particularly the subordinate offices of Inspection in the hands of very respectable persons. This was a good view, as the law was unpopular in some places, but required bounds. It has not perhaps been duly limited, nor has it proved in every instance that a respectable and influential man has made an active and efficient Collector. A Consequence has followed also, which is inconvenient\u2014the expectation of a compensation rather proportioned to the personal Character of the Officer than the Nature of the service or the Amount of the Revenue collected within his sphere.\nThere appear in some Districts to be too many collectors. In Virginia there are 58, which I suppose to be one for each County. Three Counties of Pennsylvania have only one, viz. Philadelphia, Bucks and Montgomery.\nI do not believe the postages are included in the returns of charges\u2014they are not mentioned in any.\nA regular guager at a Salary as proposed at New York, would be an expensive Officer. The Revenue in that district has not been collected on 300 puncheons of domestic Spirits. It is probable guagers would execute that quantity of Business for Merchants in the six principal ports for a compensation of ten Cents pr. Cask. The Idea of trying the proof at the same time and of making a return is a very valuable one. Unless an account of the proof as well as the Quantity of Spirit be taken the Revenue must suffer, and practices destructive of candid dealing with the United States, on the part of the distillers will be introduced.\nIt [is] thought by the Comptroller that the simplicity which will be given to the accounts and the consequent facility of adjusting them, strongly recommend the grant of a Commission on the gross Amount of duties to the Supervisors and Inspectors of Surveys.\nThe Supervisor of Massachusetts seems to be of opinion that his Collectors can be satisfied without a restrospective compensation, if some charges which he specifies can be defrayed by the United States.\nIt is observable in the District of New York that Mr. Geary who is a confidential Guager is a distiller. The continuance of this precedent appears so dangerous, as to be inadmissible\u2014also that there is in the estimate a charge for two office rooms for the Supervisor, who has only one Clerk, and for fuel for the two offices. The question whether an office keeper, messenger & Stamper of certificates should be regularly employed occurs also in that district. The Supervisors Estimate of 81,000 Dollars for the duties on foreign Spirits imported [into] New York must be very far short of the true Amount.\nIt is uncertain how far the practice has been observed in the several ports of performing the revenue services relative to foreign Spirits, wines and teas by deputing the Inspectors of the Customs. A circular letter has been prepared on that subject for all the Districts, but those of New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland, in regard to which the facts are known and variant.\nIn Rhode Island a small charge of fuel for the Collectors, Inspectors and Supervisors office is made.\nIt merrits particular attention that the conversion of the Molasses distilleries every where into grain and fruit distilleries which appears certain, will enhance the Commissions of the officers in those Scenes.\nThe charges of marking and certifying old Stock are not entitled to a place among the ordinary expences of collecting this Revenue\u2014nor are any of the Charges accruing in the offices of the port Inspectors.\nThe cases of some at least of the Supervisors who are also inspectors of Surveys appear to merit consideration.\nThe Supervisor of Maryland thinks the compensations of the Inspector of the small Survey No. 2 of four Counties is too small. His Judgment may be influenced by the recollection that there is a much larger survey under his own Inspection. The Supervisor of Virginia, thinks that the inspectors of his seven surveys who have 9 to 10 Counties each on a Medium under their charge, are and ought to be satisfied with their Compensations, which are precisely the same as to Salary and rate of Commission.\nYou will perceive, sir, objections are strongly urged by the Supervisor of Virginia and supported by one of his Inspectors (General Stevens) against marking and certifying Spirits distilled in the Country, and the Supervisor adds that he did not include that service in his estimate of Compensations.\nI have the honor to be, with the most respectful Attachment, sir, \u2003 Your most obedt. Servant\nTench Coxe,Commissr. of the Revenue\nThe honble.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0019", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, [9 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, July 9, 1792. On July 30, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have received your letter of the 9th of this month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0020", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, [10 July 1792]\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, July 10, 1792. On July 12, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Delany and referred to \u201cyour letter of the 10th instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0022", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Rufus King, 10 July [1792]\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York] Tuesday 10 July [1792]\nYou will see by our papers to what we are tending\u2014hitherto I have been quite aside, and have not engaged in the controversy. The addresses from albany and other northern Towns, together with Mr. Jays answers leave no room to doubt that the question will be brought to a decision in some way or other\u2014if it can be done under any authority of Law I shall rejoice, because I consider the Determination to be a precedent dangerous to free Elections. Still however I do not clearly see the prudence of an appeal to the People\u2014yet others have no doubts on that subject, and there is reason to conclude that Mr. Jay deems the occasion such as will justify the step should it be found that the powers of government are insufficient to afford a Remedy. He has an idea of a convention for the sole purpose of canvassing the canvassers and their Decision.\nBut Mr. Clinton is in fact Governor, and though he may not be free from anxieties & Doubts, he will not willingly relinquish the Office\u2014the majority, and a very great one are now against him\u2014should he persist, and the sword be drawn, he must go to the wall\u2014but this my dear Sir, is a dreadful alternative, and what & whom it may affect is altogether uncertain. If this case will justify a recurrence to first Principles, what are we not to expect from the disputes, which must & will arise in the Succession of the Presidency? and how are we able to place confidence in the security of our Government?\nTuesday Evening\nMr. Jay has arrived. Notice was given in the morning papers that he would be in Town this Evening, and \u201cthe friends of Liberty\u201d were invited to go forth to meet him. I took Benson with me in my carriage. The concourse was immense, & Mr. Jay has been recd. with the ringing of Bells, firing of cannon, huzzaings & clapping of hands. The shout was for \u201cJay & Liberty.\u201d\nYr\u2019s &c.\nR King", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0024", "content": "Title: Receipt from Andrew Mayer, [10 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Mayer, Andrew\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 10, 1792]\nReceived Philadelphia July 10th 1792 of Alexander Hamilton Seventy four Dollars & sixty seven Cents on account of William Pearce.\nAndrew Mayer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0026", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edward Carrington, 11 July 1792\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Richmond, July 11, 1792. On July 25, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Carrington: \u201cI have received \u2026 your two letters of the 11 instant.\u201d Letters not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0027", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, 11 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nTreasury Department, July 11, 1792. Returns \u201cContract between the Superintendant of the Delaware Lighthouse and Benjamin Rice \u2026 which the President has approved.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0028", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel Gerry, 11 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Gerry, Samuel\nTreasury Department, July 11, 1792. Cites case of the Schooner Dolphin, which was \u201cadmeasured\u201d at both Baltimore and Marblehead. Asks why results of the \u201cad-measurement\u201d at Marblehead were different from those at Baltimore and asks \u201cto be particularly informed of the usal process which prevails at your port for the admeasuring of vessels.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0029", "content": "Title: Proposals to Contract for the Construction of the Manufacturing Plant of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, [11 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 11, 1792]\nProposals to contract for the following purposes will be received at New York by N Lowe at New Ark by Elisha Boudinot at New Brunswick by John Bayard and at Philadelphia by  Vizt.\n1 \u2003 To cut a Canal from the River Passaick beginning at a point near a Station where stands a Stake marked No. 1 & continuing thence to the brink of a Precipice at or near a rock marked No. 3. This canal must be thirty feet wide and must be sunk to a level with the Surface of the water in the driest season.\nII \u2003 To erect flood gates in the said Canal near the brink of the Precipice.\n3. \u2003 To erect a Dam on the River Passaick above the Great Falls and below the Place of the Canal. The Dam to be four feet above the level of the Surface of the Water at the driest season.\n4 \u2003 To erect a dry Wall across a Gully adjacent to the above-mentioned precipice, in a direction from the said Station No. 3 to another Station being a stake marked No. 6 on or near the summit of a hill extending from the one to the other and to make a wooden trough upon the said Wall sixteen feet wide by seven feet deep.\n5 \u2003 To extend a trough of the same dimensions from the said Station No. 6 to another Station being a Tree marked No. 7 with a dry wall on one side, the whole length thereof, of the thickness of six feet.\n6 \u2003 To erect at the Town of Patterson near the Falls of the Passaick a stone building 55 feet long by 32 feet wide four Stories high exclusive of a cellar the whole length thereof.\n7 \u2003 To erect another stone building at the said Town of Patterson 78 feet long by 31 feet wide three Stories high exclusive of a Cellar the whole length thereof.\n8 \u2003 To erect another stone building, at the said Town of Patterson 38 feet long by 27 feet wide two stories high exclusive of a Cellar the whole length thereof.\n9 \u2003 To erect another Stone building 68 feet long by 36 feet wide two stories high exclusive of a cellar the whole length thereof.\n10 \u2003 To erect fifty houses of Stone or Wood as may be afterwards determined each 24 feet long by 18 feet wide, in height from the lower floor to the Plate 12 feet, with a cellar and a Garret. Two houses to be under one roof with a party wall. The proposals will specify severally the rates at which these buildings will be undertaken in stone and wood.\nDescriptive plans of the several objects above specified number 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. 10 may be seen in the possession of Nicholas Low at New York Elisha Boudinot at New Ark John Bayard at New Brunswick   at Philadelphia & William Hall at the Town of Paterson at the Great Falls of the Passaick. The said Wm. Hall will give such explanation as may be necessary.\nA descriptive plan of the building above specified No. 6 may be seen in the possession of the four first above mentioned persons & of Thomas Marshall at the Town of P[aterson] who will give &c\nA descriptive plan of the building above specified No. 9 may be seen &c. Wm. Pearce\nAll materials are to be found brought to the spot & erected by the Contractors, to whom liberty will be granted under proper regulations to use any stones or Timber which may be on the lands of the Society.\nThe proposals may comprehend either the whole or any one or more of the foregoing objects. The proposers may accompany their proposals by the suggestion of any other methods which shall occur to them for constructing a competent Wall across the Gully from Station No. 3 to station No. 6 and for conveying the Water from thence to Station No. 7 and the terms upon which they may be disposed to contract according to those methods.\nAll the works for conveying the water must be warranted for seven years.\nProposals must be in writing & under seal addressed to the Society for establishing useful Manufactures.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0030", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Walker, 11 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Walker, Benjamin\nDr. Sir\nPhiladelphia July 11. 1792\nThe bearer of this Mr. Douthat is lately from Europe. His views are towards the Woolen Manufacture, which he professes to understand in all its branches\u2014and he is steering his course to Hartford in Connecticut.\nAs he is a stranger & I presume stands in need of \u0153conomy, I will thank you to put him in the way of the cheapest conveyance to his destination. Will not this be by Water?\nYrs. sincerely\nA Hamilton\nB Walker Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0032", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\nSir\nTreasury Department July 12. 1792.\nThe practice of demanding Tonnage of a licensed vessel, when clearing out on a foreign voyage, and delivering up her license, as mentioned in your letter of the 10th instant, is conceived not to be conformable with law. A vessel cannot be liable to the Tonnage Duty whilst trading under a legal license. The practice must therefore be discontinued, and the Tonnage, charged in such cases, ought to be refunded to the parties.\nIt might happen, as you state, that a vessel would pay Tonnage but twice in three years, as a licensed vessel; if, in the last month of the year, she should clear for Europe, and, after a voyage of six months, was to renew her license, paying Tonnage for one year\u2014then, at the expiration of the year, should again clear for a foreign port, and return in six months. But such vessel would, in the mean time, pay the Tonnage Duty upon each entry from her foreign voyage, and would fully have complied with what the laws require in those cases.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt Servt.\nAlexander Hamilton\nSharp Delany Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0033", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 12 July [1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 12. [1792]\nBy an act of Congress passed on the last day of their session it was made the duty of the Secretary of state to have seals prepared for the courts of the two Western governments, but nothing particular was said as to the resource for making payment for them. I have therefore to ask the favor of information from you whether there are any funds which you should think it justifiable to apply to the payment of these objects. I assume they will amount to several hundred dollars. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir\nYour most obedt. and most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nThe Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0034", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Lowell, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Lowell, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nRoxbury [Massachusetts] July 12th: 1792.\nI recd. your Letter of the 30th: of June last by the Post of Saturday: I recd. the Papers you refer to & returned a new Statement of the Cases, on which I conversed with you when I was in Phila. last Winter. You then seemed to think that Norton might be entituled to a Remission but that Lincoln & others should be pardoned. Soon after my Return I recd. a Letter from you in which you say that you must make further Enquiry as to Norton\u2019s Case at Martha\u2019s Vine Yard. Mr. Gore informs me that you have forwarded to him a Pardon for Lincoln & others. I presume from these Circumstances that by some Means these Transactions have escaped your Recollection. The Papers when I last saw them you took out of a File in your own Room in the Office. If however they are mislaid I will get them made out again & send them on, for If I can relieve a Moments Attention of a Mind perhaps almost overplied with public Energies believe me Sir I not only think it the Duty of a Friend to his Country but I shall receive Pleasure from doing it. I am with Sentiments of the most perfect Esteem & Respect\nYour most obedt. Servt\nJ Lowell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0035", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, July 12, 1792. Transmits \u201cAccounts and Returns for the last Quarter\u201d and \u201ca Receipt of the Cashier of the Providence Bank for 1,000 Dollars, which I have charged to the United States.\u201d States: \u201cyour circular Letter of the 25th of June, I have recd., and will attend to the contents.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0036", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Walker, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Walker, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir\nNew York July 12. 1792\nYou will oblige me in giving the necessary directions for permitting me to transfer on the Power of Atty from Colonel Smith.\nI will thank you also for your advice what steps are best to pursue to save something out of the 50,000 dollars of the Manufacty Society committed to Dehurst. He remitted Macombs bills to his Correspondent Mr. Hill. Mr. Hill pledged these bills for money taken up in London. The bills are not accepted but they lay over and eventually there is every prospect that they will be paid. Mr. King to whom the Pilot boat was sent acquainted Phyn & Ellice on whom the bills are drawn, that they belonged to the Society and desired them not to pay them. Such is their situation at present and I think something may be done\u2014the money borrowed on the bills by Hill is not perhaps half the Amount. Payment of the bills can be refused in honour. They then will come back and have Claim on Macombs Estate\u2014or Smith may compound for them there by paying the money borrowed on them. You had better see Dewhurst who is in Philadelphia\u2014he can tell more exactly the state of the Affair. No time should be lost in doing something.\nNotwithstanding you told us at Newark that the Coasting fees were to be taken on the first Construction\u2014& that we were intitled to pay for the three bonds under the New Law\u2014the Collector will not comply till he receives a Letter from you on the subject. It is no object to him who receives so much\u2014but to my small pittance every little addition is of Consequence.\nI am Dr. Sir \u2003 Very sincerely your most Obed Servt\nBen Walker\nWillett & Wilcocks fired a Shot yesterday Evening without execution.\nA. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0038", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, [13 July 1792]\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, July 13, 1792. On July 26, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Delany: \u201cI have considered the case represented in your letter of the 13. instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0039", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 13 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\nTreasury Department, July 13, 1792. \u201cI have desired eleven Hydrometers to be sent to Your Office, which I request you will please to forward by water to the Collectors of the several ports.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0040", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Gardner, [13 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Gardner, William\n[Philadelphia, July 13, 1792]\nI duly received your letter of the 24th ult. and it gives me pleasure to learn that your determination is in favor of a continuance in office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0041", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 13 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, July 13, 1792. \u201cPermit me to request the favor of you to cause a warrant to be issued on the Treasurer of the United States payable to George Taylor Junior to the amount of five hundred and twenty dollars for defraying the contingent expences of the Department of State.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0042", "content": "Title: Meeting of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, [13 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 13, 1792]\nAt a meeting of the trustees of the sinking fund, July 13, 1792.\nPresent: The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Attorney General.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury having informed the Board, that there were, at the disposal of the Board, pursuant to the 7th section of the act, entitled \u201cAn act supplementary to the act making provision for the debt of the United States\u201d forty thousand four hundred and fifty-one dollars fifty-one cents and four mills, arising from dividends of interest on the public debt, hereto-fore purchased, under the authority of the Board:\nResolved, That the interest on so much of the debt of the United States as has been purchased, or redeemed for or by the United States, and as may have been paid into the Treasury thereof, in satisfaction of any debt or demand, and the surplus of any sum or sums appropriated for the payment of interest upon the said debt, which may have remained after paying such interest, be applied, within the time limited for that purpose, to the purchase of the several kinds of stock, at the lowest prices for which they can be obtained, if not exceeding the respective rates authorized by a resolution of the Board, of the \u2014\u2014\u2014 day of last \u2014\u2014\u2014.\nThat Samuel Meredith, Treasurer, be the agent for making the said purchases.\nThat they be made by receiving sealed proposals for any sums which parties offering shall incline to sell, preferring the lowest offers, with regard, as far as may be, to the purchasing of equal proportions of the several kinds of stock; and that the said agent, forthwith, advertise to receive such proposals until the 28th day of July, instant, inclusively.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0045", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 16 July 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] July 16, 1792. \u201cI have recd. your letter of the 25 of June last, advising me that my accounts as Superintendant of the Light house on James Town Island from the 13th. of Sept. to 31st. of Decr. 1791 have been adjusted at the Treasy. and that there is stated to be due from the United States to me the Sum of Seven hundred and thirty seven dollars & fifty three and one half cents.\u2026 On inspecting my accounts of Expenditures as Superintendt. of the Light house I find that I had in the time above-mentioned expended Seven hundred and forty seven dollars and four and one half Cents. to which sum a common~ of one per centum, and a common~ on the amount of the one per centum being added the result is Seven hundred and fifty four dolls. and fifty eight and one half cents.\u2026 This appearing to be the case I cannot with propriety acknowledge a debt adjusted as my due the 31st of Decr. 1791. by giving a receipt therefor, when I conceive it to be short of what was then due to me. I have therefore transmitted two receipts of the same tenour and date, one of them to your Office, and the other to the Treasurer for the Sum of Seven hundred fifty four dollars and fifty eight one half cents.\u2026 If I am right please to pass this sum to my credit in the settlement to the 31st of Decr. last. If wrong I wish to be put right.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0047", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Lee, 16 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Charles\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentJuly 16 1792\nI have this day decided upon the case of Thomas Triplett. I could not consider the excuse which was alleged as a sufficient cause to induce a total remission. The interest of the United States is remitted to him, and he is to pay fifty Dollars for the benefit of persons, other than the United States. [That is to say there is a total remission on paying fifty Dollars & reasonable Costs & charges to be assessed by the Judge.] A duplicate of my decision is sent to the Clerk of the District Court, at Richmond.\nA decision on the case of William Wilson and Company will be made directly I receive some additional information from the District Judge, to whom I have applied for this purpose.\nI am, Sir, with consideration, \u2003 Your Obedt Servant\nA Hamilton\nCharles Lee Esqr.\nAlexandria", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0048", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 16 July 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nCustom HouseDistrict of Providence 16 July 1792.\nMessrs Clarke and Nightingale are about Exporting a Quantity of Brandy to Cape Francois\u2014imported into this district in the Ship Lark in May last from Bourdeaux\u2014and have applyed to me for information. Wheather said Brandy may not on Return of the Vessel be relanded here, (in case it cannot be Sold to advantage in the Cape) Free of duty and the Exportation Bond Cancelled without a Breach of Law, no fraud being intended; or, if they shall be Subject to pay the duties on relanding it, whether they will not be entitled to receive the Draw Back of the first duties when it becomes due, and on Producing a Certificate that said Brandy had been actually landed and delivered at the Cape their Bond shall not be cancelled? But as the 62 Section of the Collection law & 55 Section of the Excise Act seems so pointed against relanding any Goods Wares or Merchandize, intended for Exportation, with intent to draw back the duties, or to obtain any allowance given by law on the Exportation thereof, I have thought it my duty to decline giving them a Definitive answer, untill I should be favoured with your opinnion Relative to the Case.\nI enclose my genl. Return of Exports for the last Quarter, amounting to 95,844 Dolls. and 3 Cents.\nI have the Honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.\nSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0049", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 16 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia July 16. 1792.\nI have the honor to enclose a Resolution of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund of the 16th. inst:, for your consideration and approbation.\nMy absence from Town and hurry after my return, prevented the making of the arrangement before you left this place. I shall hope to receive your determination previous to the day which limits the receiving of proposals, as the purchases must be made within the month. Nothing else new has occurred since your departure.\nWith perfect respect & the truest attachment, \u2003 I have the honor to be &c.\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0050", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 16 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Staphorst, Nicholaas van,Staphorst, Jacob van,Hubbard, Nicholas\nGentlemen,\nTreasury DepartmentJuly 16th. 1792.\nI have directed the Treasurer of the United States to draw Bills upon you, for five hundred thousand Guilders, at ten days sight, in favor of John Kean Esquire, Cashier of the Bank of the United States, which drafts, I request, may be duly honored, when presented.\nI am &c.\nAlexander Hamilton\nMessrs. Willink, Van Staphorst\n& Hubbard.\nAmsterdam.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0051", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Daves, 17 July 1792\nFrom: Daves, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew Bern [North Carolina] July 17, 1792. \u201cI received yours dated June 21st and in obedience thereto have made inquiry for proper Persons to fill the second & third Mates birth of the Revenue Cutter of this State. For the second mates birth I beg leave to recommend James Sandy of this Town, being a sober man a good seamen a good Pilot.\u2026 Capt: Cooke of the Cutter begs leave to recommend his son William Harrison Cooke, for the third Mates birth.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0052", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 17 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nMy Dear Sr\nPhiladelphiaJuly 17. 1792\nI find on examination that I have drawn out of the Bank of New York more money than I intended. It was my intention to keep there about 100 000 Dollars but I will contrive ere long to replace; and in the mean time I wish you to understand that if any ballance in favour of the Branch should at any time press you unduly I will upon notice come to your aid as far as my deposits there will permit. I do not however believe that this will be necessary as I have full evidence that a good disposition towards you will continue to be cultivated.\nA Mr. Greene of your City has solicited my interposition to prevent if possible a suit being brought against him, which it seems is committed to the agency of Mr. Pollock, and which if brought will as he represents be ruinous to him. I answered him at first that any interference of mine would be very delicate that I was not intimate enough with Mr. Pollock to take such a liberty with him, and that I should imagine it would be fruitless if I did, as he would probably be bound down by instructions. The distress with which he was menaced made him urgent and my good nature at length gave way so far as to induce me to promise that I would write on the subject to some friend of mine who was an acquaintance of Mr. Pollock. In compliance with this promise I shall now trouble you with a few words on the subject of Mr Greene.\nThis Gentleman some time since imported from the British East Indies to Rhode Island a large quantity of goods, for which he regularly paid the duties at the place of Exportation and which he afterwards shipped to Ostend where they were sold to certain persons whose names I have forgotten. These persons having afterwards gone to England, Mr. Greene brought a suit against them there and was non suited upon the strength of a British Statute\u2014which annuls the contracts of all British subjects who trade to India without license from the East India Company. The sum in question was upwards of 40 000 Sterling.\nSuch is the representation of Mr. Greene and if true his case is certainly unfortunate.\nThis representation has been made to the Government here & has been committed to our Minister to the Court of Great Britain to examine fully into it and to endeavour to obtain redress for Mr. Greene.\nThe actual toleration of the Trade by the local Government would amount in good faith to a license from the Company and ought, as it now appears, to have secured Mr. Greene from the penalties of the Act.\nIn this situation he thinks it hard to be pursued by British Creditors in this Country.\nThe little knowlege I have of Mr. Greene makes me uncertain what degree of credit is due to his representation. Not admitting it to be literally accurate could I wish to say or do any thing which if it were in my power might divert Mr. Pollock from any measures which the security of his friends or propriety of conduct as an Agent may dictate. I wish him only through you to be apprised of the state of things as it regards the interposition of this Government, with this observation that Mr. Greens presence in England will probably be of consequence to the prosecution of his affair, by enabling him to furnish all the requisite evidence in the progress of the discussion. How far this may make it the interest of Mr. Pollock\u2019s principal, that a suit, which would detain him here, should not be commenced, he will best judge.\nYou can be at no loss My Dear Sir to appreciate my situation in this affair and you will have the goodness to move in it in such a manner as will commit me & embarrass others as little as possible.\nYou see I do not scruple to burthen you even with the consequences of my weaknesses. I rely on your friendship & obliging disposition.\nTruly Yrs\nA Hamilton\nWm. Seton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0053", "content": "Title: Receipt from William Pearce, [18 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Pearce, William\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 18, 1792]\nReceived Philadelphia July 18. 1792 of Alexander Hamilton Two hundred & fifty Dollars on account of the Society for establishing useful manufactures.\nWm Pearce", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0054", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, [18 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Staphorst, Nicholaas van,Staphorst, Jacob van,Hubbard, Nicholas\n[Philadelphia, July 18, 1792. A \u201cList of papers received from the files of the Office of the House of Representatives, for the use of the Committee appointed to enquire into the State of the Treasury department\u201d dated April 8, 1794, refers to \u201cCopy of letters from the Secretary of the Treasury, to Wilhem, Willink &c. relating to the application of the monies arising from the loans\u2014of the respective dates following to wit \u2026 July 18th,\u201d 1792. Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0056", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 19 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nSir\nTreasury department, 19 July 1792\nIt was with real reluctance and regret that I found myself, as I conceived, in a situation, not only to be justified but constrained to use a stile of expostulation in my letter of the 28th. of last month. It is my earnest wish that the public business committed to my superintendance may proceed with harmony and cordiallity between myself & those united with me in the execution of it. And I may truely add that my impression of you have always been of a nature to give force to that sentiment in a case, in which you were concerned. But I thought and still think, that the affair, which is the subject of this correspondence warranted dissatisfaction on my part. And as far as there may have been an expression of it, I do not fear that it can be a matter of surprize, to any one whose sensibility is not too much alarmed to leave the judgment impartial.\nLet the circumstances be reviewed.\nThe Legislature pass an Act introducting a new branch of the Revenue, involving among other things the appointment of a new sett of Officers. They are aware that the new provision will have to encounter objections and obstacles; and that among other topics of objection the multiplication of Officers and the expence of Collection are likely to be urged. Towards obviating both, they indicate their sense, that it may be expedient to call in the aid of the Officers of the customs, in the execution of the law.\nThe expence of executing this new system being untried is unknown. Difficulties are found to attend a previous legislative speculation of the proper compensations and allowances. It is therefore made the duty of the executive to regulate that detail, under a limitation as to the totality of the expence to be incured.\nThe executive, in concerting the necessary arrangements for carrying the law into effect, finds itself urged to avail itself of the aid contemplated by the legislature, not only by the same considerations which influenced them, and by respect for the intimation in the law on that head, but by a conviction, upon examination, that the restriction as to expence rendered such an expedient indispensable, from the impossibility of compensating a sufficient number of distinct officers.\nThe President therefore, in his general arrangement concludes to appoint\u2014the Collectors of the Customs, at ports where there are no Surveyors, and the Surveyors at Ports where those Officers are established\u2014Inspectors of the Revenue for the respective ports; charging them with the performance of services which though originating under the new system are immediately connected with the revenue of the Customs, which were before entrusted to their care and management.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, in the details, connected with and resulting from the general plan, designates another description of Officers of the Customs, namely the Inspectors, as assistance to those who had previously been appointed by the President.\nAnd relying on the efficacy of this resource, no other is pointed out, by which the Inspectors of the Revenue for ports can procure the requisite assistance for fulfilling the law. The instructions respecting the whole matter are transmitted to all the Collectors of the Customs, and their co-operation is desired.\nI mentioned in my former letter, as a motive to this arrangement, that there was no danger of an interferance of duties. In this you differ from me. Let facts decide.\nThe duties of a Surveyor of the Customs by the 6th. Section of the Collection law are \u201cto superintend and direct the Inspectors, measurers, and guagers within his district, to visit and inspect the ships and vessels which arrive within his district, with power to put on board one or more inspectors, to ascertain the proof of distilled Spirits, to examine whether goods imported in any ship or vessel and the deliveries thereof are conformable to the entries of such goods and the permits for landing the same\u201d and he is placed under the Controul of the Collector.\nThe duties of the Inspector of the Revenue for a port under the Act in question and the inspections concerning it are\u20141st to receive the reports of Masters of vessels having on board distilled spirits brought from foreign ports, 2d. to receive from owners, importers and consignees, entries of such Spirits after they have been previously certified by the Collector of the Customs and to inspect record and indorse the permits granted by them. 3rdly to superintend the landing of Spirits, cause the Casks and vessels containing them to be marked and to Issue the requisite certificates to accompany them 4\u2014to certify the quantities and particulars of distilled Spirits entered and landed at one port in cases in which a part of those imported in a vessel are intended to be delivered at another port. 5th\u2014to superintend the shipment of distilled spirits intended to be exported in order to their being entitled to the benefit of drawbacks.\nOn comparing the particulars of the duties of these two offices it will be seen, that they are either substantially the same or closely allied to each other, and that they would be more naturally performed by the same than by different persons.\nIf the law had in the first instance annexed the duties of an Inspector of the Revenue for a Port to those of the Surveyor of a Port (which perhaps would have been a desirable course) no doubt could have been entertained of their perfect congruity. Their being united by an executive arrangement cannot, in this respect, vary the effect.\nResponsibility to different superiors, is the only circumstance which can give colour to suppose the possibility of collusion. But the duties in the two Cases are so much parts of a whole that it would be no easy matter to make them clash, even by design; and if so improper a design could appear, there are not wanting means of repressing it.\nThe union therefore of the Offices of Surveyor and Inspector of the revenue, for a part, clearly does not naturally involve any interference of duties.\nIt remains to see if that of Inspector of the Customs and deputy inspector of the Revenue for a port is chargeable with any greater degree of incompatibility.\nAs Inspector of the Customs, the person who bears that Office, is by the Collection law put under the immediate direction of the Surveyor. As deputy Inspector of the Revenue he is under the immediate direction of the same person in the capacity of Inspector of the Revenue. Here the responsibility to the same superior, in both capacities is found to second the analogy of duties.\nAs Inspector of the Customs his duties are not specifically defined by law\u2014he is to be employed generally in aid of the Customs, and by the day, upon a compensation not exceeding a dollar and a quarter \u214c day. But from certain intimations in the law, and from practice, the prominent features of his duty consists in aiding the Surveyor in the inspection of vessels and in overseeing the landing of goods. I say in aiding the Surveyor, because it is expressly declared, that the Surveyor shall superintend and direct him and shall have power to put on board of each Vessel one or more Inspectors.\nAs deputy Inspector of the Revenue, under the arrangement which has been adopted, he is to assist the same Surveyor in the capacity of Inspector of the Revenue, in overseeing the landing of certain goods, with the additional circumstance of marking the Casks and packages containing them, when landed, and of delivering descriptive certificates to accompany them.\nThis additional circumstance may be regarded as a natural appendage of the principal service to be performed, and in most cases may be executed without difficulty by the same person.\nIf on particular occasion, through any extraordinary press of business, some embarrassment might be experienced, the remedy as I mentioned in my former letter would be a special and temporary appointment of additional Inspectors, an expedient in the discretion and power of the Collector, and the use of which in certain cases is contemplated by the collection law itself, which expressly authorizes the Surveyor to put on board a vessel, one or more inspectors.\nTo this you made two objections. First, that men selected for their integrity and abilities might be diverted from the business of the Customs, by a department over which you had no controul, to execute that of the revenue, leaving you to supply their places by unworthy or ignorant persons picked up in a hurry. Secondly\u2014That it might expose those whom you had selected to perform certain duties to less compensation, in performing others, than they would be entitled to for performing those to which they had been appointed, or perhaps to no compensation at all.\nThe answer to the first objection is plainly this. The officers in question in the capacity of deputy Inspectors of the Revenue have no services to perform, but such as are in substance, however they may be in form, exclusively relative to the Customs; They have no concern with any but imported articles, the duties upon which are paid to and received by the Collector of the Customs only; and the direct object of the services they are to perform is the security of that branch of the revenue. They have nothing to do with the in-land duties. They are therefore in fact, though not in Name, auxiliary officers of the Customs. The criterian, upon this occasion, must be that the services to be performed are relative to duties on imported articles, which duties are payable to officers of the Customs. And it has been shewn that the services to be performed in both cases are either the same or coincident. Nothing therefore like a neglect of the service of the Customs was involved in the arrangement, on the contrary it tended to second and promote that service.\nIt may be further answered that you would alway have a right to say to the Inspector of the Revenue, who as Surveyor is under your controul \u201cThe established Inspectors being at this time too much occupied otherwise to perform the additional services of marking &c, you are for the present to employ for these purposes occasional Inspectors, whom I will appoint to assist you.\u201d It would become his duty in such case to Conform and the inconvenience to which you allude might be avoided.\nTo the second objection it may be answered\u2014That the compensation from the course prescribed, would rest with yourself, within the limit of a dollar and a quarter per day since the persons employed would be to be compensated as Inspectors of the Customs.\nWhat you remark by anticipation in opposition to this is I conceive easily obviated. If a particular form from the Treasury, from an imperfect view of the law in the first instance, confined the compensation of Inspectors to cases of attendance on board of vessels, the error was by your own shewing rectified on further consideration, and the sense of the law was admitted to be that compensation would follow any services rendered by the Inspectors in aid of the Customs.\nBut you observe that it was \u201cimpossible for you to conceive the propriety, even if it might be admitted at the Treasury, of charging the Customs with expences incidental to the Revenue.\u201d\nBut when it is observed, as is truely the case, that these expences are incidental to the Customs and not to the Revenue as distinguished from them, in other words \u201cthe in-land duties\u201d it cannot be very difficult to conceive the propriety of the charge, which likewise, it was to have been presumed from the arrangement adopted by the head of the department would have been admitted at the Treasury. And it surely would have been perfectly safe and intirely in order, to have left the responsibility for a wrong construction in such a case where the law has placed it, namely with the Treasury. I might perhaps have contented myself on this point of the interferance of duties with refering to your own words in your letter of the 3d. of May last to the Surveyor\u2014in which you admit that the duties of the two offices though distinct are \u201cpracticable by the same persons.\u201d\nFrom the question of interference, I return to the review of the cause of the transaction, which is the subject in discussion.\nThe arrangement adopted and notified from the Department of the Treasury, is carried into general execution, without objection or complaint, though in some instances representations are prefered of the considerable addition, which is made to the duties of the Officers of the Customs, and of the reasonableness of some further compensation; which are of necessity refered to future consideration, when greater latitude in the article of expence should be allowed by the Legislature; an event which took place last session of Congress, and the effects of which have been hereto-fore suspended, only by the requisite preliminary inquiries and investigations.\nA question arises in your district, as to the obligation of the Inspectors of the Customs to perform the additional services required of them. Not a syllable of this is communicated to the Treasury. No opportunity is offered of reconsidering the arrangement\u2014none of providing, by a new instruction to the Officers of the Revenue, a substitute for the expected co-operation of the Inspectors of the Customs in cases of refusal, if such refusal were justifiable.\nOn an application from those Officers to you\u2014you write to the Surveyor enjoining him to avoid as much as possible demanding of the Inspectors of the Customs services which may interfere with their particular duties as such, and especially such as they are unwilling to undertake\u2014declaring your opinion that they are not bound to officiate in the capacities of deputy Inspectors and that their services must be voluntary.\nYou state, that in fact you gave no answer at all to the representation of the Inspectors. The Surveyor however States, that the opinion given to him, in the above mentioned letter was also given to the Inspectors, and that in consequence of it, they refused to mark. It would be improper for me now to decide which of these two apparently contradictory statements is the most accurate\u2014but with one only before it was natural I should suppose it correct, especially when I adverted to the Result.\nThe Surveyor further states, that your deputy \u201ctook pains to induce the Inspectors not to mark.\u201d\nFrom a disposition the reverse of unconciliating, I was disposed to suppress these unpleasant particulars. But the turn which your letter has given to the thing appears to me to render it necessary they should now be brought to view.\nThe issue of the whole affair is, as stated by the Surveyor\u2014that the Inspectors refuse to mark\u2014that he in consequence is compelled to have the Spirits, which are landed Stored, without it, \u2019till from courtesy and a disposition to oblige him, he is able to prevail upon two or three Inspectors to perform the services at their leisure\u2014that the Merchants complain, and talk of protesting against the officers\u2014that some of the Inspectors go so far as not only to refuse to mark, but to declare that they \u201cwill not examine to see if spirits when landed are accompanied with the proper certificates.\u201d\nI appeal to your own candour and good sense. Was all this as it ought to have been? Was not the public service embarrassed? Were not the wheels of administration so far clogged? Was no example of disorder given? Had I no causes to feel dissatisfied or pained at such a scene? Could I consistantly with what was due to my official situation, or the public service, forbear to expostulate?\nI proceed to take notice of some particulars in your letter.\nYou express your surprize that what has occured shd. have been represented to me \u201cas a controversy between the officers respecting the limits of duty.\u201d In your letter of the 3d. of May to the Surveyor you state that it has been intimated to you that \u201ca misunderstanding subsisted between the Surveyor and the Inspectors of the Customs for the port of Baltimore respecting the duty of the latter, when deputed by the Inspector of the Revenue to aid the execution of the duties of the latter office.\u201d I regard this misunderstanding as a controversy between the officers concerned respecting the limits of duty\u2014and this was all that was meant by the observation\nYou ask whether you could have apprehended that the business of the Customs was to have been retarded by that of the Revenue; or that if additional aid was necessary it was material to the Government by which department it was procured? and you add, that there were officers enough in one department and it never occured to you that it was your duty to create more, in order to supply the other, in which the power of creation is by law made adequate to its occasions.\nThe first of these questions have been already answered. The service to be performed was in every substanial sense, the business of the Customs, and there were means in your power to forward all the parts of it without suffering any part to be retarded by another. But could you imagine, if additional aid was necessary, it was material, by which department it was procured? The instructions, which had been given on the subject, were imparted to you, and the only agents, which these contemplated for the services in question, were the Inspectors of the Customs. No pecuniary provision was made to enable the Officers of Inspection to procure additional aid by exercising their power of creation. It was natural therefore to suppose, that if necessary it was to be procured through the same means from which the aid in ordinary cases was to be derived. Oeconomy recommended the main expedient; uniformity the auxiliry one.\nI am satisfied, from your assertion, that the expedient did not occur to you; but if the difficulty, which appeared to you in the case, had been suggested to me, an explanation would have obviated the necessity of embarrasment. I wish this had been done.\nIf there were existing officers enough in the Revenue department, to answer the purposes, it is unknown to me.\nYou say that you feel not a little from my suggestion that the Inspectors\u2019 not performing the duties required of them whether legally obligatory on them or not would be a good reason to substitute others.\nI can see no cause to retract that opinion\u2014nor am I unwilling to submit to the severest examination the idea, that there are causes in which a non compliance with official requisitions of superior authority, reasonable in themselves, forming a part of a general arrangement, dictated by particular circumstances, and productive of material convenience to the public service, though not strictly within the compass of the duties legally annexed to an office\u2014would betray a disposition so unaccommodating and improper as to justify the substituting of persons better disposed.\nI meet without hesitation the allusion you make to the case of the Surveyor. If he had refused to accept and execute the Office of Inspector of the Revenue, I have no doubt that the chief Magistrate would have been justifiable in seeking and substituting some other person, who would have been willing (in conformity to a general arrangement deemed by him eligible for the public service and even intimated as expedient by the Legislature) to act in the double capacity of Surveyor and Supervisor of the Revenue. Nor do I perceive how it can be doubted, as long as it is admitted that the public good ought to be the guide in the exercise of legal discretion; and that there is a discretion in the chief Magistrate to substitute a person willing to fulfil the legal and reasonable intentions of Government, to one who is not so disposed.\nThis doctrine too is such an one, as I do not feel myself degraded by supposing equally applicable to the Secretary of the Treasury with any other officer in the department; and I shall flatter myself, that I have competent ideas of my Official and personal dignity.\nBut while I adhere to the principle, I am sensible, that, like every other, it is capable of being abused, but the right or the ill use of it must in this, as in every other case, depend on the circumstances.\nYou remark on the respectability of the Charactors, who at present fill the offices of Inspectors. I had too much confidence in your care and judgment to doubt that so respectable a trust would be confided to respectable men. But I acknowledge that I can see nothing derogatory in the services, which are expected from them, as deputy Inspectors of the Revenue. If they have been made so, by the manner of executing them, it ought to be corrected, and I shall readily co-operate in any manner for that end, which upon a knowledge of facts shall appear to be requisite.\nUpon the concluding passages of your letter, I shall make no other remark, than that you seem to have made there, as in one or two other instances, a more personal application, than was intended by me, of some observations merely general and argumentative.\nIn thus fully develloping the view I have taken of the subject I have been influenced by a wish at least to prevent a final difference of opinion between us. If this wish does not succeed, I shall regret it\u2014but having acted upon mature reflection, according to the best light of my judgment and with no feelings whatever, of which I am conscious, to misguide it, it will be a matter of course, on my part to persevere in the expectations I have signified, as far as the complete execution of the arrangement which has been made, may require.\nWith consideration and esteem \u2003 I remain, Sir \u2003 Your obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0057", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Timothy Pickering, 20 July 1792\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nBoston July 20. 1792.\nI have just read a passage in your circular letter of June 25th to the Collectors of the Customs, putting on the 12th section of the Post-Office-Law a construction which I conceive to be erroneous & which will materially injure the revenue of the department. I recollect your dropping the same idea transiently when I last saw you. I then searched for but overlooked the clause which showed that coasting vessels as well as those from abroad were obliged to deliver their letters at the Post-Office. That clause is in the 10th section. \u2019Tis the last half of the section, in which \u201cevery letter or packet brought into the U. States, or carried from one port therein to another by sea, in any private ship or vessel\u201d is charged with \u201cfour cents\u201d of which (by the 13th section) two are to be paid to the master. The charge for such letters being thus prescribed, the 12th section provides the means of compelling their delivery at the post offices, by forbidding the Custom House Officers to admit such vessels \u201cto report, make entry or break bulk,\u201d till the master or commander shall have delivered his letter to the postmaster. The only doubt on my mind respected the meaning of the phrase \u201cby sea.\u201d Some gentlemen at Providence thought that letters going in the packets between that place and Newport, were not within meaning of the act. I asked them what they would call the water between those two places: They answered \u201conly an arm of the sea.\u201d Then, I remarked it is a part of the sea, & within the meaning of the act. Letters passing by the packets between Providence or Newport and New York are in the same predicament; & it must be quite immaterial whether those packets sail on the south or north side of Long Island.\nYour not seeing the clause I have now pointed out in the 10th section respecting letters brought by coasting vessels, has led to the construction which so evidently appears erroneous and which therefore I beg you as early as possible to correct.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0058", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 20 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nSir,\nTreasury Department,July 20, 1792.\nIt is with great satisfaction I have it in my power to acknowledge the zeal and good disposition, with which the Officers of the Customs generally have executed the instructions which have, from time to time, proceeded from the Treasury Department. I am happy to be able to say, that the instances of exception are few, and I ascribe such as have happened rather to an inaccurate view of the subject than to improper intention.\nBut as a few instances exist of deliberate deviations from instructions, and as explanations, in one or two cases, disclose opinions which in practice would be subversive of uniformity in the execution of the laws, it becomes advisable to state the ideas, which are entertained at the Treasury respecting the nature of the power of the head of the department \u201cto superintend the Collection of the Revenue,\u201d and the obligation incident to it on the part of the Officers immediately charged with that Collection.\nThis will be done, to obviate, as far as possible, misconceptions, which may not only disturb the course of public business, but may lead to disagreeable discussions, and even, perhaps, to painful altercations.\nIt is my earnest wish to cultivate harmonious and cordial cooperation; and it is essential to this, that correct opinions should be mutually entertained. If those I shall express are liable to objections, I shall be glad they may be freely made, and I promise maturely and candidly to consider the force of them.\nThe Act constituting the Treasury Department, expressly makes it the duty of the head of the Department \u201cto superintend the Collection of the Revenue.\u201d\nThe power of superintending the Collection of the Revenue, as incident to the duty of doing it, comprises, in my opinion, among a variety of particulars, not necessary to be specified, the right of settling, for the Government of the Officers employed in the Collection of the several branches of the Revenue, the construction of the laws relating to the Revenue, in all cases of doubt.\nThis right is fairly implied in the force of the terms, \u201cto superintend,\u201d and is essential to uniformity and system in the execution of the laws.\nIt is evident that without it the most incongruous practices upon the same laws might obtain in different districts of the United States\u2014according to the different portions of intelligence and attention of different Officers, and according to the different mediums through which objects are often seen, even with equal degrees of intelligence and attention.\nMerchants might have to pay higher duties at one port, than at another, upon the same articles; higher fees at one port than at another for the same services; and might otherwise be subjected to very dissimilar burthens and requisitions. Such a state of things would undoubtedly be a state of disorder; inconsistent with every idea of a well regulated government, and would have a natural tendency to produce discontent and disgust among individuals, and to bring upon the laws contempt and odium.\nIt is true that a remedy, in a large proportion of the cases, might be obtained from the Courts of Justice; but the vexatious course of tedious law suits to decide whether the practice of one Officer, or of another, was the most legal, would be a mode of redress very unsatisfactory to suffering parties\u2014and very ill suited, as an ordinary expedient, to the exigencies and convenience of Trade.\nA reference has been made to the Oath of Office, prescribed by the first Collection law for the Officers of the Customs.\nThey are by that law severally required to swear or affirm, that they will execute and perform all the duties of their respective Offices according to law; whence it seems to have been inferred, that they are bound each to pursue his own opinion of the meaning of the law.\nBut it is conceived that an Officer of the Customs executes his duty, according to law, when, in the cases mentioned, he conforms his conduct to the construction, which is given to the law, by that Officer, who, by law, is constituted the general Superintendant of the Collection of the Revenue. The power to superintend must imply a right to judge and direct, of course an obligation to observe the directions which are given, on the part of those, to whom they are addressed. The observance of them therefore cannot be contrary to the engagement of an Officer to execute the duties of his Office according to law; because, as a general principle, it is a part of his duty, enjoined by the law, to pursue those directions; and because of course the responsibility for a wrong construction rests with the head of the department, when it proceeds from him.\nIt is not possible to conceive how an Officer can superintend the execution of a law, for the collection of a tax or duty, or for any other purpose, unless he is competent to the interpretation of the law, or in other words, has a right to judge of its meaning. If then that competency and right are attached to the head of the Treasury Department, as general Superintendant of the Collection of the Revenue, it must follow that his judgments are directory to those, who are merely Superintendants within particular spheres, as the Collectors of the Customs, within their respective districts. For it is an universal principle of jurisprudence, and a clear dictate of reason, that authorities within particular spheres, are subordinate to a general authority relating to the same subject, and pervading the whole of them.\nI am aware of the reasonable limitations to which the general principle is subject; as restrictions, in the nature of things, upon abuses of authority, applying as well to the operation of laws as of instructions relating to their execution. But the admission of exceptions in extraordinary cases, does not militate against the general rule.\nWith regard to the oath,\n   In the new Collection law, the words \u201caccording to law\u201d are omitted, which is barely mentioned to shew that the Legislature laid no stress upon them.\n which is prescribed to the Officers of the Customs, it is to be observed that it is equally prescribed to all of them, from the Collector down to the Inspector of the Customs. It is easy to discern the confusion which would result from the principle, that each of these Officers is bound, by his Oath, to pursue his own construction of the law, though contrary to that of his official Superior.\nTwo instances shall be mentioned, for the sake of illustration, in which the binding force of instructions from this department has been either questioned, or, in practice, denied.\nOne relates to the duty on Spikes. The Acts of the first and second session, which impose duties on imported articles, lay a duty of one cent per pound on \u201cnails and spikes,\u201d expressly naming each, and thereby implying that the one was not included in the other. In the Act of the last Session, \u201cfor raising a further sum of money for the protection of the frontiers, and for other purposes therein mentioned,\u201d Nails are rated at two cents per pound, and nothing is said about Spikes.\nThe construction upon this at the Treasury, and which has been signified by the Comptroller, is, that the duty on spikes remains as before, and that the duty on nails only is varied; the reasons of which construction are, that the Legislature named spikes, in one instance, and did not name them in the other, and though there is a duty of ten per centum ad valorem on manufactures of iron generally; yet it is with the exception of those otherwise particularly enumerated; which expressions not being confined to the Act, in which they are used, by the usual word herein, or any word of similar import, naturally extend to enumerations in any prior Act, as well as to those in that in which they are used. Consequently spikes being among the enumerated articles, in the previously existing law, were considered as excepted, and as continuing under the same duty as before. The last Act does not alter the duties generally, but merely on such articles as are therein enumerated and described.\nA doubt has nevertheless been communicated, not only as to the justness of this construction, but whether an Officer who doubts is, in such a case, at liberty, from the tenor of his Oath, to comply with it.\nThe other case alluded to, relates to the question of fees under the Coasting Act. The instructions which were given on this head, though punctually observed in most of the districts, have been materially departed from in some of them.\nThe first being a case, relating merely to the quantum of revenue, is certainly one in which the opinion of the Officer at the head of the finances of the United States ought to be conclusive.\nThe second being a question between the pecuniary rights of the Officers, and the pecuniary obligations of the Citizens, in a point in which their contentment or dissatisfaction with the laws, and the interest and convenience of a most precious branch of Commerce, the Coasting Trade, were materially concerned\u2014it is conceived that the opinion of the Officer who, by law, is charged with the general superintendance of the Collection of the Revenue, ought to have prevailed.\nThese examples are mentioned to shew to those Officers, whose practice has been undeviatingly conformable to the general principle which has been inculcated\u2014that the assertion of it has been called for by instances of departure from it: And the foregoing observations are addressed circularly, rather than to the individual Officers, whose practice in those instances has rendered them necessary, for three reasons\u20141. That as misconceptions have taken place in some instances, it is possible that similar misconceptions may happen in others, and it is wished to anticipate and prevent them, from an ardent desire to avoid sources of misunderstanding as well as occasions of interruption to the due course of the public business\u20142. From the possibility that deviations may have happened in more instances than are known at the Treasury\u2014and 3. From a wish to pursue the most delicate mode of animadversion. But while I am desirous, on public principles, of establishing what I suppose to be correct views of the just and necessary authority of this Department, I trust that nothing I have said will tend to discourage freedom of observation on any instruction which may issue from it. I shall constantly think myself indebted to any Officer who shall give me an opportunity of revising an opinion, with the aid of his remarks, which may appear to him not consonant with law, with his own rights, or with the good of the service. To every communication of this sort I have always paid, and shall always pay careful attention. And as often as I can be convinced of an error, I shall, with chearfulness, acknowledge and retract it.\nWith great consideration, \u2003 I am, \u2003 Sir, your obedient Servant,\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0059", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Walker, 20 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Walker, Benjamin\nMy Dear Walker\nPhiladelphia July 20th. 1792\nThe power being legally competent to the purposes desired, I have instructed the Comptroller to give the needful direction to The Commissioner of Loans.\nBut in friendship to you, I cannot suppress some jealousies which are afloat and which have run before your application as if to prevent a compliance with it. You know the late events with regard to Duer Macombe &c have awakened much suspicion and you will not be surprised, if some portion of it should have lighted upon you.\nIt is insinuated that there is danger the latitude desired by you upon the strength of your power may be made use of to change the present state of the security of the Creditors of Duer & Macombe.\nTo this I have answered\u20141 that if Col Walker should turn out to be a man not strictly and delicately honest I should begin to suspect myself 2 That as your power was legally competent I should run more risk of censure in obstructing its operation, should any ill consequences attend the obstruction than I should do, by giving it a free course, though not agreeable to official forms prescribed for inferior officers in ordinary cases.\nBut you see my friend; from all this, that unusual circumspection is necessary on your part; and that you must be cautious not to make a change of property under circumstances that can even be tortured into an imputation on your Integrity.\nI do not perceive what in the present state of things can be done with Dewhurst. I have myself conversed with him and I understand him as promising to do every thing in his power to indemnify the Society for any loss they may sustain in consequence of a diversion of their funds to the benefit of his English Creditors.\nBut what says Mr. McComb? If the bills return (the others being paid) ought his other Creditors to derive an accidental benefit to the prejudice of the Society by a dividend of a fund specif[ic]ally pledged to secure the ultimate payment of those bills? According to my present opinion this will be a thing to be contested. Yrs. truly\nA Hamilton\nB Walker Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0060", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, [21 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, July 21, 1792. On August 6, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have recd. your \u2026 letters of the 21. 25. & 26 of the last month.\u201d Letter of July 21 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0062", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 21 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nMy dear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 21st 1792\nIn the District of Edgar-town there is a Harbour called Holmes hole, where the Collector has appointed an Inspector (Ebenr Smith). It is represented to me, that many vessels come to anchor in that harbour, which are destined for other ports, and it is thought expedient to keep a boat there, for the purpose of boarding vessels, receiving manifests, and to transmit them to the ports, to which they are respectively bound. This Kind of Service it is said has been performed by the Inspector.\nIf you have any Knowledge of the situation of the Place, so as to form a judgement, to what extent the harbour is frequented, I should be glad of your opinion, how far the expence & maintenance of a boat would be compensated by the advantage that could be derived from the nature of the Service; and what kind of boat would suffice.\nIf you are acquainted with Mr Smith I could also wish to be informed, whether he is a fit character to have the charge of such a Boat.\nI am Dear Sir\nBenj. Lincoln Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0063", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jedediah Huntington, [22 July 1792]\nFrom: Huntington, Jedediah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New London, Connecticut, July 22, 1792. On July 25, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Huntington: \u201cYour letter of the 22d instant has been received.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0064", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 22 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nSir,\nTreasury Department,July 22, 1792.\nWhen an appeal was made to me, by certain Officers of the Customs, respecting the fees to which they were entitled under the Coasting Act, I took the only method then in my power, to aid my own judgment to a right decision. The Attorney General not being at the seat of Government, I applied to two of the most able Counsel in the city of New-York, (one of whom is the Attorney of the United States for the District) for their opinions. I carefully examined the law, myself; and, agreeing with those Gentlemen in the construction of it, I signified the result in a Circular communication.\nIt, however, has since appeared that the construction, then adopted, has been deemed by some of the Officers of the Customs so clearly unfounded as, in their opinion, to warrant a departure from the instruction given. And it has also appeared that respectable law opinions were opposed to those of the Gentlemen whom I had consulted.\nHad I not been in continual expectation, that a new law would have obviated the difficulty, I should have taken much earlier measures to settle the question in some definitive, and, if possible, satisfactory mode. But session after session having passed, and further delay being still possible (though I confidently reckon on a new Coasting law in the course of the next session) I have thought it incumbent upon me to bring the affair to an issue.\nCircumstanced as it was, amidst a diversity of legal opinions, it seemed to be the proper course to consult the Attorney General, who, by law, is the adviser of heads of departments, as to questions of law.\nThis has been done, and the event is, that his opinion differs from that which was originally adopted, and communicated by me. A copy of his answer to the questions put to him is herewith transmitted.\nIn this state of a matter, which so directly concerns the interests of the Officers, I think it proper to rescind the instruction hereto-fore given; though my own view of the subject remains unchanged. Each Officer will then pursue that course, which appears to him conformable to law, to his own interest and safety, and to the good of the service.\nHaving said that my view of the subject remains unchanged, I think fit to specify more particularly, than I have yet done, the reasons which govern it.\n1. It is conceived to be an important general rule (where no principle of public policy calls for a free interpretation) that the subject shall not be taxed or burthened by construction. This rule, I think, will be violated, if the sixty cents is made a several compensation for several services; because the coupling of the two objects, which are supposed to be distinct services, by the word \u201cand,\u201d and the naming of the compensation but once, at the end of the sentence, does, according to the most obvious, literal and grammatical construction, connect the two objects into one service, entitled to one compensation. The particle \u201cfor\u201d does not, in my opinion, weaken this conclusion, as it is in such cases a mere expletive, used, or not, according to the ear of the writer. The rule which has been mentioned is particularly necessary to be attended to, in regard to fees of Office, since the experience of all countries has shewn, that latitude, in this particular, is liable to much abuse, to the great vexation and oppression of the citizen.\n2. Though it is true that the words \u201cand\u201d and \u201cor\u201d are sometimes considered as synonimous in legal constructions; yet it is generally to answer some purpose, which the law favours, as the giving effect to some general maxim of law, some general rule of property, some general principle of public policy, &c. The constructive extension of fees of Office is presumed not to be of this nature. The very act upon which the present question arises appears anxious to guard against the danger of abuse from this quarter, by annexing penalties to the demanding of any other or greater fees than are allowed. If there had been no case in which the two items concurred as parts of one entire service, it would have been a good reason for considering them as distinct, though with some violence to literal construction; but as they do so unite in certain cases, it is a strong argument against the separation contended for.\n3. It appears to have been the intention of the Legislature to make a separate enumeration of the same or exactly similar services, annexing to each a separate compensation; and avoiding the conjunction of dissimilar services, though attended with equal compensations, as in the instances of permits to land goods of foreign growth or manufacture and bonds; for each of which services twenty cents are allowed. The idea of greater affinity between the services in question, as a reason for their union, is not founded. In the cases, in which they are really distinct, they are as dissimilar as any two operations can be. The circumstance alluded to is said to be a slight one. Alone, it is confessed, it would have no very decisive weight, though it would not be to be disregarded; yet it is of a nature to fortify other considerations.\n4. An Entry and the receiving of and qualifying to a Manifest, in all cases under the 27th section, are essentially one and the same act; to construe them as several in these cases, would be to multiply one act and one service into two acts and two services; and yet it is not perceived, if a several compensation is understood to be annexed to them, as several services, how it should not apply, when they are performed by one person, as well as when they are performed by two persons.\n5. The association of an entry with the receiving of and qualifying to manifests in cases arising under the 27th section is a natural one; the two things being coupled, or rather the one thing constituting the other; but the association of the latter, in cases arising under the 25th and 26th sections where outward bound vessels are contemplated, with the entries of inward bound vessels, would be unnatural and incongruous. The entry being the primary and leading idea, the receiving of and qualifying to the manifest, as incidents to it, are naturally mentioned in the same clause; but not so, if they refer to a substantive and independent service, having a different object, and preceding the entry in the order of the transaction.\nIt has been objected that it would have been tautology to have mentioned the receiving of and qualifying to manifests, if they did not mean something distinct from the entry under the 27th section, of which they form a part. But there are other entries, those under the 28th section, with which they do not coincide; and the supposition is, that they were meant to describe the entries under the 27th section, and that a compensation for those under the 28th has been, through mistake, omitted.\n6. The construction, which makes the services and the compensations several, will operate in many instances oppressively to the citizens engaged in the business. If a vessel takes on board foreign goods of no greater value than 200 dollars, or 400 gallons of ardent spirits, in one district, and delivers them in another, even in an adjoining one, she will have to pay\u2014\n  Cents.\n  For receiving and qualifying to her manifest in the District from which she departs,\n  For a permit to proceed to the place of destination,\n  For receiving her entry at the port of delivery,\n  For a permit to land,\n  Making altogether\nAgain, if a vessel takes on board a single barrel of flour in one district to be delivered in another, even an adjoining one, where there is a Collector or Surveyor, she will have to pay\nFor receiving her entry at the port of delivery,\nFor receiving and qualifying to her manifest at the same port,\nMaking together,\nIn both cases considerably more than the freight of the articles may amount to\u2014and more than, it is conceived, would be a due compensation for the services rendered, and a reasonable burthen on the trade.\nAn idea, indeed, has been entertained, that though the service be several and entitled to a distinct compensation, it is not so in regard to cases of the last mentioned kind, because the receiving of and qualifying to manifests is there involved in the entry. But this, it is conceived, would be a departure from consistency of construction. If a particular compensation is annexed to a particular service, as such, and in the abstract, it follows the service, and attaches itself to it, whether performed by the same or by different persons, whether separately or in connection with another service\u2014especially, if the law designates the latter service as contradistinguished from the former. It is to be remembered too, that the entry always carries with it the receiving of a Manifest, though not always the qualifying to it.\nIt has been said, that whether the compensation would be excessive or not, is a question merely for the Legislature. But certainly a presumption of the intention of the Legislature, not to burthen the trade, is a circumstance, which ought to serve as a guide in the construction of provisions, which, it must be confessed, are not free from ambiguity. And this presumption in the present case is suggested by the general policy of the Coasting Act, which evidently aims at privileging and protecting the Coasting Trade.\nI shall now take notice of some of the arguments which have been used for a construction opposite to that which I adopt, and which have not been already adverted to.\n1. It has been observed that it is customary for the fees of entry and clearance to be equal\u2014that this is so by the Collection Law of the United States, and that it is probable the Legislature intended to preserve the same equality in the Coasting Act.\nBut this equality would not attend the construction, for which it is made an argument.\nThe true Clearance in the Coasting Act is the permit to depart; and for that the fee is expressly twenty five cents. The entry-fee would be in every case sixty cents in cases under the 27th section, if uniformity of principle be preserved, it would be 120 cents. If the receiving and qualifying to the Manifest are taken in connection with the Clearance, then the expence of a Clearance would be 85 cents, that of an entry in some instance 60, in others 120\u2014for by no mode of reasoning can the fee for the permit to depart, which is the real clearance, be excluded from the comparison.\n2. It is objected to my construction, that greater services relating to foreign goods are less compensated, than lesser services relating to domestic commodities; which cannot reasonably be presumed to have been the intention of the Legislature.\nThis is true, and it constitutes an objection of weight, but not a conclusive one. It is not a very uncommon case for the law to be defective in provisions, necessary to fulfil the intentions of the framers of it; and where the main design of the law would not be fulfilled without supplying, by construction, the deficiency of provision, great latitude ought to be taken. But this is not so as to mere collateral points\u2014no way essential to the principal objects of the law. There, omissions may easily be supposed and admitted, and they ought not to be supplied either by any violence to the literal expression, or at the price of more important inconveniences. Where the question is between individual advantage and public mischief; as by forming a precedent liable to abuse, or by throwing an undue burthen on a branch of industry;\u2014no latitude of construction ought to be indulged to attain the former.\nIt is certain that the Act in question is very inaccurately drawn, and, in many particulars, unprovisional, which is the reason for admitting it to be so in the particular under consideration.\n\u2019Tis not the only instance in which entire classes of services are omitted to be compensated. In this predicament are licenses for vessels under twenty tons\u2014the endorsing upon Registers, &c.\u2014memorandums of changes of Masters and giving notice of them\u2014the administering of oaths, generally, and even where they constitute distinct services, as where the Collector of one District takes the oath of an Owner, in order to the registering of a vessel in another District, which is also attended with the additional service of a transmission to the last mentioned Collector\u2014Permits to land goods not of foreign growth and manufacture.\nHence the idea of finding a compensation for each service is a delusive ground of argument, and that of a proportional compensation is not less so. It belongs indeed to neither construction. It has been already seen that an entry, attended with the only additional circumstance of swearing the Master of a vessel to his Manifest, would carry double the compensation of an entry without that circumstance.\n3. It has been remarked, as repelling the inference to be drawn from omissions in other cases, that in this the service has been mentioned by the Legislature, and as of equal respectability with an entry\u2014and that, therefore, it ought not to be denied a compensation.\nIn what light it may be conceived to have been mentioned has been stated; as incidents to the entry in certain cases descriptive of it. But it will not follow that when circumstances, which are incidents in particular cases, are mentioned, in immediate connection with the main object, that the specification is intended to extend to other cases, in which they are incidents to a different service, namely, the certifying of the duplicate manifest and the permit to depart, or the clearance.\nThree circumstances operate, in this view of the subject, against the supposition, that the receiving of and qualifying to manifests were intended to be renumerated as independent services.\n1. They are in no case such. They are either pre-requisites to the certificate and permit directed by the 25 and 26th sections, which are the principal services there, or concomitants of the entry directed by the 27th section.\n2. If the specification was intended to refer specially to cases under the 25 and 26th sections, as has been alleged, the expression would naturally have been \u201cfor receiving, qualifying to and certifying every manifest.\u201d\n3. The receiving and qualifying to manifests are constantly incidents to entries and clearances under the Collection Law; and yet they have no distinct renumeration as such. The qualifying to any document is, in none of the Revenue laws, a subject of particular compensation, and yet as the certificate is not mentioned, and as the permit to depart has a distinct fee, there seems to be no other act left, to which the fee of 60 cents is to attach itself. Is it probable that the Legislature intended so considerable a recompence for a service in this case, which in every other they have omitted to reward? Certainly, at least, the argument which asserts that those services would not be intended to be performed for nothing, fails. If they are rewarded under the Collection law, in the fee for a Clearance; so may they equally be conceived to be rewarded under the Coasting Act, in the fee for the permit to depart, which is there the Clearance also. This fee cannot even be said to be inadequate to the whole service, in that case to be performed; the parts of which are the administering an oath, the certifying upon the manifest, which is supposed to be produced by the party \u201cthat it had been sworn (or affirmed) to, and delivered according to law,\u201d and the granting permit to depart. Some stress has been laid upon the word every. I take this to be, as here used, merely calculated to denote the singular number; and to operate distributively only, as to the plural word \u201cvessels\u201d which follows.\nI shall barely add, for greater caution, that the instruction which is meant to be rescinded is merely that which relates to the meaning of the following clause: \u201cFor every entry of inward Cargo directed to be made in conformity with this Act, and for receiving of and qualifying to every manifest of vessels licensed to trade as afore-said.\u201d\nWith much consideration, \u2003 I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,\nA Hamilton\nP.S. I should think it a better and more equitable construction of the Act than that which considers the two things as several, to reject, as mere surplussage, the words \u201cand for receiving of and qualifying to every manifest of vessels licensed to Trade,\u201d annexing no fee to it, in any case; but leaving the entry in every case, as well on the 28 and 27th sections, to be entitled to a fee of sixty cents.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0065", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 22 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nPrivate\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 22 1792\nI wrote to you on Monday last, transmitting a resolution of the Commissioners of the Sinking fund. Nothing in the way of public business requiring your attention has since occurred.\nThere is a matter I beg leave to mention to you confidentially in which your interposition, if you deem it adviseable, may have a good effect.\nI have long had it at heart that some good system of regulations for the forwarding supplies to the army, issuing them there and accounting for them to the department of wa\u27e8r should\u27e9 be established. On conversing \u27e8with the\u27e9 Secretary at War, I do not \u27e8find\u27e9 that any such now exists; nor have the intimations I have taken the liberty to give on the subject, though perfectly well received, hitherto produced the desired effect. The utility of the thing does not seem to be as strongly impressed on the mind of the Secy at War as it is on mine.\nIt has occurred to me that if you should think fit to call by letter upon the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary at War to report to you, the system and regulations under which the procuring issuing and accounting for supplies to the army is conducted, it would produce what appears to be now wanting. I submit the idea accordingly.\nWith the most perfect respect & truest attachment I have the honor to be Sir \u2003 Your most Obed & hum serv\nA Hamilton\n\u27e8Presi\u27e9dent of the U States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0066", "content": "Title: Account with John Nixon, 23 July 1792\nFrom: Nixon, John,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nAlexander Hamilton Esqr\nPhilada. July 23rd. 1792\n\u2003\u2002To John Nixon Dr For Rent of 2 Stores (occupied by Mr Pierce) from Sepr. 8th 1791 to this Day, is 10 Months & 15 Days @ 70/ \u214c Month\nFor Rent of 2 other Stores (also occupied by him) from Octr 22 1791 to this day, 9 Months @ 70 / \u214c Month", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0067", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, [23 July 1792]\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, July 23, 1792. On July 26, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Delany: \u201cI approve of the arrangement proposed in your letter of the 23rd, instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0068", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 23 July 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy Dear sir\nNew York 23d. July 1792\nI would not give an earlier reply to your favour of the 17th. till I should have seen the Partys you mention. I have had an interview with Mr. Greene & Mr. Pollock, and the latter I think has with great readiness & propriety met your wishes on the subject. (I say wishes because I offered neither interferance or even recommendation on your part). He has consented to stay suit against Mr. Greene for Twelve Months, he giving satisfactory security that if the accounts between them are not adjusted in the meanwhile, he will then be forthcoming to submit to a judiciary process. This has been complied with on the part of Mr. Greene & the business now rests on that footing\u2014which considering everything is a much as could be expected from Mr. Pollock & I hope will meet your approbation, on my part.\nWith respect to ourselves & the Branch we go on in perfect Harmony, & there does not appear any disposition on their part to do otherwise. They have called upon us this day for 50,000 Dollars in Gold, which Mr. Burrall tells me is to go to Philadelphia, they had 26,000 Dollars in Silver the other day for their own use. We receive & pay their Notes indiscriminately with our own, & I believe they do the same\u2014we make large interchanges now & then. I feel very grateful for the strength of your expressions on this head, & should any Circumstance occur that augurs hostilities, I shall adress my self freely to you\u2014but I trust there will not.\nI am with the greatest sincerity \u2003 My dear sir \u2003 Your Obliged Obdt. Serv\nWm Seton\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0069", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 23 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nSir,\nTreasury Department,July 23, 1792.\nOn a revision of the Act concerning the Post Office, I find the construction communicated in my Circular of the 25th ultimo to be erroneous, the 10th section of that Act expressly imposing specific rates of postage, according to circumstances, for every letter or packet carried from one port to another, in the United States, by sea, not only in packet boats or vessels, the property of, or provided by the United States, but also \u201cin every private ship or vessel.\u201d This provision had escaped attention.\nA question arises, whether this will require an entry, in any case, in which a vessel was not antecedently bound by law to make entry. I am of opinion that it will not, as there is nothing affirmatively enjoining an entry, in such cases, and it would be too considerable an innovation in the general policy of the laws, to be required by implication.\nYet the Master of every vessel arriving from one port to another, where a Post Office is established, ought, before he \u201cbreaks bulk\u201d to deliver the letters, which are directed to be delivered there, in conformity to the 12th section; and so doing, would be entitled to the compensations prescribed by the 13th section. And it is not clear, but that an omission would be punishable by indictment, where the vessel is not subject to an entry. This, however, is a point most fit for the consideration of the Post Masters.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your obedient Servant,\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0071", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Wendall, [23 July 1792]\nFrom: Wendall, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Ports-mouth, New Hampshire, July 23, 1792. On August 30, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Wendell: \u201cI have to acknowledge your favor of the 23d of July.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0072", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Green, 24 July 1792\nFrom: Green, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nNew York.the 24th July 1792\nI do myself the honor to enclose to you an Abstract of the Acts of the British Parliament respecting their East India Trade to the Year 1760 Inclusive.\nArrangements are under consideration, but not decided on, for my case; with the result of which, I shall make you early acquainted: but by this post; I am desirous only to convey this Abstract with a line that I may not appear negligent. But I think I shall be able to be particular in my communications of tomorrow or thursday. In the interim I beg you to be persuaded of the perfect respect & consideration of\nSir \u2003 Your most Obedt. humble Servant\nWilliam Green\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0073", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Nicholson, [24 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Nicholson, John\n[Philadelphia, July 24, 1792. On July 26, 1792, Nicholson wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI sit down to answer your letter of the 24th Instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0075", "content": "Title: Receipt from William Pearce, [24 July 1792]\nFrom: Pearce, William,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 24, 1792]\nReceived July 24. 1792 of Alexander Hamilton seventy five Dollars on account of the Manufacturing Society.\nWm Pearce", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0076", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edward Carrington, 25 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Carrington, Edward\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 25. 1792\nI have received and thank you for your two letters of the 11 instant.\nWhen I asked your opinion concerning the most fit position for a branch of the Bank, I had no idea, that the question would have been decided with so much precipitation, as has happened. After some loose conversations with individual directors, in which the comparitive merits of different places were slightly discussed, & left as I understood for further information\u2014I was surprised with an intimation, that the place had been decided upon\u2014that Richmond was that place\u2014and that some day in August had been assigned for choosing Directors. A predominating motive, though an insufficient one, appears to have been that most of the Bank Stock held in Virginia is held by persons in and about Richmond.\nThe reasons assigned in your letter in favour of another place are prodigiously weighty. Without committing you, they shall be made known before the thing is finally finished. But I suspect it has gone too far.\nYour observations concerning the temper of the people of your state are, as far as they go, consoling. Reflections, according with them, had arisen in my mind; though I could not be sure, that I might not overrate circumstances. I shall wait with expectation, for the further communication, which you are so obliging as to promise.\nWhat you remark concerning the non execution of the Excise Law in N Carolina is very interesting. The probable effect of a continuance of the affair in the same posture is obvious. It has been the wish to win the object from time and reflection. But this can no longer be relied upon. The thing must be brought to an issue; and will be, as soon as the new arrangement respecting compensations is completed. If process should be violently resisted in the parts of N Carolina bordering on your state, how much could be hoped from the aid of the Militia of your State?\nTruly Yours\nA Hamilton\nEd Carrington Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0077-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [From Tenche Coxe], [25 July 1792]\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nIn pursuance of the powers and authorities vested in me by the Acts of Congress (of the 3d. of March 1791. and the Eighth of May 1792.) relative to the duties on distilled spirits and to the collection thereof, the following alterations and additions to the arrangement of Officers and distribution of compensations made on the 15. day of March 1791. are hereby adopted and established.\n1st. The District of Maryland shall be divided into three Surveys. The first consisting of all the Counties on the western side of the Chesapeak Bay (except Montgomery, Frederick, Washington and Alleghaney) namely Harford, Baltimore, Ann Arundel, Prince George\u2019s, Calvert, Charles and St. Mary\u2019s. The duties of the Inspector of this survey shall be performed by the supervisor. The second survey is to consist as at present, of the counties of Montgomery, Frederick, Washington and Alleghaney. The duties of this Survey will continue to be performed by the Inspector thereto appointed. The third Survey is to consist of all the counties on the Eastern Shore of Chesapeak bay, namely Cecil, Kent, Queen Anne\u2019s, Talbot, Dorset, Worcester, Somerset, and Caroline; for which an Inspector will be appointed. The duties of this survey are to be performed by the Supervisor, until that appointment shall be made.\n2. The Commissions to be allowed to the Supervisors and Inspectors of surveys shall be upon the whole amount of the duties collected within their respective districts and Surveys upon Stills, and spirits distilled in the United States, and which have or shall accrue after the last day of June 1792.\n3. The Supervisors of New Hampshire, Connecticut, New York, Vermont, New-Jersey and Pennsylvania shall each receive a commission on the said amount of the revenue in their respective districts (excepting what accrued prior to the first day of July 1792) of one per centum, in lieu of the commission of one half per centum before allowed.\nThe Supervisor of Delaware shall receive a commission in manner afore-said of two per centum in lieu of one per centum.\nThe Supervisors of Maryland, North Carolina, & South Carolina shall each receive a Commission in manner afore-said of one and an half per centum in lieu of one per centum.\nThe Supervisor of Georgia shall receive a commission, in manner, afore-said, of two per centum, in lieu of one per centum.\n4. To the salaries of the following Supervisors there shall be additions as set against the names of their offices to commence on the first day of July 1792.\nThe Supervisor of Massachusetts an addition of\nDrs. per annum.\nThe Supervisor of Rhode Island\nThe Supervisor of New York\nThe Supervisor of Maryland\nThe Supervisor of Virginia\nThe Supervisor of South Carolina\n5. The compensation to the Inspector of the third survey of the District of Maryland, when appointed, shall be a salary of four hundred & fifty dollars \u214c annum & a commission of one per centum.\n6. The compensation to the Inspector of the second survey of the District of South Carolina shall be a salary of Four hundred & fifty Dollars \u214c annum, and a commission of one per centum in lieu of his former compensation.\n7. The Collectors of the Revenue shall be entitled to receive the following commissions upon the Revenue on Stills and distilled spirits by them collected; that is to say, upon the revenue upon spirits distilled from foreign materials two per centum; upon the revenue upon Spirits distilled from domestic materials and upon Stills employed on the said materials in Cities, towns or Villages, four per centum; and upon the revenue upon Stills not in Cities Towns or Villages, five per centum.\n8. There shall be allowed to the officers of Inspection who shall legally sign Certificates to accompany each Cask of distilled spirits, and to the officers or other persons, who shall be authorised to mark the same, the sum of five Cents for each & every Cask of Spirits distilled in the United States, so marked and certified, to be divided between the officer or person who shall mark, and the officer who shall sign the Certificates for the same, if those duties shall be performed by different persons.\n9. There may also be allowed to persons employed to guage Spirits distilled in the United States, the sum of two Cents and one half for each Cask so guaged, if the person thus employed shall be an Officer of Inspection authorised to mark the Casks containing the said spirits, or to sign Certificates to accompany the same. But if the person employed to guage such distilled Spirits be not an officer of Inspection authorised to mark or issue Certificates for the same, he may be allowed a sum not exceeding six cents for the service of guaging each Cask.\n10. There shall likewise be allowed to the Collectors of the revenue for measuring the capacity of each Still, and marking the still & head, according to Law, the sum of Fifty Cents.\n11. The Supervisors of the several Districts shall be at liberty to allow to such of the Collectors of the revenue, as, for the execution of the public service, it shall appear to them really necessary, so to compensate, a yearly sum over & above their other emoluments, not exceeding in a district the number of Collectors, nor the average or medium sum to each, or to the whole number, which are set against the same below. That is to say\u2014\nIn New Hampshire the Supervisor may allow to 2 Collectors 50 Drs. each.\nIn Massachusetts to 10 do. 400 Dollars to be divided at discretion among them.\nIn Rhode Island\nto 1.\nIn Vermont\nIn Connecticut\nIn New York\nIn New Jersey\nIn Pennsylvania\nIn Delaware\nIn Maryland\nIn Virginia\nIn North Carolina\nIn South Carolina\nIn Georgia\nthat is to\nCollectors\n60 Dollars each, at an average or medium, to be divided within each District at the discretion of the Supervisors.\n12. There may be allowed to Eighty auxiliary officers of Inspection, to be appointed by the Supervisors in Counties wherein no Collector of the revenue resides, a sum not exceeding twenty Dollars each for keeping an office to receive entries, issue Licences, and to perform such other services in aid of the Collectors as may be legally authorised and as they may be willing to execute for that compensation. Of these there may be,\nin Rhode Island\nin New Hampshire\nin Massachusetts\nin Vermont\nin New York\nin Pennsylvania\nin Maryland\nin Virginia\nin North Carolina\nin South Carolina\nin Georgia\n13. There shall be allowed to the officers of Inspection & the persons employed to mark foreign distilled spirits, Wines and Teas, the sum of Five Cents for every Cask or package of the Merchandize above mentioned, which shall be legally marked and certified, to be equally divided between the officer signing the Certificate & the officer or person marking the Cask or package, if those duties shall be performed by different persons.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0078", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 25 July 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, July 25, 1792. Transmits and explains \u201ca contract made by the Collector of Ports-mouth in New Hampshire with Titus Salter for keeping and supplying the light house on New Castle Island at the Mouth of Piscataqua River.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0079", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, [25 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, July 25, 1792. On August 6, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have recd. your \u2026 letters of the 21. 25. & 26 of the last month.\u201d Letter of July 25 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0080", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Isaac Gregory, [25 July 1792]\nFrom: Gregory, Isaac\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Plank-bridge, North Carolina, July 25, 1792. On August 20, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Gregory: \u201cYour letter of the 25th. ultimo \u2026 has been received.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0081", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jedediah Huntington, 25 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Huntington, Jedediah\nTreasury Department, July 25, 1792. \u201cYour letter of the 22d instant has been received. My Circular of the 23d will have satisfied you on the point of enquiry.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0082", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Rufus King, 25 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: King, Rufus\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia July25. 1792\nI received lately a letter from you in which you express sentiments according with my own on the present complexion of your party politics; as, if a letter of mine to you did not miscarry, you will have seen. I wished that Clinton & his party should be placed in a just light before the people, and that a spirit of dissatisfaction within proper bounds should be kept alive; and this for National purposes, as well as from a detestation of their principles and conduct.\nBut a resort to first principles in any shape is decidedly against my judgment. I don\u2019t think the occasion will in any sense warrant it. It is not for the friends of good government to employ extraordinary expedients which ought only to be resorted to in cases of great magnitude and urgent necessity. I reject as well the idea of a Convention as of force.\nTo rejudge the decision of the Canvassers by a Convention has to me too much the appearance of reversing the sentence of a Court by a Legislative decree. The Canvassers had a final authority in all the forms of the Constitution and laws. A question arose in the execution of their office not absolutely free from difficulty which they have decided (I am persuaded wrongly) but within the power vested in them. I do not feel it right or expedient to attempt to reverse the decision by any means not known to the Constitution or Laws.\nThe precedent may suit us to day; but tomorrow we may rue its abuse.\nI am not even sure that it will suit us at all. I see already publications aiming at a revision of the constitution with a view to alterations which would spoil it. It would not be astonishing, if a Convention should be called, if it should produce more than is intended. Such weapons are not to be played with. Even the friends of good government in their present mood may fancy alterations desireable which would be the reverse.\nMens minds are too much unsettled every where at the present juncture. Let us endeavour to settle them & not to set them more afloat.\nI find that strong minded men here view the matter in the same light with me; and that even Mr Jays character is likely in a degree to suffer by the idea that he fans the flame a little more than is quite prudent. I wish this idea to be conveyed to him with proper management. I have thoughts of writing to him.\nYou see, out of the reach of the contagion, I am very cool and reasonable; if I were with you I should probably not escape the infection\nFarewell\nA Hamilton\nFrancis Childs is a very cunning fellow. In Philadelphia in the person of his proxy Freneau, he is a good Antif\u0153deralist & Clintonian; in New York he is a good F\u0153deralist and Jayite\u2014Beckley & Jefferson pay him for the first & the F\u0153deral Citizens of New York for the last. Observe a paragraph in his Dayly Advertiser of the 18th instant. These things ought, in a proper way, to be brought into view.\nRufus King Esq.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0083", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 25 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentJuly 25th 1792.\nI have before me your letter of the 16th instant, concerning certain Brandy, intended to be exported by Messrs Clark and Nightingale.\nThere can be no doubt that the Brandy, being a foreign article, will be liable, as the law stands, to duty on its return. The drawback cannot be allowed, unless the proof required, of its having been actually landed at a foreign port, is produced.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt Servant.\nAlexander Hamilton\nJeremiah Olney Esqr.\nCollr Providence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0084", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 25 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 251792\nI received your obliging letter by the Post of day and thank you for the first instance of your friendly attention, which it announces. Mr. Pollock certainly has done the utmost that Mr. Greene could have asked and as much as his situation can require, if it is remediable at all.\nI have directed the Collector of New York to divide his deposits between your institution & the Branch until he places with you a sum which with what you already have will amount to 100 000 Dollars on account of the U States; a sum it is my intention as far as circumstances will permit to keep continually in your hands. This intention however need not go beyond ourselves.\nTruly & most Cordially \u2003 Yrs\nA Hamilton\nWilliam Seton Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0085-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 25 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentJuly 25th. 1792\nYour letters of the 25th of April and 14th of May have duly reached me; since the receipt of that of the 22nd of April which was acknowleged in mine of the 30th of June.\nIn consequence of your letter of the 14th of May I have directed drafts on the Commissioners for five hundred thousand Guilders, and as soon as these are sold, I shall cause further drafts to be made to the extent of [five hundred thousand] Guilders in addition to the above mentioned five hundred thousand. The residue of the monies hereto-fore announced [to have been borrowed,] will be left subject to your disposition towards payment of interest on the Dutch and Antwerp loans, during the present year, and of the Debt to France, with the surplus.\nIn speaking of the Interest on the Dutch and Antwerp loans, I wish to be understood that I rely for the payment of this interest during the present year on the funds which are or shall be in the hands of the Commissioners, arising from loans that have been or may be made. Whether you will leave unemployed in their hands, monies equivalent to the interest for the intire year, or will rely upon a further loan to be made, applying a greater proportion of the monies already obtained in payment to France, ought to be regulated upon the degree of certainty of effecting such further loan on admissible terms. This therefore is left to your discretion.\nThe statements A & B herewith transmitted will shew you the view which I have of the monies that would remain in the hands of the Commissioners on the loans hereto-fore known to have been effected, after paying all the bills hereto-fore drawn and deducting the interest on the Dutch and Antwerp loans to the end of the present year\u2014namely [2120477 Guilders and 15 stivers]. From this sum you will only have to deduct, to satisfy any further disposition on my part the sum of [Five hundred Thousand Guilders,] still intended to be drawn for.\nThis statement however ought not to be acted upon by you as definitively accurate. It will be proper that you ascertain with the Commissioners with greater certainty what will remain at your disposal.\nMr. Morris must have misapprehended the tenor of the Secretary of State\u2019s letter, from which he inferred, that it was the intention of [this] Government to transfer to France the loss by depreciation [on] the Assignats. It has been determined by the President that the United States will not take advantage of the depreciation, but will make an equitable adjustment of the affair.\nYou observe \u201cthat the rate of exchange and the current differences between specie and paper being known here (that is at Paris) furnish the basis for regulating the business.\u201d I remark that much will depend on the manner of applying these data. They may be so applied as to create a positive loss to the United States; as if the rate of exchange below par should be less than the rate of depreciation, and the former should be added, the latter deducted.\nFor example. By a French paper of the 20th of April, if I understand it aright, exchange between Paris and Amsterdam was about 36 \u214c Cent against Paris, the depreciation of the Assignats about 60 \u214c Cent.\nIf then the computation were made by adding the rate of exchange and deducting the rate of depreciation there would be a loss upon [every] hundred Guilders in Amsterdam paid in Paris of 45 Guilders and \u2076\u2070\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 of a Guilder.\nThus, add to 100 Guilders 36 \u214c Cent for the rate of exchange the product is\nGuilders\nDeduct for depreciation 60 \u214c Cent or\nThere would remain\nas the equivalent for 100 Guilders in Amsterdam, which would involve a loss of 45. \u2076\u2070\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 Guilders per hundred.\nI take it for granted that this method of applying the data cannot have been contemplated, as it would throw upon the United States a heavy real loss in consequence of the disorders which exist in the affairs of France. Though the United States are not disposed to take any undue advantage, they cannot be supposed to be willing to suffer a loss.\nYou will have perceived from my letter of the 4th of June last, that it was the Presidents pleasure, that your Agency in the whole of the pecuniary affairs, originally committed to you, as well respecting [the] debt to France as otherwise, should continue; and that Mr Morris as representative of the United States, at the Court of France, would be instructed to co operate. I understand the Secretary of State that this instruction has been forwarded; though I feel full confidence that the requisite co operation will have been afforded independently of any instruction.\nWith very great consideration and Esteem, \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nPS. A Copy of the report of the 23d of January last is here enclosed.\n[William Short Esquire\n&ca. &ca]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0085-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure A: [Statement of the Payments to be Made], 25 July 1792\nFrom: Meyer, John\nTo: \n  [Philadelphia, July 25, 1792]\nA\nA Statement of the payments to be made by Messrs Willink, van Staphorst & Hubbard, and of the monies in their hands, on the 1st of February 1792.\u2014\n  The account current of the said date States\n  a balance due to the united States of\n  On the last 3/m loan they received\n  Decr 31\n  Jany 31\n  remained to be received\n  In the hands of the commissioners\n  Payments to be made\n  Draughts remaining unpaid for List B.\n  Jany 27\n  Draught No 541 favour Thos Jefferson\n  April 17\n  Draughts No 542 a 628 John Kean\n  June 30\n  Draughts No 630 Thos Jefferson\n  July\n  Draughts No 631 a 715 &ca \u2003John Kean\nInterest to be paid\nMarch 1st on 2\u00bd million at 5 pCt\nJune 1st on 7 million do\nSeptr 1st on 6 million do\nLeaving the Sum not disposed of\n  Treasury Department July 25th 1792\n  John Meyer\n  Pe Clk", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0085-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure B: [Statement of the Treasury Draughts], 25 July 1792\nFrom: Meyer, John\nTo: \n  [Philadelphia, July 25, 1792]\nB\nA Statement of the Treasury draughts on the Commissioners in Amsterdam which remained unpaid on the 1st of February 1792.\nGuilders\nOctober\nNo\nNovr\nNo\n\u20076 draughts\na 4000 each\nNo\n\u20072 ditto\nNo\n\u20072 ditto\nNo\nNo\n\u20079 ditto\nNo\n\u20076 ditto\nNo\n\u20078 ditto\nNo\n12 ditto\nN\n12 ditto\nN\nN\nN\nN\n\u20074 ditto\nNo\nN\nN\nN\nTreasury Department July 25th 1792\nJohn Meyer\nPe Clk", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0086", "content": "Title: T. L. No. I, [25 July 1792]\nFrom: \u201cT. L\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 25, 1792]\nFor the Gazette of the United States.\nMr. Fenno,\nThe Editor of the \u201cNational Gazette\u201d receives a salary from government.\nQuere\u2014Whether this salary is paid him for translations; or for publications, the design of which is to vilify those to whom the voice of the people has committed the administration of our public affairs\u2014to oppose the measures of government, and, by false insinuations, to disturb the public peace?\nIn common life it is thought ungrateful for a man to bite the hand that puts bread in his mouth; but if the man is hired to do it, the case is altered.\nT. L.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0087", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 25 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentJuly 25, 1792.\nAfter the receipt of this you will divide your deposits between the Bank of Maryland and the Branch of the Bank of the United States, until the first of October ensuing, and thenceforth deposit the public money wholly in the said Branch. The same vouchers, as hereto-fore, must be taken and forwarded from each.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obed Servant.\nA Hamilton\nP.S. It is at your discretion either to divide between the two Banks the sum each week to be deposited \u27e8or\u27e9 deposit alternately one week with \u27e8on\u27e9e the other with the other.\nOtho H. Williams Esqr.\nCollr Baltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0088", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 26 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentJuly 26. 1792\nI have considered the case represented in your letter of the 13. instant respecting the duty on certain Whalebone imported by Mr. Joy.\nI do not under such circumstances conceive the article to be exempted from the duty; because the evidence of goods of the growth, produce or manufacture of the United States, which are to be exempted, when brought from a foreign port, is prescribed by the 24th Section of the Collection Law; and one of the requisites is, proof upon Oath, that they were previously exported from the United States, which proof it appears, could not be given in the present case.\nI approve of the arrangement proposed in your letter of the 23rd, instant, and you have my consent to employ a couple more hands in the Boat towards the execution of it.\nI am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. Servant\nA Hamilton\nSharp Delany Esqr.\nCollector, Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0089", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, 26 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, July 26, 1792. On August 6, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have recd. your \u2026 letters of the 21. 25. & 26 of the last month.\u201d Letter of July 26 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0091", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, 26 July 1792\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Boston] July 26, 1792. \u201cA few days since the Brig Sally arrived here from Amsterdam with a quantity of Ginn on board part of which was in Keggs or Anchors as they are called. This was such an open violation of the Law, after full time had passed for the interested to have know their duty & interest if proper attention had been paid to them, that I could not persuade my self that I should be justified if I let the matter pass with impunity. Bonds have been given for the Vessel. A petition is going on for a remission of the Forfeiture.\u2026 One of our vessels which sailed for the Northwest Coast of America carried out a quantity of Merchandize imported here from a foreign port. As the duty thereon has been paid the exporter wishes to Avail himself of the drawback prior to the Ships return which probably will not be for two years to come. Untill Her return I cannot receive that evidence of the landing the Goods in a foreign port which the Law requires. What can be done?\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0092", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Nicholson, 26 July 1792\nFrom: Nicholson, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nsir\nComptroller Genl. Office [Philadelphia]July 26th 1792\nI sit down to answer your letter of the 24th Instant which was received by me on my return home last night.\n1st Your Office hath been furnished from time to time from me with the actual state of the New Loan Certificates out, that is those issued for Continental Certificates\u2014And more especially about the period to which you refer when the sum thereof outstanding was stated to be between forty and fifty thousand pounds, and this hath since been reduced near one half by subsequent Exchanges.\n2d. The provision made by Pennsa. for the redemption of this paper with the Continental Certificates to such as so chose, was co-extensive with them all, as represented, this representation was agreeable to the Act of the Legislature which accompanied it.\n3d The point of inquiry at the conference I had the honor to hold with you on the subject of our negociation at the close of 1791 and beginning of 1792 (the period refered to) was whether any of these New Loan Certificates had been subscribed to the Loan of Congress which had closed the last of September preceding. I stated there were none, if you find it otherwise I will pay you treble their amount. On this and on the subsequent reports of the Commissioner concerning the sums the restriction on transfers from one Office to another was removed.\n4th That these Certificates might have been subscribed to the said Loan had the possessors chose, was evident not only from the Act of Congress but these enquiries after the fact made by you in pursuance of that law, to prevent the Union from paying interest twice on the same debt, and considering the different terms between the loan of the State and Continental debt, the short arrears of interest on State debt and the year\u2019s interest for 1791 paid in the one case and not in the other, The United States would have been advantaged by such subscription, but from these or some other causes, existing until the Loan closed as before mentioned none were subscribed.\n5th. A Loan is afterwards opened upon the same terms under another Act of Congress, in which last Loan an additional provision for Subscribers thereto, is made, different from the former and such as to make it the interest of the holders of such debt to subscribe to it\u2014and they accordingly do so.\nUnder this view of the subject I think you will see nothing incompatible with what passed between us for\n1st \u2003 I did and only could speak with a reference to the Loan then closed.\n2d. \u2003 I did not then know that a further or future Loan would ever have been opened.\n3d \u2003 Or if it had whether the terms would have been similar or otherwise\u2014which is the case as it respects the State and the Creditor though not as it respects the United states. The Creditors by a late Act of the State until the 1st of August next have a motive which (in the circumstances of public credit at the time the former loan was opened) did not before exist to subscribe this species of State Certificates\u2014otherwise at the former enquiry on the closure of the Loan you would have found some of this debt subscribed there also.\n4th \u2003 If I could have foreknown all the events which have happened as to the State of public Credit, the opening the Loan by subsequent Act of Congress, the terms thereof and the encouragement of the Legislature of Pennsa. to subscribe thereto, It would not have been compatible with common sense in me to have stipulated with you that the holders of these Certificates so far as they were not exchanged having two offers, would not embrace the most advantageous. The encouragement proposed by the Legislature of this State as afore-said I thought unwise at the time they deliberated thereon, and mentioned the effect it would have on this Species of our debt as well as on the unfunded depreciation debt, neither of which they seemed to intend directly to redeem, but what I said was not attended to.\nAfter what I have written if any part of what I have said should still seem to militate, I should be glad it would be specified, that I may have an opportunity of shewing you that the character of uncandid or inconsistent (which I heartily despise) are not applicable to sir\nYour Most Obt serv\nJ N\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr\nSecty Treasy U states\nPS \u2003 As I informed you on the closure of the former Loan so now on this, I am of opinion that if any New Loans were subscribed the present Laws of Pennsa. would enable me to give for them an equal Sum of principal and interest respectively in the unsubscribed debt of the United States as required by Act of Congress.\nYours as before\nJuly 26th 1792\nJ N", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0093", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 26 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt. July 26. 1792.\nSamuel Hobart, third Mate of the Cutter on the New Hampshire Station, has tendered his resignation and sent forward his Commission which I retain \u2019till your return not to encumber you with it at Mount Vernon. This occasions two vacancies, as to that Cutter, of first & third Mate. The Collector of Ports-mouth recommends the second Mate, John Adams, for first Mate, and a Benjamin Gunnison, who has been a Master of a Vessel, as second Mate. From a conversation which I had with Mr. Langdon, while here, I believe the recommendation of the Collector well founded.\nThe Captain of the Cutter, on the New York Station, informs that Mr. Morris the first Mate has accepted an advantageous offer on board of an India-Ship. This leaves the Cutter without any other Officer than the Master, who, and the Collector of New York recommend Capt: Ashur Cook as first Mate, and one John Fenley as second Mate. Captn. Dennis also mentions a son of the present Surveyor of New York for third Mate.\nThe keeping up in the Cutters their due complement of Officers and Men is now become interesting to the public service. As it will not be easy to obtain better lights, I am induced to submit as they stand the recommendations respecting the first and second Mates of each Cutter. As to the third Mate for the New York Cutter some further enquiry is necessary.\nShould you approve, and be without blank Commissions, it is still desireable that I should be able as early as convenient to notify your determination. The persons will enter into service upon that notification and their Commissions can be antedated.\nWith the most perfect respect and truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton\n  PS.\n  May I be permitted to remind you of the vacancies in the Maryland Cutter, about which you intended to enquire on your way?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0094", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 26 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Staphorst, Nicholaas van,Staphorst, Jacob van,Hubbard, Nicholas\nGentlemen,\nTreasury DepartmentJuly 26th. 1792.\nYou will herewith receive triplicates of my letters of the 7th. of May and 20th. ultimo, also a duplicate of mine of the 16th. instant.\nIn the latter, I informed you, that I had directed the Treasurer to draw bills upon you, for 500.000 Guilders, and I have now to add, for your information, that, as soon as these bills are sold, I shall cause further drafts to be made, to the extent of 500.000 Guilders, in addition to the sum above mentioned.\nI am &c.\nAlexander Hamilton.\nMessrs. Willink, Van Staphorst\nand Hubbard,\nAmsterdam.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0095", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Rufus King, 27 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: King, Rufus\n[Philadelphia] July 27. 92\nDesirous of examining accurately the question decided by the Canvassers\u2014I will thank you for a minute of all the authorities which were consulted by you when you gave your opinion.\nYrs. truly\nAH\nI shall be glad to have them as soon as may be.\nR King Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0096", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 27 July 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, July 27, 1792. \u201cI have recd. your Letter of the 19th Inst. and have charged to the United States the 2, 105.12 paid the Marshall of Rhode-Island District.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0097", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 27 July 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCeresville [Maryland] July 27, 1792. \u201cI this day received your letter of the 19 Instant. That my disposition has ever been correspondent to your Wish, for the maintanance of harmony and cordiality, in the department over which you superintend, the whole tenor of my conduct will uniformly evince. I do not even except the instance which has occasioned you the trouble of expostulating; for, notwithstanding the perversion of the purport of my letter, of the 3d. of May to the surveyor, a liberlal construction of it will shew that my intention was to prevent disorder by intimating to him the propriety of exercising with discretion that power which is undeniably reposed in the Executive department but which cannot be carried into compleat effect without being delegated, in a degree, to subordinate officers. In your arguments in support of the doctrine of discretionary Executive power, under certain limitations, you seem to contemplate it only in the hands of Superiors, and even there you admit that it may be abused; but you perhaps did not reflect that it was most liable to abuse in its remotest application. The Inspectors, some of them, and I then understood the complaint to be general, complained of harsh and illiberal treatment, and it was intimated to me that apprehensions were entertained of an intention in the Surveyor to involve one of them at least in a premunire, on account of a former misunderstanding. Reflecting on the probable consequences, and the possibility, which I still contend for, as it actually occurred, of an interference of duties, I was induced to write to the Surveyor requesting him, as much as possible to avoid demanding of the Inspectors of the Customs services which might interfere with their particular duties as such: and added also my opinion that their services ought to be voluntary. My justification is that I had never conceived the idea of compulsory means. That the law requires as specific a qualification to Offi[ce]s in the department of the revenue as in any other, and until persons had been so qualified there could exist I concluded no legal obligation on them to act. Consistency\u2014Expediency, and the expectations which had been formed might have been suggested as motives for their compliance; I could not have doubted the success of the Arguments and relied too confidently perhaps on the discretion of the Surveyor to make the experiment Being unconscious of and expectations from me in a department with which I was unconnected. When an unconciliatory temper\u2014a proud and a Captious Spirit, aggravated the reluctance of some of the Inspectors into a refusal to act, was I instantly to retract the advice and opinion which I had delivered to the Surveyor and to insist that if the Inspectors would not undertake an office, novel and unexpected to them, and obey the directions of the Inspector of the Revenue however despotic, or illegal, that I would remove them from offices which they had before filled with satisfaction to the public? Whether they were despotic depends on the manner of enforcing them. They were illegal because services were required and performed without the requisite qualification and contrary to an express injunction in the law. I was soon informed of the displacement and threatened with a representation to the secretary: But as one person who had been recommended by the Surveyor, and I think one other who served him as Clerk were there employed as occasional Inspectors of the Customs, and as no idea of the expediency of any addition to the number of Inspectors then employed was ever suggested to me, I concluded that like other fraca\u2019s which had happened between them it would soon subside, and the business go on as usual. I could reasonably credit the complaints of the Inspectors because complaints from them had been reiterated before the revenue law came into operation. One of them had been prosecuted by him on a great number of charges, which upon a strict and impartial investigation I concluded to be without foundation. To that decision, for I know of no other cause, I ascribe the designed perversion of the intention of my letter; for if it naturally had the mischievous effects attributed to it the representation to the treasury department ought not to have been delayed for so many Weeks after they were known, and until Ill health and a sickly Season had obliged me to retire from my Office in Town. Whether the complexion of this disagreeable affair recd any unfavorable Shades from the medium through which it passed to the Treasury or not I am warranted in the suspicion that circumstances as well as facts have been misrepresented, otherwise you would not be possessed of \u2018unpleasant particulars\u2019 which you reluctantly impart. You think it now proper to inform me that \u2018The Surveyor further states that my Deputy took pains to induce the Inspectors not to mark.\u2019 Whatever credit this assertion may claim, I must doubt it. Inclosed is Mr. Deloziers letter to me on the subject; He will support the contradiction by testimony if you think proper to call for it. He is a young Gentleman who has been several years in public service under my particular notice, and from a fortunate experience of his talents I can declare that, he not only possesses a good understanding and an excellent capacity for business, but that he enjoys an amiable disposition and has invariable manifested an integrity which entitles him to my entire confidence. This character will be coroborated by many. The Surveyor personally dislikes him. I will not enter into his motives; but it will be hard for him to make it appear that he has done any thing to embarrass the public service, or to excite prejudices against a government to which he aspires (and I think with well founded hopes) at becoming conspicuously useful.\u2026 Having no controul over the officers of the revenue and the authority of the Collector over the Inspectors of the Customs becoming questionable whether I shall ever submit to be the mere instrument of rigorous measures respecting them is a consideration humiliating in the extreme. In such an exigency your own feelings would dictate by determination.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0099", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 28 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\nTreasury Department, July 28, 1792. \u201cI have this day decided upon the case of Asa Gilbert. There being no appearance of fraud in the transaction, the interest of all parties in the forfeiture is remitted to him, upon his paying the legal Duties and all reasonable costs and charges.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0101", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel Gerry, [28 July 1792]\nFrom: Gerry, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Marblehead, Massachusetts, July 28, 1792. On August 18, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Gerry: \u201cYour letter of the 28 Ultimo was duly received.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0102", "content": "Title: T. L. No. II, [28 July 1792]\nFrom: \u201cT. L.\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 28, 1792]\nFor the Gazette of the United States.\nMr. Fenno,\nIn your Gazette of last Wednesday, after observing that the Editor of the National Gazette receives a salary from government, I enquired \u201cwhether this salary is paid him for translations; or for publications, the design of which is to vilify those to whom the voice of the people has committed the administration of our public affairs.\u201d In his paper of this day, he intimates that he \u201creceives a small stipend for services rendered as French Translator to the Department of State, and, as Editor of a free newspaper.\u201d This excites my curiosity still farther, and I shall hold myself obliged to any of your correspondents, or to the Editor of this really National Gazette (as it now appears to be) if either of them will inform me what inducement our rulers can have to hire a man to abuse them, and whether they do not hereby unnecessarily squander the public money. I have often heard that authors in England, or their booksellers for them, when they find their books do not sell according to their wishes, hire some garretteer to write against them\u2014then publish a reply to his own lucubrations\u2014and so go on, objecting and replying, until the attention of the public is drawn towards the book, and thus it is brought into demand. If there were as many pieces in the National Gazette in favor of government and public characters, as there are against them, I should be apt to conclude that Congress and their officers were playing us the same trick, in hopes of keeping their seats and places for life; but when all the publications are against them, and none in their favor\u2014when this \u201cfree newspaper\u201d is always\nFree to defame, but never free to praise,\nit does not appear easy to account for this branch of national expence. If none of your readers can do it, we must wait with patience \u2019till the treasury accounts are published, as the Constitution of the United States requires, and then, perhaps, the mystery will be explained.\nJuly 28.\nT.L.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0103", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Rufus King, 29 July 1792\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York] Sunday 29 July 1792\nMr. Jay will be with you this week\u2014you will therefore have an opportunity to converse with him respecting our very unpleasant situation. All the measures which have been pursued have been calculated to induce the Legislature to call a convention to revise the decision of the canvassers. So far as I am able to form an Opinion, a majority of the Assembly are Clintonians, and if so, will not agree to call a convention\u2014should this be the case, the business will then terminate.\nI have only a few loose notes concerning the questions decided by the Canvassers. By turning up Bacon or Comins, you will find under the word Sheriff, the english cases referred to, which respect the appointment & discharge of that Office. The Lya[bi]lity of holding the Office beyound the Term for which sheriffs, constables, & other annual Officers are appointed must have arisen from the inconvenience to which the administration of Justice would have been exposed by vacancies in any of those Offices. The Law on that point cannot be doubted\u2014the practice is common in this country as well as in England, and property to a great amount in both Countries is held under decisions of Juries returned by Sheriffs exercising their Office beyound their year.\nOld sheriff to continue until another is appointed &c\n2. Lill.\nMoore\u2014\n1 Hales. P.C.\nAnnually appointed\nStr.\nde facto Officers their acts valid.\nLut. 508\u20141 Hales p.C.\n10. Mod. 288\u2014Cro. Eliz.\nAndrew. 163\n2. Barnard. B.R.\nSame\n12. Mod\nSheriffs who begin, shall end, an Exon ~ 11. Mod. 35\u20146 Mod.\nOfficer at Pleasure, is at the Kings pleasure\u2014Salk. 466.\nIncompatibility of Office\u2014the constitution declares the sheriffs incapable of holding any other Office.\nTioga votes rejected because they were transmitted by a Deputy\u2019s Deputy.\n    a Deputy may appoint a Deputy to do a particular act\u2014\nClinton votes rejected because the Deputy was appointed by Parol only\u2014\nDeputy may be without Deed\nCro Eliz. 67\nDeputy may be by Parol\nYr\u2019s sincerely\nRufus King\nA Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0104", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 29 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon July 29th. 1792.(Private & confidential)\nI have not yet received the new regulation of allowances to the Surveyors, or Collectors of the duties on Spirituous liquors; but this by the bye. My present purpose is to write you a letter on a more interesting and important subject. I shall do it in strict confidence, & with frankness & freedom.\nOn my way home, and since my arrival here, I have endeavoured to learn from sensible & moderate men\u2014known friends to the Government\u2014the sentiments which are entertained of public measures. These all agree that the Country is prosperous & happy; but they seem to be alarmed at that system of policy, and those interpretations of the Constitution which have taken place in Congress.\nOthers, less friendly perhaps to the Government, and more disposed to arraign the conduct of its Officers (among whom may be classed my neighbour, & quandom friend Colo M) go further, & enumerate a variety of matters, wch. as well as I can recollect, may be adduced under the following heads. Viz.\nFirst \u2003 That the public debt is greater than we can possibly pay before other causes of adding new debt to it will occur; and that this has been artificially created by adding together the whole amount of the debtor & creditor sides of the accounts, instead of taking only their balances; which could have been paid off in a short time.\n2d. \u2003 That this accumulation of debt has taken for ever out of our power those easy sources of revenue, which, applied to the ordinary necessities and exigencies of Government, would have answered them habitually, and covered us from habitual murmerings against taxes & tax gatherers; reserving extraordinary calls, for extraordinary occasions, would animate the People to meet them.\n3d. \u2003 That the calls for money have been no greater than we must generally expect, for the same or equivalent exigencies; yet we are already obliged to strain the impost till it produces clamour, and will produce evasion, and war on our citizens to collect it, and even to resort to an Excise law, of odious character with the people; partial in its operation; unproductive unless enforced by arbitrary & vexatious means; and committing the authority of the Government in parts where resistance is most probable, & coercion least practicable.\n4th \u2003 They cite propositions in Congress, and suspect other projects on foot, still to encrease the mass of the debt.\n5th. \u2003 They say that by borrowing at \u2154 of the interest, we might have paid of[f] the principal in \u2154 of the time; but that from this we are precluded by its being made irredeemable but in small portions, & long terms.\n6th. \u2003 That this irredeemable quality was given it for the avowed purpose of inviting its transfer to foreign Countries.\n7th. \u2003 They predict that this transfer of the principal, when compleated, will occasion an exportation of 3 Millions of dollars annually for the interest; a drain of Coin, of which as there has been no example, no calculation can be made of its consequences.\n8th. \u2003 That the banishment of our Coin will be compleated by the creation of 10 millions of paper money, in the form of Bank-bills now issuing into circulation.\n9th. \u2003 They think the 10 or 12 pr Ct. annual profit, paid to the lenders of this paper medium, are taken out of the pockets of the people, who would have had without interest the coin it is banishing.\n10th. \u2003 That all the Capitol employed in paper speculation is barren & useless, producing, like that on a gaming table, no accession to itself, and is withdrawn from Commerce and Agriculture where it would have produced addition to the common mass.\n11th \u2003 That it nourishes in our citizens vice & idleness instead of industry & morality.\n12th. \u2003 That it has furnished effectual means of corrupting such a portion of the legislature, as turns the balance between the honest Voters which ever way it is directed.\n13th. \u2003 That this corrupt squadron, deciding the voice of the legislature, have manifested their dispositions to get rid of the limitations imposed by the Constitution on the general legislature; limitations, on the faith of which, the States acceded to that instrument.\n14th \u2003 That the ultimate object of all this is to prepare the way for a change, from the present republican form of Government, to that of a monarchy; of which the British Constitution is to be the model.\n15th. \u2003 That this was contemplated in the Convention, they say is no secret, because its partisans have made none of it\u2014to effect it then was impracticable; but they are still eager after their object, and are predisposing every thing for its ultimate attainment.\n16th. \u2003 So many of them have got into the legislature, that, aided by the corrupt squadron of paper dealers, who are at their devotion, they make a majority in both houses.\n17th \u2003 The republican party who wish to preserve the Government in its present form, are fewer even when joined by the two, three, or half a dozen antifederalists, who, tho\u2019 they dare not avow it, are still opposed to any general Government: but being less so to a republican than a Monarchical one, they naturally join those whom they think pursuing the lesser evil.\n18th. \u2003 Of all the mischiefs objected to the system of measures beforementioned, none they add is so afflicting, & fatal to every honest hope, as the corruption of the legislature. As it was the earliest of these measures it became the instrument for producing the rest, and will be the instrument for producing in future a King, Lords & Commons; or whatever else those who direct it may chuse. Withdrawn such a distance from the eye of their Constituents, and these so dispersed as to be inaccessible to public information, and particularly to that of the conduct of their own Representatives, they will form the worst Government upon earth, if the means of their corruption be not prevented.\n19th. \u2003 The only hope of safety they say, hangs now on the numerous representation which is to come forward the ensuing year; but should the majority of the new members be still in the same principles with the present\u2014shew so much deriliction to republican government, and such a disposition to encroach upon. or explain away the limited powers of the constitution in order to change it, it is not easy to conjecture what would be the result, nor what means would be resorted to for correction of the evil. True wisdom they acknowledge should direct temperate & peaceable measures; but add, the division of sentiment & interest happens unfortunately, to be so geographical, that no mortal can say that what is most wise & temperate, would prevail against what is more easy & obvious; they declare, they can contemplate no evil more incalculable than the breaking of the Union into two, or more parts; yet, when they view the mass which opposed the original coalescence, when they consider that it lay chiefly in the Southern quarter\u2014that the legislature have availed themselves of no occasion of allaying it, but on the contrary whenever Northern & Southern prejudices have come into conflict, the latter have been sacraficed and the former soothed.\n20th. \u2003 That the owers of the debt are in the Southern and the holders of it in the Northern division.\n21st. \u2003 That the antifederal champions are now strengthened in argument by the fulfilment of their predictions, which has been brought about by the Monarchical federalists themselves; who, having been for the new government merely as a stepping stone to Monarchy, have themselves adopted the very construction, of which, when advocating its acceptance before the tribunal of the people, they declared it insuceptable; whilst the republican federalists, who espoused the same government for its intrinsic merits, are disarmed of their weapons, that which they denied as prophecy being now become true history. Who, therefore, can be sure they ask, that these things may not proselyte the small number which was wanting to place the majority on the other side\u2014and this they add is the event at which they tremble.\nThese, as well as my memory serves me, are the sentiments which, directly and indirectly, have been disclosed to me.\nTo obtain light, and to pursue truth, being my sole aim; and wishing to have before me explanations of as well as the complaints on measures in which the public interest, harmony and peace is so deeply concerned, and my public conduct so much involved; it is my request, and you would oblige me in furnishing me, with your ideas upon the discontents here enumerated\u2014and for this purpose I have thrown them into heads or sections, and numbered them that those ideas may apply to the corrispondent numbers. Although I do not mean to hurry you in giving your thoughts on the occasion of this letter, yet, as soon as you can make it convenient to yourself it would\u2014for more reasons than one\u2014be agreeable, & very satisfactory to me.\nThe enclosure in your letter of the 16th. was sent back the Post after I received it, with my approving signature; and in a few days I will write to the purpose mentioned in your letter of the 22d. both to the Secretary of War & yourself. At present all my business\u2014public & private\u2014is on my own shoulders, the two young Gentlemen who came home with me, being on visits to their friends\u2014and my Nephew, the Major, too much indisposed to afford me any aid, in copying or in other matters.\nWith affectionate regard I am always\u2014Yours Go:\nWashington\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0105", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Elisha Boudinot, 30 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Boudinot, Elisha\nDear Sir:\n[Philadelphia] 30th July, 1792.\nI expected to have set out to-day to join the Committee to-morrow at Newark, but it is not possible. To-morrow morning I shall embark in the Early Stage, and hope to reach you in the afternoon; but I pray that no business may be deferred on my account.\nTruly yours,\nAlexr. Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0108", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 30 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Department July 30. 1792.\nI have the honor to transmit herewith sundry papers relative to an arrangement, which has been concerted between the Commissioner of the Revenue and myself, on the subject of compensation to the Officers of Inspection, in consequence of additional latitude given to The President of the United States by the Act of the last Session entitled, An Act concerning the duties on spirits distilled within the United States. This arrangement, founded on the best lights hitherto in the possession of the Department, is respectfully submitted to your consideration & disposal.\nMore adequate compensations than those hereto-fore allowed (and which from necessity were restricted within narrower limits than were originally deemed proper) are essential to the effectual execution of the law. Many Officers wait the issue of a new arrangement to decide their continuance or non-continuance in Office.\nThe additions now proposed will, it is not doubted, leave the aggregate expence within the limits prescribed by law; the contingent items having been estimated largely for greater caution.\nIntimations have been received that the non-execution of the Law in certain scenes begins to produce discontent in neighbouring ones, in which a perfect acquiescence had taken place. This is natural, and implies a danger of a serious nature, if not timely obviated. The inadequateness of compensation, by preventing the acceptance of Offices, where the Law is least popular, is one of the causes of that non-execution. It is interesting that this cause be removed as a preliminary to the vigorous enforcing of the law in the delinquent scenes; which makes it desireable that a more competent arrangement of compensations should be adopted as speedily as shall consist with due consideration and your convenience.\nWith the highest respect and the truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0109", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 30 July[\u2013August 3] 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 30th [\u2013August 3] 1792\nI received the most sincere pleasure at finding in our last conversation, that there was some relaxation in the disposition you had before discovered to decline a reelection. Since your departure, I have lost no opportunity of sounding the opinions of persons, whose opinions were worth knowing, on these two points\u20141st the effect of your declining upon the public affairs, and upon your own reputation\u20142dly. the effect of your continuing, in reference to the declarations you have made of your disinclination to public life\u2014And I can truly say, that I have not found the least difference of sentiment, on either point. The impression is uniform\u2014that your declining would be to be deplored as the greatest evil, that could befall the country at the present juncture, and as critically hazardous to your own reputation\u2014that your continuance will be justified in the mind of every friend to his country by the evident necessity for it. Tis clear, says every one, with whom I have conversed, that the affairs of the national government are not yet firmly established\u2014that its enemies, generally speaking, are as inveterate as ever\u2014that their enmity has been sharpened by its success and by all the resentments which flow from disappointed predictions and mortified vanity\u2014that a general and strenuous effort is making in every state to place the administration of it in the hands of its enemies, as if they were its safest guardians\u2014that the period of the next house of representatives is likely to prove the crisis of its permanent character\u2014that if you continue in office nothing materially mischievous is to be apprehended\u2014if you quit much is to be dreaded\u2014that the same motives which induced you to accept originally ought to decide you to continue till matters have assumed a more determinate aspect\u2014that indeed it would have been better, as it regards your own character, that you had never consented to come forward, than now to leave the business unfinished and in danger of being un-done\u2014that in the event of storms arising there would be an imputation either of want of foresight or want of firmness\u2014and, in fine, that on public and personal accounts, on patriotic and prudential considerations, the clear path to be pursued by you will be again to obey the voice of your country; which it is not doubted will be as earnest and as unanimous as ever.\nOn this last point, I have some suspicion that it will be insinuated to you, and perhaps (God forgive me, if I judge hardly) with design to place before you a motive of declining\u2014that there is danger of a division among the electors and of less unanimity in their suffrages than hereto-fore. My view of this matter is as follows:\nWhile your first election was depending I had no doubt, that there would be characters among the electors, who if they durst follow their inclinations, would have voted against you; but that in all probability they would be restrained by an apprehension of public resentment\u2014that nevertheless it was possible a few straggling votes might be found in opposition, from some headstrong and fanatical individuals\u2014that a circumstance of this kind would be in fact, and ought to be estimated by you, as of no importance\u2014since their would be sufficient unanimity to witness the general confidence and attachment towards you.\nMy view of the future accords exactly with what was my view of the past. I believe the same motives will operate to produce the same result. The dread of public indignation will be likely to restrain the indisposed few. If they can calculate at all, they will naturally reflect that they could not give a severer blow to their cause than by giving a proof of hostility to you. But if a solitary vote or two should appear wanting to perfect unanimity, of what moment can it be? Will not the fewness of the exceptions be a confirmation of the devotion of the community to a character, which has so generally united its suffrages, after an administration of four years at the head of a new government, opposed in its first establishment by a large proportion of its citizens and obliged to run counter to many prejudices in devising the arduous arrangements, requisite to public Credit and public Order? Will not those, who may be the authors of any such exceptions, manifest more their own perverseness and malevolence than any diminution of the affection and confidence of the Nation? I am persuaded, that both these questions ought to be answered in the affirmative; and that there is nothing to be looked for, on the score of diversity of sentiment which ought to weigh for a moment.\nI trust, Sir, and I pray God that you will determine to make a further sacrifice of your tranquillity and happiness to the public good. I trust that it need not continue above a year or two more\u2014And I think that it will be more eligibible to retire from office before the expiration of the term of an election, than to decline a reelection.\nThe sentiments I have delivered upon this occasion, I can truly say, proceed exclusively from an anxious concern for the public welfare and an affectionate personal attachment. These dispositions must continue to govern in every vicissitude one who has the honor to be very truly and respectfully\nSir \u2003 Your most Obedt. & hum serv\nA Hamilton\nAugust 3d. Since writing the foregoing I am favoured with your interesting letter of the 29th of July. An answer to the points raised is not difficult & shall as soon as possible be forwarded.\nThe President of the U States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0110", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, [31 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, July 31, 1792. On August 20, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have recd. your letter of the 31st. of the last month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0111", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 31 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nTreasury Department, July 31, 1792. \u201cThe Collector of Barnstable has informed me of a seizure made by him of one Hogshead of Rum, three Hogsheads of Molasses, one barrel of Sugar and two hundred and forty bushels of Salt, said to have been fraudulently landed out of the Sloop Polly of Sandwich. It is stated that the Vessel had left the District of Barnstable before the Collector had any knowledge of the fraud; and as it is to be inferred that a forfeiture of the said Sloop has also been incurred, I have to request that you will cause her to be seized, if she should be found in your District.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0113-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Smith, 1 August 1792\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nLoan Office [Philadelphia] Penna Augt 1, 1792\nI have received a letter from Mr. A. J. Dallas secretary to the Commonwealth with enclosures which I now forward for your inspection.\nThe whole of the subscriptions since the 1st June last in Certificates of the Assumed Debt of this State, amo. to \u00a3 46,985. equal to 125,293 30/ which with 674,675 Dollars received before the 30th sepr. 1791 makes in the whole 799,968 30/.\nMr. Donnaldson Regr & Mr Nicholson Compr. are of opinion that there are very few of the Certificates of the State Debt now outstanding.\nI have had but one small Certificate of the sort called the New Loan Issued by David Rittenhouse Treasr & John Nicholson Compr. under the funding law of this State since my conference with you which I offered to receive but informed the Person that nothing further could be done in it untill I received further Instructions on which it was withdrawn.\nI have the honor &c.\nHonble. Alex. Hamilton secy Treasy U S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0114", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 1 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon, August 1st. 1792\nI learn with pleasure from the War Office, by the Secretary\u2019s last dispatches,  that our Northwestern frontier is in a state of tranquility: it may be construed into an indication that some of the messages which have been sent by Government have reached the hostile Tribes,  and have occasioned them to deliberate thereon. Devoutly is it to be wished that the result may be favorable, both for themselves and the Ud. States.\nNo expectation of this, however, ought to suspend, or in the smallest degree relax the preparations for War; but as War under any circumstances is expensive, and with such a long & rugged land transportation as the one by which we have to convey the supplies for the Army must, for the quantum of them, be extremely so. It behoves us to be as precise in all our arrangements\u2014as \u0153conomical in our provisions\u2014as strict in our issues, and as correct in accounting for them to the War or Treasury Departments (as the case may happen to be) as possible. That I may know under what regulations these matters are, I have, by this days post, written to the Secretary of War desiring him to report to me the mode which is pursued by his direction from thence, for providing, transporting, issueing & accounting for them. If the Treasury Department has an agency in any of these matters, I require a similar report from thence also.\nMr. Kean by a Letter which I have received from him, accepts his renewed Commission for settling the Accounts between the United States, & the individual States; which, please to say to him, gives me pleasure\u2014and add, that any efforts he can make to bring this business to a speedy & happy issue, I shall consider as rendering an important service to the Union; because I view the closing of these Accots. speedily as extremely essential to it\u2019s interest & tranquility. Let me know if Mr. Langdon (the Commissioner) is returned to his duty? and, in that case, when?\nI am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0115", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe and Richard Harrison, 2 August 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench,Harrison, Richard\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 2nd. 1792.\nIn addition to the Circumstances relative to the Case of the Secretary at War, transmitted from the Comptrollers office for our determination we have the honor to state to you the following facts for the purpose of obtaining the Attorney generals opinion after a knowledge of them.\nWe find that the first appearance of the claim in question, in any form, is in an account current dated at the \u201cWar Office, December 30th: 1786\u201d and signed \u201cHKnox\u201d against the ballance of which, being 610 31/90 Dollars, the following words are written. \u201cTo Cash retained in my hands to defray my travelling expences for various Journeys on public service during the years 1785 and 1786 equal to  Dollars. An application will be made to Congress for an allowance on this Head, which when granted the necessary vouchers will be produced\u201d carried out in the columns 610..31 and cast with the preceeding part of the Account as will be seen on examination of it, for which purpose we have the honor to in-close it. In the report upon this account made by the Auditors examining Clerks to the Auditor, which was confirmed, no notice is taken of this item. In this state the matter appears to have remained untill it was presented to the late Auditor (Mr. Wolcott) after the commencement of the present general Government, when the precise amount was included in an account current and was rejected by the Auditor and Comptroller under the Circumstances stated in the first letter. It is necessary to remark that the communications between the Secretary at War and the late Comptroller were prior to the decision of the Comptroller by three months and that if those communications were to be deemed to contain the appeal the Comptroller three months after acted upon it\u2014If they are not the Appeal then is to be sought elsewhere. The paper dated on the 31st. December 1790, is not addressed to the Comptroller, wherefore it should seem not to have been intended as an appeal to him and being of a date more than six months after the Auditor\u2019s settlement it would appear necessary to throw off the restraint imposed by a limitation of the legislature to receive it as such had it been addressed to the Comptroller. It appears further on enquiry that this paper was not presented to the Treasury, as a seperate claim for the objects specified in it, but that it must have continued in the War Office, untill June 1791, when it was first presented at the Auditors Office as an accompanyment of an ordinary account current between the United States and the War Department, dated in that month and commencing with a credit to the United States for the exact sum as ballance, which the settlement of 11th. and 19th. June 1790 (by the Auditor and Comptroller) established. It appears to us that this paper therefore was not intended as an appeal from the Auditor to the Comptroller, that it was presented twelve months after the expiration of the time limited, by the express provisions of the legislature, that it was truly, a reclaim in the mass of a new account of certain items previously rejected by the officer of accounts, which rejection had acquired the ordinary legal force by the lapse of twelve months.\nWe do not conceive that the opinion stated in the account from the War Department of December 30th: 1786 that an application to Congress was necessary, invalidates any legal right to the monies in question, which were before in the Secretary, but we have stated it to shew that the Case was a long while within the knowledge of the officers of the Treasury. No testimony or information is brought up on the application of June 1791, which was not offered in March 1790. Under all the circumstances stated we ask the favor of you, Sir, to obtain the Attorney General\u2019s opinions upon these three Questions.\n1st. \u2003 Has the Secretary at War ever appealed to the Comptroller of the Treasury from the settlement of the Auditor of the Treasury in regard to the account in Question.\n2dly. \u2003 If he has appealed is that appeal availing considering the lapse suggested.\n3dly. \u2003 If there has not been an appeal or if there has been an appeal and it is not availing on account of the lapse suggested, can the officers named, in the 7th. Section of the act making alterations in the Treasury and War Departments take up and adjust this claim of the Secretary at War.\nIt is worthy of consideration that the third Question may be thought to involve a similar right in every other person on whose accounts Mr. Wolcott as Auditor has ever determined which we presume was not intended by the legislature\u2014and that it may be deemed to establish as a consequence the re-examination of any settlement at the Treasury whenever new officers shall form a Judgment different from their predecessors on the same facts and information.\nWe have the honor to be with perfect respect, Sir, your most Obt. Servts.\nThe honble.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0116", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, [2 August 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, August 2, 1792. On August 20, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have received your letter of the 2nd of this month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0117", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 2 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury Department, August 2, 1792. \u201cI have directed a packet to be sent to you by water, containing two Thermometers which I request you will forward by a safe conveyance; the one to the Collector of Barnstable, and the other to the Collector of Frenchman\u2019s bay.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0119", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Harrison, [3 August 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Harrison, Richard\n[Treasury Department, August 3, 1792. Letter listed in dealer\u2019s catalogue. Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0120", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Lee, 3 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Charles\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 3. 1792.\nI have to reply to your letter of the 5th of July.\nThe instruction respecting the mode of computing the additional ten \u214c Cent on the new Duties is founded on the following reasoning.\nThe words of the Section which relate to that addition are \u201cThe addition of 10 \u214c Cent made by the Second Section of the \u2018Act making further provision for the debts of the United States\u2019 to the rates of Duties on goods, wares and merchandize, imported in Ships or Vessels not of the United States, shall continue in full force and operation in relation to the articles hereinbefore enumerated and described.\u201d\nThe addition here contemplated is not an addition of 10 \u214c Cent generally, but specifically the addition, made by the second Section of the Act quoted, to the rates of duties thereby laid; for these words must of necessity be supplied, since the addition made by that Act was expressly applied to the rates mentioned in it. And this addition, thus precisely defined, is to continue in force in relation to the articles enumerated and described by the last Act\u2014not to extend or apply to the rates prescribed by that Act.\nThe construction therefore which has been adopted is clearly the precise literal construction of the clause, and it may be also presumed to be agreeable to the intention of the Legislature; because a more simple, as well as a more clear mode of expression could easily have been found to convey the other meaning, if it had been designed, and there was a precedent for it in the antecedent laws. In the first impost Act, an addition of 10 \u214c Cent in the cases in question, is made to the rates therein specified. When new rates are substituted by the Act making further provision for the payment of the debts of the United States, and it is meant to extend that addition to these rates, the mode of expression used is, \u201cthat an addition of 10 \u214c Centum shall be made to the several rates of duties above specified and imposed &a,\u201d making thereby a special reference to the rates which had been previously designated in the same Act. A departure from this very proper mode of expression, as relating to the then manifest intent of the Legislature, is a strong argument of a different intention in the last instance.\nThe presumption is that the increase of duty, in respect to foreign bottoms, resulting from the addition of 10 \u214c Cent to the former rates was deemed by the Legislature sufficient encouragement in this particular to Vessels of the United States; and that they were not disposed to increase the encouragement, in prejudice of the Citizens of those States, which are less concerned in navigation. Considering the fact, with regard to the operation of the provision, as corresponding with that presumption, I feel no motive of public policy, to induce a constructive extension of the duty, beyond the letter of the provision. And I adhere to the general rule of avoiding to burthen the Citizen by construction.\nSeparate bonds are to be taken for the duties in the cases mentioned by you. The Comptroller has it in charge to make a Circular communication on this point.\nThe question, with regard to Credit, in certain cases, where the amount of the Duty does not exceed 50 Dollars, is before the Attorney General.\nI am, with consideration, \u2003 Sir, Your Obed Servant.\nA Hamilton\nCharles Lee Esqr.\nCollr Alexandria.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0122", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 3 August 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir.\nCustom-House,Providence 3rd. August 1792.\nI have received your favor of the 25th of July, relative to a quantity of Brandy exported by Messrs. Clark & Nightingale, the Drawback on which, you say, cannot be allowed unless the proof required, of its having been actually landed at a foreign Port, is produced: The Excise Act, generally so called, passed in March 1791, clearly, I think, authorizes the payment of Drawbacks on all Spirits, imported since the last Day of June, in Six Months after exportation; and allows One and Two Years for the production of the proof of its being landed at a foreign Port, to cancel the exportation Bond. If there is any other Act which requires this proof before the Drawback on Spirits can be paid, you will much oblige me, Sir, by pointing it out, as I do not recollect any.\nI have the Honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexr. Hamilton Esquire\nSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0127", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Newton, Junior, 4 August 1792\nFrom: Newton, Thomas, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNorfolk [Virginia] August 4, 1792. Describes progress of construction of lighthouse at Cape Henry. Asks Hamilton to instruct John McComb, Jr., the contractor, \u201cTo have a pavement without the Light house as the sand drifts very much.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0128", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 4 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 4. 1792.\nSince my last to you of the 25th Ultimo, I have received a letter from our Commissioners at Amsterdam, informing me of their having recently instituted another loan for the United States, of three millions, at four per Cent interest, to be dated the first of June last.\nI have concluded to destine the money arising from this loan towards payment of the debt due to France, and you will accordingly apply it to that object.\nWith great consideration, \u2003 I have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir, Your Obedt Servant.\nAlexander Hamilton\nWilliam Short Esqr.\nMinister Resident ofthe United States at the Hague.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0130", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 4 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury Department, August 4, 1792. \u201cI am informed that there is a vessel in Your Port for Amsterdam; which will sail about the 10th instant. I enclose You a letter for Messrs Willink & van Staphorst, which I request may be forwarded by that vessel.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0131", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 5 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon, Augt. 5. 1792.\nSince the date of my last dispatch to you of the 1st: instant, I have received your Letters of the 26. & 30 ulto., and have affixed my signature to the arrangement of Compensations to the Officers of Inspection in consequence of additional latitude given to the President of the United States by the Act of the last Session, intitled \u201cAn Act concerning the duties on spirits distilled within the United States.\u201d\nI have done this in full conviction that the best information the nature of the case would admit, has been obtained at the Treasury to keep the aggregate within the limitations of the Law, & to proportion the Compensations to the services of the respective Officers, presuming also that it appeared essential (from a full view of circumstances, and the benefits likely to be derived from the measure, to the public) that an increase of the Officers of Revenue was really necessary; for I should be unwilling to add to the former establishment, unless the propriety of it was apparent. Unless the Attorney General should be of opinion that The President of the United States has power under the Act of March 1791. or the subsequent one of last Session, to appoint (in the recess of the Senate) an Inspector of the Survey newly constituted in Maryland, it must remain, as is proposed, under the immediate direction of the Supervisor.\nIf, after these regulations are in operation, opposition to the due exercise of the collection is still experienced, & peaceable proceedure is no longer effectual, the public interest & my duty will make it necessary to enforce the Laws respecting this matter; & however disagreeable this would be to me, it must nevertheless take place.\nThe Collector was not at Baltimore when I passed through that place; but from the Naval Officer I learnt that the service wou\u2019d sustain no loss by the resignation of the Master of the Maryland Revenue Cutter\u2014that the first Mate was a more competent character, and that the general expectation was that he would be appointed to command it. That I might know how far the sentiments of others accorded with those of the Naval Officer, I requested the Supervisor (Mr. Gale) to make enquiry & to inform me of the result; but not having heard from him since, the first Mate (his name I do not recollect) may be notified by you, of my intention to commission him Master, so soon as I am provided with Commissions for that purpose\u2014at present I have none. The same may be given to John Adams as first & Benjamin Gunnison as second Mate of the Revenue Cutter in New Hampshire: and to Ashur Cook first and John Fenley second Mate of the New York Cutter. The third Mate for the latter may remain for further enquiry & consideration.\nIf your information with respect to the proposed characters for the Cutter in New Hampshire is not such as you can entirely rely upon, Mr. Lear who is on the spot might afford you some aid in the investigation of them, or others.\nI am Sir &c.\nG: Washington\nPS. As I have neither time nor inclination to copy the enclosed, I would thank you for having a transcript of it made & sent to me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0132", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 6 August 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] August 6, 1792. \u201cI have recd. your Circular Letter of the 6th of February last, and three other letters of the 21. 25. & 26 of the last month.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0133", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, [6 August 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\n[Treasury Department, August 6, 1792. \u201cAll advances for supplies in the quartermaster\u2019s department will be made after the first of next month to the quartermaster by warrants in his favor from the treasury, and he will have to account immediately to the treasury for the disbursement of the moneys committed to him. It will, of course, be necessary for the quartermaster to have an attorney or deputy at this place. No provision for compensation of a deputy having been made it is of necessity that he should depute some person who is otherwise in the employ of the government.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0134", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 6 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 6. 1792.\nYou were perfectly right in making the seizure, announced in your letter of the 26th Ultimo.\nI do not see that any thing can be done in respect to the Drawback you mention. No payment on that account can be made until the requisite evidence is produced; and there might be circumstances which would altogether preclude the possibility of producing that evidence.\nBenjamin Lincoln Esqr.\nCollector Boston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0135", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 6 August 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy dear sir\nNew York 6 Augt. 1792.\nShortly after I received your kind Letter of the 25th: I found by a Letter from your department you was gone to make a tour in Jersey therefore delayed answering it. You will observe by the annexed Return that the Collector has begun to comply with your kind orders\u2014& it will be a very pleasant Circumstance that he continues to do so\u2014for the Branch is certainly now getting on very fast, & I think (in confidence) their Direction rather wish to take every advantage in Draining us of our Specie\u2014they make pretty frequent & heavy drafts, & rather I think unnecessarily so\u2014because whenever the interchange of Notes leave a balance in their favour, a dft for Specie soon follows. I would not wish to complain just now, but if I find they persist in the draining us, I must implore the aid of your all powerfull hand to convince them we are not destitute of aid in the hour of need.\nI have been My dear sir I am sorry to say a very improvident Steward with your Bank Stock. I waited till it got up to 30 \u214c Cent, and then sold,\u2014but behold it has since risen four or five \u214c Cent more very unexpectedly\u2014however I did for the best & really thought I had done well but such is the unaccountable change of the value of such property, a breath blowing them up or down, that it is impossible to judge whether we go too fast or too slow. I will thank you to send me the original receipts you had from the Bank, as it is necessary they should be cancelled.\nMr. Green & Mr. Pollock have not quite yet adjusted their business & I fear will not without a further reference to you, but this I will avert if possible.\nBelieve me with unalterable respect & esteem My dear sir Your obliged Obed Hue Servt\nWm Seton\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0136", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 6 August 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nThe Hague Aug. 6. 1792\nI have had the honor of recieving your letter of May the 7th. enclosing the Presidents confirmation of the contract made for the loan at Antwerp, which has been delivered to M. de Wolf.\nI informed you in my last that I expected him here in order to speak of a new loan at 4. p. cent; in consequence of his having suppressed a part of the last at 4\u00bd. p. cent. I have formerly mentioned to you my having promised to him if he would stop issuing the bonds of that loan, that he should be supplied with at least as many at 4. p. cent interest & that the commission should if necessary be augmented. He in consequence thereof found means to suppress 950. of those bonds viz. deliver only 2050. So that although the loan is nominally of three millions, it is in fact only of two millions & fifty thousand florins\u2014the 950. bonds which were numbered, but have not been signed either by me or the banker were left with M. Morris. In the hurry of my departure I did not take a reciept for them, but have written to him to send me one that I may forward it to you, in order that it may appear that they have not been made use of.\nI now have the honor of inclosing you sir, the account of the reciepts & expenditures of these 2050 obligations as furnished me by M. de Wolf. Duplicates of the rects. were regularly forwarded me, which I have put into M Morris\u2019s hands in order that he might regulate finally with France the payments made on acct. of this loan.\nMy former letters explained to you how it happens that these payments were begun by remittances from Antwerp & afterwards made in cash there, to the agent employed by France for that purpose. The then situation of affairs added to the intention of the U.S. to make up the depreciation to France left no hesitation as to the choice.\nI then contemplated the U.S. making a very honorable & advantageous arrangement as to these payments\u2014honorable because they made up the depreciation on the assignats\u2014& advantageous because this depreciation if measured by the rise of the price of commodities in France (which would have been just)\u2014or even by the rise of the price of gold & silver (wch. for many reasons of locality\u2014such as want of freedom in their being bought & sold on the market\u2014acts of violence\u2014& even decrees of the assembly, not imputable to the U.S, were higher & a less just measure)\u2014this depreciation I say, would have been much less than the fall of exchange & of course have left a considerable profit to the U.S.\nIt was impossible for me at that time to have foreseen that the final settlement of this depreciation would have been thus delayed, much less that it wd. have been postponed so as not to have been settled even by the government which created the assignats (of which there seems now real risk) & of course with one which will have much less scruple in arguing that the depreciation was greater than it really was. As I fear the U.S. will suffer from this delay, I must beg you to bear in mind the causes of it as related to you in my several letters. It will be otherwise so natural for you to attribute this delay & the injury arising from it (if there should be any) to the person whom you charged with this business, that I hope you will excuse my anxiety on the subject, & my importunity in here briefly stating the stages of the delay.\nOn recieving your letter announcing the intention of the U.S. as to the depreciation on the assignats I informed the Minister & commissaries of the treasury of it (confining the promise made to future payments notwithstanding your letter would have embraced the former ones also) & desired them to fix on some basis for ascertaining the real depreciation of assignats. I was obliged to go to Holland before this was done. I returned to Paris on the 15th of January. At that time I had been long without hearing from government, but being convinced that the appointment of the minister to Paris could not be postponed & would be made during the then session of Congress, it seemed probable that every day might bring intelligence of the person, & indeed the person himself, even if he should have been in America. Considering therefore that this appointment would be the latest declaration of the will of the President\u2014that the person appointed would necessarily be the one who enjoyed the greatest degree of the confidence of government, & of course most apt to fulfill their expectations & most capable of promoting their interests in every kind of business I thought it my duty, in one of this delicate kind particularly to postpone it, until it should be known to whom the interests of the U. S. in France were to be permanently confided & the more so as it was impossible that any inconvenience could arise from a short delay, the rate of exchange\u2014the price of gold & silver & of the principal articles of consumption in France during that period being known. Let what will be the event I am persuaded sir, you cannot disapprove this disposition in a public servant.\nI had not long remained in this situation before I learned from M Morris in London that the President had nominated him for that place, & although he did not arrive in Paris until the month of May, yet it would certainly have been improper in me to have taken any arrangements in any business which would have admitted of delay, before his arrival; & particularly as I had every reason to suppose that he would immediately receive his credentials & come on to Paris.\nOn his arrival I put him in possession without delay of whatever occurred to me relative to the interests of the U.S. at that place, & particularly pressed on him the necessity of regulating with the present government the depreciation promised them on the payments made at Antwerp. I had the honor of mentioning to you in my letter of June 28 the two causes which occasioned some delay with M Morris, at the time of my leaving Paris. Since my arrival here I have never ceased pressing & importuning him on the subject. I in-closed him also the extract of your letter of April the 2d. relative thereto. The changeable situation of ministry necessarily threw impediments in the way of business, but this was of peculiar kind & if connected only with that of making further payments, they would necessarily have removed all causes of delay. I therefore advised M Morris not to connect it with any other business as I apprehended from his letters he had done, but to reduce it to this simple proposition \u201cWe have paid you money at Antwerp on which we have promised to make compensation for depreciation\u2014we have now more money ready for you at Amsterdam\u2014fix the depreciation existing at the time of the payments made at Antwerp\u2014say what it is now & we will immediately order you the payments of the cash at our disposition at Amsterdam.\u201d I should have supposed from their present wants of money abroad their answer would not have been delayed twenty-four hours & that they would have been thus placed on the soliciting side of the question, whilst M Morris would have had the finest opportunity of using all the arguments which must occur to every body, for shewing what the real difference was between the depreciation of the assignats & the fall of exchange, wch difference constituted the gain of the U.S. I have begged him also in my letters to bear in mind the advantage of settling this depreciation with the government which created the assignats rather than one that should succeed to them & be built on their ruin. In fine I have done everything that depended on me to accelerate this business & do not doubt that M Morris has done the same. Still it is not settled\u2014& from the present state of things in France I fear it will not be with the present government.\nThis leads me also to mention to you another subject which has given me much uneasiness, namely the suspension of our payments to France & consequent accumulation of monies in the hands of our bankers at Amsterdam on which the U. S. pay a dead interest. You were informed by me from Amsterdam & successively since, of the cause of this suspension viz. the hope of applying these payments towards succours to the French islands\u2014of course having them invested in the productions of the U. S. This would have been so advantageous an operation that I could not hesitate delaying the payments a short time after finding that the minister of the marine had brought forward this proposition to the assembly & the more so as at that time the sums on hand disponible were small; not knowing then that you had determined not to draw for the whole which you had previously announced to me.\nAfter my return to Paris in Jany there was a constant expectation of the Minister\u2019s proposition then referred to the colonial committee, being reported & decided on. Whilst in this expectation I learned that the confidence of government as to their affairs in France was transferred to M. Morris & expecting his arrival without delay in Paris the motives mentioned above could not but have their influence in inducing me to desire the procrastination of this business also; not knowing but, & indeed supposing, that M. Morris from his knowledge in commercial concerns, might chuse some mode unknown to me, for carrying this operation into effect. Still knowing that the operation in itself was highly advantageous I determined to act in it if it became necessary previous to M Morris\u2019s arrival. Accordingly being pressed by the Minister I stipulated you should hold 800,000 dollars at his orders for supplies to the islands\u2014& that the rate at which the dollars should be credited should be fixed between the two countries as stated to you in my letter of April 22. Those of April 25 & May 14 will have informed you, how this business came to be again delayed & of its passage into M Morris\u2019s hands after his arrival at Paris the 7th of that month.\nThus sir you will see by what means it came to pass that no part of a loan opened in Decr was paid to France at the period of my departure from Paris, although in the mean time the sums in hand had been augmenting & promised to be still more so, by the seizing the opportunity of opening a second loan at 4. p. cent, of which I gave you notice by a few lines written for that purpose only, on the 26th of May.\nAs to any delay which may have taken place since that time, I can only say that thinking it proper to concert this business with the representative of the U. S. at Paris I have not ceased since my arrival here writing & pressing I may add, importuning him to fix with the French government the rate at which they would recieve the florins at Amsterdam or some other mode of paying them the sums on hand. I preferred the former as being more expeditious & more sure in these times of uncertainty\u2014& more advantageous also if the U. S. are to make up depreciation. I pressed him particularly to detach this subject & the settlement of the Antwerp payments from all others, & as the ministry were fluctuating to get over formalities & to apply directly to the commissaries of the Treasury who were a permanent body & to whom the minister would necessarily refer him as had always been done to me by the ministers of my time. Finding that the delay was not removed & seeing no reason to suppose it would be, with the present government, I at length wrote to M Morris, that unless he could immediately fix on some better mode of payments I should think myself obliged to direct our bankers to commence their remittances to France; fearing that I should not be able to justify myself to you for holding so long so large sums at a dead interest to the U. S., when it was expected that they had been applied towards extinguishing their debt to France. The last letter from him in answer there to was dated the 30th. of July & recd. here the 4th inst. In it he informed me that he had the day before recd the acct from the commissaries of the treasury & had written to them that morning to know whether they chose to recieve money in Amsterdam or Paris & that if there was the least difficulty he should direct Grands house to draw on our commissioners at Amsterdam & pay to the treasury. He observes some what less will be gained than by remittances, but that the state of things there is such that remittances are by no means sure. I answered this letter the instant of recieving it to inform him that I had formerly had an application from M Grand to be made use of in this business which judging improper I had referred to you, & that you had approved my not employing an useless intermediary \u2014that my own opinion therefore was against his doing it now. I advised his treating immediately with the commissaries of the treasury who might purchase his draughts on the bankers at Amsterdam at the exchange which he might fix with them\u2014& in doing which he might regulate also the depreciation to be allowed. I mentioned that you had formerly suggested my thus selling my bills to them for specie which I had not done, because I thought a more advantageous mode of ascertaining the real depreciation might be adopted. If he thought otherwise he might now make use of the plan suggested by you. I hope this will prevent his employing M Grand, as his treating immediately with the commissaries will not only be a more economical, but also a more unexceptionable mode in other respects.\nMr Morris adds also in this letter that the commissaries state their losses on the Antwerp payments by depreciation (as they have given credit for them in their acct at the current rate of exchange) at 1,368,939 livres & that he shall tell them that these losses & the compensation if any, will form a subject for the consideration of our government \u201cwhose order I shall ask.\u201d This is in fact nothing more than leaving it unsettled with the present government who created the assignats & levied on them, to be settled by a future one who will be raised perhaps on their destruction & interested in depreciating them [in] the mode which I have always desired so much to avoid. It is possible however M Morris may see some advantages in it which do not occur to me & he will no doubt do whatever shall most advance the public interests.\nI have been desirous to explain these several circumstances minutely to you because many of the advantages which I formerly contemplated as possible to obtain for the U.S. both in the payments made & to be made & also in a general conversion of their debt to France, may perhaps be lessened from a delay, which might be attributed in some degree to me, if I did not recall to you sir the motives wch induced me to postpone as much as possible taking definitive arrangements until the will of the U.S. should be more fully represented, & which I cannot doubt would be approved by every government & particularly ours, being at so great a distance.\nI shall set out tomorrow for Amsterdam in order to sign the contract & bonds of the second 4. p cent loan. I have already informed you that 2\u00bd millions of florins exclusive of the \u00bd million you announced to me as having been drawn for in your letter of April 2d. would be held to answer your draughts, & that I meant to comprehend therein the 800,000 dollars mentioned to you from Paris so that except these three millions I considered all other sums arising or on hand of the late loans, (making the proper reservations for your standing orders at Amsterdam) as to be applied towards the French debt unless directed otherwise by some of your future letters\u2014accordingly it was my wish that the payments to France should be immediately made counting on future entries to answer your draughts in proportion as they should arrive.\nI observe from your letter of May the 7th that you thought it possible I should be absent from this country. To my great astonishment I have recd. no further orders respecting this absence, than simply a notification of my being designated for that purpose\u2014& that I should find here the instructions relative thereto. From letters which others have recieved here I fear much & cannot doubt indeed that those intended for me have miscarried.\nI was inadvertently drawn off from the business at Antwerp, with which I began this letter, before completing what I intended to say to you respecting it. M. de Wolf has been here, & on my objecting to some part of his acct. which from the Cr. side wd seem to indicate that he had disposed of the first 1500 bonds, much sooner than the Dr. side would authorize from the dates of the rects of M. de Broeta. He acknowleged the justice of the observation & attempted to account for it, by my having directed him towards the end of Dec. to suspend his remittances\u2014on which he had told the lenders that not chusing to have so large sums on hand he wished them not to make the payments until required. On the 6th of Jany I removed the suspension & directed him to make these payments to M. de Broeta. He had then to advertise the several lenders dispersed through the Netherlands to bring on that money wch. occasioned some delay. Yet as they had tendered their money they had a right to take date from that period with the usual term of grace, which de Wolf now tells me he had agreed should be a month as at Amsterdam, although he in the beginning had told me it should be less. Yet as all powers give great facilities in these cases I did not think it would be proper to be too difficult in this instance & after making him consent to the justice of these objections to the statement of his acct. I promised him I would send it to you in its present form with the observations I have made, & particularly as he had made a sacrifice in suppressing the bonds at 4\u00bd. p. cent\nHe had built his hopes on having a loan of 3. millions at 4. p. cent, although I had never promised more than a sum equal to that suppressed of the 4\u00bd. p. cent loan & which was as mentioned 950,000 florins. He had written to M. Morris to get him to prevail on me to extend it to three millions, although he was obliged to confess that the Antwerp market was incompetent to so large sums monthly as he had formerly promised\u2014& even that he could not engage for more than f250,000 a month\u2014so that the loan would have been twelve months on the market. There are so many reasons against such a step that I had no difficulty in rejecting it on its own ground, without recurring to your preference to Amsterdam, & the advice of holding out to the bankers the hopes of confining to that place future loans if they can keep the interest at 4. p. cent. Opening a loan elsewhere for 3. millions would totally defeat that idea\u2014but one of a smaller sum at Antwerp might be represented to them, as it really is a continuation & unavoidable consequence of the former loan. Consequently notwithstanding M. Morris\u2019s letter I determined to confine the loan at Antwerp to the sum suppressed of the former loan or if I went beyond it, to make de Wolf consider it absolutely as a favor to him & of course pay the sacrifice. When I proposed to him to suppress the bonds at 4\u00bd. p. cent in order to substitute to them others at 4. p. cent I held out as an inducement the augmentation of the commission. On his now pressing for this loan being extended beyond the bonds suppressed I told him I would consent to extend it to 1\u00bd million, to be completed in six months at 250,000 florins a month provided he would give up the augmentation of commission, promised on the bonds suppressed\u2014& undertake the whole at a commission of four per cent. To this he consented. I exacted of him however that there should be no kind of uncertainty in this business\u2014that he should have written contracts with the undertakers who should be bound to furnish the sums agreed for. Otherwise he might keep as it were a kind of open shop for the bonds of the U.S.\u2014dispose of as many as he could & keep them until they were all disposed of which though a saving for him, would be an uncertain & dishonorable mode for the U.S. Notwithstanding he made great protestation to the contrary yet I am convinced now he had it in view when he pressed for extending the loan to three millions. For although he would have had no scruple in undertaking for that sum as he proposed\u2014yet on my explaining to him my ideas with respect to his having real & bona fide contracts with the undertakers so that the U.S. might know fully & certainly what to count on, he returned to Antwerp in order to consult with these undertakers & told me he should come here in a short time to conclude the contract. He has written to me from thence that Sweden having opened a loan at 5.p.ct interest & the Emperor also one at 4.p.cent with an high commission\u2014& most of the undertakers being engaged therein\u2014& others being now absent\u2014& himself obliged on account of his health to absent himself also to go to a watering place, he had found it best to postpone the loan until the end of the next month viz this his letter being dated July when he was morally sure of effecting it. Thus that matter now stands. Should it be effected it will be obtaining money at 4.p.cent instead of 4\u00bd. which was the rate of the suppressed bonds. Should it not be then effected Antwerp may be still held out in terrerem to our bankers at Amsterdam who know nothing of what has passed with respect to the loan there.\nI hope in future that my letters to you will be less prolix & tedious. Asking your pardon for the minute details which I have sometimes thought myself obliged to enter into hitherto, I have the honor to add assurance of the sentiments of attachment & respect with which I am\nsir \u2003 your most obedient & most humble servant\nW Short\nThe Honble.\nAlexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0137", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 6 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nSir,\nTreasury Department,August 6, 1792.\nIt is the opinion of the Attorney General, that by force of the 8th section of the \u201cAct for raising a further sum of money for the protection of the Frontiers, and for other purposes therein mentioned,\u201d the regulation, requiring the immediate payment of the duties on imported articles, when the amount should not exceed fifty dollars, is repealed in all cases, except those relating to Salt, West India produce, Wines and Teas. The words \u201cthe term of credit\u201d used in respect to Salt, he considers as referring to something preceding, and as comprising only those cases, in which credit was before allowed. It is my desire that this construction be practiced upon at the several custom houses.\nA question has been made as to the method of calculating the duty ad valorem upon wines laid by the Act above referred to. I answer, that in that, and every other case of ad valorem rates, under the same act, the rule prescribed by the thirty-eighth section of the Collection Law is to be observed.\nIt has been signified to me, that the practice at different custom houses respecting brass in plates or sheets has been dissimilar. At some, it has been charged with a duty, at others exempted. The thing is not free from doubt; but considering the spirit of the exemption, which looks to the encouragement of internal manufactures of the article, and that the term Brass, which is singly used, literally applies to the material, in plates or sheets, as well as in pigs.\u2014I adopt the construction which exempts from duty brass in the former as well as in the latter shape. I adopt it the rather, because there is a process in use, by which brass in its primitive state is produced in sheets or plates.\nIt has also been stated to me, that a difference of practice has obtained upon that part of the Act, entitled, \u201cAn Act making further provision for the collection of the duties by law imposed on Teas, and to prolong the term for the payment of the duties on Wines,\u201d which relates to Teas; that at some ports all teas whence-soever imported, are understood to be included in the provisions of that Act; while at other ports they are considered as confined to Teas imported from China.\nThe first of these two constructions is unquestionably the true one. The preamble professes to establish regulations \u201cconcerning TEAS\u201d generally. The enacting clause embraces \u201cevery importer of TEAS\u201d as generally. It also prescribes the new regulation in addition to the provisions contained, as well in the 40th section of the Collection Law, which comprises all teas, except those imported from China, as in the 41st section of that law, which applies only to Teas from China; contemplating consequently teas not brought from China equally with those brought from China. It is to be observed that in the volumes of the laws, printed by authority by Childs and Swaine, the Sections of the Collection Law are wrongly enumerated, No. 23 being twice repeated\u2014whence it happens that the sections referred to in the last Act as 40 and 41, are truly 41 and 42. The subject is itself a proof of the Sections really intended.\nWith great consideration, I am, Sir, Your obedient Servant,\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0138", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to \u2014\u2014\u2014, 7 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nSir\nTreasury DepartmentAug 7. 1792\nIn adjusting the accounts of the contractors for supplying the army with shoes a charge will occur for boxes in which they were packed. This charge in its principle is deemed a reasonable one. It will of course remain to judge of the reasonableness of the quantum and who are the parties intitled; in other words, whether the contractors have paid the money or are authorised to include it in their accounts.\nI am with great consideration Sir Your obedt servt.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0140", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Alexander J. Dallas, 9 August 1792\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander J.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, August 9, 1792. Transmits \u201ca copy of the Laws of Pennsylvania, passed to the last Session of the General Assembly.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0141", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Clement Biddle, 10 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Biddle, Clement\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia August 10, 1792\nI had concluded to offer you the Agency for providing all such supplies for the War Department as are not objects of direct contract with the Treasury. The compensation about 800 Dollars a year. But it occurred to me, that you were engaged in the business of broker; and hence an apprehension has been excited, lest a connection of the kind contemplated with this department should be misinterpreted and misrepresented by those, who are too much disposed to malign and calumniate. I have not however made any other appointment willing to apprise you of my intention before I did it\u2014as I could not know your future plans of business. I trust you will be persuaded in every event of the friendship & esteem with which I am Dr. Sir\nYour Obedient servt.\nA Hamilton\nClement Biddle Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0142", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to James McHenry, [10 August 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: McHenry, James\n[Philadelphia, August 10, 1792. On October 20, 1792, McHenry wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have just recd your letter of the 10th Ulto.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0143", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 10 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt. Augt. 10th. 1792.\nI have been duly honored with your Letters of the 1st and 5th instant. A copy of the latter is enclosed according to your desire.\nYou may depend upon it, Sir, that nothing shall be wanting in this Department to furnish all requisite supplies for the Army with efficiency & \u0153conomy, and to bring to exact account all persons concerned in them as far as shall consist with the powers of the Department. Hitherto monies have been furnished to the War department, as they have been called for, for procuring all those articles which had not been objects of direct Contract with the Treasury. And I learn from the Secretary of War that every thing is in great maturity.\nUnder the former system, provisions and clothing were the only Articles which the Treasury had the charge of procuring; the receiving, issueing, & inspecting their quality belonged to the Department of War by usage.\nThe Act of the last Session, entitled \u201cAn Act making alterations in the Treasury and War Departments\u201d prescribes that all purchases and Contracts for all supplies for the use of the Department of War, be made by or under the direction of the Treasury Department.\nAs much progress had been made in preparations for the Campaign, prior to the passing of this Act, by the Secretary at War, I thought it best to continue the business under his immediate care for some time\u2014\u2019till in fact all the arrangements begun should be compleated. It is now, however, determined that on the first of September the business of procuring all supplies will be begun under the immediate direction of the Treasury, upon Estimates and Requisitions from time to time furnished and made by the Department of War.\nThe arrangement which is contemplated for this purpose is the following\u2014provisions and Clothing will be provided as hereto-fore by Contracts made by the Secretary of the Treasury, pursuant to previous Advertisements. Articles in the Quarter Master\u2019s Department will be to be procured by him or his Agents or Deputies; for which purpose advances of money will be made to him directly, to be accounted for to the Treasury by him. Ordnance stores, Indian Goods and all contingent supplies will be procured by an Agent who will be constituted for the purpose with an allowance of Eight hundred Dollars a year in lieu of Commission. Accounts for his purchases in every case in which it can conveniently be done (which will comprehend the greatest number of cases) will be settled immediately with the Treasury and the money paid directly to the individuals. In other cases, advances on Account will be made to the Agent, to be accounted for directly to the Treasury.\nA leading object of this arrangement is to exempt the Officers, both of the War and Treasury Departments, from the ill-natured suspicions which are incident to the actual handling and disbursement of Public Money. None of the interior officers of either department, except the Treasurer, will have any concern with it.\nThe supplies of every kind will be delivered to the order of the Department of War. The issuing of them & the accounting for the issues (except as to provisions which are directly issued by the Contractors to the Troops & which are proved to the Treasury upon vouchers prescribed for the purpose) appertain to the Department of War. The Regulations, which have been adopted for the purpose, will no doubt be early reported to you by the Secretary at War; as well as those which have been concerted with the Treasury respecting the paying & accounting for the pay of the Troops.\nI beg leave to assure you that in the application of the general arrangement which you have adopted respecting the execution of the Act concerning distilled Spirits, the greatest attention will be paid to \u0153conomy as far as the precautions of the Treasury can ensure it.\nI presume it to have been your intention that the opinion of the Attorney General should be taken as to the Power of the President to appoint the supplementary Officers contemplated during the recess of the Senate; which shall accordingly be done.\nIt affords me much satisfaction to observe that your mind has anticipated the decision to enforce the Law, in case a refractory spirit should continue to render the ordinary & more desirable means ineffectual. My most deliberate reflections have led me to conclude, that the time for acting with decision is at hand, and it is with pleasure, I can add, that an encreasing acquiescence is likely to render this course the less difficult in the cases in which an uncomplying temper may finally prevail.\nI shall without delay execute your directions respecting the Officers of Cutters.\nWith the highest respect and the truest attachment I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0146", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [11 August 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, August 11, 1792. On August 22, 1792, Washington wrote to Hamilton: \u201cThis will merely inform you that your letter of the 10th \u2026 and that of the 11th. Inst: have been duly received.\u201d Letter of August 11 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0147", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 11 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury Department, August 11, 1792. \u201cI enclose you an Advertizement, concerning proposals for the supply of rations for the Western Posts, which I request you will have inserted in the paper of your City, stiled \u2018the Maryland Journal & Baltimore Advertizer\u2019 to continue untill the 29th of Septr next.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0148", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Dayton, 13 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Dayton, Jonathan\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia Aug 13. 1792\nSome skirmishing having begun in the Gazette of the U States respecting Mr. Freneau\u2019s receiving a salary from Government\u2014I mentioned in conversation with a Friend all that I knew of the matter, and among other things, but without naming you, the information you had given me concerning Mr. Madison\u2019s negotiation with Freneau. Upon this he founded a very pointed attack upon Mr Freneau & Mr. Jefferson which I dare say you have seen as also Mr. Freneau\u2019s affidavit denying all negotiation with \u201cThomas Jefferson Esquire Secretary of State\u201d &c. &c. The Gentleman has since applied to me to obtain if possible an authentication of the fact of the Negotiation.\nIf I recollect right you told me that this if necessary could be done. And if practicable, it is of real importance that it should be done. It will confound and put down a man who is continually machinating against the public happiness.\nYou will oblige me in the most particular manner by obtaining and forwarding to me without delay the particulars of all the steps taken by Mr. Madison the when & where and with liberty to use the name of the Informant. His affidavit to the facts if obtainable would be of infinite value. Care ought to be taken that nothing be affected which is not unquestionable.\nTruly & Affectionately Yrs\nA Hamilton\nP.S. I need not observe that this is perfectly confidential & that my name is to be kept out of sight.\nE Dayton Jun Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0149", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 13 August 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewport [Rhode Island] August 13, 1792. \u201cI have received your Circular letters of the 20th of the 22nd. (inclosg. a copy of a letter to you from the Atty. General of the 21st. of June) and of the 23d. of the last month. With regard to the last, I am happy to find that I had construed the Post office Act rightly.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0150", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 13 August 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, August 13, 1792. \u201cThe Collector of Barnstable acquainted me, at the Time, with the Transaction communicated in your Letter of the 31st of July, which came to hand yesterday.\u2026 I caused enquiries to be made, relative to Samuel Bourn and his Vessel, of one Benja: Bourn, who was here with a Sloop of the same Name, from Wareham, and who said, he was informed that the said Samuel Bourn was gone with his Sloop to Georgia. This is all the knowledge I have of him or the Vessel; she never having been licenced at this Office.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0152", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Rush, [13 August 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Rush, Benjamin\n[Treasury Department, August 13, 1792. The dealer\u2019s catalogue description of this letter reads: \u201cRespecting proposed method for obtaining fresh water from salt water.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0153", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 13 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon Augt. 13. 1792.\nUnder a blank cover, I returned signed the provisional Contract for the supply of the Lighthouse in New Hampshire.\nIt is pleasing to find by the Letter from our Commissioners at Amsterdam, that the credit of the United States remains upon so respectable a footing in the United Netherlands.\nI am Dr. Sir, &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0155", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 14 August 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir\nFlemington New JerseyAugt. 14. 1792\nBefore I left Philada. I had notice of a cause to be tried on the 10th. instt. at this place, of the Business of wch. I had some knowlege. It has lasted till this day & the council think my staying may become very important to the just decision of the Case. It is with great pain that I remain because I doubt not the Arrangemt. of the Compensations now requires to be acted upon. I shall hasten to Philada. in five Minutes, after I am dismissed.\nThere has been a most respectable assemblage of persons from various parts of this State attending the Courts of nisi prius & oyer & terminer, and I have felt infinite satisfaction in manifestations from every description of them, that they equally love the general & state governments, and that they think the great objects of public happiness committed to the former have been faithfully and most beneficially managed. They are full of a firm and generous confidence in the future intentions of the general Government.\nI have the Honor to be with the most respectful Attachment, dear Sir, \u2003 Your most obedt. Servt.\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0156", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, 14 August 1792\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir!\nAlexandria [Virginia] 14th. August 1792\nYour two letters of the 20th and 22d July last have been received, the latter accompanied with the opinion of the Attorney General upon the subject of fees under the Coasting Law; and as his opinion differs from your own, and each Collector is left to act according to Law at his peril, I have been embarrassed whether the practice of this Office, ought to be conformed to the opinion of the Attorney General or not: Were the fees to be my own property, I should not alter, but would wait until the next session of Congress, when it is expected the Coasting Law will be amended, but when I consider that one half of the Coasting fees are to be paid to the Surveyor, it seems necessary for my safety against his claims, to receive the fees, which the opinion of the Attorney General has stated to be legal.\nI never entertained any doubt concerning the Obligation upon a Collector of the Customs, to act in all matters of Revenue in obedience to the directions and explanations of the Secretary of the Treasury Department, and by this rule I have endeavoured to transact the business of my Office, The Oath to execute the Office according to Law, I have never supposed to be a justification for deviating from his orders in cases which concerned the public and individuals. But the fees of Office as they concern individuals only, that is to say, the Citizen who pays and the Officer who receives are to be considered as private property, and if a dispute on this subject arises, like other matters of a private nature, it seems to me, to be properly determinable in a Court of Justice. With regard to Coasting fees, which by Law are distributable among the Collector and Naval Officer and Surveyor (and in my humble opinion very unreasonably so far as the Surveyor is concerned, in as much as he performs no service, and is not at any expense) it was incumbent on the Collector to receive all which the Law authorized, for if a suit should be brought against him by the Naval Officer or Surveyor for fees which he ought to have received and did not, I am inclined to think Judgement would be rendered against him in a Court of Justice, though it should appear that he acted agreably to the opinion of the Secretary of the Treasury. I am free to declare that this consideration weighed most with me in departing from the opinion of Jones and Harrison which was grounded as it appeared to me, upon reasons too abstruse and a construction of words too nice to be right.\nI am respectfully Sir! \u2003 Your most Obedt. H\u2019ble Servant\nCharles Lee,Collector", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0158", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 14 August 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nCustom-House,Providence 14th August 1792.\nThe seventh Section of the Act, passed the last Session of Congress, \u201cconcerning the Duties on Spirits distilled within the United States,\u201d allows \u201can abatement for leakage at the rate of Two \u214c Cent, in every case in which the duty shall be payable by the gallon of the spirits distilled:\u201d this abatement, it appears to me, was intended to be made, on securing the Duties at the end of the quarter, from the whole quantity distilled during the preceding Three Months: The Supervisor of Rhode-Island District differs from me in Opinion, and thinks that no abatement ought to be allowed except in cases of actual loss by leakage, to be ascertained at the expiration of the quarter. As it is necessary that the practice upon this part of the Law, of the Collectors of the Revenue in securing the Duties, and of myself on exportation of the Spirits, should be the same, so that the Drawbacks shall be equal to the Duties secured, I ask, Sir, the favor of your Opinion on the Matter.\nThe form of the Account annexted to the Inspector of the Revenue\u2019s Certificate of domestic Spirits, laden under his inspection for exportation, (transmitted before the said Act passed) not contemplating the deduction of the Two \u214c Cent, I presume a variation will be necessary, should that abatement be allowed to the Distillers?\nI also wish for your directions what steps are to be taken in cases where the quantities or proof of foreign or domestic Spirits, noticed for exportation, disagree with the Certificates given to accompany each Cask?\nI have the honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.\nSecy. of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0159", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 14 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 14 1792\nI duly received your Communication of the 4th instant, concerning the difference which has been discovered between the instruments, used for ascertaining the proof of distilled spirits.\nThe circumstance is very much to be regretted but I do not at present see that it admits of remedy as to the past. The impossibility of ascertaining what is right, is a great objection to restitution, even if I had power to direct it, which I doubt. Almost any rule that could reasonably be adopted would do more than justice in some cases; less than justice in others.\nIf, as may have been the case at other ports, the inaccuracy of the instrument had been in favour of the importer, it is certain that the difference would never have been demanded or paid, and there appears indeed to be no other safe rule in such cases than to leave the adjustments which have been made untouched and provide remedies for the future.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. Servant\nA Hamilton\nOtho H. Williams Esqr.\nCollector, Baltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0160", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 14 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 14 1792.\nI am glad to learn from the letter of Mr Delozier of the 25th of July in-closed in yours of the 27th\n\u201cThat the difference between the Inspector of the Revenue and the Inspectors of the Customs had subsided, and that the latter were perfectly disposed to perform the services required of them, by the Secretary of the Treasury, whenever they may be directed by the Inspector of the Revenue.\u201d\nInstructions have been directed to be transmitted to supply what have been deemed omissions, in regard to the qualifications of those Officers, as Deputy Inspectors of the Revenue. As a regular compensation will here-after be allowed for their services in that capacity, it is presumable that they will have less objection to rendering them.\nA disposition to discard a subject which has been not a little distressing to me will render what I have further to say as concise as possible.\nWhen I spoke of the Inspectors of the Customs as Aids to the Surveyor, I had no idea of drawing into question the authority of a superior Officer over them. It does not follow, because the Surveyor, who is himself an aid to the Collector, has power to put on board vessels one or more Inspectors, and to superintend and direct them when there\u2014that his authority in these particulars is exclusive of that of the Collector; especially as he himself is \u201cin all cases subject to the controul of the Collector\u201d.\nThe means of restraining any arbitrary or improper conduct of the Surveyor are always at hand. If the powers vested in you for the purpose should at any time fail of their due effect, nothing will be wanting on my part to give energy to the representations which you shall make. In waving at this time a more particular enquiry, I yield to a supposition that you would not wish a turn of this kind to be given to suggestions merely incidental. If I mistake your meaning, you will doubtless explain.\nI trust you will believe that it is very far from my disposition to countenance or tolerate arbitrary or oppressive conduct towards any Officer, however subordinate his station, who may be connected with the Department\u2014or to place any Officer in a situation to be the instrument of rigorous measures auxiliary to such arbitrary or oppressive conduct. There are however on all such occasions different paths to be pursued. And the desirable course must be that which will unite the execution of the public service with the protection of the Officer.\nWith undiminished consideration and esteem, \u2003 I remain, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt Servant\nA Hamilton\nOtho H Williams Esqr.\nBaltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0161", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nathaniel Pendleton, 15 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Pendleton, Nathaniel\nTreasury Department, August 15, 1792. \u201cI have had the statement relative to the petition of John Moore, Master of the sloop Uxbridge Packet, and others under consideration. It does not at present appear to my satisfaction that there was neither intention of fraud nor wilful negligence on the part of the Petitioners. Indeed the case stands ill in my mind \u2026, and I could wish a re-examination \u2026, for which purpose the papers will be herewith returned.\u2026 My first impression was to decide against remission of mitigation; but on further reflection I have concluded to give the parties an opportunity of explaining and putting matters in a more satisfactory light, if they can. This motive, on my part, will, I doubt not, excuse to you the additional trouble which I give you. And I persuade myself that in the further examination, you will have a strict eye to the security of the Revenue, and will endeavour to explore any equivocations or subterfuges which may be employed. The Packets are a Channel through which evasions of the Revenue may be expected early to make their way; and they therefore require vigilant observation. You will please to bear in mind that I consider the Act of the Master as that of the Parties and that his Owners and He are to be responsible for any damage, which may have accrued, from his neglect to innocent Individuals. It will be proper to cause the Attorney of the District to be notified of the time and place of the further enquiry, and the Parties must be required to notify the Attorney of the District for South Carolina of the re-examinations which will be necessary there; to whom I have accordingly written.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0163", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 15 August 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore, August 15, 1792. States \u201cThere not being a vessel at this port bound for Amsterdam, I have this day forwarded your letter \u2026 \u214c the Brigantine Batavia for Bremen\u201d for forwarding \u201cby the first safe convenance.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0164", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Adams, 16 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Augt 16 1792\nI have been duly favoured with your letter of the 4th Instant. A warrant for 1000 dollars in your favour has issued. If any authorisation from you had been sent to your son or any one else, your signature on the warrant would have been unnecessary. But as it is, it will be indispensable. Perhaps however the Treasurer may pay in expectation of it.\nThe Question when the Vice President entered upon the duties of his office, is open at the Treasury; though an opinion has obtained that the taking of the Oath was the Criterion. This has been founded on two considerations\u2014analogy to the case of the President. The Constitution requires that he shall take an oath, before he enters upon the execution of his Office. He cannot enter upon the duties of it, without entering upon the execution of it, and he can\u2019t legally do the latter till he has taken the oath prescribed. The same injunction however is not laid upon the Vice President, and therefore except by analogy, resort must be had to the second consideration, namely that the taking of the Oath of Office is the legal act of aceptance, and may be supposed to date the commencment of service.\nBut this reasoning it must be confessed is not conclusive, and therefore the opinion of the Attorney General will be taken, both as to the President & Vice President\u2014and I presume will guide in the Adjustment.\nTwenty thousand dollars have been appropriated and the advances by anticipation may reach that limit.\nYou forgot that Mr Clinton could feast upon what would starve another. He will not however have an opportunity of making the experiment. And I hope the starvation policy will not long continue fashionable.\nYour confirmation of the good disposition of New England is a source of satisfaction. I have a letter from a well informed friend in Virginia who says, all the persons I converse with, acknowlege that the people are prosperous & happy, and yet most of them, including even the friends of the Govt. appear to be much alarmed at a supposed system of policy, tending to subvert the Republican Govt of the Country. Were ever Men more ingenious to torment themselves with phantoms?\nAdieu my dear Sir, & believe me always very respectfully & Affectionately \u2003 Yr Obed sevt\nA H\nThe Vice President", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0165", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nathaniel Appleton, 16 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Appleton, Nathaniel\nTreasury Department, August 16, 1792. \u201cI have directed the Treasurer to furnish you with draughts on the Office of Discount and Deposit at Boston for seventy six thousand Dollars, to be applied by you towards paying the interest which will become due the 30th of next month on the several species of Stock standing on your books. You will also receive from the Treasurer a further sum of seven Thousand Dollars in a Draught on the Office of Discount and Deposit afore-said for the purpose of enabling you to discharge the pensions which will become due, to the Invalids of the United States on the 4th of September next ensuing the date hereof.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0168", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James McHenry, 16 August 1792\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy dear Hamilton.\n[Baltimore] 16 Augt. 1792\nI mentioned Mr. Carroll as proper to be brought forward to oppose a man whom I expect the antifederal interest will unite in supporting in case of an opportunity. I calculate that Mr. Carrol will not succeed; but it may produce more votes in this State for some man who ought. I mean also that it should operate to detach Mr. C.l. from Mr. Jeff. whose politics have in some instances infected him. In all this however you will understand should it be an eligible line of politics, that I do not mean to be an actor. The interest you feel in it more than any other consideration would induce me to take a little trouble.\nI still think Mercer will carry his election. I have been with Bishop Carrol whose friendship and intimacy I enjoy. He has much greater controul over the minds of the Roman Catholics than Charles and I believe that description of men will vote for Campbell.\nCol. Smith has entered for this district. Mr. Ridgley you know also stands. Ridgley I am told is a friend to a further assumption. Saml. Smith is not. He is however a good federalist. As a merchant he will dislike any increase of duties on dry goods. He is however concerned in shipping, in a sugar house and distillery, and supplies Williams & co. contractors with dry goods for the Indian trade. Besides it would give him great pleasure to get Col. Hall into office, Mr. Robt. Smith his Brother a judge, and Robert\u2019s father in law, Wm Smith an office of \u00a31500 a year. On the other hand Ridgley is largely in the iron works a man of great wealth, without skill in public affairs and from habits closely connected with Chase\u2014whom he would wish to see noticed. I in-close you a letter from Mr Perry which you will be pleased to return.\nThe Printer of the within paper is an ignorant young man and I am led to suspect him directed by some one unfriendly to government. His first paper contained a piece as you have seen from the national gazette. Mr. Geo. Salmon is a relation of his and will endeavour to discover the influence that directs him. Mr. Robinson a young lawyer of promising talent appears the answerer of the pieces he here extracted from the National Gazette.\nJeff. I suspect will say in reply to his having been against the constitution in France that you were for monarchy in the convention; and will take some of the features of your systems which correspond the nearest with the fiscal systems of England as a commentary upon your principles. The exposition which has been given was wanted.\nGood bless and preserve you. Yours affectionately\nJames McHenry\nI desire this letter may be disposed of as the former.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0169", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 16 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nSir\nTreasury Department August 16. 1792.\nYou will herewith receive a Triplicate of my letter to you of the 25th Ultimo and a duplicate of one of the 4th instant.\nIf the destination of the monies arising from the last loan, as mentioned in my former letter of the said 4th instant, has not already put it out of your power, it would be my wish that you reserve a sufficient sum for the purpose of discharging the debt due to foreign Officers. The sum due, including arrears of interest down to the 31st of December 1791, was 220,646 81/100 Dollars, to which will be to be added the further interest to the time of payment.\nI shall shortly suggest to you the particular mode to be pursued in paying this debt.\nWith respectful consideration, I have the honor to be, Sir, Your Obedt Servt.\nA Hamilton\nWilliam Short Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0170", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the Governor and Directors of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, 16 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Governor and Directors of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Aug 16. 1792\nThe bearer of this Mr. Trenet is a person whom Col Duer entered into a speculation with for the establishment of a manufacture of brass and iron Wire. He is just returned from France, from which place he has brought tools and one or two hands. And he now with Mr Duers consent offers himself to the Society.\nThere is no doubt that the manufacture of iron & brass Wire would be an extremely useful one, having an extensive consumption & being applicable to a great variety of purposes. The first is particularly recommended by its connection with the great Iron-branch.\nMr. Trenet will produce all his certificates & papers to shew what are his pretensions and his engagements with Mr. Duer and I presume he will also produce a statement of the Capital necessary & the various objects to be provided.\nIt will then remain with the Board to determine whether they will engage in this enterprise. It will require to be first satisfied that Mr. Trenet is in every respect a competent and proper character\u2014in the second that the object is likely to be profitable and in the third that there are adequate funds. This last will depend on the success of the late payments.\nIn general a multiplication of the objects of the Society will be inexpedient. But there may be circumstances of sufficient force to induce in special cases a departure.\nWith great consideration & esteem \u2003 I have the honor to be Gentlemen \u2003 Yr. Obed serv\nA Hamilton\nThe Governor & Directors of the Manuf Society", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0171", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the Governor and Directors of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, 16 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Governor and Directors of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Aug 16. 1792\nMore from the interest I take in the institution than from any supposition of the usefulness of my presence, it would have given me great pleasure to have been able to meet you on Monday next at New Ark. But very particular circumstances will I fear render it impracticable.\nAs Major L\u2019Enfant may not be well known to all the Directors, I cannot omit the opportunity of saying that from much experience and observation of him, I have a high opinion of the solidity of his talents, and believe him to be in every respect intitled to the confidence of the Direction.\nThe interesting problem is yet to be solved\u2014How shall the water be conveyed to the works? On this point I beg leave to say that nothing ought to be risked. Efficacy and solidity ought to outweigh considerations of expence if within any reasonable bounds. I feel persuaded beforehand that those attributes will belong to whatever plan Major L\u2019Enfant may propose; and I doubt not it will meet with the attention it shall merit.\nInclosed is an Agreement which was entered into with Mr. Pearce previous to his leaving this City. The terms of it had been long before settled between us pursuant to the request of the Society but nothing was reduced to form till the date of the in-closed Articles. It will be perceived that enough is left in the power of the Society.\nInclosed also is a paper received from Mr. Pearce which specifies among other things the rates at which different kinds of machinery can be made. He informed me at the same time that there is a person who would contract to make the necessary number at those rates. I feel well convinced that it is the interest of the Society to contract at those rates rather than undertake themselves to have them made.\nInclosed is also an account delivered me by George Parkinson. He is a person who has been engaged to assist Mr. Marshall in the Cotton Mill as well in the construction of the Machinery as in conducting as Master of a room some important part of the business. Mr. Parkinson, if I mistake not is a very sober discreet man and an intelligent ingenious mechanic and will be found among the most useful acquisitions the Society has made. Mr. Marshall however can now speak experimentally of him.\nI recollect that the terms promised him were 60 \u00a3 Sterling per annum. But no agreement has ever been reduced to form. As to the time prior to the commencement of this salary I do not distinctly recollect what terms were promised to Mr Parkinson; but when Mr. Coxe who is now absent, returns to Town it will be in my power to ascertain it.\nBy an account stated with Mr Pearce up to the  the Society through me were in advance for him . I believe I made him a subsequent advance but I cannot ascertain this without consulting my papers at the Office.\nI mention this as a guide in future advances. And I ought to add that circumspection will probably be necessary to guard against some propensity to extravagance. Mr. Pearce ought to furnish a complete inventory of all the property of the Society which he brought with him. It is somewhat considerable.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 With great consideration \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Your Obed servant\nAlex Hamilton\nThe Governor & Directors of the\nSociety for establishing useful Manufactures", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0172", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, 17 August 1792\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nBoston August 17th. 1792\nAt the request of Mr. Foster a merchant in this town I in-close his letter to me stating his situation relative to the draw back of some duties due on a quantity of Coffe exported. His confidence that you will direct the payment on the evidence offered makes it necessary that I should lay the matter before you for your decision thereon.\nI am &c\nSecy of the\nTreasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0174", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gouverneur Morris, 17 August 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir\nParis 17. August 1792.\nMr. Short just before he left this City left with me a memoire in Dutch respecting the Mint. I was to get it translated for you, but not having been able to find a Person acquainted with the Dutch and English languages, I have now determin\u2019d to send you the Original which you will find here enclosed. I hope it may prove useful, and answer the end you had in view. I have transmitted to Mr. Jefferson Copies of my Correspondence with the Commissioners of the Treasury here respecting our Debt. You seem to have suppos\u2019d that the Instalments due had been paid, and this may turn out to be the case when the Account shall have been strictly examin\u2019d, which I shall take care of. Mr. Short left (as I presume he inform\u2019d you) this Business unfinish\u2019d, supposing that my powers would be competent to it, which they are not; and indeed I should be glad to avoid all Interference in pecuniary Affairs if possible. Not on account of the Labor, for you may lay as much of that on me as you please, but I would avoid all Occasions of Slanderous Imputation.\nApropos of these Accounts, I recollect having seen either the original or the Copy of a note, given by the french Ministry to Doctor Franklin, of the Appropriation of the ten Millions arising from the Dutch Loan, whereof only five Millions were paid to our Bankers. This ought to be among the papers of the office of Foreign Affairs, or else among those of the Office of Finance. I rather think the latter. I do not know whether a Copy thereof may be necessary for me, but it certainly can do no harm, and may be useful. I should be glad also to have your Statement of this french Account for my Government, and also such transcript or Extract of the Accounts adjusted by Mr. Barcklay as may apply to that Object.\nI formerly recommended to Mr. Short the opening of a Loan at Antwerp, and it was attended with the best Effects; for the Capitalists of Amsterdam, who had shortly before induc\u2019d our Commissioners to beleive that money could not be obtain\u2019d there under five per Cent, soon after let us have it at four. This I was sure would happen for I had been in Holland, had studied the Character of the Money lending people, and made myself acquainted with the manner of transacting Business. I am still of opinion that it is wise to multiply the Scenes on which to display our Credit. Those who have lent money to a Nation naturally incline to speak well of that Nation, first to justify the Confidence they have plac\u2019d, and next to encrease the Value of the Stock they possess. It may at the first Blush seem more eligible, because more convenient, to perform all our pecuniary Operations at one place, and those who are interested in establishing that Doctrine will find many plausible Arguments in Support of their favorite Theory: just as Somebody (I beleive it was Silas Deane) endeavoured to prove that we had better buy Teas and nankins in London than in China. I remember the thing made Impression on me at the Time, as the India Company were then buying at Dunkirk some Teas which had been shipt from America. To return from the Digression I apprehend that confining this Business to one Spot may in the End have a very unfavorable Influence both on our Commerce and Exchange, because the necessity of Remittances being known, and the Periods also, Capitalists can take their measures before hand to give you the law. And if, which God forbid, Public Events should compel us to make Loans, our Creditors knowing our absolute dependence on them alone, will impose whatever Terms they please. I do not dwell on these Topics because a Word is sufficient to you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0175", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 17 August 1792\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, August 17, 1792. States that William Banks, a clerk in the register\u2019s office, \u201chas suggested the following particulars for the notice of the Secretary: 1st. That the Records of Tonage would be kept more compleat, if the collectors were directed to transmit the cancell\u2019d Registers and Emolements Monthly instead of Quarterly. 2d. That there is a defect in the act for registering of Ships and coasting vessels, from there being no penalty annexed in default of taking out Licences for Vessels under 20 Tons.\u2026 3d. That if the alphabet of the Articles of Commerce could be revised so as to be forwarded to the Collectors for their government in the 4th Quarter of 1792 it would be a desirable Object.\u201d Recommends that Banks \u201cbe deemed on a footing with others who receive 700 Dollars.\u201d Discusses Banks\u2019s possible occupancy of \u201cthe Room over the Transfer Office.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0176", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 17 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nMy Dear Sir:\n[Philadelphia] August 17th, 1792.\nYour letter, mentioning certain particulars respecting the two banks, has been received, and will be duly attended to. I trust, however, that certain appearances have in no degree proceeded from any unkind disposition. The solution, I believe, is to be found in the necessity of sending here a considerable sum in specie. Large payments into the Bank of North America on account of the State of Pennsylvania, subscriptions to canals, &c., and large calls upon the Bank of the United States for the service of government, joined to liberal discounts, had produced a considerable balance in favor of the Bank of North America, which rendered it expedient to draw a sum of specie from New-York, not to leave the National Bank in any degree in the power of the Bank of North America, which once manifested a very mischievous disposition, that was afterwards repaid by acts of kindness and generosity. The tide is now changing, and must speedily reverse the balance, and I mention it in confidence, because I wish, by explaining, to cherish confidence between the two institutions at New-York, so necessary to their mutual interest.\nInclosed, my dear sir, is a letter to Mr. Donald of St. Vincents, which I beg your most particular care in forwarding. I presume he is a merchant there; but a gentleman lately mentioned to me, that he thought the name of the governor of St. Vincents was Donald. If so, he is probably the person intended. I received a letter from him, giving me some information of my father. The letter to Mr. Donald covers one to my father, who, from a series of misfortunes, was reduced to great distress. You will perceive from this, that I must be anxious for the safe conveyance of my letter. If there is any person of whom you can make previous inquiry concerning Mr. Donald, you will oblige me by doing it, as a guide in forwarding the letter. I mean to send a duplicate from this place.\nAffectionately, and with sincere esteem, \u2003 Yours,\nA. Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0177", "content": "Title: An American No. III, [18 August 1792]\nFrom: \u201cAn American\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 18, 1792]\nFor the Gazette of the United States.\nThe charges which have been brought against \u201cthe EDITOR of the NATIONAL GAZETTE,\u201d as he himself states them to be, are no otherwise personal charges, than as they designate the persons, against whom they are made.\nIn their application to Mr. Freneau, they affect him solely in his capacity of Editor of a public paper (which may justly be considered as a public capacity) and in relation to matters of public or national concern. It is therefore a meer subterfuge to call them personal charges, and then to say, that they shall not be answered, unless the author of them will come forward to support them. It was easily anticipated that he might have good reasons for not discovering himself, at least at the call of Mr. Freneau\u2014and it was necessary for him to find a shelter. What else could he do? The charges brought against him are substantiated by facts, some of them acknowledged by himself, others proved by a reference to public documents, and to his own paper; others of general notoriety.\nThe inferences from these facts are the only things, which remain for discussion; and these so naturally flow from the premises, that they defy the arts of sophistry to obscure them. The expedient however which has been adopted, comes rather late; considering that Mr. Freneau began to answer even under the solemnities of an oath.\nAn American.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0179", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 18 August 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, August 18, 1792. \u201c\u2026 The Attorney of Wm. Allibone, Superintendent of the establishments on the River and bay of Delaware has made application for the sum of four hundred Dollars to make the first payment to Thomas Davis & Thomas Connaroe, Junr. on account of their Contract for rebuilding a pier near Mud Island.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0180", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel Gerry, 18 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Gerry, Samuel\nSir,\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 18th 1792\nYour Letter of the 28 Ultimo was duly received. If it should appear to you that the former ad-measurements of Vessels have been materially inaccurate, read-measurements may be made. This, however, will not affect any thing past.\nA Thermometer was sent to you in March 1791. Inquiry will be made by what opportunity it was transmitted. In the mean time I should be glad to be informed whether none has come to hand.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your obedt. Servt.\nAlex. Hamilton\nSamuel R. Gerry Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0182", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 18 August 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n  Custom House,Providence 18th August 1792.\n  Sir.\nUpon re-inspecting my Licence Bonds, I have this Day found that the Sloop Polly of Sandwich, Saml. Bourn Master, was Licenced at this Office on the 20th of June last, to commence, as therein expressed, the 24th of May preceding, when the old Licence, granted by the Collector at Newport, expired. The Licence Bond was filed Samuel Brown, which occasioned the oversight, on receipt of your Letter of the 31st. of July; the arrival of the Vessel also was unaccountably omitted in the Inspector\u2019s weekly Return; and she departed without clearing out. Mr. Otis\u2019 Letter to me was dated the 22nd. of June, and it came to hand the 29th or 30th. He does not mention when the Transaction took place, I therefore cannot say whether it was during the former, or present Licence.\nI have the Honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nP.S. I find upon enquiry, that the said Sloop Polly, brot. and landed here a load of Pine Wood.\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.\nSecy. of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0183", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 18 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nSir.\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 18 1792.\nThe Collector of Salem has communicated to me that a small quantity of goods were imported there from France by Mr. Cutts of Ports-mouth in April last, upon which the Duties were paid agreeably to the original Invoice, said to have been made out according to the depreciated state of Assignats.\nA like importation is said to have been made at the same time into Providence by the same Gentleman, and it is alleged that the invoice produced there having specified the difference between Assignats and specie, the Duties were calculated on the specie amount.\nI should be glad to be informed of the precise time when the said importation was made [& of the circumstances attending it.]\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obed Servant\nA Hamilton\nJere. Olney Esqr\nProvidence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0184-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 18 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug 18. 1792\nI am happy to be able, at length, to send you, answers to the objections, which were communicated in your letter of the 29th of July.\nThey have unavoidably been drawn in haste, too much so, to do perfect justice to the subject, and have been copied just as they flowed from my heart and pen, without revision or correction. You will observe, that here and there some severity appears. I have not fortitude enough always to hear with calmness, calumnies, which necessarily include me, as a principal Agent in the measures censured, of the falsehood of which, I have the most unqualified consciousness. I trust that I shall always be able to bear, as I ought, imputations of error of Judgment; but I acknowlege that I cannot be intirely patient under charges, which impeach the integrity of my public motives or conduct. I feel, that I merit them in no degree; and expressions of indignation sometimes escape me, in spite of every effort to suppress them. I rely on your goodness for the proper allowances.\nWith high respect and the most affectionate attachment, I have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most Obedient \u2003 & humble servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe President of The United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0184-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [Objections and Answers Respecting the Administration], [18 August 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Washington, George\nTo: \n1 \u2003 Object. The public Debt is greater than we can possibly pay before other causes of adding to it will occur; and this has been artificially created by adding together the whole amount of the Debtor and Creditor sides of the Account.\nAnswer. The public Debt was produced by the late war. It is not the fault of the present government that it exists; unless it can be proved, that public morality and policy do not require of a Government an honest provision for its debts. Whether it is greater than can be paid before new causes of adding to it will occur is a problem incapable of being solved, but by experience; and this would be the case if it were not one fourth as much as it is. If the policy of the Country be prudent, cautious and neutral towards foreign nations, there is a rational probability, that war may be avoided long enough to wipe off the debt. The Dutch in a situation, not near so favourable for it as that of the UStates have enjoyed intervals of peace, longer than with proper exertions would suffice for the purpose. The Debt of the UStates compared with its present and growing abilities is really a very light one. It is little more than 15.000000 of pounds Sterling, about the annual expenditure of Great Britain.\nBut whether the public Debt shall be extinguished or not within a moderate period depends on the temper of the people. If they are rendered dissatisfied by misrepretations of the measures of the government, the Government will be deprived of an efficient command of the resources of the community towards extinguishing the Debt. And thus, those who clamour are likely to be the principal causes of protracting the existence of the debt.\nAs to having been artificially increased, this is denied; perhaps indeed the true reproach of the system, which has been adopted, is that it has artificially diminished the debt as will be explained by and by.\nThe assertion, that the Debt has been increased, by adding together the whole amount of the Debtor and Creditor sides of the account, not being very easy to be understood is not easy to be answered.\nBut an answer shall be attempted.\nThe thirteen States in their joint capacity owed a certain sum. The same states, in their separate capacities, owed another sum. These two sums constituted the aggregate of the public Debt. The Public, in a political sense, compounded of the Governments of the Union and of the several states, was the Debtor. The individuals who held the various evidences of debt were the Creditors. It would be non-sense to say, that the combining of the two parts of the public Debt is adding together the Debtor and Creditor sides of the account. So great an absurdity cannot be supposed to be intended by the objection. Another meaning must therefore be sought for.\nIt may possibly exist in the following misconception. The states individually, when they liquidated the accounts of Individuals for services and supplies towards the common defence during the late war, and gave certificates for the sums due would naturally charge them to the UStates as contributions to the common cause. The UStates in assuming to pay those certificates charge themselves with them. And it may be supposed that here is a double charge for the same thing.\nBut as the amount of the sum assumed for each state is by the system adopted to be charged to such state, it of course goes in extinguishment of so much of the first charge as is equal to the sum assumed, and leaves the UStates chargeable only once, as ought to be the case.\nOr perhaps the meaning of the objection may be found in the following mode of reasoning. Some states, from having disproportionately contributed during the war, would probably on a settlement of accounts be found debtors, independently of the Assumption. The assuming of the debts of such states increases the ballances against them, and as these ballances will ultimately be remitted from the impracticability of enforcing their payment, the sums assumed will be an extra charge upon the U States increasing the mass of the debt.\nThis objection takes it for granted that the ballances of the Debtor States will not be exacted; which by the way is no part of the system and if it should eventually not prove true, the foundation of the reasoning would fail. For it is evident if the ballances are to be collected (unless there be some undiscovered error in the principle by which the accounts are to be adjusted) that one side of the account will counter-poise the other. And every thing as to the quantum of debt will remain in statu quo.\nBut it shall be taken for granted that the ballances will be remitted; and still the consequence alleged does not result. The reverse of it may even take place. In reasoning upon this point, it must be remembered that impracticability would be alike an obstacle to the collection of ballances without as with the Assumption.\nThis being the case, whether the ballances to be remitted will be increased or diminished must depend on the relative proportions of outstanding debts. If a former debtor State owes to individuals a smaller sum in proportion to its contributive faculty, than a former Creditor state, the assumption of the debts of both to be provided for out of a common fund raised upon them proportionally must necessarily, on the idea of a remission of ballances, tend to restore equality between them, and lessen the ballance of the debtor state to be remitted.\nHow the thing may work upon the whole, cannot be pronounced without a knowlege of the situation of the account of each State, but all circumstances that are known render it probable that the ultimate effect will be favourable to justice between the states and that there will be inconsiderable ballances either on one side or on the other.\nIt was observed that perhaps the true reproach of the system which has been adopted is that it has artificially decreased the Debt. This is explained thus\u2014\nIn the case of the debt of the UStates interest upon two thirds of the principal only at 6 \u214c Cent is immediately paid\u2014interest upon the remaining third was deferred for ten years\u2014and only three \u214c Cent has been allowed upon the arrears of interest, making one third of the whole debt.\nIn the case of the separate debts of the States interest upon \u2074\u2044\u2089 only of the intire sum is immediately paid; interest upon \u00b2\u2044\u2089 was deferred for 10 years and only three per Cent allowed on \u00b3\u2044\u2089.\nThe Market rate of interest at the time of adopting the funding system was 6 \u214c Cent. Computing according to this rate of interest\u2014the then present value of 100 Dollars of debt upon an average, principal and interest, was about 73 Dollars.\nAnd The present actual value, in the Market, of 100 Dollars, as the several kinds of Stock are sold, is no more than 83 Dollars & 61 Cents. This computation is not made on equal sums of the several kinds of Stock according to which the average value of 100 Dollars would be only 78.75 but it is made on the proportions which constitute the Mass of the debt.\nAt 73 to 100 The diminution on 60 000 000 is 16.200 000 Dollars; at 83.61 to 100 it is 9.834 000 Dollars.\nBut as the UStates having a right to redeem in certain proportions need never give more than par for the 6 \u214c Cent, the diminution to them as purchasers at the present market prices is 12.168 000 Dollars.\nIf it be said that the UStates are engaged to pay the whole sum at the Nominal value, the answer is that they are always at liberty if they have the means to purchase at the market prices and in all those purchases they gain the difference between the nominal sums and the lesser market rates.\nIf the whole debt had been provided for at 6 \u214c Cent the market rate of Interest when the funding system passed the market value throughout would undoubtedly have been 100 for 100. The Debt may then rather be said to have been artificially decreased by the Nature of the provision.\nThe conclusion from the whole, is that assuming it as a principle that the public debts of the different descriptions were honestly to be provided for and paid\u2014it is the reverse of true that there has been an artificial increase of them. To argue on a different principle is to presuppose dishonesty, and make it an objection to doing right.\nObjection II \u2003 This accumulation of debt has taken for ever out of our power those easy sources of revenue which applied &c.\nAnswer. There having been no accumulation of debt, if what is here pretended to have been the consequence were true, it would only be to be regretted as the unavoidable consequence of an unfortunate state of things. But the supposed consequence does by no means exist. The only sources of taxation which have been touched are imported articles and the single internal object of distilled spirits. Lands, houses, the great mass of personal as well as the whole of real property remain essentially free. In short, the chief sources of taxation are free for extraordinary conjunctures; and it is one of the distinguishing merits of the system which has been adopted, that it has rendered this far more the case than it was before. It is only to look into the different states to be convinced of it. In most of them real estate is wholly exempted. In some very small burthens rest upon it for the purpose of the internal Governments. In all the burthens of the people have been lightened. It is a mockery of truth to represent the U States as a community burthened and exhausted by taxes.\nObjection 3\nAnswer. This is a mere painting and exaggeration. With the Exception of a very few articles, the duties on imports are still moderate, lower than in any Country of whose regulations we have knowlege, except perhaps Holland, where having few productions or commodities of their own, their export trade depends on the reexportation of foreign articles.\nIt is true the Merchants have complained, but so they did of the first impost law for a time and so men always will do at an augmentation of taxes which touch the business they carry on, especially in a country where no or scarcely any such taxes before existed. The Collection, it is not doubted will be essentially secure. Evasions have existed in a degree and will continue to exist. Perhaps they may be somewhat increased; to what extent can only be determined by experience, but there are no symptoms to induce an opinion that they will materially increase. As to the idea of a war upon the citizens to collect the impost duties, it can only be regarded as a figure of rhetoric.\nThe Excise law no doubt is a good topic of declamation. But can it be doubted that it is an excellent and a very fit mean of revenue?\nAs to the partiality of its operation, it is no more so than any other tax on a consumeable commodity; adjusting itself upon exactly the same principles. The consumer in the main pays the tax\u2014and if some parts of the U States consume more domestic spirits, others consume more foreign\u2014and both are taxed. There is perhaps, upon the whole, no article of more general and equal consumption than distilled spirits.\nAs to its unproductiveness, unless inforced by arbitrary and vexatious means, facts testify the contrary. Already, under all the obstacles arising from its novelty and the prejudices against it in some states, it has been considerably productive. And it is not inforced by any arbitrary or vexatious means; at least the precautions in the existing laws for the collection of the tax will not appear in that light but to men who regard all taxes and all the means of enforcing them as arbitrary and vexatious. Here however there is abundant room for fancy to operate. The standard is in the mind, and different minds will have different standards.\nThe observation relating to the commitment of the authority of the Government, in parts where resistance is most probable and coertion least practicable has more weight than any other part of this objection. It must be confessed that a hazard of this nature has been run but if there were motives sufficiently cogent for it, it was wisely run. It does not follow that a measure is bad because it is attended with a degree of danger.\nThe general inducements to a provision for the public Debt are\u2014I \u2003 To preserve the public faith and integrity by fulfilling as far as was practicable the public engagements. II \u2003 To manifest a due respect for property by satisfying the public obligations in the hands of the public Creditors and which were as much their property as their houses or their lands their hats or their coats. III \u2003 To revive and establish public Credit; the palladium of public safety. IV \u2003 To preserve the Government itself by shewing it worthy of the confidence which was placed in it, to procure to the community the blessings which in innumerable ways attend confidence in the Government and to avoid the evils which in as many ways attend the want of confidence in it.\nThe particular inducements to an assumption of the state Debts were \u2003 I \u2003 To consolidate the finances of the country and give an assurance of permanent order in them; avoiding the collisions of thirteen different and independent systems of finance under concurrent and coequal authorities and the scramblings for revenue which would have been incident to so many different systems. II \u2003 To secure to the Government of the Union, by avoiding those entanglements, an effectual command of the resources of the Union for present and future exigencies. III \u2003 To equalize the condition of the citizens of the several states in the important article of taxation; rescuing a part of them from being oppressed with burthens, beyond their strength, on account of extraordinary exertions in the war and through the want of certain adventitious resources, which it was the good fortune of others to possess.\nA mind naturally attached to order and system and capable of appreciating their immense value, unless misled by particular feelings, is struck at once with the prodigious advantages which in the course of time must attend such a simplification of the financial affairs of the Country as results from placing all the parts of the public debt upon one footing\u2014under one direction\u2014regulated by one provision. The want of this sound policy has been a continual source of disorder and embarrassment in the affairs of the United Netherlands.\nThe true justice of the case of the public Debt consists in that equalization of the condition of the Citizens of all the states which must arise from a consolidation of the debt and common contributions towards its extinguishment. Little inequalities, as to the past, can bear no comparison with the more lasting inequalities, which, without the assumption, would have characterised the future condition of the people of the UStates; leaving upon those who had done most or suffered most a great additional weight of burthen.\nIf the foregoing inducements to a provision for the public Debt (including an assumption of the state debts) were sufficiently cogent\u2014then the justification of the Excise law lies within a narrow compass. Some further source of revenue, besides the duties on imports, was indispensable, and none equally productive, would have been so little exceptionable to the Mass of the People.\nOther reasons cooperated in the minds of some able men to render an excise at an early period desireable. They thought it well to lay hold of so valuable a resource of revenue before it was generally preoccupied by the State Governments. They supposed it not amiss that the authority of the National Government should be visible in some branch of internal Revenue; lest a total non-exercise of it should beget an impression that it was never to be exercised & next that it ought not to be exercised. It was supposed too that a thing of the kind could not be introduced with a greater prospect of easy success than at a period when the Government enjoyed the advantage of first impressions\u2014when state-factions to resist its authority were not yet matured\u2014when so much aid was to be derived from the popularity and firmness of the actual chief Magistrate.\nFacts hitherto do not indicate the measure to have been rash or ill advised. The law is in operation with perfect acquiescence in all the states North of New York, though they contribute most largely. In New York and New Jersey it is in full operation with some very partial complainings fast wearing away. In the greatest part of Pensylvania it is in operation and with increasing good humour towards it. The four Western Counties continue exceptions. In Delaware it has had some struggle, which by the last accounts was surmounted. In Maryland and Virginia, it is in operation and without material conflict. In South Carolina it is now in pretty full operation, though in the interior parts it has had some serious opposition to overcome. In Georgia no material difficulty has been experienced. North Carolina Kentucke & the four Western Counties of Pensylvania present the only remaining impediments of any consequence to the full execution of the law. The latest advices from NC & Kentuke were more favourable than the former.\nIt may be added as a well established fact that the effect of the law has been to encourage new enterprises in most of the states in the business of domestic distillation. A proof that it is perceived to operate favourably to the manufacture, and that the measure cannot long remain unpopular any where.\nObjection IV \u2003 Propositions have been made in Congress & projects are on foot still to increase the Mass of the Debt.\nAns. Propositions have been made, and no doubt will be renewed by the States interested to complete the assumption of the State Debts. This would add in the first instance to the mass of the Debt of the UStates between three and four Millions of Dollars but it would not increase the mass of the public Debt at all. It would only transfer from particular States to the Union debts which already exist and which if the states indebted are honest must be provided for. It happens that Massachusettes and South Carolina would be chiefly benefitted. And there is a moral certainty that Massachusettes will have a ballance in her favour more than equal to her remaining debt and a probability that South Carolina will have a ballance sufficient to cover hers\u2014so that there is not likely to be an eventual increase even of the debt of the United States by the further assumption. The immense exertions of Massachusettes during the late war and particularly in the latter periods of it when too many of the States failed in their f\u0153deral Duty are known to every well informed man. It would not be too strong to say, that they were in a great degree the pivot of the revolution. The exertions sufferings sacrifices and losses of South Carolina need not be insisted upon. The other States have comparitively none or inconsiderable Debts. Can that policy be condemned which aims at putting the burthened states upon an equal footing with the rest? Can that policy be very liberal which resists so equitable an arrangement? It has been said that if they had exerted themselves since the peace their situation would have been different. But Massachusettes threw her Citizens into Rebellion by heavier taxes than were paid in any other State and South Carolina has done as much since the peace as could have been expected considering the exhausted state in which the War left her.\nThe only proposition during the last session or at any antecedent one which would truly have swelled the debt artificially was one which Mr Maddison made in the first session & which was renewed in the last and generally voted for by those who oppose the system that has prevailed. The object of this proposition was that all the parts of the State debts which have been paid or otherwise absorbed by them should be assumed for the benefit of the States, and funded by the UStates. This measure if it had succeeded would truly have produced an immense artificial increase of the debt; but it has twice failed & there is no probability that it will ever succeed.\nObjection 5. \u2003 By borrowing at \u2154 &c.\nAnswer. First\u2014All the foreign loans which were made by the UStates prior to the present Government taking into the calculation charges & premiums cost them more than 6 \u214c Cent. Since the establishment of the present Government they borrowed first at about 5\u00bc including charges & since at about 4\u00bc including charges. And it is questionable in the present state of Europe whether they can obtain any further loans at so low a rate.\nThe System which is reprobated is the very cause that we have been able to borrow monies on so good terms. If one, that would have inspired less confidence, certainly if the substitutes which have been proposed, from a certain quarter, had obtained, we could not have procured loans even at six per Cent. The Dutch were largely adventurers in our domestic debt before the present Government. They did not embark far till they had made inquiries of influential public characters, as to the light in which the Debt was & would be considered in the hands of alienees\u2014and had received assurances that Assignees would be regarded in the same light as original holders. What would have been the state of our Credit with them, if they had been disappointed, or indeed if our conduct had been in any respect inconsistent with the notions entertained in Europe concerning the maxims of public Credit?\nThe inference is that our being able to borrow on low terms is a consequence of the system which is the object of censure and that the thing itself, which is made the basis of another system, would not have existed under it.\nSecondly. \u2003 It will not be pretended that we could have borrowed at the proposed low rate of interest in the UStates; and all our exertions to borrow in Europe which have been unremitted, as occasions presented, have not hitherto produced above  of Dollars in space of ; not even a sufficient sum to change the form of our foreign debt.\nThirdly \u2003 If it were possible to borrow the whole sum abroad within a short period, to pay off our debt, it is not easy to imagine a more pernicious operation than this would have been. It would first have transferred to foreigners by a violent expedient the whole amount of our debt; and creating a money plethora in the Country a momentary scene of extravagance would have followed & the excess would quickly have flowed back: The evils of which situation need not be enlarged upon. If it be said that the operation might have been gradual, then the end proposed would not have been attained.\nLastly \u2003 The plan which has been adopted secures in the first instance the identical advantage, which in the other plan would have been eventual and contingent. It puts one third of the whole Debt at an interest of 3 \u214cCt. only\u2014and by deferring the payment of interest on a third of the remainder effectually reduces the interest on that part. It is evident that a suspension of interest is in fact a reduction of interest. The money which would go towards paying interest in the interval of suspension is an accumulating fund to be applied towards payment of it when it becomes due, proportionably reducing the provision then to be made.\nIn reality, on the principles of the funding system, the United States reduced the interest on their whole Debt upon an average to about 4\u00bd \u214cCent, nearly the lowest rate they have any chance to borrow at, and lower than they could possibly have borrowed at, in an attempt to reduce the interest on the whole Capital by borrowing and paying; probably by one \u214cCent. A demand for large loans by forcing the market would unavoidably have raised their price upon the borrower. The above average of 4\u00bd \u214cCt. is found by calculation, computing the then present value of the deferred Stock at the time of passing the funding Act and of course 3 \u214cCent on the three per Cent Stock.\nThe funding system, then, secured in the very outset the precise advantage which it is alleged would have accrued from leaving the whole debt redeemable at pleasure. But this is not all. It did more. It left the Government still in a condition to enjoy upon 5/9 of the intire debt the advantage of extinguishing it, by loans at a low rate of interest, if they are obtainable. The 3 \u214cCents which are one third of the whole may always be purchased in the market below par, till the market rate of interest falls to 3 \u214cCt. The deferred will be purchaseable below par till near the period of the actual payment of interest. And this further advantage will result; in all these purchases the public will enjoy not only the advantage of a reduction of interest on the sums borrowed but the additional advantage of purchasing the debt under par, that is for less than 20/ in the pound.\nIf it be said that the like advantage might have been enjoyed under another system, the assertion would be without foundation. Unless some equivalent had been given for the reduction of interest in the irredeemable quality annexed to the Debt, nothing was left consistently with the principles of public Credit but to provide for the whole debt at 6 \u214cCent. This evidently would have kept the whole at par, and no advantage could have been derived by purchases under the nominal value. The reduction of interest by borrowing at a lower rate is all that would have been practicable and this advantage has been secured by the funding system in the very outset and without any second process.\nIf no provision for the interest had been made, not only public Credit would have been sacrificed; but by means of it the borrowing at a low rate of interest or at any rate would have been impracticable.\nThere is no reproach which has been thrown upon the funding system so unmerited as that which charges it with being a bad bargain for the public or with a tendency to prolong the extinguishment of the Debt. The bargain has if any thing been too good on the side of the public; and it is impossible for the debt to be in a more convenient form than it is for a rapid extinguishment.\nSome Gentlemen seem to forget that the faculties of every Country are limited. They talk as if the Government could extend its revenue ad libitum to pay off the debt. Whereas every rational calculation of the abilities of the Country will prove that the power of redemption which has been reserved over the debt is quite equal to those abilities, and that a greater power would be useless. If happily the abilities of the Country should exceed this estimate, there is nothing to hinder the surplus being employed in purchases. As long as the three \u214cCents & deferred exist those purchases will be under par. If for the Stock bearing an immediate interest of six \u214cCent more than par is given\u2014the Government can afford it from the saving made in the first instance.\nUpon the whole then it is the merit of the funding System to have conciliated these three important points\u2014the restoration of public Credit\u2014a reduction of the rate of interest\u2014and an organisation of the Debt convenient for speedy extinguishment.\nObject 6 \u2003 The irredeemeable quality was given to the debt for the avowed purpose of inviting its transfer to foreign countries.\nThis assertion is a palpable misrepresentation. The avowed purpose of that quality of the Debt, as explained in the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, and in the arguments in Congress was to give an equivalent for the reduction of Interest, that is for deferring the payment of interest on \u2153 of the principal for three years and for allowing only 3 \u214c Cent on the arrears of Interest.\nIt was indeed argued, in confirmation of the reality of the equivalent, that foreigners would be willing to give more, where a high rate of Interest was fixed, than where it was liable to fluctuate with the market. And this has been verified by the fact\u2014for the 6 \u214cCents could not have risen for a moment above par, if the rate could have been lowered by redeeming the Debt at pleasure. But the inviting of the transfer to foreigners was never assigned as a motive to the arrangement.\nAnd what is more, that transfer will be probably slower with the portion of irredeemability which is attached to the Debt than without it because a larger capital would be requisite to purchase 100 Dollars in the former than in the latter case. And the Capital of foreigners is limited as well as our own.\nIt appears to be taken for granted that if the Debt had not been funded in its present shape foreigners would not have purchased it as they now do; than which nothing can be more ill founded or more contrary to experience. Under the old Confederation when there was no provision at all foreigners had purchased five or six millions of the Debt. If any provision had been made, capable of producing confidence, their purchases would have gone on just as they now do; and the only material difference would have been that what they got from us then would have cost them less than what they now get from us does cost them. Whether it is to the disadvantage of the Country that they pay more is submitted.\nEven a provision which should not have inspired full confidence would not have prevented foreign purchases. The commodity would have been cheap in proportion to the risks to be run. And full-handed Dutchmen would not have scrupled to amass large sums, for trifling considerations, in the hope, that time & experience would introduce juster notions into the public councils.\nOur Debt would still have gone from us & with it our reputation & Credit.\nObjection 7\nAnswer. The same glooming forebodings were heared in England in the early periods of its funding system. But they have never been realized. The money invested by foreigners in the purchase of its Debt being employed in its commerce agriculture and manufactures increased the wealth and Capital of the Nation, more than in proportion to the annual drain for the payment of interest and created the ability to bear it.\nThe objection seems to forget that the Debt is not transferred for Nothing\u2014that the Capital paid for the Debt is always an equivalent for the interest to be paid to the purchasers. If that Capital is well employed in a young country, like this, it must be considerably increased so as to yield a greater revenue than the interest of the money. The Country therefore will be a gainer by it and will be able to pay the interest without inconvenience.\nBut the objectors suppose that all the money which come in goes out again in an increased consumption of foreign luxuries. This however is taking for granted what never happened in any industrious country & what appearances among us do not warrant. The expense of living generally speaking is not sensibly increased. Large investments are every day making in ship building, house building, manufactures & other improvements public & private.\nThe transfer too of the whole debt is a very improbable supposition. A large part of it will continue to be holden by our own citizens. And the interest of that part which is owned by foreigners will not be annually exported as is supposed. A considerable part will be invested in new speculations, in lands canals roads manufactures commerce. Facts warrant this supposition. The Agents of the Dutch have actually made large investments in a variety of such speculations. A young Country like this is peculiarly attractive. New objects will be continually opening and the money of foreigners will be made instrumental to their advancement.\n8.th Object\nAns \u2003 This is a mere hypothesis in which theorists differ. There are no decisive facts on which to rest the question.\nThe supposed tendency of bank paper to banish specie is from its capacity of serving as a substitute for it in circulation. But as the quantity circulated is proportioned to the demand for it, in circulation, the presumption is that a greater quantity of industry is put in motion by it, so as to call for a proportionably greater quantity of circulating medium and prevent the banishment of the specie.\nBut however this may be it is agreed among sound theroists that Banks more than compensate for the loss of the specie in other ways. Smith who was witness to their effects in Scotland; where too a very adverse fortune attended some of them bears his testimony to their beneficial effects in these strong Terms (Wealth of Nations Vol. I Book II. Ch. II. Page 441. to 444).\n9 Objection\nAnswer \u2003 1 The profits of the Bank have not hitherto exceeded the rate of 8 \u214c Ct. per annum & perhaps never may. It is questionable whether they can legally make more than 10 \u214c Ct.\n2 \u2003 These profits can in no just sense be said to be taken out of the pockets of the people. They are compounded of two things\u20141 \u2003 the interest paid by the Government on that part of the public Debt which is incorporated in the stock of the Bank\u20142 \u2003 the interest paid by those Individuals who borrow money of the Bank on the sums they borrow.\nAs to the first, it is no new grant to the bank. It is the old interest on a part of the old Debt of the Country, subscribed by the proprietors of that Debt towards constituting the Stock of the Bank. It would have been equally payable if the Bank had never existed. It is therefore nothing new taken out of the pockets of the people.\nAs to the second, it may with equal propriety be said, when one individual borrows money of another, that the interest, which the borrower pays to the lender, is taken out of the pockets of the people. The case here is not only parallel but the same. It is a case of one or more individuals borrowing money of a company of individuals associated to lend. None but the actual borrowers pay in either case. The rest of the community have nothing to do with it.\nIf a man receives a bank bill for the ox or the bushel of wheat which he sells he pays no more interest upon it than upon the same sum in gold or silver; that is he pays none at all.\nSo that whether the paper banishes specie or not it is the same thing to every individual through whose hands it circulates, as to the point of Interest. Specie no more than Bank paper can be borrowed without paying interest for it, and when either is not borrowed no interest is paid. As far as the Government is a sharer in the profits of the Bank which is in the proportion of 1/5 the contrary of what is supposed happens. Money is put into the pockets of the People.\nAll this is so plain and so palpable that the assertion which is made betrays extreme ignorance or extreme disingenuousness. It is destitute even of colour.\n10 Objection\nThis is a copious subject which has been fully discussed in the report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the subject of Manufactures from Page  to . It is true that the Capital, that is the specie, which is employed in paper speculation, while so employed, is barren and useless, but the paper itself constitutes a new Capital, which being saleable and transferrable at any moment, enables the proprietor to undertake any piece of business as well as an equal sum in Coin. And as the amount of the Debt circulated is much greater than the amount of the specie which circulates it, the new Capital put in motion by it considerably exceeds the old one which is suspended. And there is more capital to carry on the productive labour of the Society. Every thing that has value is Capital\u2014an acre of ground a horse or a cow or a public or a private obligation; which may with different degrees of convenience be applied to industrious enterprise. That which, like public Stock, can at any instant be turned into money is of equal utility with money as Capital.\nLet it be examined whether at those places where there is most debt afloat and most money employed in its circulation, there is not at the same time a greater plenty of money for every other purpose. It will be found that there is.\nBut it is in fact quite immaterial to the Government, as far as regards the propriety of its measures.\nThe Debt existed. It was to be provided for. In whatever shape the provision was made the object of speculation and the speculation would have existed. Nothing but abolishing the Debt could have obviated it. It is therefore the fault of the Revolution not of the Government that paper speculation exists.\nAn unsound or precarious provision would have increased this species of speculation in its most odious forms. The defects & casualties of the system would have been as much subjects of speculation as the Debt itself.\nThe difference is that under a bad system the public Stock would have been too uncertain an article to be a substitute for money & all the money employed in it would have been diverted from useful employment without any thing to compensate for it. Under a good system the Stock becomes more than a substitute for the money employed in negotiating it.\nObjection 11 \u2003 Paper Speculation nourishes in our Citizens &c.\nAnswer \u2003 This proposition within certain limits is true. Jobbing in the funds has some bad effects among those engaged in it. It fosters a spirit of gambling, and diverts a certain number of individuals from other pursuits. But if the proposition be true, that Stock operates as Capital, the effect upon the Citizens at large is different. It promotes among them industry by furnishing a larger field of employment. Though this effect of a funded debt has been called in question in England by some theorists yet most theorists & all practical men allow its existence. And there is no doubt, as already intimated, that if we look into those scenes among ourselves where the largest portions of the Debt are accumulated we shall perceive that a new spring has been given to Industry in various branches.\nBut be all this as it may, the observation made under the last head applies here. The Debt was the creature of the Revolution. It was to be provided for. Being so, in whatever form, it must have become an object of speculation and jobbing.\nObjection 12\nThe funding of the Debt has furnished effectual means of corrupting &c.\nAnswer This is one of those assertions which can only be denied and pronounced to be malignant and false. No facts exist to support it, and being a mere matter of fact, no argument can be brought to repel it.\nThe Assertors beg the question. They assume to themselves and to those who think with them infallibility. Take their words for it, they are the only honest men in the community. But compare the tenor of mens lives and at least as large a proportion of virtuous and independent characters will be found among those whom they malign as among themselves.\nA member of a majority of the Legislature would say to these Defamers\u2014\n\u201cIn your vocabulary, Gentlemen, creditor and enemy appear to be synonimous terms\u2014the support of public credit and corruption of similar import\u2014an enlarged and liberal construction of the constitution for the public good and for the maintenance of the due energy of the national authority of the same meaning with usurpation and a conspiracy to overturn the republican government of the Country\u2014every man of a different opinion from your own an ambitious despot or a corrupt knave. You bring every thing to the standard of your narrow and depraved ideas, and you condemn without mercy or even decency whatever does not accord with it. Every man who is either too long or two short for your political couch must be stretched or lopped to suit it. But your pretensions must be rejected. Your insinuations despised. Your Politics originate in immorality, in a disregard of the maxims of good faith and the rights of property, and if they could prevail must end in national disgrace and confusion. Your rules of construction for the authorities vested in the Government of the Union would arrest all its essential movements and bring it back in practice to the same state of imbecilility which rendered the old confederation contemptible. Your principles of liberty are principles of licentiousness incompatible with all government. You sacrifice every thing that is venerable and substantial in society to the vain reveries of a false and new fangled philosophy. As to the motives by which I have been influenced, I leave my general conduct in private and public life to speak for them. Go and learn among my fellow citizens whether I have not uniformly maintained the character of an honest man. As to the love of liberty and Country you have given no stronger proofs of being actuated by it than I have done. Cease then to arrogate to yourself and to your party all the patriotism and virtue of the Country. Renounce if you can the intolerant spirit by which you are governed\u2014and begin to reform yourself instead of reprobating others, by beginning to doubt of your own infallibility.\u201d\nSuch is the answer which would naturally be given by a member of the Majority in the Legislature to such an Objector. And it is the only one that could be given; until some evidence of the supposed corruption should be produced.\nAs far as I know, there is not a member of the Legislature who can properly be called a Stock-jobber or a paper Dealer. There are several of them who were proprietors of public debt in various ways. Some for money lent & property furnished for the use of the public during the War others for sums received in payment of Debts\u2014and it is supposeable enough that some of them had been purchaser[s] of the public Debt, with intention to hold it, as a valuable & convenient property; considering an honorable provision for it as matter of course.\nIt is a strange perversion of ideas, and as novel as it is extraordinary, that men should be deemed corrupt & criminal for becoming proprietors in the funds of their Country. Yet I believe the number of members of Congress is very small who have ever been considerably proprietors in the funds.\nAnd as to improper speculations on measures depending before Congress, I believe never was any body of men freer from them.\nThere are indeed several members of Congress, who have become proprietors in the Bank of the United States, and a few of them to a pretty large amount say 50 or 60 shares; but all operations of this kind were necessarily subsequent to the determination upon the measure. The subscriptions were of course subsequent & purchases still more so. Can there be any thing really blameable in this? Can it be culpable to invest property in an institution which has been established for the most important national purposes? Can that property be supposed to corrupt the holder? It would indeed tend to render him friendly to the preservation of the Bank; but in this there would be no collision between duty & interest and it could give him no improper byass in other questions.\nTo uphold public credit and to be friendly to the Bank must be presupposed to be corrupt things before the being a proprietor in the funds or of bank Stock can be supposed to have a corrupting influence. The being a proprietor in either case is a very different thing from being, in a proper sense of the term, a Stock jobber. On this point of the corruption of the Legislature one more observation of great weight remains. Those who oppose a funded debt and mean any provision for it contemplate an annual one. Now, it is impossible to conceive a more fruitful source of legislative corruption than this. All the members of it who should incline to speculate would have an annual opportunity of speculating upon their influence in the legislature to promote or retard or put off a provision. Every session the question whether the annual provision should be continued would be an occasion of pernicious caballing and corrupt bargaining. In this very view when the subject was in deliberation, it was impossible not to wish it declared upon once for all & out of the way.\nObjection the 13 \u2003 The Corrupt Squadron &c\nHere again the objectors beg the question. They take it for granted that their constructions of the constitution are right and that the opposite ones are wrong, and with great good nature and candor ascribe the effect of a difference of opinion to a disposition to get rid of the limitations on the Government.\nThose who have advocated the constructions which have obtained have met their opponents on the ground of fair argument and they think have refuted them. How shall it be determined which side is right?\nThere are some things which the General Government has clearly a right to do\u2014there are others which it has clearly no right to meddle with, and there is a good deal of middle ground, about which honest & well disposed men may differ. The most that can be said is that some of this middle ground may have been occupied by the National Legislature; and this surely is no evidence of a disposition to get rid of the limitations in the constitution; nor can it be viewed in that light by men of candor.\nThe truth is one description of men is disposed to do the essential business of the Nation by a liberal construction of the powers of the Government; another from disaffection would fritter away those powers\u2014a third from an overweening jealousy would do the same thing\u2014a fourth from party & personal opposition are torturing the constitution into objections to every thing they do not like.\nThe Bank is one of the measures which is deemed by some the greatest stretch of power; and yet its constitutionality has been established in the most satisfactory manner.\nAnd the most incorrigible theorist among its opponents would in one months experience as head of the Department of the Treasury be compelled to acknowlege that it is an absolutely indispensable engine in the management of the Finances and would quickly become a convert to its perfect constitutionality.\nObjection XIV \u2003 The ultimate object of all\nTo this there is no other answer than a flat denial\u2014except this that the project from its absurdity refutes itself.\nThe idea of introducing a monarchy or aristocracy into this Country, by employing the influence and force of a Government continually changing hands, towards it, is one of those visionary things, that none but madmen could meditate and that no wise men will believe.\nIf it could be done at all, which is utterly incredible, it would require a long series of time, certainly beyond the life of any individual to effect it. Who then would enter into such plot? For what purpose of interest or ambition?\nTo hope that the people may be cajoled into giving their sanctions to such institutions is still more chimerical. A people so enlightened and so diversified as the people of this Country can surely never be brought to it, but from convulsions and disorders, in consequence of the acts of popular demagogues.\nThe truth unquestionably is, that the only path to a subversion of the republican system of the Country is, by flattering the prejudices of the people, and exciting their jealousies and apprehensions, to throw affairs into confusion, and bring on civil commotion. Tired at length of anarchy, or want of government, they may take shelter in the arms of monarchy for repose and security.\nThose then, who resist a confirmation of public order, are the true Artificers of monarchy\u2014not that this is the intention of the generality of them. Yet it would not be difficult to lay the finger upon some of their party who may justly be suspected. When a man unprincipled in private life desperate in his fortune, bold in his temper, possessed of considerable talents, having the advantage of military habits\u2014despotic in his ordinary demeanour\u2014known to have scoffed in private at the principles of liberty\u2014when such a man is seen to mount the hobby horse of popularity\u2014to join in the cry of danger to liberty\u2014to take every opportunity of embarrassing the General Government & bringing it under suspicion\u2014to flatter and fall in with all the non sense of the zealots of the day\u2014It may justly be suspected that his object is to throw things into confusion that he may \u201cride the storm and direct the whirlwind.\u201d\nIt has aptly been observed that Cato was the Tory-C\u00e6sar the whig of his day. The former frequently resisted\u2014the latter always flattered the follies of the people. Yet the former perished with the Republic the latter destroyed it.\nNo popular Government was ever without its Catalines & its C\u00e6sars. These are its true enemies.\nAs far as I am informed the anxiety of those who are calumniated is to keep the Government in the state in which it is, which they fear will be no easy task, from a natural tendency in the state of things to exalt the local on the ruins of the National Government. Some of them appear to wish, in a constitutional way, a change in the judiciary department of the Government, from an apprehension that an orderly and effectual administration of Justice cannot be obtained without a more intimate connection between the state and national Tribunals. But even this is not an object of any set of men as a party. There is a difference of opinion about it on various grounds among those who have generally acted together. As to any other change of consequence, I believe nobody dreams of it.\nTis curious to observe the anticipations of the different parties. One side appears to believe that there is a serious plot to overturn the state Governments and substitute monarchy to the present republican system. The other side firmly believes that there is a serious plot to overturn the General Government & elevate the separate power of the states upon its ruins. Both sides may be equally wrong & their mutual jealousies may be materially causes of the appearances which mutually disturb them, and sharpen them against each other.\nObjection the 15 \u2003 This change was contemplated &c\nThis is a palpable misrepresentation. No man, that I know of, contemplated the introducing into this country of a monarchy. A very small number (not more than three or four) manifested theoretical opinions favourable in the abstract to a constitution like that of Great Britain, but every one agreed that such a constitution except as to the general distribution of departments and powers was out of the Question in reference to this Country. The Member who was most explicit on this point (a Member from New York) declared in strong terms that the republican theory ought to be adhered to in this Country as long as there was any chance of its success\u2014that the idea of a perfect equality of political rights among the citizens, exclusive of all permanent or hereditary distinctions, was of a nature to engage the good wishes of every good man, whatever might be his theoretic doubts\u2014that it merited his best efforts to give success to it in practice\u2014that hitherto from an incompetent structure of the Government it had not had a fair trial, and that the endeavour ought then to be to secure to it a better chance of success by a government more capable of energy and order.\nThere is not a man at present in either branch of the Legislature who, that I recollect, had held language in the Convention favourable to Monarchy.\nThe basis therefore of this suggestion fails.\n16 \u2003 So many of them &c.\nThis has been answered above. Neither description of character is to be found in the Legislature. In the Senate there are 9 or ten who were members of the Convention; in the house of Representatives not more than six or seven. Of those who are in the lastmentioned house\u2014none can be considered as influential but Mr. Madison and Mr. Gerry. Are they monarchy men?\nAs to the 17. 18th and 19th heads\u2014They are rather inferences from and comments upon what is before suggested than specific objections. The answer to them must therefore be derived from what is said under other heads.\nIt is certainly much to be regretted that party discriminations are so far Geographical as they have been; and that ideas of a severance of the Union are creeping in both North and South. In the South it is supposed that more government than is expedient is desired by the North. In the North, it is believed, that the prejudices of the South are incompatible with the necessary degree of Government and with the attainment of the essential ends of National Union. In both quarters there are respectable men who talk of separation, as a thing dictated by the different geniusses and different prejudices of the parts. But happily their number is not considerable\u2014& the prevailing sentiment of the people is in favour of their true interest, union. And it is to be hoped that the Efforts of wise men will be able to prevent a scism, which would be injurious in different degrees to different portions of the Union; but would seriously wound the prosperity of all.\nAs to the sacrifice of Southern to Northern prejudices\u2014if the conflict has been between prejudices and prejudices, it is certainly to be wished for mutual gratification that there had been mutual concession; but if the conflict has been between great and substantial national objects on the one hand, and theoretical prejudices on the other, it is difficult to desire that the former should in any instance have yielded.\nObjection 20 \u2003 The Owers of the Debt are in the Southern and the holders of it in the Northern Division.\nAnswer. If this were literally true, it would be no argument for or against any thing. It would be still politically and morally right for the Debtors to pay their Creditors.\nBut it is in no sense true. The Owers of the Debt are the people of every State, South Middle North. The holders are the Individual Creditors\u2014citizens of the United Netherlands, Great Britain, France & of these States, North, Middle, South. Though some men, who constantly substitute hypothesis to fact, imagination to evidence, assert and reassert that the inhabitants of the South contribute more than those of the North; yet there is no pretence that they contribute all; and even the assertion of greater contribution is unsupported by documents facts, or, it may be added, probab[il]ities. Though the inhabitants of the South manufacture less than those of the North, which is the great argument, yet it does not follow that they consume more of taxable articles. It is a solid answer to this, that whites live better, wear more and better cloaths, and consume more luxuries, than blacks who constitute so considerable a part of the population of the South\u2014that the Inhabitants of Cities and Towns, which abound so much more in the North than in the South, consume more of foreign articles, than the inhabitants of the Country\u2014that it is a general rule that communities consume & contribute in proportion to their active or circulating wealth and that the Northern Regions have more active or circulating wealth than the Southern.\nIf official documents are consulted, though for obvious reasons they are not decisive, they contradict rather than confirm the hypothesis of greater proportional contribution in the Southern Division.\nBut to make the allegation in the objection true, it is necessary not merely that the Inhabitants of the South should contribute more, but that they should contribute all.\nIt must be confessed that a much larger proportion of the Debt is owned by inhabitants of the States from Pensylvania to New Hampshire inclusively than in the States South of Pensylvania.\nBut as to the primitive Debt of the United States, that was the case in its original concoction. This arose from two causes. I, from the war having more constantly been carried on in the Northern Quarter, which led to obtaining more men and greater supplies in that quarter, and credit having been, for a considerable time, the main instrument of the Government, a consequent accumulation of debt in that quarter took place. II from the greater ability of the Northern and middle States to furnish men money and other supplies; and from the greater quantity of men money and other supplies which they did furnish. The loan office Debt; the army debt, the debt of the five great departments was contracted in a much larger proportion in the Northern and middle, than in the Southern States.\nIt must be confessed too that by the attractions of a superior monied Capital the disparity has increased, but it was great in the beginning.\nAs to the assumed debt the proportion in the South was at the first somewhat larger than in the North; and it must be acknowleged that this has since, from the same superiority of monied Capital in the North, ceased to be the case.\nBut if the Northern people who were originally greater Creditors than the Southern have become still more so, as purchasers, is it any reason that an honorable provision should not be made for their Debt? Or is the Government to blame for having made it? Did the Northern people take their property by violence from the Southern, or did they purchase and pay for it?\nIt may be answered that they obtained a considerable part of it by speculation, taking advantage of superior opportunities of information.\nBut admitting this to be true in all the latitude in which it is commonly stated\u2014Is a government to bend the general maxims of policy and to mould its measures according to the accidental course of private speculations? Is it to do this or omit that in cases of great national importance, because one set of Individuals may gain, another lose, from unequal opportunities of information, from unequal degrees of resource, craft confidence or enterprise?\nMore over\u2014There is much exaggeration in stating the manner of the alienation of the Debt. The principal speculations in state debt, whatever may be pretended certainly began, after the promulgation of the plan for assuming by the Report of the Secy of the Treasury to the House of Representatives. The resources of Individuals in this Country are too limited to have admitted of much progress in purchases before the knowlege of that plan was diffused throughout the Country. After that, purchasers and sellers were upon equal ground. If the purchasers speculated upon the sellers, in many instances, the sellers speculated upon the purchasers. Each made his calculation of chances, and founded upon it an exchange of money for certificates. It has turned out generally that the buyer had the best of the bargain; but the seller got the value of his commodity according to his estimate of it, and probably in a great number of instances more. This shall be explained:\nIt happened that Mr. Maddison and some other distinguished characters of the South started in opposition to the Assumption. The high opinion entertained of them made it be taken for granted in that quarter, that the opposition would be successful. The securities quickly rose by means of purchases beyond their former prices. It was imagined that they would soon return to their old station by a rejection of the proposition for assuming. And the certificate holders were eager to part with them at their current prices; calculating on a loss to the Purchasers from their future fall. The representation is not conjectural; it is founded in information from respectable and intelligent Southern characters\u2014And may be ascertained by Inquiry.\nHence it happened, that the inhabitants of the Southern states sustained a considerable loss, by the opposition to the assumption from Southern Gentlemen, and their too great confidence in the efficacy of that opposition.\nFurther\u2014A great part of the Debt which has been purchased by Northern of Southern Citizens has been at high prices; in numerous instances beyond the true value. In the late delirium of speculation large sums were purchased at 25 \u214cCent above par and upwards.\nThe Southern people upon the whole have not parted with their property for nothing. They parted with it voluntarily\u2014in most cases, upon fair terms, without surprize or deception, in many cases for more than its value. Tis their own fault, if the purchase money has not been beneficial to them\u2014and the presumption is that it has been so in a material degree.\nLet then any candid and up-right mind, weighing all the circumstances, pronounce whether there be any real hardship in the inhabitants of the South being required to contribute their proportion to a provision for the Debt as it now exists\u2014whether, if at liberty, they could honestly dispute the doing of it, or whether they can even in candor and good faith complain of being obliged to do it.\nIf they can, it is time to unlearn all the ancient notions of justice and morality, and to adopt a new system of Ethics.\nObservation 21 \u2003 The Antif\u0153deral Champions &c\nAnswer \u2003 All that can be said in answer to this has been already said.\nIt is much to be wished, that the true state of the case may not have been, that the Antif\u0153deral Champions have been encouraged in their activity, by the countenance which has been given to their principles, by certain f\u0153leralists, who in an envious and ambitious struggle for power influence and preeminence have imbraced as auxiliaries the numerous party originally disaffected to the Government in the hope that these united with the factious and feeble minded f\u0153deralists whom they can detach will give them the pr\u0153dominancy. This would be nothing more than the old story of personal and party emulation.\nThe Antif\u0153deral Champions alluded to may be taught to abate their exultation by being told that the great body of the f\u0153deralists, or rather the great body of the people are of opinion that none of their predictions have been fulfilled\u2014That the beneficial effects of the Government have exceeded expectation and are witnessed by the general prosperity of the Nation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0186", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 20 August 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nColles. Off: Port of Newport [Rhode Island]Augt 20th 1792\nI have recd. your letter of the 31st. of the last month respecting the Sloop Polly of Sandwich. On the 30th. of last June I received a letter from the Collector of Barnstable, informg. me of the seizure he had made, and of the departure of said Sloop for Providence with some articles of foreign produce, as he supposed concealed under a deck load of pine wood. I immediately directed the Inspectors of this Port to make cautious and diligent inquiry for said Sloop, and wrote to every Surveyor in this District requesting that they would do the same, but as yet we have not found her, nor heard whether she is gone. On the twenty fourth day of May 1791 the said Sloop Samuel Bourn master was licensed here, and on the 20th. of June last was licensed anew at Providence, as appears by an endorsmt. on the returned Licence issued at this port, made by the Collector of the District of Providence. It was under the License issued at this Port that the fraud was committed by Saml. Bourn, who was part owner as well as master of said Sloop when she was licensed, and he gave bond according to Law but as he was a stranger and could not get a surety here a Paul Gifford of Sandwich in the State of Massachusetts was admitted to be surety to the bond, which with the License issued at this Port are in my possession.\nA diligent look out will be still continued in this District for said Sloop, and if she can be found herein, She will be seized. The bond and License will remain with me until I shall have received your direction respecting them. In the mean time if Samuel Bourn, and his Surety, or either of them should appear in this State, the bond shall be put in suit, against him or them.\nThe Inspector of the Revenue for the Port of Bristol has certified that 92082 galls of distilled Spirits first proof exported in the Snow fair Eliza are entitled to a drawback of 11 cents per gallon, and that 7257\u00be gallons of distilled Spirits first proof exported as afore-said are entitled to 10 cents per Gallon. Certificates of the Collectors produced to me for 6968\u00bd gallons of these distilled Spirits are dated prior to the first day of last July, and are by Law entitled to a drawback of eleven cents per gallon, and Certificates of Collectors for 9497\u00be gallons of these Spirits are dated since the last day of last June and are I conceive entitled to a drawback of ten cents per gallon. It doth not appear by any of the Certificates of the Collectors when the Spirits were distilled. The question I would raise on this Statement is, whether I am to be governed with respect to the drawback by the Certificates of the Inspector of the Revenue, or by the Certificates of the Collectors? Please to favour me with your directions on this subject as early as may be convenient.\nI have received your letter of the 2nd of this month with my Receipt and wait for the directions of the Comptroller respecting it.\nI am, Sir, Yr. most obedt. servant\nWm Ellery Colle\nA Hamilton Esqre\nSecry Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0187", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Isaac Gregory, 20 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Gregory, Isaac\nTreasury Department, August 20, 1792. \u201cYour letter of the 25th. ultimo, concerning a certain seizure made by you, has been received. If the Sloop Polly passed 24 hours within any harbour, inlet or creek of any Port in your Dictrict without reporting, the penalty, in the 16th Section of the Collection law will apply; otherwise, there will be no penalty for proceeding to an \u2018interior District\u2019.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0188", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Kilty, 20 August 1792\nFrom: Kilty, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAnnapolis, August 20, 1792. Asks for reimbursement for his subsistence while he was a captured officer on parole on Long Island during the American Revolution.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0189", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Pierre Charles L\u2019Enfant, 21 August 1792\nFrom: L\u2019Enfant, Pierre Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy dear sir\ntown of paterson [New Jersey] August 21st 1792\nUnder an Expectation of seeing you on the twenty ulterior I differed answering your last favour wishing to assure you that your favorit Child will be carefully nursed and bread up to your satisfaction without Involving the parents in to Extravagant or usless Expence. My sole Embition being to deliver it worthy of its father and capable of doing honor to his Country.\nThe Gentleman who will hand you this\u2014Mr Roberdeau, is one of those whose assistance I much wish for as a principal overseer of the Land. I need not mention to you my attachement to him and the consideration which lead me to retain him near me. I made an offer to him in consequence of an Notority given me by the directors at their last meeting to appoint to assistant under me\u2014but the salary determined at tow dollar a day will I fear fall short from what he wish knowing as I do that he could have got at the reat of three had he accepted continuing in the work at the potomack which you will know he left from a regard for me and in consequence of his having faith fully discharged his duty.\nKnowing your pour ever to persuad I should tank you to Encourag him Not to be discouraged and to join me.\nTo much Engaged to give you such an account as I wish of the progres making in the busines I confine assuring you I shall spare no amount to forward it.\nThe plan of the city & of the work I propos I shall forward to you at the first opportunity I shall hav to lay them tow.\nI hav the honor to be with very great respect \u2003 Your Mos hmbl & obedient servet\nP c L\u2019Enfant\nMr secr tre", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0191", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Lee, [22 August 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Henry\n[Philadelphia, August 22, 1792. On September 10, 1792, Lee wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI found on my return from a visit \u2026 your letter of the 22d. Ult.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0197", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 24 August 1792\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, August 24, 1792. \u201cI have carefully looked over the Journals of the late Congress and have therefrom selected their several Proceedings which relate to Indents.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0198-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [Statement of the Balance Which Remains], [24 August 1792]\nFrom: \nTo: \nBy the act passed 12th August, 1790, making provision for the reduction of the Public Debt, section 2d, it is enacted, that all such surplus of the product of the duties arising from impost and tonnage to 31st December, 1790, after satisfying the several appropriations therein specified, shall be applied to the purchase of the public debt:\nDollars.\nThe product of said duties were,\nThe total appropriations were,\nThe surplus fund to 31st December, 1790,\nDeduct the amount paid for dollars 1,456,743 38 100 of the public debt extinguished as per abstract,\nLeaves a balance which remains to be applied to the farther purchases of the public debt,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0198-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [An Abstract Statement of the Sum], [24 August 1792]\nFrom: \nTo: \nPurchases of the Public Debt:\nDollars.\nAmount thereof extinguished,\nWarrants drawn by the Board of treasury under the late government, and which have been discharged in pursuance of the act of Congress of 29th Sept. 1789,\nCivil List\u2014for various payments made upon accounts which originated under the late government,\nWar Department, being for arrearages of pay due to sundry officers of the army, and for provisions furnished,\nAbraham Skinner, late Commissary-General of prisoners, for the board of American prisoners of war, at Long-Island; appropriated by Congress, per their act passed 12th August, 1790,\nOld accounts, viz.\nRepresentatives of Mons. Decoudray, bal. of pay\nDo, Hon. John Lawrens, his salary on an embassy to the French Court,\nFrancis Dana, salary on an embassy to the Court of St. Petersburg,\nBenson, Smith & Parker, their expenses attending the embarkation of the British troops at New-York,\nHis Most Christian Majesty, for military and ordnance stores supplied the American ships of war in the French West-Indies,\nOliver Pollock, for balance due him for supplies at New-Orleans, with interest thereon, in conformity with the several acts of Congress,\nMessrs. Gardoqui & Son, balance due for supplies furnished in Spain,\nBills of exchange which had been drawn on foreign commissioners, and not paid by them,\nTimothy Pickering, late quarter-master-general, being on account of the appropriation of 40,000 dollars, passed July 1, 1790,\nGrants of Congress, viz.\nJohn McCord, per act of Congress of 1st July, 1790,\nJehorakim McJocksin, per act of Congress of 26th March, 1790,\nBaron de Glaubeck, per act of 29th September, 1789,\nSeth Harding, per act 11th August, 1790,\nCaleb Brewster, ditto, ditto,\nDollars,\nTreasury Department,Register\u2019s Office, August 23. 1792.\nJoseph Nourse,Register.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0199", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 24 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nTreasury Department, August 24, 1792. \u201cI have to reply to your letter of the 24th Ultimo, concerning the Renewal of licenses in certain cases. I incline to the opinion that regularly new licenses cannot be granted (except in the cases in which licenses are required to be surrendered previous to the going on foreign voyages) until the expiration of the term of the preceding ones; even though transfers of property or alterations of the vessels should have taken place. The safest practice is for them, to run under their old licenses until the year is expired, endorsing upon them a memorandum of the casualties which have happened; and in case of change of property the former Owners must take care to indemnify themselves by counter security from the new Owners.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0200", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Reynolds, 24 August 1792\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nHonored Sir.\nPhiladelphia 24th. August. 1792.\nWhen I Conversed with you last I mentioned that I was going to moove. Sence that I have mooved I have taken a very convenant house for a boarding house. but being disappointed in receiving Some money. put it intirely out of my power to furnish the house I have taken. I have four genteal boarders will come to live with me. as soon as I Can get the Rooms furnished. dear Sir this is my Setuvation. I am in no way of business. the Cash last len me. inable me to pay my Rent. and Some little debts I had Contracted for my Familys youse. now sir if I Can ask a favour once more of the loan of two Hundred dollars. I will give you Surity of all I process. for the payment of what I owe you. without your assistance. this time I dont know what I shall do. Mrs. Reynolds and myself has made a Calculation. and find with that much money will inable us to take in four boarders. and I am in hopes in the mean will. something will turn up in my favour. which will inable me to help myself and famy. dear Sir your Complying with the above will for ever, lay me under the greatist Obligation to you and I will. you may Rest ashured. Repay it again as soon as its in my power.\nI am Honored Sir with \u2003 Respect your most Obedt. \u2003 and Humble Servt.\nJames ReynoldsVine Street No. 161 Second doorfrom the Corner of fifth Street.\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0202", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, [24 August 1792]\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Staphorst, Nicholaas van,Staphorst, Jacob van,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Amsterdam, August 24, 1792. On November 5, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard: \u201cI have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 24th. of August last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0203", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 25 August 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, August 25, 1792. \u201cI have requested the District Attorney to file a Libel against the Schooner Rising-Sun, burthen 23\u2076\u00b9\u2044\u2089\u2085 Tons, Thomas Rhodes Haszard Master, from Halifax, together with her Cargo.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0205", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jonathan Dayton, 26 August 1792\nFrom: Dayton, Jonathan\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear sir,\nElizabeth town [New Jersey] August 26th 1792\nHaving been absent with my family on a visit to Staten Island and to the seashore, I did not receive, so soon as I otherwise should, your letter of the 15th. That Mr. Jefferson proposed to Freneau to repair to Philadelphia, and act in his department as interpreter of the French language, and that, subsequently thereto, a negotiation was had & completed between Mr. Madison and the latter to establish & conduct a newspaper there, are undeniable truths. Altho\u2019 desirous of frustrating the machinations of a particular party, I cannot nevertheless consistently comply with your request in giving up to public notoriety the name of my informant. In a correspondence as confidential as ours, I have no hesitation in making it known to you, more especially as such communication, while it convinces you of the certainty of those transactions, will also impress you with a conviction of the impropriety of that name being again mentioned. I am indebted to Mr. Childs of New York for all that I knew and informed you relative to this matter. He, you know, is one of the printers, and interested in the paper, and altho\u2019 I am well assured that he entirely disapproves the manner in which it is conducted, yet it is natural to suppose that he would not willingly be instrumental in the establishing of any fact which might operate to it\u2019s disrepute or prejudice.\nWith very sincere regard \u2003 Yours\nJona: Dayton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0206", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 26 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon Augt. 26th. 1792(Private)\nYour letter of the 18th., enclosing answers to certain objections communicated to you in my letter of the 29th. Ulto. came duly to hand; and although I have not, as yet, from a variety of causes, been able to give them the attentive reading I mean to bestow, I feel myself much obliged by the trouble you have taken to answer them; as I persuade myself, from the full manner in which you appear to have taken the matter up, that I shall receive both satisfaction and profit from the perusal.\nDifferences in political opinions are as unavoidable as, to a certain point, they may perhaps be necessary; but it is to be regretted, exceedingly, that subjects cannot be discussed with temper on the one hand, or decisions submitted to without having the motives which led to them, improperly implicated on the other: and this regret borders on chagrin when we find that Men of abilities\u2014zealous patriots\u2014having the same general objects in view, and the same up-right intentions to prosecute them, will not exercise more charity in deciding on the opinions, & actions of one another. When matters get to such lengths, the natural inference is, that both sides have strained the cords beyond their bearing\u2014and that a middle course would be found the best, until experience shall have pointed out the right mode\u2014or, which is not to be expected, because it is denied to mortals\u2014there shall be some infallible rule by which we could fore judge events.\nHaving premised these things, I would fain hope that liberal allowances will be made for the political opinions of one another; and instead of those wounding suspicions, and irritating charges with which some of our Gazettes are so strongly impregnated, & cannot fail if persevered in, of pushing matters to extremity, & thereby tare the Machine asunder, that there might be mutual forbearances and temporising yieldings on all sides. Without these I do not see how the Reins of Government are to be managed, or how the Union of the States can be much longer preserved.\nHow unfortunate would it be, if a fabric so goodly\u2014erected under so many Providential circumstances\u2014and in its first stages, having acquired such respectibility, should, from diversity of Sentiments, or internal obstructions to some of the acts of Government (for I cannot prevail on myself to believe that these measures are, as yet, the deliberate acts of a determined party) should be harrowing our vitals in such a manner as to have brought us to the verge of dissolution. Melancholy thought! But one, at the same time that it shows the consequences of diversified opinions, when pushed with too much tenacity; exhibits evidence also of the necessity of accommodation; and of the propriety of adopting such healing measures as will restore harmony to the discordant members of the Union, & the governing powers of it.\nI do not mean to apply this advice to measures which are passed, or to any character in particular. I have given it in the same general terms to other Officers of the Government. My earnest wish is, that balsam may be poured into all the wounds which have been given, to prevent them from gangrening; & from those fatal consequences which the community may sustain if it is withheld. The friends of the Union must wish this\u2014those who are not, but wish to see it rended, will be disappointed\u2014and all things I hope will go well.\nWe have learnt through the medium of Mr. Harrison to Doctr. Craik, that you have it in contemplation to take a trip this way. I felt pleasure at hearing it, and hope it is unnecessary to add that it would be considerably encreased by seeing you under this roof, for you may be assured of the sincere and affectionate regard of \u2003 Yours\nGo: Washington\nPS. I pray you to note down whatever may occur to you, not only in your own department but other matters also of general import that may be fit subjects for the speech at the opening of the ensuing Session.\nGW.\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0207", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 27 August 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nColles Offe. [Newport, Rhode Island] Augt. 27th 1792\nLast friday evening I was informed that a Sloop stripped of her sails lay in a small harbour called Slocum\u2019s harbour in Nashawina islands, which as I am told is about 15 miles from the main land, and about 7 or 8 miles from Marthas vineyard and about forty miles from this place. The circumstances of a vessel stripped at this season of the year, and the place where she lay induced a suspicion that it might be the Sloop Polly of Sandwich. I communicated my information and suspicions to the Surveyor of this Port, and desired him to take with him an Inspector our two boatmen & his admeasuring apparatus and proceed with our sailing boat to the place where the vessel lay as soon as wind and weather would permit. Suggesting to him, that if it were that Sloop it was probable he would find the words on her stern blacked over, and in that case a scraping or washing of the blacking carefully he might discover letters enough to determin whether it was the Sloop Polly of Sandwich or not, and admeasuring her would also tend to ascertain same point. He sailed that day and the next morning arrived at Nasshawina, found the stern of the Sloop blacked over; but on washing the blacking off he discover\u2019d the words Sloop Polly plainly, and enough of other letters to satisfy him that the word which was partly erased, had been Sandwich. On admeasuring her, she turned out to be thirty tons which is eight tons and 40/95 more than the tonnage expressed in the License which issued from this Port. Upon inquiring of people on the island he perceived that some of them were Suspicious that She had been employed in illicit trade, and of Mrs Slocum (her husband was absent) he found that she had arrived there about three weeks ago and was purchased by her husband of the owner of her, whose name she pretended she could not recollect. The Surveyor seized her, and would have seized her Sails; which from Mrs Slocum\u2019s conversation were concealed in their house, but there was no magistrate on or near the island to give him a search warrant, and it was not probable that they would be removed very soon. The Surveyor returned here last evening leaving the Inspector and one of the boatmen in charge of the Sloop (which lay partly on a beech with two Anchors a head) and this forenoon sailed for New Bed-ford to give the Collector of that District information of what he had discovered and done, in order that he might cause her to be libelled and prosecuted as the Law directs.\nNotwithstandg: the disagreement between the tonnage by her License, and her admeasuremt. by our Surveyor I have no doubt but that She is the identical Sloop Polly of Sandwich Samuel Bourne master from which goods were unladen at Sandwich without permit, and which was licenced here 24th. of May 1791, and at Providence the 20th. of last June. It is probable that there might be a mistake in her origl. admeasuremt: for such mistakes have happened. Upon the return of the Surveyor who will go from Bed-ford to Nashawina I may receive more particular information, if I should I will communicate it to you by the next Post.\nI am, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Yr. most obedt. servt.\nWm Ellery Colle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0208", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 27 August 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir,\nPortsmouth N. H. Augt. 27th: 1792\nI find, on enquiry, that a suitable Character may be obtained in this part of the Country, i.e. in Massachusetts, to take charge of a private school in Philadelphia, if a proper compensation should be offered. Upon conversing with several gentlemen on this subject I have found it to be a concurrent opinion that about one thousand dollars per Annum would induce such a person to come forward in this business as would give entire satisfaction both as to respectability method, & talents.\nAs you appeard to be anxious on this head I have taken the liberty to give you this information, and beg the favor of you to let me know what prospect there is of making up such a school as would hold out something like the above mentioned compensation, & when it could probably be formed.\nIt is with pleasure I can inform you that everything in this part of the country wears the face of prosperity & contentment. The people appear to be quite happy under the present government and speak of themselves as the most fortunate people in the world. In this town, where I have had more opportunity of making observations than in any other, I find a degree of industry, enterprize & prosperity to which they have hereto-fore been strangers, at least since the Revolution. A sufficient circulating medium seems to have given new life to every undertaking. Not a man is unemployed, unless he chuses to lead an idle life, and so few are there of this class that they are in no repute.\nMrs. Lear desires her best wishes & affectionate regards may be presented to Mrs. Hamilton, to which you will be so good as to add my best respects. We expect to set out for Philada. about the 12th of next month.\nWith sincere respect & attachment \u2003 I am Dear Sir \u2003 Your Most Obedt. Servt.\nTobias Lear", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0209", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 27 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury Department, August 27, 1792. \u201cI received your letter of the 17th Instant, enclosing an application from Mr Foster for the payment of certain drawbacks. As the case is stated, it is such an one, in which the Law is precise: & there is no discretionery power vested in me.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0210", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 27 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nSir,\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 27th, 1792.\nIt would be of use in regard to the Return of exports, which is transmitted quarterly to this Office by the Collectors, if the exported articles were uniformly arranged in alphabetic order.\nWith a view to this, I enclose you a form of such an alphabetical arrangement, and request that for the future you will have the articles of exports inserted in the said Return, agreeably to that form; expressing the different quantities of each article as therein prescribed. In all other respects the form of the Return of Exports will remain as hereto-fore.\nI have to desire that you will furnish me with a monthly abstract of all Licenses which shall be granted to coasting and fishing vessels in your district, to be forwarded after the expiration of every month. The annexed form will shew the particulars to be inserted. It is of course not required that copies or duplicates of Licenses should be transmitted to the Treasury, as has been done in some instances.\nA difference of opinion between the Collectors and Supervisors has occurred in regard to the seventh section of the Act \u201cconcerning the Duties on Spirits distilled within the United States, &c.\u201d The true construction is, that the abatement of two per cent. for leakage, is to be made, on securing the Duty at the end of the quarter from the whole quantity distilled during the preceding three months\u2014and hence it will be necessary that in cases of exportation, the Drawbacks on distilled Spirits be adjusted with an eye to this allowance.\nA doubt has arisen on the 35th, or more properly the 36th Section of the Collection Law, whether molasses is to be considered as within the meaning of that Section. I am of opinion, it is, and that the allowance of two per cent. for leakage ought to be extended to that article.\nWith great consideration, \u2003 I am, Sir, \u2003 Your obedient Servant\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0211", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 27 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt: Augt. 27. 1792.\nBy the Act of the last Session entitled \u201cAn Act supplementary to the Act making provision for the Debt of the United States,\u201d authority is given to discharge the debts due to foreign Officers out of the monies which the President is authorised to borrow by the Act making provision for the Debt of the United States.\nThe sum authorised to be borrowed by the last mentioned Act is 12.000.000. of Dollars. The whole amount of the foreign debt, exclusive of that due to foreign Officers, was 11.710.378 Dollars & 62 Cents. The difference is 289.621. Dollars & 38 cents, which is greater than the sum due to foreign Officers being about 230.000 Dollars. This debt being payable in Paris and bearing an interest of six per Cent, it is for the advantage of the United States to discharge it as soon as possible. The last loan will be a convenient fund for the purpose, and if approved by the President a part of it will be so applied.\nShould it appear to the President adviseable to direct this payment\u2014a second question arises, namely, whether it shall be made in Assignats, or in a mode which shall exempt the parties from the loss which would attend the depreciation of those securities\u2014without however occasioning loss to the United States. The last appears best to accord with the justice & reputation of the Government.\nWith the highest respect and the truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nA. Hamilton\nP.S. Your Letter of the 13. instant & the Contract concerning the N. Hampshire Lighthouse were duly received.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0212", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Willard, 27 August 1792\nFrom: Willard, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nHarvard University in CambridgeAugust 27. 1792.\nI have the honor and pleasure of acquainting you, that at our last Commencement, the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon you. The Corporation and Overseers of this University were happy, in having this opportunity of honoring the Society, by enrolling in their Catalogue the name of a Gentleman so highly distinguished in the literary and political world, and of publickly testifying their esteem of the Minister, to whose wisdom and unremitted exertions these United States owe so much of their present tranquility and prosperity, and the national respectability.\nI shall send you a Diploma as soon as it can conveniently be engrossed. In the mean time, give me leave to subscribe,\nwith sentiments of the highest esteem & respect, \u2003 Sir, your most humble & obedient servant\nJoseph Willard Presdt.\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0214", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 28 August 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nColles Off: [Newport, Rhode Island] 28th Augt 1792\nIn the last Proviso of the 2nd. Sec: of the Act concerning certain fisheries &c. the quantity of fish when dried and cured fit for Exportation is to be ascertained according to the weight when actually sold; which account of the weight &c. shall in all cases be produced and sworn or affirmed to before the Collector of the District to entitle the owner, his agent or lawful representative to receive the allowance.\nOut of this Proviso several questions have arisen; First whether the Fish which the owners & fisherman take to their own and for their own comsumption are to be reckoned in the Computn of twelve Qunitals for each ton. Second, Whether the Fish exported by the Owners or Fishermen, or that which is sold for home Consumption is to be considered in the Computation afore-said. Of Fish imported by Vessels of more than five tons and less than twenty tons, as well as by vessels of twenty tons or upwards a part is frequently consumed by the owners or fishermen or both, or sold for domestic consumption, and a part may be exported by either of them. Third, Whether the fish to be weighed by a weigher of, and at the expence of the United States? Fourth, Who is to take the Oath before the Collector required in said Proviso?\nSome fishing vessels, have already arrived in this District, their pares have been cured, and their pares distributed; and I am suspicious that some of them will fail of the promised allowance through a misunderstanding of the Law. Please to favour me with an early answer to these questions, and you\u2019ll oblige\nYr. most obedt. servant\nWm Ellery Colle\nA Hamilton Esqr.Secry of T. U. States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0215", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 28 August 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, August 28, 1792. \u201cI have received your circular Letter of the 6th. Instant. Attention shall be paid to your directions.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0217", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, [28 August 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Staphorst, Nicholaas van,Staphorst, Jacob van,Hubbard, Nicholas\n[Philadelphia, August 28, 1792. On September 19, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard: \u201cYou will herewith receive duplicates of my letters to you under date the 28th. ultimo.\u201d Letters not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0218", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 29 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nGentlemen\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 29 1792\nSamuel Meredith, Esquire, having been constituted Agent to the Board of Commissioners for purchasing the debt of the United States, agreeably to a resolve of the Board of the 13th of July last, I have to request that you will cause to be passed to the Credit of the said Samuel Meredith, as Agent to the Board, the amount of all the Dividends which shall appear to be due to the Commissioners named in the Act, \u201cmaking Provision for the Reduction of the public debt.\u201d He will receipt in the dividend book as in other cases.\nI have the honor to be, Gentlemen, Your Obedt Servant\nAlexander HamiltonSecy of the Treasy\nThe President and Directorsof the Bank of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0219", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Newton, Junior, 29 August 1792\nFrom: Newton, Thomas, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNorfolk [Virginia] August 29, 1792. \u201cI now in-close you a letter I have just received from Mr Jno. McCoomb respecting the Light house. The terms of payment you are so well acquainted with that there needs no comment from me on it. I have to observe that Mr. McComb is deserving of every indulgence from the public for his activity in executing the work, the whole of which I expect will be finished by the time he mentions.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0220", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Harison, 30 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Harison, Richard\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 30. 1792.\nOn the 28th of October 1790 a contract was entered into with Theodosius Fowler for supplying the army with provisions for the year 1791. Copies of which contract and of the Bond for securing the performance of it are enclosed. By an instrument, bearing date the 3d. day of January 1791, Theodosius Fowler made an assignment of this contract to William Duer, Esquire, constituting him, by the same act, his Attorney. A copy of this instrument is also enclosed. On the 7th of April 1791, after notice of this assignment, I wrote a letter to the said William Duer, of which a copy is likewise herewith transmitted. All warrants which have been issued for money to William Duer describe him expressly as Agent to Theodosius Fowler.\nOn the foregoing state of facts I request your opinion whether Theodosius Fowler and his sureties do or not continue responsible to the Governmt for the fulfilment of the contract.\nNo other transactions between the Treasury and the Parties have had place, which can at all affect the question.\nFor the opinion which you shall give you will please to make a charge against this Department.\nWith great consideration and esteem, I am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt Servant.\nAlexander Hamilton\nRichard Harison, Esqr,New York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0222", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Lee, 30 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Charles\nTreasury Department, August 30, 1792. \u201cIn my letter to you of the 4th Ultimo I did not mention that a boat would be to be procured for harbour service, in the room of the one which has been delivered to the Collector of Cedar Point. This is however to be understood, and if it has not already been done, I request that a suitable one may be provided.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0223", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 30 August 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir.\nCustom-House,Providence 30th August 1792.\nThe importation into this District, made by Mr. Cutts of Ports-mouth, was on the 28th Day of May last, in the Ship Lark, Jno. Munro Master from Bordeaux. I do not recollect whether the Invoice specified the difference between Assignats and Specie; but the Duties (secured by Messrs. Clark & Nightingale, owners of the Lark) were calculated on the latter amount, being 1,487 Dollars and 35\u00bd Cents, ascertained by the best Evidence which could then be obtained; and I well remember that, at the time the purchases were made, it appeared the Assignats had depreciated 33\u2153 \u214c Cent. There were no peculiar circumstances attending this Importation; nor were there any Ad Valorem Goods imported into this District from France, in April last.\nI enclose my Return of Cash No. 108.\nI have the Honr. to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nA. Hamilton Esquire\nSecy. of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0225", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Reynolds, 30 August 1792\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nHonored Sir,\nPhiladelphia 30th Aug. 1792.\nyou will I hope pardon me if I intrude on your goodness thinking the multiplycity of business. you have to encounter With. has been the cause of my not hereing from you. which induces me to write the Second time. flatering myself it will be in your Power to Comply with my Request. which I shall make it my whole Study. to Remit it to you as soon as its in my power your Compyance dear Sir will very much\nOblige your most Obed. and Humble Servant.\nJames ReynoldsVine street No. 161, one door fromthe Corner of Fifth Street,\nAlexander Hamilton, Esq.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0226", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 30 August 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy Dear sir\nNew York 30 Aug. 1792\nYour last Letters were delivered to me just at the Moment of severe affliction. I have not been able to look over them till now which I know your feeling Heart will excuse and lament with me the occasion.\nThe Letter for St. Vincents was forwarded by a Vessell that sailed on Sunday. I could not find any Person that knew Mr. Donald. My Son made particular enquirys from the Merchants here connected with that Island. The Governor is a Colonel Seton. He is a distant relation of mine, but I am not personally known to him. However I would take the liberty of writing to him, if it would be doing you the least pleasure.\nAgreeably to your request I enclose your Account with the Bank,\u2014the Note for 500 Dolls was discounted & the dft of 100 paid\u2014that there is a Balance now due you of 175 31/100. I thank you much for the explanation of the late conduct of the Branch. I must confess I was rather apprehensive it proceeded from other Motives. It is alarming to see how Banks are \u27e8mu\u27e9ltiplying all over the States. Should any failure happen, a general discredit will fall upon all Bank Paper.\nMr. Pearce the Manufacturer called upon me the other day, to shew me his Books when he had accounted for the 120 Dollars I advanced him on his arrival. I fear the repayment to me will be forgot unless the Directors of the Society are notified. I will thank you to put me on the mode of recovery.\nI am with the sincerest esteem & respect \u2003 Dear sir \u2003 Your Obligd Obdt. Hue Servt\nWm Seton\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0227", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 30 August 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nThe Hague Aug 30. 1792\nI had the honor of writing to you on the 6th inst. previously to my going to Amsterdam to sign the contract & bonds of the last or second 4 p. cent loan. Since my return here I have recd. from Mr. Pinckney your letters of June 14\u2014June 23 with its enclosures\u2014& June 30. These letters were recieved here the 17th inst. being sent by Mr. Pinckney with the idea, that they would be forwarded to me; as he has since informed me, not supposing that I had long ago left Holland. My letters written to you & the sec. of State will have shewn how this came not to be the case.\nMy letters also will have shewn you sir my anxiety with respect to 1. The depreciation of the Antwerp payments not being settled & my apprehension for a short time past of its not being done with the then existing government. 2. the delay of the payments from Amsterdam & consequent accumulation of monies at a dead interest in the hands of our bankers. I have now the mortification to inform you that the event which I so feared has taken place, namely the expiration of the late government without the adjustment of the depreciation. I will not importune you with what I have so often mentioned of the steps by which these delays have been occasioned, & of the unavoidable passage of this business from my hands into those of M Morris. I think you will feel sir that restricted as I was from the month of Nov. last\u2014knowing from the President\u2019s instructions to you, that it was his intention that arrangements with respect to the French debt should be made by the representative of the U.S. residing at Paris\u2014knowing that he well with respect to a permanent representative could not but be pronounced about the time\u2014every consideration of delicacy & propriety forbad me imperiously from putting myself forward in the business & anticipating on his will where it was evident that a short delay (during which there was every reason to believe it would be pronounced) could not be prejudicial. I have repeated to you sir, these considerations even to satiety; yet my anxiety on the subject, as I apprehend more & more the interests of the U.S. will suffer from the delay, increasing daily I find it impossible to pass them over in silence, & particularly as the delay & blame might otherwise be attributed to me.\nYour letter of June the 14th. recd. the 17th. inst. which tells me that the management of this matter as well as every other which may concern the reimbursement to France is to remain with me, has added beyond measure to my anxiety because I fear that this having been your intention, you will think that I ought to have understood it so & acted accordingly; in which case the disadvantages arising from delay might be imputed to me. Yet I flatter myself sir if you will have the goodness to transfer yourself for an instant to my position from the month of Nov. last to the time of recieving your last letter you will find it impossible for me not to have acted as I did until the 15th. of Jany. when I returned from Holland to Paris\u2014from that time not to have waited until I should learn whom the President designated for Paris\u2014& from the moment of learning the person & expecting him immediately to arrive not to await that arrival\u2014& from that time not to consider the business as in his hands; & particularly as he seemed perfectly disposed to undertake it, as soon as he should have been properly recognized by the King. Yet I have never ceased writing & urging him on the subject & pointing out what appeared to me an inevitable means of forcing France to accelerate the arrangement desired. As this has not been done I cannot but suppose that M Morris has found it impracticable. Previously to recieving your letter above-mentioned the King was suspended & the government of France as acknowleged by other powers overturned, & the authority usurped by men who from the nature of things cannot hold it. This puts it out of my power or any other person\u2019s for the present, from doing any thing in this business, or any other with that country. It is impossible to say how long this position of affairs will last. There will probably be several changes before a permanent order is established\u2014this of course will occasion a suspension in our payments to that country which cannot but be prejudicial to the interests of the U.S.\u2014& the more so as the large sums wch our bankers have on hand at Amsterdam become every day more considerable & more embarrassing in every way. The interest paid on it being pure loss\u2014& there being always a kind of risk however inconsiderable in leaving so large sums in the hands of any house whatever. It is useless to mention these sums here. The last acct forwarded by the bankers will have informed you how it then stood\u2014& at present they inform me that there remain about 1000 bonds only to be delivered.\nI have frequently mentioned to you in what manner I had urged the settling a mode with France of recieving the monies now on hand. A few days previous to the King\u2019s suspension M. Morris agreed with the commissaries that they should recieve f1,625,000 & wrote to America to direct that payment\u2014the depreciation being left unsettled; settled it was nothing more than making that payment at the current rate of exchange wch might have been done as well six months ago. His letter to me on that subject was recieved here the day after my return from Amsterdam, & at the same time with the accts of the King\u2019s suspension. Still I gave orders to the bankers to make the payment to the French bankers mentioning in the reciept by way of precaution that this was on account of the debt due to France by the U. S. & to be held at the disposition of His Most Christian Majesty. The bankers refuse giving such a reciept\u2014no reciept expressed in general terms, but exort that it should be expressed \u201cqu\u2019ils s\u2019engagent a la requisition de la dit Sieur Short \u00e0 ne se desaisir de cet argent qu\u2019avec le plein & libre consentement de S. M. T. C.\u201d This wd be an express locking up of that money in their hands & of course preclusion of the U. S. from an abatement of interest thereon after the time of payment. It would be in fact nothing more than having the money in the hands of the French bankers instead of ours. I have therefore refused the condition\u2014& still hope they will recieve it on a general rect., without any requisition on our part, but in such manner as not to leave it at the disposition of the present governing company in France, in which case the payment would be certainly contested by whatever government shall be instituted in future. I will inform you immediately on this matter being finally settled\u2014wch. must be in a very short time. I have written to M. Morris on the subject.\nAs there will still remain considerable sums on hand for which the payments to France may not present an outlet soon I hope you will give orders respecting them\u2014two millions & an half will of course be kept to answer the orders you may give as announced in your letter to me of April 2d.\nI shall give directions also for paying off the Spanish debt interest & principal, as stated to me formerly by you. I have no hesitation in doing this as your letter on that subject shewed it wd have been agreeable to you. I have written to M. Carmichael to inform him of this intention & to desire him to ascertain in what kind of money the debt is expressed\u2014as there are different kinds of Dollars in their monetary system & of different value. I shall direct the bankers to remit bills to Madrid on the most advantageous terms, until I tell them to cease\u2014& I shall keep within bounds until I recieve the answer from M. Carmichael.\nRussia has lately opened a loan at Amsterdam at 4\u215e p. cent. It would be difficult if not impossible therefore for any other power to effect one in that market at a lower rate.\nI have the honor to add assurances of the respect & attachment with which I am, sir, your most obed\u2019t humble servt\nW Short\nThe Honble\nAlexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0228", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Wendell, 30 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wendell, John\nSir\nPhiladelphiaAugt 30 1792\nI have to acknowledge your favr of the 23d of July.\nYou are right in your conjecture that no report was made on the case of Mr Dumon.\nIt arose partly from my press of business & partly from a persuasion, that a report, if made would not have been acted upon, in the then Session.\nWith regard to further evidence, I doubt how far any particular trouble on that subject ought to be recommended. If aditional proof respecting the burning of the house, & the reasons for it, could conveniently be obtained, it may be advisable to do it.\nI learn with pleasure the family connection which subsists between you & Mrs Hamilton and should be glad to render you any good offices in my power. You judge rightly, in the supposition, that my present situation precludes an agency in the affair of the land in which you are interested. Your hint respecting your son will be borne in mind; if any thing should occur, in which his interest & that of the public can be conciliated it will be a satisfaction to me, to promote it.\nWith Esteem & Regard I am, Sir \u2003 Yr Ob Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nJohn Wendell Esqr\nPorts-mouth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0230", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Lee, 31 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Charles\nTreasury Department, August 31, 1792. Encloses a copy of a letter which he has received from Francis Cabot. Concludes that if Lee is \u201csatisfied of the truth of what is alleged, and no prosecution has been commenced, it will be agreeable to me that the wine be surrendered.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0231", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nicholas Low, 31 August 1792\nFrom: Low, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear sir\nNew York August 31. 1792\nThe in-closed I have this Moment recd. and have only to add that any Negociations you may make in Consequence will be confirmed. Fearing to be too late for this post\u2014I conclude in Haste. Dr. sr. yours sincerely &ca\nNichs. Low", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0232", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Marchant, 31 August 1792\nFrom: Marchant, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nRhode Island DistrictNewport Augt. 31. 1792.\nIn pursuance of an Act of the Congress of the United States \u201cto provide for the mitigating or remitting Forfeitures and Penalties accruing under the Revenue Laws, in certain Cases therein mentioned\u201d I have recd. the Petition of Thomas Hazard Junr. of St. Peters in the Island of St Johns owner and Master of a certain Vessell called the rising Sun hereto annexed, and thereupon caused Jeremiah Olney Collector, Ebenezer Thompson Naval Officer and William Barton Surveyor of Providence District, the persons claiming a Moiety of the said Vessell and Her Cargo now libelled before me, if a Forfeiture should take Place, and also William Channing Esqr. Atty. of the United States for this District to be noticed to appear before me and shew Cause if any they have against the Mitigation or Remission thereof who severally returning for Answer that they conceived there was not necessity for Their Attendance, I proceeded to examine into the Truth of the Facts set forth by the said Petitioner in a summary Manner. The said Vessell, a Schooner, was seised by the Collector for the Port of Providence on the twenty fourth Day of August Currant having entered that Port the Day before from Hallifax having on Board a Cargo of Fish consisting of about one hundred Barrells of Mackerel and forty three smoaked Salmon stored in Bulk, in Said Schooner appears by the British Register to be of the Burthen of Thirty two and three Quarter Tons, but upon remeasurement Her actual Burthen is only Twenty three Tons and sixty one Ninety fifths of a Ton, The British Register bears date the twenty third Day of June AD 1787. And it appears by said Register That the sd. Petitioner and Thos. Hazard Senr. and Wm. Hazard of St Peters are sole Owners of said Schooner And that She is British built, By the Declaration of the Petitioner under Oath by me administered to him, and by other Circumstances, it appears to me that, the said Schooner was, once or twice previous to the adoption of the present Constitution by this State particularly in the Year 1789, entered at the sd. Port of Providence, and paid Light Money agreably to Her Tunnage by the British Register. And the Petitioner further on solemn Oath did declare, that from that Circumstance, not himself knowing her Tunnage but from the Register, did presume it was her real Tunnage. That He never was Captain of sd. Scooner, or of any other Vessell before\u2014That unsuspicious of any Difficulty he openly entered the Port of Providence and applied to the Custom House at Providence in the usual Manner. All which I do hereby certify to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States\nHy: MarchantJudge of Rhode Island District", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0233", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Nicholas, 31 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Nicholas, George\nSir,\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 31st 1792.\nA Claim I understand is made by certain Inhabitants of Kentucky upon Messrs. Elliot & Williams in their capacity of Quarter Masters to the United States for the hire of Horses which were killed or lost in the expedition under General Harmar; the appraised value of which has already been paid to the owners.\nThis Claim has only lately come under my notice and my first impression was that it ought to be admitted. But having had a conversation upon the subject with the Secretary at War, I learn from him, that, he, some considerable time since, received information from very authentic sources, that it has been a constant practice in Kentucky in such Cases to receive payment for the Value of the Horses and to wave the hire that the Records and files of the public Offices of Virginia will probably shew a variety of instances in which this Rule has been the guide, and that in fine it is to be deemed the usage of the Country.\nTo this representation my first impression has of course given way, I no longer feel myself at liberty to authorise the admission of the Claim in its present extent until the fact of the usage alledged to exist has been satisfactorily ascertained either in the affirmative or negative.\nI learn that a suit has been had in the District Federal Court, in which the Claim has been decided against the public. But I am not apprised how far the defence was urged on the ground I have stated, nor how far the circumstances of the decision intitled it to weight. I cannot therefore take that example as a guide without further investigation.\nIt is consequently my wish that a second defence may be made in some other Suit, with the advantage of a Struck Jury and of full evidences as to the usage in question. If the nature of the settlements which may have been made with the State of Virginia cannot be established by testimony on the Spot, it is my desire that a Commission be taken out to examine the public Offices in that State. I shall in the mean time make inquiry there and communicate the result. Messrs. Elliot and Williams are desired to apprise you of any suit which may be brought against them, in order that you may pay the requisite attention to it.\nAnother Suit, if determined against the public, without apparently exceptionable circumstances, will be definitive with me. For this reason, to give it the greater authority as a Justification you will move the Court for a new Trial.\nI am aware that at Common Law, in ordinary Cases, the hire is the thing recoverable, but then the loss of the Horse from any accident would be that of the Owner. It is Just that in case of a military expedition (which involves extraordinary Risk) he should be indemnified against such Loss; but if usage declares, that this is all he shall have that usage ought to prevail where no agreement to the contrary is made. The Rule ought to work both ways. The presumption must be that the Risk of loss of the hire is compensated by an increased Rate.\nNevertheless I shall be glad to receive information from you as soon as possible with regard to the course of the late trial; in particular, whether any endeavours were used to prove the usage alledged\u2014whether the testimony was admitted or overruled\u2014and what appeared to be the real state of the fact. If the Judge would also give a Certificate respecting the matter, it would be pleasing to me.\nIt is possible that these communications may supersede in my Judgment the necessity of another trial.\nIt is the furthest of all things from my disposition to dispute any Just demand on the public or vex the Citizens with litigious delays. But at the same time it is my duty to guard with circumspection the Interests of the nation, and to see carefully that its money is not expended for purposes, which according to established Rules are not the objects of rightful Claim.\nI am Sir &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0234", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Pinckney, 31 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nTreasury Department, August 31, 1792. Encloses \u201ca letter for our Commissioners at Amsterdam, one for Mr Grand banker at Paris and one for Mr Carmichael\u201d and requests that Pinckney forward them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0236", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 31 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon 31st. Augt. 1792.\nThe enclosed Letter was written agreeably to the date, but, by an accident, was omitted when my other letters were sent to the post office on Monday last; since wch. \u2019till yesterday afternoon, I have been absent from home.\nOn my return, amongst other Letters I found the enclosed from the Inspector of the 5th. survey in the State of North Carolina. The picture drawn by him of the temper of the people in the District entrusted to his Inspection, is a very unpleasant & disagreeable one. It is forwarded for your consideration, & opinion of the measures necessary to be taken in the premises; particularly whether the Governor of that State ought to be written to on the subject; and in that case, to desire that you would draft a letter proper for the occasion.\nYour Letter of the 27. instant is also before me; and my opinion on the points therein submitted is, that part of the Loan lately obtained in Holland, should be applied in discharge of the Debt due to the foreign Officers agreeably to the Authority given by the Act alluded to in your letter, & because the interest of the United States requires it to be done; and that it ought to be paid in a mode which shall exempt the parties from the loss which would attend the depreciation of Assignats, without, however, occasioning loss to the United States. The first is an act of justice due to the Officers and the latter an act of prudence becoming the Government.\nI am Sir &c\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0239", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 1 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt. 1st Septr. 1792.\nI have the honor to in-close sundry papers which have been handed to me by the Commissioner of the Revenue, respecting the state of the Excise Law in the Western survey of the District of Pennsylvania.\nSuch persevering and violent opposition to the Law gives the business a still more serious aspect than it has hitherto worn, and seems to call for vigorous & decisive measures on the part of the Government.\nI have directed that the Supervisor of the District shall repair forthwith to the Survey in question, to ascertain in person the true state of the Survey; to collect evidence respecting the violences that have been committed in order to a prosecution of the Offenders, to ascertain particulars as to the Meeting which appears to have been holden at Pittsburgh; to encourage the perseverance of the officers; giving expectations as far as it can be done with propriety, of indemnification from the Government, for any losses which they may sustain in consequence of their Offices; to endeavour to prevail upon the Inhabitants of the County of Alleghany, who appear at present the least refractory, to come into an acquiescence with the Law; representing to discreet persons the impossibility of the Governments remaining longer a passive spectator of the contempt of it\u2019s Laws.\nI shall also immediately submit to the Attorney General for his opinion, whether an indictable offence has not been committed by the persons who were assembled at Pittsburgh, and of what nature, the paper which contains their proceedings; with a view, if judged expedient by you, that it may be brought under the notice of the Circuit Court, which I understand is to be holden in October at York Town.\nMy present clear conviction is, that it is indispensable, if competent evidence can be obtained, to exert the full force of the Law against the Offenders, with every circumstance that can manifest the determination of the Government to enforce it\u2019s execution; & if the processes of the Courts are resisted, as is rather to be expected, to employ those means, which in the last resort are put in the power of the Executive. If this is not done, the spirit of disobedience will naturally extend and the authority of the Government will be prostrate. Moderation enough has been shewn\u2014\u2019tis time to assume a different tone. The well disposed part of the community will begin to think the Executive wanting in decision and vigour. I submit these impressions to your consideration previous to any step which will involve the necessity of ulterior proceedings; and shall hope as speedily as possible to receive your instructions.\nThe Secretary at War will be requested to direct Captain Faulkner\u2019s attendance at this place.\nWith the highest respect and truest attachment \u2003 I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0240", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sebastian Bauman, 3 September 1792.\nFrom: Bauman, Sebastian\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir,\nNew York Septr. 3. 1792.\nI have recieved your favour of 31st Ult. and I have to inform you that there is no letter in my Office for Gulliaum Vaillant, Poste restante. If there had been, I should without delay have forwarded the same under cover to you by this days Post.\nRemain with great respect Dear Sir, \u2003 Your most Obd. & very humble Servt.\nS. Bauman\nThe Honble. Alexr. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0242", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Jay, 3 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jay, John\nPrivate\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia Sepr. 3d. 1792\nThe proceedings at Pittsburgh, which you will find stated in the in-closed paper and other incidents, in the Western parts of this state, announce so determined and persevering a spirit of opposition to the laws, as in my opinion to render a vigorous exertion of the powers of government indispensable. I have communicated this opinion to the President and I doubt not his impressions will accord with it. In this case, one point for consideration will be the expediency of the next Circuit Court\u2019s noticing the state of things in that quarter particularly the Meeting at Pittsburgh and its proceedings. You will observe an avowed object is to\u2014\u201cobstruct the operation of the law.\u201d This is attempted to be qualified by a pretence of doing it by \u201cevery legal measure.\u201d But \u201clegal measures to obstruct the operation of a law\u201d is a contradiction in terms. I therefore entertain no doubt, that a high misdemeanour has been committed. The point however is under submission to the Attorney General for his opinion.\nThere is really My Dear Sir a crisis in the affairs of the Country which demands the most mature consideration of its best and wisest friends.\nI beg you to apply your most serious thoughts to it, and favour me as soon as possible with the result of your reflections. Perhaps it will not be amiss for you to converse with Mr. King. His judgment is sound\u2014he has caution and energy.\nWould a proclamation from the President be adviseable stating the criminality of such proceedings & warning all persons to abstain from them, as the laws will be strictly enforced against all offenders?\nIf the plot should thicken and the application of force should appear to be unavoidable, will it be expedient for the President to repair in person to the scene of commotion?\nThese are some of the questions which present themselves. The subject will doubtless open itself in all its aspects to you. With real respect and affectionate attachment I remain\nDear Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nJohn Jay Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0244", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 4 September 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, September 4, 1792. Has learned that \u201cThomas Davis Freeman Surveyor of the port of Plymouth and Inspector of the Revenue for the same has been absent from that port since February last.\u201d Reports that Samuel Johnston, Senator from North Carolina, has recommended John Armistead to replace Freeman.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0245", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 4 September 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nColles Offe. [Newport, Rhode Island] Sept. 4 1792\nSince writing the long letter on the preceeding pages I find a case will probably occur in this Custom house altogether new, and in which unless I am early favoured with your direction I may incurr censure embarrassment and expence. The case may be stated thus. A is indebted by bond to the United States for duties, the day of payment arrives, instead of discharging the debt he suffers a prosecution. After the commencement of the prosecution he executes a bill of sale of the cargo on board a vessel abroad to B. She arrives in this Port, the bond still unpaid. The master produces a manifest in which it is expressed that A is the owner of the Vessel, and that the Cargo is consigned to him. The Vendee appears at the Custom-house produces his bill of sale and demands an entry of the Cargo as his property, at the same time offering to give bond for the duties on said Cargo &c. Is B by his Bill of sale entitled to such entry?\nBut throwing the circumstances of the unpaid Bond out of the question, please to inform me, whether a bill of sale of goods abroad, entitled the Vendee to an Entry thereof on their importation, on his own account and not as agent to the Vendor, giving bond to pay the duties, and otherwise complying with the Law?\nIf transfers of goods abroad will give to the persons to whom they are transferred a right to the entry thereof on importation not as agents to the Vendor but on their own account, the Law which deprives Obligors of credit who do not pay their bonds in time may be easily avoided by such transfers; but if bills of sale will confer the right mentioned it is conceived that it would be imprudent for a Collector to refuse an entry to a vendee on a supposition that there might be a collusion between the vendor & vendee to avoid the Law referred to; for if that should be the intention, such Collector might expect to be prosecuted, and in that case, as it is not an easy matter, where Custom Houses officers are not parties to a suit to prove collusion, he might expect to be saddled with damages and Cost. Hoping for an early answer to the foregoing questions, and your direction\nI am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Yr. most obedt. servt.\nWm Ellery Colle\nA Hamilton Esqre\nSecry Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0246", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 4 September 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, September 4, 1792. \u201cI have received your Two Letters of the 24th and 25th of August.\u2026 My practice \u2026 shall correspond with your Opinion and construction of the Law.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0247", "content": "Title: Civis, [5 September 1792]\nFrom: \u201cCivis\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, September 5, 1792]\nFor the National Gazette.\nCertain Treasury Documents were lately published for the information of the community, without any precise designation of the purpose for which they were published. They were left to speak for themselves, with only a short introduction, denominating them \u201cAuthentic documents respecting the progress which has been made by the present government of the United States, towards extinguishing the debts contracted under the former government.\u201d A writer in this Gazette of Saturday last, under the signature of Mercator, has tho\u2019t fit to come forward, and, assigning what he conceives to be the object of the publication, endeavors to shew, that the contrary of what was intended, is true.\nWhat right had Mercator to suppose, that any thing more was intended, than simply to inform the public, that besides a punctual payment of the interest on the debt, from the period, at which measures were matured to begin that payment, a considerable sum of the capital of the Debt has been extinguished, and that a fu[r]ther sum will be extinguished by a provision already made?\u2014leaving them to this very natural inference, which will be drawn by every candid mind, that the Government has been as attentive as circumstances would permit, at so early a period, to the extinguishment of the debt.\nBut admitting Mercator to be right in his suggestion of the object, it is to be presumed, that a liberal construction of all circumstances will justify this position, that the present Government has reduced the debt of the former Government to the extent expressed in the documents which have been published. This will result, if it shall appear that provision was made for the interest, as early as was reasonably practicable. To have paid the interest from that period, and to have sunk so much of the capital in addition, is in fair construction, to have reduced the debt to the extent of the capital sunk.\nWhen Mercator undertook to suppose an object, which was not declared, he ought to have taken care to be better informed and more accurate. When he undertook to state an account with the treasury department, he ought not only to have selected just items, to have adverted to dates, times and possibilities, but he ought to have stated the whole account.\nThis he has not done; on the contrary he has both misrepresented and suppressed facts. He has shewn, in the true spirit of a certain junto (who not content with the large share of power they have in the government, are incessantly laboring to monopolize the whole of its power, and to banish from it every man who is not subservient to their preposterous and all-grasping views) that he has been far more solicitous to arraign, than to manifest the truth\u2014to take away, than to afford consolation to the people of the United States.\nThe following particulars are proofs of his want both of accuracy and candor.\nFirst. He charges to the treasury department arrears of interest, which accrued prior to its existence, that is, from the first of August 1789; whereas the department was not instituted till the 2d of September, nor organized till about the 13th, when, I am informed the Secretary of the Treasury entered upon the duties of his office.\nSecondly. He takes as the standard of his calculation, the whole amount of the annual interest on the whole amount of the public debt, as it exists under the present funding system, including all the arrears of interest made principal, and the 21,500,000 dollars of assumed debt\u2014whereas the arrears which did actually accumulate to the end of the year 1790, were only on the principal of the foreign and domestic debt, and fall short more than a million of dollars of the sum he states.\nThese simple facts prove the fallacy of his statement.\nBut the principle, upon which he proceeds, is not less absurd, than his calculations are fallacious.\nWith as much propriety might an executor be charged with increasing the debts of his testator, by suffering the arrears of interest on his bonds and notes to accumulate while he was collecting, arranging and disposing of the effects; to discharge the debts of the estate; as the present government, or if the phrase is preferred, the present treasury department, may be charged with those arrearages, which unavoidably accrued, during the preparatory measures for bringing the resources of the public estate into activity. With as much reason might it be charged with the 13,000,000 of interest, which accumulated under the imbecile system, the old confederation, to which, if not to worse,\u2014a dissolution of the Union!\u2014the designs of the junto evidently point, or tend.\nWhen, proceeding upon grounds so loose and unjust, Mercator makes the extraordinary declaration, that the secretary of the treasury \u201chas produced an actual addition to the public debt of more than one million and a half of dollars,\u201d is it not palpable, that in the most malignant spirit of party, he is endeavouring to destroy the public confidence in that officer, no matter how unfair the means, as one link in the chain of measures by which the domineering aims of his party are to be effected, or the cause of confusion promoted? Is it not clear that in the language and conceptions of Mercator, to provide for a debt, and to \u201cproduce\u201d it, amount to the same thing?\nTo form a still better estimate of the spirit by which he is actuated, let there be a review of some leading facts.\nCongress met under the present government on the first of April, 1789. To put it in motion they had a vast and very arduous work before them. This was of course a primary object; a provision for the debt a secondary one. It was natural then that the first session should have been exhausted in organizing the government, and that a systematic provision for the debt should be postponed, as in fact it was, to the second session. A temporary and partial provision of revenue only was accordingly made, by very moderate duties of impost, far short of an adequate fund for the support of government, and the payment of the interest on the debt, to take effect on the first of August, 1789; which was as early as the law could be promulgated throughout the union, and the subordinate executive arrangements made for carrying it into execution.\nIt has been stated, that the treasury department began to be in activity on the 13th of September. Congress adjourned on the 29th of that month, after having instructed the secretary of the treasury to report concerning the debt at the ensuing session. It is to be recollected that without an order of the house that officer can propose nothing.\n\u2019Tis evident then, that there was no responsibility on the side of that department, for the accumulation of interest on the debt until at earliest the second session, which began on the 7th of January, 1790.\nOn Thursday, the 14th of January, the secretary of the treasury submitted to the House of Representatives, according to order, the plan of a provision for the public debt, comprehending an additional provision of revenue for the purpose of facing the interest. But it was not till the 4th of August, that the principles of a provision for the debt were determined by law, nor till the 10th of the same month, that a supplementary fund was established for paying the interest upon it; and from considerations of an obvious nature, the commencement of this fund in operation was deferred to the first of January following.\nHere again \u2019tis manifest, that there was no responsibility in the treasury department, for the accumulation of interest up to the period from which it has been punctually paid, namely, the first of January, 1791; because it was not in the power of that department to have accelerated a provision for it. Nor will any blame justly light upon Congress for the moderate delay which ensued. It was their duty to bestow much deliberation upon the subject. Much difference of opinion, much lengthy discussion, a considerable loss of time, were to be expected in relation to a subject so momentous, so perplexing, touching so differently so many chords of passion and interest.\nThe law providing for the debt having passed\u2014the secretary of the treasury immediately seized the opportunity which was afforded, by an unappropriated surplus of revenue to the end of the year 1790, to make an impression on the debt. He proposed, that it should be applied to purchases of the debt, at its market prices, which was agreed to by Congress, and has been carried into execution as far as circumstances have hitherto permitted.\nThis was certainly the best application that could have been made of the fund. It was equally the interest of the government and of the public creditors:\u2014Of the government, because it was a clear gain of all the difference between the sum of specie paid and the sum of debt redeemed, which is already 514,891 dollars and 69 cents, and will be more when the remaining sum appropriated comes to be applied to further purchases; because it was a clear saving to the nation of all the difference in price which was paid by foreigners in their purchases, in consequence of the competition of the government, in the market, as a purchaser. It is well known to every well informed man, that the rapid appreciation of the debt was materially owing to that circumstance, and of course the saving to the nation by it has been very considerable. The measure in question was equally beneficial to the public creditors\u2014because if the fund applied to purchases had been apportioned among them in payment of interest, it would have been a mere pittance; but applied as it was, it gave a rapid spring to the whole value of their stock.\nAs it is therefore proved, that the treasury department is chargeable with no delay with regard to a provision for the debt, occasioning an unnecessary accumulation of interest; in a question of merit, respecting that department, which Mercator has raised, it will follow, that the department on account of the operations which have been advised by it, has an unbalanced claim of merit with the community.\n1st. For all that has been or shall be saved by purchases of the public debt at the market prices.\n2d. For all that has been saved to the nation for the more advanced prices given by foreigners in their purchases of the debt.\nBut there are other items of importance to be placed on the same side of the account.\n1st. The saving resulting from the reduced rate on the new loans made for paying off the foreign debt.\n2d. The positive gain of 1,000,000 of dollars by the institution of the Bank of the United States. The stock of the Bank being at an advance of 50 per cent, it is clear, that the government, by having become a proprietor to the extent of 2,000,000 of dollars, has by this single operation made an actual nett profit of 1,000,000 of dollars; that is, it can get three millions for what will have cost it only two.\nI add nothing for any saving, which has accrued from the particular modification of the domestic debt, for two reasons; one because the subject being more complicated would require more illustration, and the other because the plan adopted by the legislature, though having the leading features of that proposed by the Treasury Department, differs from it in some material respects; a strong refutation of the idea, so industriously inculcated, that the plans of that department are implicitly followed by the legislature; and a decisive proof, that they have had no more weight than they ought to have had, that is to say than they were intitled to, from their intrinsic reasonableness in the unbiassed and independent judgment of majorities in the two houses on Congress. The result of what has been said is this\u2014that provision was made for paying the interest of the debt as early as could reasonably have been expected\u2014that no negligence having happened, the arrears of interest which accumulated in the interval are properly a part of the debts of the former government and consequently that the sums which appear to have been absorbed are so much of the debts of the old Government extinguished by the new.\nMercator brings as a proof, that the public debt has increased and is increasing, \u201cwhat he terms the present amount and encreasing weight of the duties of impost and excise.\u201d Let facts decide the soundness of this logic. In the last session of Congress, the only excise duty which exists, was reduced upon an average fifteen per cent. The only addition which was then made to the imposts was for carrying on the Indian war, and by avoiding recourse to permanent loans for that purpose, to avoid an increase of the debt. How then can that, which was done to avoid an increase of debt, be a proof that it has increased?\nCivis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0248", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tobias Lear, [6 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n[Philadelphia, September 6, 1792. On the back of a letter that Lear wrote to Hamilton on August 27, 1792, Hamilton wrote: \u201cAnswered Sepr. 6.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0250", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nicholas Low, [6 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Low, Nicholas\n[Philadelphia, September 6, 1792. \u201cI do not think the article could be procured in the quarter mentioned; and considering all that is Said and Sung it would not do to furnish such a handle for malicious suggestions.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0253", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Joseph Willard, 6 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willard, Joseph\nSir\nPhiladelphia September 6th 1792\nThe honor, which has been done me, by the Overseers of the antient and justly celebrated institution, over which you preside, is appreciated by me, as it merits, and receives my most cordial acknowlegements. To You, Sir, I am also indebted, for the very obliging manner, in which it is communicated.\nAmidst the many painful circumstances, that surround a station like mine\u2014this flattering mark of the esteem of a body-so respectable\u2014is a source both of satisfaction and consolation. If my past endeavours have been, in any degree, useful to the community, my future cannot but be rendered more zealous, by the approbation of the wise and good.\nWith real and great respect and esteem for you personally I have the honor to be Sir\nYour obedient & humble servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe Reverend Mr. Joseph WillardPresident of Harvard University", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0254", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 7 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentSeptember 7th 1792\nThe fund appropriated for the contingent expences of this Department being exhausted, I have to request, that you will give a credit to the Register of the Treasury for fifteen hundred Dollars, to be by him applied on that account.\nA temporary account will be to be opened for the purpose, which will be discharged by the Treasurer as soon as an appropriation shall be made by law.\nWith respectful consideration, I have the honor to be, Gentlemen, Your Obedt Servant.\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe President and Directors Of the Bank of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0256", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, [7 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, September 7, 1792. On September 24, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have recd. your letter of the 7th. of this month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0257", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 7 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon 7th. Septr. 1792.\nThe last Post brought me your letter of the first instant, with the enclosures respecting the disorderly conduct of the Inhabitants of the Western Survey of the District of Pennsylvania, in opposing the execution of what is called the Excise Law; & of the insults which have been offered by some of them to the Officers who have been appointed to collect the duties on distilled spirits agreeably thereto.\nSuch conduct in any of the Citizens of the United States, under any circumstances that can well be conceived, would be exceedingly reprehensible; but when it comes from a part of the community for whose protection the money arising from the Tax was principally designed, it is truly unaccountable, and the spirit of it much to be regretted.\nThe preliminary steps taken by you in ordering the Supervisor of the District to repair to the Survey where those disorders prevail, with a view to ascertain in person, \u201cthe true state of the Survey, to collect evidence respecting the violences that have been committed, in order to a prosecution of the Offenders; to ascertain the particulars as to the Meeting which appears to have been held at Pittsburg; to encourage the perseverance of the officers in their duty, & the well disposed inhabitants in discountenancing such violent proceedings &c. &c.\u201d are prudent & proper, and I earnestly wish they may have the desired effect. But if, notwithstanding, opposition is still given to the due execution of the Law, I have no hesitation in declaring, if the evidence of it is clear & unequivocal, that I shall, however reluctantly I exercise them, exert all the legal powers with which the Executive is invested, to check so daring & unwarrantable a spirit. It is my duty to see the Laws executed\u2014to permit them to be trampled upon with impunity would be repugnant to it; nor can the Government longer remain a passive spectator of the contempt with which they are treated. Forbearance, under a hope that the Inhabitants of that Survey would recover from the delirium & folly into which they were plunged, seems to have had no other effect than to encrease the disorder.\nIf it shall be the Attorney General\u2019s opinion, under a full consideration of the case (adverting, as I presume he will as well to the Laws & Constitution of Pennsylvania, as to those of the United States) that the Meeting which appears to have been held at Pittsburg was illegal, and the members of it indictable; and it shall further appear to you from such information as you may be able to obtain, & from a comparative view of all circumstances that it would be proper to bring the matter before the Circuit Court to be holden at York town in October next, you have all the sanction and authority I can give to do it.\nI am Sir, &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0258", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 7 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentSeptr. 7. 1792.\nOn the 28. June 1791 the Collector of New York was instructed to furnish each of the Revenue Cutters with Ten Musquets and Bayonets, Twenty Pistols, one broad axe, one Chissel of the large and one of the smallest size, and two Lanthorns.\nI am informed by the Collector of Norfolk that those articles were not received by him; though Mr. Lamb of New York states to me, they were shipped in the Brigantine Ceres, Cornelius White, Master, who being questioned by Mr. Lamb alledged that the said articles had been delivered to the Collector of Norfolk.\nI request that you will please to have enquiry made of Captain White who I understand is a resident of Baltimore, what has become of the arms and instruments before mentioned informing me of the result.\nWith great consideration \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. servant\nAlex Hamilton\nP.S. Upon further examination I find it mentioned in your letter of the 16. december 1791, that Simon Deyle, master of a Coasting Vessel brought you the Articles above alluded to, which he said to have received from the Collector of Norfolk for the use of the Cutter in your district. The question then will be whether you received a double set of the Articles, which appears probable; and if so I request that one parcel as above enumerated may be forwarded to the Collector of Norfolk.\nOtho H. Williams Esqr.Collr. Baltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0259", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Jay, 8 September 1792\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir\nN York 8 Septr. 1792\nI have conferred with Mr King on the Subject of your Letter of the 3d. Inst. We concur in opinion that neither a Proclamation nor a particular charge by the court to the G. Jury, would be adviseable at present. To us it appears more prudent that this Business be opened by the Presidts. Speech at the ensuing Session of congress\u2014their address will manifest the sense of the House, & both together operate more effectually than a Proclamation.\nNo strong Declarations shd. be made unless there be ability & Disposition to follow them with strong measures\u2014admitting both these Requisites, it is questionable whether such operations at this moment would not furnish the antis with materials for decieving the uninformed part of ye. Community, and in some measure render the operations of administration odious. Let all the Branches of Govt. move together, and let the chiefs be committed publickly on one or the other Side of the Question. I percieve Symptoms of the crisis you mention\u2014if managed with Prudence and Firmness it will weaken its authors. If matters can pass on Sub Silentio untill the meeting of Congress, I think all will be well. The public will become informed, and the Sense of the Nation become manifest. Opposition to that Sense will be clogged with apprehensions, and strong measures if necessary will be approved & be supported.\nIf in the mean Time such outrages shd. be committed as to force the attention of Govt. to its Dignity, nothing will remain but to obey that necessity in a way, that will leave nothing to Hazard. Success on such occasions shd. be certain\u2014whether this shd. be done under the President\u2019s personal Direction must I think depend on circumstances at the Time, or in other words on the Degree of Importance which those Circumstances combined may evince.\nYours affecty\nJohn Jay\nThe Honb. Col. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0260", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 8 September 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nCustom HouseDistrict of Providence 8th Sept. 1792\nAt a District Court held at Newport on the 7th Ulto. Judgment was rendered against Welcome Arnold Esqr. for his Bond of 478.22 Cents for duties, due on the 17th May last with Cost of Sute, and execution has Issued accordingly. By his delinquency he is by law deprived of Future Credit but in order I presume to evade the law, he has Transferred his Brigantine Samuel which arrived in this District on the 6th Int. from Copenhagen, with her Cargo, to Mr. Stephen Dexter of this Town Merchant; and has or will probably Transfer to a Second Person his other Vessels and Cargoes, Soon expected to Arrive. Mr. Dexter appeared yesterday at my office, with the Master who Reported the Vessel and Cargo as the property of Said Dexter, which also appeared by an Instrument of Transfer executed by Mr. Arnold dated on the 9th Day of August last for the Consideration of Five Thousand pounds.\nThe Vessel has been ordered to proceed to the District of Newport, there to enter and Secure the duties on her Cargo, which will Amount, by Estimate, to Twenty Eight hundred Dollars, the Master was Furnished with a Copy of his report, an Inspector being on Board. Altho\u2019 it is more than Probable that this Transfer of Property was made with the Sole intent to effect a Further Credit in evasion of the law, yet this cannot be known to me or to the Collector of Newport, where Entry will be made, and as the law itself seems not to guard against an evasion of this Nature, he may, notwithstanding I have notified him of Mr. Arnolds Delinquency, be induced, under the present embarassed circumstance of the case, to admit the Duties to be Secured by Mr Dexters Bonds. On the 31st Ulto. I requested (by Letter a Copy of which is enclosed) the advise of the District Attorney on this Point; but have not Received his Answer and as Mr. Arnold appears disposed thus to evade the law, I request Sir, your opinion and Direction for my Future Conduct with regard to Vessels and Cargoes thus circumstanced, which (notwithstanding my letter to the District Attorney) I shall invariably observe.\nYours &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0261", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmund Randolph, 8 September 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nPhiladelphia September 8th. 1792.\nPersuaded as I am, that the last effort for the happiness of the United States must perish with the loss of the present Government, and that to be unable to execute laws because a few individuals are resolved to obstruct their operation is nothing less, than a surrender of it, I went into the consideration of the carolina and pittsburg papers with a determination to spare no pains to ascertain the Law, arising from the facts which they contain.\nI pass by the information from Carolina, because it offers no evidence, nor any prospect of evidence, sufficient for the objects of prosecution. That from Pittsburgh is of a more serious complexion; and yet not strong enough to warrant a judicial movement in the United States. To assemble to remonstrate, and to invite others to assemble and remonstrate to the Legislature, are among the rights of Citizens. I therefore omit special mention of the two first resolutions. The last indicates a hostile temper; as it exiles from the comforts of private friendship, and intercourse, and marks for contempt the officers of Excise. Still however when we advert to the strictness, with which criminal Law is interpreted, and the latitude allowed in drawing a meaning from a libel so as to favour the accused, I must pronounce that the law will not reach the Conferees. I am aware that seditious attacks on Government will be generally covered by a measured cautious and artfull language; and it may be said that the public authority will upon my principle, be forever foiled. My answer is, that words which are calculated to withold the exercise of duties of imperfect obligation only, from men not named, but who may accept in future, will disappoint the expectation of public punishment, and thereby disgrace the United States. My maxim is to examine well; to forbear a doubtfull power, and to enforce one, clearly rightfull.\nThus, Sir, you discover my opinion to be against an attempt to a prosecution at this moment, when the malignant spirit has not developed itself in acts so specific, and so manifestly infringing the peace, as obviously to expose the culpable persons to the censures of the Law.\nUpon the first communication of this matter in your letter I thought of a proclamation, as an eventual substitute, if the law should be found inadequate. It struck me that a proclamation was objectionable, because it seemed that the Executive ought to consign to the course of the law any violations of it, and not to animadvert upon acts to which no Law had prescribed a penalty, and because an improper interference of the President might excite an idea of usurpation and inlist against him even those who execrate the spirit of the Pittsburg proceedings. But after the anticipation of a part only of the consequences, which the silence of Government would produce, after recollecting that these obnoxious things have been transacted in the very state which is the temporary residence of the Administration, that they will carry with them a kind of eclat, as being done at a spot where the United States are certainly not unpopular, that the western Settlers in other States, from a Sympathy of situation, and the want of intelligence may imitate the conduct of the pennsylvania counties, unless they will be restrained by a timely admonition, that few of the serious oppositions to Government have existed, which were not capable of being blasted, if encountered before men committed themselves too deeply, and that acquiescence of the President may be imputed to a suspicion of the inconstitunality or at least gross inexpediency of the Excise Laws, I yeild to the necessity of a Proclamation. I derive the Presidents right to issue it, from the duty of seeing the laws executed, and the fitness of preventing the growth of a crime by salutary advice rather then waiting to press the infliction of punishment.\nUnder the influence of these sentiments I have perused your draught of a proclamation, and shall without reserve suggest what I think necessary alterations; though I really wish that I could have more time for a critical scrutiny than has occurred between yesterday and this morning.\n1. I should prefer, if it be practicable in the description of those proceedings which gave birth to the proclamation, that some expression be used, which may shew that it is not the whole of the Pittsburg resolutions which are censured.\n2. Criminality is too strong for a case, which the laws do not punish.\n3. After the word legislature may it not be well to insert something to this effect \u201cby whose authority alone the operation of the Laws can be suspended.\u201d\n4. The moderation alluded to on the part of Government, must be either Legislative or Executive. If legislative be meant, the subsequent member of the sentence is explicit concerning it. If executive, I know no fact to prove that the President might have been otherwise then moderate. Perhaps then it may be better to omit words which are liable to misconstruction.\n5. I have no hesitation in saying that the excise law was dictated by reasons of public necessity and policy and I presume that the President who has given his sanction to it will not scruple much on this head. But I should hope that you should remark to him in order to excite his particular attention that by such a language he exhibets himself as a peculiar Friend to the act.\n6. Instead of \u201cmaintain,\u201d ought not the words of the constitution to be chosen?\n7. Every necessary measure to suppress a violent proceeding would go much farther, then the executive ought, unless the measure be legal. The word necessary then might be as well changed for legal or qualified by saying legal and necessary. If \u201csuppress\u201d means something distinct from bringing the offenders to justice, I do not discover what it is. If it means the same thing, it is provided for in the second member of the Sentence. \u201cTo secure obedience thereto\u201d is to be sure a phrase, expressive of the final object, but having some latitude it may be perverted by its connection with the other words. Might not the sentence run well enough thus \u201cThat every legal measure should be pursued not only to bring to Justice the infractors of the laws but also to prevent such violent and unwarrantable proceedings.\u201d\n8. \u201cSeriously\u201d might be changed for something which could not be contrasted with what is not serious. Is not \u201cwarn\u201d to nearly synonimous with \u201cadmonish\u201d to be coupled with it? Suppose \u201cexhort\u201d to be substituted if two verbs necessary.\n9. I think this No. stood better, before the interleniation.\n10. For the reasons in No. 7 \u201cfor securing obedience thereto\u201d would seem proper to be omitted.\n11. The charge to the military would inflame the Country. Nor do I think it sufficient to let it stand upon the word \u201cOfficers\u201d generally as the military have no power on the subject and where this is the case of the exciting of a suspicion to introduce them cannot be too sedulously avoided. May it not read thus \u201cAll civil Officers according to the duties of their respective Offices to exert &c.\u201d\nI submit these observations; which on other occasions would appear to myself too minute; but on that of a proclamation are necessary.\nI have the honor, Sir, to be \u2003 your Mo: obedt. servant.\nEdm: Randolph\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0262", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 8 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nSir\nTreasury Department September 8th. 1792.\nI am to request your attention to the in-closed Paper and that in the Columns opposite the described Article of Merchandise or Package (for containing them,) the rates of Freight which are paid from your Port to the Countries expressed in the Head Lines be inserted, and returned to me as early as the Inquiry will admit.\nWith great consideration I am Sir Your obedient Servt.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0263", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 8 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt. 8th. Septr. 1792.\nI have to acknowledge the honor of your Letter of the 31st of August.\nLetters from the Supervisor of North Carolina confirm the representation contained in the letter from the Inspector of the 5th. Survey to you. My letter which accompanies this suggests the measure which, on mature reflection, has appeared most proper to be taken upon the whole subject of the opposition to the Law. If the idea is approved by you, I believe it will be adviseable to transmit a copy of the Proclamation to the Governor of each of the States of South Carolina North Carolina & Pennsylvania, calling their attention in a proper manner to the state of affairs within their respective Governments.\nI am taking arrangements to cary into execution the payment of the Debt due to foreign officers, agreeably to the authorisation in the close of your Letter.\nWith the highest respect and the truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nAlex Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0264", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Adams, 9 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia Sepr. 9. 1792\nI trust you are sufficiently convinced of my respect for and attachment to you to render an apology for the liberty, I am going to take unnecessary. I learnt with pain that you may not probably be here \u2019till late in the session. I fear that this will give some handle to your enemies to misrepresent\u2014and though I am persuaded you are very indifferent personally to the event of a certain election, yet I hope you are not so as it regards the cause of good Government. The difference in that view is in my conception immense between the success of Mr. Clinton or yourself; and some sacrifices of feeling are to be made. But this is not the only relation, in which I deem your early presence here desireable. Permit me to say it best suits the firmness and elevation of your character to meet all events, whether auspicious or otherwise, on the ground where station & duty, call you. One would not give the ill disposed the triumph of supposing that an anticipation of want of success had kept you from your post.\nYou observe My Dr Sir, I speak without much menagement. You will ascribe it to my confidence and esteem. It is not necessary in any view to multiply words. I forbear it. But allow me to add that it is the universal wish of your friends you should be as soon as possible at Philadelphia.\nI have the honor to remain very respectfully and truly Dr Sir Yr friend & Obed servant\nA Hamilton\nThe Vice President", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0265", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry E. Lutterloh, [9 September 1792]\nFrom: Lutterloh, Henry E.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\n[New Bern, North Carolina, September 9, 1792]\nYour favour of the 4th July a c, I had the honour to receive by the last post. Tho\u2019 you did not mention, that I should sent on any Plan to a General Lottery, yet I take the Liberty to in-close one. And as in all the Old Governments, Minister raise annually a certain Revenues by Lottery; I take the Liberty to annext Two Plans, the one for 3 Classes, and the Other for one Class only. The first is done to make the purchase of the Tickets easy and to give Time for Selling them. An Office, of Such an Establishment will cost Nothing, be Usefull, and produce a Surplus. People in the North like That Game.\nI obtained from our General Assamble an Act to raise by Way of a Lottery for 5 Years annualy, 6000 Dollr, Two years of which are now elapsed, and I have only been able to Draw last 24 of august the first Class, and which I was obliged to draw to show them the Nature of a Lottery, the most part of the Citizen here being intirely Ingnorant thereof. I in-close My Grant of the Governor. Mr Wm B Grove informed Me That he has delivered in his Report, upon My Petition, and is fully persuated that by their next Meeting, I will obtain 740 Dollrs as allowed by the Comitty. Several havy Losses, The disappointment in the drawing of My Lottery, have put Me to a great Want. All our great people here, are in Want of Cash So that I cannot get any help from Them. I would take it as an Exceeding great favour if you would assist me with a Loan in advance upon that Sum of only 3, or, 400 dollor. I would sent directly the order thereupon. I am well persuated it is quite out of the Line, in Your Station, and I do not aske it from You in Office But as an old Campain Freind, who is able to help me, in my present delemma. You See My Situation requires help, to carry The Grant of this Govermt into Execution. Therefore I beg you will take it into Consideration and Sent me a draft for it on any of your Collectors. Such an assistance will greatly help me &c. I have the honour to be with the Greatest Respect\nSir \u2003 Your Most obedient Sert\nH E Lutterloh\nThe Honorble\nAllexdr Hamilton Esqr\nNew Bern\nSeptbr 9th 1792\nI am Mooved to here", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0266", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 9 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt. Septr. 9th. 1792.\nI had the honor of writing to you by the post of Monday last, and then transmitted sundry papers respecting a Meeting at Pittsburg on the 21st of August, and other proceedings of a disorderly nature, in opposition to the Laws laying a duty on distilled spirits; and I added my opinion, that it was adviseable for the Government to take measures for suppressing these disorders, & enforcing the laws with vigour & decision.\nThe result of further & mature deliberation is, that it will be expedient for the President to issue a Proclamation, adverting in general terms to the irregular proceedings, which have taken place, warning all persons to desist from similar proceedings & manifesting an intention to put the Laws in force against Offenders.\nThe inducements to this measure are;\n1st. \u2003 That it is a usual course in like cases; and seems, all circumstances considered, requisite to the justification of the Executive Department: It is now more than fourteen months since the duty in question began to operate. In the four Western Counties of Pennsylvania and in a great part of North Carolina it has never been in any degree submitted to. And the late Meeting at Pittsburg is in substance a repetition of what happened last year in the same scene. The disorders in that quarter acquire additional consequence from their being acted in the State which is the immediate Seat of the Government. Hence the occasion appears to be sufficiently serious & of sufficient importance to call for such a proceedure.\nII. \u2003 An accommodating and temporising conduct having been hitherto pursued, a Proclamation seems to be the natural prelude to a different course of conduct.\nIII. \u2003 There is considerable danger, that before measures can be matured for making a public impression by the prosecution of offenders, the spirit of opposition may extend & break out in other quarters; and by its extension become much more difficult to be over come. There is reason to hope that a Proclamation will arrest it, and give time for more effectual measures.\nIV. \u2003 It may even prevent the necessity of ulterior coertion. The character of the President will naturally induce a conclusion that he means to treat the matter seriously. The idea will be impressive on the most refractory, it will restrain the timid & wavering, and it will encourage the well disposed. The appearance of the President in the business will awaken the attention of a great number of persons of the last description to the evil tendency of the conduct reprehended, who have not yet viewed it with due seriousness. And from the cooperation of these circumstances, good may reasonably be expected.\nIn either view therefore, of the propriety of conduct, or the effects to be hoped for, the measure seems to be an adviseable one. I beg leave to add that, in my judgment, it is not only adviseable, but necessary.\nBesides the state of things in the Western parts of North Carolina which is known to you, a letter has just been received from the Supervisor of South Carolina, mentioning that a spirit of discontent and opposition had been revived in two of the Counties of that State bordering on North Carolina, in which it had been before apparently suppressed. This shews the necessity of some immediate step of a general aspect, while things are preparing, if unhappily it should become necessary, to act with decision in the Western Counties of Pennsylvania, where the Government, from several obvious considerations will be left in condition to do it. Decision successfully exerted in one place will, it is presumable, be efficacious every where.\nThe Secretary at War and the Attorney General agree with me in opinion on the expediency of a Proclamation. The draft of one now submitted has been framed in concert with the latter; except as to one or two particulars which are noted in the margin of the rough draft in my hand writing, herewith also transmitted. In respect to these, the objections of that Gentleman did not appear to me founded, and would, I think, unnecessarily diminish the force of the instrument.\nWith the highest respect and the truest attachment, \u2003 I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexr. Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0267", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 9 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia September 9 1792\nI have the pleasure of your private letter of the 26th of August.\nThe feelings and views which are manifested in that letter are such as I expected would exist. And I most sincerely regret the causes of the uneasy sensations you experience. It is my most anxious wish, as far as may depend upon me, to smooth the path of your administration, and to render it prosperous and happy. And if any prospect shall open of healing or terminating the differences which exist, I shall most chearfully embrace it; though I consider myself as the deeply injured party. The recommendation of such a spirit is worthy of the moderation and wisdom which dictated it; and if your endeavours should prove unsucessful, I do not hesitate to say that in my opinion the period is not remote when the public good will require substitutes for the differing members of your administration. The continuance of a division there must destroy the energy of Government, which will be little enough with the strictest Union. On my part there will be a most chearful acquiescence in such a result.\nI trust, Sir, that the greatest frankness has always marked and will always mark every step of my conduct towards you. In this disposition, I cannot conceal from you that I have had some instrumentality of late in the retaliations which have fallen upon certain public characters and that I find myself placed in a situation not to be able to recede for the present.\nI considered myself as compelled to this conduct by reasons public as well as personal of the most cogent nature. I know that I have been an object of uniform opposition from Mr. Jefferson, from the first moment of his coming to the City of New York to enter upon his present office. I know, from the most authentic sources, that I have been the frequent subject of the most unkind whispers and insinuating from the same quarter. I have long seen a formed party in the Legislature, under his auspices, bent upon my subversion. I cannot doubt, from the evidence I possess, that the National Gazette was instituted by him for political purposes and that one leading object of it has been to render me and all the measures connected with my department as odious as possible.\nNevertheless I can truly say, that, except explanations to confidential friends, I never directly or indirectly retaliated or countenanced retaliation till very lately. I can even assure you, that I was instrumental in preventing a very severe and systematic attack upon Mr. Jefferson, by an association of two or three individuals, in consequence of the persecution, which he brought upon the Vice President, by his indiscreet and light letter to the Printer, transmitting Paine\u2019s pamphlet.\nAs long as I saw no danger to the Government, from the machinations which were going on, I resolved to be a silent sufferer of the injuries which were done me. I determined to avoid giving occasion to any thing which could manifest to the world dissentions among the principal characters of the government; a thing which can never happen without weakening its hands, and in some degree throwing a stigma upon it.\nBut when I no longer doubted, that there was a formed party deliberately bent upon the subversion of measures, which in its consequences would subvert the Government\u2014when I saw, that the undoing of the funding system in particular (which, whatever may be the original merits of that system, would prostrate the credit and the honor of the Nation, and bring the Government into contempt with that description of Men, who are in every society the only firm supporters of government) was an avowed object of the party; and that all possible pains were taking to produce that effect by rendering it odious to the body of the people\u2014I considered it as a duty, to endeavour to resist the torrent, and as an essential mean to this end, to draw aside the veil from the principal Actors. To this strong impulse, to this decided conviction, I have yielded. And I think events will prove that I have judged rightly.\nNevertheless I pledge my honor to you Sir, that if you shall here-after form a plan to reunite the members of your administration, upon some steady principle of cooperation, I will faithfully concur in executing it during my continuance in office. And I will not directly or indirectly say or do a thing, that shall endanger a feud.\nI have had it very much at heart to make an excursion to Mount Vernon, by way of the F\u0153deral City in the course of this Month\u2014and have been more than once on the point of asking your permission for it. But I now despair of being able to effect it. I am nevertheless equally obliged by your kind invitation.\nThe subject mentioned in the Postscript of your letter shall with great pleasure be carefully attended to. With the most faithful and affectionate attachment I have the honor to remain\nSir \u2003 Your most Obed & humble servant\nA Hamilton\nP.S I had written you two letters on public business, one of which will go with this; but the other will be witheld, in consequence of a slight indisposition of the Attorney General, to be sent by express sometime in the course of tomorrow.\nThe President of The U States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0268", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 10 September 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewport [Rhode Island] September 10, 1792. \u201cI have received your letter of the 6th. of August. The Construction of the Attorney General contained in the first paragraph, and which it is your desire should be practiced upon I think I understand; but the doubt in my mind which occasioned my stating a case, and raising a question thereon in my letter of the 30th of July last still remains.\u2026 I have also recd. your letter respectg. the case of Benjamin Cranston, and Nathaniel Waldron, and have given them notice.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0269", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Caleb Gibbs, 10 September 1792\nFrom: Gibbs, Caleb\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy Dear Freind\nBarre [Massachusetts] Septr. 10th: 1792.\nDisagreable is the task to me to be so often interupting you by my Letters and solicitations, Yet on reflection, when I consider your repeated declarations that you truely have a warm regard for me, Still induces me to intrude upon your patience, and now and then put you in mind of your old Freind; that if anything within your power to grant, shall be reserved for him.\nI wrote you On the 12th. of Decr. last and am somewhat fearful wether or not a Miscarriage of the Letter has not taken place or by some means or other had been mislayed, by my not hearing from you for so long a period. The Letter was a recapitulation of the propriety of Mr. Tracy\u2019s demands against the United States, and begging that I may not be totally forgotten by the President and your self.\nAs Congress will soon meet again My Dear freind, remember me. Certainly there will be appointments which will come from you of different kinds. Therefore Let me rest persuaded I shall not be forsaken.\nMrs. Gibbs cannot no longer content herself in this wilderness. Her seperation from her dearest connections, the great distance and extreem bad roads to Boston, and what is still more trying is the Education of her Children and an innumerable number of difficulties to incounter, has brought me to a Resolution to Linger out the cold Inclement winter at this place and return to Boston Early in April next if possible to get there. In the mean time let me intreat of you to drop me a line of Consolation.\nOur only son Alexander Hamilton is well and a fine boy he is. May God Almighty very long continue him on the stage of Life to keep up that name to whom this ungrateful Country owes so much to, and live to follow the Examples and immitate the Virtues of him for whom he is named.\nIf a convenient opportunity offers I will thank you to mention me to the President with my warmest regards. Also to Mrs. Washington and your truely amiable Lady.\nWith sentiments of the sincerest regard, respect, and Esteem I have the honor to be \u2003 My Dear friend \u2003 Your most Obedient and very humble servant\nC. Gibbs.\nHonble Alexander Hamilton Esqr.\n&ca. &ca. &ca.\nPhiladelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0273", "content": "Title: Civis to Mercator, [11 September 1792]\nFrom: \u201cCivis\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \u201cMercator\u201d\n[Philadelphia, September 11, 1792]\nFor the National GazetteCivis to Mercator\nLittle other notice of the futile reply of Mercator to Civis is necessary than merely to put in a clear light the erroneousness of the standard, which he has adopted for calculating the arrears of interest to the end of the year 1790.\nHe takes for his standard the present annual interest on the whole amount of the public Debt, as provided for under the funding system\u2014that is \u2003 I \u2003 upon the former principal of the foreign and domestic debt \u2003 II \u2003 upon the arrears of interest of that principal, which on the 1st of January 1791 and not before became principal by the provisions of the funding law \u2003 III \u2003 upon the whole amount of the assumed debt that is 21500000 Dollars.\nNow the fact is, that the only arrears, which can colorably be computed, are those on the principal of the foreign and domestic debt, according to the terms of Interest, which they actually bore, up to the 1st of January 1791. I \u2003 because in fact the arrears of interest on that principal did not bear interest till the 1 of Jany 1791, & consequently no interest whatever accrued upon them. And IIdly\u2014because the Governt. of the United States took up the state debts as they stood, at the end of the year 1791. If arrears of interest accumulated in the mean time, \u2018twas the affair of the state Governmts. which were the debtors and alone responsible for a provision for it, not of the Government of the UStates, which only became responsible by virtue of the assumption from the time it took effect, that is from the 1st of January 1792; from which period the interest has been punctually paid. This is the true view of it, unless it can be shewn that the Governt of the UStates is answerable for the neglects and omissions of the state Governments. But What arrears may have really accumulated on this part of the debt is unknown, as it is understood, that there were in some states a provision for the interest.\nCalculating then the arrears which did actually accrue, that is on the principal of the foreign and domestic debt, the former, according to the various rates which were stipulated upon it, and the latter at 6 \u214c Cent, the rate which it then bore, from the 1st of August 1789 to the 1st of January 1791, from which period interest has been paid\u2014the amount is 3.003.378.47 dollars that is 1,032,980,72 Dollars less than the amount of the arrears stated for the same period by Mercator. This statement is not made from any secret sources of information but from documents long since in possession of the public. If Mercator has been inattentive to the means of information, he ought not to have come forth, the instructor of his fellow Citizens.\nIn a mere question of the increase or decrease of the public Debt, if the arrears of interest which accrued on the assumed debt, up to the period, from which the UStates began to pay interest upon it be placed on one side of the account\u2014the saving or reduction, by the nature of the provision for it, ought to be placed on the other side\u2014and the ballance will be in favour of the UStates.\nHad Mercator stated an Account with the Treasury Department on his own principle candidly applied, namely that of setting off the surplus of Revenue to the end of the year 1790, against the amount of the Debt redeemed by purchases and payments\u2014the Account would have stood thus\u2014\nCredit-side\nBy the amount of sum which appears by the statement of the Register of the Treasury to have been redeemed & paid off\nDolls\nBy sum remaining to be applied\nDebtor side\nTo amount of surplus Revenue to the end of the year\nBallance\nbeing the amount of the Public Debt actually reduced, beyond the amount of the fund remaining on hand at the commencement of the operation of the Funding System in virtue of antecedent provision and exclusive of reductions on the rates of Interest.\nAs to the concluding remarks of Mercator they depart from the question. Tis no matter, in referrence to that, whether the items which were mentioned are circumstances of temporary expedient, or results of the soundest policy. They constitute positive savings and gains to the Nation.\nBut it was not sufficient for Mercator to assert, he ought to have shewn what sacrifice of Justice or principle was involved in them. Not having done it, tis sufficient to observe that one good effect of the measures of Finance, which have been adopted by the present Government, is at least unequivocal. The public Credit has been effectually restored. This may be in the eyes of Mercator of little moment. There are certain theorists who hold both private and public Credit to be pernicious. But their disciples are not numerous; at least among sober and enlightened men.\nThe actual benefits or actual evils of the measures connected with the Treasury Department present and future would be cheerfully submitted to the Test of Experience. Happy would it be for the country, honorable for human nature, if the experiment were permitted to be fairly made.\nBut the pains which are taken to misrepresent the tendency of those measures, to inflame the public mind, to disturb the operations of Government are a decided proof, that those to whom they are attributable dare not trust the appeal to such a Test. Convinced of this, they have combined all their forces and are making one desperate effort to gain an ascendancy, in the public councils, by means of the ensuing election, in order to precipitate the laudable work of destroying what has been done.\nCivis\nPhiladelphia Sept 11.\nfor Nat Gazette of Sept 12. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0274", "content": "Title: Fact No. I, [11 September 1792]\nFrom: \u201cFact\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, September 11, 1792]\nFor the National Gazette.\nMuch declamation has been indulged against certain characters, who are charged with advocating the pernicious doctrine, that \u201cpublic debts are public blessings,\u201d and with being friends to a perpetuation of the public debt of the country. Among these characters, if the secretary of the treasury has not been named, he has been pretty plainly alluded to. It is proper to examine what foundation there is for those charges.\nThat officer, it is very certain, explicitly maintained, that the funding of the existing debt of the United States would render it a national blessing: And a man has only to travel through the United States with his eyes open, and to observe the invigoration of industry in every branch, to be convinced that the position was well founded. But whether right or wrong, it is quite a different thing from maintaining, as a general proposition, that a public debt is a public blessing: particular and temporary circumstances might render that advantageous at one time, which at another might be hurtful.\nIt is known, that prior to the revolution, a great part of the circulation of the country was carried on by paper money; that in consequence of the events of the revolution that resource was in a great measure destroyed, by being discredited, and that the same events had destroyed a large proportion of the monied and mercantile capital of the country, and of personal property generally. It was natural to think, that the chasm created by these circumstances required to be supplied, and a just theory was sufficient to demonstrate, that a funded debt would answer the end.\nTo infer, that it would have such an effect, was no more to maintain the general doctrine of \u201cpublic debts being public blessings,\u201d than the saying, that paper emissions by the authority of government, were useful in the early periods of the country, was the maintaining, that they would be useful in all the future stages of its progress.\nBut to put the matter out of all doubt, and to shew how destitute of candor the insinuations against the secretary of the treasury, on this head, have been, I have extracted and shall insert here some passages from three of his reports to the house of representatives; by which it will be seen, that his conduct, as well as his language, have been in uniform opposition to the doctrine charged upon him. The length of these reports, it is probable, have prevented many well disposed persons from being acquainted with their contents; the presumption of which emboldens the calumniators of public characters and measures to make assertions, of the falsehood of which, the mere perusal of official documents would convict them.\nExtract from a report of the secretary of the treasury, on the subject of a provision for the public debt, presented the 14th of January, 1790.\n\u201cPersuaded as the secretary is, that the proper funding of the present debt, will render it a national blessing; yet he is so far from acceding to the position, in the latitude in which it is sometimes laid down, that \u201cpublic debts are public benefits,\u201d a position inviting to prodigality, and liable to a dangerous abuse,\u2014that he ardently wishes to see it incorporated, as a fundamental maxim in the system of public credit of the United States, that the creation of debt should always be accompanied with the means of extinguishment. This he regards as the true secret for rendering public credit immortal. And he presumes, that it is difficult to conceive a situation, in which there may not be an adherence to the maxim. At least he feels an unfeigned solicitude, that this may be attempted by the United States, and that they may commence their measures for the establishment of credit with the observance of it.\u201d\nExtract from a report of the secretary of the treasury on manufactures, presented the 5th of December, 1791.\nAfter using several arguments to illustrate the operation of a funded debt as capital\u2014the secretary concludes thus:\u2014\u201cThere are respectable individuals, who, from a just aversion to an accumulation of public debt are unwilling to concede to it any kind of utility, who can discover no good to alleviate the ill with which they suppose it pregnant; who cannot be persuaded, that it ought in any sense to be viewed as an increase of capital, least it should be inferred, that the more debt the more capital, the greater the burthens, the greater the blessings of the community.\n\u201cBut it interests the public councils to estimate every object as it truly is; to appreciate how far the good in any measure is compensated by the ill, or the ill by the good; either of them is seldom unmixed.\n\u201cNeither will it follow, that an accumulation of debt is desirable, because a certain degree of it operates as capital. There may be a plethora in the political, as in the natural body; there may be a state of things in which any such artificial capital is unnecessary. The debt too may be swelled to such a size, as that the greatest part of it may cease to be useful as a capital, serving only to pamper the dissipation of idle and dissolute individuals; as that the sums required to pay the interest upon it may become oppressive, and beyond the means which a government can employ, consistently with its tranquility, to raise them; as that the resources of taxation, to face the debt, may have been strained too far to admit of extensions adequate to exigencies, which regard the public safety.\n\u201cWhere this critical point is, cannot be pronounced; but it is impossible to believe, that there is not such a point.\n\u201cAnd as the vicissitudes of nations beget a perpetual tendency to the accumulation of debt, there ought to be in every government a perpetual, anxious and unceasing effort to reduce that, which at any time exists, as fast as shall be practicable, consistently with integrity and good faith.\u201d\nExtract from a report of the secretary of the treasury relative to additional supplies for carrying on the Indian war, presented the 16th of March, 1792.\n\u201cThe result of mature reflection is, in the mind of the secretary, a strong conviction that the last of the three expedients, which have been mentioned (that was the raising of the sum required by taxes) is to be preferred to either of the other two.\n\u201cNothing can more interest the national credit and prosperity, than a constant and systematic attention to husband all the means previously possessed for extinguishing the present debt, and to avoid, as much as possible, the incurring of any new debt.\n\u201cNecessity alone, therefore, can justify the application of any of the public property, other than the annual revenues, to the current service, or the temporary and casual exigencies of the country\u2014or the contracting of an additional debt, by loans, to provide for those exigencies.\n\u201cGreat emergencies indeed might exist, in which loans would be indespensible. But the occasions, which will justify them, must be truly of that description.\n\u201cThe present is not of such a nature. The sum to be provided is not of magnitude enough to furnish the plea of necessity.\n\u201cTaxes are never welcome to a community. They seldom fail to excite uneasy sensations more or less extensive; hence a too strong propensity in the government of nations to anticipate and mortgage the resources of posterity, rather than encounter the inconveniences of a present increase of taxes.\n\u201cBut this policy, when not dictated by very peculiar circumstances, is of the worst kind. Its obvious tendency is, by enhancing the permanent burthens of the people, to produce lasting distress, and its natural issue is in national bankruptcy.\n\u201cIt will be happy, if the councils of this country, sanctioned by the voice of an enlightened community, shall be able to pursue a different course.\u201d\nHere is an example, added to precept; In pursuit of a doctrine, the opposite of that which is charged upon him, the secretary did not scruple to hazard the popularity of his administration with a class of citizens, who, as a class, have been among the firmest friends of the government, and the warmest approvers of the measures, which have restored public credit. The circumstance indeed has been a weapon dexterously wielded against him by his enemies; who in consequence of the increase of duties proposed have represented him as the oppressor of trade. A certain description of men are for getting out of debt; yet are against all taxes for raising money to pay it off; they are amongst the foremost for carrying on war, and yet will have neither loans nor taxes. They are alike opposed to what creates debt, and to what avoids it.\nIn the first case, their meaning is not difficult to be devined; in the last it would puzzle any man, not endowed with the gift of second sight, to find it out, unless it be to quarrel with and pull down every man who will not consent to walk in their leading strings; or to throw all things into confusion.\nFact.\nSept. 11.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0276", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 12[\u201318] September 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, September 12[\u201318], 1792. \u201cThe particular recapitulation I had the Honor to make of the considerations which had occured on the subject of the provision for the officers of the Revenue and the expences of collecting the same, in my letter to you of the 25th July render it unnecessary to repeat them in transmitting to you the two in-closed papers relative to that Business during the first year. One of them (indorsed A) will be found to contain such items of the former Estimate as it appeared expedient to suggest to the Consideration of the President in regard to the year, which ended on the 30th of June last.\u2026 The paper B is a draught of an act for the purpose of submission to the President containing provisions comformable with the Estimate A, and dictated by the tenor of the Arrangement, which the President was pleased to establish on the 4th Ultimo for the Current year.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0278", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Elisha Boudinot, 13 September 1792\nFrom: Boudinot, Elisha\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy Dear Sir:\nNewark [New Jersey], 13th Sept., 1792.\nThere are great exertions making to get the people to petition against the incorporation; several persons are employed to go about with petitions, and the people are deceived by the most absurd false-hoods. The only mode I thought of to counteract them, was to have petitions drawn, and hire a person calculated for the purpose to go round with them, and I am in hopes it will answer the purpose effectually. We shall obtain numbers who signed the first, to sign ours, declaring they were imposed on. So much for petitions.\nWill you sketch the substance of a law you wish with regard to apprentices\u2014or the heading of it\u2014and I will see it carried through the Legislature? Had you not better be up a day or two previous to the first Monday in October?\nThe Antis are making greater exertions than you perhaps are aware of, previous to the expected general election. Our Chief Justice says that a number from Philadelphia have been to the lower parts of West Jersey, informing the people that a strong party is forming in that city against the Secretary of the Treasury, requesting their aid, and that they will not choose a man who has supported his measures, especially Mr. Boudinot, &c. &c.\nMy brother showed me a letter last evening, received by the post, dated Norfolk, Virginia\u2014only a few lines\u2014inclosing a handbill for his information, signed \u201cJames Blanchard.\u201d This handbill is addressed to the Electors and Freeholders of New Jersey, setting forth the dangerous consequences of the measures of the Secretary, &c., the funding system, bank, &c.; then giving extracts of speeches made by Mr. Boudinot in support of them, &c., and warning the people to take care, &c., and says that pamphlets should be distributed amongst them previous to the election.\nFrom these things it appears as if they meant to try their strength in every State. A young gentleman of this town was lately at Philadelphia, and at his lodgings there was a gentleman from Virginia (whose name I do not at this moment recollect), very violent on the subject, and said he was going the middle and eastern States, to see what could be done with regard to displacing the Secretary of the Treasury; and, finding from the conversation of the other gentleman, that Mr. Madison was not a popular character, in Jersey at least, he asked if Mr. Morris would not be agreeable, &c. If the federalists sleep whilst their enemies are awake and vigilant, some mischief may be done.\nI am, in haste, dear Sir, \u2003 With respect, \u2003 Yours sincerely,\nElisha Boudinot.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0279", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Gouverneur Morris, 13 September 1792.\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentSeptember 13th. 1792.\nThe Legislature at their last Session having made provision for the paying off the Debt due to foreign Officers, the Interest of which is payable at the house of Mr. Grand, Banker, at Paris; and the President having authorized me to carry that provision into effect, I have concluded to commit such part of the business as is to be transacted at Paris to your Management; not doubting of the chearfulness with which you will render this service to the public and to my particular Department.\nThe object not regarding your diplomatic mission, and Mr. Jefferson being absent from the seat of Government, I open without scruple a direct communication with you on the subject.\nBy the tenor of the certificates which were issued the stipulation to pay at Paris is confined to the Interest. The principal is of course payable in the United States.\nTo enable you to make payment of this Interest Mr. Short is directed to subject to your order in the hands of our Commissioners in Holland, the sum of one hundred and five thousand Guilders.\nInclosed is a list, shewing the names of the persons to be paid, and the amount of principal and interest due to each; computing interest from the 1st. day of January 1789. up to the last of the present year.\nThe reason of beginning at the first of January 1789. is that Congress placed a fund in the disposition of their then Minister plenipotentiary to make payments up to that time; and though an account of the application of that fund has not been rendered it is understood that the payment provided for was made.\nBy the list referred to you will find that the sum directed to be placed at your order is adequate to the object.\nThe instruction of the President to me is to cause the payment to be made in \u201ca mode which will exempt the parties from the loss attendant on the depreciation of the assignats; and at the same time occasion no loss to the United States.\u201d\nThe line of conduct, which has appeared to me proper to fulfill the spirit of this Instruction is to give to each Creditor his option either to receive payment in bills on Amsterdam, dollar for dollar, according to the intrinsic par of the metals at Paris and Amsterdam, or to receive an equivalent in Assignats according to the current rate of exchange between Paris and Holland, at the time.\nTo exemplify what is meant by an equivalent suppose the following data\u2014\n  That 2\u00bd Guilders are equal to a dollar according to the intrinsic par of the metals at Paris and Amsterdam.\n  That the current rate of exchange between the two places is 20 \u214c. Cent. against Paris; that is, 100 Guilders at Paris, will bring only 80. at Amsterdam.\n  That the sum to be paid for principal and Interest is 100. Dollars.\nThe computation to ascertain the equivalent will then stand thus\u2014If 80 be equal to 100\u2014so will 100 be equal to 125\n125 \u00d7 2\u00bd is = 312\u00bd Guilders which being converted into livres, at Par, will be to be paid in Assignats at their nominal value, livre for livre.\nI have made an arrangement to begin the discharge of the principal here at any time after the 15th. of October next upon demand and the production of the certificate by the party or his legal representative or Attorney duly constituted and authorized. Notice will be given that after the last of December next, interest will cease, as to all those, who shall not have made application for their principal by that day.\nI request that you will also cause some proper notification of this arrangement to be given in France.\nAs the Certificates will be required to be produced here; the payment of Interest at Paris must be made without the production of them. Especial care must of course be taken to ascertain that the payments are made to the identical Creditors or their certain Attornies. It will be well that duplicate or triplicate receipts be taken for such payments in order that one or more sets be transmitted with the Accounts Current.\nShould there be any who may prefer receiving their whole dues, interest as well as principal here\u2014they may have the option of doing it; but in this case, they must make known their election to you, or to some person whom you shall appoint and must obtain a certificate from you or the person appointed by you of their having made and communicated that election. Should you authorize another person for the purpose, you will please to inform me without delay who he is and send me his signature.\nThe payments are stipulated to be made at the house of Mr. Grand; and those which have been hereto-fore made have passed through his hands. The same course will be proper, unless there are good reasons to the contrary. You who are on the spot will judge how far any such reasons may have resulted from the tempests which have of late agitated the Kingdom; and you will act accordingly. No body knows better than you how important it is, to make no misteps in money concerns.\nWith the most respectful consideration \u2003 I have the honor to be Sir \u2003 Your obedient and humble Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nP. S. Herewith you will also find the evidence of a claim which has been lodged at the Treasury on behalf of Mr Claviere that what is right in the matter may be done. A copy of an advertisement from the Treasurer, of the Seventeenth Instant is also in-closed.\nGouverneur Morris Esqr.Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0280", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 13 September 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, September 13, 1792. \u201cI have received your circular Letter of the 27th of August. The Returns & Abstract therein required shall be regularly transmitted; and due attention paid to the other Matters.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0281", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 13 September 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nCustom House,District of Providence 13th Septemr. 1792.\nSince I had, on the 8th Instant, the honor of addressing you, on the Case of the Brigantine Samuel, the Brigantine Harriot, Christr. Bently Master, from Copenhagen, arrived (the Day before yesterday) in this District, being another Vessel of Welcome Arnold Esquire; and her Cargo, like the Samuel\u2019s, was, on the 10th Instant, transferred by him to Mr. Edward Dexter of this Town, Merchant, for the Consideration of Two Thousand pounds Lawful Money. The Master applied at my Office Yesterday, Reported and Entered the Vessel; and Mr. Dexter appeared, with the Instrument of Transfer, to secure the Duties. Not having heard from the District Attorney on this Subject; and the Duties on the Brigt. Samuel\u2019s Cargo having been secured at Newport by Bonds, I deemed it most advisable to adopt Mr. Ellery\u2019s practice, and permit Mr. Dexter to secure thereon the Harriot\u2019s by his Bonds, amounting by Estimate, to Eleven Hundred Dollars.\nThis Transfer of Property, as in the case of the Saml., has been executed with the sole design to obtain a further Credit by evading the Law; and unless some effectual Check is adopted to prevent this singular mode of evasion, I apprehend it may introduce a more frequent suit of Bonds.\nI have the Honor &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nN.B. Mr. Arnold has two other Vessels speedily expected from the West Indies.\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.\nSecy of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0282", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 13 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nTreasury Department, September 13, 1792. \u201cI have this day decided upon the case of Thomas Hazard junr. The interest of the United States and of all others in the forfeiture is remitted to him; and he is to pay fifty Dollars to parties, other than the United States, together with costs and charges.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0283", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 13 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentPhiladelphia Septr. 13 1792\nHaving been authorised by the President to take arrangements for paying off the debt due to foreign Officers, the interest of which is payable at the House of Mr. Grand, Banker at Paris; and having concluded to commit to Governeur Morris Esquire being on the spot the management of the detail as to the payment of interest (that of the principal being to be made here) I am to request that you will instruct our Commissioners in Holland to pay to the order of Mr. Morris the sum of One hundred and five thousand Guilders to be applied to that purpose; and will cause him to be immediately notified of its having been done. A copy of a letter of instructions to Mr Morris is enclosed for your information.\nWith great consideration \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nWilliam Short Esqr\nMinister Resident\nat the Hague.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0284", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular, 13 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nSir\nTreasury DepartmentSept 13 1792\nBy an Order of the Senate of the United States, dated 7th of May past, of which a copy is enclosed, it is required of the Secretary of the Treasury to lay before them at their next session a statement of the salaries, fees & emoluments, for one year ending the first of Octo next to be stated quarterly of every person holding any civil office or employment under the United States (except the Judges) and of the actual disbursements & expences in the discharge of their respective Offices & employments for the same period.\nTo enable me to comply with the requisition of the Senate I have to request that you will furnish me with an account embracing the objects, and stated in the manner & for the period before mentioned as it regards your office as soon after the first of Octo next as can be conveniently done.\nI am Sir \u2003 With Consideration \u2003 Your Ob Servt\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0285", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, [14\u201321] September 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] September [14\u201321] 1792. \u201cYour circular Letter of the 27th. of the last month, I received on the 14th of this month. Its contents will be duly attended to.\u2026 I wish to be informed whether shaken casks exported in order to be set up and filled with West India Produce for importation into the United States; and Hay, Oats or other Provender for Live Stock are to be noticed in the Returns of Exports and their value.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0286", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, 14 September 1792\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nBoston Sept. 14th. 1792\nMy knowledge of your wishes to support the manufactures of your Country will apologize I hope for the trouble of this Letter on the subject of tipes. Mr. Thomas of this State has it in contemplation to print the bible in two different small sizes. To do it on terms which will give him a profit among the importers he is under the [necessity] of importing tipes sufficient for the whole work before it can be compleated for they cannot do this as in other case set a part & break up the forms they must in order to save them selves set the whole & let the press stand untill the tipes are worn out. This will involve him in an expence of about ten thousand dollars the duties on which is an object. He wishes to know whether all circumstances considered they can be dispensed with. He wishes to procure the tipes of american manufactures but cannot do it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0288", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular, 15 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nSir,\nTreasury Department, September 15, 1792.\nA letter directed to William Gardner, Commissioner of Loans for New-Hampshire, containing bills of exchange to the amount of Five Thousand Dollars, drawn by the Treasurer of the United States in favor of the said Commissioner of Loans, was put into the Post-Office at Philadelphia, on the 17th of August last.\nAs the letter in question however had not reached its place of destination on the 7th instant, and as from the Bills being drawn with blanks for the direction, there is a possibility in case of miscarriage (either from accident or design) that an attempt will be made to address them to persons in the receipt of public monies\u2014I have judged it expedient to apprize you of the circumstance, that in case any draught of the above-mentioned description and numbered as below should be presented to you for payment, you may arrest the same, giving me immediate information thereof.\nI am, with consideration, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your most obedient Servant,\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0289", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, [17 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, September 17, 1792. On October 1, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have also to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 15th of last month \u2026 and of yours of the 17th. of the same month.\u201d Letter of September 17 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0291", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Jay, [17 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jay, John\n[Philadelphia, September 17, 1792. On September 27, 1792, Rufus King wrote to Hamilton: \u201cMr Jay \u2026 sent me your Letter of the 17th.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0292", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Rufus King, 17 September 1792\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York] Sunday 17. Sep: 92\nIf the enemies of the Government are secret and united we shall lose Mr. Adams. Burr is industrious in his canvass and his object is well understood by our Antis. Mr. Edwards is to make interest for him in Connecticut, and Mr Dallas who is here, and quite in the Circle of the Governor & the Party, informs us that Mr. Burr will be supported as V. President in Pennsylvania. Should Jefferson & his friends unite in the project, the Votes for Mr. A. may be 10 reduced, that though more numerous than those for any other Person, he may decline the Office. Nothing which has hereto-fore happened so decisively proves the inveteracy of the Opposition. Should they succeed in degrading Mr. Adams, much would be to be apprehended in respect to the measures which have received the sanction of Government.\nYrs affectionately\nR. King\nCol. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0293", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Pierre Charles L\u2019Enfant, 17 September 1792\nFrom: L\u2019Enfant, Pierre Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear sir\nPaterson [New Jersey] Sept 17 1792\nThe progress of the business here has been as rapide as the time and a stady pursuit of the differents objects to pursue has permitted in the short space since 22d of last mounth that the director have agreed upon the plan which I propos for the canal. The ground through which this is to be carried is already cleared of all timber and immense Rock removed from the way of operation so that I am in hope in a few weak to be enabled to make a begining of the fundation of the grand acqueduc\u2014also to open the Rock across the ill and to make a begining Every way proportional to the number of hand as shall be collected the which daily Increase in number.\nSeverals of the principals streets are cut through and about clearing. Stone is Extracting from the quarry and provision of Every sort making to Enable a begining of the principals and most necessary building for the manufacture and the Employed\u2014for whom in waiting til the building are compleated I have ordered a number of barrack to be Erected suitable to the various purposes.\nDifferently situated here than in a City were were a market of Every materials would have permitted an immediate provision of all necessary\u2014we have Everything to procure from a distance store to Erect Shop for carpenter smith &c to Establish and to the very tools to work with to manufacture so that you must not be surprised if the building will not rise so rapidly as in the city of new york.\nThey will be pushed on as Expeditiously as possible and Everything will, you may depend be carried in concert to be all ready with the canal\u2014the progress of which will depend greatly of the duration of good weather and tempery of the approaching season. As I have assured to you in my letter of the 21 august I shall Economise the time and the means as far as shall appear to me consistant with the Importance of the object\u2014that of the canal is the principal and in the success of which I shall find a real gratification and nothing shall be spared to make it answerabl to the Interest of the society who will be secured a greater proportion of advantage from the Enlarged sisterne I have proposed than from any of the schemes that had been considered.\nHarmony prevail amongst Every one here although possibly Interest in some may differ. Pierce is realy a valuable men and I believe the one upon which much confidence may be placed\u2014time will determine who shall be the best quallified in each different branches\u2014and I shall not here Enter into any particular which I tink usless after the observation before made to you.\nA pemphflit of this day came in my hand on Contening some observation on Mr secretary A. by a Farmer, which may have an effect but that it is intended to procure. I am Informed of an other production of the same kind\u2014and of goodill of talk about at a certain quarter in the ancient dominion\u2014a little account to the publick of the progress made in tow mounth mentioning the origining of the fundation for fifty house which are now about diging\u2014and also the number of Family collecting and work men comming from the Eastern, Would lead to paralled with the wonderfull Increase of and the progress made since one year at the grand City which at this moment may be flatering to some feeling and be of some effect for the grand sale of lots announced for october.\nYou [will] not for this suspect me of hill wish to any\u2014nor doubt of my real concern to the full attainement of the object I am Engaged in and shall Steadily pursue.\nAssuring you I remain with respect \u2003 dear sir \u2003 Your most humble and most obedient servant\nP. C. LEnfant\nAlexander Amilton secretary to the treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0294", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 17 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n(Private)\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon Sepr 17th: 1792\nYour private letter of the 11th, accompanying an Official one of the 9th. came safe\u2014as did your other private letter of the 9th. I feel myself obliged by the observations contained in the first, respecting the Proclamation.\nAs the former Proclamations, on similar occasions, have been Countersigned by the Secretary of State, I have, for that reason, and for another which has some weight in my mind, thought it best not to depart, in this instance, from the Precedent that has been set; and therefore, as it cannot (unless unforeseen delays happen) be with-held from you more than six days longer than if it had been returned by this days Post, I dispatched by Express the Proclamation to Mr Jefferson for the purpose above-mentioned.\nI have no doubt but that the Proclamation will undergo many strictures\u2014and, as the effect proposed may not be answered by it; it will be necessary to look forward in time to ulterior arrangements\u2014and here, not only the Constitution & Laws must strictly govern\u2014but the employing of the Regular Troops avoided, if it be possible to effect order without their aid; otherwise, there would be a cry at once \u201cThe cat is let out; We now see for what purpose an Army was raised.\u201d Yet, if no other means will effectually answer, and the Constitution & Laws will authorise these, they must be used, in the dernier resort.\nIf you remain in opinion that it would be advisable for the President to transmit the Proclamation to the Governors of North & South Carolina\u2014and the Governor of Pennsylvania, I pray you to draught such letters to them, to be forwarded from hence (with the Proclamations which must also be sent to me) as you may think best calculated to produce the effect proposed. I am always\nYour Affectionate\nGo: Washington\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0295", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 17 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon Septr. 17th. 1792.\nYour Letters of the 8 and 9. inst: are received. The latter came to me on Saturday morning by Express, from the Post Office in Alexandria. I gave the Proclamation my signature, and forwarded it in the afternoon of the same day, by a special Messenger, to the Secretary of State for his countersign. If no unforeseen delay happens, the return of it may be in time for Friday\u2019s Post, so as to be with you the Tuesday following.\nIt is much to be regretted that occurrences of a nature so repugnant to order and good Government, should not only afford the occasion, but render such an interference of the Executive indispensably necessary. When these happen, and lenient & temporizing means have been used, and serve only to increase the disorder; longer forbearance would become unjustifiable remissness, and a neglect of that duty which is enjoined on the President. I can have no hesitation therefore, under this view of the case to adopt such legal measures to check the disorderly opposition which is given to the execution of the Laws laying a duty on distilled spirits, as the Constitution has invested the Executive with; and however painful the measure would be, if the Proclamation should fail to produce the effect desired, ulterior arrangements must be made to support the Laws, & to prevent the prostration of Government.\nWere it not for the peculiar circumstances of my family, I would return to the Seat of Government immediately; at any rate I hope to do it in the early part of next month, or before the middle thereof.\nWith esteem & regard \u2003 I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0296", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 17 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, September 17, 1792. Recommends John Armistead as \u201cSurveyor of the port of Plymouth and Inspector of the Revenue for the same\u201d to replace Thomas Freeman, who \u201chas been absent from That Port since February last.\u201d States that Senator William Johnston of North Carolina \u201crepresents Mr. Armistead as bred to Navigation and acquainted with business, as \u2026 not only as a suitable person for the offices to be filled, but the most so of any Inhabitant of Plymouth.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0299", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 19 September 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nTreasury DepartmentRevenue Office, Septemr. 19th. 1792\nI have the honor to in-close to you a letter of the 10th Instant this day received from the Supervisor of Virginia, in answer to a letter of the 23d. Ultimo from this Office. The intention of this communication is to place before you the tenor of any instructions to that officer on the subject of the 9th. Section of the Act of May 1792, concerning the duties on Spirits distilled in the United States (which you will find to be conformable with the Ideas which occured in conference with you) and his intentions in consequence of the discretion which it appeared necessary to allow him.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 with perfect respect, Sir, \u2003 your most obedt. Servt.\nTench Coxe,Commissr. of the Revenue\nThe Secretaryof the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0301", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Harison, 19 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Harison, Richard\nSir,\nTreasury DepartmentSeptember 19th. 1792\nI am to inform you, that for the purpose of discharging the bill drawn on me the 20th. of August last in favor of Robert Boyd & yourself, by John McComb Junr. Contractor for erecting a Light House on Cape Henry, a Warrant has this day passed the Treasury in favor of Jonathan Burrall Esquire Assignee of the said Bill, and which the Treasurer will be directed to pay in New York.\nI am with Respectful Consideration Sir Your Most Obedt. Servt.\nAlexander Hamilton\nRichard Harison Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0302", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 19 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentSeptember 19th 1792.\nI have considered the case which is stated in your letter of the 8th instant concerning Welcome Arnold.\nIf appearances of the kind continue, I am of opinion that the presumption of a design to evade the law will be sufficiently strong to justify an Officer in refusing the credit. If an action should be brought against the Officer for such refusal, means must be taken to examine all the parties upon Oath; and in the event of damages against the Officer, if he appears to have acted with due caution and upon sufficient ground of probability, it will be incumbent on the government to indemnify him.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your Obedt Servant.\nA Hamilton\nJere. Olney Esqr.\nCollr Providence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0303", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Steele, [19 September 1792]\nFrom: Steele, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Salisbury, North Carolina, September 19, 1792. On October 15, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Steele: \u201cThe letter which you did me the favour to write me of the 19th of September came to hand two days ago.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0304", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 19 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Staphorst, Nicholaas van,Staphorst, Jacob van,Hubbard, Nicholas\nGentlemen,\nTreasury DepartmentSeptember 19th. 1792.\nYou will herewith receive duplicates of my letters to you under date the 28th. ultimo.\nI have now to acknowledge the receipt of yours of the 1st. of June last enclosing your account current with the United States to that day.\nMr. Short has been instructed [to place] with you a credit in favor of our Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of France for one hundred five thousand Guilders. The enclosed letters to Mr. Short and Mr. Morris contain the instructions, and relate to the application of the said sum: which enclosures I, therefore, request you will immediately forward to their respective addresses. I do not give an immediate direction to hold that sum to the order of Mr. Morris; because it might, by possibility, interfere with some arrangement previously made by Mr. Short, in consequence of the discretion, which has been vested in him. Should Mr. Short be at Madrid, the letter to him must, of course, be forwarded thither.\nI am &c.\nAlexander Hamilton\nMessrs. Willink, Van Staphorst and Hubbard\nAmsterdam.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0305", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, [20 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, September 20, 1792. On October 1, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter \u2026 of the 20th of the last month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0306", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, 20 September 1792\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nBoston September 20 1792\nOur Cutter proves to be a very dull sailer, after various experiments by altering the Standing of the masts the bowsprit and altering the Sails to make her sail better, is consequently a very improper Vessel for the business assigned her. We have now an opportunity to Sell her for a Sum, with the Saving of the pay & rations for the hands, which would build one of fifty odd tons, a Size large enough for the business & much easier Sailed. If you Should think proper to sell this, another could be ready as early in the Spring, as would be proper for her to be in the Offing. By the Sale there would be a Saving of pay and rations for the Crew in the Winter. As the Season of the year is fast approaching when we expect little or no aid from the Cutter, and as her sails are pretty well worn & She too heavy for the purpose, I thought it my duty to Suggest the matter to you. An early answer will oblige the Gentleman wishing to purchase.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0307", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James McHenry, 20 [September] 1792\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy dear Hamilton.\n[Baltimore] 20th [September] 1792\nI have been confined by a fever to my bed \u27e8for\u27e9 17 days. Yesterday and to-day I have sat up a little. I have just recd your letter of the 10th Ulto. which arrived du\u27e8ri\u27e9ng the hight of my illness after having gone to Fayettville in N. Carolina and back to Philada.\nI expect a visit from Bishop Carroll on his return to Balt. which may be next week. I have thought if I shewed him a paragraph in your letter it might have its use; I have therefore delayed destroying it till I hear from you. The paragph is. \u201cYour project with regard to the Presidency, in a certain event, will I believe not have an opportunity of being executed. Happily for the public tranquility the present incumbent after a serious struggle inclines, if I mistake not, to submit to another election. \u27e8If it\u27e9 turns out otherwise I say unequivocally\u2014I will co-operate in running the gentleman you mention as one of the two who are to fill the two great offices. Which of the two may turn up first or second must be an affair of some casualty as the constitution stands. My real respect and esteem for the character brought into view will assure him my best wishes in every event\u201d. Instruct me.\nSend me Perry\u2019s letter. Adieu. If I should get to heaven before you I shall remember you. I must go to bed.\nYours affy\nJames McHenry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0308", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 20 September 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, September 20, 1792. \u201cI have received your circular Letters of the 31st of August and 8th Instant; and will pay due attention to their Contents.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0311", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Henderson, [21 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Henderson, William\n[Philadelphia, September 21, 1792. On September 24, 1792, Henderson wrote to Hamilton: \u201cYour favor of the 21st. inst. I duly received.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0313", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Arthur St. Clair, [21 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: St. Clair, Arthur\n[Philadelphia, September 21, 1792. On December 5, 1792, St. Clair wrote to Hamilton: \u201cYour letter of the 21st. Septr. enclosing a Copy of an Order of the Senate relative to the Salaries fees and emoluments of Persons holding Offices under the united States \u2026 came to hand a few days ago.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0314", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Winthrop Sargent, 21 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Sargent, Winthrop\nTreasury Department, September 21, 1792. Requests information for report ordered by the Senate on May 7, 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0315", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 21 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon Septr. 21st. 1792.\nUnder cover of this Letter you will receive the Proclamation which is just returned to me with the counter signature of The Secretary of State. I have erased the words \u201cdictated by weighty reasons of public exigency,\u201d & scored others with a pencil, which you are hereby authorised to take out or retain as you may think best.\nAs the Instrument is drawn I could do no other than fill up one of the blanks with the name of the place at wch. I now am; but, as it is to have a general circulation, you may decide upon the propriety of this, & alter or let it stand according to your judgment.\nWith esteem, I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0317", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 22 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt. Septr. 22d. 1792.\nI have been duly honored with your Letters of the 7th and 17th instant, and perceive with much pleasure a confirmation of the expectation which your former communication had given that your view of the measures proper to be pursued respecting the proceedings therein referred to, would correspond with the impressions entertained here.\nI flatter myself that the Proclamation will answer a very valuable purpose; but every thing, which the law and prudence will warrant, will be put in train, as circumstances shall indicate, for such eventual measures as may be found necessary. I do not, however, despair that with a proper countenance the ordinary course of legal coertion will be found adequate.\nThe enclosed copy of a letter from the Inspector of Kentuckey to the Supervisor of Virginia, of the 12th. of July last, and the copy of a letter from one of his Collectors to him of the 1st of June, contain interesting, and comparatively not discouraging matter respecting the state of things in that Survey.\nThe Supervisor of Virginia in a letter to the Commissioner of the Revenue, of the 10th. instant, expresses himself thus\u2014\u201cI can truly say that the Excise is now fairly on it\u2019s legs in this District\u2014it rests on the good-will of the greater part of the people, and our Collectors are from no cause indisposed to the service, but the apprehension of too much business for too little compensation.\u201d A letter from Mr. Hawkins (Senator) to Mr. Coxe announces favorable symptoms in the part of North Carolina which is in the vicinity of his residence.\nOn the whole, I see no cause of apprehension, but that the law will finally go into full operation with as much good will of the people as usually attends Revenue Laws.\nYou will be pleased also to find enclosed a letter from the Commissioner of Revenue to me dated the 12th. instant, submitting an arrangement for compensating the Officers of Inspection for the period antecedent to the commencement of the permanent arrangement which you lately established; and the plan of an Act for that purpose to be passed by the President, if approved by him; together with an Estimate of the total expence of the proposed arrangement.\nThe law has made provision for a restrospective increase of compensation at the discretion of The President, and as the outset of the business will have been of course the most perplexing and troublesome, nothing can be more equitable than such a retrospection, except in those particulars in which the encreased compensations would either be inapplicable or liable to abuse. It will have besides, the good effect of stimulating the zeal of the Officers by shewing a liberal attention to their past services, hitherto defectively requited.\nThe Plan submitted is the result of previous consultation between the Commissioner of the Revenue and myself, and appears to me an eligible medium.\nThe Petition from the Keeper of the Rhode Island Lighthouse has been put in a course of enquiry, and the result will be made known.\nThe Lighthouse in Virginia being nearly finished, a trusty keeper of it will be speedily necessary. A letter from David M. Randolph Esqr. to Governor Lee, which was transmitted by him to me, and is enclosed, recommends for the purpose the name of John Waller Johnson; but I have no other information concerning him. You will probably recollect, Sir, a person who some time since was recommended by Colo. Parker\u2014a man who it seems was very active during the war and distingushed himself in some water-enterprises; but who appeared much addicted to liquor, a fault peculiarly disqualifying in such a station. I regret that I forgot his name. I believe he was disabled in one of his arms. No other Candidate has been brought forward. A letter has been written to Mr. Newton, mentioning Mr. Johnson to him and requesting him to communicate his opinion of him to you, and of any other character who might occur.\nPursuant to the authorisation in your letter of the 7th. instant, measures have been taken for discharging the Debts due to foreign Officers. Upon a review of the tenor of the Certificates, in order to this, it appeared that the interest only was payable at Paris\u2014the principal here. Had it been clear, that motives of accomodation would render the payment both of principal and interest there desireable, there might have been difficulty in justifying the regularity of the proceeding, and of course hazard of blame, especially if any mistake or accident in the execution had happen\u2019d. But it is very possible that payment in the United States will be most agreeable to the greatest number. The arrangement of course embraces the payment of Interest at Paris, of principal at the Treasury; but with an option to those who choose it to receive both at the Treasury, as will be more particularly seen by the enclosed copy of an Advertisement by the Treasurer.\nWith the highest respect and the truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton\nP:S. \u2003 I have the pleasure to transmit herewith a letter from Mr. G: Morris which was handed to me by Mr. R. Morris. The Supervisor has been desired to forward to the Circuit Court at York town, such proof as he should be able to collect, addressed to the Attorney General. It will I perceive be satisfactory to that Officer to receive your direction to proceed there. His presence is of importance, as well to give weight to what it may be proper to do, as to afford security that nothing which cannot be supported will be attempted. I submit the expediency of a line from you to him.\nA.H.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0319", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Rufus King, 23 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: King, Rufus\nMy Dear Sir\n[Philadelphia] Sep. 23. 1792\nThough I had had a previous intimation of the possibility of such an event; yet the inteligence contained in your letter of the 17th surprised me. Even now I am to be convinced that the movement is any thing more than a diversion in favour of Mr. Clinton. Yet on my part it will not be neglected. My attention as far as shall be in any degree safe will be directed to every state South of New York. I do not go beyond it; because I presume other influences would be quite as efficacious there as mine.\nA good use will be made of it in this state. I wish a letter could be written here stating the plan and Mr. Dallas\u2019s assertion respecting Pensylvania which could be made use of without reserve. You will know who could write such a letter and of course to whom it might be addressed. Mr. Lewis would be the most proper person to be written to. This is a matter of importance and if practicable no time should be lost.\nI wrote Mr. Jay a long letter which I fear reached N York after he had set out on the Circuit; informing him that I had concluded to advise a proclamation and my reasons for it, which included some material facts not before communicated. I have not leisure to repeat. The Proclamation has been signed by the President & sent to Mr. Jefferson for his countersignature. I expect it here on Tuesday and have taken correspondent measures. I believe all is prudent & safe.\nYrs. truly & affy\nA Hamilton\nRufus King Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0320", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to James McHenry, [23 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: McHenry, James\n[Philadelphia, September 23, 1792. On September 30, 1792, McHenry wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI received your letter of the 23.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0322", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 23 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sepr 23: 1792\nI have the pleasure of your private letter of the 17 instant.\nI continue in opinion, that it will be adviseable to address a letter with the proclamation to each of the Executives of the States mentioned, and shall prepare a draft of one to be forwarded with the requisite number of copies.\nA letter from Mr. King also of the 17 instant surprised me with the intelligence contained in the following extracts\u2014\u201cBurr is industrious in his canvass\u2014Mr. Edwards is to make interest for him in Connecticut\u2014and Mr. Dallas who is here, and quite in the circle of the Governor and the party, informs us, that Mr. Burr will be supported as Vice Presient in Pensylvania. Nothing which has hitherto happened so decisively proves the inveteracy of the opposition. Should they succeed much would be to be apprehended.\u201d\nMr. Burr was here about ten days since and every body wondered what was meant by it. It seems to be explained\u2014Yet I am not certain that this is any thing more than a diversion in favour of Mr. Clinton.\nI forbear any further comment on the event\u2014But I thought it of importance enough to apprise you early of it.\nWith the most respectful and affectionate attachment I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obedient & humble servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe President of The United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0323", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, [24 September 1792]\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, September 24, 1792. On September 24, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Delany: \u201cIn answer to your letter of this day.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0325", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 24 September 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nCollector\u2019s Off: [Newport, Rhode Island]Sept. 24 1792\nI have recd. your letter of the 7th. of this month enclosing part of the margin of Certife. of Registry No. 61 and your Circular Letter of the 11th of the same month enclosing an Order of the Senate of the United States, and a wrapper inclosing Letters to the Surveyors of the several ports in this District excepting the Surveyor of this Port. The letters to all the Surveyors, excepting the Surveyor of Pawcatuck, are already sent to them, and the letter to him will be transmitted by to-morrow\u2019s post. I have also written Letters to those Surveyors respectively requestg. them to obtain Documents from the Inspectors, Gaugers Measurers & Weighers of their several Ports similar to the Statemt. required by said Order, in season and to transmit them to me to be forwarded to you immediately after the first of Oct: next, and will furnish you with the Statemt. required of me in due time.\nI wish, Sir, to provide at the public expence and with your approbation a pair of Scales & a sett of weights for this Port. The scales & part of the weights which have been hitherto used in this Port belong to the public Gauger, and the unlading of vessels has been sometimes delayed for the want of another pair of scales and sett of weights. Recently a vessel has been obliged to discharge her hands on this account, which has occasioned heavy complaint and there are now three vessels in port with articles which require to be weighed, and besides the public must sustain the loss of several days pay to Inspectors when such delays take place.\nPermit me here to suggest the propriety of having a public standard of weights and measures; until this is effected, and public Scalers are appointed to adjust weights and measures, an inequality will exist inconvenient to trade, and probably injurious to the Revenue.\nInclosed is one of the Receipts of the Supervisor for the money I borrowed of him.\nI am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Yr. most obedt. servant\nWm Ellery Colle\nA Hamilton Esqe.\nSecry of Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0326", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Fitch, 24 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Fitch, Jonathan\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentSeptember 24th 1792.\nIn answer to the question proposed in your letter of the 17th instant, I have to observe that the credit for the Duties upon distilled spirits imported, if of the produce of the West Indies is four months; but if of the prod\u27e8uce\u27e9 of any other foreign Country the Duties are payable one half in six months, one quarter in nine months and the other quarter in twelve months.\nI am Sir \u2003 \u27e8Your\u27e9 Obedt Servant\nJonathan Fitch Esqr.\nCollr New Haven.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0327", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Henderson, 24 September 1792\nFrom: Henderson, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nsir\nNew York sepr. 24th. 1792\nYour favor of the 21st. inst. I duly received. I am sorry to inform you that the tract of Land, of 45000 Acres for which I was in treaty is disposed of. Mr Cazenove is the purchaser and at the price which was asked for the whole. I wrote to the General respecting it the middle of August: and had he not been unfortunately absent on the lock navigation business, I could have easily made the bargain to his, and your satisfaction. I regret its falling into other hands, as it would have been a good purchase; for I am well assured that since the sale, 6/ per acre has been offerred for one half of it. The other tract is not yet sold, and from the description I have lately had of it I think it cannot by any means, be worth the money they ask for it. Had it been good Land I have no doubt Mr. C would have bought it.\nThe tract which is sold borders on Macomb\u2019s purchase. It is therefore probable that the Land belonging to him adjoining, is nearly as valuable. He has obtained a patent for upwards of a Million of Acres, which is in the hands, and under the controul of Mr Constable who went to England for the purpose of selling it. There is no advice of his having sold more than 25.000 Acres; Altho\u2019 I am informed he offerred a Million as low as a shilling Sterling per acre; if this information be true, Mr Church may make a better purchase from him, than he can from any person here; and of such quantity as he likes. I expect to sail for England at the first Week in the next month and if you think I can serve him in the Negociation I will do it with the utmost pleasure.\nI take the liberty of requesting from you as soon as convenient, the Letter to Mr. Pinckney the Minister, which you was so kind as to promise me, when I had last the pleasure of seeing you in Philadelphia.\nI am sir with the Greatest respect \u2003 Your Humble servt.\nWm Henderson\nThe Honble. Alexr. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0328", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sarah Mumford, 24 September 1792\nFrom: Mumford, Sarah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, September 24, 1792. \u201cNecessity alone has induc\u2019d me to address you by Letter, although unknown to you in Person but having heard much of your benevolence and Humanity to the distress\u2019d I have taken the Liberty to ask a favor of you which I hope in the end will not be prejudicial; I have for two years past taken Members of Congress to board, but from their long recess, and having been unfortunate in obtaining others and my Husband having been sick the greater part of the Summer, and at this time confin\u2019d to his Chamber all these Circumstances have reduc\u2019d me to a very distress\u2019d Situation, that my Goods are at this time under Execution by my Landlord for two Quarters Rent, and he has agreed upon my making him up one Quarters Rent to wait for the other until Congress meets, the Quarters Rent is Forty Dollars, and the half of it I have already obtaind from a Friend; Now Sir if you will be so obliging as to advance me the remainder it will be the means of Saving me from Ruin.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0329", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 24 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nSir\nTreasury Department Sept 24th 1792\nI enclose you duplicate of my letter of the 19th instant, to which I refer you in answer to yours of the 13th.\nI shall only add, that it interests the merchants as much as the Public to discountenance such a species of evasion. For could it long succeed, it would render credits for the duties inadmissible. It will be well to let this idea get into circulation among the merchants.\nI am Sir Your obedt Servt\nA Hamilton\nJere. Olney Esqr\nCollector Providence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0330", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 24 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon Septembr. 24th. 1792.\nYour Letter of the 17th. instant came to my hands by the last Post. Under your statement of the conduct of Thomas Davis Freeman Surveyor of the Port of Plymouth and Inspector of the Revenue of the same, there can be no question with respect to the propriety of superceding him in Office; and from the character given of Mr. John Armistead of the place by the Collector and Inspector, and more particularly by Mr. Johnston of the Senate, there can be as little doubt of his fitness to fill it. I have no objections therefore to Mr. Armistead\u2019s doing it accordingly\u2014of which you may inform him, and that a Commission will be sent to him for this purpose as soon as circumstances will permit.\nWith esteem, I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0331", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Denning, 25 September 1792\nFrom: Denning, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, September 25, 1792. \u201cIn addressing you as an old acquaintance and a Friend you will I hope consider the Occasion as a Sufficient apology. My Son William (who has always respected and very much esteemed your person and Character) will between the first and Tenth of next month embark for Europe. His object is information and useful knowledge.\u2026 Permit me to request the favor of you Sir to Indulge him with a Line to Such person or persons in London, Paris, Holand, Germany, Russia and any other parts of Europe as you may think proper.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gouverneur Morris, 25 September 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir\nParis 25. September 1792.\nI transmitted on the sixteenth of last month Copies of my correspondence with the Commissaries of the Treasury to Mr. Jefferson, and on the seventeenth I inform\u2019d you thereof. I now enclose to you my Correspondence on the same Subject with Mr. Short so that you may see exactly how that Matter stands and be able to act knowingly if called on to take any steps in relation to it. You will see that by an unfortunate Coincidence of Events some Ground is given for question in one of the Cases which may be supposed to result from the late Overset of the Constitution. Mr. Shorts zeal for the Interests of the United States led him to insist on Conditions unsuited to the State of Affairs, and as he afterwards gave up the Point it might be argued that this payment was made to a Party which he had already declared incompetent &c. &c. My answer of the twentieth to Mr. Lebruns letter of the ninth (of both which Copies are enclos\u2019d) is calculated, as you will see, to stifle that question in the Birth. I prefer sending this Correspondence directly to you, instead of passing it thro the Secretary of States Office, because the letter from Mr. LeBrun has too much the air of a Complaint against Mr. Short for me to transmit it in a Channel which may give it any publicity: and this for two reasons, first that the Obloquy to which the Servants of Government are exposed has sufficient Aliment and more than sufficient already, and next that even if Blame were due I would not be instrumental in calling it forth.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Gouverneur Morris, 18 June 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nThe Hague, June 18, 1792. \u201c\u2026 I suppose you will before this have seen the commissaries of the Treasury, I will thank you to let me know whether you have settled with them the manner of counting the payments made from Antwerp. There will be a considerable sum at Amsterdam probably soon at the disposition of the U.S. for being applied to the French debt. I shd. suppose no time ought to be lost, & as little as possible double interest paid & I have thoughts of directing the commissioners to remit it unless you have fixed on some other mode of paying it to them. I hope to hear from you on this subject daily.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 28 June 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, June 28, 1792. \u201cYours of the eighteenth is just come to Hand & I have but an Instant to reply to it. The Changes of Administration and other Circumstances have prevented me from setling with the Commissaries. It will soon be done. I see in the Gazette that the Assembly has authorized the minister of the Marine to concert with me the Means of supplying their Colonies out of the Debt therefore it is best to leave the funds in the Hands of the Bankers but write me I pray you or order them to write to me the Amount which they now have and the Sums to be receivd that I may stipulate with the Government here accordingly.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0005", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 5 July 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, July 5, 1792. \u201cI wrote to you on the twenty eighth and have since receiv\u2019d yours of the same Date. I call\u2019d on the Minister the Day before yesterday and he promis\u2019d me to come to a Settlement of the Accounts in a few Days and to adjust at the same Time the Object of the late Decree. As the Affair is now left to the Responsability of the Executive I presume they will not longer delay it but I shall stimulate them to a Conclusion.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0006", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Gouverneur Morris, 6 July 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nThe Hague, July 6, 1792. \u201cI recieved yesterday your letter of the 28th. of June, & am glad to find that the settlement with the commissaries of the treasury will soon be made. The extract of the letter from the sec. of the Treasury, which I in-closed to you in mine of the 28th. ulto. will shew you his desire relative thereto. I am happy that the business is now in your hands & am persuaded that the U.S. will feel the benefit of it from the arrangement you will make with the commissaries. I hope the secy. of the Treasury will easily excuse my having postponed settling this business myself, from my desire to leave such operations of delicacy (as could not suffer from a short delay) to the exertions of a person enjoying a greater degree of the confidence of the government of the U.S. You inform me that the assembly has authorized the minister to concert with you the means of supplying the colonies out of the American debt & that therefore it will be best to leave the funds in the hands of the bankers & to inform you of the amount, that you may stipulate accordingly. You know that of the two last loans of three millions each, no part has yet been applied to France, the delay from Jany. last arising from the daily prospect of the amount or a part being applied towards succours to the islands\u2014the whole of the first loan has been recd. by the bankers & about half of the second\u2014the other half will be recd. successively\u2014the undertakers as you know, are not obliged to pay so soon but they have a right to do it. The whole must be paid at the end of five months from the date of the loan, & no doubt will be sooner. The payments which have been already made by the bankers on general orders, or draughts from the Secy. of the Treasury\u2014together with the sums which he has directed me to hold at his disposition\u2014will leave out of the two loans a surplus of near three millions of florins, to be applied to France, except only such sums as it would be found prudent to apply to the interest of the loan in Septr. in the case of new loan being opened\u2014as it is probable will not be done before that period. The bankers have already on hand upwards of four millions\u2014or thereabouts\u2014of course my intention had been to apply immediately two or two & an half millions to France\u2014counting on the balance in their hands & the sums to be recd. by them of the undertakers to answer the draughts already made by the secy. of the Treasury, & the amount he has directed me to hold at his future disposition, & wch. he cannot dispose of for some time to come. When you consider what large sums are on hand & how long a dead interest has been paid on a part of them, from the daily expectation held out by a former minister to you, during my absence\u2014by you to me, & then by the succeeding ministry to me at Paris\u2014you will no doubt feel the necessity of pressing the matter & not letting it remain longer on a meer prospect however flattering. The present unsettled state of affairs at Paris, which would tend naturally of itself to protract this business is a reason the more for our avoiding delay, as well in this matter as that relative to the late payments from Antwerp. I know not what mode you will adopt but you will I shd. imagine so contrive it that the U.S. shd. have credit immediately for the sum you engage to supply, so that they may not longer pay an useless interest on the sums in hand. It may be proper to mention to you also that the Secy. of the Treasury has informed me of his having paid to M. de Ternant or le Forest on acct. of the French debt 100,000 dollars\u2014on the 12th. of March\u2014& engaged to make three further payments of 100,000 dollars each, on June 1.\u2014Sep. 1.\u2014& Dec. 1. & also in-closed me an acct. of articles furnished on same acct. to the amount of 8962 dollars. He had formerly paid two sums one of 8325 dollars & the other of 22,000 dollars.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0007", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 6 July 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, July 6, 1792. \u201cThe above is Copy of what I wrote yesterday. After the Post was gone I receivd a Letter from the Minister of the Marine praying an Interview in order to adjust the Business which he says was entam\u00e9 in your Time.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0009", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Gouverneur Morris, 10 July 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nThe Hague, July 10, 1792. \u201cI have this inst. recd. your letter of the 5th as you there acknowlege the rect. of mine of the 28th. of June. I have nothing further to add, to what I said in that & my last letter, than simply to mention that the decree of the assembly on wch. you count seems to me not to have advanced the business at all. As far as I can understand it, it limits to four millions of livres, what the former decree passed in the time of M. de le Coste, had left at a larger sum\u2014& this restriction appears to me [to] be the result of the explanation he asked of the assembly as to enlarging the sum\u2014& I shd. apprehend also that the sums already advanced by the U.S. in America as succours to the islands will be made to enter into it. You will be able to judge how far & how long it will be proper to wait on such an expectative. As the sums on hand at Amsterdam & those which may be soon expected at Antwerp, will however surpass the amount of four millions of livres tournois, it will be proper to take measures as to their payment. I do not write to the commissaries of the treasury, as it is much more natural that you shd. concert the business with them. I cannot help however renewing to you my anxiety at still leaving on hand such large sums on which the U.S. have been so long drawn on from day to day to pay a dead interest. I will thank you to let me know as soon as any thing is settled. I am persuaded your experience & particularly your opinion of the manner of doing business at Paris will prevent you from being drawn on to delay by probabilities or promises.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0010", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 16 July 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, July 16, 1792. \u201c\u2026 I wrote to you on the ninth and it appears that while I was writing the Ministry resign\u2019d to a Man. This Measure is connected with Circumstances which are not generally known and it was entirely unexpected. I did not know it till about seven oClock in the Evening for I had been at Home till six and then went by Appointment to the Minister of the Marine who was with the King. They all hold now by Interim only. I have nevertheless urg\u2019d the Office of foreign Affairs and Monsieur Bon Car\u00e9re assures me that the Commissaries of the Treasury are now making out the Account desir\u2019d. Apropos, I wish you would direct the Bankers of the United States to send me a Note of their various Remittances on this Account. You shewed me a Statement which you had and it ran in my Head that you had left it with me but I have look\u2019d over all my Papers without finding it. You will see the Necessity of enabling me to check their Account. I have that from DeWolf. I will again apply both personally and by Letter to the Office of foreign Affairs on this Subject and if it be possible to make them do their Duty Things shall be immediately put in Train. I mention\u2019d in a Postscript to mine of the ninth that I thought it important to take up our Obligations. If a new form of Government should take Place which may easily happen during the next three Months there might be some Cavil about the past Transactions not justifiably but unpleasantly.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0011", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Gouverneur Morris, 17 July 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nThe Hague, July 17, 1792. \u201cThe last post, (which brought your letter of the 9th.) arrived too late in the day for me to answer it, by the post of that day. I observe by it that you recd. a note from the minister desiring a rendezvous on the 6th. & that on the 9th. you had heard nothing further from him. He cannot have been collecting the accts. as you suppose for they were made out & stated long ago, except the payments from Antwerp, which have of course [been] regularly enregistered on the books of the commissaries of the Treasury. My two last letters of July 6. & 10. will have expressed to you my apprehensions on this subject & informed you, according to your desire of the amt. of desponible cash at Amsterdam. M. de Wolf has lately been here. He was obliged to acknowlege that he could not have fulfilled the engagement he took as to the time of completing the last loan & although he assured me as he had assured you that he would in future make no promises with which he could not comply, yet he pressed for a loan of three millions\u2014agreeing however that instead of 600,000 florins a month which he formerly agreed for he could not now count on more than 250,000. The absurdity of so large a loan with so small sums by the month, he was at length obliged to acknowlege\u2014still he would have had no hesitation in promising three millions in the course of a year & opening a loan in consequence. When I came to talk to him however about promises not sufficing, & that in future the engagement must be complete with his undertakers, &c. & that the loan must be closed at the end of six months, so as not to leave the credit of the U.S. dragging on the market, he thought it best to return & concert measures more fully with those he employs. I agreed to give him a loan of 1\u00bd million at 250,000 a month, to which he assented\u2014he was to write me immediately & although he has been now gone eight days, I have not heard from him. I apprehend he finds difficulty in getting the undertakers to engage\u2014although he would not have had the smallest difficulty in premising double the sum & opening a loan in consequence thereof. He first told you he shd. make the loan on recepisses\u2014at Paris he told me it wd. be best for the first loan to have the bonds in the beginning\u2014he now tells me there is no example of a loan on recepisses of the banker to be afterwards exchanged for bonds of the government, & that if I insist on it he must renounce the loan. I am therefore to supply him with the bonds successively if he can get the loan contracted for. You will thus see how that matter stands\u2014M. Hamilton having declared his preference of loans at Amsterdam, having held out himself & desired me also to hold out the hope of concentering them there on certain conditions, I should not have chosen on that acct., if there was no other reason, to have opened a loan for 12. months at Antwerp & for so large a sum\u2014still I think it just & politic also to give de Wolf, the loan of 1\u00bc million. If it becomes necessary it may be represented to the bankers of Amsterdam as rather a continuation of the former than the opening a new loan\u2014or if proper, may be employed to keep their fears alive as to our resources out of Holland. As yet it is useless for me to say any thing about your idea of contracting with the French government for the bonds at Antwerp, not knowing whether the loan will be opened. As soon as I know what Wolf does, I will give you my opinion by letter as I have formerly done viva voce\u2014adding however, that it would be improper that my opinion should influence you. Your powers with respect to the French debt will certainly be competant thereto, judging from the expressions of the general powers of the Prest. to the Sec. of the Treasury, communicated to me in the beginning of this business. My own opinion of your superior knowlege on all subjects & particularly money subjects & my knowlege of your possessing a greater degree of the confidence of government would necessarily make me consider it as their wish & my duty to assent to what you shall judge most advantageous for the public interests. These considerations only prevent me from repeating the propriety & urgency of settling 1. the rate at which the payments of the Antwerp loan shd. be credited to the U.S. & adding the arguments in favor of their having a considerable profit even after allowing the real depreciation of the assignats & 2. fixing on the best mode of speedily carrying to the credit of the U.S. on acct. of the French debt the large sums which have been so long on hand & at a dead interest at Amsterdam.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0012", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 23 July 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, July 23, 1792. \u201cI am favord with yours of the seventeenth.\u2026 The History you give of DeWolf proves clearly that his Hopes outrun his Judgment. You are however in a Position to see clearly and I am persuaded that however he may deceive himself he cannot deceive you. It appears to me a fortunate Thing that he cannot undertake for large Sums because his Operations will only stimulate the Exertions of the People at Amsterdam. You will be able to feel how their Pulses beat upon it and to act accordingly. You urge me much upon the Subject of the Monies lying in our Bankers Hands, but what can I do? I have already written and said to Monsieur Chambonas that unless a speedy Settlement takes Place the Money intended for them shall be otherwise disposed of. I have received a Letter from the Commissioners of the Treasury desiring to know what Bankers they are to apply to for Money which they say they learn thro different Channels is intended to pay them. I have sent them Copy of what I had written to Monsieur Chambonas. I have no Doubt but that the Payments made in Antwerp are duly registered in their Books as you mention. But how? It seems to me that they must be carried out at some Rate of Exchange and if they mean honestly and know how to act up to their meaning this Rate must be that which they have really obtained. In that Case the Rule for Settlement furnishes itself. And it is with a View to these Circumstances that I desire an Account from them. You tell me that my Powers respecting the french Debt will certainly be competent thereto but yet I do not find any particular Power or Instruction on that Subject unless by Implication under what is said respecting the Payments to be made in America. Mr Hamilton has never written a Syllable to me and I shall perhaps be told here-after that I have meddled with Matters not confided to me. You are indeed so kind as to tell me that I possess a greater Share of the Confidence of Government but this is a Point which I much doubt of. The general Presumption is that all the Servants of Government enjoy their Confidence. If we get out of that general Position and come to particular Circumstances I should conclude the Reverse of what you advance and certainly in what regards the present Object your Mission is much more evident than mine. It is our Duty and I am sure it is our Inclination to serve the United States in the most effectual Manner which we can and perhaps it might be well to apply the Monies in Holland to the Payment of a Part of what we owe there. One of the Loans was at six per Cent Interest or more when the Premiums are calculated and if we have as you once mention\u2019d to me the Right of paying it I think it would be very well to begin there and let the Creditors know that they might either receive their money or charge their Obligations for others bearing only a common Interest of four per Cent. A similar Operation might be made afterwards on our five per Cent Loans and I am thoroughly convincd that we should keep Possession of the greater Part of the Cash so as to be ready to make Payments here in due Season and yet reduce all our Holland Debt to a plain four Per Cent Interest.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0013", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Gouverneur Morris, 23[\u201324] July 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nThe Hague, July 23[\u201324,] 1792. \u201cIn consequence of your letter of July 16. I have written to the bankers to desire them to furnish you the state of the payments they have made to France. I can inform you however in the mean time that they told me the statement made by the French treasury was just.\u2026 I in-close you two reciepts of the French agent at Antwerp which complete the payments made by de Wolf. I am sorry to find you have connected the settlement of these payments with the former ones, as it will necessarily occasion delay\u2014& they are on quite a different footing\u2014delay cannot injure the settlement of the payments from Amsterdam\u2014they were made previously to the promise of making up depreciation. Their sum in livres tournois is fixed & the U.S. will be credited for their amount whether settled with the present or any other government of any other complexion whatsoever. As to the payments from Antwerp they are expressed you know in florins & livres tournois\u2014as a guide\u2014the depreciation of assignats is promised on them\u2014& the amount which will be carried to the credit of the U.S.\u2014depends altogether on the settlement to be made. It is urgent to ascertain the real value of the assignats with their own fathers, as they will of course be more favorable to them than any others. I do not doubt you have proper reasons for connecting the two affairs. My own opinion would have been for avoiding every thing that could possibly occasion delay in the settlement of the Antwerp payments. I do not presume to add to the various arguments which will certainly occur to you for shewing that the loss wch. the French government would have sustained in recieving & employing the assignats in France where we had a right to pay them was without comparison less than the fall in the exchange & of course will leave a considerable gain to the U.S. after having made up to France the real depreciation on assignats at home\u2014as may be seen by a comparison of their value with the price of all articles in France during the time of these payments. The Sec. of the treasury mentions also the loss which we sustained in recieving this money by remittances from France during the time of our assignats. I am exceedingly anxious that the business should be well settled & advantageously for the U.S.\u2014of which I cannot but have the best grounded hopes since it is in your hands\u2014& which will shew to our government the propriety of my having postponed settling it myself from the prospect of its being committed to better care. Another circumstance which I am anxious about & which I should suppose would aid in adjusting that already mentioned, is the sum we have now in Amsterdam. It would seem to me it would be a very expeditious operation to say to the minister\u2014we have money to pay you\u2014we will pay you at Amsterdam where you want it\u2014let us therefore settle immediately at what rate the U.S. are to be credited for the payments already made at Antwerp\u2014& at what rate you will recieve the florins at Amsterdam. This would certainly avoid all delay & put you on a ground much to be desired. It would be more desirable than waiting for the uncertain event, which has already drawn us so long, of appropriating this money to the succours of the colonies\u2014& particularly now that we see they have voted so small a sum & with so many restrictions. I really know not how to justify myself to our government at keeping so long, so large sums on hand at a dead interest. Should the ministry be still par interim\u2014yet I think they would not refuse the mode of settlement mentioned above\u2014or if they should the commissaries of the treasury, who are a more permanent body, & to whom it will be ultimately referred, would not, & particularly as money is always wanted by them in Amsterdam. I have said a great deal several times on these subjects\u2014viz. the settlement of the Antwerp payments & the mode of paying expeditiously & advantageously for the U.S. the sums on hand at Amsterdam. You will naturally concieve my anxiety, & also that if nothing definitive be soon done I shall consider myself under the necessity of directing the bankers to begin their remittances to France by bills of exchange, although the mode above mentioned being much more expeditious would be much more agreeable.\u2026 I have just recd. your note of July 18 inclosing a letter from Carmichael. I see you are no further with the minister than a \u201cpromise to hasten the settlement of accts.\u201d I must beg you to wait no longer on a promise\u2014& if you cannot settle the mode of payment immediately to say so that I may direct the bankers to remit the money at our disposition. The Commissaries however wd. certainly be glad to recieve it at Amsterdam & of course willingly fix the rate at which they wd. recieve it & of course agree to the rate for the sums already pd. at Antwerp. If you wait for a settlement of the whole acct. I predict the affair will not be settled with this government\u2014& if you confine your self to the five essential points\u2014it may & certainly can be done without any delay.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0014", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 30 July 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, July 30, 1792. \u201cMy last was of the twenty third. I am now favord with yours of the same Date. I receiv\u2019d Yesterday the Account from the Commissioners of the Treasury and as I suppos\u2019d it contains a Credit for the Antwerp Payments at the Current Exchange. From the Letter which accompanies it however I observe that the Commissrs. meant a different Thing, but the Clerks in extracting from their Books have placed the matter on the footing which I wish\u2019d. I shall therefore write to them this Morning to know whether they chuse to receive Money in Amsterdam or Paris and if there is the least Difficulty I will direct Grand\u2019s House to draw on the Commissrs. at Amsterdam and pay to the Treasury. You will recollect that by our Contract we are to pay at Grand\u2019s House. But I suppose we shall have no Difficulty. When I say I will direct Grand\u2019s House to draw I know that Somewhat less will be gain\u2019d than by Remittances but the State of Things here is such that Remittances on Paris are by no Means sure and Mr \u27e8\u2013\u27e9 whom you know and who is careful enough of his own Concerns tells me that he has for some Time past preferred Drafts to Remittances not chusing to part with his Money but for valuable Consideration. Now that which is prudent for the small Sums of an Individual is far more so for the large Concerns of a Nation. The Commissioners have sent me a Note of Investments made in Specie of f1,350,000 at Amsterdam in July and August 1791. And of f1.073.552 at Antwerp in January 1792 So that you see they wish to bring into Consideration the early as well as the late Payments. They state the Loss on the latter Sum at Livres 1.368.939\u20b6. I shall tell them that these Losses and the Compensations if any will form a Subject for the Consideration of our Governmt. whose orders I shall ask.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0016", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 6 August 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, August 6, 1792. \u201cMy last was of the thirtieth of July since which I am without advices from you. I have agreed with the Commissioners of the Treasury for the present and in Consequence I pray you will give our Bankers an order to pay to Messrs. Hoguer Grand and Company the Sum of one Million six hundred and twenty five thousand florins banco and desire them at the same Time to send me a Note of the Interest paid by the United States for Money lying in their Hands that I may bring it forward in the final adjustment of Compensation.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0017", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Gouverneur Morris, 7 August 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nThe Hague, August 7, 1792. \u201cI was obliged to answer with much precipitation your letter of the 30th. ulto recd. here the 4th. inst\u2014as the post sat out from hence immediately after the arrival of yours. I hoped to have learned from you by the post of to-day what had been decided on between you & the commissaries or at least what was the answer which you expected from them at the departure of your last letter. Not having heard from you to-day I think it not amiss to mention what has been suggested to me by the last paragraph of your letter\u2014namely that you shall tell the commissaries that the compensation if any will form a subject for the consideration of government whose orders you shall ask. As to a compensation it has been promised by our government & the footing on which you now put it with the commissaries seems to me to necessitate a delay which will occasion the subject to be finally settled not with the present government, wch. created the assignats\u2014but with another which will have no scruple in depreciating them. It has always seemed to me on the contrary essential to the interests of the U.S. that this business shd. be finally settled with the present government\u2014and as there is probably no time to lose I think you wd. do well to propose to the commissaries to deduct a certain per cent (from the number of livres credited on acct. of the Antwerp payments) for depreciation\u2014& proportion this depreciation to the rise in the price of commodities in France at the time of these payments, or rather than leave it unsettled at a mean between the rise in the price of commodities\u2014& of gold & silver which you know was greater considerably than of commodities. This wd. be a more advantageous arrangement than can be expected in future & if you propose this to the commissaries coupled with an immediate payment from Amsterdam somewhat in the same way\u2014viz. fixing the number of livres for each florin according to the present rate of exchange & deducting therefrom for depreciation, a certain p. cent according to the present rise of commodities in the market, I think they wd: accept it in which case you would do well to make them credit the U.S. on the back of each of their bonds in their possession to avoid all questions here-after. In that case they might immediately authorize their bankers to recieve the florins wch. shd. be pd. them by ours at Amsterdam.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0018", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 9 August 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, August 9, 1792. \u201cI have yours of the fourth but this being Thursday I can but barely acknowlege it. In my last of the sixth I requested you to cause bf 1.625.000 to be paid to Messieurs Hoguer Grand et Compagnie which I now confirm. By a strange Fatality it happens that untill the present Hour I have not had the desired Meeting with the Minister of the Marine. Many appointments have been made in every one of which he has fail\u2019d.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0020", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 20 August 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, August 20, 1792. \u201cYours of the seventh was long in coming probably mine of the 9th. was equally delayed. You will find by it that I had agreed with the Commissioners as to a pretty considerable Payment on that Day. The Events of the tenth ought not I think to make any Change in that Disposition. I think your Reasoning is good as far as it goes and if the Powers to me had been sufficient I should probably have done something very like what you mention. Nay if I could have brought the Minister of foreign Affairs to treat about it I would have strain\u2019d a Point and concluded a general Bargain for the whole of what is yet due by us to be paid by Delivery of Obligations for florins because I think with you that the Moment was favorable but the Commissioners could not settle this Matter and the Minister of foreign Affairs could not find Time to think of it so that unless I had bargaind with myself all Agreement was impossible. Add to this that in these same Money Matters I do not like to step out of the Line prescribd to me unless I can render effectual Service and compleatly for there [are] always Suspicions on such Subjects.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0021", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Gouverneur Morris, 21 August 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nThe Hague, August 21, 1792. \u201cI hoped that the post of this day which has just arrived would have brought me a letter from you but it has not. I know therefore nothing further with respect to your arrangements with the commissaries than was contained in a simple paragraph, saying you had agreed with the commissaries for the present & desire one million &c. to be paid. Was the depreciation settled? viz. is it fixed how many livres the U.S. are to have credit for these florins? If not & I shd. fear it from an expression in your letter, the same thing might have been done six months ago\u2014viz a payment of florins made to Mess. Hogguer & Co. I wish to know that the arrangement has been made & that it is an advantageous one for the U.S. If not I shall certainly blame myself for the delay & probably be blamed by our government. The suspension of the King seems to have made no effect on you with respect to this payment \u2026 (& yet it seems to me a very serious thing). I therefore did not hesitate to give the orders to our bankers. I desired them at the same time to take receipts from Hogguer, expressing that this money was paid on acct. of the debt due his Christian Majesty & to be held at his orders. I imagined that Hogguer wd. have been glad of such a clause to have saved him from the orders of the new unconstitutional ministry. He has taken time to consider of this clause as our bankers write me by a letter recd. this morning, but I don\u2019t doubt he will like it. If you had explained the nature of the agreement made by you with the commissaries I shd. have known better how to act\u2014for instance if you have not settled the depreciation it wd. be proper to express the rect. in livres as well as florins according to the exchge of the day\u2014as at Antwerp.\u2026 I do not know that Hogguer has yet recd. information from the commissaries or orders wch. is very extraordinary.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0022", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 23 August 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, August 23, 1792. \u201cThe last Post was gone before yours of the seventeenth reach\u2019d me. Mine of the sixth was written the Instant I receiv\u2019d that from the Commissioners of the Treasury which was previously necessary. It did not arrive till late and the consequent Hurry was the Cause why I omitted to mention as I intended that the Sum of Bank florins to be paid in Amsterdam was the equivalent of six Millions of Livres. I did not stipulate for a Part in current Money as I might have done because that would have consum\u2019d a Time extremely precious as Events have demonstrated and because the Commissioners can pay at their Leizure. It occurs to me that Hoguer\u2019s House may feel themselves embarrass\u2019d about this Payment and therefore may not incline to receive the Money but if they do receive it all is strait as to us.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0023", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 27 August 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, August 27, 1792. \u201cI wrote to you on the twentieth and twenty third. Yours of the twenty first is receiv\u2019d. I mentiond to you in one of my preceeding Letters that I had receivd the Account of the Commissaries in which the several Payments are credited in Livres which is unavoidable in Book-Keeping. I have also told you that the last Payment was the Equivalent of six Millions. By the Account they sent me the Ballance due was 6.560,145\u20b6 on the first of July. I have made some Observations to them on that Account which will I think reduce this Ballance but as we are paying 300000 Dollars in America it is evident that on the broadest Basis the whole of the Installments now due is paid. The question of Depreciation and consequent Compensation remain entire. I have written to Mr Jefferson that I cannot consistently with my Instructions treat it untill I receive further orders unless Necessity should compel me. Now as to future questions I am quite tranquil. What was done was done by Consent both of King and Country so that all is well done let which ever of them get the better which Fate or Fortune may chuse. If, as is very possible, we loose on future Payments it will be a sufficient Reason to withhold Compensation on the past. If we do not loose then we can come forward with a gratuitous Sum and let who will be King or Minister those who bring Money will be well receivd therefore I think you may rest in Peace as to that Affair. I do suppose however that you will be considerd here as an Aristocrat for having directed the Receipt to be given in Part of a Debt to his most Christian Majesty and to be held subject to his orders. I doubt whether Hoguer will give it. Had it been necessary I should certainly have desird the Receipt to be taken in florins equivalent to livres &ca. but I had previously written to you that I would give the Commissaries the Option to receive at Amsterdam or at Paris and if there was the least Difficulty would direct Bills to be drawn &ca. Of Course it follwd when I desird the Payment of bank florins at Amsterdam without any Mention of Exchange &c. that the Sum of Livres was agreed on. I do not write to you in very great Minutiousness because I rely on your Sagacity to understand even at Half a Word.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0025", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Gouverneur Morris, 4 September 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nThe Hague, September 4, 1792. \u201c\u2026 Hogguer refuses to accept the money any other way than as has hitherto been practised, viz by giving a draught or bill on the commissaries of the treasury for the amt.\u2014or on a reciept where it shall be expressed that at my requisition he engages himself to hold the money until the King\u2019s free consent can be obtained for its disposal. He refuses even giving a rect. in general terms\u2014viz. so much recd. on acct. of the debt of the U.S\u2014without the clause mentioned above\u2014as he says it will embarass him in deciding to whom he is to pay the money\u2014whereas if he gives a draught on the treasury as usual the embarassment does not exist. I have been waiting every day in hopes of his giving a reciept which would leave the matter so that no future government could blame us & at the same time would be a means of securing us against the payt. of interest on the sum. I was in hopes also that your letters would say something which might point out some unexceptionable way of getting out of this difficulty occasioned by the King\u2019s suspension\u2014but you seem to have no doubt as to the propriety of the payment, insomuch as wd. make me suppose my doubts without foundation\u2014if it were possible to shut my eyes on its being neither more or less than the case of a bond given to A. being robbed by B, or obtained by fraudulent or violent methods\u2014now would you or could you knowing that, pay the money to B & consider yourself honestly discharged from A? This manner of viewing the subject by me, on one hand\u2014your making no question on the other\u2014added to its being important for us to save an interest on six millions of livres all together embarass me beyond measure & disgust me more than ever with having any thing do with matters of that kind. I should wait still to hear from you if the time wd. admit of it but I fear the commissaries might in that case be no more\u2014or be removed from Paris. I shall accordingly relying on your judgment & from confidence in your knowlege of such matters & the precautions you will have taken for securing that this sum shall have been properly & inevitably carried to the credit of the U.S. direct the bankers to make the payt. to Hogguer. I cannot describe to you my anxiety on this subject but as you have made the engagement with the commissaries & as you seem to see no danger & even have no doubt on the subject I cannot but subscribe thereto. Let me beg of you however my dear Sir to have this matter so arranged that there may be no discussion here-after. Such parts of the principal of the debt for instance as have been paid would it not be proper to withdraw the original obligations given therefore & wch. are deposited in the national treasury? I believe it is said in the original agreement that these several obligations are to be paid off a proportion of each but as we have the privilege of paying off the whole or any part I shd. imagine you might so arrange it, that the parts of principal paid shd. be applied all towards an obligation as far as necessary to annul that obligation & so on\u2014(giving preference to the 5 p. cts.\u2014after paying what is due on the 4 p. cts.) so that there shd. remain in the national treasury only such obligations as were still due. In calculating this the charges made in the commissaries acct. of the debt to the farmers general &c shd. be left out, because we say in America that they are not due. It is only therefore the debt existing on the obligations in the public treasury, which shd be taken notice of\u2014of course the cash pd. by 1st. Mr. Grand\u20142d. at Amsterdam\u20143d. at Antwerp\u2014& 4thy. the present payt. of six millions shd. be applied 1st. to the payt. of the interest of the original debt of 34.000,000 wch. as I mentioned in my last was 13,953,611\u20b6\u2014& then all the rest to the reduction of that principal\u2014as the compensation is to be here-after discussed. I hope you will find means of withdrawing the original obligations now in the treasury to the amt of the sums thus applied to the reduction of that principal. I lament now most sincerely that the payments from Amsterdam have been thus deferred since the last winter without any one good end obtained by it. I never expected that you would mention the want of power to settle the affair of depreciation: after what passed betwixt us at Paris I thought you only waited for the form of your installation, & particularly as my powers were sufficient & as I offered in consequence thereof to subscribe to whatever you should agree to.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0026", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Gouverneur Morris, 7 September 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nThe Hague, September 7, 1792. \u201c\u2026 In my last I informed you of Hogguer\u2019s refusing to recieve the payment you had agreed for with the commissaries in any other than the mode he has hitherto practised; namely by giving a draught for the amount on the national treasury; & of my finally (after the rect. of your letter) directing our bankers to make the payment to him, not withstanding my own particular opinion was that there was danger if not impropriety in the measure. I now in-close you the second of the bill given by Messrs. Hogguer which the bankers have sent me to forward to you. They inform me also that they have by way of precaution in-closed you the first instead of sending it directly to the commissaries. I hope you will recieve them in due time & have the U. S. properly credited for the six million of livres\u2014this I consider essential because whatever depreciation may be here-after allowed, the interest will certainly be considered as stopped on the six million paid & so also of the prior payments in assignats. I think & trust you will have so arranged this matter that all the payments hitherto made as mentioned in my last will be deducted from the interest fallen due & then from the principal of the debt of 34 millions, & that such part of the obligations as correspond with the principal thus paid off, will have been withdrawn from the public treasury. In this manner after the resurrection every thing will stand on a clearer & better ground for the U.S. I intreat you to let me hear from you on the accomplishment of this payment of the six millions. Your agreement with the commissaries, fixing the value of the florins will of course have been in writing so that it will appear that the U.S. have a right to the credit of six millions. I hope that this disagreeable affair will end well, though I own to you I still have uneasiness respecting it at least I hope I shall not be obliged to trouble you with any other letter on the subject.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0028", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 12 September 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, September 12, 1792. \u201cI have receivd yours of the seventh. I had previously sent to the Commissioners of the Treasury the Letter from the Bankers at Amsterdam. I certainly have taken no Steps in Respect to that Payment since my first Letter to you desiring that it might be made and certainly I shall not take any for the very good Reasons which will I am sure suggest themselves to you and which of Course I will not enumerate.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0030", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Gouverneur Morris, 18 September 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nThe Hague, September 18, 1792. \u201cI answered in much haste & confusion in my last letter of the 14th. yours of the 9th. It would admit of a greater degree of developement, but it seems unnecessary in the present moment. I have recieved your letter of the 12th. in which you acknowlege the reciept of mine of the 7th & the only observation you make thereon is that you had previously sent to the commissioners of the treasury the letter from the bankers at Amsterdam\u2014that you certainly have taken no step in that business since your letter desiring the payment\u2014& that you certainly shall not take any for the very good reasons which will suggest themselves to me & which you of course do not enumerate. I must own to you they do not suggest themselves to me nor can I concieve on what ground you now refuse to take measures for consummating the arrangement which you begun & which must I imagine have some need yet of your ministry, unless the arrangement, was as I hope completely settled by you\u2014for instance you gave directions for the paying 1,625,000 florins banco, in consequence of your agreement that the U.S. should be credited therefore to the amount of 6 000,000 of livres\u2014the payment was accordingly made in florins\u2014now certainly you have taken measures that the U.S. should be really credited for these six millions of livres & not have here-after to ascertain the value of the florins you ordered to be paid. It is useless to go into the reasons in favor of this as they will necessarily suggest themselves to every body. Let your present ideas with respect to your powers be what they may I am sure you cannot mean to leave such an object unsettled or rather unascertained & therefore as you have taken & are decided to take no step in this business since the first letter desiring, I cannot but take it for granted that you had previously settled it so as to leave no future doubt or difficulty. This is independent of any question arising out of the late suspension of government\u2014the payment being now made it is our business to maintain its validity & I trust the reasons which you consider as so cogent will be found proper. As to my part I shall now of course fortify them by whatever depends on me\u2014not withstanding the light in which this subject presented itself to me from the beginning. So much for this payment about which I am sorry to have been forced by my anxiety to importune you so often. I shall cease it from hence having nothing that it becomes essential to add with respect to it at present. The depreciation having unfortunately not been settled before the suspension I suppose it out of the question to think of it at present. It seems to me therefore that it will take this turn\u2014after the payments shall have been consummated the U.S. will give a certain sum by way of indemnity\u2014it is for that reason that it is to be desired that they should be credited for the nominal sum of livres tournois at present\u2014it will leave a less sum unpaid of the French debt on which the U.S. will have to pay interest. If you think with me that it is proper for the U.S. & advantageous also by way of facilitating the future settlement of their debt that they should withdraw from the treasury such part of the obligations as they have extinguished\u2014then I repeat here my request to you to do it & lest you should have any scruples as to your powers I will ask you at present in consideration of its utility to be the agent in doing this at my request. I will take it on myself & consider it as my act to which you only give the instrumentality which your geographical position puts you in the way of & which I am persuaded you will consider a duty if you think it will be advantageous for the U. S. as I do. It is in that hope that I repeat what I have formerly mentioned that the debt to the farmers general &c. in the commissaries acct. is to be left out of the question & only the debt of 34. millions taken up. The parts exigible Jan 1. 92 were for interest 13.953.611\u20b6 & principal 14,000,000\u20b6. The several payments made 1. by M. Grand 2. from Amsterdam & 3. Antwerp including also the late six millions should be applied first to the interest due & then to sink as much as possible of the principal as to the part of the principal exigible. It gives its own rule\u2014for such part as is not exigible & which may be sunk we should of course give the preference to that which is at 5. p. cent interest. This being simply an affair of addition requiring no settlement & of course not giving scope for scruples, I hope you will, on my responsability if you do not chuse to act otherwise withdraw those obligations which the commissaries cannot refuse giving up.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0032", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to Pierre Henri H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Marie Lebrun-Tondu, 20 September 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Lebrun-Tondu, Pierre Henri H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Marie\nParis, September 20, 1792. \u201cJ\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de recevoir hier votre lettre du dix neuf. J\u2019apprends par la Copie que vous avez eu la bont\u00e9 d\u2019y joindre de celle de Monsieur Maulde qu\u2019il s\u2019est \u00e9lev\u00e9 quelques Difficult\u00e9s sur le paiement de la Somme de seize cent vingt cinq mille florins de banque dont je suis convenu avec Messieurs les Commissaires de la Tresorerie au Commencement D\u2019Aout, et que je priois Monsieur Short d\u2019\u00e9ffectuer par une lettre du Six du dit Mois ce qu\u2019il a fait faire le cinq du courant. Il en est result\u00e9 un delai de quelques jours dont je suis bien fach\u00e9, et d\u2019ou j\u2019esp\u00e8re cependant, Monsieur, qu\u2019il ne vous arrivera aucun inconvenient. Les Liaisons des Ministres etrang\u00e9rs a la Haie dont se plaint Monsieur Maulde provienent, je crois, du locale, qui en ne leur presentant que peu de ressources pour la Societ\u00e9 les force en quelque Sorte a une intimit\u00e9 plus grande que celle qui subsiste ailleurs; et peut\u00eatre aussi Monsieur le Zele de Monsieur Maulde a t\u2019il pu lui faire voir avec peine une chose indifferente en elle m\u00eame.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0033", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 20 September 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, September 20, 1792. \u201cI have receiv\u2019d your two Letters of the eleventh and the fourteenth. I certainly do not mean to withdraw myself from any Situation in which either Duty or Propriety may bid me to remain. This is a general Maxim, which will I hope govern me thro Life. I proceed now to take up again the Payment made on Account of our Debt. I did hope that there was an End of our Correspondence on that Subject; and when you reflect that Observations respecting the Legality of a Government should not be committed to Post Offices subject to it\u2019s Inspection, you will be sensible how disagreable it is to me to be forced into such Questions, and that too about an Affair which is done and which cannot be altered unless for the worse. If you will read over my Letter of the twenty third of July, you will see that my Doubt as to the Power of treating for the Debt with the Government of this Country is not new. Recollect also, that I never saw your Instructions. I proceed to state the Facts. On the thirtieth of July (having receivd on the Evening of the twenty ninth a Copy of the Account from the Treasury) I inform\u2019d the Commissaries that the United States had Money at Amsterdam, and desired them, in order to avoid unnecessary Delay, to fix a Rate at which they would be willing to receive it: that if that Rate were convenient I would write in Consequence to make the Payment to their Agent, and if not that I would take Measures to pay them here. On the same thirtieth of July, I wrote to you that I would that Day write &ca. It was Post Day and therefore the Letter to you was first written, and of Course could not contain a Copy of the other. From a similar Cause, my Letter to you of the sixth of August preceeded that of the same Date to the Commissaries. I tell you \u2018I have agreed with the Commissioners of the Treasury (for the present) and in Consequence I pray you will give our Bankers an Order to pay to Messieurs Hoguer Grand and Company the Sum of bf 1.625.000.\u2019 Immediately after, I wrote to the Commissaries \u2018I have given the necessary Directions for Payment of bf 1.625.000 to Messrs. H. G. & Co. which at the Exchange you have mention\u2019d is equal to 6 000 000\u20b6. I hope that my Letters may arrive in Season to prevent any other Appropriation, and you will of Course cause the above Sum of 6.000.000\u20b6 to be carried to the Credit of the United States this Day, saving always the Right of Counter Entry should the Payment not be compleated instanter at Amsterdam.\u2019 Here ended my Agency. After the Solicitude which you had exprest, I could not doubt that you would cause immediate Payment to be made. I wrote however on the ninth as follows \u2018In my last of the sixth I requested you to cause bf 1.625.000 to be paid to Messieurs Hoguer Grand and Company which I now confirm.\u2019 On the tenth a Revolution in the Government took Place. Now observe, that if in Consequence of my Letter of the sixth you had paid the Sum mention\u2019d, no questions could afterwards arise in the Contingency you suppose that the present Government should be overturn\u2019d and it\u2019s Acts annulled. On the twenty third of August I wrote to you, \u2018It occurs to me that Hoguers House may feel themselves embarrass\u2019d about this Payment, and therefore may not incline to receive the Money, but if they do all is strait as to us.\u2019 This Letter was in Answer to yours, of the seventeenth, in which you express your Fears that what the Commissaries may do posterior to the King\u2019s Suspension will be regarded as illegal. On the twenty first you mention to me the Kind of Receipt which you had desird from Mr Hoguer viz that the Money was paid on Account of the Debt due his Christian Majesty and to be held at his orders; And you tell me that you suppos\u2019d he would be glad of such a Clause, to have saved him from the Orders of the new unconstitutional Ministry. In mine, of the twenty seventh of August, I tell you that I am quite tranquil as to future questions because that \u2018what was done was done by consent both of King and Country so that all is well done.\u2019 And I express to you my Doubt whether Hoguer would give the Receipt which you had desird. On the twenty eighth of August you inform me that you have still Difficulties respecting the Receipt, Hoguer proposing one Thing and you another, viz that which you had before directed. On the fourth of September you inform me that you shall direct the Payment to be made, taking Hoguer\u2019s Bill on the Commissaries for the Amount. This was accordingly done on the fifth of September, One Month after my Letter of the sixth of August. Such are the Facts. I now proceed to consider these Facts under the Hypothesis, first that the present Government should continue; and in that Case there is now no Difficulty, but if the Money had been accepted by Hoguer on the Terms you held out, I think the Difficulty would have been great. Secondly, if the present Government should be overturn\u2019d: & here two possible Cases occur, first that their Acts should be deem\u2019d valid, secondly that they should be annulled. In the first Case there is still no Difficulty. In the second Case there would (as I have already said) have been none, had the Payment been readily made; and the Questions which may here-after arise have been created in Amsterdam. First you will observe that the Receipt you requir\u2019d was as inconsistent with the late Government as it is with the present. By the Laws and Constitution, such as they existed on the ninth of August, the Debt from the United States was to the Nation and not to the King of the French, much less to his most Christian Majesty. Consequently it could in no wise be consider\u2019d as the Completion of a Transaction which I had begun, but was a new & a different Transaction. And as I, acting without Authority from our Government, could only be considerd in this Behalf as the Agent of you who possess\u2019d that Authority, it would follow perhaps that by your Act mine was suspended, if not annull\u2019d. The Receipt which you ask\u2019d was not given, and therefore the question above stated may not perhaps be stirred; but at length instead of a Receipt, or of a Payment without a Receipt and which could have been establish\u2019d by the Books of our Bankers, you have taken a Bill on the Commissaries. Certainly a question may be raisd on this Ground, whether that be the Payment which I had stipulated. Thus you will see my dear Sir that while you were doubting of the Legality of the present Government, you chang\u2019d the Form of what had been done with the former Government, and gave it the Air of a Payment to those whose Authority you denied. And then you desire me to do certain other Things, respecting this same Transaction, with those same Persons whose Authority you still deny. Now I will not enter into any Question respecting the Competency of the present Government. The Corner Stone of our own Constitution is the Right of the People to establish such Government as they think proper. In this Country Reason may perhaps say one Thing and Force another; but putting all that aside, I think it proper to adhere to the original Nature and Form of the present Payment. First because the Exchange is much more favorable than that which now rules, and secondly because (as is above hinted) there is a Difference of one Month\u2019s Interest on the Sum paid of 6.000.000\u20b6. I must before I close this too long Letter inform you that the present Ministers of this Country complain much of your Intention to place the Sum in question out of their Reach, which Conduct they consider as evincing a hostile Disposition.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0034", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Gouverneur Morris, 21 September 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nThe Hague, September 21, 1792. \u201cI answered by the last post yours of the 12th. recd. that day & since that I am without hearing from you. The commissaries have acknowleged in their letter to our bankers the reciept of the draught for 1,625,000 florins, & say they will credit the U.S. therefore. I flatter myself however they mean for the value of the florins viz 6,000,000 livres & not the florins themselves\u2014but as this value was settled by you & remains only between you & them I hope & trust you will see that it is done\u2014for you will easily see the difference here-after of being credited at present for the florins instead of the livres. I am anxious to learn this from you expressly\u2014there is no time to be lost & you certainly after having carried the business to that stage cannot think of leaving it in that embarassment from any new discovery made in the nature of your powers. You must necessarily have too full a conviction of the impropriety of such a proceeding & the disadvantage which would result to the U.S. there from. It is therefore merely by way of supererogation that I write to the commissaries of the treasury this evening to require that it shd. be done if by any unaccountable circumstance, you should persist in dropping the business there as a part of your last letter might be construed to indicate. The times are now so pressing that it might be unsafe to await your answer, before writing to the commissaries, with whom you know I have ceased all correspondance, since your arrival at Paris & taking up that business which I really thought with you an appendage of your mission. I in-close you the letter open for your perusal & shd. as I still flatter myself the object of it have been settled by you, then you may suppress it or return it to me as you think proper\u2014it is written I repeat it only by way of precaution which I flatter myself may be useless. I shall never cease lamenting the fair opportunity which has been allowed to pass\u2014but at present it is indispensable to make the best use of the case as it stands\u2014& which will certainly suffer if you have abruptly withdrawn your ministry, as might be apprehended from yr. late letter if it were possible to suppose you wd. leave such a business unsettled.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0035", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 23 September 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, September 23, 1792. \u201cI have receivd yours of the eighteenth. Mine of the twentieth will have communicated to you the Reasons for leaving the Transaction to which you refer on it\u2019s Original Ground. If any Question should here-after be raised respecting it, our Answer is that you compleated what was begun, or rather paid a Bill drawn: for, the Form differing, the substance of the Transaction was that of a Bill on the Commissioners or Bankers of the United States at Amsterdam. And the Difference of Form arose meerly from the Circumstance that (considering myself as your Agent) desird you to give an order which I was not authorizd to give. But the Sum was the Same it was paid to the same Persons and for Account of the same Persons. So much for that. The Settlement of Depreciation I consider as purely optional in us, and of Course should the Government of this Country, in whatever Hands it may be, think proper to quibble about this last Payment we have still the Staff in our own Hands. As to the Observation you make about certain Items in the Account. I had already, on receiving it, conveyed to the Commissaries my Idea that a considerable Part thereof was a double Charge and desir\u2019d them to make an Enquiry, which they promis\u2019d to do. I wrote also to Colo. Hamilton to the same Effect. As to the Charge of so much due for an Advance by the Farm, I am persuaded that unless this Ballance has been discharg\u2019d in America, since the Organization of our new Government, it still remains due to Somebody. The questionable Articles therefore with the Interest amount to about two Millions; but as we have still certain Installments which will fall due, any Errors can be rectified at Leizure. I come now to the Idea you express of making an Adjustment with the Commissaries and taking up our Obligations. Since you affix so much Importance to these Evidences of our Debt, I am led to pay more Attention to them than I otherwise should do. Before any Step be taken however it may be well for you to consider the State of Facts. The Obligations are for large Sums, and therefore large Sums are needful to acquit them. Each is payable by Installments, and therefore the first Point is to pay up those Installments, and then to discharge the Ballance on one Obligation. Now a previous Point is to adjust the Value of those Payments, for you know that your Ideas differ very much from those entertained by Monsieur de Clavi\u00e9re. If the Commissaries attach the same Importance to the Obligations which you do, they will of Course be as tenacious as you are desirous of them; and then you must (before you can get them) come to a Settlement with the Ministry. How far it may be in your Wish to do so, you alone can determine, but before any one Step be taken, it is necessary to look forward to all the subsequent and consequent Steps, for it will not do to begin and then to stop short by reason of those Circumstances which are naturally to be expected.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0332-0036", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 24 September 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis, September 24, 1792. \u201cMy Letter of Yesterday was written in the Idea that the Business to which it alludes is present to your Recollection but as that may not be the Case I now add in Explanation that there are three Obligations one for 18 Millions\none for 10 Millions\none for \u20076 Millions\ntogether 34 Millions\nThe first two are payable by Installments of which one Half are due on the thirty first of December 1791. The last is payable by Installments of which the first is due on the first of January 1797. If we admit the Articles which you object to, and here remark that an Objection by you will not alone justify the Commissaries, the Amount of the principal and Interest due the first Day of the present\nYear will be about\nDeducting our Payments to the first of April (without allowing for Depreciations), which amount to about\n\u2003\u2002There was due a Ballance of\n\u2003\u2002Add six Months Interest on what remains\n\u2003\u2002And you have for what is due the 1 July\n\u2003\u2002deduct the Remittences in April May and June nearly\n\u2003\u2002Remains due about\n\u2003\u2002Add what Remains of the 4 p % Debt Principal\n\u2003\u2002Deduct Payment last made\nThus you see that without touching the Question of Depreciation, nor that of the objectionable Articles which together exceed 3,000,000\u20b6 there is still a large Sum to be paid before you can take up the Obligation you wish, even admitting the Amount to be settled quite on your Terms. But you will remember that there are two Sides to every Question and two Parties at least to every Contract or Bargain.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0333", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 25 September 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nThe Hague Sep. 25. 1792\nAll the letters which I have had the honor of writing to you for some time will I think have been uniform in shewing you my anxiety on two subjects, namely the settlement of the depreciation to be allowed on the payments which I had had made to the French government since the receipt of your letter of Sep. 2. 91. relative thereto & the retardment of the sums accumulating in the hands of our bankers at Amsterdam destined for France.\nI trust Sir you will have seen, that under the circumstances in which I was placed & which I have taken the liberty of so often tracing to you, it was dictated both by a sense of duty & delicacy to have pursued the line I did from the month of January last, the time of my return from Amsterdam to Paris, until Mr. Morris\u2019s arrival there in May & I should perhaps be without anxiety on the subject at present if I did not find from your late letters recieved here that it is the intention that this part of the business should continue to be conducted by me & therefore fear that you may think I ought to have understood it in this manner (notwithstanding the Presidents instructions & other irresistible reasons) & of course place on me the blame, which I should certainly in that case deserve for having allowed to pass so favorable an opportunity of making the settlement advantageously for the U.S.\nEvery circumstance relative to these two subjects has been successively & repeatedly communicated to you as it occurred, with a minuteness which I was often afraid would be fastidious. I will at present therefore ask leave to take them up only from the time of Mr. Morris\u2019s arrival at Paris.\nI then supposed & so did he that the arrangement of the indemnity to be allowed for depreciation was within the line of his mission. I accordingly put him as fully as I could in possession of the subject\u2014 feeling however peculiarly anxious, as it had been formerly confided to me, that it should be settled advantageously for the U.S. & agreeably to the President. I urged Mr Morris to lose no time\u2014stating to him the various reasons which occurred therefore. I mentioned to him the causes which had induced me to delay this settlement. He seemed fully disposed to enter on the business & sensible of the propriety of despatch; mentioning however two causes of short delay, that is to say his having not then been formally installed in his functions & his desire to recieve another letter from the Sec. of State explanatory of the one then in hand relative to the subject of depreciation.\nThe settlement of the indemnity on the payments already made, being thus considered as placed in Mr. Morris\u2019s hands, by our government, necessarily gave him the direction in some measure of those to be made\u2014because being more safe for the U.S. & more agreeable to France to recieve the florins in Amsterdam than in bills of exchange remitted to Paris, it became necessary to settle with the French government previously at what rate they would credit the U.S. in livres for these florins\u2014which of course was fixing the depreciation or indemnity to be allowed. Accordingly when I left Paris for this place the business stood thus\u2014As to depreciation on former payments, to be settled by M. Morris, the most expeditiously possible\u2014As to future payments I was not to order any until he should advise me of his having settled on what footing they should be recieved.\nThus the whole business was in fact placed necessarily in his hands & I became merely a passive agent. Still my desire that no time should be lost (as it became every day more sensible from the situation of affairs in France, how precarious the government which had created & lived on the assignats, was growing) made me take on myself to write from hence to M. Morris urging him with a frequency & importunity which nothing but my desire to see the business conducted advantageously for the U.S. could authorize. Every letter gave me reason to hope that the next would enable me to direct our bankers to pay the monies wch. had been so long detained were accumulating daily in their hands & augmenting my anxiety.\nAt length on the sixteenth of August I recieved here, after my return from Amsterdam, two letters from M. Morris of the sixth & ninth, mentioning that he had agreed with the commissaries of the treasury for a payment of 1,625,000 florins\u2014which he accordingly desired I would direct Messrs Willinks & Van Staphorst to pay to the French bankers at Amsterdam. I recieved at the same time an account of the King\u2019s suspension. It struck me that a payment under these circumstances would be improper & dangerous\u2014but recieving a letter the day after from M Morris, of the 13th. viz. three days posterior to the suspension, in which no hint of a counter-order was given, I directed the bankers to make the payment, taking the precaution to have mentioned in the reciept that it was on account of the debt due by the U S to France & to be held at the disposition of his Most Ch. Maj. I concieved that this would be rescuing us from a reproach after the resurrection of a Monarch in France & at the same time would entitle us to take credit for the payment & thereby avoid an interest on that amount to France. I did suppose also that the French bankers would be satisfied to give a reciept of that kind for various reasons. It proved otherwise & they refused recieving the money except with the stipulation as mentioned to you in my last\u2014or on giving a draught on the treasury as they had been accustomed to do.\nMy own opinion being that such a payment would be improper if it was to be placed at the disposition of the usurpers in France\u2014& the refusal of the French bankers to recieve it otherwise unless locked up by my stipulation in their hands\u2014occasioned a delay during which I recieved several letters from M. Morris. They were so uniformly positive as to the propriety of the payment that I determined to give up my opinion, which was borne down by the weight of his\u2014by the consideration of the long delay to which these payments had been already subjected\u2014of the sums which were accumulating\u2014of the probability of the time which might elapse before such an order of things should be established in France as would authorize payments to be made them\u2014of the advantage of stopping the interest on six millions of livres (which was the sum M. Morris afterwards informed me we were to have credit for) by a payment of 1,625,000 florins. After weighing well & with anxiety the circumstances & seeing that there was only my individual opinion in opposition to them I could not avoid yielding it\u2014& accordingly on the 4th. of this month directed the payment to be made to the French bankers at Amsterdam & the same day gave notice of it to Mr. Morris. The determination being once taken it became urgent that it should be carried into execution without delay. The payment was made the next day\u2014& the draught of the French bankers on the French treasury endorsed by ours to the commissaries in the usual form was remitted by them, for greater security to M. Morris. The second of the draught they sent to me to be forwarded likewise to him. This was all that could be done here. Reconverting these florins into livres & seeing that they were properly carried to the credit of the U S which was an essential part of the arrangement, lay unavoidably between M. Morris & the commissaries\u2014no other person being privy to the arrangement, & the French bankers being of course unable to express the draught in livres, or any otherwise than in Florins, which indeed was the term M. Morris had desired should be used.\nI mentioned that M Morris\u2019s letters posterior to the suspension had been uniform as to the propriety of this payment\u2014mine to him had as uniformly expressed my fears & doubts. In that which I recieved from him the 4th. inst. & after which I immediately gave orders for the payment\u2014he observes \u201cNow as to future questions I am quite tranquil\u2014what was done was done by consent both of King & country so that all is well done let whichever of them get the better which fate or fortune may chuse.\u201d On the 14th. I recd. from him a letter of the 9th acknowleging the reciept of mine of the 4th. (announcing to him the orders I had given for the payment) in which he says \u201cAs the six millions are I suppose paid it is not necessary to dilate on that subject\u201d & then goes on to say that on examing his powers more minutely he had found that \u201cthe management of what relates to the debt was committed entirely & of course conclusively to you\u201d (me). On the 18th. I recieved from him a letter of the 12th., acknowleging the receipt of mine of the 7th. inclosing him the second of the draught in which he says \u201cI had previously sent to the commissaries of the Treasury the letter from the bankers at Amsterdam. I certainly have taken no step in respect to that payment since my first letter to you desiring that it might be made & certainly I shall not take any for the very good reasons which I am sure will suggest themselves to you & which of course I will not enumerate.\u201d I have chosen to repeat M. Morris\u2019s own expressions because being now to write to you, & having recieved no letter from him of a later date, I cannot know whether he means from thence that he should be considered as not being the author of this payment, as simply sending the draught to the commissaries without seeing that the U.S. were credited therefore in livres would seem to indicate, unless the arrangement wch. he had made with them was such as to effect this purpose previously & therefore render his interference after the reciept of the draught unnecessary. Being unacquainted with the manner in which the arrangement was made I can not know how the matter stood. I hope however & trust that he will see too clearly the importance of this step for the interest of the U.S. not to consummate the measure which he had begun & which being only between him & the commissaries could properly be effected only by him.\nAll my letters have been uniform on that head & since recieving his of the 9th & 12th I have urged him that whatever scruples he may have as to other measures not to neglect this which was now only within his reach\u2014& which a short time would probably put beyond even his, as the present order of things could have but a momentary existence. Fearing that it might even be too late if I awaited to learn what he had done, I took on me to write to the commissaries of the treasury by way of supererogation & in-closed my letter open in my last to him, to be used in the case he had not taken previous arrangements for having the U.S. credited for six millions of livres & persisted in not doing it. My letter to the commissaries was merely to desire they would state the account including this payment according to their agreement with M. Morris. A short time will shew what has been done & I could have wished to have saved you the trouble of these details\u2014but in its present uncertain state I could not avoid informing you of them as far as they are known to me, & shewing that nothing has been left un-done by me to alter my obedience to the will of the President & my zeal for carrying into execution whatever I learn to be his wish.\nI have already had the honor of mentioning to you that your letter of the 14th. of June, which shewed that it was his intention that this business should remain with me was not recieved until the 17th. of August, after the arrangement with the commissaries had been made by M. Morris, & after I had learned the King\u2019s suspension. It was evident that the only thing which could be done then, was to complete the measure begun previous to that suspension, & that no new one could be adopted until there should be a change in France.\nI cannot convey to you an idea of my regret at the opportunity of settling the depreciation of the assignats with the government which created them, having been thus lost, better than by referring to the uniform contents of my past letters on the subject. The proper way of treating it seems to me at present to be this. Instead of converting the assignats into a given sum (by deducting that which might be considered as the amount of depreciation at the time of each payment & having this given sum carried to the credit of the U.S.) to have the whole nominal sum of assignats paid, carried to their credit & here-after when the business shall be taken up & the debt paid, to pay over & above a given sum in lieu of depreciation. The U.S. may then come forward & offer this indemnity which will be considered at that time as a free gift\u2014& in the mean time they stop the interest on the nominal sum paid instead of the sum reduced by deducting for depreciation at the time of payment. Although this would have been a much more fixed & proper mode of settlement & more agreeable also to the U.S. as I learn from your letters, yet the other may be made to secure its advantages also\u2014a future government will unquestionably be much less scrupulous as to the depreciation of assignats & will use various arguments that this could not, yet there will be several to oppose to them also, resulting from the manner in which the U.S. recieved the loan from them\u2014& also from the delays to which they have been subjected from the situation of affairs in France, notwithstanding they have had so large sums lying dead in the hands of their bankers at Amsterdam.\nIn order that this subject may be brought on in the manner the least liable to question & the most advantageous for the U.S. it seems to me to be desired that the bonds or reciepts of the U.S. constituting this debt & now in the French treasury, should be with drawn as far as they have been extinguished by our payments. It is certain that interest here-after can be claimed only on such as remain in the treasury. Suppose that to be 15. or any other number of millions, all we pay here-after over & above that by way of indemnity will be much more within our discretion & appear a much more spontaneous generosity than if the whole number of bonds remained & were subjected to a future discussion both of interest and indemnity. I have therefore repeatedly & warmly pressed this on M. Morris. The only difficulty which occurred to me arose from a belief that it was expressed in the reciepts constituting this debt (which however were never sent to me as promised in your letter of Sep. 1. 1790.) that the payments should be in equal portions on each reciept until the whole were paid\u2014of this however I was not sure & supposed the difficulty even if it existed might be got over. As soon as I found M. Morris determined to consider his powers as not enabling him to act I begged him to give his instrumentality to this measure in consideration of its advantage to the U.S if it appeared to him in the same light it did to me\u2014& that if he had any scruples he might consider it as my act & under my responsibility.\nFor his guide I informed him that the charges made in the account of the commissaries relative to the Farmers-general &c. were not [to] be considered, some being questionable & others certainly improper\u2014that the original debt of 34. millions alone with the interest was to be taken into view & I forwarded the statement in-closed in your letter of June 23d. shewing what interest & what part of the principal was exigible. I intreated him after applying the several payments made formerly by Mr. Grand of Paris\u2014by the bankers at Amsterdam\u2014by deWolf at Antwerp\u2014& lastly the six millions agreed for by him, towards extinguishing the interest & principal due; to extend the surplus to the remaining part of the debt at 5. p. cent & withdraw the bonds of all the principal thus extinguished, in the manner & under the responsibility, if he chose it, as above-mentioned. Should this be done it will be putting the subject certainly on the best vantage ground within our scope at present\u2014& I hope notwithstanding his last letter that this which I have written to him since will induce him as I there mention to give that instrumentality which his geographical position & the present situation of France put within his reach alone.\nTo avoid confusion in these lengthy details I have postponed mentioning your letter of July 25th. which I had the honor of recieving here on the 10th. inst. You were very right Sir in supposing that no mode of applying the data there mentioned, could be contemplated by which the U.S. were to be subjected to loss. I rather suppose you will have misunderstood the quotation of the exchange there mentioned. I have not the paper of that day before me\u2014but it must have meant that 36 was the course of the exchange with Amsterdam\u2014& not that the exchange was 36 p. ct below par. The 36 which was probably the number there marked (& to which I think the exchange had risen for a few days about that time) after having been for a few days also as low as 26\u00bd\u2014means that 36 half sous of Holland were equal to three livres of France. The par is about 54 of these half sous to the petitecu of three livres\u2014of course the gain at Amsterdam was 28 on 54. The rate of depreciation which you mention if quoted as in most of the papers did not probably state 60. p. cent\u2014but 100 livres in silver for 160 in assignats\u2014which of course did not mean 60 on an hundred\u2014but sixty on an hundred & sixty.\nI have had however formerly the honor of mentioning to you that from the beginning of the circulation of assignats the progress of depreciation & fall of exchange did not continue precisely the same\u2014several causes contributed to render the advantage of the exchange proportionally less; or in other words to raise the price of specie on particular occasions nearer to the amount of the fall of exchange than it had been in the beginning\u2014a moment of considerable emigration for instance among the ignorant provincial noblesse when many chuse to carry out specie rather than depend on bills, not being accustomed to that kind of remittance & not having confidence in the bankers supposed to be deeply concerned in stock jobbing\u2014a moment of ill humour among the people which prompted them to ill treat & in some instances, execute those concerned in selling the specie. Still I believe in adopting this rule the U.S. would find advantage\u2014& certainly a very considerable one as explained in the beginning. After the fluctuation took place I mentioned to the commissaries that I did not think that that standard taken alone would form a really just measure of depreciation\u2014as it would in fact be making the U.S. pay for the police of Paris not being sufficiently energetic to prevent a mob hanging a moneylender\u2014& indeed no person can doubt that the want of efficacious protection to those concerned in that kind of commerce did raise considerably the price of that article\u2014since they were obliged to take into the account not only the risk of the assignats but the risk of their lives.\nThe U.S. have in my opinion a perfect right in making up the real depreciation of the assignats to France, which is the term I used with them (& not the course of exchange with which they have nothing to do) to measure it by the price (in the market) of the articles of French production. This would be the most advantageous standard for the U.S. & indeed would secure to them almost the whole gain upon the exchange. It is the standard I should have proposed if the government had been in existence, at the time of learning from you the will of the President as to my ministry\u2014& fortified by that mark of his confidence I should have considered it my duty to have devoted myself to any responsibility however dangerous rather than that so favorable an opportunity for settling this business honorably & advantageously for the U.S should have been lost. On recieving your letter of Sep 2: 91. relative to this business I desired the Minister & the commissaries, as I had then the honor of informing you, to consider of some means proper for settling it on a basis that should be equally just for both parties\u2014& was then obliged to leave Paris for Antwerp & Amsterdam. The price of specie would be the most advantageous standard they could have any pretext for proposing\u2014& in fact a compromise between the two standards would be what they could not object to if the U.S. should find it proper to consent thereto, & thus give up in part the advantage arising from the standard of the price of articles of French production alone. In either case there would be a considerable gain.\nThe statement which I recieved from the bankers the 5th. inst. was as follows\u2014Cash on hand & 1000 bonds to be delivered 5,730,000 florins. Interest between this & the first of March next, together with the late payment of 1,625,000 florins to France and f123,750 of your draughts, they state at 2,670,000 florins\u2014leaving a balance of 3,060,000 florins disponible. For accuracy however you may add 30,000 florins to this balance, as they by error had considered one of the 4. p. cent loans as a 5. p. cent one. The interest on the Antwerp loan of 2,050,000 florins should be deducted as I shall not open a loan there so long as matters remain in this present situation. This will give you Sir a full idea of the cash on hand.\nI have also given orders to the bankers to proceed in procuring bills to pay off the debt, which your letter of March 5. 92. told me the reimbursement of would be acceptable. They have procured as many as a rise in the exchange (which they say will be momentary) has allowed them. In the mean time I am expecting an answer which will instruct me, to whom these bills should be addressed.\nThe letters which I have had the honor of writing to you since my arrival here (you have acknowleged the reciept of those from Paris except one short one of a line, merely to announce to you the opening of the second 4. p. cent loan) have been dated June 28 Aug. 6. 30. Those which you have done me the honor to write to me, as mentioned as low down as July 25.\u2014have been successively recieved.\nI have now only to ask pardon for interrupting your more important occupations by so long a letter & to beg you to be assured of the sentiments of profound respect & perfect attachment with which I have the honor to be\nSir Your most obedient \u2003 & most humble servant\nW. Short\nThe Honble.\nAlexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0335", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, [26 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, September 26, 1792. On October 9, 1792, Ellery wrote to Hamilton and referred to \u201cyour letter of the 26th of the last month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0337", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Lutterloh, [26 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lutterloh, Henry\n[Philadelphia, September 26, 1792. On the back of a letter which Lutterloh wrote to Hamilton on September 9, 1792, Hamilton wrote: \u201cAnswered Sep. 26. 1792.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0339", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to David Ross, 26 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ross, David\nSir\nPhiladelphia September26. 1792\nI have this day seen a publication in the Maryland Gazette of the 20th instant, signed by you, in which among other things, you state Mr Mercers having brought a charge of a very serious nature against me. I allude to the fifth ground of objection, stated by you, to his reelection.\nI have written to Mr Mercer a letter of which a copy is in-closed. Allow me at the same time to ask of you to revise your recollection of what was said by him, in relation to me, and to favour me with the result, stating as accurately as possible his precise expressions, and giving as much particularity as you can to the whole matter.\nI feel myself indebted to you for the favourable sentiments you have so openly expressed of my character and principles; and I pledge myself to you and to every friend of mine that the strictnest scrutiny into every part of my conduct, whether as a private citizen or as a public officer, can only serve to establish the perfect purity of it, and to prove incontestibly that it has never deviated from the most exact line of the most scrupulous probity. Arraigned, as I appear to have been, I feel myself justifiable in making this strong declaration in my own favour.\nAccording to the statement you have made of Mr. Mercers assertions, they amount to a gross and wicked slander; as a thorough investigation shall evince.\nI have not only never bought nor sold, nor been concerned directly or indirectly in the buying or selling of Stock or Certificates since I have been in my present office (except as will be presently explained) but I do not now recollect, that I ever sold a certificate, in my life, or was ever interested in any sold by any other person; and all the buying of Certificates (except as here-after mentioned) in which I now recollect to have ever had any interest or concern was for the purpose of paying for a share in two several tracts of land, in the purchase of which I became interested. This too was a considerable time prior to adoption of the present constitution.\nThe exceptions above made relate wholly to purchases of the public Debt, on account of the United States, by the Commissioners of the sinking fund. As one of that board, I have had an official concern in directing those purchases, the immediate agents of which, by appointment of the board, have been Samuel Meredith Treasurer of the United States, William Seton Cashier of the Bank of New York, Benjamin Lincoln Collector of Boston, and William Heth Collector of Bermuda Hundred all men of exemplary reputation for integrity. As Secretary of the Treasury, it fell to my lot to instruct those Agents in the details of their purchases, in conformity to law; but the actual execution of the business was with them.\nI add, though it is extraordinary and disgustful, that any occasion should have called for such a declaration on my part, that I never had directly or indirectly, any species of interest in any stock or Certificate, which has been purchased by either of those Agents, or in any manner, by the authority of the above-mentioned Commissioners; and that what Mr Mercer is stated to have said in reference to it is gross misrepresentation.\nYou are at liberty to make any use of this letter you may think proper, not including its insertion in a News Paper; which I should not think compatible with the decorum of my situation.\nWith real esteem & regard \u2003 I have the honor to be Sir \u2003 Your obed serv\nP S \u2003 To avoid Cavil, I think it well to add that while in practice as a lawyer, long before my appointment to my present office I received a small payment in Indents on account of a fee for one of my Clerks which completes the whole of my certificate transactions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0340", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 26 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt. Septr. 26th. 1792.\nThe Post of yesterday brought me your letter of the 21st instant, with the Proclamation enclosed, which was immediately published through the Secretary of State\u2019s Office in Brown\u2019s Federal Gazette; and means will be taken to accelerate a general circulation of it.\nI have the honor to be with the highest respect & truest attachment.\nSir, \u2003 Your most Obedient and humble servant\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0342", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to James McHenry, [27 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: McHenry, James\n[Philadelphia, September 27, 1792. On September 30, 1792, McHenry wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI received \u2026 yours of the 27th.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0343", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Commissioners of Loans, 27 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Commissioners of Loans\nSir,\nTreasury DepartmentSeptember 27th. 1792\nThe Comptroller of the Treasury being absent, I have found it necessary to avoid an interruption of the public business, to direct Mr Henry Kuhl his principal Clerk to countersign the warrants of transfer until his return; you will therefore regard his signature (a specimen of which is here enclosed) as authentic and enter the warrants thus countersigned on your Books as in the other case. The Comptroller on his return will announce it to you which will terminate the object of this instruction.\nI am Sir, with consideration \u2003 Your obedt Servant\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0344", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Clymer, [28 September 1792]\nFrom: Clymer, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\n[Pittsburgh, September 28, 1792]\nThe last article in the order of my instructions was as I conceived to be the first on my arrival here\u2014for as my reception should be so might be my success in every of my objects. I therefore obtained a meeting with several of the principal characters, and the better to gain their confidence made a full disclosure to them of my whole business. They all of them gave assurances that the town of Pittsburgh had no representation whatever in the committee which sat there on the 21 August, nor as they believed the County of Allegany at large, and that the town had not been at all in sentiment with the committee. I observed that as the proceedings of the committee stood published to the world it appeared otherwise, and as Pittsburgh was well known through the Union as the capital of the western Country the more effect it gave to those proceedings; but as the town took in reality no part therein a publick disavowal of them would be honourable to it and well thought of by government. They replied that as individuals such declaration would not well become them, but that they would take measures to assemble the inhabitants on the occasion\u2014And there is a call for them accordingly for tomorrow evening. I have recommended to some of the Gentlemen that if the attempt at something beyond it has a chance of provoking an opposition the end of which might not be foreseen, to confine themselves simply to a disavowal of the proceedings in question on the score of having had no part therein.\nUnderstanding that Mr Cannon, their chairman was not a man of the strongest mind I requested General Wayne to send for him under pretence of consulting him about supplies &c\u2014and by this means obtained a private interview with him. I represented to him his particular predicament as the chairman in a light so strong as thoroughly to frighten him. He asked my advice. I then hinted that a publick declaration that having now had time to reflect on the business of the Committee he disapproved of it, and of the part he had had in it, engaging my honour in that case to represent him favourably to government, which having its choice of objects might pass him by in a prosecution. He promised to give the matter a very serious consideration and if he does not soon fall into bad hands some fruit may be expected from it. A desertion in one set up as a leader would I conceive go further to break the measures of this seditious confederacy than even the most successful prosecution. Why I make any present mention of this Affair is that if it should be thought well of, any process with respect to him might be suspended for a little while until the part he takes shall be known.\nCaptain Faulkener\u2019s deposition is just finished and comes under cover\u2014as will that of some others. It being represented to me on all hands that I cannot venture to shew my self in Washington I have written to the judge of the district (state) Court to take depositions\u2014and have named the persons to him who may be examined.\nI had written this length for the post when I was honoured with yours of the 21st. This in some measures confines my measures to the Washington transactions and gives a new designation to the witnesses who are now to proceed to York instead of Philadelphia. These additional instructions I shall pay due regard to. In my passage upwards through the different Counties I had the most satisfactory assurances of a pretty general acquiescence in the Excise\u2014the people of the Country having had time to compare its lightness with the heaviness of a tax in any other form. I believe that some examples being made to justice that but little difficulty will attend its execution. I should however make some exceptions here\u2014several gentlemen friends to the government having told me that the scarcity of specie in this Country will always make a natural difficulty in the collection even when opposition ceases\u2014the distillations being very extensive indeed.\nI have the honour to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obedt servt\nGeo Clymer\nPittsburgh Sept. 28. 1792.\nSecretary of the Treasury.\nI shall now either bring the depositions with me or send them on to York instead of transmitting them to Philadela.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0345", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Jay, 28 September 1792\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDr. Sir,\nNew York 28th. Sepbr. 1792\nOn Monday the 17th. inst. I set out for Sussex in New Jersey with design after dispatching some private business I had there to proceed from thence on my Circuit. On the 19th. I found myself with a slight inflamation on one eye & some flying Rheumatic pains, to which not suspecting any thing serious I paid little attention. By the 25th. my Eyes were so much inflamed that it was with difficulty I read your letter which I received that morning. Throughout the course of the day those symptoms attended with a little fever increased & convinced me that I was not to be well in a few days. Under these circumstances it appeared to me best if possible to return home. I set out the next day, the weather was favorable, & I arrived with much pain the day before yesterday. Not withstanding bleeding & physick, both inflamation & Rheumatism continue obstinate. As my eyes would not permit me to answer your letter I\u2019ve sent it to Mr. King. Judge Cushing does not appear yet. It wd. be a sad thing if he also shd. be laid up. Respecting the duration of my confinement I can as yet form no conjectures. The moment I regain sufficient health for the purpose I shall again proceed on my circuit.\nYours sincerely", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0346", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Smith, 28 September 1792\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, September 28, 1792. States \u201cThe amount of Stock remaining on the Books of this Office subject to Interest for the Quarter ending the 30th Septr Inst is \u2026 twenty seven thousand Six hundred & ninety eight dollars Nine Cents.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0350", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 29 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury Department, September 29, 1792. \u201cI have duly received your letter of the 14th Instant, purporting a request from Mr Thomas \u2026: however grateful it might be to me, to promote the plan undertaken by Mr Thomas, I cannot dispense with the law to do it.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0351", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 29 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nSir,\nTreasury DepartmentSeptember 29th 1792\nI am to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 18th of August last, relative to seven Puncheons of Foreign Spirits entered at the Custom House in Providence by Arnold Rhodes, Master of the Sloop Bacon from Washington in North Carolina.\nI have therefore to request, that you will concur with the Supervisor of Rhode Island (who has been instructed for that purpose by the Commissioner of the Revenue) in making an immediate examination into the matter in question, and if it shall appear to your mutual satisfaction, that there are no other unfavorable circumstances than a deficiency of particular certificates; you are hereby authorized to release the Spirits, transmitting however to this Office, a joint opinion on the Subject, respectively subscribed by yourself and the said Supervisor.\nI am with consideration \u2003 Sir Your \u2003 most Obedient Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nJeremiah Olney Esquire\nCollector of Providence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0352", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 29 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentSeptember 29th 1792.\nThe Attorney for the District of Massachusetts will prosecute in the case of the Sloop Polly of Sandwich, which, as I learn from your letter of the 18th Ultimo, was licensed at your Office.\nIt is probable he will have occasion for the license bond, which I request you will forward to him upon his application.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt Servant.\nAlexander Hamilton\nJeremiah Olney Esqr.\nCollr Providence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0353", "content": "Title: George Washington to Thomas Mifflin, 29 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mifflin, Thomas\nSir\nUnited States, Septr. 29th. 1792.\nInclosed you will find the copy of a Proclamation, which I have thought proper to issue, in consequence of certain irregular and refractory proceedings, which have taken place in particular parts of some of the states, contravening the law therein mentioned.\nI feel an entire confidence, that the weight and influence of the Executive of (Pensylvania) will be chearfully exerted, in every proper way, to further the object of this measure, and to promote, on every occasion, a due obedience to the constitutional laws of the Union.\nWith respect, I am, Sir \u2003 Your Excellency\u2019s Obedt servt\nExcellency\nThomas Mifflin Esqr\nGovernor of the Common~ of Pensyla", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0354", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Samuel Johnson, 30 September 1792\nFrom: Johnson, William S.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, September 30, 1792. \u201c\u2026 My Son Robert Charles Johnson \u2026 has now taken his Passage on Board a Ship bound to Bristol which proposes to Sail on Sunday next. His sole Object \u27e8i\u27e9s Instruction & Improvement, & as I wish him to Travel as ad\u27e8v\u27e9antageously as may be, & am persuaded no Name in this Country can be a more valuable recommendation to him than yours, I beg the favour of Letters of Introduction for him.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0355", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James McHenry, 30 September 1792\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy dear Hamilton.\n[Baltimore] Sunday 30th Septr. 1792\nI received your letter of the 23 in the order of the mail, and yesterday yours of the 27th. With respect to the former I have made no use of the quoted paragraph and hesitate between shewing it to the Bishop or the principal himself. Altho I think I may trust the Bishop, and am certain that it would be communicated yet if I shew it to the latter it may be in less danger of getting abroad and produce the same effect. I shall as far as in my power resist the New York project. I think it full of danger to the public. Is Adams to be supported?\nI wish your letter of the 27th had arrived on Thursday. The notification could then have appeared in Goddards paper of last friday and would have had time to have circulated in Anne Arundel & Prince George\u2019s Counties, (Mercers district). Now it cannot appear till tuesday next, and the election begins to-morrow and ends on thursday, so that it will scarcely be heard of till after the election. I have greatly retarded my recovery by the part I have taken in this business. The first Valerius I wrote a little before I was taken ill and that published in last fridays paper under a depression of spirits and great debility. I have also employed Major Hopkins of Anne Arundel County, who is under considerable pecuniary obligations to me to circulate hand bills which contains popular charges against Mercer and fixes upon him some false-hoods. But after all I only don\u2019t despair of his being defeated. I am not able yet to go abroad, except walking a little in my garden.\nAn express arrived yesterday from Hagers Town that Gen William\u2019s life was dispaired of. Should he die I must intreat you to remember Mr. Purviance who is naval officer and of course the natural heir to his office. You know or may have heard that he was one of the first merchnts in this Town, is qualified to discharge its duties, has never shrunk from the right cause and has a very numerous & young family to maintain. These circumstances make me desirous that he should in the event of the generals death succeed him: and then you would have an opportunity to serve me by Mr. Salmons taking Mr. Purviances place. It is impossible to get a man better qualified than Mr. Salmon for either office. He is popular, a man of honor and a respected judge in our criminal and orphans courts. If neither can be appointed I request that I may hear from you before you determine upon a successor. The office nets perhaps better than \u00a3 2000 \u214c annum\u2014possesses vast influence, and ought not to be given away lightly or without due consideration of character.\nBy Fenno\u2019s Gazette of the 26 it appears to me that the writer in Dunlap\u2019s paper or the Attorney General quotes a letter written to him subsequent [to] the adoption of the constitution by Virginia and nine States. I think so because it seems a reply to the arguments used in that body in support of the constitution in the form it issued from the convention. The letter in question quoted by Judge Pendleton and pushed out of view by Mr Maddison that writer has withheld. That is the evidence upon which the charge rests. Explanations of Mr. Jefferson likes or dislikes when the thing was out of his reach does not do away the advice offered in his concealed letter.\nI flatter myself that Maryland will at least elect five or six federal representatives out of her eight.\nYours most sincerely & affetionately\nJames McHenry\nSince writing the above I learned from the printer that Mr Ross was in Town and sent to him to come out. He has not received your letter, and is here to get a reply published for the polls in answer to a justification of Mercers which appeared in Greene\u2019s last paper. I have seen neither; but Ross tells me the charge against you is not denied. You will have Greene no doubt on Tuesday. I wish Ross had as much ability as he has honesty and good intentions. Mercer circulated that the President wished that he should be elected. This has been traced, the President has denied it and of course the lie has lodged where it ought.\nFarewel, God bless my dear Hamilton.\nYours affectionately\nJames McHenry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0356", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Daves, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Daves, John\nTreasury Department, October 1, 1792. \u201cI enclose you a letter for Captn Cooke. \u2026 I have \u2026 concluded to alter the station of the Revenue Cutter from New Bern to Wilmington. The Collector of that port will of course have to perform the duties which were heretofore committed to you relative to the Said Cutter.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0358", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Meletiah Jordan, [1 October 1792]\nFrom: Jordan, Meletiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Frenchman\u2019s Bay, District of Maine, October 1, 1792. On November 17, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Benjamin Lincoln: \u201cThe Collector of Frenchmans Bay in his letter to me dated October the 1st.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0359", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 1[\u201315] October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nSir,\nOn my arrival here, upon an excursion of a few days, I find the intelligence of a suspension of the King of France, and of a new revolution in that country. I take it for granted, that after such an event, no further payments will have been made to France. It is now impossible to calculate anything concerning the affairs of that country, and of course the validity, as well as the utility to itself of future reimbursements would be questionable. This letter serves for the present barely to convey this idea.\nWith much consideration \u2003 & esteem, I am, &c.\nA.H.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0360", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon Octobr. 1st. 1792.\nYour letter of the 22d. ulto., with it\u2019s enclosures, came duly to hand.\nLest any material disadvantage should result from delay, I have signed the Act which has been drawn by the Commissioner of the Revenue & approved by you, for arranging allowances to the Supervisors &c. and now forward it; but I would rather, if this is not likely to be the case, have it retained in your hands until my arrival in Philadelphia, as I wish for some explanations, which I have not the means of obtaining from the want of the former Act of the 4th. of August; a copy of which I requested might be returned to me, but from a misconception of my meaning, a copy of my letter was sent in lieu thereof. I now request a copy of the Act of the 4th. of Augt. & of the present one also.\nBefore any nomination, or appointment of a Keeper of the Lighthouse on Cape Henry takes place, it would be proper to examine the List of Applicants (& I think there are several) who have applied to me for this Office, & is to be found among my papers by Mr. Lear. If the person recommended by Colo. Parker is intemperate in drinking, it is immaterial whether you can recollect his name or not; for, with me, this would be an insuperable objection, let his pretensions & promises of reformation be what they may. I have been once taken in by the fair promises of Major Call to refrain, & the strong assurances of his friends that he would do it; but will not, knowingly, trust again to the like from any one.\nI have, by this Post, directed the Attorney General to attend the Circuit Court in York Town, & see that the Indictments are legally presented & properly supported.\nI am &c\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0361", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Marshall and William Pearce, 3 October 1792\nFrom: Marshall, Thomas,Pearce, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPaterson [New Jersey] Octr. 3d: 1792\nHaving taken into Consideration your kind request of this Morning, we respectfully Submit the following to your Approbation, but first we beg to be Understood that we entertain bothe Esteem and Friendship for Major L\u2019Enfant and Col: Cummings whose behaviour since their Appointment has every way Satisfied and pleased us, and nothing herein is meant in the most distant manner to glance at them.\nIn An Undertaking like this the Masterly Completion of the Machinery depends very much upon a Judicious Selection of Tools and Materials, which Nought but a Knowledge of the Purposes to which they are meant to be apply\u2019d can enable the Purchaser to give Satisfaction to the Workmen or do Justice to the Society; peculiar Applications require peculiar properties, for that Tool or Material which may be prime in the first Stage, becomes, (very often) totally useless in the Second.\nThe Training up youth in the Different Branches of the Manufactory we consider Politic and Reqisite; in many of the Different Stages of our respective Businesses a Stout Boy, by a Twelvemoths Instruction wou\u2019d be able to Stand in the Shoes of an Adult person, and in a Country like this where Wages are so exceedingly high, a Material Saving wou\u2019d Eventually acere to the Society if Apprentices were taken under certain Regulations.\nAs the Payment of Wages carries an Amazing Influence with it over the minds of the people employ\u2019d, we respectfully Submit to you, to permit us to send our Account Book, to Col Cummings, every Saturday Morning, for his Examination, and Scrutity, and if the Account shou\u2019d appear to him right and Just, that he may send us the precise Sum of that Weeks Wages to be by us paid to our respective Tradesmen.\nMahogany, Iron, Wire, Scantling &c of peculiar properties being now wanted, some of which we shall one of us be obliged to go to Mount Hope, Andover, and Pompton for, likewise to York, our Salaries will not admit of Journeys being taken without our Actual Reimbursement of our unavoidable Expences, a Standard to go by is what we wish and of whom we are to draw Stipulated Sums for those Outgoings, the Iron is now wanted, and the Men Cannot work in the Morning as they ought to do for want of Stoves, these regulations we respectfully Submit to your Determination, and are Sir\nYour Most Obedt. Humble Servts.\nThomas Marshall and Wm. Pearce\nHonble. Alexander Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0362", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Clymer, [4 October 1792]\nFrom: Clymer, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\n[Pittsburgh, October 4, 1792]\nNot one of the expectations mine by last post might have raised has been realised. Cannon undoubtedly fell into bad hands for \u2019tho he still avows to me his disapprobation of the Proceedings of the 21 August into which he was as he says unwarily drawn, no publick recantation has come from him. Neither has any thing favourable turned up here. The people I mentioned were content with calling a Town-meeting at which many of themselves appeared, and nothing was proposed. They then made a new promise, and talked of signing a disavowal individually which they said would have a better effect. A postponement succeded on hearing of a new meeting intended here of the Countey Committee. And all the satisfaction I have is to find them out\u2014that they greatly want sincerity or spirit or both, still professing friendship to the federal government. This new assembling of the Committees was it seems projected on the first rumour of my being here and runners dispatched to bring together a numerous band of the chieftains of opposition from all quarters. Their deliberations, if I can call them so, were open, for nothing was done but the repeated readings of a petition to Congress\u2014agreed to without dissent. I have not had a sight of this piece, but I am told it contains a declaration of their readiness to contribute their share to the public exigencies, a complaint of the peculiar hardship of the Excise, prays for an abolition of it and the substitution of a direct tax. This they know will be refused, and is only a device to keep up the mad temper of the people.\nMr Addison the circuit judge has affected to mistake the nature of my application\u2014this together with his constitutional objection to take any part in the business have disappointed me in that quarter. Or rather I would say has not disappointed me for my expectations from any Washington magistrate could not be great, \u2019tho of necessity obliged to resort to him. Indeed had he been willing to the business little could have been done. The few well disposed people there being all afraid to say more than that they saw an undistinguished mob at Falkener\u2019s house. One person supposed to be as well informed as any there I sent Captain Falkener for but he could testify to nothing more, and I have sent him back. So that the whole amount of the testimony collected after the daily and hourly pains taken by General Nevil and my self\u2014is that of Falkener who declares to the threats uttered against him by two of the County Magistrates some time previous to the riot\u2014and that of one Peter Myers now one of Falkener\u2019s Soldiers but who at the time of the riot was in the charge of his house at Washington\u2014his deposition identifies two of the mob, one of them of sufficient consideration to be prosecuted. Falkener and Myers have the Commander in chiefs order to proceed tomorrow for York, which I am fearful they cannot reach before the 10th\u2014Falkener having spent a much longer time at Washington in search of evidence than I expected or intended. I shall in-close their depositions to the judge of the circuit Court at York together with some others \u2019tho they mean little. Falkener\u2019s deposition also identifies the persons of the Committee of 21 Augt. as well as one Mr. Tannehils\u2019 which I send with it. Perhaps these latter testimonies may be still useful there, for I can hardly persuade my self that the laws have left the Commonwealth defenceless in a part where she may be attacked as successfully as by force of arms. If so, great will be my chagrin in losing my first and principal object.\nYou have under cover Addison\u2019s letter to me, and I have taken the liberty to accompany it with a copy of my reply to him.\nTwo of General Nevil\u2019s collectors have been with me. They complained of having led a dog\u2019s life among their neighbours, proposed to resign, but Nevil fearing the very bad effects of that step I have been obliged to offer them at the rate each of one hundred dollars for such time as they may continue during the current year, beyond what they may in possibility get of the ordinary emoluments of office.\nIn coming here I left the escort of horse behind me at Bed-ford but this new stirring of the waters of bitterness yesterday, has it is supposed encreased the personal risque of the revenue Officers and General Wayne has without any application of mine ordered a party to attend me in the morning.\nI have the honour to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obedt hum st\nGeo Clymer\nPittsburgh Oct. 4.\nSecretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0363", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, 4 October 1792\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] October 4, 1792. \u201cMr Thomas Lea of this City Merchant has informed me of his address to you respecting a quantity of Rum shipped by him for Dublin, and there refused by the Consignee and the whole returned without his knowledge and greatly to his damage. I informed Mr Lea of the necessity of having your opinion & instructions on this subject.\u2026 I in-close Mr Lea\u2019s state of the Case and have taken every proof on Oath from him & the Captain.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0364", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 4 October 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, October 4, 1792. \u201cI have been Honor\u2019d with your favours of the 19th. and 24th. Ulto. in Reply to my Letters of the 8 & 13th Ulto.\u2026 I beg leave respectfully to answer, that as you have not been Sufficiently explicit with respect to a Refusal of Credit in Similar cases, I shall not think myself safe in doing it untill the Law is amended or I may Receive your further and particular instructions on this point.\u2026 If an action for damages should be commenced against me and it should be possible, that, upon Tryal I could not make it appear to the Satisfaction of the court that the Transfer was made with Intent to evade the law, Heavy damages might be Recovered, and I should Remain without Remedy.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0365", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Heth, 5 October 1792\nFrom: Heth, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPrivate\nBerm[ud]a Hundred [Virginia] 5. Oct. 1792\nHere am I, my dear Sir, at 8. OC. at night barrd & bolted up, in one end of a dreary Lumber House\u2014after a fatiguing days work\u2014with a smart fever upon me, and not a being on earth, to whom I can speak. And in case necessity Should oblige me to open the door, it is at all times, at the risque of being stab\u2019d or shot, for sake of the cursed dross, contained in the Iron chest.\nReally, my present situation is deplorable\u2014and if I did not possess more than a common share of spirits\u2014I should certainly run away from myself. On my return from Phila. I found one of my Clerks gone home sick, & the other, my Deputy, complaining; who, immediately made preparations to go up the country, & left me a few days after\u2014I believe to be marryd, & not to return.\nThe extreme anxiety of my mind, & great fatigue which I experienced in coming from Phila\u2014for on my arrival at Pet[ersbur]g I found I had beaten the stage which left Phila. the day I did, two Hours\u2014brought on a bilious fever, which attacked me the 9th day after my return, & Just as the fall arrivals commenced. At that time, I was lucky enough to get Mr. J. Stewart to assist me, & the pressure of business being far beyond any thing ever before experienced here, I endeavord to bear up against the fever, til I fairly sunk under it, & was obligd to be carryd home. Mr Stewart having assisted some days last fall, he was well acquainted with the business of estimating of Duties, but totally ignorant of the other duties of the Office; my uneasiness therefore to return, brought me from home last Thursday, a few days sooner than I ought to have come out. The Consequence was a severe Cold, & hectic Cough, under which I now labor, with a fever every evening: and Mr Stewart, being obligd to leave me on Friday last in order to prepare to attend upon the assembly as one of the Clerks, I am now alone, & with well founded apprehensions of a relapse, and without being able to get any person qualified to do the business of this Office, to come to so miserable, & so unhealthy a place. Ever since my return, to get a person qualified for a deputy hath been my object, but to no purpose. Should I again sink under my indisposition, God knows what will be the consequence. The Goods already enterd & the Cargo\u2019s expected, are beyond all conception. Duties to amount of 100,000 Dollars & upwards are already secured (but at Norfolk, I am told they are not so great as last fall\u2014most of the vessels with large Cargos having come here).\nOne object of this long private address, is to prepare you for a petition wch. I expect will be presented to Congress to remove the Office to Petersburg\u2014and which I suspect I must not only acquiesce in, but use my Interest with the Richmond Merchants to agree to. (It will be a measure much against my private inclinations & Interest). For the risque of keeping money here, is too great, & there is no getting a Man of respectability & Capacity to reside here. I offerd, in my late distress, nearly one half the emoluments of my Office to J Stewart\u2014and as to moving here myself, it is impossible\u2014 because there is not a hut of any kind to be rented, or purchased, at, or near the place\u2014so that, I must either continue to be a slave, banished from my family\u2014ruin my Constitution entirely, & sink under the labors of a public office, or consent to its being removed.\nThe second Object, is to inform you that my quarterly accounts will not be rendered as hereto-fore, within a few days after the expiration of a quarter. There is not a single Manifest or entry recorded since the first of July last\u2014every book is behind\u2014& business strong. Yet from a mode of doing the business, which from what I have seen is peculiar to myself, I shall be able after one or two entries on gross estimates are adjusted, to inform you of the Amt of Duties on Impost and Tonnage to the 30th sept last and also of the Gross Value of Exports, sufficiently accurate for you to form estimates upon.\nA late Hour, & great indisposition calls upon your friendship to excuse this scrawl. I know the sensibility of your feelings and am sure you will sympathise with\nDear sir \u2003 Your real & afft friend\nW Heth\nCol A Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0367", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Irvine and John Kean, [6 October 1792]\nFrom: Irvine, William,Kean, John\nTo: Kean, John,Irvine, William\n[Philadelphia, October 6, 1792. On October 11, 1792, Irvine and Kean acknowledged the receipt of Hamilton\u2019s letter of October 6, 1792. Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0369", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel A. Otis, 6 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Otis, Samuel A.\nTreasury Department, October 6, 1792. Requests information for report ordered by the Senate on May 7, 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0370", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Polk, [6 October 1792]\nFrom: Polk, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[October 6, 1792. On November 3, 1792, Tench Coxe wrote to Polk: \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury has just sent to this office your letter to him of the 6th of October.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0371", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edmund Randolph, [6 October 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\n[Philadelphia, October 6, 1792. On October 17, 1792, Randolph wrote to Hamilton: \u201cOn my return home, I found your letter of the 6th instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0372", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 8 October 1792\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilade. 8 d\u2019octobre 1792l\u2019an 4e. de la libert\u00e9 francoise\nPar suite de ma lettre du 22 aout dernier je vous prie de vouloir faire payer au Consul general de la forest ou a son ordre la somme de 24,660 piastres au 15 du present mois, et celle de 19,961 au le. Nove. suivant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0373", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 9 October 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nCollector\u2019s Off: Port of Newport [Rhode Island]Oct. 9th 1792.\nIn answer to your letter of the 19th and that part of your letter of the 26th of the last month which respects fictitious sales &c permit me to observe, that I had been seasonably informed by the Colle. of Providence District of the delinquencies of Mr. Arnold respectg. a certain bond, that I had reason to suspect that he intended to transfer his property in the Samuel to Stephen Dexter, and that Dexter would apply for an entry at the Custom House in Newport. This and the advice of the District Atty. occasioned the Statements in my letter of the 4th. of last month. It was his opinion that it would not be safe for me to refuse a credit to Mr. Dexter if he should ask for an entry, producing a regular bill of sale, offering to give bond and otherwise to comply with the Law, notwithstanding the sale might appear to be fictitious. Before I received your letter, the Samuel arrived in this Port, Mr. Dexter applied for an entry, produced a regular bill of sale of vessel and cargo & I entered them. Your opinion expressed in the letter of the 19th is \u201cthat if appearances of this kind continue the presumption of design to evade the law will be sufficy. strong to justify an Offe. in refusing the credit.\u201d \u201cIf an action be brought against the Offe for such refusal, means must be taken to examine all the parties upon Oath, and in the event of damages against the Offe. if he appears to have acted with due caution, and upon sufficient ground of probability, it will be incumbent on the Government to indemnify him.\u201d Such circumstances as would justify a refusal should I conceive insure an indemnification, but this is not needed I expect that it would be insured by your letter of the 19th. Your Letter of the 26th. would give greater encouragement to expectation, were it not for the clause which concludes its last sentence, \u201cas I have already mentioned in my former letter\u201d which reference connects what is expressed in this with your former letter. Considered in this view, let me ask what means could be legally used to compell the Plt. in a prosecution agst an Offe. for refusing credit to sustain an examination under Oath before a State Court? and I know not of any Law of the United States which restricts actions against Officers in such cases to federal Courts. Our State Courts never exercise such a power.\nDue caution and sufficient ground of probability are general expressions which admit of great latitude of Construction, and I have remarked that when persons have not succeded in an undertaking, their want of success has been attributed to incautiousness, or to their not having proceded on probable ground. Good or ill success stamp applause or censure on conduct.\nI did not conceive when I wrote my letter of the 4th that you was authorized by law to promise an indemnification to an Officer who on probable ground of collusion should refuse a credit, and in consequence thereof should be sued, and suffer damage; but to intimate that until a Law should be enacted which would assure to an officer indemnification in the event of damages against him, it ought not to be expected that he should refuse a credit; and thereby expose himself to injury, and that damages and probably heavy damages would in that case be recovered against him, I was then and am now, upon mature consideration, satisfied would be the event of such a prosecution. An Act of Congress insuring indemnification to Officers who acting by your advice or by the advice of the District attorney when there would not be sufficient time to obtain your advice, should any case be prosecuted and damages be recovered against them would free Officers from embarrassment, and would not I believe be disadvantageous to the Public. An Act of Congress if such an act could be framed which would prevent a delinquent obligor from availing himself of a fictitious sale, to obtain credit would put a stop to such unjustifiable conduct in future, and it appears to me that a Law confining suits against Officers of the United States to a federal Court might not be improper.\nIt is probable that an application may again be made to me for credit, by a vendee of Mr. Arnold; other wise I should not have troubled you with this letter.\nI have expressed my sentiments perhaps with too great freedom. I trust they will be received with candour. In this confidence and with perfect consideration\nI am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Yr. most obedt. servt.\nWm Ellery Co\nA Hamilton Esqr\nSecry Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0374-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 9 October 1792\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nTreasury Dept. Registers Office9 Octr: 1792.\nI have the Honor to enclose certifyd Copies from the Treasury Books of an Acct. depending betwixt His Mo: Catholic Majesty and the United States, for Monies recd. on Loan. I cannot find that this Loan has been recognized on the Journals of Congress in a like Manner with the french and Dutch Loans. It is founded on a settlemt made by the late Comr. for settling the foreign Accts. entitled Loans from the Court of Spain. This money was paid to the Hon: James Gardoqui and has been regularly accounted for by him, having been expended in the purchasing of Cloathing and in the payt. of Bills of Exn. drawn by order of Congress. The principal\nCts.\nsum recd. was\nTo which add Interest thereon to the 31 Dec: 1792\nTotal Amt. of Principal & Int. as \u214c Statement\nAltho\u2019 there is no Recognition of this Debt on the Journals of Congress, by a Copy of the Original Contract or otherwise, yet in all the Estimates made by the late Government the annual Appropriations have been made for the payment of its Int. and in the various Reports from Committees of Congress it has been noticed as an Existing Claim due from the united states.\nThere is an Acct. opened in the Treasury Books under the Title of Don Carlos Dildephonso Rico Hombre D\u2019Espagne a Copy of which I in-close. This I have understood from Mr. Lee is to be viewed as a Gratuity and not as a Loan.\nI have the Honor to be sir with Real Respect \u2003 Your mo: ob: & Mo: hb: Serv.\nJ. N.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0374-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [From Joseph Nourse], [9 October 1792]\nFrom: \nTo: \nDr: His mo: Catholic Majesty in A/c with the united states\nCr:\nBy Int. on 17,892 dollars from 1 January 1781 to 31 dec. 1792 is 12 years @ 5 p.c.\nJanuary 1. for so much recd. of the Court\nFeb: 28 & March 6.\ndo\nApril 28\ndo\nMay 9\ndo\nJune 22\ndo\nAug. 18\ndo\nDec: 23\ndo\nMarch 21\ndo\nBy Int. on 17,892 dollars from 1 January 1781 to 31 dec. 1792 is 12 years @ 5 p.c.\ndo\nfrom 28 Feby.\n1781 to do\n@ do\ndo\nfrom 28 April\n1781 to do\ndo\nfrom 9 May\n1781 to do\ndo\nfrom 22 June\n1781 to do\ndo\nfrom 18 August\n1781 to do\ndo\nfrom 23 decr.\n1781 to do\ndo\nfrom 21 March\n1782 to do\nDolls\nTreasury Dept.\nRegisters Office 9th. Octo: 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0376", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to James Watson, 9 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Watson, James\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia October 91792\nI was very glad to find your name on the list of Directors of The Manufacturing Society. I trust it will be in your power to give a portion of your time and attention to it; from which I am persuaded it will profit.\nWhen I was last at New Ark, I thought I perceived something like an intention to bring forward Mr. Samuel Ogden as Superintendant of the Manufactory. To you I do not scruple to say that in my judgment it would be fatal to the Society.\n1 Mr. Ogden is without exception one of the most opiniated men I ever knew. On this particular subject he seems to think there is nobody, but himself, who has a single rational Idea. In one week, he would drive L\u2019Enfant off the ground. Already he has affirmed that L\u2019Enfant knows nothing of Water works, when it is well known that he was regularly bred to this, as a part of his profession. He is by Trade what is called in France a civil Engineer that is an Artist acquainted with Mechanics generally; particularly in reference to Architecture Aqueducts Canals &c &c including necessarily a knowlege of Hydraulicks. This is the mans profession, & from my knowlege of him I rely that he will undertake nothing which he is not able to execute solidly and well. I should therefore deem it a misfortune that any thing should happen to deprive the Society of his Services.\n2 Mr. Ogden is generally what may be called a Projector & of course not a man of sound views.\n3 He has a multiplicity of other affairs and s[c]hemes on hand and would not be a totus homo to the Institution.\n4 He is extremely disliked by all the persons who are to be at the head of the particular branches of the Manufactory which has proceeded from his overbearing and excessive pretensions.\n5 He is a man too much addicted to hospitality and conviviality, and does not possess those habits of minute attention regular disapline & strict \u0153cononomy which are essential to such an undertaking. He is particularly deficient in the talent of making the most of the labour of a number of hands. On this last point I speak from the most authentic information founded on experience. This in especial confidence.\nYou are however at liberty to make known my opinion & the reasons of it substantially to Walker, Clarkson, Le Roy\u2014& with somewhat more of caution to Rickets.\nYours with sincere esteem & regard\nA Hamilton\nJames Watson Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0377", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, [10 October 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\n[Philadelphia, October 10, 1792. On January 2, 1793, Hamilton wrote to the president and directors of the Bank of the United States and referred to \u201cmy letter to you of the 10th of October last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0378", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Clymer, [10 October 1792]\nFrom: Clymer, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\n[Pittsburgh, October 10, 1792]\nIt remains, to compleat the several objects which I stand instructed on, that I state to you the condition of the westermost Survey of my district.\nThe Survey includes in it five Counties\u2014Washington, Fayette, Westmoreland, Allegany and Bed-ford. The temper and disposition of the first four of these Counties with respect to the Excise may be understood generally from what I have already wrote, but there are shades of difference between them to be remarked, proceeding from the character and views of individuals who have obtained influence among the people.\nWashington\u2014This county is the most repugnant to the law and furnishes the most examples of violence. Bradford a lawyer who prosecutes in the state courts under the attorney general, and Marshal, once county lieutenant now register, are the great leaders. The justices of the peace and clergy also are among the most outrageous.\nFayette\u2014Scarce more moderate than the former \u2019tho occasion has not ministered to as many acts of violence. Smilee and Gallatin both members of the state assembly are the professed leaders.\nWestmoreland\u2014Engaged in the general opposition, \u2019tho the father of all the disturbances of the Western Country has to save his own character given it in this County a particular direction. He has accordingly kept his people of Westmoreland out of Combinations and Committees, thinking it more adviseable to hand a petition around the county to be signed individually. An Officer however has no better treatment here than in other counties.\nAllegany\u2014has taken no decided part\u2014it has proceeded to no violences yet afraid to run counter to the general spirit. I do not know any professed leader of opposition nor yet any one of sufficient Courage to advocate the Law. Consequently, \u2019tho an officer should have nothing to fear from combination, yet he would not be protected from individual insult.\nIt may seem strange that among so numerous a people as inhabit these Counties, none are to be found willing to support the government of the United states\u2014in Truth, the whole mass, under Finley and Smiley, being once thoroughly corrupted and disaffected to it would now at best, the Excise out of the question, be but perfectly indifferent to it. Individuals there are, undoubtedly, who think rightly, but all their men of distinction are either sordid shopkeepers, crafty lawyers or candidates for office, not inclined to make personal sacrifices to truth or honour. There is besides no small reason to suspect an infusion of state jealousy. It may be said too, in general, that the duties of Citizenship are but poorly understood, or regarded where the moral sense is so greatly depraved as it is in this Country, by the intemperate use of the favourite drink. He must be inattentive indeed who does not make this observation.\nBed-ford\u2014the last in the Survey\u2014the duty here has not been yet collected, not so much from any opposing spirit as from some other causes, for under the influence of Mr. George Woods, and Mr. Espy and some of their friends of the town of Bed-ford, this County is well attached to the federal government. But the County, \u2019tho of great extent, is very thinly inhabited and poor, \u2019tho Collector has not found security, and General Nevil would perhaps have as much to fear from the ferocious spirit of the people of Washington for pretending to execute the law in Bed-ford as in that County, and Bed-ford interposing a great barrier has kept the contagion from travelling easterly. Particular attention must however be immediately paid to Bed-ford, as it is in the passes of that County we must expect to stop the contraband liquors of the other four Counties.\nIn estimating the demandable revenue of the four Counties, General Nevil goes upon the Supposition of fifteen hundred Stills yielding annually five hundred gallons each. And Marshall, in the last Committee, spoke of twelve hundred as the number of the Stills, and forty three thousand dollars as the Sum of the duties; there is however no certainty in this matter, for the law not being executed there are of course no authentic documents.\nI am Sir \u2003 With the greatest consideration and respect \u2003 Your most obed st\nGeo Clymer\nOctober 10. 1792\nSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0379", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 10 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\nSir\nTreasury Department October 10th 1792\nIf a vessel bound to a foreign port, is by distress of weather, compelled to put into any port of the united States, where upon due examination such vessel is found to be unfit to proceed on her voyage, so as to render the transferring of her cargo to another vessel necessary, I am of opinion, that the Tonnage duty is not to be demanded. But an entry must be made of the cargo and the duties paid or secured, and the proceedings for drawing back the duties must be as in other cases of reexportation.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nSharp Delany Esqr\nCollector Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0380", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 10 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia October 10th1792\nI duly received your letter of the 6th of September; and have sent an extract of it to Mr Church for the explanation which is necessary.\nI feel myself truly obliged by your friendly allusion to my unpleasant situation, and for the consolation you are so kind as to offer me. The esteem of the discerning and virtuous must always support a mind properly formed under the pressure of malevolence and envy. I will not pretend that I am insensible to the persecution which I experience; but it may be relied upon, that I shall desert no post, which I ought to endeavour to maintain, so long as my own reputation or the public good may render perseverance necessary or proper. When it is not requisite either to the one or the other my friends will excuse me, if I recollect that I have a growing and hitherto too much neglected family.\nIt is to be lamented that so strong a spirit of faction and innovation prevails at the present moment in a great part of this Country. The thing is alarming enough to call for the attention of every friend to Government.\nLet me not be thought to travel out of my sphere if I observe that a particular attention to the election for the next Congress is dictated by the vigorous and general effort which is making by factious men to introduce every where and in every department persons unfriendly to the measures, if not the constitution, of the National Government.\nEither Governor Clinton or Mr. Burr of New York, both decidedly of the description of persons, I have mentioned, is to be run in this quarter as Vice President in opposition to Mr. Adams. The former has been invariably the enemy of National Principles. The latter has no other principle than to mount at all events to the first honors of the State & to as much more as circumstances will permit\u2014a man in private life not unblemished. It will be a real misfortune to the Government if either of them should prevail. Tis suspected by some that the plan is only to divide the votes of the N & Middle States to let in Mr. Jefferson by the votes of the South. I will not scruple to say to you in confidence that this also would be a serious misfortune to the Government. That Gentleman whom I once very much esteemed, but who does not permit me to retain that sentiment for him, is certainly a man of sublimated and paradoxical imagination\u2014entertaining & propagating notions inconsistent with dignified and orderly Government. Mr. Adams whatever objections may be against some of his theoretic opinions is a firm honest independent politician.\nSome valuable characters are about to be lost to the House of Representatives of their own choice. I feared once that this would be the case with Mr. Smith of your state; but I believe his present intention is rather to continue to serve. I trust there can be no doubt of his success and I wish means to be used to determine his acquiescence. He is truly an excellent member\u2014a ready clear speaker of a sound analytic head and the justest views\u2014I know no man whose loss from the House would be more severely felt by the good cause.\nThe delicacy of these observations from me will of course occur to you. I make them without reserve confiding equally in your friendship & prudence. Accept the assurances of the cordial esteem & regard with which I have the honor to remain\nD Sir \u2003 Yr. Obedient servant\nAlex Hamilton\nCharles Cotesworth Pinckney Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0381", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jean Marie Roland, 10 October 1792\nFrom: Roland, Jean Marie\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nParis, le 10 Octobre 1792, l\u2019an 1.er de la Republique Fran\u00e7oise.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous adresser ci-joint, Monsieur, un imprim\u00e9 rev\u00eatu du sceau de l\u2019Etat, de la Loi du 26 Ao\u00f9t dernier, qui conf\u00e8re le titre de Citoyens Fran\u00e7ois \u00e0 plusieurs Etrangers. Vous y lirez, que la Nation vous a plac\u00e9 au nombre des amis de l\u2019humanit\u00e9 & de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, auxquels Elle a d\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 ce titre.\nL\u2019Assembl\u00e9e Nationale, par un D\u00e9cret du 9 Septembre, a charg\u00e9 le Pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif de vous adresser cette Loi; j\u2019y ob\u00e9is, en vous priant d\u2019\u00eatre convaincu de la satisfaction que j\u2019\u00e9prouve d\u2019\u00eatre, dans cette circonstance, le Ministre de la Nation, & de pouvoir joindre mes sentimens particuliers \u00e0 ceux que vous t\u00e9moigne un grand Peuple dans l\u2019enthousiasme des premiers jours de sa libert\u00e9.\nJe vous prie de m\u2019accuser la r\u00e9ception de ma Lettre, afin que la Nation soit assur\u00e9e que la Loi vous est parvenue, & que vous comptez \u00e9galement les Fran\u00e7ois parmi vos Fr\u00e8res.\n  Le Ministre De L\u2019Int\u00e9rieurde la R\u00e9publique Fran\u00e7oise.Roland\n  M. Jean Hamilton, dans les Etats-unis de l\u2019Amerique", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0383", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Irvine and John Kean, 11 October 1792\nFrom: Irvine, William,Kean, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] October 11, 1792. \u201cConformably to the order of the Senate of the United States to you of the 7th of May last, and to your request in your letter of the 6th. instant we herewith in-close the account required.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0384", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 11 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nsir\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 11th 1792.\nI have it in contemplation to make arrangements for the payment of the debt, which appears on the Books of the Treasury, to be due to His Most Catholic Majesty, being for advances made on account of the United States during the late War with G Britain.\nI make this communication, in order that if any reasons against the payment exist in the knowlege of the Department of State they may be made known.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 Very Respectfully \u2003 sir Your Obedt Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe Secretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0386", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the Directors of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, [12 October 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Directors of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures\n[Philadelphia, October 12, 1792]\nMinute of Matters which appear to require the attention of the Directors of the Society for establishing useful Manufactures.\nI \u2003 The appointment of a Superintendant, if an unexceptionable person should present; but if none such should occur it may be still most adviseable to defer till the buildings shall be erected and the works in operation.\nII \u2003 An Application to the Legislature to remove all doubts concerning the power of forfeiting the interest of those who do not pay up. This appears indispensable to the successful prosecution of the business.\nIII \u2003 Application to the Legislature to make the Indentures of Minors of equal force with the Contracts of full Aged persons. Perhaps it will be well to authorise at once the taking of apprentices.\nIV \u2003 The authorising the sale of a certain number of Lots to persons (other than Mechanics) who may incline to build and settle. In this case the price of a lot ought to be set high (say not less than 150 Dollars for one consisting of a quarter of an acre) and a condition ought to be annexed to oblige the erecting upon it within a year a building of a certain value to be defined. Perhaps Twenty lots will suffice for this purpose. Tis desireable to accelerate some establishments besides those of the Society.\nV \u2003 A person in the character of Store keeper is much wanting. He ought to keep a book and make regular entries in it of all articles received and issued specifying from and to whom, that a strict accountability may be established. An exact inventory of tools & implements in the possession of each person ought to be taken, when any is broken the parts returned when a new one is demanded\u2014when lost a report to be made to the store keeper & noted in some proper column. Here is much opportunity for abuse and waste. It will be well that all articles purchased and sent to the Manufactory should be accompanied with something in nature of a bill of lading or cocquet to be delivered to the Storekeeper so that his books may shew as well by whom & how articles are sent as the particulars of the articles.\nA board yard well regulated to be under the care of the Storekeeper or some person under him seems much wanted.\nVI \u2003 Some reductions of persons or wages may be found practicable but in this it will not be well to dismiss persons who though not immediately essential will be proper to be retained to be prepared for the works when ready. Such persons however will probably be content with half wages till the Manufactory goes into operation.\nVII \u2003 The Machines ordered were not going forward for want of some materials. It is interesting that all impediment should be removed. It will perhaps be most advantageous to contract for them by the piece but in this case a proper allowance would be to be made to the Society for the use of Shops tools &c.\nVIII \u2003 Piece-work in every branch has been found preferable to working upon wages. Somebody ought to be charged in time with preparing for the Society a scale of allowances or rates. The highest allowances in England would seem to be the proper standard; which considering collateral advantages will probably suffice. Young in his annals gives the rates of wages & compensations in England.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0387", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 12 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nSir,\nTreasury Department, October 12, 1792.\nI request that henceforth immediately at the close of every quarter, you will furnish me with a summary of the amount of all Duties, which shall have accrued in your Office, during such quarter. It will at the same time be requisite to state the Drawbacks (if any) and the payments to Inspectors and other charges by computation, where the true amount cannot immediately be ascertained, in order to know the net proceeds of the Duties as nearly as may be practicable. In all cases where the returns for any past quarter have not yet been transmitted to the Treasury, it will be necessary that the summary statement be forwarded without delay. It is matter of much moment that early information of the product of the Duties should be received by the Treasury; which renders a careful attention to this instruction particularly necessary.\nIt has occurred that vessels bound to foreign ports have by distress of weather been compelled to put into ports of the United States, where upon proper examination such vessels were found to be unfit to proceed on their voyages, so as to render the transferring of their cargoes to other vessels necessary, and a question has arisen, whether such vessels are liable to the Tonnage duty.\nI am of opinion that under those circumstances no Tonnage duty is to be demanded. But regular entries must be made of the cargoes, the Duties paid or secured, and the proceedings for drawing back the Duties must be as in other cases of re-exportation.\nWith great consideration, \u2003 I am, Sir, \u2003 Your obedient Servant,\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0388", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 13 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 13. 1792.\nIn pursuance of powers which mr Short had confided to me, and urged by the circumstances of the moment, I thought it expedient to desire on the 19th. of April last that no transfer might be permitted of any stock standing in his own name or in the name of any other for his use. The circumstances no longer existing which dictated that caution I desire that the caveat may be considered as withdrawn. I have the honor to be with great respect\nSir \u2003 Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nThe Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0389", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 13 October 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States 13 Octo. 1792\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to inform the Secretary of the Treasury that the President has appointed William Lewis to be keeper of the Light-house on Cape Henry, with a salary of four hundred Dollars per annum. The president does not conceive that the circumstance of mr Cormicks being employed to oversee the building of the Lighthouse, tho\u2019 in his favor, as sufficiently strong to recommend him as the most proper person to be Keeper of it.\nTobias Lear. S. P. U.S.\nT. Lear has mentioned to the president the Auditor\u2019s wish to go to Virginia, & he has no objection to his going.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0390", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 13 October 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore, October 13, 1792. \u201cAgreeable to your request, of the 8th of last month, I now enclose to you a list of the average freight usually paid from this port. The several rates of the respective articles usually exported from hence, have been ascertained by the Merchants who compose the insurance company, and whose information I deem the most to be relied on.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0393", "content": "Title: Draft of George Washington\u2019s Fourth Annual Address to Congress, [15\u201331 October 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, October 15\u201331, 1792]\nIt is an abatement of the satisfaction, with which I meet you, on the present occasion, that in felicitating you on a continuance of the national prosperity, generally, I am not able to add to it information, that the Indian hostilities, which have for some time distressed our N Western frontier, have terminated.\nYou will doubtless learn, with as much concern as I communicate it, that reiterated endeavours to effect a pacifaction have hitherto issued only in new and outrageous proofs of persevering hostility on the part of the tribes, with whom we are in contest. An earnest desire to procure tranquillity to the frontier, to stop the further effusion of blood, to arrest the progress of expence, to promote the prevalent wish of the Country for peace, have led to strenuous efforts, through various channels, to effect that desireable end; in which neither my own calculations of the event, nor any scruples which may have occurred concerning the dignity of government have been permitted to outweigh the important considerations that have been mentioned.\nA detail of the measures, which have been adopted, will be laid before you, from which I persuade myself it will appear to you, that means as proper and as efficacious, as could have been devised have been employed. The issue indeed of some of them is yet depending; but while a favourable one is not to be despaired of, every antecedent and collateral circumstance, discourages an expectation of it.\nIn the course of these attempts, some valuable citizens have fallen victims to their zeal for the public service. A sanction hitherto commonly respected even among savages has not been sufficient to protect from slaughter the messengers of peace.\nIt will I presume be duly considered whether the occasion does not call for an exercise of liberality towards the families of the deceased.\nIt must add to your concern to know that, in addition to the continuation of hostile appearances among the tribes, North of the Ohio, some threatening symptoms have lately been revived among some of those South of it. According to the last accounts, an attack upon the settlements within the Territory of the US\nFurther evidence however is necessary to ascertain the reality and extent of the evil; and in the mean time defensive precautions only have been permitted.\nIt is not understood that any breach of Treaty or aggression, on the part of the UStates or their Citizens is even alleged, as a pretext for the spirit of hostility in this quarter. Other causes for it are indicated which it would be premature to particularise.\nI have reason to believe that every practicable exertion has been made to be prepared for the alternative of a continuance of the War in pursuance of the provision made by law. A large proportion of the troops authorised to be raised have been recruited\u2014but the number is still incomplete. A particular statement from the proper department, on this subject, and in relation to some other points, which have been suggested, will afford more precise information as a guide to the Legislative consulations; and among other things will enable Congress to judge whether some additional stimulous to the recruiting service may not be adviseable.\nIn looking forward to the future expences of the operations which may be necessary, I derive consolation from the information, I receive, that as far as the product of the revenues for the present year is known at the Treasury, there is a strong prospect that no additional burthens on the community will be requisite for the supplies of the ensuing year. This however will be better ascertained, in the course of the present session; and it is proper to add, that the information proceeds upon the supposition of no material extension of the spirit of hostility.\nI cannot dismiss the subject of Indian affairs, without recalling to your attention, the necessity of more adequate provision, for giving energy to the laws throughout our Interior Frontier, so as effectually to restrain depredations upon the Indians, without which every pacific system must prove abortive; and also for enabling the employment of qualified persons to reside as Agents among the Indians; an expedient of material importance in the sucessful management of Indian affairs. If some efficacious plan could be devised for carrying on Trade with the Indians upon a scale adequate to their wants and under regulations calculated to protect them from extortion and imposition, it would prove here-after a powerful mean of preserving peace and a good understanding with them.\nThe prosperous state of our Revenue has been intimated. This would be still more the case, were it not for the impediments which in some places continue to embarrass the collection of the duties on home made spirits. These impediments have lessened and are lessening, as to local extent, and as applied to the community at large the spirit of acquiescence in the law appears to be progressive.\nBut symptoms of an increased opposition having recently manifested themselves in certain quarters, particularly in one where the enjoyment of immediate benefits from the common contributions of the country was to have been expected to fortify the general sense of respect and duty towards the government and its laws and the disposition to share in the public burthens\u2014I thought a special interposition, on my part had become proper and adviseable; and under this impression I have issued a proclamation\nMeasures have also been begun for the prosecution of offenders: and Congress may be assured that nothing within constitutional and legal limits which may depend on me shall be wanting to assert and maintain the just authority of the laws. In fulfilling this trust, I shall count intirely upon the full cooperation of the other departments of Government and upon the zealous support of all good citizens.\nI cannot forbear to bring again into the view of the Legislature the expediency of a Revision of the Judiciary system. A representation from the Judges of the Supreme Court, which will be laid before you points out some of the inconveniences that are experienced. In the course of the administration of the laws, considerations arise out of the structure of that system, which tend to impede their execution. As connected with this subject, some provisions respecting the taking of bail upon processes out of the Courts of the United States, and a supplementary definition of offences against the constitution and laws, and of the punishments for such offences are presumed to merit particular attention.\nThe interests of a nation when well understood will be found to coincide with their moral duties. Among these, it is an important one to cultivate peace and friendship with our neighbours. To do this we should make provision for rendering the justice we must sometimes require from them. I recommend therefore to your consideration whether the laws of the Union should not be extended to restrain our citizens from committing acts of violence within the territories of other nations, which would be punished were they committed within our own. And in general the maintenance of a friendly intercourse with foreign Nations will be presented to your attention, by the expiration of the law for that purpose, which takes place, if not renewed at the close of the present session.\nIn execution of the authority given by the Legislature measures have been taken for engaging some artists from abroad to aid in the establishment of our Mint; others have been employed at home. Provision has been made of the requisite buildings, and these are now putting into proper condition for the purposes of the establishment. There has been also a small beginning in the coinage of half dismes and cents; the want of small coins in circulation calling the first attention to them.\nThe regulation of foreign coins in correspondency with the principles of our national coinage will I doubt not be resumed and completed, being a matter essential to the due operation of the system and to order in our pecuniary concerns.\nIt is represented that the regulations contained in the law which establishes the Post Office operate in experiment against the transmission of News Papers to distant parts of the Country. Should this, upon due inquiry, be found to be the fact, the Legislative wisdom will doubtless apply a remedy; under a full conviction of the great importance of facilitating the circulation of political intelligence and information.\nInformation has been received of the adoption of a Constitution for the State of Kentuke. An event so interesting to the happiness of the part of the nation to which it relates, cannot but make a correspondent impression. The Communications concerning it will be laid before you.\nIt is proper likewise to inform you, that since my last communication on the subject, in further execution of the Acts severally making provision for the public Debt and for the Reduction thereof three new loans have been effected one for 3000000 of florins at Antwerp at 4\u00bd \u214c Ct and  \u214c Ct charges and two others each for 3000000 of florins at Amsterdam at 4 \u214c&  Ct \u214c Ct. charges. Among the objects to which these funds have been directed to be applied, the payment of the debts due to certain foreign officers according to the provision made for that purpose during the last session is included.\nH of R.\nI entertain a strong hope that the state of the National Finances is now sufficiently matured to enable you to enter upon systematic and effectual arrangements for the regular redemption and discharge of the public debt, according to the right, which has been reserved to the Government. No measure can be regarded as more desireable whether viewed with an eye to its intrinsic importance or to the general sentiment and wish of the Nation.\nProvision likewise is requisite for the reimbursement of the loan which has been made of the Bank of the UStates pursuant to  Section of the Act by which it is incorporated. In fulfilling the public stipulation, in this particular, a valuable saving may it is expected be made.\nAppropriations for the service of the ensuing year and for such extraordinaries as may have occurred will demand and I doubt not will engage your early attention.\nSenate & H of Repres\nI content myself with recalling your attention generally to such objects suggested in my former communications as have not yet been finally acted upon and as are not previously particularised.\nThe results of your joint deliberations, hitherto, will, I trust, be productive of solid and durable advantages to our constituents; which by conciliating more and more their approbation may tend to strengthen and confirm their attachment to that Constitution of Government upon which depend under Divine Providence, union safety and prosperity.\nStill further to secure these inestimable ends, there is nothing, which can have so powerful a tendency as the careful cultivation of harmony combined with a due regard to stability in the public councils.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0394", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 15 October 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nColles Office [Newport, Rhode Island] Oct. 15 1792\nThis letter will be accompanied by a Statement of fees &c recd. and expenditures made by me from Oct. 1, 1791 to Oct. 1792. and by similar Statements from the Inspector &c &c in this District; by the quarterly return required exceptg a Return of distilled Spirits exported, and a return of Exports, and their value which will be transmitted by the next Post. I have not received the expected Letter from the Comptroller, and therefore have put on an account only of the expenditures on the Light House for the last quarter.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Yr. most obedt. servt.\nW Ellery Colle\nA Hamilton Esqr Secry Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0395", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Randall, 15 October 1792\nFrom: Randall, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, October 15, 1792. \u201cPlease to pay to Tench Coxe Esqr. Three Hundred and Eighty Dollars 77/100 for Oil bought \u2026 for the Light house at Cape Henry Virginia.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0397", "content": "Title: Fact No. II, [16 October 1792]\nFrom: \u201cFact\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, October 16, 1792]\nFor the National Gazette.\nGenuine Truth never deviates into misrepresentation. That an impostor has assumed its name in the National Gazette of the 10th inst. is sufficiently evinced by the following circumstance. The writer, who appears under that signature, after endeavouring to torture certain expressions of the Secretary of the Treasury, into a meaning which, construed with candour, and in connection with their context, never could be put upon them\u2014proceeds thus, \u201cIf these opinions seem to be contradicted in any manner or degree by the other observations of this officer, namely, that \u2018the creation of debt should always be accompanied with the means of extinguishment,\u2019 and \u2018that there should be a constant effort to reduce the present and avoid new debts as far as may be,\u2019 it is most fairly to be explained by allowing for a more cautious language latterly produced by the public alarm taken at such doctrines,\u201d Etc. Now, it happens, unfortunately for this uncandid interpretation, that the first of the above quoted positions (to wit) that \u201cthe creation of debt should always be accompanied with the means of extinguishment,\u201d is contained in the very first communication, or report, which the Secretary of the Treasury ever made on the subject of the public debt; in that very report which contains the expressions tortured into an advocation of the doctrine that public debts are public blessings; in immediate connection with the very expressions upon which that construction has been put.\nAgain: The phrase \u201ccritical point,\u201d quoted from a report of the Secretary of the Treasury on Manufactures, is made to refer to that point at which public debts cease to be public blessings; whereas in the true sense in which the phrase is used, it refers really to that point, at which \u201cA public debt may be swelled to such a size, as that the greater part of it may cease to be useful as capital, serving only to pamper the dissipation of idle and dissolute individuals, as that the sums required to pay the interest of it may become oppressive & beyond the means which a government can employ consistently with its tranquility, to raise them; as that the resources of taxation to face the debt may have been strained too far, to admit of extension adequate to exigencies which regard the public safety;\u201d (see page 25 of the report of the Secretary of the Treasury on Manufactures). It is this \u201ccritical point,\u201d including a complication of circumstances of which the Secretary speaks, and concerning which he observes, that \u201cwhere it is cannot be pronounced; tho\u2019 it is impossible to believe that there is not such a point:\u201d this is a further sample of the disposition to mistake and misrepresent. In fine, the just and obvious construction of what the Secretary has said is simply this\u2014that while it cannot be admitted as a general proposition, that public debts are public blessings, with which latitude the doctrine is sometimes laid down, yet there may be particular situations of a country, in which a portion of a public debt, funded on right principles, may be advantageous by supplying a deficiency of actual capital\u2014and that such was the situation of the United States, at the time the question concerning a provision for the public debt was depending, that the proper funding of the existing debt would render it a public advantage\u2014and hitherto at least the position is verified by experience.\nGloomy predictions of the future, it is true, are thrown out, by factious, or hypochondriac politicians; but these being mere predictions, must be referred for their fulfilment or refutation to Time.\nIn any event, the doctrine charged upon the Secretary of the Treasury, which he emphatically terms \u201ca doctrine inviting to prodigality, and liable to dangerous abuse,\u201d is not attributable to any thing he has said, still less to any thing he has done. If conduct is allowed to be a test of sincerity, the course he took in the last session, in regard to the war with the Indians, is a pregnant and energetic proof of his aversion to an accumulation of debt. Whatever may be the good or ill qualities of that officer, much flexibility of character is not of the number. He is not therefore liable to the suspicion of having disavowed any principle which he really entertains, because it may have excited a degree of clamour.\n  Fact.\n  Philad. Oct 16", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0398", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John F. Mercer, 16[\u201328] October 1792\nFrom: Mercer, John F.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nAnnapolis Octr. 16th.[\u201328] 1792\nYou must attribute the delay of my answer to yours of the 26th. of September to the extreme indisposition of my family. In replying now I cannot avoid noticing the Letter which you address\u2019d to Major Ross at the same time and on the same subject and which that Gentleman consider\u2019d himself as authoriz\u2019d to circulate in an hand-Bill whilst my Election was depending.\nAltho we naturally enter with warmth into the feelings of any Gentleman, who even fancies that his integrity has been publickly questioned\u2014yet a mind divested of the impulse of passion must condemn the hastiness of your adopting the vague statements of an avow\u2019d Partizan\u2014nor can it admit that decorum of situation was in the least regarded, in committing your name, with the harsh expressions you have used in regard to me, to be publickly handed about and pasted upon Sign Posts to influence the weak and uninform\u2019d during a contested Election.\nSo far as your name or conduct has been involv\u2019d in public discussion during the late contest in this District you may render thanks to your Worthy and respectable Friends. It has been involuntary on my part. You have in fact been lugg\u2019d into this business by those who thro\u2019 weakness or wickedness or perhaps both have been already real Enemies to your reputation and may eventually prove more so.\nPrompted by a delicacy which your absence imposed I cautiously confin\u2019d my justification against the charges leveled at my conduct, (as far as they related to you and as far as circumstances wou\u2019d permit) to what I had asserted uncontradicted on the floor of Congress\u2014and I am at a loss to conceive how even an hurried impression from the groundless publication to which you refer coud have led you into the Error that I had in any manner represented you as a Stock Jobber or Dealer in Certificates on your own Account\u2014for altho\u2019 in general it may be imagin\u2019d by minds unsophisticated by financial refinement that a Man entrusted with the public Money wou\u2019d lay it out to the same advantage as his own\u2014Yet even pursuing the statement of Major Ross, it must have been no slight infatuation that cou\u2019d lead an intelligent being seriously to suppose that I had accused you of giving 18/. of your own Money for Stock when offered it at 14/.\nI stated that in my judgment you had unjustifiably sacrificed the other Interests of the United States to a particular and by no means a meritorious Class\u2014and even the great bulk of that Interest together with the rest of the Community to a few unworthy Individuals, who from their immediate situation on the spot\u2014their connections and information (however acquired) of the intended purchases of Stock on public Account, coud make a certain profitt of the measures of Government by your giving or directing to be given on Account of the United States 20/. for 6 pr Cents when the current price averaged from 17/6. to 18/6 and 12/. for 3 pr Cents when others bought @ 10/. and 10/6 for these were statements that I had before made on the floor of Congress and produc\u2019d in their support the public papers of Philadelphia and New York and after repeated public enquiry, did not understand that they wou\u2019d be denied. And that when you receiv\u2019d Stock, under Sealed proposals for the Sale\u2014where three different parcels were offered at three different prices, instead of taking the whole of the lowest offer, you took equal proportions of each, by which means for elucidation, I stated that you had given 18/. when offered at 14/. and altho\u2019 that these were exactly the prices, is what I cannot precisely affirm, yet that the statement was substantially and effectively true, is what I apprehend, will not be denied. At least if denied, I shall hold myself bound to prove it\u2014nor will it I suppose be urged that any immediate Agent in this business has acted otherwise than in conformity to your orders or those of the Board of which you are a Member. Or that a Majority of this Board have not regularly determin\u2019d in strict unison with your sentiments and views, altho\u2019 more than one may have differ\u2019d with you on the propriety and justice of these principles of promoting public Credit.\nBut that you were privately interested in any of these, or any similar transactions, directly or indirectly, is what I never conceiv\u2019d myself nor hinted a suspicion of to others. And that I never impeach\u2019d your integrity as an Individual or public Officer (farther than that in the pursuit of public objects) without any other private view than that of encreasing your own influence and attaching to your administration a Monied Interest as an Engine of Government, your political principles differed from my own, may be so construed, in either a public address or private conversation the Certificates enclosed will I hope fully and effectually establish. With respect to my public address they are from Gentlemen, who having been present at the time alluded to by Major Ross and having divided in sentiment on the Election, have maintain\u2019d thro\u2019 life such a Moderation of Character and propriety of conduct, that their impressions from the Statements and sentiments I delivered can in no wise be attributed to a political biass. With respect to my private conversation, they are from Characters whose veracity and direct views being above all suspicion, are those with whom I have been in the habits of the utmost confidence and to whom I have unbosom\u2019d myself without reserve on my Objections to your Administration. These Certificates are taken with a view to justify myself to the World and to prove that I am incapable of taking any advantage of the absence of any Individual to impeach his integrity. They are not intended as a justification to you\u2014the terms of your address to Major Ross, the manner and purposes for which it has been used, forbid this. I refine a publication under the Signature of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States (an Officer of distinguish\u2019d merit during a great Revolution) stuck up throughout this District among the dirty and infamous libels of a desperate Banditti (copies of some of which I have enclosed) compells me tho\u2019 reluctantly to a reply in terms more explicit and much harsher than I have ever either publickly or privately used before with regard to you.\nI am Sir \u2003 With due respect &ca \u2003 Yr. Ob sr\nJohn F. Mercer\nColonel Alexander Hamilton\nSecretary of the Treasury\nof the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0400", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 16 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 16th 1792.\nI request that you will have enquiry made on board the Cutter Active, whether she is in possession of a double set of arms muskets, pistols, &ca. The Collector of New York was directed to furnish each Cutter with ten muskets and bayonets, twenty pistols, two chissels, one broad axe and two lanthorns. These articles, it appears, have been shipped by Mr Lamb for each of the Cutters\u2014but none have been received at Norfolk.\nIn my letter to you of the 7th Ultimo I requested this examination to be made, and if it should be found that the Maryland Cutter had received the quantity of arms and instruments above mentioned twice, I desired that one parcel might be forwarded to the Collector of Norfolk. Mr Delozier mentions in his letter of the 11th instant that Simon Deagle delivered one set of the said articles to David Porter, but the real state of the business is not ascertained.\nWith great consideration, \u2003 I am, Sir, your Obedt Servant\nAlex Hamilton\nOtho H Williams Esqr.\nCollr Baltimore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0401", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 16 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Staphorst, Nicholaas van,Staphorst, Jacob van,Hubbard, Nicholas\nGentlemen,\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 16th 1792.\nI enclose you the triplicate of my letter of the 19th ultimo\u2014and have by this opportunity barely to inform you that I have directed the Treasurer to draw upon you for one hundred thousand guilders in addition to the sum mentioned in my letter of the 26th of July last.\nI am &c.\nAlexander Hamilton.\nMessrs. Willink, Van Staphorst, & Hubbard.\nAmsterdam.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0403", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 17 October 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, October 17, 1792. \u201cI have the honor to in-close you a copy of an original Certificate transmitted to me by Thomas Newton Junr. Esquire, and signed by Lemuel Cornick the person employed by him to oversee the building of the Chesapeak light House. It appears from this Document that Mr. John McComb Junr. had completed the execution of his contract on the 2nd Instant. The three Beacon Boats for the three shoals near the entrance of the Bay of Chesapeak having been contracted for in Norfolk for the sum of six hundred and thirty three dollars and two thirds, it has become necessary that provision be made for the payment of that sum into the hands of Thomas Newton Junr. Esqr. to enable him to comply with the public engagement made thro\u2019 him. If your direction be given to the Collector of Norfolk, Mr. Newton who seems disposed to superintend the building will receive it from him as there may be occasion.\u2026 I have the Honor to enclose a copy of the Presidents Act of the 4th August relative to the Business of the Revenue.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0404", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmund Randolph, 17 October 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia Octr. 17. 1792.\nOn my return home, I found your letter of the 6th. instant. My answer is short; being no more, than this, that there is not a single fee or emolument incident to my office; that I have paid the expences without taking any account, as I expected no retribution; and that my salary is 1900 dollars per annum.\nI have the honor, sir, to be \u2003 with respect \u2003 Yr. mo. ob. serv.\nEdm. Randolph\nThe Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0405", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 17 October 1792\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nCollectors Office Portsmouth [New Hampshire] Octr. 17. 1792\nConformably to the order of the Senate of the United States passed the 7th. of May last and with your directions dated the 31st. of August, I have the honor to transmit you herewith, a Statement of my emoluments for one year ending the 1st. of October instant\u2014And also those of the Several Officers who have been appointed by me.\nIt is with much reluctance that I am led on this Occasion to renew a Subject which must be uninteresting whether viewed in an official light or otherwise. It is respecting my emoluments as Collector of Portsmo: The favourable opinion which I had entertained of the approaching happiness of my country, & the peculiar Satisfaction with which I anticipated the effects of the Federal Government (and which has been amply verified in the administration of the department under which I act) induced me not only to accept but to Seek an Occasion of contributing in some degree towards the execution of it. This ultimately threw me into the office which I now hold, and although the emoluments was not the first object, I entertained an Idea that they would in due time, and when it should be known how to form an opinion of the value of the Services be advanced to an equitable compensation. At the last Session of Congress an addition was made to my emoluments of 100 dollars pr. year & \u00bd \u214c Ct. Comm~. This Scarcely yet begins to operate\u2014when it does fully it will yield Several hundred dollars Short of a reasonable reward for the Services, & there will be no kind of consideration for the deficiencies in the three past years, the emoluments of which were\nfor the first\nthe second\nthe third\nAn unwillingness to relinquish an office that I am not averse to, hath induced me again to mintion this matter to you, and to request that you will be pleased to inform me whether there is a probability of such augmentations being made as will enable me independently of other resources to continue in the execution of it\u2014and whether any further application on my part would be necessary to that end. If the returns now made have any relation to that Object the noticing of the emoluments for the two first years is not I apprehend improper, especially if compensations or grants for deficiencies are admissible.\nI think it cannot be conceived that the Services incident to my Several functions as agent for the Cutter superintendent of the Light house & Collector can be executed for less or be worth less than one thousand dollars Net pr. Year, the two former give nothing but are attended with considerable care.\nI am with Sentiments of respect & esteem \u2003 Sir Your Most Obt. & hume Servt.\nThe Hon. Alx Hamilton Secy of the Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0406", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Stephen Cross, 18 October 1792\nFrom: Cross, Stephen\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewburyport [Massachusetts] October 18, 1792. \u201cIn my letter of May 25th I mentioned that I should make some Observations respecting my being removed from Office.\u2026 Had not the under officers a right to give the other Officers their whole pay or any part of it if they pleased, and what danger of abuse would arise there from if they did. The money represented to be passed by me.\u2026 was voluntary left in my hands without any agreement made or suggested by me or by my proposal.\u2026 What could be the reason of an enquiery whetter some of the under officers were not my near connections, was there any Impropriety in appointing them, or was it not A disgust some persons took on discovering my sons privately watching A Vessell where I suspected A Fraudelant design which I always ordered when I suspected such design it is a satisfaction howeve[r] to me that those People do not Pretend any neglect or Improper conduct in either of them.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0407", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tobias Lear, 18 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDr. Sir,\n[Philadelphia] 18th. October 1792.\nBefore a final step is taken respecting a Keeper of the Virginia Lighthouse, I wish it to be known to The President (what I did not advert to yesterday) that Mr. Cornick was appointed by Colo. Newton to oversee the building of a Lighthouse, for which he will receive a quantum meruit. This is a circumstance in his favour tho\u2019 a very slight one, and such as may be overruled by any other consideration. Propriety, however, requires that it should be brought into the President\u2019s view. If I hear nothing to the contrary to day, the letter to Mr. Lewis will go.\nYrs.\nA: Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0408", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 18 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 18th 1792.\nI have received the petition of John Mackay, Master of the Ship Charlotte, praying for a mitigation or remission of the damages found against him by the Jury, together with a statement of facts on the same subject from the District Judge of Massachusetts.\nAs the fine was in the discretion of the Jury the imposition of one so considerable as two hundred and fifty Dollars furnishes a presumption that there may have been something more than mere unintentional neglect. I request that you will give me any information that may throw light on the subject.\nIs it probable that a remission of the interest of the United States only in the penalty imposed could have any disagreeable effect on the minds of the Jurymen, or tend to throw a damp upon the zeal of future Juries?\nThe present decision at all events does credit to the disposition of the Jury, shewing a firm intention to carry the laws into effectual execution.\nI am, Sir, with great consideration, \u2003 Your Obedt Servt\nA Hamilton\nBenjamin Lincoln Esqr.\nCollr Boston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0409", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 19 October 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nTreasury DepartmentRevenue Office, October 19th 1792.\nIn pursuance of your desire I have the honor to make to you the following Report of the present Situation of the Revenue on Spirits distilled in the United States in Regard to the acquiescence in and opposition to the laws relative thereto.\nIn the district of New-Hampshire,\nNo appearance of opposition has occured: but since the promulgation of the Act of the  May last a sense of the benefits resulting to the distillers from its provisions has been communicated from thence.\nIn the district of Massachusetts,\nalso there is no appearance of opposition, and altho\u2019 the distillers have from the beginning manufactured more than those of all the other districts wherein the law has been executed, the revenue in the last returned quarter was considerably more than in any of the preceeding. When the defalcation of Molasses, the difficulty of procuring it, and the high price of that raw material are considered, this increase will evince a judicious estimation of the advantages to the Manufacturers resulting from the whole of the laws relative to foreign and domestic Spirits, a satisfaction under the same and an increased confidence in the present establishment of the distilling branch of Business; while it countenances a presumption that the revenue sustains no material injury from Evasion, in that quarter.\nIn the district of Rhode Island and Providence\nthere is ground for observations similar to those, which have been made in regard to Massachusetts. It appears that the distilling business in proportion to population is nearly twice as great in this District as in any other, and that the process is so well understood as to warrant an expectation, that the proof and flavor of its grain and molasses Spirits will be rendered in a short time, so like those of foreign Spirits, as to defy discrimination by a great majority of the Consumers. This desireable effect appears to have been commenced thus early in consequence of the difference in favor of the domestic manufacture, created by the laws relative to distilled Spirits.\nIn the district of Connecticut\nthis revenue appears to have some degree [of] actual popularity, which indeed seems to be the Case throughout the Eastern States. It is manifest there is no uneasiness concerning it, nor any disposition to embarrass or oppose it.\nIn the district of Vermont\nNo unfavorable symptoms have appeared.\nIn the district of New-York\nNo discontents exist upon the subject.\nIn the district of New-Jersey,\nthe business of distillation from domestic materials is increasing. A few inconsiderable distillers have talked of impeding the execution of the law, but it does not appear that any attempts of that Nature were seriously meditated or have been made. Some complaints have been communicated informally from a respectable quarter in that district, representing the hardship of executing a Revenue law in the greater part of the Union, which is not enforced in all, and suggesting that it might occasion impediments in New Jersey, which are not in the intentions of the people of that district at this time. These remarks were produced by the Deportment of the distillers in the Western survey of Pennsylvaa.\nIn the district of Pennsylvania\nthis revenue is variously treated. No opposition has been made in the City and Liberties of Philadelphia. Objections and Prejudices existed there both on the score of business and government. Among the distillers these have so far given way to reflexion that there is no probability of opposition. Indeed I have no doubt that a repeal of all the laws relative to foreign and domestic Spirits would give great dissatisfaction to them. In the Vicinity of German Town which lies in the County of Philadelphia some efforts have been made against the tax. So far as respects actions, these have been confined to a few guarded & covert ones. Declamation and declamatory writing has been freely used, but it is not understood that the Collector for the division comprehending the County of Philadelphia has met any opposition. In the western part of the County of Chester a voilent attempt was made upon the Collector after the destruction of the Collectors sign at German-Town and some of the disorders in the western Survey, which was probably excited by those examples. But from the firmness of the Officer, the decided conduct and good management of one of the Judges of the state common pleas, some of the persons were taken and thro\u2019 the judicious exertions of the Attorney general of the State and of the assistant council retained by the Collector they were duly convicted, and from the Circumstances which occured before and during the trial and appearances since there is no present reason to expect any fresh Difficulty in that Quarter. In the county of Northampton which lies up the Delaware, there are at this Moment some delays and impediments not apparently of a very serious complexion, and which have been owing principally to an aversion to pay a tax which the distillers see is successfully refused in other Quarters. This has been and is the state of the Revenue business on the Eastern side of the Susquehanna, which part of the district contains about three fifths of its whole population. To this may be added the County of York the lowest on the western side of that River and the most populous in the State, and the County of Franklin next westward of it which distill largely and in which no difficulties have been stated to exist. These comprehend above two thirds of the Population of Pennsylvania. In Cumberland the Collector when abroad on duty was compelled to give up the Minutes of his Business by some of the distillers. The supreme Court of the State being then in Session at Carlisle, the Judges took up the matter with decision on the application of the Collector, and the offenders were apprehended and held to bail to abide the legal issue, which there is no reason to believe, will be inconsistent with justice and the laws. There has recently appeared a disposition in a vicinity a little North of Cumberland to avoid the payment of the duty. A particular distiller had taken pains to induce his Neighbours to refuse to pay the Monies, which were soon to become due from them. He was successful but they have since given way and paid the duty. The Instigator continues refractory and legal measures have been instituted. This situation is remote wherefore it is possible the example of the Western Survey may occasion him to receive encouragement and Support from a Vicinity composed in a great degree of the same description of persons. The residue of the District on this side of the Allegany mountain has not shewn any disposition to oppose the law. As the situation of the Revenue in Pennsylvania requires its temper to be accurately stated, it is proper to observe that the above mentioned Dispositions to oppose, which are all that have appeared on this side the Allegany Mountain, relate to a tract of Country comprizing about six sevenths of the population of the State, the Seat of its foreign trade, its principal scenes of manufactures and a very large proportion probably nineteen twentieths of its property. It is however to be observed further that prejudices against this kind of tax exist in the minds of many in different parts of the state, who, being too much influenced by the Name do not advert to the difference between our excise laws and those of Great Britain & Ireland, and who erroneously suppose that the exceptionable parts of those foreign Systems, which have been carefully avoided by Congress have been actually adopted. These Prejudices however are abating.\nIn the four Western Counties of Pennsylvania the prejudices and opposition are such as almost entirely to defeat the execution of the revenue laws, to render the situation of the complying distillers universally uncomfortable and almost every where dangerous, and to hazard the peace and safety of the persons and property of the Officers of Inspection, and of the civil officers, witnesses and others who may be required to perform legal services or to obey the summons of the judicial-courts.\nIn the district of Delaware.\nsome disposition to oppose appeared in one County, but the Resolution of the persons being put to the trial by the firmness of the Collector, the due execution of the law ensued. It is remarked by the Supervisor, that the people of that Vicinity had not paid their State Taxes for a series of years.\nIn the district of Maryland,\nsome unfavorable dispositions, rather of discontentment than opposition appeared in the two lowest Counties on the Eastern Shore on the promulgation of the first law. But those were evident misconceptions on the subject, which have been removed, and this being followed by the improvements of the system in the last act the Supervisor is of opinion that, there is no ground of apprehension on that side of Chessapeak. There was for a long time no appearance of discontent on the Western Shore of Maryland but some murmers at the non-execution of the laws in the Western Survey of Pennsylvania and slight symptoms of discontentment, excited by the irregularities in that Survey, have appeared, tho not recently. The revenue seems to have a degree of popularity among the principal planters.\nIn the district of Virginia\nexclusive of Kentucke, the law may be considered as completely in operation so far as it is capable of execution, except in the four North West Counties, where however there has been no opposition. The obstruction has been merely the difficulty of procuring Collectors for the original compensations. These being meliorated, by the last Acts of the President on that subject, the Inspector of the North West Survey is now engaged in the appointment of Collectors. There were some early appearances of dispositions to obstruct the first law in the lower parts of Virginia, but they have been completely checked by the exertions of the Supervisor. More serious dispositions of the same kind appeared in the County of Augusta, but this was eradicated by the voluntary proceedings of the grand Jury of a State Court held at Stanton, which presented certain persons who had associated against the law. The associaters to avoid the legal Consequences, signed a declaration of error and recantation.\nIn the district of Kentucke,\nthere was for some time considerable discontentment, and some opposition. The law is but partially in operation there, tho\u2019 it is now in much better train than it has been in that district. There does not appear any reason to doubt, that Kentucke may acquiesce, without any very unpleasant Circumstances in the execution of the law, if external circumstances have not too strong an effect upon the Inhabitants. They complain of the inconvenience to them from the non execution of the law in the Country above them on the Western Waters.\nIn the district of North Carolina,\nOn the Sea-borde no opposition has been made but it is lately represented by the Supervisor, that he is apprehensive the law is laxly executed in a great part of the Country towards the Coast. In the fourth Survey (around Halifax) the first law was not carried into execution for want of Collectors, and from pretty strong discontents. But that Survey has assumed a different appearance since the favorable provisions of the second law were promulgated, and the Presidents Act of the 4th of August was communicated to the Inspector. In the 5th. or Western Survey of North Carolina menaces of the property of the Officers and strong dispositions to Violence have appeared. The irregularities in that Survey are not particularly stated by the Inspector who resigned nor yet by the Supervisor, but it is generally mentioned by the former that he has been unable to execute the laws, and by the latter that the discontents and dispositions to opposition which existed before, had suddenly become very voilent. I consider that Survey as the most opposed of any in the United States except No. 4 in Pennsylvania. The Supervisor who appears to have great firmness & considerable weight and popularity does not seem to have any despondency in regard to the final establishment of the law.\nIn the district of South-Carolina\nthe appearances of opposition had subsided and it was understood that some respectable disapprovers of the tax, had recommended an acquiescence in it. But latterly obstructions to the execution of the law have again occured, which have been carried so far as menaces so violent and serious as to occasion the Collector to refrain from the execution of his Duty. This was in the quarter adjacent to the Western Survey of North Carolina, and the Supervisor of South Carolina ascribes these new obstructions to the influence of the Western Survey of the Northern District. The opposition in the Western part of South Carolina is very similar to that in North Carolina, as might be expected where similarity of Character exists among people not separated by any substantial Boundaries.\nIn the district of Georgia,\nthe Supervisor represents that the alterations made by the Act of May last, seem to afford general satisfaction to the Community and particularly to the distillers, and that nearly the whole duty of the first year, which however is small, had been collected without legal compulsion.\nIt may be useful to state, Sir, that there has been a great increase of distilleries from domestic materials and of course that the very great difference in favor of domestic Spirits, co-operating with the defalcation and dearness of melasses, has rendered the excise-system really beneficial to the landed interest, of which there is a growing sense among the substantial farmers and planters. It is also true that the greater part of the Town distillers and of the principal distillers in most of the well populated Conties, consider the system as favorable to their Business. Refinements in regard to the danger of what they denominate insensible taxes, prejudices against the Name of excise derived from foreign laws of that kind of a very different nature and really dangerous at least as examples, erroneous opinions that excises are of a more growing nature than other taxes, the want of perception that the Consumer and not the Distiller finally bears the tax, and the objections which every part of Mankind have to taxes of which they are the payers, the aversion of some to this and of others to all government, and the influence of the example, the reproaches & the menaces of the violent few even where the many are really well disposed, are in my opinion the principal, and almost all the Causes of the degree and discontentment and opposition which prevails.\nI have the honor to be with the most respectful Attatchment, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 your most Obedient Servant\nTench Coxe,Commisr. of the Revenue.\nThe honble.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0412", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 19 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] October 19, 1792. \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury \u2026 has the honor to observe that the absence of the Auditor renders it requisite for the President to designate the person who shall execute the duty of Auditor in his absence.\u2026 The first Clerk naturally presents himself to consideration; and will, it is believed, be adequate to all necessary business.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0413", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 20 October 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, October 20, 1792. \u201cI have the Honor to transmit to you certified copies of the Acts of the President of the United States of the 4th of August and of the 29th September relative to the Revenue on distilled Spirits.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0417", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Bourne, William Channing, John S. Dexter, and Jeremiah Olney, 22 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bourne, Benjamin,Channing, William,Dexter, John S.,Olney, Jeremiah\nGentlemen\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 22. 1792\nA report has reached this place, through a channel so respectable as to claim notice, that the affairs of the Bank of Providence are in considerable disorder. On this occasion I take the liberty to commit to your care the interests of the United States and to request your aid.\nIt is probably known to all of you that the Bank of Providence has been made a place of deposit for all the public monies arising within the State of Rhode Island. At the date of the last return, there was a sum of about 25000 Dollars in Bank on account of the United States; for 10000 Dollars of which the Treasurer has been Directed to Draw. But further accessions have probably accrued since, by payments from the respective officers.\nAware that a sudden order to withold the public deposits and withdraw the public money might contribute to render any partial derangement, which may exist, a total one, to the great prejudice of all concerned, I forbear to take such a step.\nI prefer to rest a discretionary power in persons who will combine a regard to the public interest with a disposition friendly to the Bank and to the Trade, to act as upon examination circumstances may appear to render prudent and adviseable; in which view, I ask your particular and immediate attention to the matter.\nI request you therefore to inquire carefully into the facts represented; and for this purpose, to use this letter as a commission from me to the Directors, and either to continue things in their present state or to withdraw the public monies if practicable and stop further deposits; for which last purpose, your instructions are hereby made obligatory upon the Supervisor of the Revenue & the Collectors of the respective districts.\nPerhaps affairs may be so circumstanced as to render it most adviseable to observe a medium between the two modes of proceeding. Or perhaps it may be found expedient and practicable to obtain security from persons of competent responsibility in the direction of the Bank, to indemnify the Government for a limited period, on the condition of a continuance of its countenance and support for such period.\nThese you will consider as merely hints. Your own judgments on the state of things before you must guide.\nI wish nothing to be precipitated, and yet a due caution to be observed.\nWith much esteem & consideration I have the honor to be Gentlemen \u2003 Your Obedient Servant\nAlex Hamilton\nThe Honorable Mr. Bourne Representative\nThe Attorney of the District\nThe Supervisor of the Revenue\nThe Collector of Providence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0419", "content": "Title: Contract with George Dannacker and William Young, 22 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Dannacker, George,Young, William\nTo: \nPhiladelphia, October 22, 1792. A contract for \u201cthe several articles of Clothing specified\u201d for United States troops for the year 1793 was concluded on this date.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0420", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gaspard Joseph Amand Ducher, 22 October 1792\nFrom: Ducher, Gaspard Joseph Amand\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nParis Le 22 8bre 1792.L\u2019an 1er. dela R\u00e9publique\nJe joins ici, Monssicur, plusieurs pi\u00e8ces authentiques pour vous faire connoitre La verit\u00e9 sur Les grands \u00e9venements qui ont eu Lieu en france d\u00e9puis Le 10 aout der. La Libert\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise triomphe de tous ses ennemies en europe, et trouvera, j\u2019espere, d\u2019intimes alli\u00e9s dans Le Nouveau Monde. Les vrais am\u00e9ricains applaudissent Sans doute au courage dont ils nous ont donn\u00e9 L\u2019exemple.\nPeut-etre partirai-je bientot pour me rendre au pr\u00e8s de vous. Conservez moi votre amiti\u00e9. Publius, ou Le federaliste vient d\u2019etre traduit et de paroitre en deux forts volumes. Cet ouvrage obtient ici Les succ\u00e8s que je vous avais annonce\u00e9 il ya trois ans.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u votre Lettre du 22. juin der mais jen\u2019ai pas encore re\u00e7ues Les Lettres de change que vous vous proposiez alors de M\u2019envoyer.\nJe vous embrasse de tout mon Coeur et fais des voeux pour vous et votre famille.\nDucher", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0422", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [22 October 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, October 22, 1792]\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson, requests to be informed, if there are any circumstances within his knowlege, more than are mentioned in the in-closed papers, which throw light upon the subject of them; particularly whether the discharge of the Vessels was communicated to The Baron De Steuben at the time it took place or at any time antecedent to the date of the Baron\u2019s last letter to Capt Lewis.\nMonday October 22. 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0423", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, [22 October 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, October 22, 1792]\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to the Secretary of the Treasury & is sorry he is unable to give him any information relative to the Ship Renown, having no recollection of the details of the armament of which she made a part. The expedition against Ports-mouth was, as he thinks, by order of the Commander in chief, desiring the aid of the state to the Continental commander. Should it be decided that the vessel & cargo are to be paid for, it should be attended to that tobacco, during the greater part of the war, was not worth more than five or six shillings real money the hundred in Virginia, that probably it was at it\u2019s honest value about the time of this expedition, and that a valuation in tobacco would be made according to it\u2019s price at the moment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0424", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, [22 October 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, October 22, 1792]\nTh Jefferson presents his compliments to the Secretary of the Treasury and in-closes him a statement of the salaries & disbursements of his office here, and as perfect a one as he has materials to furnish of the foreign establishments according to the order of the Senate of May 7. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0425", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, [22 October 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nMy Dear Sir\n[Philadelphia, October 22, 1792]\nI will thank you to forward me, as soon as convenient, copies of all the letters you have received from me, respecting the purchase of public Debt. In the hurry of dispatching some of them, no copy was kept. And some incidents of late require, that I should carefully review the ground.\nI regretted to have been obliged to draw lately a portion of my intended deposits from your Bank; but I hope to replace & keep it up.\nWilliam Seton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0426", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 23 October 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, October 23, 1792. Encloses \u201cAccount of Emoluments &c.\u2026 from Octr. 1791 to Septr. 1792, inclusive; together with similar Accounts from all the Officers appointed by, and acting under me, as Collr. of the Customs for this District.\u201d States that the \u201caverage Rates of freight shall be forwarded as soon as it can be obtained from the Merchants.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0427", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 23 October 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, October 23, 1792. \u201cThe Act laying a Duty of 10 \u214c Cent Ad Valorem on Sail-Cloth, admits of different constructions: I have considered Sail-Cloth and Duck as synonimous, and accordingly charged that rate of Duty on Ravens Duck. Some Importers of this Article here contend that my construction is erroneous, and that Ravens Duck is not, by the Act, chargeable with a higher Duty than 7\u00bd \u214c Cent, the same as paid on Ticklingburgh, which is often used for light Sails. I wish Sir, for your Opinion on this Point.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0428", "content": "Title: Metellus, [24 October 1792]\nFrom: \u201cMetellus\u201d\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, October 24, 1792]\nFor the Gazette of the United States.\nThe votaries of Mr. Jefferson, whose devotion for their idol kindles at every form, in which he deigns to present himself, have deduced matter of panegyric from his opposition to the measures of the government. \u2019Tis according to them the sublimest pitch of virtue in him, not only to have extra-officially embarrassed plans, originating with his colleagues, in the course of their progress, but to have continued his opposition to them, after they had been considered and enacted by the legislature, with such modifications as appeared to them proper, and had been approved by the chief magistrate. Such conduct, it seems, marks \u201ca firm and virtuous independence of character.\u201d If any proof were wanting of that strange inversion of the ideas of decorum, propriety and order, which characterizes a certain party, this making a theme of encomium of what is truly a demonstration of a caballing, self-sufficient and refractory temper, would afford it.\nIn order to shew that the epithets have been misapplied, I shall endeavor to state what course a firm and virtuous independence of character, guided by a just and necessary sense of decorum, would dictate to a man in the station of Mr. Jefferson.\nThis has been rendered more particularly requisite, by the formal discussion of the point, which appears to be the object of a continuation of a defence of that gentleman, in the American Daily Advertiser of the 10th inst.\nThe position must be reprobated that a man who had accepted an office in the executive department, should be held to throw the weight of his character into the scale, to support a measure, which in his conscience he disapproved, and in his station had opposed\u2014Or that the members of the administration should form together a close and secret combination, into whose measures the profane eye of the public should in no instance pry. But there is a very obvious medium between aiding or countenancing, and intriguing and machinating against a measure; between opposing it in the discharge of an official duty, or volunteering an opposition to it in the discharge of no duty; between entering into a close and secret combination with the other members of an administration, and being the active leader of an opposition to its measures.\nThe true line of propriety appears to me to be the following: A member of the administration, in one department, ought only to aid those measures of another, which he approves\u2014where he disapproves, if called upon to act officially, he ought to manifest his disapprobation, and avow his opposition; but out of an official line he ought not to interfere, as long as he thinks fit to continue a part of the administration. When the measure in question has become a law of the land, especially with a direct sanction of the chief magistrate, it it is peculiarly his duty to acquiesce. A contrary conduct is inconsistent with his relations as an officer of the government, and with a due respect as such, for the decisions of the legislature, and of the head of the executive department. The line here delineated, is drawn from obvious and very important considerations. The success of every government\u2014its capacity to combine the exertion of public strength with the preservation of personal right and private security, qualities which define the perfection of a government, must always naturally depend on the energy of the executive department. This energy, again, must materially depend on the union and mutual deference, which subsist between the members of that department, and the conformity of their conduct with the views of the executive chief.\nDifference of opinion between men engaged in any common pursuit, is a natural appendage of human nature. When only exerted in the discharge of a duty, with delicacy and temper, among liberal and sensible men, it can create no animosity; but when it produces officious interferences, dictated by no call of duty\u2014when it volunteers a display of itself in a quarter, where there is no responsibility, to the obstruction and embarrassment of one who is charged with an immediate and direct responsibility\u2014it must necessarily beget ill humour and discord between the parties.\nApplied to the members of the executive administration of any government, it must necessarily tend to occasion, more or less, distracted councils, to foster factions in the community, and practically to weaken the government.\nMoreover the heads of the several executive departments are justly to be viewed as auxiliaries to the executive chief. Opposition to any measure of his, by either of those heads of departments, except in the shape of frank, firm, and independent advice to himself, is evidently contrary to the relations which subsist between the parties. And it cannot well be controverted that a measure becomes his, so as to involve the duty of acquiescence on the part of the members of his administration, as well by its having received his sanction in the form of a law, as by its having previously received his approbation.\nIn the theory of our government, the chief magistrate is himself responsible for the exercise of every power vested in him by the constitution. One of the powers entrusted to him, is that of objecting to bills which have passed the two houses of Congress. This supposes the duty of objecting, when he is of opinion, that the object of any bill is either unconstitutional or pernicious. The approbation of a bill implies, that he does not think it either the one or the other. And it makes him responsible to the community for this opinion. The measure becomes his by adoption. Nor could he escape a portion of the blame, which should finally attach itself to a bad measure, to which he had given his consent.\nI am prepared for some declamation against the principles which have been laid down. Some plausible flourishes have already been indulged. And it is to be expected, that the public ear will be still further assailed with the commonplace topics, that so readily present themselves, and are so dexterously retailed by the traffickers in popular prejudice. But it need never be feared to submit a solid truth to the deliberate and final opinion of an enlightened and sober people.\nWhat! (it will probably be asked) is a man to sacrifice his conscience and his judgement to an office? Is he to be a dumb spectator of measures which he deems subversive of the rights or interests of his fellow-citizens? Is he to postpone to the frivolous rules of a false complaisance, or the arbitrary dictates of a tyrannical decorum, the higher duty, which he owes to the community?\nI answer, No! he is to do none of these things. If he cannot coalesce with those, with whom he is associated, as far as the rules of official decorum, propriety & obligation may require, without abandoning what he conceives to be the true interest of the community, let him place himself in a situation in which he will experience no collision of opposite duties. Let him not cling to the honor or emolument of an office whichever it may be that attracts him, and content himself with defending the injured rights of the people by obscure or indirect means. Let him renounce a situation which is a clog upon his patriotism; tell the people that he could no longer continue in it without forfeiting his duty to them, and that he had quitted it to be more at liberty to afford them his best services.\nSuch is the course which would be indicated by a firm and virtuous independence of character. Such the course that would be pursued by a man attentive to unite the sense of delicacy with the sense of duty\u2014in earnest about the pernicious tendency of public measures, and more solicitous to act the disinterested friend of the people, than the interested ambitious and intriguing head of a party.\nMetullus.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0429", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gouverneur Morris, 24 October 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy Dear Sir\nParis 24 October 1792\nI have receiv\u2019d yours of the twenty second of June & am in the hourly Hope to hear farther from you. I need not tell you that it will give me Pleasure. Enclosd you will find the Copy of a Letter which I wrote to Mr. Jefferson the seventh of November 1791. This with some other Communications at the same Epoch he never acknowledged, I know not why, but I think the Paper enclosd in that Letter will be agreable to you tho not very amusing. It would seem that your Friend Scipio is not much attach\u2019d to Paulus at least if I may judge from some things which I see. However there is a great Chasm in my News Papers which breaks the Thread of my Conjectures as well as of my Information for I have little I might almost say none of the latter but from the Gazettes: of Course I know what passes about two Months after every Body else. Tell me I pray you how Scavola stands affected between the Parties just nam\u2019d. I think he never had a very high opinion of the first mentioned but he was attach\u2019d to Tarquin unmeasurably and that with some local Circumstances may have form\u2019d a stronger Chain that I should otherwise suppose.\nYou will have seen that the late Constitution of this Country has overset a natural Accident to a Thing which was all Sail and no Ballast. I desire much very much to know the State of Opinions with us on that Subject. Some Gentlemen who considered it as the Achm\u00e9 of human Wisdom must I suppose find out Causes which Persons on the Spot never dreamt of. But in seeking or inventing these Causes what will be their Opinion of present Powers what the Conduct they wish to pursue. These are to me important Questions. Brutus will doubtless triumph but I wish to feel the Pulse of Opinion with you or rather to know before Hand how it is like to beat. There are pros and cons whose Action I cannot estimate. The Flight of Monsieur de la fayette the Murder of the Duc de la Rochefoucaule and others with many similar Circumstances have I know affected the Ideas of some. But what will be the republican Sense as to the new Republic? Will it be taken for granted that Louis the sixteenth was guilty of all possible Crimes and particularly of the enormous one of not suffering his throat to be cut which was certainly a nefarious Plot against the People and a manifest Violation of the Bill of Rights. Paulus who is no Enemy to Kings will not believe that they are all Tygers but I am not certain that if he were here he would not consider them as Monkeys. However we are done with them in France at least for the present. There are two Parties here. The one consists of about half a dozen and the other of fifteen or twenty who are at Dagger\u2019s Drawing. Each Claims the Merit of having begotten the young Republic upon the Body of the Jacobine Club and notwithstanding the Dispute is very loud and open the People is as fond of the Child as if it were its own. But this has a Relation to antient Manners for there has been a Practice here from Time whereof there is no Memory of Man to the contrary viz that one Sett of Men were employd in getting Children for another Sett. My public Letters and the Gazettes will bring you acquainted with Things here as fully as I can in any Way communicate them. It is not worth while to detail the Characters of those now on the Stage because they must soon give Place to others.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0430", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, [24 October 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, October 24, 1792. Letter listed in dealer\u2019s catalogue. Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0431", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 24 October 1792\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Comptroller\u2019s Office, October 24, 1792. \u201cSome time since a claim was presented for settlement by Mr. Samuel Young of this City in favour of William Lewiss late a Soldier of the Virginia Regiment of the Army, which \u2026 has been certified by the Register of the Treasury. The delivery of the Certificate was however suspended.\u2026 The claim is now renewed by Mr. George Stout who has applied for & obtained Letters of Administration. \u2026 It has been conceeded by Stout & is proved by the documents herewith transmitted, that he had no claim upon the property of William Lewiss, than what could accrue to him by virtue of an assignment of the power of Attorney.\u2026 Under these circumstances I have judged it to be my duty not to admit Stout to receive the Certificate in favour of William Lewiss.\u2026 I take the liberty to request that the \u2026 documents may be submitted to the Attorney General of the United States for his opinion.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0432", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Bourne, William Channing, John S. Dexter, and Jeremiah Olney, 25 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bourne, Benjamin,Channing, William,Dexter, John S.,Olney, Jeremiah\nGentlemen\nTreasury DepartmentOct 25. 1792\nSince mine to you of the 22d. I have reason to believe that the information which gave occasion to that letter was a misapprehension of the party from whom I received it; but whose general accuracy left me no suspicion of such a possibility at the time. I hasten to give this intimation, that no inconveniences may ensue from my first communication.\nWith perfect esteem I have the honor to be \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Your obed servant\nA Hamilton\nThe Honorable Mr. Bourne\nThe Attorney of the District\nThe Supervisor of the Revenue\nThe Collector of Providence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0433", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 25 October 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, October 25, 1792. \u201cI have received your Letter of the 12th inst. which removed the apprehensions I before had; and should similar Instances of colusive Transfers occur, I shall refuse credit for the Duties, agreeable to your expectations.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0435", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 26 October 1792\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear sir\nNew York 26 October 1792\nAgreably to your desire I now enclose Copies of all the Letters I received from you respecting the purchase of Public Debt. I hope no disagreable event has occurred to cause a review of what was so eminently beneficial to the Community at large.\nThe present high rate of Exchange & the over great Importations from Europe, I fear will soon begin to drain the Banks of Specie\u2014unless the price of Stocks falls to that point at which the foreigners will purchase.\nI am with the sincerest respect & esteem \u2003 Dear sir \u2003 Your obliged Obed Humb Servt\nWm Seton\nA. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0436", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [26 October 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, October 26, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President, and encloses him a letter received yesterday from the Supervisor of New York. The Secretary will have the honor of reminding the President of the subject when he has that of waiting upon him next.\n26. October 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0437", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 27 October 1792\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nTreasury DepartmentRegister\u2019s Office 27. October 1792\nIn the returns from the Treasury Dept. which will be laid before you in pursuance of your Directions founded on the order of the Senate of the United States of May 7. 1792 there will be wanting an Account of the Contingent Expences of the Treasury Department, for Wood, rent and other payment, which have not been considered as forming a Part of the Expence of any particular Office, but which will apply generally to all the Offices of the Treasury Department. Under an Idea that such Expences come within the Intention of the Senate, I have had the said General Account of Expenditures stated, and which I now beg Leave to Enclose, marked\nA.\nAmounting to\nDollars\nB.\nC.\nD.\nAmounting to Dollars\nI have the Honor to be sir \u2003 with the greatest Respect \u2003 Your most obedt: hb: Servt.\nJ:N:\nThe Hon: Alexr. Hamilton Esqr.\nSecy. of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0439", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Stephen Cross, 29 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Cross, Stephen\nTreasury Department, October 29, 1792. \u201cI duly received your letter of the 18th instant, to which I shall reply at the first moment of sufficient leisure.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0440", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 29 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 29. 1792\nHerewith you will find a Warrant for Thirty five thousand dollars for the use of the Quarter Master generals department. I request that you will direct it to be received in Bank post Notes, which for greater security had better be made out in the Name of the Quarter Master General. Experience shews that these Notes answer as well as specie, and Considerations of the Moment induce me to wish that there may be no transportation of Specie at this time from the seat of Government.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 very respectfully, Sir \u2003 Yr. Obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe Secretary at War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0441", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 29 October 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nBaltimore 29th October 1792\nI took occasion to mention to you while I was absent from my Office, that a necessary attention to my health required my leaving Baltimore for a time.\nMy stay in the Country was attended with so many indications of returning health that I thought the time well spent; and was returning home full of confidence that business would again be a pleasure to me when a very unexpected and violent attack on my breast banished all my sanguine expectations, and reduced me almost to the last extremity.\nAn Hemorrhage from the lungs, which continued several days, attended by the most alarming symptoms, made it requisite, in the opinion of my Physicians, to make among other applications repeated and liberal use of the launcet which, in addition to the loss of blood from the lungs and a fever, which attended me for about two weeks, weakened me extremely.\nI have happily recovered much apparent health and strength, but my lungs remain very sore and irritable: and my Physicians recommend a Voyage to some of the West India Islands for the Winter as the best means of restoring my health perfectly.\nAlthough I am sensible, in all situations, of my responsibility for the execution of the duties of my office I would not willingly leave the continent without the consent of the President. It is, Sir, with a view to obtain from you the favor of asking permission of the President that I give you the trouble of these particulars. I trust you will pardon the liberty.\nThe unanimous opinion of my Physicians and the universal solicitations of my friends press my speedy departure, an early answer to this letter will therefore much oblige\nSir, Your Most Obedient and \u2003 Most Humble Servant\nO. H. Williams\nA Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0442", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 29 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nSir\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 29th 1792.\nI herewith transmit you the copy of a letter written by the Collector of Salem to the Attorney for the District of Massachusetts respecting certain Persons, who, it is stated, have left that State and gone to Baltimore, being indebted to the United States for duties bonded, without leaving sufficient property to secure the debt.\nI have to request that you will take such measures as you shall be legally advised to pursue, for securing the United States concerning the bonds in question. In doing this I must call your attention to the 44th or strictly the 45th Section of the Collection law, which, in certain cases, gives a priority to the United States.\nWith great consideration, \u2003 I am, Sir, your Obedt Servt.\nAlexander Hamilton\nOtho H Williams Esqr\nBaltimore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0443", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 30 October 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nColls Offe. [Newport, Rhode Island] Oct. 30 1792\nMy bondsmen as Commr of the Loan-Office have applied to me to know whether my bond had been cancelled. It was not in my power to give them positive information. If my accounts as Commr of the Loan-Office have been adjusted and found to be right as I presume they have, I wish that bond may be transmitted to me; unless it is cancelled, or it should be contrary to usage to deliver up bonds under such circumstances. If the latter I should be happy to be made acquainted with the reasons on which such usage is founded. If my accts. have not been adjusted I wish it may be done as soon as possible.\nI am, with great consideration \u2003 Sir, Yr. most obedt. servant\nWm Ellery\nA Hamilton Esqr.\nSecry Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0444", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, 30 October 1792\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir!\nCollectors Office Alexandria [Virginia] 30th. Octr. 1792\nA considerable sum in cut silver is now in my Office, which has been accumulating for some time past, as in no case except now and then it has been in my power to pay any part, in discharge of a Treasury Draft. An offer to pay this kind of money to a holder of a warrant upon this Office, gives dissatisfaction, and supposing this kind of money might be useful at the mint, I have thought it my duty to communicate the matter to you.\nI am Sir! very respectfully \u2003 Your most Obedt. Servant\nCharles LeeCollector at Alexandria.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0445", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 30 October 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, October 30, 1792. \u201cIn conformity to your circular Letter of the 4th of June last, I enclose a copy of the rough Estimate of Duties on the Cargo of Brigantine George William, from Bordeaux, which contains an Abstract of the Invoices exhibited, and the computations made toward ascertaining the Duties, previous to taking the Bonds. A note at the bottom of the Abstract, will show how nearly the Two first Criterions correspond with each other; but I am not possessed of the requisite information to discover how nearly the Third agrees with the other Two.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0446", "content": "Title: A Plain Honest Man, [30 October\u201317 November 1792]\nFrom: \u201cPlain Honest Man\u201d\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, October 30\u2013November 17, 1792]\nFor the Gazette of The UStates\nIn consequence of the intimation contained in the first Number of the Vindication of Mr. Jefferson which originated in the American Dayly Advertiser that \u201cif any doubt should be suggested of the authenticity of the extracts published they should be immediately made accessible to others\u201d a person called upon Mr. Dunlap to obtain an inspection of those originals. He replied, that they had not been left with him; neither [was he possessed of the necessary information where to direct an enquirer;] but that if desired he would by advertisement notify to him the application for a perusal of the letters. A statement of this answer, as extraordinary as it was unexpected, was prepared to be inserted in this Gazette and was communicated to Mr. Dunlap with a view to verifying its accuracy. The Evening before that destined for its appearance Mr. Dunlap called upon the person and informed him that the Originals [were now to be seen &] would be communicated to any person who might incline to see them\u2014observing at the same time that [it appeared to him] it could not be necessary to publish the statement which has been mentioned, as intended. This was accordingly foreborne.\nOn the  [a] Note appeared in Mr. Dunlaps paper of that day which after commenting on the disingeniousness of some doubts hinted in one of the papers under the signature of Catullus gives \u201cnotice, that any Gentleman of known honor and delicacy, who shall be named to the Editor, of the American Dayly Advertiser shall have an opportunity of examining not only the passages extracted but the intire contents of the original letters.\u201d\nWhat Gentleman of real delicacy would be willing to present himself under the professed character of a \u201cGentleman of known honor and delicacy\u201d at the hazard of being affronted by a rejection, to obtain the proffered access? Is not an offer so clogged a felo de se? What is the natural inference?\nIf I am not Mr Printer a \u201cGentleman of known honor and delicacy\u201d I hope you will not think the worse of me for being only\nA plain Honest Man", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0449-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 31 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 31. 1792.\nI have the honor to in-close you sundry communications from the Minister of the U.S. at Paris, which relating to the Treasury department I can only offer myself for the conveyance of any instructions or authorities which it may be expedient to send him.\nI am with great respect Sir \u2003 Your most obedt. humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson\nThe Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0449-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to Thomas Jefferson, 1 August 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis 1. August 1792.\nMy last was of the tenth of July. Mr: Livingston, who is on his way to America, presents an opportunity of writing, which must not be neglected, altho\u2019 I am engaged at present in Examination of the account received from the Commissioners of the Treasury. I have already mentioned to you, Sir, that the whole of this account is open, and I must now observe that I do not find myself particularly authorized to make the final adjustment. If it becomes necessary, I will do it, but I shall avoid it as long as I can. In respect to the Payments made and making in america, I am at ease, because there I have your orders, but not so in regard to those made by Mr. Short. I shall hope, however, to be favored with your instructions in consequence of his communications. I shall write particularly respecting the account, when I have gone thro\u2019 it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0449-0005", "content": "Title: Enclosure: The Commissaries of the French Treasury to Gouverneur Morris, 2 August 1792\nFrom: Commissaries of the French Treasury\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nTr\u00e8sorerie Nationale,\nParis le 2 Aout 1792. l\u2019an 4e de la libert\u00e9\nNous avons re\u00e7u, Monsieur, votre lettre du 30 juillet. Nous ferons volontiers recevoir \u00e0 Amsterdam les ommes que les Etats unis sont dans l\u2019intention de rembourser \u00e0 la nation fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 compte de leur dette, et nous en chargerons M M. Hoggeur Grand et Compe. les memes banquiers qui ont jusqu\u2019\u00e0 present suivi toutes les operations relatives \u00e0 cet remboursement.\nA l\u2019\u00e9gard du taux du change auquel devra se faire le nouveau remboursement et que vous nous invitez \u00e0 fixer, nous aurons l\u2019honneur de vous observer que, lorsque M. Short nous eut fait connoitre la resolution qu\u2019avoient prise les Etats unis de ne point profiter, dans les remboursements qu\u2019ils pourroient nous faire, de la d\u00e9faveur ou se trouvoient les changes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la France; nous lui proposames, \u00e0 cet effet, d\u2019autoriser les banquiers des Etats unis \u00e0 recevoir nos r\u00e9c\u00e9pisses pour la valeur en Florins de Banque, qui devoient nous etre compt\u00e9s \u00e0 Amsterdam, de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 pouvoir r\u00e9gler en d\u00e9finitif le change, non pas d\u2019apr\u00e8s les cours, tels qu\u2019ils existent depuis longtems, mais d\u2019apr\u00e8s le pair du change connu entre Paris et Amsterdam. Mais cette somme qui avoit paru alors simple et juste ne peut en ce moment etre propos\u00e9e, puisque les pertes que peut \u00e9prouver la France dans ces remboursemens paroissent devoir etre seulement comprens\u00e8es, en vertu d\u2019une transaction post\u00e9rieure aux remboursemens et pour la quelle vous avez besoin d\u2019autorisation sp\u00e9ciale. E\u2019n cons\u00e9quence, Monsieur, et attendu qu\u2019il est tr\u00e8s important pour la tresor\u00e8rie de se procurer le plutot possible le num\u00e9raire qui doit nous revenir par l\u2019effet du nouveau remboursement, nous proposons, ainsi que vous le d\u00e9sirez, que le change auquel nous serons fait les nouveaux paiemens \u00e0 Amsterdam soit fix\u00e9, suivant le cours actuel \u00e0 vue qui doit etre port\u00e9 au moins \u00e0 32\u00bd.\nSi vous agre\u00e8s cette proposition, Monsieur, nous vous prions de nous en informer et de nous instruire egalement du moment o\u00f9 vous aurez donn\u00e9 ordre \u00e0 vos Banquiers d\u2019Amsterdam d\u2019effectuer les premiers paiements.\nLes Commissaires de la Tresorie Nationale.\nM. Morris, Mtre. des Etats unis de l\u2019Amerique.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0449-0007", "content": "Title: Enclosure: The Commissaries of the French Treasury to Gouverneur Morris, 9 August 1792\nFrom: Commissaries of the French Treasury\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nParis le 9. Aout 1792 An 4. de la Libert\u00e9\nNotre lettre du 2. de ce mois, Monsieur, ayant tard\u00e9 \u00e0 vous parvenir par des causes que nous ignorons, nous aurons attention pour que cet inconvenient ne se r\u00e9pr\u00e9sente plus de vous faire porter celles que nous aurons l\u2019honneur de vous \u00e8crire.\nLes erreurs que vous croyez qui existent dans le compte que nous vous avons remis, donnent lieu \u00e0 des recherches qui sont \u00eatre faites; elles exigeront un peu de tems, mais aussitot que nous aurons tous les renseignemens necessaires nous nous haterons de vous les communiquer.\nVotre observation, Monsieur, sur la remise que vous vous proposer de faire faire \u00e0 M. M. Hoguer Grand, &. Cie, nous fait craindre de ne nous \u00eatre pas assez clairment expliqu\u00e9r par notre lettre du 2 de ce mois.\nEn y exprimant que le change auquel seroient faits les nouveaux paiemens \u00e0 Amsterdam seroit fix\u00e9 suivant le cours actuel \u00e0 vue, qui devroit \u00eatre port\u00e9 au moins \u00e0 32.\u00bd. nous n\u2019avons point entendu admettre la perte r\u00e9sultante du cours de ce change sur l\u2019op\u00e9ration, mais seulement que le dit cours serviroit uniquement \u00e0 indiquer une base pour regler dans la suite la perte que pourra \u00e9prouver la France, abstraction faite de celle qui a lieu aujourdhui sur les assignats, et seulement d\u2019apr\u00e9s le pair du change connu entre Paris et Amsterdam. C\u2019est ce que nous avons pr\u00e9vu en vous marquant que la compensation seroit regl\u00e9e, par une transaction posterieure lorsque vous auriez re\u00e7u l\u2019autorisation speciale que, vous attendez pour prendre un parti definitif.\nEn effet, Monsieur, lorsque Monsieur Short nous proposa de la part du Congr\u00e8s des indemnit\u00e9s pour les payemens pr\u00e9c\u00e9dens relativement aux revolutions. Survenues dans le cours des changes, nous lui observames que nous ne pouvions d\u00e9cider cette question, dont la solution concernoit le Ministre des affaires etrangeres, mais que pour l\u2019avenir le moyen qu\u2019il n\u2019y e\u00fbt aucune difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard seroit que les remises que le Congr\u00e8s feroit faire servient effectu\u00e9s en florins, et que jusqu\u2019au compte d\u00e9finitif on laisseroit toute entiere la question de l\u2019evaluation des ch\u00e0nges, dont one se borneroit \u00e0 prendre une note \u00e0 la date des payemens.\nC\u2019est dont Monsieur, sans alterer le fond de cette mesure, d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par l\u2019intention que nous a \u00e9t\u00e9 manifest\u00e8e de la part du Congr\u00e8s, mais en adoptant simplement la forme qui paraissoit vous convenir le plus, que nous avons indiqu\u00e9 le change \u00e0 32\u00bd sur la remise que vous comptrez faire faire a M. M. Hoguer, Grand & Cie.\nNous sommes persuad\u00e9s, Monsieur, que les d\u00e9veloppemens que nous venons de faire sont conformes \u00e0 vos vues, et ne peuvent apporter aucun changement \u00e0 vos dispositions, dont nous vous prions d\u2019agreer tous nos remercimens.\nLes Commissaires de la Tr\u00e9sorerie nationale.\nM. Morris. Ministre Plenipre. des Etats unis. Rue de la Blanche \u00e0 Paris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0449-0008", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to Thomas Jefferson, 16 August 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis 16. August 1792.\nI shall send herewith a Packet containing my Correspondence with the Commissioners of the Treasury, relative to our Debt, and in the same packet you will find a Letter from Mr. Cathalan to you relative to a Riot at Marsielles &c.\nI have already had occasion to mention to you, Sir, that I did not find myself authorized to go into the Settlement of the account finally with the Commissioners of the Treasury. This observation I must again in this place repeat and add that notwithstanding my utmost Efforts, I have not been able to bring the minister of foreign affairs to consider for a moment the Question referred to me respecting the Sums paid and paying in america. What is still more surprising is, that the minister of the marine, altho\u2019 authorized to treat with me for supplies to the colony of St. Domingo, has done nothing in that affair. Two ministers have occupied that place since the Decree. Each has given me various rendezvous, but neither has appeared at the time and place because circumstances of the moment have obliged them to attend to something else. Indeed the Executive of the late Constitution has been at the last agony for this three months, and of course has thought more of saving it\u2019s life than of doing it\u2019s Business. The present Executive is just born and may perhaps be stifled in the Cradle. If a general arrangement could have been made with the late Government for paying the whole of our Debt at some fixed Exchange so as to do Justice and fulfil the honorable intentions of the United States, I should have been well pleased, and altho\u2019 not exactly authorized, should probably have taken on me to make the needful Engagements and in so doing I should have made a grave Sacrifice to the Public because I wish of all things to be free from any pecuniary Transactions, for I know by experience that the utmost possible Purity will not prevent malicious insinuations which, however unfounded, will always find some believers. It appears, however, a probable Event that before our Debt be paid we may experience some considerable losses on exchange not to mention the dead charges which are considerable too. It has therefore appeared to me most advisable to make one general statement and settlement of the whole, and if it shall appear that we have gained and that they have lost by the modes of Payment, then to give a good round sum as a compensation and, as it were, gratuitously, because by that means we have the Reputation of the good we do, and the sacrifice we make, and because otherwise the agents of this Government might attribute to their address an advantage gained instead of giving Credit to our generosity for a Compensation granted. And it seems important to establish the latter Idea because it cannot fail to extend our credit throughout the world and consequently to facilitate all pecuniary operations which here-after we may have occasion to make.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0450", "content": "Title: Meeting of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, [31 October 1792]\nFrom: Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, October 31, 1792]\nAt a meeting of the trustees of the sinking fund, on the 31st day of October, 1792,\nPresent: The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Attorney General of the United States.\nResolved, That the resolutions of this Board, by which Samuel Meredith, Esquire, the agent for the sinking fund in the city of Philadelphia, hath been restricted to sealed proposals of sale, be rescinded; and that he be at liberty to purchase stock, according to the prices, limited in his last instructions, either openly, and without sealed proposals, or with sealed proposals, as to him shall seem expedient.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0451", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [31 October 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, October 31, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the president of the U: States, encloses the arrangement for retrospective compensations to officers of the Revenue, which, agreeably to the intimation of the president, has been retained. Mr. Hamilton will wait on the President between 12 & one to give the explanations desired.\nWednesday Morning 31. Octr. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-12-02-0452", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 31 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt. Octr. 31. 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to communicate to the President an authenticated copy of the Contract for the last Loan made in Holland, for three millions of florins, bearing date the 9th. of August 1792, at a rate of four per cent interest, of which Contract a ratification of the President as hereto-fore, is required.\nAlexander HamiltonSecy. of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 1 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States, 1st Novr. 1792.\nBy the Presidents\u2019 command T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of the Treasury, the authenticated copy of the Contract for the last Loan made in Holland, which has been submitted to the president; & to inform the Secretary, that as soon as he shall have prepared the form of the ratification, the President will execute it.\nT. Lear.S. P. U S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0002", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Smith, 1 November 1792\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] November 1, 1792. Forwards information required by the Senate order of May 7, 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0003", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Joseph Whipple, 1 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Whipple, Joseph\n[Philadelphia, November 1, 1792. On November 30, 1792, Whipple wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 1st. instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0004", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 1 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 1st. 1792\nSir\nThe Post of to day brought me your letter of the 29th of October, which I immediately communicated to the President, and hasten to make known to you his consent to your undertaking the voyage recommended to you. It is not doubted that due care will previously be taken to secure the proper management of the public business in your absence.\nMy most sincere and cordial wishes for the restoration of your health will accompany you.\nWith great consideration & esteem \u2003 I remain Sir \u2003 Your obed servant\nAlex Hamilton\nOtho H Williams Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0005", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 2 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 2d. 1792\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the Secretary of State; incloses a contract for a loan lately concluded which has been submitted to the President and approved. It is now transmitted in order that a ratification in the usual form may be prepared and executed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0006-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Pierre Henri H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Marie Lebrun-Tondu to Gouverneur Morris, 27 September 1792\nFrom: Lebrun-Tondu, Pierre Henri H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Marie\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nParis le 27. Septembre 1792.L\u2019an ler. de la Republique.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u, Monsieur, la lettre que vous m\u2019avez fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire le 20. de ce mois, pour m\u2019annoncer que les difficult\u00e9s \u00e9lev\u00e9es \u00e0 la Haye par M. Short sur le pa\u00efement de seize cent vingt cinq mille florins de Banque avoient \u00e9t\u00e9 applanies le 9. du courant, et que vous esp\u00e9rez qu\u2019il ne r\u00e9sultera aucon inconv\u00e9nient d\u2019un d\u00e9lai de quelques jours.\nApr\u00e8s avoir r\u00e9fl\u00e9chi sur le motif qui vous a d\u00e9termin\u00e9 \u00e0 donner votre assentiment au pa\u00efement de la somme ci-dessus, je juge, Monsieur, que vous n\u2019\u00eates fond\u00e9 ni en justice ni en raison \u00e0 vous refuser de faire tenir \u00e0 notre disposition \u00e0 Philadelphie les quatre cent mille Dollars n\u00e9cessaires pour l\u2019approvisionnement de nos Colonies. Il me semble, Monsieur, qu\u2019il y a une contradiction \u00e9vidente dans la mani\u00e8re dont vous envisager ce dernier objet qui ne diff\u00e9re en rien du premier. Les deux sont les m\u00eames pour nous. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous observer, que dans aucun cas vous ne pouviez vous dispenser de faire \u00e0 M. Short remplir son engagement pour les quatre cent mille Dollars, puisque, de votre aveu, il a agi par votre impulsion pour les seize cent vingt cinq mille florins de Banque.\nVous connoissez, Monsieur, les besoins de nos Colonies et tous les titres que nous avons pour reclamer l\u2019assistance d\u2019un peuple \u00e0 qui nous sommes unis d\u2019amiti\u00e9 et par principe, et pour la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 de qui nous faisons toujours des voeux les plus sinc\u00e8res. Toutes ces consid\u00e9rations devroient \u00eatre d\u2019un grand poids aupr\u00e8s du Ministre des Etats-unis, \u00e0 qui une formalit\u00e9 d\u2019etiquette ou des pouvoirs un peu moins, ou un peu plus \u00e9tendus ne devroient par interdire la facult\u00e9 d\u2019agir, surtout lorsqu\u2019il s\u2019agit de remplir une obligation aussi solemnellement contract\u00e9e et de donner \u00e0 nos possessions en Am\u00e9rique des secours tr\u00e8s-urgents dans l\u2019\u00e9tat o\u00f9 elles se trouvent.\nLe Ministre des affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res.Le Brun\nM. Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0006-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to Pierre Henri H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Marie Lebrun-Tondu, 28 September 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Lebrun-Tondu, Pierre Henri H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Marie\nParis le 28 Septembre 1792.\nMonsieur Le BrunMonsieur\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u hier ausoir le lettre que vous m\u2019avez faite l\u2019honneur de m\u2019ecrire le 27. Il me semble que dans la multitude des affaires qui vous occupent, vous avez oubli\u00e9 Monsieur, ceque j\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous mander le premier du Courant sur le paiement qui vient de s\u2019effectuer \u00e0 Amsterdam; puisque vous supposez que Monseur Short \u00e0 agi par mon impulsion. Au contraire, Monsieur, dans tout cela je n\u2019ai fait que de me conformer au desirs de Monsieur Short lui m\u00eame. Car quoi que ce paiement convenu avec Messieurs les Commissaires de la Tresorerie le six aout, n\u2019ait \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9 que le cinq de September, il n\u2019avoit \u00e9t\u00e9 cependant regl\u00e9 que d\u2019apres les demandes de Monsieur Short. Juger d\u2019apres cela Monsieur, s\u2019il y a lieu de croire qu\u2019il d\u00e9f\u00e9reroit \u00e0 un arrangement pris sans son aveu. Faites attention, aussi, je vous prie Monsieur que dans le Cas, que la totalit\u00e9 de la somme de quatre millions eut \u00e9t\u00e9 tenue \u00e0 votre Disposition \u00e0 Philadelphie, le paiement \u00e0 Amsterdam auroit \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019autant plus faible\u2014Au reste si vous le jugez a propos, je ferai part \u00e0 Monsieur Short de la reclamation que vous venez de faire \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des quatre cent mille Dollars; Et loin le croire qu\u2019il y ait une difference entre cette somme et celle d\u00e9ja pay\u00e9e \u00e0 Amsterdam, je trouve comme je viens d\u2019avoir l\u2019honneur de vous exposer, Monsieur, qui il y a m\u00eame identit\u00e9 puisque l\u2019une devoit toujours faire partie de l\u2019autre.\nDepuis que j\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous ecrire sur ce sujet j\u2019ai encore eu de nouvelles preuves que notre Gouvernement ne veut pas que je me m\u00e9le de cette affaire, car Monsieur Short m\u2019a annonc\u00e9 avoir encore re\u00e7u des instructions de Monsieur Hamilton \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard. Dans cet etat de choses tout se que je puis faire c\u2019est d\u2019appuyer aupres de notre Gouvernement les d\u00e9marches du Ministre de la france. Les paiemens qui se font actuellement \u00e1 Philadelphie, sur les instances de Monsieur Ternant, nous donnent la certitude, Monsieur, que notre Gouvernment fera tour les efforts possibles pour le Soulagement de votre Colonie. L\u2019emploi de la somme dont il s\u2019agit doit etre fait en Amerique non seulement d\u2019apres les propres Termes du Decret mais par la nature m\u00eame des Choses, qui en obligeant la france de tirer de l\u2019etranger des Subsistances et du bois de Construction pour elle m\u00eame, la force imperativement de prendre chez nous les fournitures de ses Colonies occidentales: il me semble donc, Monsieur, qu\u2019on ne risque rien en s\u2019addressant pour cet objet au Gouvernement des Etats Unis, puisque dans le cas ou il lui seroit impossible de fournir \u00e0 votre ministre la somme plus ou moins grande qu\u2019exigent les besoins de la Colonie, il pourra toujours y faire face par les m\u00eames moyens qui sont mis en usage pour procurer des fournitures \u00e0 la Metropole.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0007", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 2 November 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nThe Hague Nov. 2. 1792\nsir\nI had the honor of recieving yesterday your letter of the 28th. of August. Being desirous from its nature to answer it in the speediest manner possible, I do it immediately (without waiting for the account, for which I wrote yesterday to the commissioners, in the instant of recieving your letter) this day\u2019s English post being the last which will be in time for the New-york packet of Wednesday next.\nYou inform me that the accounting officers of the treasury here represented to you that a regular account from me of the monies which I have recieved & those which have been paid by my order, will be requisite in the adjustment of the accounts of the commissioners. You observe that no account of the monies which I have recieved has been rendered lower down than the 24th of Sep. 1789.\nThe only monies I have recieved were my salary & the contingencies of stationery postage &c. paid me, as to the other foreign agents, by order of the Secretary of State, who directed me, as I suppose he did them, also to transmit to his department a regular acct. of these monies, terminating annually on the 1st. of July. His first letter to me on the subject, informed me that the salary of Charg\u00e9 des affaires was raised to take place from July 1. 1790. & directed me to state my acct down to that day, which was accordingly done & transmitted. After the 1st. of July 1791. my account was stated in like manner & sent from Paris in the beginning of October following. On my return to Paris in Jany last I recieved a letter from the Sec. of State informing me that my letter inclosing that acct & to which I had referred in subsequent letters, had not been recieved & desiring me to send it again & in future to do it by duplicates immediately after the 1st. of July. Accordingly I immediately transcribed the acct & transmitted it by two separate conveyances in Jany last. In like manner I stated my acct. up to the 1st. of July last & transmitted it by three separate conveyances to the department of State in the months of July & August. This account contained the sums paid for the two golden medals ordered by the same department for Mess. de la Luzerne & de Moustier\u2014although no part of the money passed through my hands\u2014the several artists having been paid by M. Grand & he re-imbursed by my bill on the bankers at Amsterdam. The medal with its chain for De Moustier was delivered to himself\u2014that for de la Luzerne, to M. de Montmorin as appears by their respective letters written to me. The dye was left with the engraver to be taken care of with the others belonging to the U.S. & placed at the disposition of M. Morris.\nBefore I quit this head, I should repeat perhaps what I formerly mentioned to you\u2014that M. Jefferson on his departure from Paris left with me bills of exchange to the amount of I think 66,000 \u20b6. This was destined to a particular object with which you are acquainted. He expected it would be immediately applied & therefore wished me to be the instrument instead of deposing it in a banker\u2019s hands, to avoid the commission. When the term of these bills arrived, finding less probability of their being immediately applied & not chusing to keep by me such a sum at my risk in an house which was robbed regularly two or three times a year, I gave the bills to M. Grand to recieve their amount & hold it appropriated to the object in question. It remains still in his hands having never been called for. I wrote more than once respecting it on finding the depreciation commencing\u2014but never recieved an answer. It remains now to be considered whether you would chuse to recieve it in its present depreciated state\u2014or wait for the change of circulating medium in France.\nThese are all the monies within my present recollection which have ever been at my disposition except those which you have from time to time directed me to have paid and of the loans made by me. These I come now to speak of & which I have ever considered as under totally different circumstances. I have made a point of never allowing one single farthing of it to pass through my hands & of course had no account to keep respecting it. I knew the commissioners were in direct correspondence with the department of the treasury & they told me they transmitted their accounts regularly. I therefore did not see that there would be any occasion for my intervention. It appeared to me from the nature of the business & from the part I took in it that there would be no chasm in its final & complete adjustment, by my being left out of the question\u2014nor indeed do I see how I could have entered into the account, as no part of the money passed through my hands, without rendering it less simple than at present.\nThe loans as made, which have been regularly announced to you, shew the cash which the U.S. have in the hands of the commissioners\u2014the payments they make, & which they state in their accts of course, if properly vouched, complete the acct. it seems to me, & shew whether there is error. The payments made by my directions which I have transmitted to the commissioners as recieved from you, are the bills which you have directed to be drawn on them\u2014the interest accruing on the loans at Amsterdam\u2014& the debt to France. The two first carry their own proofs in themselves & nothing that I could do could add to them\u2014the proofs of the third consist in the reciepts or bills which they recieve from the French treasury & which they hold, & transmit to you, as I imagine, doubles.\nThe commissioners of the treasury formerly gave me a copy of the sums they have recieved from the commissioners & which is as conformable to one the commissioners gave me last winter at Amsterdam. No payment has been since made by them except the 1625m florins agreed for by M. Morris as already often mentioned to you. This conformity of the accts. gave me all the presumption I had occasion for, of its justness\u2014but as the commissioners had other payments to make also on public acct. which were not within my control, such as the monies paid to other foreign agents & the bills from America whose amount were unknown to me, I could no[t] ascertain the accuracy of the total of their transactions\u2014which could be done only at the original source to which all the branches of the acct. were carried, the Treasury.\nThis has been the light in which I have ever recieved the subject & which prevented me from considering myself as involved in the comptability of the business. Your letter of yesterday however makes me fear you have viewed it differently\u2014as you say my account will be considered as an essential guide in the settlement which is contemplated. Should the acct. for which I have written to Amsterdam be not adequate to this purpose (& I own I do not see how it can be more complete than that which I imagine the commissioners send regularly) I must beg you Sir to inform me in what it shall be defective, & to give me your orders fully on the business, having it above everything at heart to give you the most perfect satisfaction in every business you confide to me & particularly one of this kind. I have so full a reliance on its having been properly transacted by the commissioners & of their having taken all the proper vouchers, that I have no objection to be placed in the account, although I did not consider myself as any thing more, as to the payments, than the chanel of your orders for the purpose.\nIf it has been your expectation & is still your desire that I should enter into this kind of comptability I beg you to be so good as to say in what way you desire it & what kind of an account you wish me to transmit you. I hope it will not be your wish that I do actually recieve the money from the commissioners & pay it to its several destinations. I think I mentioned to you from the beginning, when you ordered the first payment to France, how inadequate I was to that kind of manutention, & how sollicitous I was to be excused from it.\nI have already transmitted to you the acct. of the Antwerp payments as sent to me by M. de Wolfe. The duplicate of the reciepts he took from the French agent were forwarded to me at Paris. I left them with M Morris, that he might compare them with the acct to be recieved from the commissaries. The part remitted by bills of exchange like that paid in the same way from Amsterdam, is justified in like manner, by the conformity of the commissaries acct. For greater certainty I shall send this letter by duplicate & it shall be followed immediately by the acct. expected from Amsterdam\u2014repeating my prayer, that if it should leave you unsatisfied with respect to my part however inconsiderable or if your satisfaction should not be complete in every respect, that you would be so good as to mention it, & enable me to procure the eclaircissement, which may be necessary. I have the honor to be most respectfully, Sir, your most obedt & most humble servt.\nW Short\nThe Honble Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0010", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John F. Mercer, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Mercer, John F.\nPhiladelphia Novr 3d 1792\nSir\nThe Post two days since, brought me your letter of the 16th of October.\nI deemed it incumbent on me previous to a more particular notice of its contents to forward a copy of it, and of the documents which accompany it, as far as they regard your public discourses to Major Ross.\nWith due consideration \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your Obedt Servt\nA H\nJohn F Mercer EsqAnnapolis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0011", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to David Ross, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ross, David\nPhiladelphia Novr 3d 1792.\nSir\nTwo days since, I received a Letter from Mr Mercer dated the 16th of Octr in answer to mine of the 26 of September, to him. A Copy of his letter and of the documents accompanying it, as far as they regard his public Speeches, is herewith sent; in order that your comments, as to the facts which are in question, may enable me to judge what further Step I ought to take.\nI remain with perfect consideration & esteem \u2003 Sir \u2003 your Obed Servt\nA H\nDavid Ross EsqBladensburg Maryland", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0012", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 3d. 1792\nSir\nI received by the hands of Mr. Richmond your letter on the subject of the stock standing in your name on the public books.\nThough, according to the letter of the law, the prohibition to dispose appears to be retrospective as well as future, I am of opinion that it is consistent with sound legal construction to confine the latitude of the expression, so as to admit of the alienation and transfer of stock, which was previously owned. A different supposition makes the law an invasion of the right of property previously acquired, possibly to the ruin of the party, or his exclusion from office, and could not be within the intention of the law-makers. Nor ought in my opinion, expressions merely general to be construed so as to produce such a consequence.\nBut in giving this opinion I ought to apprize you that it differs from that of the Attorney General, which was sometime since taken at the request of another public officer. I need not observe, that my opinion could not exempt you from any penalties which by the true construction of the law, if different from mine, would follow.\nWith much consideration I am Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlex Hamilton\nOtho H Williams EsqrCollector &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0013", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Francisco de Miranda, 4 November 1792\nFrom: Miranda, Francisco de\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nParis Novr. the 4th. 1792.the 1t. year of the Republic.\nMy dear friend,\nThe affairs & Success of france take a happy turn in our favour. I mean in favour of our dear Country America, from the North to the South. The official Communications from the new appointed Minister of france, & the Information our friend Col. Smith shall give to you, will Shew how things are grown ripe & into maturity for the Execution of those grand & beneficial projects we had in Contemplation, when in our Conversation at New Yorck the love of our Country exalted our minds with those Ideas, for the sake of unfortunate Columbia.\nI am sincerely yours\nM.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0015", "content": "Title: Contract with James and Shoemaker, [5 November 1792]\nFrom: James and Shoemaker,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, November 5, 1792]\nOn behalf of Messrs. Nicholas Low and Abijah Hammond of New York, I promise to pay to Messrs. James and Shoemaker or their order on demand such sums as may be advanced to John Campbell by them or their Agents for any machinery tools or utensils for a Stocking Manufactory which shall be shipped by the said John Campbell or by his order per the Ship Glasgow from any part of Great Britain to the United States consigned either to the said Nicholas Low or Abijah Hammond or to the said James and Shoemaker and for the freight of the said articles and the passage money of any persons who shall be embarked on board the said Ship for the United States, being makers of such machinery or Manufacturers in the Stocking Branch, together with five per Cent Commission on the amount thereof provided the said sums do not exceed Eight hundred Pounds current money of Pensylvania.\nWitness my hand at Philadelphia the fifth day of November 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0016", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury Department Novr. 5th. 1792.\nSir,\nI have only considered the principal subject of the extracts from Mr. Morris\u2019s letters, which you did me the honor to send me, namely the adjustment or liquidation of the payments to France, and am of Opinion, that the Idea which appears to be that of Mr. Morris is the safest now to be pursued vizt.\u2014to ascertain the rate of exchange between Paris and Amsterdam, at each period of payment, as an eventual guide, and to leave the liquidation open till the completion of the entire reimbursement shall furnish an equitable rule, upon all the circumstances of the case. While the United States do not wish to profit by any disorder in the affairs of France, neither ought they to suffer any loss in consequence of it. As further payments have been suspended till further order, there will be time for further consideration, before the payments recommence.\nThe Accounts furnished by the French Treasury have been committed to the Comptroller, with direction to make a full and critical examination, and to prepare all statements, and documents, which may be necessary completely to enlighten Mr. Morris.\nThe affair of the payment of the debt due to the French officers has been arranged. In your absence from the Seat of Government I wrote a letter to Mr. Morris on the subject of which the enclosed is a Copy.\nWith great respect, I have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your obedient servant.\nAlexander Hamilton.\nThe Secretary of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0017", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Pinckney, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nPhiladelphia November 5th 1792\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respectful compliments to the Minister Plenipotentiary of the united States at the court of Great Britain, requests the favour of his particular care of the enclosed letter to Messrs Willink & van Staphorst Amsterdam.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0018", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\nTreasury Department Novemb 5th 1792\nSir\nEnclosed is a letter to our Ambassador at the Court of Great Britain which I request you will please to forward by the November Packet as usual.\nI am with great consideration \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obedt Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nWilliam Seton EsqrNew York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0019", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 5th, 1792.\nSir:\nThe last letter which I have had the pleasure of receiving from you is dated the 6th of August. By letters from Mr Morris to the Secretary of State, down to the 16th of that month, it appeared that he had, on the 6th, ordered a payment, to the French Treasury, of one million six hundred and twenty five thousand B. florins. But nothing is said which can enlighten me as to his opinion whether the last change in the affairs of France, namely the suspension of the King, ought to suspend further payments on account of the United States to the government of that country. Hence, though I entertain a persuasion, as mentioned in my letter of the 1st of October, a fourth copy of which is inclosed, that no further payments after that event will have been deemed proper, and, consequently that a considerable sum of money will have been left undisposed of in the hands of our Commissioners, yet the want of some certain indication on that point is a cause of perplexity to me.\nThe dispositions heretofore announced contemplated the payment of interest on the foreign debt to individuals only up to the end of the present year out of funds accruing in Europe, and render it possible that all others might be applied in payments to France. Yet, under present circumstances, to add, by remittances from this country, to the considerable funds which probably are already on hand there unemployed, and a part of which has been so long in that situation, would be too disadvantageous to the United States.\nUpon the whole, I elect to forbear, till further advices, any remittances from hence, considering that on any emergency you will be able to procure either a temporary or permanent loan equal to the demand. On the 1st of January 1793 there will be due in Hollund 120000 florins for interest, on the 1st of February \u00a330000 for interest and 100000 for premium, on the 1st of March 125000 for interest, on the first of June 470000 for interest and 1000000 for the first instalment of the 5000000 loan.\nFor facing these engagements it appears adviseable that you endeavour to contract a loan for 2000000 of florins. In the present state of French affairs it is proper to postpone any further borrowing with a view to reimbursements there.\nShould it appear, as I expect from your future advices, that there will remain moneys unapplied and subject to dispositions from hence, I shall take care so to regulate the drafts which may be made as to leave at your disposal at least a sufficient sum for paying the interest in January and February, so as to afford time for such further operations as may be requisite.\nI am now anxious, as soon as possible, to adopt a regular plan for paying the interest on our foreign debt by remittances from this country. On full reflection I have concluded that the doing of it by means of bills of exchange is preferable to any other mode. But for this purpose some auxiliary arrangement is necessary. Bills are not always to be had at the moment they are wanted. If I am to depend wholly on a casual supply I shall often be obliged to force the market or remit specie. To avoid being pressed at any time I have conceived that it would be eligible to adopt the following plan: To stipulate with some competent house for a contingent credit, equal to the sums payable for interest at the several periods, that is, the house to be obliged to furnish the sums when due, if required so to do, for a certain term of credit, say six months, upon the conditions of receiving, absolutely, a small premium, whether the money be called for or not, with a certain rate of interest if called for on the sum actually advanced, from the time of its being advanced to the time of its reimbursement.\nSuppose the contract were made and the premium stipulated \u00bd per cent, the rate of interest five per cent, the operation of the plan would be as follows: On the first of January next there is a sum of 120000 florins payable, on account of interest. It would be in my option to remit the sum at the period or not. If I remitted it the contractor would then be entitled only to \u00bd per cent of the 120000 florins. If I remitted no part of it, he would be obliged to advance the money at the time it became due, and would be entitled to \u00bd per cent by way of premium, and at the rate of five per cent per annum on the 120000 florins from the time it was advanced to the time it was reimbursed, the term of reimbursement not to exceed six months. If I remitted a part but not the whole, he would be obliged to advance the residue, and would be entitled to \u00bd per cent premium on the entire sum, say 120000 florins and at the rate of five per cent per annum, as before, on the sum actually advanced, as that should happen to be. And so from period to period through the year.\nI have supposed that the rate of premium and interest which have been mentioned would obtain the credit desired. And I will thank you, if it can be done, to effect the arrangement to begin after the 1st of June next. I should not wish it, in the first instance to extend beyond a year. Offers of a similar credit have been intimated to me from London, but, as the payments are to be made in Amsterdam, I deem it preferable to simplify the business by a direct operation.\nI shall endeavor to engage the Bank of the United States to undertake the payment of our foreign interest, combining it with a plan for keeping our foreign exchange within certain determinate limits; a measure which will unite a moderate profit to the Bank with the advantage to trade of a steady course of exchange and to the government of a convenient and oeconomical mode of remitting its foreign interest. But some little time will be requisite to mature mens ideas on the subject.\nWith respectful consideration, I have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your obedt Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nWilliam Short EsquireMinister Resident from the United States, atThe Hague.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0020", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob\nTriplicate\nTreasury DepartmentPhiladelphia Novr. 5. 1792.\nSir\nI have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 24th. of August last enclosing an authenticated copy of the Contract for the last three million Loan, which Contract is now before the President for his ratification. If it should be completed in the course of the day, it will be herewith transmitted; if not, it will be forwarded to you by the next opportunity.\nEnclosed is a letter to Mr. Short which I request you will forward to him. But if contrary to my expectation, Mr. Short should be absent from Holland, and it should appear from the State of the funds in your hands, that the sums in your possession would be insufficient to pay the Interest, which will fall due on the several Loans to the 1st. of February next ensuing inclusively, including one hundred thousand Guilders premium, I authorize you to open Mr. Shorts letter, and to adopt the arrangement therein proposed, in order that no deficiency may arise in regard to those payments.\nWith great consideration & esteem \u2003 I am Gentlemen \u2003 Your Obedt servant\nA Hamilton\nP.S. The Presidents ratification of the Contract alluded to in the foregoing letter is herewith inclosed.\nMessrs. Willinks & Van staphorsts.\nAmsterdam", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0021", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 6 November 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nColles Office [Newport, Rhode Island]Novr. 6th. 1792\nSir,\nI have recd. your circular letter of the 12th of the last month, and will pay a due regard to the request contained in the first paragraph thereof, and to your opinion on the case stated in the second.\nA Vessel bound to a foreign port is compelled by distress of weather to put into the port of Newport, and it is necessary in order to repair her, or to procure supplies for the crew; or because she has perishable articles on board that part of her cargo should be sold, is she liable to the tonnage duty? Or if a vessel bound to a foreign port should put into this port for an harbour, continue herein forty eight hours, and not dispose of any part of her cargo, would the tonnage duty in this case be demandable? Instances of the case last mentioned have occurred, and will probably again occurr. Please to favour me with an answer to these questions.\nI am, Sir, Yr. most obedt. servant\nWm Ellery Collector\nA Hamilton EsqrSecry Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0022", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Uriah Forrest, 7 November 1792\nFrom: Forrest, Uriah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nGeorgetown [Maryland] 7. Nov. 1792\nDear Sir:\nInclosed is the copy of what Mr. William Bayley lately gave Dr. Steuart to forward to the President of the United States in consequence as Steuart told Bayley of a letter from the President requesting it the Doctor having before mentioned to him the circumstances to which it alluded. I only heard of it yesterday and sent today to Bayley who furnished me a copy he is a man of fair character and on no account would intentionally misrepresent but he not the most attentive and exact man. There is no doubt you are privy to and I dare say caused the application through the President yet no harm can arise from sending the copy.\nI considered all that was said respecting your public Agency not worth any other regard than merely stating facts in conversation when it happened to be the subject which was very frequent during the rage of Electioneering. Because there are not three men of reputation even in the district where so much has been said who think ill of you and nothing is believed injurious to your Fame had there been a probability of your Character being any way affected you should have had the earliest information. I wish not to be mentioned in the business but there is one circumstance which may eventually be useful should Mr. Sterett not return soon from Europe. He informed me that he had called with Colo. Mercer at your office when the Colo. applied for payment of a horse which he had killed during the war I think in Virginia. He related to me the conversation that passed and mr. mercers observation to him at leaving you. I am pretty certain I have the whole correct on my memory and if necessary will readily furnish it.\nIf there is any thing in which you can make me useful you will make me happy being with the greatest esteem & respect Dr. Sir yrs.\nUriah Forrest", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0023", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 7 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States, November 7, 1792. Transmits \u201ca statement of the administration of the funds appropriated to certain foreign purposes, as the same has been submitted to the President by the Secretary of State.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0024", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 7 November 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom HouseDistrict of Providence 7th November 1792\nThe refusal of Credit to Mr. Edward Dexter on the Sixth Instant for the amount of the duties on the Cargo of the Brigantine Neptune (Consisting of one Hundred and Twenty Two Hogsheads and Twenty Three Teirces of Melasses &c.) Stephen Peirce Master, which entered at my office on the Said Sixth Instant, from Surinam, being the Property of Welcome Arnold Esquire and which was by him Transferred to the said Edward Dexter on the Fifth Instant\u2014was founded on the Ground of Probability that said Transfer was Collusive and made with intent to effect a Further Credit in evasion of the Law, 1st. Because Mr. Arnold had a Bond then in Suit and remained unpaid which by Law deprived him of a Further Credit during his delinquency\u20142ndly as Mr. Arnold had previously to this (in the month of September 1792) effected a Further Credit (His said bond being then in Suit) in three Instances, by Similar Transfers, one to Mr. Stephen Dexter of the Brigantine Samuel with all her Cargo, and the other Two to Edward Dexter for the Cargoes of the Brigantine Harriot and Sloop Sally\u2014which Cargoes after being unladen were deposited in Mr. Arnolds Stores and himself and Clerks generally attended the unlading\u20143rdly. that Mr. Arnold Suffered considerably for the want of Melasses (being reduced to the Necessity of borrowing from Several Persons) to work his Distillery in order to Compleat a Cargo of Rum for the Brigantine Betsey bound for Copenhagen and now awaiting with Eighty Six Hogsheads and Two Barrels of Rum, as part of her Cargo, on Board\u20144thly. the improbability that Mr. Arnold would make a Real Sale of a Cargo of Melasses which he so much wanted for immediate use, to Mr. Edward Dexter, who has but lately opened a Store in this Town, and could not, in all probability, have occasion for (or means in his power to make a real purchase of) upwards of Fourteen Thousand gallons of Melasses which at half a Dollar a Gallon being the lowest price, would amount to upwards of Seven thousand Dollars, and lastly that it is very unusual for Merchants to buye or Sell whole Cargoes of Merchandize by the lump.\nTo Shew the Probability that the Transfer of the Brigantine Samuels Cargo to Mr. Stephen Dexter, was also Collusive, it is proper further to observe, that he expected a Ship of 231 Tons burthen from the same place, with a larger quantity of the same Kind of Merchandize; and which did actually arrive here in about Three Weeks after the Samuel.\nJereh. Olney Collr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0025", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from David Porter, [7 November 1792]\nFrom: Porter, David\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[November 7, 1792. \u201cI am now obliged to report Mr. James Forbes, third mate, to your notice for the following reasons: 1 Neglect of duty\u20142 Slanderous reproach on Authority\u20143 Ill treatment to the men, the latter is designed to retard duty to answer private purposes in my opinion, besides his situation is generally such that renders him incapable of duty or trust which is occasioned by intemperance; those are what I alledge against him and for such have suspended him. I choose to do his duty myself as I have done before, rather than put up with him. I have coolly and deliberately considered on what I have here said, for some time past, and now transmit the same to your notice, and pray that he may not be ordered to this Cutter more.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0026", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, [8 November 1792]\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, November 8, 1792]\nDear Sir\nI consider it as a duty to communicate the substance of a conversation, which I had this Evening with a intelligent citizen of Philada. on whose veracity I rely, and who, in common affairs is far from inaccurate. He informed me that his Catholic Majestys Commissioners were lately sitting with him, when a gazette was brought in; which contained the accot. of the Indian Movements in the Southern quarter, to which account a suggestion was added that the Governor of New Orleans, and an Indian Trader in the Spanish territory, were the causes of those hostile movements by their Instigations & Supplies. Having been unaccustomed to the restraints and reserves of political life he did not hesitate to ask Mr. Jaudines, whether he thought the suggestion founded, and he pursued a conversation on the subject with him for some time in the Presence of Mr. Viar. In the Course of the Conversation Mr. Jaudines took occasion to observe, that the U. S., in all their treaties with the indians, had introduced clauses by which the tribes had been made to submit themselves to the U. S and that a consequent protection of them had been held up and promised on our part\u2014that similar engagements had subsisted between Spain and the Southern Indians (parties to the Treaty made at New York with Mr. McGilivray) prior to that Treaty\u2014that he would not say the Governor of New Orleans had supplied them with Arms and stores, but that it would be best that the U. S. should not attempt to run the line contemplated in the Treaty of New York, for, that if they did, Spain would support the Indians in preventing it. The Citizen remarked that such a procedure would, as it appeared to him, produce a disagreement and probably a rupture between the U. S. and Spain; to which Mr. Jaudenes answered in terms implying, that such a circumstance would be very disagreeable, but that such interposition would in the event mentioned, certainly take place.\nThere was present at the conversation a Mr. Bryan of Georgia (who, I understand, is a Student in the Office of the Attorney Genl.) between whom & Mr. Jaudines some warm discussion took place. It is probable therefore, that he may remember the precise language of the Commissioner of Spain. Should you think it well to ask Mr. Randolph to converse wtih him, I wish, that the young Gentleman may be cautioned not to mention the Enquiry, as the citizen is desirous from personal reasons, that a guarded use may be made of the information. He is not unwilling however, if it be desired that his name be known to you, and in any other place where you may think it necessary.\nI have the honor to be, \u2003 your respectful humble Servant\nTench Coxe\nWalnut StreetThursday Evening 8th. Novr. 92", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0027", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 8 November 1792\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury DepartmentRegisters Office 8th: November 1792\nSir\nI have the Honor to enclose the several Estimates for which Appropriations will be necessary for the Services of the Year 1793.\u2014vizt.\nCivil ListDollars\nWar Department\nInvalid Pensioners\nExtraordinaries\nThe foregoing Estimates are accompanied with particular Statements of the Application of Two Several Sums vizt:\nOf 50,000 Dollars\nGranted by Several Acts\nAnd of 5,000 do.\nfor the Purpose of discharging\nsuch Demands on the United States not otherwise provided for as shall have been ascertained and admitted in due Course of Settlement at the Treasury and which are of a Nature according to the Usage thereof to require Payment in Specie.\nWith much Respect \u2003 I am sir, \u2003 Your mo: ob. & mo: hb: Servt.\nJ: N: Regr.\nHonourableAlexander Hamilton Esqr.Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0030", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 10 November 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, November 10, 1792. \u201cI have the Honor to inform you, that the Supervisor of North Carolina has communicated to me the Resignation of William Wynne, John Baker and Edmund Sawyer Esquires, as Inspectors of the Revenue for the ports of Wynton, Bennets Creek Bridge and Pasqustank River Bridge, of which ports they were also Surveyors.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0031", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 10 November 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, November 10, 1792. Encloses \u201cfor the purpose of submission to the President, two contracts between the Superintendent of the light House at New London and Daniel Harris and Nathl. Richards.\u201d Discusses the cost of the contract. States that he has sent a circular letter to the superintendents of the lighthouses \u201ccalculated to draw from them a report comprehending all the material facts in regard to their construction, present condition and past and present supplies and management, with a view to embracing by general measures cheaper and better supplies.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0032", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Richard Morris, 10 November 1792\nFrom: Morris, Richard\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, November 10, 1792. \u201cI anxiously wait to hear from you for tho I should submitt willingly to Expend my own time and money I do not wish to incur the Expence that will Necessarily fall on me for the Clerk, Stamper, Office Rent, fuel, and the Unavoidable Expences of Marking and Guageing the Stills in the Remote Counties.\u2026 I hope when the President Reconsiders this Business he will direct the Clk, the Stamper of Certificates, Office Rent, Fuel and the Expence of Guageg. and Marking the Stills in the Remote Counties to be paid as Contingencies.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0033-0001", "content": "Title: Report on the Receipts and Expenditures of Public Monies to the End of the Year 1791, [10 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 10, 1792 Communicated on November 12, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nAn account of the Receipts and Expenditures of the United States commencing with the establishment of the Treasury Department under the present Governmt, and ending on the thirty first day of December 1791, stated in pursuance of the standing order of the House of Representatives of the United States passed on the thirtieth day of December 1791, of which the following is a copy.\nIn the House of Representatives of the United States.\nFriday the 30 of December 1791.\nResolved, that it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to lay before the House of Representatives on the fourth Monday of October in each Year, if Congress shall be then in session, or if not then in session, within the first week of the session next following the said fourth Monday of October, an accurate Statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public monies down to the last day inclusively of the Month of December immediately preceding the said fourth monday of October, distinguishing the amount of the receipts of each State or District, and from each Officer therein, in which statement shall also be distinguished the expenditures which fall under each head of appropriation, and shall be shewn the sums, if any, which remain unexpended, and to be accounted for in the next statement of each and every of such appropriations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0033-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosures: [Statements], [November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department\nTo: \nStates\nDistricts\nCollectors\nGross amount of\nPayments for\nBalances in the hands of Collectors.\nMonies received by the Treasurer\nDuties on Merchandize.\nDuties on Tonnage.\nFines Penalties and Forfeitures.\nDrawbacks on Merchandize exported.\nBounties on salted Fish and Provision exported.\nExpenses on Collection of the Duties.\nExpenses attending Prosecutions.\nNet amount of Duties on Imports and Tonnage, and of Fines Penalties and Forfeitures.\nBonds uncollected.\nCash on hand.\nTotal amount.\nFor Warrants included in his accounts to Decemr 31, 1791, not passed to the credit of the Collectors on that day.\nFor Warrants included in his accounts to Decr. 31, 1791, for which the collectors received credit on that day.\nFor Warrants credited the Collectors previous to January 1, 1792, which are stated in the Treasurers subsequent accounts.\nNew Hampshire\nPortsmouth\nJoseph Whipple\nMassachusetts\nNewbury Port\nStephen Cross\nGloucester\nEpes Sargent\nSalem\nJoseph Hiller\n    Marblehead\n    Richard Harris\n    Samuel R. Gerry\nBoston\nBenjamin Lincoln\nPlymouth\nWilliam Watson\nBarnstable\nJoseph Otis\nNantucket\nStephen Hussey\nEdgartown\nJohn Pease\nNew Bedford\nEdward Pope\nDighton\nHodijah Baylies\nYork\nRichard Trevett\nBiddeford\nJeremiah Hill\nPortland\nNathaniel F. Fosdick\nBath\nWilliam Webb\nWiscassett\nFrancis Cook\nPenobscot\nJohn Lee\nFrenchman\u2019s Bay\nMelatiah Jordan\nMachias\nStephen Smith\nPassamaquody\nLewis F. De Lesdernier\nRhode Island\nNew Port\nWilliam Ellery\nProvidence\nJeremiah Olney\nConnecticut\nNew London\nJedediah Huntington\nNew Haven\nJonathan Fitch\nFairfield\nSamuel Smedley\nNew York\n      Sagg Harbour\n      John Gelston\n      Henry P. Dering\nNew York City\nJohn Lamb\nNew Jersey\nPerth Amboy\nJohn Halsted\nBurlington\nJohn Ross\nBridgetown\nEli Elmer\nA Great Egg Harbour\nDaniel Benezet\nPennsylvania\nPennsylvania\nSharp Delany\nDelaware\nDelaware\nGeorge Bush\nMaryland\nBaltimore\nOtho H. Williams\n      Chester\n      John Scott\n      Jeremiah Nicols\nOxford\nJeremiah Banning\nB Vienna\nJohn Muir\nSnowhill\nJohn Gunby\nNottingham\nGeorge Biscoe\nAnnapolis\nJohn Davidson\nCedar Point\nJohn C. Jones\nGeorge Town\nJames M. C. Lingan\nVirginia\nNorfolk\nWilliam Lindsay\nBermuda Hundd.\nWilliam Heth\n      Hampton\n      Jacob Wray\n      George Wray\nYork Town\nAbraham Archer\nTappahannock\nHudson Muse\nYeocomico river\nVincent Redman\nDumfries\nRichard M. Scott\nAlexandria\nCharles Lee\nFoley Landing\nWilliam Gibb\n      Cherry Stone\n      George Savage\n      Nathaniel Wilkins\nSouth Quay\nThomas Bowne\nNorth Carolina\nWilmington\nJames Read\nNewbern\nJohn Daves\nWashington\nNathaniel Keais\nEdenton\nThomas Benbury\nCamden\nIsaac Gregory\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgetown\nC John Cogdell\n      Charleston\n      George Abbot Hall\n      Isaac Holmes\nBeaufort\nAndrew Agnew\nGeorgia\nSavannah\nJohn Habersham\nD Sunbury\nCornelius Collins\nBrunswick\nChristopher Hillary\nE Saint Mary\u2019s\nJames Seagrove\nA\nThe accounts settled to\nJune 30, 1791 only.\nB\nDitto\nto Septem 30, 1790.\nC\nDitto\nD\nDitto\nto Septem 30, 1791.\nE\nDitto\nTotal amount of balances in the hands of Collectors\nFrom which deduct the amount of a balance due to the Collector of the District of Bridgetown in the State of New Jersey on the 31 day of December 1791, being so much over paid by him into the Treasury, prior to that day\nA Summary Statement of Monies Received into the Treasury to December 31, 1791, Inclusively.\n  From the Collectors of the Customs agreeably to the first and second columns of the preceding statement entitled \u201cMonies received by the Treasurer.\u201d\n  From Clement Biddle Marshal for the District of Pennsylvania, for Fines and Forfeitures arising under the Act entitled \u201cAn Act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States.\u201d\n  Gained by a remittance of 10,000 Dollars in gold from Philadelphia to New York.\n  From sundry persons for interest due on their notes.\n  Funds Arising from Balances Found due on Accounts Which Originated under the Late Government.\n  From Nathaniel Gilman, late receiver of continental taxes for the State of New Hampshire\n  From James Blanchard, Paymaster to the late second Regiment of New Hampshire\n  From Horatio Clagget, Paymaster to the late Maryland line\n  From Thomas McWhorter, in the Department of the Commissary of Hides\n  From Joseph Carleton, late Secretary in the War Office\n  From Reading Howell Executor to the Estate of Cornelius Sherriff deceased, in the Quartermasters Department\n  From Benjamin Hitchbourne Attorney to the Administrator to the Estate of Thomas Chase deceased, in the Qr. Mrs. Department\n  From Lynde Catlin, Clerk in the Office of the acting Paymaster\n  Temporary Domestic Loans.\n  From the President Directors and Company of the bank of North America\n  From the President Directors and Company of the bank of New York\n  From Joseph Howell acting Paymaster\n  Foreign Loans.\nFrom the President Directors and Company of the bank of North America, being the produce of bills of Exchange drawn on the Agents for negotiating foreign Loans in Holland\nFrom the President Directors and Company of the bank of New York, being the produce of bills of Exchange drawn on the Agents aforesaid\n  Repayments in Consequence of Advances Previously Made.\n  From Sharp Delany Agent for paying Invalid pensions\n  From Frederick A. Muhlenberg Speaker of the House of Representatives of the first Congress\n  From Nathaniel Appleton Commissioner of Loans\n  From John Hopkins Commissioner of Loans\n  Total amount of Receipts, and Repayments, into the Treasury\n  The Following Sums Which are Deducted in the Account of Expenditures Under Their Respective Heads, in Order to Shew the True Amount Thereof; are to be Deducted also from the Amount of the Receipts and Repayments, Vizt.\n  In page 55 a repayment by Frederick A, Muhlenberg\n  \u201c 91 Ditto by Jeremiah Olney\n  \u201c 92 Ditto by Sharp Delany\n  \u201c 95 the amount of a Loan obtained by the Secretary of the Treasury from the President Directors & Company of the bank of New York\n  \u201c 95 the same from the President Directors and Company of the bank of North America including an overcharge in their interest account\n  \u201c 95 the same from Joseph Howell, acting Paymaster\n  \u201c 109 a repayment by Nathaniel Appleton\n  \u201c 112 Ditto by John Hopkins\n  \u201c 135 Ditto by Joseph Nourse Register of the Trey\n  \u201c 137 Ditto by \u2003 do\n  Amount carried to the credit of a General Account of the receipts and expenditures, in page 142\nFor Discharging Warrants Issued by the Late Board of Treasury\nWarrants issued by the late Board of Treasury\nWarrants drawn by the Secretary of the Treasury for payment of those issued by the late Board of Treasury.\nDate\nNo.\nDate\nNo.\nTo whom payable\nAmount\nMarch\nNovemr.\nRoyal Flint Contractor, for Clothing supplied the Army\nDecemr.\nDitto for do.\nApril\nHenry Knox Secretary at War\nMay\nJanuary\nPatrick Ferrall\nDecemr.\nPatrick Ferrall Atty to Edward Chinn\nOctober\nWilliam Henderson Atty to Samuel Engs\nNovemr.\nJoseph Nourse Attorney to Richard Gridley\nJonathan Burrall Assignee of John White\nSeptemr\nDitto do\nJune\nPaul Richard Randall\nOctober\nEbenzer Thayer Assignee of Doctor Joseph Waldo\nMay\nFebruy\nDominick Lynch Assignee of Arthur St. Clair\nJoseph Nourse Assignee of \u2003 do.\nJuly\nJames Livingston\nFebruy\nRobert Watts Atty to Stephen Moore\nAugust\nJohn Cochran\nFebruy\nJohn Meyer Assignee of George Stanton\nMay\nWilliam Seton Assignee of Arthur St. Clair\nMarch\nWilliam Smith Assignee of Wm. Winder\nJohn Murray Assignee of Michael Hillegas\nNovemr\nJoseph Howell Junior Assignee of do.\nDecemr.\nSamuel Meredith Assignee of John Wagner\nJuly\nFebruy\nRoyal Flint Assignee of Mat McConnell\nJanuary\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of Thomas Halt\nMay\nMarch\nThomas Bazen \u2003 Assignee of Joseph Bindon Attorney to Joseph Traversee\nAugust\nWilliam Constable \u2003 Assignee of Richd. Butler\nNovemr\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of Patrick Ferrall\nMay\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of Richd. Butler\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of do\nJune\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of Arthur St. Clair\nNovemr\nRoyal Flint \u2003 Assignee of Michl. Hillegas\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of do\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of do\nApril\nHenry Knox Secretary at War Assignee of Michael Hillegas\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of do.\nMarch\nJohn Henry Assignee of William Winder\nSeptemr.\nRoyal Flint Assignee of Stephen Bruce\nOctober\nNicholas Lemmerman\nJune\nMarch\nFrederick Augustus Muhlenberg Assignee of Arthur St. Clair\nNovemr\nJoseph Howell Junior\nMarch\nApril\nHenry Knox Secretary at War\nApril\nDitto\nNovr.\nThomas T. Tucker Assignee of Michael Hillegas\nDecemr.\nJoseph Howell Junior\nAugust\nJohn Jay late Secretary for Foreign Affairs\nJanuary\nAlexander Thompson Agent of Thomas Holt\nNovemr\nMay\nJoseph Howell Junr. Assignee of Michael Hillegas\nApril\nHenry Knox Assignee of Michl. Hillegas\nMarch\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of do\nNovemr\nJoseph Howell Junr. \u2003 Assignee of do\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of do\nDecemr.\nJune\nJames OHara \u2003 Assignee of do\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of do\nMay\nTheodosius Fowler & Co. Assignees of do\nSeptemr.\nRobert Gilchrist Assignee of do\nMarch\nReuben Burnley Assignee of Wm. Winder\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of do\nDecemr.\nJuly\nJoseph Howell Junior\nAugust\nWilliam Constable Assignee of Philip Audebert\nMay\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of James OHara\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of do\nDecemr.\nAugust\nJoseph Howell Junr.\nDitto\nNovemr\nDitto \u2003 Assignee of Michl. Hillegas\nDecemr.\nSeptemr.\nDitto\nDitto\nDitto\nFebruay\nDitto\nDecemr.\nDitto\nNovemr\nOctober\nDitto\nMarch\nJoshua Pain Assignee of William Winder\nDecemr.\nJoseph Howell Junior\nFebruay\nNovemr\nDitto\nDecemr.\nJuly\nAbijah Hammond Assignee of M. Hillegas\nTotal amount\n    For the Support of the Civil List under the Late and Present Government.\n      In Relation to the Late Government.\n      For Defraying the Expenses of the Household of the Late President of Congress.\n      April\n      To Rachael Reed for Wages as a Servant in the Family, Warrt. No.\n      \u201c Candes Lewis for the same\n      \u201c Henry Rhieman for do\n      \u201c Henry Arcularius for bread for the use of the Family\n      August\n      \u201c Walter Nichols for groceries for the use of the Family\n      \u201c Cobus Myers for Wood for do\n      Septemr\n      \u201c Richard Phillips Steward for his own salary and that of Palsey Phillips housekeeper, and for sundry expenditures on account of the Family\n      John R. Livingston for his salary as Secretary to the late President of Congress.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      James Hallet for repairs done to the Presidents Chariot in the Year 1788.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Roger Alden late deputy Secretary to Congress for his own and Clerks salaries and sundry contingent expenses.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n    Treasury Department.\n      For compensation to the Commissioners of the late Board, their Secretary and Clerks, and for Office rent.\n      Novemr\n      To Warrant No.\n      Decemr.\n      Joseph Nourse Register for his own and Clerks salaries.\n      Novemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Joseph Hardy Accountant for his own and Clerks salaries.\n      Novemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      For compensation to sundry Persons Clerks in the Department.\n      Novemr\n      To Henry Kuhl Warrant No. 109\n      April\n      \u201c\u2003Christopher Banker do \u2003 293\n      \u201c\u2003George Nixon 416\n      Department of Foreign Affairs.\n      For compensation to the Secretary his Clerks and Messenger and for sundry contingent expenses of the Office.\n      Novemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Department of War.\n      For compensation to the Secretary his Clerks and Messenger.\n      Novemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Joseph Howell acting Paymaster General and Commissioner of Army accounts, for his own and Clerks salaries and the contingent expenses of his Office.\n      Novemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      For compensation to the Commissioners for settling the accounts between the United States and Individual States their Clerks and Messenger.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Jonathan Burrall late Commissnr. for adjusting the accounts in the Commissary and Quarter Masters Departmts. for his own and Clerks Salaries.\n      March\n      To Warrant No.\n      Benjamin Walker late Commissioner for the Marine Clothing and Hospital Departments, and for settling the accounts of the late secret and commercial Committees for his own and Clerks salaries.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      John White late Commissioner of accts. for the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland for his own and Clerks salaries, pursuant to a resolution of Congress passed the 29 of September 1789.\n      March\n      To Joshua Dawson, Warrt. No. 268\n      April\n      \u201c John Wright do \u2003\u2003 289\n      July\n      Guilliam Aertsen late Commissioner for adjusting the accounts of the States of South Carolina and Georgia.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      Robert Smith Chaplain to the southern Hospital in pursuance of an Act of Congress passed Septemr. 12, 1786.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      William Kinnan late Copperplate Printer to the United States, for a balance due to him.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      Joseph King late Paymaster and Agent to Colonel Baldwins Regiment of Artificers.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Hugh Smith late Postmaster at the head quarters of the Army, for a balance due to him.\n      August\n      To Warrant No.\n      For arrearage of salary due to the following Loan Officers.\n      Nathaniel Appleton late Commissionr of Loans for the State of Massachusetts.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      June\n      William Ellery late Commissioner of Loans for the State of Rhode Island.\n      March\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      June\n      February\n      John Cochran late Commissioner of Loans for the State of New York.\n      March\n      To Warrant No.\n      James Ewing late Commissioner of Loans for the State of New Jersey.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      Thomas Smith late Commissioner of Loans for the State of Pennsylvania.\n      February\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      Decemr.\n      March\n      James Tilton late Commissioner of Loans for the State of Delaware.\n      To Warrant No.\n      William Skinner late Commissioner of Loans for the State of No. Carolina.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      John Neufville late Commissioner of Loans for the State of South Carolina.\n      July\n      To Warrant No.\n      October\n      Februy\n      Richard Wylly late Commissioner of Loans for the State of Georgia.\n      March\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      August\n      For compensation due to the Officers of the Government of the Northwestern Territory. Arthur St. Clair, Governor.\n      Novemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Winthrop Sargent, Secretary.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      John Cleves Symmes one of the Judges.\n      Februy\n      To Warrant No.\n    Indian Department\n      April\n      To Thomas Tudor Tucker Agent for Richd. Winn, on account of Salary due to the said Winn as superintendant of Indian affairs in the southern Department, from the 29 August 1788 to the 29 November following Warrant No. 398\n      August\n      To Tench Coxe Attorney for Richard Butler Executor to the Estate of William Butler deceased, for the said William Butlers pay as deputy Superintendant of Indian Affairs for the Northern Department from March 17, 1787 to October 14, 1788 Warrant No. 603\n      To Tench Coxe Attorney for Richard Butler late Superintendant of Indian Affairs Northern department for a balance due to the said superintendant for supplies furnished to Indians and for the pay of an Interpreter &c Warrt. No. 604\n      To Thomas Tudor Tucker Agent for Richd. Winn late Superintendant of Indian Affairs in the southern department for a balance due to the said Richd. Winn Warrant No. 607\n      To Matthias Ogden Assignee of Albion Cox for a pair of dyes furnished for the purpose of striking Indian Medals by direction of the late Board of Treasury Warrant No. 625\n      August\n      To William Edgar Assignee of James Rankin Attorney for Isaac Williams, for the said Williams pay as Interpreter to the Wyandot Indians from the 20 March 1788 to the 14 October following Warrt No. 627\n      To William Edgar Assignee of James Rankin for the said Rankins pay and expenses as Messenger to the Indian Nations from the 22 of January 1788 to the 14th. of October following Warrt. No. 628\n      Septemr.\n      To Edmond Prior Attorney for William Wilson for the said Wilsons pay as Messenger to the Indian Nations, and for sundry other charges from February 8, 1788 to the 14 October following Warrt. No. 645\n      Decemr.\n      To Henry Knox Assignee of James OHara Attorney for George Loveless, for services performed by the said Loveless in the Indian Department from the 8 Februy to the 14 October 1788 Warrt. No. 765\n      Decemr.\n      To Henry Knox Assignee of James OHara Attorney for Joseph Nicholson, for pay and Horse hire due to the said Nicholson as Indian Interpreter from the 11 Feby to the 14 October 1788 Warrant No. 766\n      July\n      To Thomas McEuen Attorney to Joseph Martin late Agent for the Cherokee and Chickasaw Nations of Indians, for the said Martins salary from the 20 July 1788 to the 20 March 1789, pursuant to Acts of Congress passed the 19 of June and the 20 August 1788 Warrt. No. 1197\n      Total in relation to the late Government\n    In Relation to the Present Government, Vizt.\n      For the Compensation of the President of the United States.\n      Septemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      on account\n      October\n      Novemr\n      Decemr.\n      January\n      February\n      March\n      April\n      June\n      July\n      August\n      Septemr\n      October\n      Novemr.\n      Decemr.\n      January\n      February\n      March\n      April\n      June\n      July\n      August\n      Septemr\n      October\n      Novemr\n      Decemr.\n      Expenses Incurred for the Temporary Accommodation of the President of the United States.\n      Decemr.\n      To Royal Flint Warrt. No.\n      April\n      To Samuel Osgood do\n      For the Compensation of the Vice President of the United States.\n      October\n      To Warrant No.\n      on account\n      Novemr.\n      Decemr.\n      February\n      July\n      August\n      Septemr\n      Novemr.\n      March\n      April\n      October\n    Judiciary Department\n      For the compensations of the Judges, the Attorney General, the Marshals, the District Attornies and Clerks of the Circuit and District Courts.\n      John Jay Chief Justice of the United States.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      August\n      October\n      John Rutledge one of the associate Judges of the Supreme Court.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      March\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      James Wilson one of the associate Judges of the Supreme Court.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      March\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      John Blair one of the associate Judges of the Supreme Court.\n      February\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      February\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      William Cushing one of the associate Judges of the Supreme Court.\n      February\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      August\n      February\n      April\n      August\n      October\n      James Iredell one of the associate Judges of the Supreme Court.\n      To Warrant No.\n      August\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      David Sewall Judge for the District of Maine.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      January\n      October\n      John Sullivan Judge for the District of New Hampshire.\n      February\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      Decemr.\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      John Lowell Judge for the District of Massachusetts.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      Februy\n      Henry Marchant Judge for the District of Rhode Island.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Richard Law, Judge for the District of Connecticut.\n      February\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      June\n      October\n      Nathaniel Chipman Judge for the District of Vermont.\n      October\n      To Warrant No.\n      Decemr.\n      James Duane Judge for the District of New York.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      October\n      February\n      April\n      Novemr\n      David Brearly, Judge for the District of New Jersey.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      Novemr.\n      Robert Morris Judge for the District of New Jersey.\n      February\n      To Warrant No.\n      July\n      October\n      Francis Hopkinson Judge for the District of Pennsylvania.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      William Lewis Judge for the District of Pennsylvania.\n      October\n      To Warrant No.\n      Gunning Bedford Judge for the District of Delaware.\n      July\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      William Paca Judge for the District of Maryland.\n      To Warrant No.\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      Cyrus Griffin Judge for the District of Virginia.\n      March\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Harry Innes Judge for the District of Kentucky.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      June\n      August\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      John Stokes late Judge for the District of North Carolina, deceased.\n      To Warrant No.\n      John Sitgreaves Judge for the District of North Carolina.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      July\n      October\n      William Drayton Judge for the District of South Carolina.\n      March\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      Septemr\n      Thomas Bee Judge for the District of South Carolina.\n      October\n      To Warrant No.\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Nathaniel Pendleton Judge for the District of Georgia.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Edmund Randolph Attorney General of the United States.\n      Februy\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      August\n      October\n      Februy\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      John Parker Marshal for the District of New Hampshire.\n      July\n      To Warrant No. 1165, for attending several Sessions of the Circuit and District Courts from December 1789 to May 1791, for the compensations of grand and petit Juries, and for sundry contingent expenses\n      Thomas Lowry Marshal for the District of New Jersey.\n      To Warrant No. 1074, for attending the several Sessions of the Circuit and District Courts, for the compensations of Jurors and Witnesses, and for sundry contingent expenses from November 1789 to May 1791\n      Pierpont Edwards Attorney for the District of Connecticut.\n      June\n      To Warrant No.\n      George Read Attorney for the District of Delaware.\n      June\n      To Warrant No.\n      William Hill Attorney for the District of North Carolina.\n      October\n      To Warrant No.\n      Jonathan Steele Clerk of the Circuit and District Courts for the State of New Hampshire.\n      July\n      To Warrant No.\n      Sundry Persons Clerks of the Circuit and District Courts for the State of Connecticut.\n      To Mark Leavenworth, Warrt. No. 1050 137.80\n      Robert Troupe Clerk of the Circuit and District Courts for the State of New York.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      Sundry Persons Clerks of the Circuit and District Courts for the State of New Jersey.\n      To Robert Boggs, Warrt. No. 1066 90.\u2007\u2007\n      June\n      \u201c\u2003Jonathan Dayton\u2003do \u2003 1096 89.\u2007\u2007\n      Mathew Pearce Clerk of the Circuit and District Courts for the State of Delaware.\n      June\n      To Warrant No.\n      Joshua Barney Clerk of the Circuit and District Courts for the State of Maryland.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Venables Bond Clerk of the Circuit and District Courts for the State of Georgia.\n      June\n      To Warrant No.\n      Samuel Bayard Clerk of the Supreme Court.\n      Septemr\n      To Warrant No.\n      Legislative Department\n      For compensation to the Senators and members of the House of Representatives, their Officers and Clerks, and for the contingent expenses of both houses.\n      Senate.\n      First Session of the first Congress.\n      Septemr.\n      To Warrant No. 1, for compensation due to the under mentioned Senators \u2026\u2026 Vizt.\n            Richard Bassett\n            Pierce Butler\n            Charles Carroll\n            Tristram Dalton\n            Oliver Ellsworth\n            Jonathan Elmer\n            William Few\n            William Grayson\n            James Gunn\n            John Henry\n            William S. Johnson\n            Ralph Izard\n            Rufus King\n            John Langdon\n            Richard Henry Lee\n            William Maclay\n            Robert Morris\n            William Patterson\n            George Read\n            Caleb Strong\n            Philip Schuyler\n            Paine Wingate\n      Second Session of the First Congress.\n      April\n      To Benjamin Hawkins Warrt. No.\n      \u201c\u2003Ralph Izard do\n      \u201c\u2003Richard Bassett do\n      \u201c\u2003Pierce Butler do\n      \u201c\u2003Charles Carroll do\n      \u201c\u2003Tristram Dalton do\n      \u201c\u2003Oliver Ellsworth do\n      \u201c\u2003Jonathan Elmer do\n      \u201c\u2003William Few do\n      \u201c\u2003John Henry do\n      \u201c\u2003William S. Johnson do\n      \u201c\u2003Samuel Johnston do\n      \u201c\u2003Rufus King do\n      \u201c\u2003John Langdon do\n      \u201c\u2003William Maclay do\n      \u201c\u2003Robert Morris do\n      \u201c\u2003William Paterson do\n      \u201c\u2003George Read do\n      \u201c\u2003Caleb Strong do\n      \u201c\u2003Philip Schuyler do\n      \u201c\u2003Paine Wingate do\n      \u201c\u2003Benjamin Hawkins do\n      \u201c\u2003John Walker do\n      July\n      \u201c\u2003Joseph Stanton do\n      \u201c\u2003Benjamin Hawkins do\n      \u201c\u2003James Gunn do\n      \u201c\u2003Ralph Izard do\n      \u201c\u2003Pierce Butler do\n      \u201c\u2003William Maclay do\n      \u201c\u2003Richard Bassett do\n      August\n      \u201c\u2003Theodore Foster do\n      \u201c\u2003John Langdon do\n      \u201c\u2003Richard Bassett do\n      \u201c\u2003Pain Wingate do\n      \u201c\u2003Jonathan Elmer do\n      Septemr.\n      To Warrant No. 655 in favor of Samuel Meredith Agent for the following Senators Vizt.\n            Pierce Butler\n            Charles Carroll\n            Tristram Dalton\n            Oliver Ellsworth\n            William Few\n            Theodore Foster\n            James Gunn\n            John Henry\n            Benjamin Hawkins\n            William S. Johnson\n            Samuel Johnston\n            Ralph Izard\n            Rufus King\n            Richard Henry Lee\n            Robert Morris\n            William Paterson\n            George Read\n            Philip Schuyler\n            Joseph Stanton Junr.\n            John Walker\n      To William Maclay Warrant No.\n      Caleb Strong do\n      Third Session of the First Congress.\n      Decemr.\n      To Ralph Izard Warrant No.\n      \u201c\u2003Pierce Butler do\n      \u201c\u2003James Monroe do\n      January\n      To Warrant No. 821 being for compensation due to the undermentioned Senators on the 31 day of Decemr. last.\n            Richard Bassett\n            Pierce Butler\n            Tristram Dalton\n            Philemon Dickinson\n            Oliver Ellsworth\n            Jonathan Elmer\n            William Few\n            Theodore Foster\n            Benjamin Hawkins\n            William S. Johnson\n            Samuel Johnston\n            Ralph Izard\n            Rufus King\n            John Langdon\n            William Maclay\n            James Monroe\n            Robert Morris\n            George Read\n            Joseph Stanton Junr.\n            Caleb Strong\n            Philip Schuyler\n            Paine Wingate\nMarch\nTo Warrant No. 956 being compensensation due to the undermentioned Senators on the 4th. instant.\n    Richard Bassett\n    Pierce Butler\n    Charles Carroll\n    Tristram Dalton\n    Philemon Dickinson\n    Oliver Ellsworth\n    Jonathan Elmer\n    William Few\n    Theodore Foster\n    James Gunn\n    Benjamin Hawkins\n    John Henry\n    William S. Johnson\n    Samuel Johnston\n    Ralph Izard\n    Rufus King\n    John Langdon\n    Richard Henry Lee\n    William Maclay\n    James Monroe\n    Robert Morris\n    George Read\n    Philip Schuyler\n    Joseph Stanton Junr.\n    Caleb Strong\n    Pain Wingate\nApril\n    To Samuel A. Otis Agent for Richard Henry Lee, Warrant No. 1002\n      First Session of the Second Congress.\n      Novemr.\n      To Samuel Meredith Agent for the undermentioned Senators, Warrant No. 1352, being their compensation for travelling to the Seat of Governmt.\n            Richard Bassett\n            Aaron Burr\n            Pierce Butler\n            George Cabot\n            Charles Carroll\n            Philemon Dickinson\n            Oliver Elsworth\n            William Few\n            Theodore Foster\n            James Gunn\n            Benjamin Hawkins\n            John Henry\n            Samuel Johnston\n            Ralph Izard\n            Rufus King\n            John Langdon\n            Richard Henry Lee\n            James Monroe\n            George Read\n            John Rutherford\n            Roger Shearman\n            Joseph Stanton Junr.\n            Caleb Strong\n            Pain Wingate\n            Moses Robinson\n      Decemr.\n      To Samuel A. Otis, to enable him to pay the compensation due to the Senators, Warrt. No.1364\n   The expenditure of this sum will appear in the next statement.\n      Samuel Provost Chaplain to the Senate in New York.\n      Novemr\n      To Warrant No.\n      August\n      William White Chaplain to the Senate in Philadelphia.\n      March\n      To Warrant No.\n      Samuel A. Otis Secretary to the Senate.\n      Septemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      August\n      Novemr.\n      January\n      March\n   This Warrant includes the salaries of the Clerks, Doorkeeper and Messenger.\n      April\n      July\n   This Warrant includes the salary of the Chief Clerk.\n      October\n      Benjamin Bankson Principal Clerk in the Office of the Secretary to the Senate.\n      Septemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      March\n      April\n      August\n      Robert Heysham engrossing Clerk in the Office of the Secretary of the Senate.\n      Septemr\n      To Warrant No.\n      March\n      April\n      August\n      January\n      Samuel A. Otis Junior engrossing Clerk in the Office of the Secretary to the Senate.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      James Mathers Doorkeeper to the Senate.\n      Septemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      August\n      January\n      Cornelius Maxwell Messenger to the Senate.\n      Septemr\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      August\n      January\n      Contingent expenses of the Senate.\n      March\n      To Samuel A. Otis Secretary, Warrt. No.\n      June\n      August\n      October\n      March\n      April\n      House of Representatives\n      First Session of the First Congress.\n      Septemr.\n      To Frederick A. Muhlenberg Speaker of the House Warrt. No.\n      \u201c\u2003Lambert Cadwallader do\n      \u201c\u2003Isaac Coles do\n      \u201c\u2003Peter Silvester do\n      \u201c\u2003John Brown do\n      \u201c\u2003Daniel Hiester do\n      \u201c\u2003Jonathan Trumbull do\n      \u201c\u2003John Page do\n      \u201c\u2003Fisher Ames do\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Hartley do\n      \u201c\u2003Peter Muhlenberg do\n      \u201c\u2003Andrew Moore do\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Fitzsimmons do\n      \u201c\u2003George Clymer do\n      \u201c\u2003Michael Jenifer Stone do\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Scott do\n      \u201c\u2003Alexander White do\n      \u201c\u2003George Gale do\n      \u201c\u2003George Thatcher do\n      \u201c\u2003Daniel Carroll do\n      \u201c\u2003Josiah Parker do\n      \u201c\u2003William Floyd do\n      \u201c\u2003Abiel Foster do\n      \u201c\u2003Samuel Livermore do\n      \u201c\u2003James Jackson do\n      \u201c\u2003Abraham Baldwin do\n      \u201c\u2003George Partridge do\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Sinnickson do\n      \u201c\u2003James Schureman do\n      \u201c\u2003George Leonard do\n      \u201c\u2003Benjamin Goodhue do\n      \u201c\u2003Jereh. Van Rensselaer do\n      \u201c\u2003John Hathorn do\n      \u201c\u2003Henry Wynkoop do\n      \u201c\u2003William Smith do\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Sumpter do\n      \u201c\u2003Elbridge Gerry do\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Tudor Tucker do\n      \u201c\u2003Joshua Seney do\n      \u201c\u2003William Smith do\n      \u201c\u2003Jonathan Grout do\n      \u201c\u2003Elias Boudinot do\n      \u201c\u2003Theodorick Bland do\n      \u201c\u2003Richard Bland Lee do\n      \u201c\u2003Roger Sherman do\n      \u201c\u2003Benjamin Contee do\n      \u201c\u2003George Mathews do\n      \u201c\u2003Jeremiah Wadsworth do\n      \u201c\u2003Benjn. Huntington do\n      \u201c\u2003Daniel Huger do\n      \u201c\u2003\u00c6danus Burke do\n      \u201c\u2003Samuel Griffin do\n      \u201c\u2003James Madison Junr. do\n      \u201c\u2003John Vining do\n      \u201c\u2003Egbert Benson do\n      \u201c\u2003John Laurence do\n      \u201c\u2003Nicholas Gilman do\n      \u201c\u2003Theodore Sedgwick do\n      \u201c\u2003Jonathan Sturges do\n      February\n      \u201c\u2003Theodore Sedgwick do\n      March\n      \u201c\u2003George Leonard do\n      Second Session of the First Congress.\n      To Thomas Hartley Warrt. No.\n      April\n      \u201c\u2003Henry Wynkoop do\n      \u201c\u2003Samuel Livermore do\n      \u201c\u2003Benjamin Goodhue do\n      \u201c\u2003John Brown do\n      \u201c\u2003Peter Muhlengberg do\n      \u201c\u2003Elias Boudinot do\n      \u201c\u2003Jonathan Grout do\n      \u201c\u2003George Thatcher do\n      \u201c\u2003Daniel Huger do\n      \u201c\u2003\u00c6danus Burke do\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Scott do\n      \u201c\u2003Alexander White do\n      \u201c\u2003Andrew Moore do\n      \u201c\u2003Benjamin Huntington do\n      \u201c\u2003George Gale do\n      \u201c\u2003Peter Sylvester do\n      \u201c\u2003William Smith do\n      \u201c\u2003Roger Sherman do\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Sumpter do\n      \u201c\u2003Michl. Jenifer Stone do\n      \u201c\u2003William Smith do\n      \u201c\u2003Daniel Carroll do\n      \u201c\u2003Fredh. A. Muhlenberg, Speaker\n      \u201c\u2003Nicholas Gilman do\n      \u201c\u2003Theodorick Bland do\n      \u201c\u2003Josiah Parker do\n      \u201c\u2003Isaac Coles do\n      \u201c\u2003Elbridge Gerry do\n      April\n      \u201c\u2003James Jackson do\n      \u201c\u2003Theodore Sedgwick do\n      \u201c\u2003John Laurence do\n      \u201c\u2003John Hathorn do\n      \u201c\u2003Samuel Griffin do\n      \u201c\u2003Abiel Foster do\n      \u201c\u2003George Leonard do\n      \u201c\u2003John Page do\n      \u201c\u2003Jonathan Trumbull do\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas T. Tucker do\n      \u201c\u2003Jeremiah Wadsworth do\n      \u201c\u2003Jeremiah Van Renselaer do\n      \u201c\u2003James Madison Junr. do\n      \u201c\u2003Richard Bland Lee do\n      \u201c\u2003Timothy Bloodworth do\n      \u201c\u2003Egbert Benson do\n      \u201c\u2003John Baptist Ash do\n      \u201c\u2003Hugh Williamson do\n      \u201c\u2003William Floyde do\n      \u201c\u2003Abraham Baldwin do\n      \u201c\u2003Joshua Seney do\n      \u201c\u2003John Vining do\n      \u201c\u2003Fisher Ames do\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Sinnickson do\n      \u201c\u2003George Gale do\n      \u201c\u2003George Clymer do\n      \u201c\u2003John Steel do\n      \u201c\u2003Isaac Coles do\n      \u201c\u2003Josiah Parker do\n      \u201c\u2003George Partridge do\n      \u201c\u2003James Schureman do\n      \u201c\u2003Benjamin Contee do\n      To Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg Speaker, to enable him to pay the compensations due to the Members, their Officers and Clerks.\n      June\n      July\n      August\n    For which he has accounted by the following payments \u2003 Vizt.\n    To Samuel Livermore\n    \u201c\u2003Abiel Foster\n    \u201c\u2003Elbridge Gerry\n    \u201c\u2003Fisher Ames\n    \u201c\u2003George Leonard\n    \u201c\u2003Jonathan Grout\n    \u201c\u2003Benjamin Goodhue\n    \u201c\u2003George Thatcher\n    \u201c\u2003Theodore Sedgwick\n    \u201c\u2003Jonathan Trumbull\n    \u201c\u2003Roger Sherman\n    \u201c\u2003Peter Sylvester\n    \u201c\u2003Egbert Benson\n    \u201c\u2003William Floyd\n    \u201c\u2003John Laurence\n    \u201c\u2003Thomas Scott\n    \u201c\u2003George Clymer\n    \u201c\u2003Peter Muhlenberg\n    \u201c\u2003Thomas Hartley\n    \u201c\u2003Henry Wynkoop\n    \u201c\u2003John Vining\n    \u201c\u2003Daniel Carroll\n    \u201c\u2003Michael J. Stone\n    \u201c\u2003Joshua Seney\n    \u201c\u2003George Gale\n    \u201c\u2003Benjamin Contee\n    \u201c\u2003Estate of Theodorick Bland\n    \u201c\u2003Samuel Griffin\n    \u201c\u2003Alexander White\n    \u201c\u2003Andrew Moore\n    \u201c\u2003Richard Bland Lee\n    \u201c\u2003Isaac Coles\n    \u201c\u2003John Brown\n    \u201c\u2003Josiah Parker\n    \u201c\u2003John Page\n    \u201c\u2003John Babtist Ash\n    \u201c\u2003John Steel\n    \u201c\u2003Hugh Williamson\n    \u201c\u2003Timothy Bloodworth\n    \u201c\u2003John Sevier\n    \u201c\u2003\u00c6danus Burke\n    \u201c\u2003Daniel Huger\n    \u201c\u2003William Smith\n    \u201c\u2003Thomas Sumpter\n    \u201c\u2003Abraham Baldwin\n    \u201c\u2003James Jackson\n    \u201c\u2003George Matthews\n    \u201c\u2003Thomas Fitzsimons\n    \u201c\u2003Lambert Cadwalader\n    \u201c\u2003Daniel Hiester\n    \u201c\u2003Nicholas Gilman\n    \u201c\u2003George Partridge\n    \u201c\u2003Benjamin Huntington\n    \u201c\u2003Jonathan Sturges\n    \u201c\u2003Jeremiah Wadsworth\n    \u201c\u2003John Hathorn\n    \u201c\u2003Jeremiah Van Renselaer\n    \u201c\u2003Elias Boudinot\n    \u201c\u2003James Schureman\n    \u201c\u2003Thomas Sinnickson\n    \u201c\u2003James Madison Junr.\n    \u201c\u2003Thomas T. Tucker\n    \u201c\u2003William Smith\n    \u201c\u2003Frederick A. Muhlenberg\n    \u201c\u2003William Linn, Chaplain\n    \u201c\u2003John Beckley, Clerk\n    \u201c\u2003Joseph Wheaton Sergeant at Arms\n    \u201c\u2003William Lambert principal Clerk to Mr. Beckley\n    \u201c\u2003Bernard Webb engrossing Clerk\n    \u201c\u2003Gifford Dally, Doorkeeper\n    \u201c\u2003Thomas Claxton assistant Doorkeeper\nThird Session of the First Congress.\nTo Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg Speaker, for the same purpose.\nAugust\nTo Warrant No. 600\nDecemr.\nJanuary\nMarch\nFrom this sum deduct the amt. of a Warrant No. 50 dated the 26 May 1791, on the Speaker in favor of the Treasurer, being for a balance which remained unexpended\nFor which he has accounted by the following payments \u2026 Vizt.\nTwo days compensation paid the Members and Doorkeepers, due the 11th. and 12th. of August 1790}\n      To Abiel Foster\n      \u201c\u2003Nicholas Gilman\n      \u201c\u2003Samuel Livermore\n      \u201c\u2003Fisher Ames\n      \u201c\u2003Elbridge Gerry\n      \u201c\u2003Benjamin Goodhue\n      \u201c\u2003Jonathan Grout\n      \u201c\u2003George Leonard\n      \u201c\u2003George Partridge\n      \u201c\u2003Theodore Sedgwick\n      \u201c\u2003George Thatcher\n      \u201c\u2003Benjamin Huntington\n      \u201c\u2003Roger Sherman\n      \u201c\u2003Jonathan Sturges\n      \u201c\u2003Jonathan Trumbull\n      \u201c\u2003Jeremiah Wadsworth\n      \u201c\u2003Egbert Benson\n      \u201c\u2003William Floyd\n      \u201c\u2003John Hathorn\n      \u201c\u2003John Laurence\n      \u201c\u2003Jeremiah Van Renselaer\n      \u201c\u2003Peter Sylvester\n      \u201c\u2003Elias Boudinot\n      \u201c\u2003Lambert Cadwallader\n      \u201c\u2003James Schureman\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Sinickson\n      \u201c\u2003George Clymer\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Fitzsimmons\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Hartley\n      \u201c\u2003Daniel Hiester\n      \u201c\u2003Frederick A. Muhlenberg\n      \u201c\u2003Peter Muhlenberg\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Scott\n      \u201c\u2003Henry Wynkoop\n      \u201c\u2003John Vining\n      \u201c\u2003Daniel Carroll\n      \u201c\u2003Benjamin Contee\n      \u201c\u2003George Gale\n      \u201c\u2003Joshua Seney\n      \u201c\u2003William Smith (M)\n      \u201c\u2003Michael Jenifer Stone\n      \u201c\u2003John Brown\n      \u201c\u2003William B. Giles\n      \u201c\u2003Samuel Griffin\n      \u201c\u2003Richard Bland Lee\n      \u201c\u2003James Madison Junr.\n      \u201c\u2003Andrew Moore\n      \u201c\u2003Josiah Parker\n      \u201c\u2003Alexander White\n      \u201c\u2003John Babtist Ash\n      \u201c\u2003Timothy Bloodworth\n      \u201c\u2003John Sevier\n      \u201c\u2003John Steel\n      \u201c\u2003\u00c6danus Burke\n      \u201c\u2003Daniel Huger\n      \u201c\u2003William Smith (S. C.)\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Sumpter\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas T. Tucker\n      \u201c\u2003Hugh Williamson\n      \u201c\u2003Abraham Baldwin\n      \u201c\u2003James Jackson\n      \u201c\u2003George Matthews\n      \u201c\u2003Benjamin Bourne\n      \u201c\u2003Samuel Blair, Chaplain\n      \u201c\u2003John Beckley, Clerk\n      \u201c\u2003Jonathan Wheaton, Sergeant at Arms\n      \u201c\u2003Bernard Webb, principal Clerk to Mr Beckley\n      \u201c\u2003William Clairborn, engrossing Clerk\n      \u201c\u2003Reuben Burnley, do\n      \u201c\u2003Gifford Dally, Doorkeeper\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Claxton assistant Doorkeeper\n      First Session of the Second Congress.\n      To Jonathan Trumbull Speaker to enable him to pay the compensations due to the Members their Officers and Clerks.\n      Novemr.\n      Decemr.\n   The expenditure of this sum will appear in the next statement.\n      William Linn Chaplain to the House of Representatives in New York.\n      Septemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      John Beckley Clerk to the House of Representatives.\n      Septemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      March\n      Decemr.\n      June\n      July\n   This Warrant includes the salaries due to his Clerks.\n      October\n      Joseph Wheaton Sergeant at Arms to the House of Representatives.\n      Septemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      William Lambert principal Clerk in the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives.\n      Septemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      Novemr\n      George Sutton engrossing Clerk in said Office.\n      Septemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      Bernard Webb engrossing Clerk in said Office.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      June\n      1092 as principal Clerk 267.\u2007\u2007\n      Reuben Burnley engrossing Clerk in said Office.\n      June\n      To Warrant No.\n      Gifford Dally Doorkeeper to the House of Representatives.\n      Septemr\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      Thomas Claxton Assistant Doorkeeper.\n      Septem\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      Cornelius Maxwell Messenger.\n      Septemr\n      To Warrant No.\n      Contingent expenses of the House of Representatives.\n      March\n      To John Beckley Warrt. No.\n      April\n      June\n      Septemr\n      March\n      April\n      August\n      Treasury Department\n      For compensation to the Officers, Clerks and Messengers, and for the contingent expenses of the Department.\n      Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury, his Assistant, Clerks and Messenger.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      August\n      October\n      January\n      March\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Nicholas Eveleigh Comptroller of the Treasury, his Clerks and Messenger.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      Septemr.\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      Oliver Wolcott Junr. Comptroller his Clerks and Messenger.\n      July\n      To Warrant No.\n      August\n      \u201c\u2003for a part of\n      October\n      \u201c\u2003Warrant\n      Novemr\n      Samuel Meredith Treasurer of the United States, his Clerks & Messenger.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Oliver Wolcott Junior Auditor of the Treasury, his Clerks and Messenger.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Novemr\n      January\n      March\n      April\n      July\n      August\n      October\n      Novem\n      Joseph Nourse Register of the Treasury, his Clerks and Messengers.\n      Novemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      Septemr.\n      October\n      David Henley and Isaac Sherman Clerks in the Treasury Department, employed in counting Bills of credit of the old and new emissions and Indents of Interest.\n      February\n      To David Henley Warrt. No.\n      \u201c\u2003Isaac Sherman do\n      April\n      \u201c\u2003David Henley do\n      \u201c\u2003Isaac Sherman do\n      July\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      \u201c\u2003David Henley do\n      October\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      \u201c\u2003Isaac Sherman do\n      Henry Kuhl, for examining Bills of credit of the old emissions for the purpose of discovering counterfeits.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Contingent expenses of the Treasury Department.\n      October\n      To John Meyer Warrant No.\n      Novemr.\n      \u201c\u2003Joseph Hardy do\n      \u201c\u2003Joseph Stretch do\n      Decemr.\n      \u201c\u2003John Ramsay do\n      \u201c\u2003John Meyer do\n      April\n      \u201c\u2003Joseph Nourse Register, do\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      \u201c\u2003Samuel Meredith Treasurer, do\n      \u201c\u2003Joseph Nourse Register do\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      July\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      Septem\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      October\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      Februy\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      March\n      \u201c\u2003Samuel Meredith Treasr. 90\n      \u201c\u2003Tench Coxe for Rent do\n      April\n      \u201c\u2003Joseph Nourse Register do\n      \u201c\u2003William Simmons do\n      June\n      \u201c\u2003Joseph Nourse Register do\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      July\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      Septemr.\n      \u201c\u2003Samuel Meredith Treasr. do\n      \u201c\u2003Ditto do\n      Department of State\n      Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State, for his own compensation and that of his Clerks, Interpreter and Messenger.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      July\n      August\n      Septemr\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Contingent expenses of the Office of the Secretary of State.\n      Novemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      October\n      Decemr.\n      March\n      August\n      Department of War\n      Henry Knox Secretary at War, for his own compensation and that of his Clerks and Messenger.\n      Novemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Joseph Howell acting Paymaster General and Commissioner of Army accounts, for his own and Clerks salaries, and certain contingent expenses of his Office.\n      Novem\n      To Warrant No.\n      Januay\n      April\n      August\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      For compensation to the Commissioners for adjusting the accounts between the United States and Individual States, their Clerks and Messenger.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Januay\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Januy\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Contingent expenses of the Office of the Commissioners for adjusting the accounts between the United States and Individual States.\n      Novem\n      To Patrick Ferrall Warrt. No.\n      April\n      August\n      Novemr\n      Februy\n      Novem\n      Government of the Western Territory.\n      District northwest of the River Ohio.\n      Arthur St. Clair Governor, for his compensation.\n      Novemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Winthrop Sargent Secretary, for his compensation.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      August\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      Novemr.\n      Contingent expenses of the Office of the Secretary.\n      March\n      To William Poyntell Warrt. No.\n      October\n            \u201c John Mills Attorney to Winthrop Sargent Warrant No. 1299\n      George Turner one of the Judges, for his compensation.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      July\n      August\n      January\n      August\n      October\n      John Cleves Symmes one of the Judges, for his compensation.\n      Februy\n      To Warrant No.\n      August\n      January\n      February\n      July\n      Samuel Parsons one of the Judges deceased, for his compensation.\n      June\n      To Warrant No.\n      Rufus Putnam one of the Judges, for his compensation.\n      February\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      Septemr.\n      District south of the River Ohio.\n      William Blount Governor, for his compensation.\n      October\n      To Warrant No.\n      January\n      April\n      August\n      October\n      Daniel Smith Secretary, for his compensation.\n      March\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      August\n      October\n      David Campbell one of the Judges, for his compensation.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      John McNeery one of the Judges, for his compensation.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      October\n      Joseph Anderson one of the Judges, for his compensation.\n      June\n      To Warrant No.\n      July\n      October\n      For Compensation to the Loan Officers and Their Clerks, and for Stationary Purchased by Them for the Use of Their Several Offices.\n      Nathaniel Appleton Commissioner of Loans for the the State of Massachusetts.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      June\n      July\n      August\n      Decemr.\n      Jabez Bowen Commissioner of Loans for the State of Rhode Island.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      July\n      October\n      William Imlay Commissioner of Loans for the State of Connecticut.\n      October\n      To Warrant No.\n      Januay\n      July\n      October\n      John Cochran Commissioner of Loans for the State of New York.\n      October\n      To Warrant No.\n      Januy\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      James Ewing Commissioner of Loans for the State of New Jersey.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      June\n      July\n      Thomas Smith Commissioner of Loans for the State of Pennsylvania.\n      February\n      To Warrant No.\n      July\n      October\n      James Tilton Commissioner of Loans for the State of Delaware.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      October\n      Novemr\n      John Hopkins Commissioner of Loans for the State of Virginia.\n      August\n      To Warrant No.\n      William Skinner Commissioner of Loans for the State of No. Carolina.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      Novemr\n      John Neufville Commissioner of Loans for the State of So. Carolina.\n      Februy\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Richard Wylly Commissioner of Loans for the State of Georgia.\n      January\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      Novemr\n      Pensions, Annuities and Grants\n      Elizabeth Bergan for a pension allowed her by an Act of Congress passed the 24 of August 1781.\n      Novemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      Novemr\n      P. Dominique L. Eglize for a pension granted by an Act of Congress passed the 8th day of August 1782.\n      Novemr\n      To Warrant No.\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      January\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Joseph Traversie, pursuant to an Act of Congress passed August 8, 1782.\n      Novemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      January\n      July\n      April\n      August\n      For the education of George M. White Eyes an Indian Youth, pursuant to the respective Acts of the 13 October 1781 and the 21 September 1787.\n      Novemr\n      To Warrant No.\n      John Paulding, pursuant to an Act of the 30 of November 1780.\n      Novemr\n      To Warrant No.\n      March\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      James McKenzie, pursuant to an Act of Congress passed Septemr. 15, 1783.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      March\n      Novemr\n      Joseph Brusselle, pursuant to an Act of the 15 September 1783.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Decemr.\n      April\n      July\n      Novemr\n      David Williams, pursuant to an Act of the 3 of November 1780.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Januay\n      Februy\n      Richard Gridley, pursuant to the Acts of Novemr. 17, 1775, and February 26, 1781.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      July\n      July\n      The Youngest Children of the late Major General Warren pursuant to an Act of Congress passed July 1st. 1780.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      Novemr\n      July\n      For the education of the Eldest Son of the late Major General Warren pursuant to the Acts of Congress of the 8 April 1777 and June 4 1788.\n      Februy\n      To Warrant No.\n      Isaac Van Wart, pursuant to an Act of Congress passed November 3, 1780.\n      June\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      Lieutenant Colonel de Touzard pursuant to an Act of Congress passed the 27 October 1778.\n      June\n      To Warrant No.\n      Lewis Joseph de Beaulieu pursuant to an Act passed August 5, 1782.\n      March\n      To Warrant No.\n      Februy\n      For the education of the Youngest Son of the late General Hugh Mercer pursuant to an Act of the 8 of April 1777.\n      August\n      To Warrant No.\n      Frederick William Baron de Steuben, pursuant to an Act of Congress passed June 4, 1790.\n      August\n      To Warrant No.\n      October\n      Januy\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      John Jordan pursuant to an Act of Congress passed September 15, 1783.\n      Decemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Januay\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Total amount of the Civil List\n      War Department\n      Henry Knox Secretary at War, for monies advanced for the use of the War Department.\n      June\n      To Warrant No.\n      August\n      Februy\n      Joseph Howell Junior Acting-Paymaster General and Commissioner of Army accounts for monies advanced to be by him applied towards the support of the Military Establishment of the United States.\n      October\n      To Warrant No.\n      March\n      June\n      August\n      Septem\n      October\n      Novem\n      Decemr.\n      Januy\n      Februy\n      March\n      April\n      June\n      July\n      Augst.\n      Septem\n      Robert Elliott and Eli Williams Contractors for the supply of the Army on the western Frontiers.\n      Septem\n      To Warrant No.\n      Novem\n      Decem\n      August\n      March\n      June\n      Septem\n      William Hill Contractor for Clothing, for the use of the Army.\n      Novem\n      To Warrant No.\n      Decem\n      January\n      June\n      For Provision supplied the Troops at West Point and New York.\n      Decemr.\n      To Smith and Wyckoff Warrt. No.\n      To Melancton Smith do\n      Januay\n      March\n      April\n      June\n      July\n      Septemr\n      Novem\n      Decemr.\n      Januay\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      Novem\n      For Supplies furnished the Troops at Springfield, including some provisions issued in Boston.\n      Decemr.\n      To William Smith Warrt. No.\n      Februay\n      March\n      \u201c\u2003Melancton Smith do\n      April\n      \u201c\u2003William Smith do\n      \u201c\u2003Melancton Smith do\n      Stephen Moor for the Rent and Purchase of West Point.\n      For Rent.\n      March\n      To Warrant No.\n      Novem\n      Decem\n      For the Purchase.\n      Novem\n      To Warrant No.\n      Decem\n      Royal Flint Contractor, for Clothing furnished the Army.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      Septem\n      October\n      Januay\n      John Habersham Agent for supplying the Troops in the State of Georgia.\n      Novemr.\n      To Warrant No.\n      October\n      Januay\n      Theodosius Fowler Contractor for supplying the Troops in the Western Territories.\n      March\n      To Warrant No.\n      April\n      July\n      John Shepherd and Robert Smith Contractors, for Clothing supplied the Army.\n      April\n      To Warrant No.\n      Samuel and John Smith for supplies furnished Capt. Alexander Trumans Company of federal Troops from the 22 day of July 1790 to the 28 day of Decemr. following, pursuant to instructions from the Secretary at War.\n      Januay\n      To Warrant No.\n      Monies Advanced to Agents for the Purpose of Paying Pensions Due to Invalids.\n      State of New Hampshire.\n      Februy\n      To William Gardner, Warrt. No.\n      August\n      State of Massachusetts.\n      Februy\n      To Nathaniel Appleton, Warrt.\n      August\n      State of Rhode Island.\n      Februy\n      To Jeremiah Olney, Warrt. No.\n      From which deduct the amount of Warrant No. 60 date Feb. 27, 1792 being so much repaid into the Treasury\n      Februy\n      To Jabez Bowen, Warrt. No.\n      August\n      State of Connecticut.\n      Februy\n      To William Imlay Warrt. No.\n      August\n      State of New York.\n      March\n      To John Lamb, Warrt. No.\n      August\n      Septemr.\n      Februy\n      To John Cochran do\n      August\n      State of New Jersey.\n      March\n      To John Halsted Warrt. No.\n      Februy\n      To James Ewing do\n      August\n      State of Pennsylvania.\n      Februy\n      To Sharp Delany, Warrt. No.\n      June\n      From which deduct the amount of Warrant No. 17 dated Mar 19, 1790 being so much\n      Februy\n      To Thomas Smith, Warrt. No.\n      August\n      State of Delaware.\n      June\n      To George Bush, Warrt. No.\n      July\n      Februy\n      To James Tilton, do\n      August\n      State of Maryland.\n      Februy\n      To Thomas Harwood, Warrt. No.\n      August\n      State of Virginia.\n      Februy\n      To William Heth Warrt. No.\n      June\n      August\n      Februy\n      To John Hopkins do\n      August\n      State of North Carolina.\n      Februy\n      To John Haywood Warrt. No.\n      Februy\n      To William Skinner do\n      State of South Carolina.\n      Februy\n      To John Neufville Warrt. No.\n      State of Georgia.\n      Februay\n      To Richard Wylly, Wart. No.\n      August\n      Total amount\n      For Defraying the Expenses of Negotiations or Treaties of Peace with the Indian Tribes.\n      Henry Knox Commissioner for effecting Negotiations or Treaties with the Indian Tribes, for monies advanced to him in pursuance of the respective Acts of Congress passed August 7, 1789 and July 12, 1790.\n      Septem\n      To Warrant No.\n      August\n      Total amount\n      For the Reimbursement of Temporary Loans Obtained by the Secretary of the Treasury, and Payment of Interest Due Thereon.\n      Novem\n      To Joseph Howell Junior, Warrt.\n      Decemr\n            To the President Directors and Compy. of the bank of North America, Wart.\n      April\n      June\n      Decemr.\n            To the President Directors and Company of the bank of New York Wart.\n      April\n      From this deduct the amount of the sums borrowed Vizt.\n      From the President Directors and Compy. of the bank of New York.\n      Septemr.\n      Received on Warrant No.\n      October\n      Decemr.\n      February\n      April\n      From the President Directors and Company of the bank of North America.\n      Septem\n      Received on Warrant No.\n      October\n            And this sum for an over charge in their interest account\n      October\n      From Joseph Howell on Warrt. No. 6\n      Total amount of expenditure under this head\n      For the Support of Ministers of the United States at Foreign Courts.\n      Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State, for monies advanced to him in pursuance of the Act entitled \u201cAn Act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign Nations.\u201d\n      August\n      To Warrant No.\n      Decem\n      Total amount\n      For the Purpose of Effecting a Recognition of the Treaty of the United States with the New Emperor of Morocco.\n      Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State for an advance made to him pursuant to the Act entitled \u201cAn Act making an Appropriation for the purpose therein mentioned.\u201d\n      To Warrant No.\n      Revenue Cutters\n      George Wray Collector for the port of Hampton in the State of Virginia, for an ad-vance made, to be by him applied towards the building and equipment of the Revenue Cutter for the Virginia Station, in pursuance of the Act entitled \u201cAn Act to provide more effectually for the Collection of the duties imposed by Law on Goods, Wares and Mer-chandize imported into the United States and on the Tonnage of Ships or Vessels\u201d.\n      Septemr\n      To Warrant No.\n    Towards Discharging Certain Debts Contracted by Abraham Skinner Late Commissary of Prisoners.\n    October\n    To Doctor James J. Van Beuren for Medicine and attendance on sundry Officers of the late Army whilst in captivity on Long Island \u2003 Warrt. No. 717\n    To Rutgert Van Brunt and Richard Stilivell Agents for the under-mentioned persons, for the amount of sundry orders drawn by Officers of the late Army for their subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island Vizt. \u2003 Warrt. No. 718.\n          Isaac Denyse\n          Charity Ryder\n          William Johnson\n          Joost Stilwell\n          Hendrick Van Cleef\n          Rem Van Cleef\n          Rutgert Stilwell\n          Samuel Gerretsen\n          William G. Van Dyker\n          Court Jansen\n          Daniel Lake\n          Lawrence Ryder\n          John Boyce Junr.\n          Bemardus Ryder\n          Stephen Voorhees\n          Ferdinandus Van Sicklen\n          Hendrick Wyckoff\n          Albert Terhune\n          Richard Stilwell Junr.\n          Sarah Emmens\n          Abraham Emmens\n          John Foorhest\n          John Boyce Senr.\n          Cornelius Emmens\n          John Emmens\n          Albert Voorhees\n          Richard Stilwell\n          Charles Van Cize\n          Nicholas Stilwell\n          Daniel Boies\n          John Glean\n          Rutgert Van Brunt\n          Anna Stilwell\n    October\n    To William Couvenhoven Agent for the undermentioned persons for amount of sundry orders drawn by Officers of the late Army, for their subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island, Warrt. No. 719 Vizt.\n          Estate of Garret Kouvenhoven\n          Ditto of Peter Kouvenhoven\n          Abraham Voorhis\n          Estate of Roelof Voorhis\n          Do of Joost Wyckoff\n          Do of Thomas Whitlock\n          Nicholas Schenck\n          Eida Stryker\n          Johannes Stoothoff\n          Barent Johnson\n          Mary Stoothoff\n          Elias Hubbard\n          Johannes Remsent\n          Garret Wyckoff\n          Thomas Elsworth\n          Peter Vander Bilt\n          Ulpianus Van Sinderen\n          Martin Schenck\n          Joost Van Nuys\n          Peter Wyckoff\n          Peter Lott\n          Willemtie Ammerman\n          Folkert Sprong\n          Wilhemus Stoothoff\n          Estate of W. Stoothoff Senr.\n          Isaac Slover\n          Estate of Hendrick Lott\n          Derick Remsen\n          Johannes Ditmars\n    October\n    To John Vanderveer and Johannes I. Lott Agents for the undermentioned persons, for amount of sundry orders drawn by the Officers of the late Army for their subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island Warrt. No. 720 Vizt.\n          John Vander Veer\n          Garret Boerum\n          Roeloff Lott\n          Stephen Ryder\n          Johannes Boerum\n          Dominicus Vander Veer\n          Jacob Snedicker\n          Nicholas Wyckoff\n          Isaac Snedicker\n          Hendrick Wyckoff\n          Cornelius Wyckoff\n          Jacob Cozine\n          Isaac Eldert\n          Johannes Eldert\n          Femmetic Eldert\n          Jacob Field\n          Nicholas Williamson\n          John Williamson\n          Anne Van Cleef\n          Mauris Lott\n          Joseph Howard\n          Johannes Lott\n          Daniel Rapalje\n          Hannah Lefferts\n          Margaret Cornell\n    October\n    To Nicholas Cowenhoven, Simon Cortelyou and Adrian Hageman Agents for the undermentioned persons, for amount of sundry orders drawn by Officers of the late Army, for their subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island Warrt. No. 721 Vizt.\n          Anne Denyse\n          Adrian Hageman\n          Jacques Denyse\n          Isaac Cortelyou\n          Casper Cropsey\n          Hendrick Johnson\n          Helmus Van Nuys\n          John Vankerk Van Nuys\n          Ferdinand Johnson\n          John Blake\n          Rem Van Pelt\n          Ast Van Pelt\n          Peter Van Pelt\n          Johannes Cowenhoven\n          Garret Cowenhoven\n          Evert Suydam\n          Adrian Van Brunt\n          Nicholas Gronendyck\n          Wilhelmus Van Nuys\n          William Van Brunt\n          Mary Emans\n          William Barre\n          Peter Vander Bilt\n          John Van Duyn\n          Isaac Van Brunt\n    October\n    To Aquila Giles and Johannes E. Lott Agents for the undermentioned persons, for amount of sundry orders drawn by Officers of the late Army, for their subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island  Warrant No. 722 Vizt.\n          Jacob Lefferts\n          Geashe Bergen\n          Jeremiah Vander Bilt\n          Martha Garrison\n          Leffert Lefferts\n          Garret Marteson\n          Philip Nagle\n          Rem Hageman\n          Rem Vander Bilt\n          Sytie Hageman\n          Peter Lefferts\n          Jacobus Vander Veer\n          Hendrick Vander Veer\n          Adrian Voorhees\n          Jacob Suydam\n          Marrietta Lott\n          Johannes E. Lott\n          Hendrick Suydam first\n          Hendrick Suydam second\n          Cornelius Vander Veer\n          Johannes Ditmars\n          Cornelius Van Duyn\n          John Van Duyn\n          Garret A. Mortense\n          John Bennem\n          Gabriel Ellison\n          Peter Antonidas\n          John Striker\n          Michael Striker\n          Johannes Van Sicklen\n          Hendrick L. Suydam\n          Peter Wyckoff\n          Wynant Bennett\n          Wynant Van Pelt\n          John A. Hageman\n          Peter Nefus\n    October\n    To Samuel Hubbard Agent for the undermentioned persons for amount of sundry orders drawn by Officers of the late Army, for their subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island Warrant No. 723 Vizt.\n          Samuel Hubbard\n          James Hubbard\n          Rem Williamson\n          Samuel Striker\n          Cornelius Striker\n    October\n    To Peter Vandervoort Agent for Joseph Smith for an order drawn by Ebenzer Carson late a Lieutenant in the tenth Pennsylvania Regiment, for his subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island Warrt. No. 724\n    To Denyse Van Duyn administrator to the Estate of Garret Van Duyn, for amount of sundry orders drawn by Officers of the late Army for their subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island Warrt. No. 725\n    To Aquila Giles Assignee of John Cowenhoven Executor to the Estate of Garret Cowenhoven deceased for amount of an order drawn by Elihu Hall late an Ensign in the first Maryland Regiment, for his subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island Warrt. No. 726\n    October\n    To Nathaniel Lawrence Assignee of Dominicus Vander Veer for amount of an order drawn by Nathaniel Lawrence late a Lieutenant in the second North Carolina Regiment, for his subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island Warrant No. 727\n    Decemr.\n    To William Boyd Agent for Johannes Lott Administrator to the Estate of Hendrick A. Lott, for amount of sundry orders drawn by Officers of the late Army, for their subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island, Warrt. No. 761\n    To William Rogers on behalf of Joseph Winter Agent for the undermentioned persons, for amount of sundry orders drawn by Officers of the late Army, for their subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island Warrant No. 773 Vizt.\n    Peter Cornell 371.84\n    Garret Striker 270.72\n    To Aquila Giles Agent for Sarah Van Nuys, for amount of sundry orders drawn by Officers in the late Army for their subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island\u2014Warrant No. 791\n    Decr.\n    To Aquila Giles Agent for Jeremiah Vander Bilt for a balance due on an order drawn by Captain de Utrecht, for his subsistence whilst in captivity on Long Island. Warrant No. 792\n    Total amount\nTowards Discharging Certain Debts Contracted by Colonel Timothy Pickering Late Quartermaster General.\nDecemr.\nTo Charles Bitters Assignee for John Dill, for a balance of pay and subsistence due to the said John Dill as Clerk in the Quarter Master Generals Office from the first of June 1782 to the 31 of October 1784. Warrant No. 783\nJanuay\nTo Michael Connelly Assignee of Mary Mandevil, for damage done to her Farm in the Year 1781 Warrant No. 818\nTo Michael Connelly Assignee of Mary Dusenberg, for Officers Quarters and damage done to her Lands in the Year 1782. Warrant No. 819\nApril\nTo William Graham Attorney for David Wolfe late Assistant Deputy Quarter Master under Hugh Hughes Deputy Quarter Master for the State of New York, for his pay from the first of January to the 16 of October 1782, and for sundry disbursements during the same period; Wart. No. 1022\nTotal amount\nFor Paying Interest on the Domestic Debt of the United States.\nWilliam Gardner Comissioner of Loans for the State of New Hampshire, for monies advanced to be by him applied towards paying the interest due on the 6 and 3 \u214c cent Stock standing on the books in his Office.\nJune\nTo Warrant No.\nSeptemr\n\u201c\u2003do\nJanuy\n\u201c\u2003do\nNathaniel Appleton Commissr. of Loans for the State of Massachusetts for monies advanced to be by him applied towards paying the interest due on the 6 and 3 per cent Stock standing on the books in his Office.\nMarch\nTo Warrant No.\nApril\n\u201c\u2003do\nJune\n\u201c\u2003do\nSeptem\n\u201c\u2003do\nOctober\n\u201c\u2003do\nJanuy\n\u201c\u2003do\n\u201c\u2003do\n\u201c\u2003do\n\u201c\u2003do\n\u201c\u2003do\nFrom which deduct the amount of a repayment into the Treasury by Warrant No. 51 dated June 21, 1791\nJabez Bowen Commissioner of Loans for the State of Rhode Island for monies advanced to be by him appli\u2019d towards paying the interest due on the 6 and 3 per cent. Stock standing on the books in his Office.\nJune\nTo Warrant No.\nSeptemr\n\u201c\u2003do\nOctober\n\u201c\u2003do\nJanuay\n\u201c\u2003do\n\u201c\u2003do\nWilliam Imlay Commissioner of Loans for the State of Connecticut for monies advanced to be by him applied towards paying the interest due on the 6 and 3 per cent Stock standing on the books in his Office.\nJune\nTo Warrant No.\nSeptem\ndo\nOctober\ndo\nJanuay\ndo\ndo\ndo\nJohn Cochran Commissioner of Loans for the State of New York for monies advanced to be by him applied towards paying the interest due on the 6 and 3 per cent Stock standing on the books in his Office.\nJune\nTo Warrant No.\n\u201c\u2003do\nSeptem\n\u201c\u2003do\nOctober\n\u201c\u2003do\nDecemr.\n\u201c\u2003do\nJames Ewing, Commissioner of Loans for the State of New Jersey, for monies advanced to be by him applied towards paying the interest due on the 6 and 3 per cent Stock standing on the books in his Office.\nMarch\nTo Warrant No.\nSeptem\n\u201c\u2003do\n\u201c\u2003do\nDecem\n\u201c\u2003do\nThomas Smith Commissr. of Loans for the State of Pennsylvania for monies advanced to be by him applied towards paying the interest due on the 6 and 3 per cent Stock standing on the books in his Office.\nMarch\nTo Warrant No.\n\u201c\u2003do\nJune\n\u201c\u2003do\nSeptem\n\u201c\u2003do\nDecem\n\u201c\u2003do\nJames Tilton Commissioner of Loans for the State of Delaware for monies advanced to be by him applied towards paying the interest due on the 6 and 3 per cent Stock standing on the books in his Office.\nJune\nTo Warrant No.\nSeptem\n\u201c\u2003do\nDecem\n\u201c\u2003do\nThomas Hardwood Commissioner of Loans for the State of Maryland, for monies advanced to be by him applied towards paying the interest due on the 6 and 3 per cent Stock standing on the books in his Office.\nJune\nTo Warrant No.\nSeptem\n\u201c\u2003do\nOctober\n\u201c\u2003do\n\u201c\u2003do\nJanuay\n\u201c\u2003do\nJohn Hopkins Commissioner of Loans for the State of Virginia, for monies advanced to be by him applied towards paying the interest due on the 6 and 3 per cent Stock standing on the books in his Office.\nJune\nTo Warrant No\nSeptemr.\n\u201c\u2003do\nJanuay\n\u201c\u2003do\nFrom which deduct the amount of Warrant No. 52 dated June 21, 1791, being so much repaid into the Treasury\nWilliam Skinner Commissioner of loans for the State of North Carolina, for monies advanced to be by him applied towards paying the interest due on the 6 and 3 per cent Stock standing on the books in his Office.\nJune\nTo Warrant No.\nSeptem\n\u201c\u2003do\nJanuay\n\u201c\u2003do\nJohn Neufville Commissioner of Loans for the State of South Carolina for monies advanced to be by him applied towards paying the interest on the 6 and 3 per cent Stock standing on the books in his Office.\nAugust\nTo Warrant No.\nJanuay\n\u201c\u2003do\nRichard Wylly Commissioner of Loans for the State of Georgia for monies advanced to be by him applied towards paying the interest due on the 6 and 3 per cent Stock standing on the books in his Office.\nSeptem\nTo Warrant No.\nJanuay\n\u201c\u2003do\n\u201c\u2003do\nTench Francis Cashier of the Bank of North America for monies advanced to pay the interest due on the Funded and Unfunded Registered Debt standing on the books of the Treasury.\nMarch\nTo Warrant No.\n\u201c\u2003do\nJune\n\u201c\u2003do\nSeptem\n\u201c\u2003do\n\u201c\u2003do\nDecem\n\u201c\u2003do\nFor Interest payable on Certificates issued to Non-subscribers.\nMarch\nTo Thomas Smith Commissioner of Loans for the State of Pennsylvania\u2014Warrt. No. 966\nTotal amount\n      Interest on the Dutch Loans.\n      For the purchase of Bills of Exchange amounting to one hundred thousand current Guilders, remitted to W. and J. Willink, N. and J. Van Staphorst and Hubbard of Amsterdam, for the purpose of paying Interest on the Dutch Loans.\n      March\n      To Le Roy and Bayard\n      Warrt. No.\n      April\n      Septem\n      Total amount\n      Interest Due on Loan Office Certificates.\n      For paying Bills of Exchange drawn on the late Commissioners at Paris, for Interest due on Loan Office Certificates.\n      March\n      To Jeremiah Wadsworth\n      Warrt. No.\n      April\n      \u201c\u2003Comfort and Joshua Sands\n      \u201c\u2003James Williams\n      August\n      \u201c\u2003Shedden Patrick and Compy\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Learning Junior\n      Septem\n      \u201c\u2003Benjamin Harrison Junr.\n      October\n      \u201c\u2003George Joy\n      Novem\n      \u201c\u2003John Mitchell Junr.\n      Januay\n      \u201c\u2003Jeremiah Wadsworth\n      \u201c\u2003John Harback\n      \u201c\u2003Jacob Lawerswyler\n      \u201c\u2003Richard Adams\n      Februy\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas Tillyer\n      \u201c\u2003Robert Patterson\n            \u201c\u2003Samuel A. Otis Agent for John Hurd\n      \u201c\u2003Edward Fox\n      \u201c\u2003Andrew Porter\n      \u201c\u2003Joseph Mercier\n      \u201c\u2003Samuel Dunn\n      \u201c\u2003Joshua Sands\n      \u201c\u2003Josiah Hews\n      March\n            \u201c\u2003Willing Morris and Swanwick in behalf of Samuel Ingliss and Co\n      \u201c\u2003Willing Morris and Swanwick\n      June\n      \u201c\u2003George Tudor\n            \u201c\u2003Lewis Deblois Agent for James F. Sebor\n      \u201c\u2003Mark Pichard\n      \u201c\u2003James Glentworth\n            \u201c\u2003Cornelius Barnes Agent for Alexander Kieth & Co\n      \u201c\u2003Thomas G. Pollard\n      July\n            \u201c\u2003Joseph Hopkinson Executor to the Estate of Frans. Hopkinson deceased\n            \u201c\u2003James Gibson Attorney for Anne Gibson Executrix to the Estate of John Gibson\n      August\n            \u201c\u2003Henry Drinker Junior Executor to the Estate of Richard Vaux deceased\n      October\n      \u201c\u2003George Mead\n      \u201c\u2003William Irvine\n            \u201c\u2003John White Agent for John Templeman\n      Novem\n      \u201c\u2003Jonathan Sturgess\n      Decemr.\n      \u201c\u2003Charles Jarvis\n      Total amount\n      For the Support and Repairs of Light Houses, Beacons, Buoys and Public Piers.\n      Benjamin Lincoln Superintendant of the Light houses in the State of Massachusetts.\n      Novem\n      To Warrant No.\n      Thomas Randall Superintendant of the Light house at Sandy Hook.\n      To Warrant No.\n      June\n      August\n      October\n      Februay\n      April\n      July\n      October\n      William Allibone Superintendant of the Light House at Cape Henlopen, and of the beacons, buoys and public piers in the Bay and River Delaware.\n      To Warrant No.\n      Novem\n      March\n      June\n      Septem\n      Decem\n      John McComb Junior on account of his contract with the Secretary of the Treasury, for erecting a light house on Cape Henry in the State of Virginia.\n      Decem\n      To Warrant No.\n      Edward Blake Superintendant of the Light house, beacons, buoys and public piers in the State of So. Carolina.\n      March\n      To Warrant No.\n      Total amount\n      For Defraying the Contingent Charges of Government.\n      August\n      To Peter R. Maverick for sundry Seals furnished for the use of the supreme and circuit Courts; Warrt. No. 610\n      \u201c\u2003Royal Flint Agent for Jeremiah Wadsworth, for the amount of an account against the United States, for apprehending the Cranes and other persons concerned in counterfeiting public securities Warrant No. 639\n      \u201c\u2003Mark Leavenworth Agent for Amos Doolittle for a Seal made by the said Doolittle for the District Court of Connecticut, Warrant No. 644\n      Septem\n      \u201c\u2003Peter R. Maverick for a Seal for the District Court of Rhode Island, Warrant No. 646\n      October\n      \u201c\u2003Cyrus Griffin for a seal and an iron screw procured by him for the use of the circuit and district Courts of the State of Virginia, Warrant No. 685\n      Januay\n      \u201c\u2003George Thatcher, for so much paid by David Sewall for a Seal for the use of the District Court of Main, Warrant No. 855,\n      July\n      \u201c\u2003Andrew G. Fraunces Agent for Peter R. Maverick, for a Seal furnished by the said Maverick for the use of the District Court of New York, Warrant No. 1177\n      Septem\n      \u201c\u2003John Sitgreaves of Philadelphia Attorney for John Sitgreaves Judge for the District of North Carolina, for a seal made by William Johnston for the use of the Court of said District, Warrt. No. 1245\n      October\n      \u201c\u2003John Brown Assignee of Harry Innes Judge for the District of Kentucky for amount of a seal made by David Humphreys for the use of said District, Warrant No. 1323\n      Total amount\n      FOR THE REDUCTION OF THE PUBLIC DEBT.\n      For monies advanced to sundry persons Agents for the President of the Senate, the Chief Justice, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney General, who, by virtue of the Act entitled \u201cAn Act making provision for the reduction of the Public Debt\u201d are impowered to make purchases of the Debt of the United States.\n      Decemr.\n      To Samuel Meredith Treasurer,\n      Warrt. No.\n      January\n      Septem\n      Februy\n            To Benjamin Lincoln Collector for the District of Boston\n            To William Heth Collector for the District of Bermuda hundred\n      Septem\n            To William Seton Cashier of the Bank of New York\n      Total amount\n      Enumeration of the Inhabitants of the United States.\n      For compensation to the Marshals and their Assistants for taking the number of Inhabitants within their respective Districts, in pursuance of the Act entitled, \u201cAn Act providing for the enumeration of the Inhabitants of the United States.\u201d\n      Februay\n      To Jonathan Jackson Marshal for the District of Massachusetts, Warrant No. 893\n      To John Cochran on account of the expenses incurred by the Marshal for the District of New York. Warrt. No. 895\n      April\n      To Henry Knox Agent for Edward Carrington Marshal for the District of Virginia, Warrant No. 1035\n      To Thomas Lowrey Marshal for the District of New Jersey, Warrt. No.1072\n      To Allen McLane Marshal for the District of Delaware, Warrt. No. 1073\n      June\n      To William S. Smith Marshal for the State of New York, Warrt. No. 1098\n      To Hezekiah B. Pierpont Attorney for Philip B. Bradley Marshal for the District of Connecticut, Warrt. No. 1101\n      July\n      To Tobias Lear Agent for John Parker Marshal for the District of New Hampshire, Warrant No. 1166\n      To Clement Biddle Marshal for the District of Pennsylvania, Warrant No.1193\n      To Nathaniel Ramsey Marshal for the District of Maryland, Warrt. No. 1198\n      August\n      To John Skinner Marshal for the District of North Carolina, Warrant No. 1205\n      To Robert Forsyth Marshal for the District of Georgia, Warrant No. 1207\n      To William Peck Marshal for the District of Rhode Island, Warrant No. 1224\n      October\n      To John Brown Assignee of Samuel McDowell Senior Attorney for Samuel McDowell Junior Marshal for the District of Kentucky, Warrt. No. 1329\n      To James Sawyer one of the Assistants to Lewis R. Morris Marshal for the District of Vermont Warrt. No. 1340\n      Total amount\n      For Satisfying Miscellaneous Claims in Relation Both to the Late and Present Government.\n      Under this Head are also Included. The Expenses Incurred in Consequence of Removing the Seat of Government from New York to Philadelphia. The Distribution of Prizes Captured by the Squadron Under the Command of John Paul Jones. The Cost of Hydrometers for the Use of the Officers of the Customs. The Expense of Certificates Prepared for the Funded Debt, and, Payments Made for Executing the Surveys Directed by An Act of Congress Passed June 6, 1788.\n      April\n      To William S. Smith, Egbert Benson and Daniel Parker late Commissioners for superintending the evacuation of the City of New York by the British Troops, for a balance due to them\u2014Warrt. No. 374\n      June\n      To Royal Flint Attorney for Catherine Greene Assignee of P. G. J. Ludovicus Baron de Glaubeck, for one fifth of the amount of the said Barons pay as a Captain in the service of the United States, allowed by an Act of Congress passed Septemr. 29, 1789\u2014Warrant No. 498\n      July\n      To Jehoiakim McTocksin for his services as Interpreter and Guide in the expedition commanded by Major General Sullivan in the Year 1779, pursuant to an Act of Congress passed the 26 March last\u2014Warrt. No. 541\n      To John McCord in full for his claims and demands against the United States, pursuant to an Act of Congress passed the first Instant\u2014Warrant No. 542\n      August\n      To Francis Christopher Mantel Attorney to Le Ray de Chaumont the younger Attorney to Le Ray de Chaumont, the elder towards discharging certain demands of the said Le Ray de Chaumont the elder on the United States; Warrant No. 602\n      To Seth Harding for services on board the Alliance Frigate during the late War pursuant to an Act of Congress passed the 11 Instant\u2014Warrant No. 606\n      To Constant Freeman of the Province of Quebeck for a bill of exchange dated Quebeck Augst. 5, 1776 drawn by William Thompson, Wm. Irvine, Christopher Green, John Lamb, Timothy Bigelow and Daniel Morgan on Meredith and Clymer for 1677\u2077\u2070\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 Dolls with Interest and sundry charges thereon; Warrant No. 623\n      Septemr.\n      To Israel Ludlow for a balance due to him for executing a survey of a tract of Country sold to Messrs. Cutler and Sargent by the late Board of Treasury; Warrt. No. 660\n      October\n      To Thomas Franklin Junior for his commission as Auctioneer on the sale of lands in the Western Territory by order of the late Board of Treasury\u2014Warrt. No. 707\n      Novemr.\n      To James O\u2019Hara late Contractor for supply the Troops on the Western Frontier, for provisions seized from him after the expiration of his contract by the commanding Officer at Post St. Vincennes; Wart. No. 736\n      To Israel Ludlow for his expenses in bringing forward to the Seat of Government a return of surveys made of a tract of Country sold to Messrs. Cutler and Sargent, and for executing four draughts of the same by direction of the Secretary of the Treasury\u2014Warrant No. 748\n      To Israel Ludlow Agent for Absalome Martin, for executing a survey in the Year 1788 of the Western boundry line of the tract of Country sold to Messrs. Cutler and Sargent\u2014Warrant No. 749\n      To Joseph Nourse Assignee of Samuel Baird for executing a survey of the land at Post Vincennes granted to the Inhabitants of said place pursuant to the Act of Congress of the 29th of August 1788\u2014Warrant No. 753\n      Decemr\n      To Henry Knox Assignee of James OHara for sundry charges made by the said O Hara in his account of rations of provisions delivered at Muskingum, between the first of December 1787 and the 30 of June 1788; Warrant No. 767\n      To Henry Knox Assignee of James OHara for supplies furnished by the said OHara to the Troops at Post St. Vincennes, Fort Harmar and the Rapids of the Ohio in the Year 1788\u2014Warrant No. 768\n      To John Leamy Agent for Joseph Ignatius Viar Attorney for Joseph Gardoqui and Sons of Bilboa, for a balance due to the said Gardoqui and Sons on the books of Thomas Barclay late Commissioner for adjusting accounts in Europe; Wart. No. 769\n      To Caleb Brewster late a Lieutenant in the service of the United States pursuant to an Act of Congress passed the eleventh day of August last\u2014Warrant No. 781\n      Januay\n      To Benjamin Goodhue Agents for Francis Dana for the service and expense of a private Secretary employed by the said Francis Dana whilst on his embassy at the Court of Petersburgh, pursuant to an Act of Congress passed the 2nd. of October 1787\u2014Warrant No. 845\n      To William Bell Attorney for J. Henry Laurens, Administrator to the Estate of Lieutenant Colonel Laurens deceased for a balance due to the said Lieutenant Col. Laurens as special Minister from the United States to the Court of Versailles in the Year 1781\u2014Warrant No. 852\n      Februy\n      To Richard Platt Agent for Elnathan Haskell late Commissioner of accounts for the Eastern District for sundry contingent expenses of the said Commissioners Office which accrued in the Years 1787 and 1788\u2014Warrant No. 904\n      To Samuel Baird for executing surveys of the lands at Post Vincennes granted to the Inhabitants of said place, pursuant to an Act of Congress of the 29 of August 1788\u2014Warrant No. 905\n      March\n      To Samuel Meredith Treasurer of the United States for charges of protests on three bills of exchange drawn on James Hunter and for commissions on deposits lodged in the Bank of Massachusetts\u2014Warrt. No. 920\n      To John M. St. Clair for laying off and drawing a plan of the Town of Cahokia by direction of the Governor of the Western Territory\u2014Warrant No. 941\n      To Nicholas Gilman Agent for Simon Knowles and John Whittor late Soldiers in the second New Hampshire Regiment, for services performed in the Year 1783\u2014Warrant No. 968\n      April\n      To Nicholas Gilman Agent for James Sinkler and William Hill late Soldiers in the second New Hampshire Regiment for services performed in the Year 1783; Warrant No. 993\n      June\n      To Andrew G. Fraunces for expenses incurred in fitting out a barge for the late Board of Treasury, Secretary for foreign Affairs and Secretary at War in order to attend the President of the United States at Elizabeth Town, by order of the said Board of Treasury; Warrant No. 1117\n      August\n      To M. Jean de Ternant Minister Plenipotentiary of the Court of France at the United States Attorney for the heirs or representatives of the late P. C. J. B. Tronson du Coudrai deceased, pursuant to a Resolve of Congress dated September 25, 1781\u2014Warrant No. 1225\n      To John Fenno, for printing done for the Office of the Secretary of the Treasury in the months of June and July last\u2014Warrant No. 1226\n      To Antoine Rene Charles Mathurin de la Forest Vice Consul General of France to the United States, on account of a debt due to the French Government for supplies furnished in the West Indies by the Navy Department of France to sundry Ships of War of the United States; Warrant No. 1230\n      Decemr.\n      To Thomas Motley keeper of the Gaol in Portland Massachusetts, for the maintenance of three prisoners from the 23rd. of July 1789 to the 4 of June 1790, committed on a charge of piracy and felony on the high Seas\u2014Warrant No. 1377\n      Expenses Incurred in Consequence of Removing the Seat of Government from New York to Philadelphia, in Pursuance of the Respective Acts the One Entitled, \u201cAn Act for Establishing the Temporary and Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States\u201d And the Other Entitled \u201cAn Act in Addition to an Act, Entitled, An Act for Establishing the Salaries of the Executive Officers of Governmt, With Their Assistants and Clerks\u201d.\n      Novemr\n      To John Inskeep Agent for J. N. Cumming, for the transportation of public books and papers from New York to Philadelphia\u2014Warrant No. 754\n      January\n      To Joseph Howell for the expenses of removing the books and papers of the late Office of Commissioner of Army accounts, from New York to Philadelphia\u2014Warrant No. 858\n      March\n      To William Simmons Attorney to sundry persons Clerks in the public Offices attached to the Seat of Government, for their expenses incurred by the removal from New York to Philadelphia\u2014Warrant No. 963\n      To Edward Jones Clerk in the Comptrollers Office for his expenses incurred by the removal from New York to Philadelphia Warrant No. 967\n      April\n      To John Stagg Junior, R. J. vanden Brock and Constant Freeman Clerks in the War Office, for their expenses incurred by the removal from New York to Philadelphia\u2014Warrant No. 983\n      June\n      To Isaac Sherman Clerk in the Treasury Department for his expenses incurred by the removal from New York to Philadelphia\u2014Warrant No. 1118\n      To Robert Heysham principal Clerk in the Office of the Secretary of the Senate for his expenses incurred by the removal from New York to Philadelphia\u2014Warrant No. 1119\n      To Benjamin Bankson Clerk in the Office of the Secretary of the Senate, for expenses attending the transportation of public papers under his care from New York to Philadelphia\u2014Warrant No. 1120\n      July\n      To David Henly Clerk in the Treasury Department for his expenses incurred by the removal from New York to Philadelphia\u2014Warrant No. 1150\n      To John Meyer Agent for George H. Remsen late a Clerk in the Office of the Secretary of the Treasury for expenses incurred by the said Remsen in consequence of the removal from New York to Philadelphia; Warrant No. 1182\n      August\n      To Joseph Hardy late principal Clerk in the Comptrollers Office for his expenses incurred by the removal from New York to Philadelphia\u2014Warrt. No. 1222\n      Distribution of Prizes Captured by the Squadron Under the Command of John Paul Jones in the North Seas, in Pursuance of An Act of Congress Passed the Eleventh Day of October 1787.\n      Decemr.\n      To Joseph Brussells late a boy on board the Ship Bon Homme Richard for his proportion of said prizes\u2014Warrant No. 788\n      Februay\n      To Mary Winter Attorney for Thomas Jones late a Seaman on board the Ship Bon Homme Richard, for his proportion of the said prizes\u2014Warrant No. 875\n      \u201c To Robert Troup Attorney for Matthew Parke Administrator to the Estates of sundry persons late of the Ships Alliance and Bon Homme Richard deceased, for their respective shares of the said prizes\u2014Warrant No. 896\n      March\n      To Margaret Hall Administratrix to the Estate of William Phisick deceased, for his proportion of the said prizes; Warrt. No. 939\n      April\n      To Samuel A. Otis Attorney for Mary Taylor Administratrix to the Estate of John Combs late a Seaman on board the Ship Alliance deceased, for the said John Combs\u2019s proportion of the said prizes; Warrant No. 1023\n      To Thomas Dupey late a boy on board the Alliance, for his proportion of the said prizes\u2014Warrant No. 1049\n      \u201c To Mary Morrison Administratrix to the Estate of Elijah Middlton late a boy on board the Ship Bon Homme Richard deceased, for his proportion of the said prizes\u2014Warrant No. 1058\n      July\n      To Joseph Frederick late a Boatswains Mate on board the Ship Alliance for his proportion of the said prizes; Warrt. No. 1159\n      October\n      To Nathan Dane Attorney to Josiah Batchelor Junior Administrator to Nathanl. Porter late a Seaman on board the Ship Alliance deceased, for the said Porters proportion of the said prizes\u2014Warrant No. 1294\n      Monies Advanced for the Purpose of Paying for Hydrometers Procured for the Use of the Officers of the Customs.\n      March\n                      To Joseph Nourse Register of the Treasury Warrant No.\n      June\n      From which deduct this sum repaid into the Treasury, being the amount of a Warrant No. 61 dated March 14, 1792\n      Payments and Advances Made on Account of Certificates Prepared for the Funded Debt, Pursuant to the Act Entitled, \u201cAn Act Making Provision for the Debt of the United States\u201d.\n      March\n      To Mark Wilcox for 229\u00bc Reams of Certificate paper\u2014Warrant No. 948\n      To Thomas Mendenhall and John Wilson for superintending the making of Certificate paper from the 9 day of Septemr, 1790 to the 18 day of December following; Warrant No. 951\n      To William Govett for his services in forwarding to the several Commissioners of Loans books of printed Certificates; Warrant No. 952\n      To John Wharton, William Govett, Joseph Bullock and Archibald Woodside, for superintending the press for printing Certificates from the 13 day of Septemr, 1790 to the 12 day of March 1791\u2014Warrant No. 953\n      April\n      To James Muir for binding  books of certificates\u2014Warrant No. 1029\n      To Nathan and David Sellers for making moulds for certificate paper; Warrt. No. 1057\n      Septem\n      To Joseph Nourse Register of the Treasury to be by him applied towards defraying the expense of printing the several discriptions of Treasury and Loan Office Certificates\u2014Warrant No. 1255\n      October\n      To Thomas Dobson for binding 75 books of Certificates for the Register of the Treasury\u2014Warrant No. 1305\n      Novemr\n      To Mark Wilcox for 29\u00bd Reams of certificate paper\u2014Warrant No. 1341\n      Decemr.\n      To Joseph Nourse Register of the Treasury to be by him applied towards defraying the expense of stamping the several species of Treasury and Loan Office Certificates\u2014Warrant No. 1362\n      From which deduct the amount of Warrt. No. 62 dated the 14th. day of Mar 1792, being so much repaid into the Treasury by Joseph Nourse Register\n      Payments Made for Executing the Surveys Directed by Congress in Their Act of June 6, 1788, and A Concurrent Resolution Passed the 26 Day of August 1789.\n      March\n      To Andrew Ellicott Surveyor Warrt. No. 267\n      August\n      To Joseph Howell Junior Agent for Andrew Ellicott Surveyor, Warrant No. 616\n      Decemr.\n      To Andrew Ellicott Surveyor, Warrt. No.\n      Januay\n      Februy\n      To Caleb Strong Agent for Israel Chapin, for sundry expenses incurred by the said I. Chapin, under Andrew Ellicott, Warrt. No. 903\n      April\n      To Andrew Ellicott Surveyor, Warrt. No. 1032\n      Total amount\nA General Statement of the Appropriations Made by Law in Relation to the Expenditures of the United States from the Commencement of the Present Government to the Last Day of December 1791, Inclusively.\nDates and titles of the Acts of Appropriations\nFor discharging the Warrants issued by the late Board of Treasury; page 7 to 10.\nFor the support of the Civil list under the late and present Government; page 11 to 83.\nFor the support of the Army of the United States; page 83 to 90.\nFor paying the pensions due to Invalids; page 91 to 93.\nFor defraying the expenses of negotiaitons or treaties of peace with the Indian Tribes; page 94.\nFor paying interest due on temporary loans obtained by the Secretary of the Treasury; page 95.\nFor the support of Ministers &c of the United States at foreign Courts; page 96.\nFor effecting a recognition of the treaty of the United States with the new Emperor of Morocco; page 97.\nFor the building, equipment and support of ten Revenue Cutters; page 98.\nTowards discharging certain debts contracted by Abraham Skinner late Commissary of Prisoners; page 99 to 107.\nAugust\nAn Act providing for the expenses which may attend Negotiations or Treaties with the Indian Tribes, and the appointment of Commissioners for managing the same.\nSeptemr.\nAn Act making Appropriations for the service of the present Year.\nMarch\nAn Act making Appropriations for the support of Government for the Year 1790.\nJuly\nAn Act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign Nations.\nAn Act to satisfy the Claims of John McCord against the United States.\nAn Act providing for holding a treaty or treaties to establish peace with certain Indian Tribes.\nAugust\nAn Act making provision for the Debt of the United States.\nAn Act to provide more effectually for the Collection of the Duties imposed by Law on Goods, Wares and Merchandize imported into the United States, and on the Tonnage of Ships or Vessels\nAn Act authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury to finish the Light House on Portland Head in the District of Main.\nAn Act for the relief of disabled Soldiers and Seamen lately in the service of the United States, and of certain other persons\nAn Act making certain Appropriations therein mentioned.\nAn Act making provision for the Reduction of the Public Debt.\nFebruay\nAn Act making Appropriations for the support of Government during the Year 1791 and for other purposes.\nMarch\nAn Act making an Appropriation for the purpose therein mentioned.\nAn Act providing compensations for the Officers of the Judicial Courts of the United States and for Jurors and Witnesses, and for other purposes.\nAn Act for raising and adding another Regiment to the Military Establishment of the United States, and for making farther provision for the protection of the Frontiers.\nAggregate of Appropriations\nRecapitulation of the Expenditures\nBalances unexpended, to be accounted for in the next Statement\nDates and titles of the Acts of Appropriations\nTowards discharging certain debts contracted by Colonel Timothy Pickering; page 108.\nFor paying the interest due on the Domestic Debt of the United States; page 109 to 114.\nFor paying the Interest due on the Dutch Loans; page 115.\nFor paying Bills of Ex drawn on the late Commissioners at Paris, for interest due on Loan Office Certificates; page 116 to 117.\nFor the support and repairs of Light Houses, Beacons, Buoys and Public piers; page 118 to 119.\nFor defraying the Contingent charges of Government; page 120 to 121.\nFor the Reduction of the Public Debt; page 122.\nFor defraying the expenses of the Enumeration of the Inhabitants of the United States; page 123 to 124.\nFor satisfying miscellaneous Claims, which include all other expenditures; page 125 to 138.\nTotal amount.\nAugust\nAn Act providing for the expenses which may attend Negotiations or Treaties with the Indian Tribes, and the appointment of Commissioners for managing the same.\nSeptemr.\nAn Act making Appropriations for the service of the present Year.\nMarch\nAn Act making Appropriations for the support of Government for the Year 1790.\nJuly\nAn Act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign Nations.\nAn Act to satisfy the Claims of John McCord against the United States.\nAn Act providing for holding a treaty or treaties to establish peace with certain Indian Tribes.\nAugust\nAn Act making provision for the Debt of the United States.\nAn Act to provide more effectually for the Collection of the Duties imposed by Law on Goods, Wares and Merchandize imported into the United States, and on the Tonnage of Ships or Vessels\nAn Act authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury to finish the Light House on Portland Head in the District of Main.\nAn Act for the relief of disabled Soldiers and Seamen lately in the service of the United States, and of certain other persons\nAn Act making certain Appropriations therein mentioned.\nAn Act making provision for the Reduction of the Public Debt.\nFebruay\nAn Act making Appropriations for the support of Government during the Year 1791 and for other purposes.\nMarch\nAn Act making an Appropriation for the purpose therein mentioned.\nAn Act providing compensations for the Officers of the Judicial Courts of the United States and for Jurors and Witnesses, and for other purposes.\nAn Act for raising and adding another Regiment to the Military Establishment of the United States, and for making farther provision for the protection of the Frontiers.\nAggregate of Appropriations\nRecapitulation of the Expenditures\nBalances unexpended, to be accounted for in the next Statement\nA\nThe expenses arising from and incident to the sessions of Congress which happened in the course of the Year 1790 amount to 203,167\u00b2\u2078\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 Dollars, which being added to the specific sums appropriated by said Act, constitutes the total amount as extended, marked B.\nC\nThe amount of interest on the Domestic Debt of the United States for the Year 1791, agreeably to the dividend accounts settled at the Treasury to that period.\nD\nThe surplus of Duties on Merchandize and Tonnage on the last day of December 1790.\nE\nThe net sum arising from Fines Penalties and Forfeitures to Decemr. 31, 1791.\nGeneral Account of Receipts and Expenditures of the Public Monies to the Last Day of December 1791, Inclusively.\nDr.\nCr.\nTo total amount of Expenditures, as stated in page 140\nBy amount of Receipts, as stated in page 5\nBalance in the Treasury on the 31 day of December 1791\nThe Treasurer having been overcharged in the statement of his accounts at the Treasury for the quarter ending June 30, 1790, on Warrant No. 249 drawn on Sharp Delany, nine cents; and the omission of fractional parts, amounting to one cent, in the account of monies received from Collectors, will account for the difference between the balance of this statement and that of the Treasurers account settled for the last quarter of the Year 1791, in which he is held accountable for the sum of 973,905\u2077\u2075\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 Dollars.\nTreasury Department, Registers Office Novemr. 10, 1792.\nStated from the Records of the Treasury.\nJoseph Nourse Regr.\nComptrollers Office Novemr. 10, 1792.\nExamined by.\nOliv: Wolcott Jr. Compt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0034", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 10 November 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore 10th November 1792.\nSir,\nIn consequence of your communication of the 3d Instant I have resolved for the present to postpone the disposal of my Stock in the funds.\nI would not offend against the most rigid construction of the most unjust Law while it is in force. It cannot be doubted that some sensible and liberal Member of the Legislature will take to himself the merit of repealing an act replete with injustice, before the expiration of this session of Congress.\nI have been obliged to adopt a very disadvantageous expedient to avoid the necessity of trespassing in this Instance.\nYou will permit me to use this opportunity for thanking you for the permission obtained of the President to avail myself of the advice of my Physicians.\nTomorrow I depart for Barbadoes. Accept, Sir, my best thanks for your very friendly sentiments respecting my health.\nWith very sincere regard and respect. \u2003 I am, Sir, \u2003 Your Most Obedt. Servt.\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0035", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Reynolds, [13\u201315 November] 1792\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, November 13\u201315, 1792. On July 19, 1797, Henry Seckel attested that sometime between November 13 and 15, 1792, \u201cthe said James Reynolds requested this Deponent to carry a letter for him to Alexander Hamilton \u2026 that this Deponent carried the said letter as requested.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0036", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 14 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTreasury department November 14. 1792\nSir,\nIn answer to your letter of this day I observe\nI recalled your having spoken to me at the period to which you allude, concerning the contract which you were then about to make with Mr. Duer and the making of which by you was agreeable to former practice in similar cases.\nYou stated that you had adjusted with Mr. Duer the terms of the Contract; that an advance upon it of four thousand dollars was asked by him; that a question occurred whether it was necessary to take sureties of him for its performance; that it had not been your practice to demand sureties in other similar cases and that you felt some \u27e8\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013\u27e9 and concluded with asking my opinion whether it was essential to do it.\nI replied that as it had not been your practice in other like cases\u2014as the object could not be of much necessary magnitude\u2014as the current supply would \u27e8\u2013\u27e9 away the proposed advance which was not large in no very long time\u2014as any deficiency which might happen could not be of material consequence to the public service being \u27e8\u2013\u27e9 by you I thought the taking of Sureties could not be deemed essential \u27e8and\u27e9 that a \u27e8\u2013\u27e9 bond in some adequate penalty \u27e8might suffice.\u27e9\nAt this time Mr. Duer was in high Credit and it appeared to me that such a mode of proceeding might be \u27e8pursued\u27e9 consistently with a due regard to caution. There is no law requiring \u27e8it or\u27e9 any uniform usage commanding the taking of \u27e8Sureties\u27e9 in all cases. It has consequently been deemed matter of discretion and the thing has been done or omitted according to the magnitude of the object, the course of the business to be executed and the circumstances of the parties.\nWith respectful consideration I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir your obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe Honble. Henry Knox, Esq. Secretary at War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0037-0001", "content": "Title: Report on Estimates of the Expenditures for the Civil List of the United States for the Year 1793, [14 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, November 14, 1792Communicated on November 14, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury respectfully reports to the House of Representatives the Estimates herewith, marked A, B and C.\nThe first relating to the Civil List, or the expenditures for the support of Government, during the year 1793, (including the incidental and contingent expenses of the several departments and offices amounting to Dollars,\nThe second, relating to certain deficiencies in former appropriations for the support of government, to a provision in aid of the fund heretofore established for the payment of certain Officers of the Courts, Jurors, Witnesses &c. to the support of the light houses, beacons, buoys and public piers, and to certain other purposes\nThe third, relating to the War-department, shewing the probable expenditure of that department, for the year 1793, including a sum of 82.245 dollars and thirty two cents, for pensions to Invalids\nAmounting together to, dollars,\nThe funds, out of which, appropriations may be made for the foregoing purposes, are\u20141st. the sum of 600.000 dollars reserved annually for the support of government, out of the duties on imports and tonnage, by the Act making provision for the debt of the United States. 2d. The surplus, which may remain unexpended, of the sums appropriated to the use of the War department, for the year 1792. 3d. The unappropriated surplus of the existing revenues to the end of the year 1793; which funds, it is believed, will prove adequate to the object; as illustrated in the Schedule herewith transmitted, marked D.\nBut, as some deficiencies may possibly happen, and as partial anticipations of the revenue will probably be requisite to face the demands for the public service, as they accrue, it appears essential, that a power to borrow should accompany the grant.\nThe Secretary begs leave also to present for the information of the House of Representatives, two Statements (marked E and F.) of the expenditure of two several sums; One of 50.000 dollars, and the other of 5,000 dollars, heretofore appropriated \u2018towards discharging such demands on the United States, not otherwise provided for, as should have been ascertained and admitted in due course of settlement at the treasury, and which should be of a nature, according to the course thereof, to require payment in specie.\u2019\nAll which is humbly submitted\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury.\nTreasury Department,November 14th. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0037-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure A: Estimate of the Expenditure for the Civil List of the United States for the Year 1793, 8 November 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Nourse, Joseph\nTo: \nEstimate of the Expenditure for the Civil List of the United States, for the Year 1793, Together with the Incidental and Contingent Expenses of the Several Departments and Offices.\nDollars. Cts.\nDollars. Cts.\nFor compensation to the President of the United States\nThat of the Vice President\nCompensation to the Chief Justice\nDitto of five Associate Judges, at 3.500 dollars per annum each\nDitto, the Judges of the following districts, Viz:\nMaine\nNew Hampshire\nVermont\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nKentucky\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nAttorney General\nMembers of the Senate and House of Representatives and their Officers.\nTo the Speaker of the House of Representatives for his compensation to the 3d. March, 1793, 119 days at 12 dollars per day\nAlso for compensation to the Speaker of the 3d. Congress for the residuary time, so as to estimate for six months attendance in one year, at 12 dollars per day\nTo 98 members to 3d. March, 1793, 119 days, at 6 dollars per day\nFor compensation to 134 members of the 3d. Congress, for the residuary time, so as to estimate for six months attendance in one year, at 6 dollars per day each\nTravelling expenses to and from the seat of government\nTo the Secretary of the Senate for one year\u2019s salary\nAdditional allowance estimated for 6 months at 2 dollars per day\nPrincipal Clerk to the Secretary of the Senate for same time, at 3 dollars per day\nEngrossing Clerk to ditto, estimated do. at 2 dollars per day\nChaplain to the Senate estimated for same time at 500 dollars per annum\nDoorkeeper to the Senate, one year\u2019s salary\nAssistant doorkeeper to do. \u2003\u2003\u2003 do.\nClerk of the House of Representatives for one year\u2019s salary\nAdditional allowance estimated for six months at 2 dollars per day\nPrincipal Clerk in the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives estimated for six months, at 3 dollars per day\nEngrossing Clerk estimated for same time at 2 dollars per day\nChaplain to the House of Representatives, estimated for six months, at 500 dollars per annum\nSerjeant at Arms for same time at 4 dollars per day\nDoorkeeper of the House of Representatives, estimated one year\u2019s salary\nAssistant doorkeeper for do. one year\u2019s salary\nTreasury Department.\nSecretary of the Treasury\nTwo principal Clerks, at 800 dollars each\nSix Clerks, at 500 dollars each\nMessenger and Office keeper\nComptroller of the Treasury\nPrincipal Clerk\nTwelve Clerks at 500 dollars each\nMessenger and doorkeeper\nTreasurer\nPrincipal Clerk\nTwo Clerks at 500 dollars each\nMessenger and Office keeper\nCommissioner of the Revenue\nThree Clerks on the business of the revenue &c.\nOne do. on the business of the lighthouses, beacons, buoys, public piers and stakeage\nMessenger and Office keeper\nAuditor of the Treasury\nPrincipal Clerk\nFifteen Clerks, at 500 dollars each\nMessenger and Office keeper\nRegister of the Treasury\nThree Clerks on the impost, tonnage and excise accounts\nTwo Clerks on the books and accounts relative to exports\nTwo do. on do. of receipts and expenditures of public monies, at 500 dollars\nOne do. for recording ships registers and licences\nThree do. for drawing out, checking, issuing and taking receipts for certificates of the domestic and assumed debts\nFour do. on the books of the general and particular Loan Offices, comprehending the interest accounts and unclaimed dividends at the several Loan-Offices\nSeven do. on the books and records, which relate to the public creditors, on the several descriptions of stock and transfer\nFour Clerks on the books and records of the registered debt, including the payment of its interest\nTwo do. to complete the arrangement of the public securities\nTwo do. on the books of the late Government\nOne transcribing do.\nTwo Office keepers incident to the several Offices of the Register, at 175 dollars\nTwo Clerks appointed to count and examine the old and new emissions of continental money and indents, at 500 dollars each\nDepartment of State.\nThe Secretary of State\nOne Chief Clerk\nThree Clerks, at 500 dollars each\nClerk for foreign languages\nMessenger and Office keeper\nDepartment of War.\nSecretary for the department\nPrincipal Clerk\nSix Clerks at 500 dollars each\nMessenger and Office keeper\nAccountant to the War department\nSix Clerks, (one on the principal books\u2014two on the accounts of the late Army\u2014two on the accounts of the present Army\u2014and one on the books of the late paymaster General, and Commissioner of Army accounts) at 500 dollars each\nBoard of Commissioners for the Settlement of the Accounts Between the United States and the Individual States.\nThree Commissioners at 2250 dollars, each\nOne Chief Clerk at 800 dollars\nEleven do. at 500 dollars each\nMessenger and Office-keeper\nLoan Officers\nFor New Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nGovernment of the Western Territory\nDistrict North-west of the River Ohio.\nGovernor, for his salary as such, and for discharging the Duties of Superintendant of Indian Affairs, northern department\nThe Secretary of said District\nFor Stationery, Office rent, and printing patents for land &c.\nThree Judges, 800 dollars each\nDistrict South west of the river Ohio.\nGovernor, for his salary as such, and for discharging the duties of Superintendant of Indian Affairs, southern department\nSecretary of said District\nStationery, Office-rent &c. &c.\nThree Judges at 800 dollars each\nPensions Granted by the Late Government.\nIsaac Van VoertJohn PauldingDavid Williams\na pension of 200 dollars per annum, pursuant to an Act of Congress of 3d. November 1780\nDominique L\u2019Eglize, per Act of Congress of 8th. August 1782\nJoseph Traversie, per ditto\nYoungest son of General Mercer, per Act 8th. April 1782\nYoungest children of the late Major General Warren, per Act 1st. July 1780\nJames McKenzie, Joseph Brussells,John Jordan,\nper Act of 10th. September 1783, entitled to a pension of 40 dollars each per annum\nElizabeth Bergen, per Act of 21st. August 1781\nJoseph De Beauleau, per Act of 5th. August 1782\nRichard Gridley, per Acts of 17th. November 1775, and 26th. February 1781\nLieutenant Colonel Tousard, per Act 27th. October 1788\nGrant to Baron Steuben.\nHis annual allowance by Act of Congress\nFor Incidental and Contingent Expenses, Relative to the Civil List Establishment.\nUnder this head are comprehended, Firewood, Stationery, together with printing work, and all other contingent expenses of the two Houses of Congress, rent and Office expenses of the three several departments Viz: Treasury, State and War, and of the General Board of Commissioners.\nSecretary of the Treasury, his estimate\nClerk of the House of Representatives his do. to 3d. March 1793,\nProvisionary for the 3d. Congress\nTreasury Department.\nSecretary of the Treasury, per estimate\nComptroller of the Treasury, per do.\nTreasurer \u2003 per do.\nAuditor of the Treasury, \u2003 per do\nRegister of the Treasury, including books for the public stocks, per do.\nRent of the Treasury\nDo. for a house taken for a part of the Office of the Register\nDo. for a House for the Office of the Commissioner of the Revenue, and for part of the Office of the Comptroller, and part of the Office of the Register\nDo. of a house for the Office of the Auditor, and a small store for public papers\nWood for the department (Treasurer\u2019s excepted) candles &c.\nDepartment of State.\nIncluding the expense attending the collection of the laws of the several States\u2014for publishing the laws of the second Session of the second Congress of the United States, and printing an edition of the same to be distributed agreeably to law\u2014for the collection of newspapers from the different States, and gazettes from abroad\nDepartment of War.\nSecretary at War per estimate\nAccountant to the War department\nGeneral Board of Commissioners, per estimate\nDollars,\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, 8th. November 1792.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0037-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure B: An Additional Estimate for Making Good Deficiencies for the Support of the Civil List Establishment\u2026, 8 November 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Nourse, Joseph\nTo: \nB.\nAn Additional Estimate for Making Good Deficiencies for the Support of the Civil List Establishment, for Aiding the Fund Appropriated for the Payment of Certain Officers of the Courts, Jurors and Witnesses; for the Support of Lighthouses; and for the Establishment of Ten Cutters, and for Other Purposes.\nFor the Salaries of certain Officers, by an Act making alterations in the Treasury and War Departments.\nSalary of the Commissioner of the revenue, from 8th. May 1792, to 31st. December following, at 1900 dollars per annum\nDo. three Clerks on the business of the Revenue, same time, at 500 dollars, per annum each\nDo. one do. on the business of the lighthouses, beacons, buoys public piers, and stakeage, at 500 dollars per annum for same time\nDo. messenger, at 200 dollars per annum, for do.\nContingent expenses for procuring desks and other furniture, stationery &c.\nSalary of the Accountant to the War Department, from 8th. May, to 31st. December following, at 1200 dollars per annum\nDo. of his Clerk, from 23d. July to do. at 500 dollars\nContingent expenses for his Office\nSalary of each of the two principal Clerks to the Secretary of the Treasury, at 800 dollars per annum each, for the same period\nDo. of a Clerk to the Treasurer, from the 18th. June to 31st. December 1792, at 500 dollars per annum\nFor the encreased Salary of the Comptroller of the Treasury, from 8th. May 1792, to 31st. December following, at 400 dollars per annum\nFor the encreased salary of the Auditor of the Treasury, from 8th. May 1792, to 31st. December following, at 400 per annum\nSalary of the Treasurer, from 8th. May 1792, to 31st December following, at 400 dollars per annum\nDo. of the Register, for same time, at 500 dollars\nDo. of the Attorney General, same time, at 400 dollars\nDo. of the chief Clerk in the Department of War, same time, at 200 dollars\nTo make good deficiencies for the support of the Civil List, Viz:\nTo the Clerk of the House of Representatives, for amount of his estimate\nAnd for the pay of Bernard Webb, his principal Clerk, from 1st. July, to 1st. October 1792\u201392 days at 3 dollars, per day\nFor so much short estimated for the contingent expenses of the Office of the Secretary of State\nDo. for the contingent expenses of the Treasury department, the payments whereof, to the 30th. Sept. 1792, having exceeded the said Appropriations, by the sum of\nEstimated amount of expenses to 31st. December 1792\nFor so much short appropriated, for the Office of the Register of the Treasury, the estimate for 1792 having been for only one Office keeper, whereas, from the encreased number of Offices, and their being kept in separate houses, two Office keepers were required and have been employed, at 175 dollars each\nDeduct appropriation for one\nFor the salaries of the doorkeepers, and Assistant doorkeepers, to the Senate and House of Representatives, under the Act for their compensation, passed the 12th. April 1792.\nFor the salary of the doorkeeper of the Senate, from the 9th. May 1792, to the 31st. December following, at 500 dollars per annum\nFor do. same time, for doorkeeper of the House of Representatives, at 500 dollars per annum\nFor do. to the Assistant doorkeeper to the Senate, for same time, at 400 dollars per annum\nFor do. to the Assistant doorkeeper to the House of Representatives for same time, at 400 dollars per annum\nCommissioners of Loans, in the several States for the salaries of their Clerks, and for Stationery, under the Act passed the 8th. May 1792.\nBy their Accounts rendered to 31st. December 1791, an additional appropriation is requisite, of\nFrom their Accounts already rendered, for the present year, the following sums are estimated, for each Office, to 31st. December 1792; the aggregate whereof is calculated sufficient to cover all the demands to that period, Viz:\nWilliam Gardner, New Hampshire\nNathaniel Appleton, Massachusetts\nJabez Bowen, Rhode Island\nWilliam Imlay Connecticut,\nJohn Cochran, New York\nJames Ewing, New Jersey\nThomas Smith, Pennsylvania\nJames Tilton, Delaware\nThomas Harwood, Maryland\nJohn Hopkins, Virginia\nWilliam Skinner, North Carolina\nJohn Neufville, South Carolina\nRichard Wylley, Georgia\nTo extend their allowance for said expenses, to 31st. March 1793, in conformity with said Act\nClerks of Courts, Jurors, Witnesses &c. the fund arising from fines, forfeitures and penalties, having last year proved insufficient for the discharge of the accounts of Clerks of Courts &c. to which they were appointed; a sum for the present year is estimated, in order to provide against a similar contingency, of\nFor the maintenance and support of lighthouses, beacons, buoys, public piers, and stakeage of channels, bars and shoals; and for occasional improvements in the construction of the lanthorns, and of the lamps and materials used therein,\nFor the establishment of ten Cutters, deficiency in the appropriation heretofore made for building and equipping ten cutters\nFor the purchase of hydrometers for the use of the Officers of the Customs, and Inspectors of the Revenue, for the year 1793\nAnd to make good so much short estimated for 1792\nFor the expenses towards the safe keeping and prosecution of persons committed for offences against the United States\nFor the payment of Robert Fenner, late Agent for the North Carolina line, his commission of 1 per cent on 16.905 38/100ths, paid to the Officers of the said line, for their pay and subsistence for the years 1792, and 1793\nFor the discharge of such demands against the United States, not otherwise provided for, as shall have been ascertained and admitted in due course of settlement at the Treasury, and which are of a nature, according to the usage thereof, to require payment in specie\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, 8th. November 1792.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0037-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure C: Estimate of the Expenses of the War-Department for the Year 1793, 8 November 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Nourse, Joseph\nTo: \nC.\nEstimate of the Expenses of the War-department, for the Year 1793\nThe Legion of the United States.\nGeneral Staff.\nMajor General at\ndollars,\nper month\nBrigadier Generals\nMajor Commandant of Artillery\nMajor of Dragoons\ndollars,\nper month\nQuarter Master General\nPaymaster at Head Quarters\nAdjutant General to do the duty as Inspector,\nChaplain\nSurgeon of the Staff\nDeputy Quarter Master\nAids de Camp to the Major General in addition to their pay in the line\ndo. 1 for each of the Brigadiers, in addition to their pay in the line\nBrigade Majors to act as Deputy Inspectors in addition to their pay in the line\nSurgeons-Mates for the Hospitals for the Western and Southern frontiers\nPrincipal Artificer\nSecond Artificer\nThe first Sub-Legion.\nField.\nMajors\nStaff.\nSublegionary paymaster\nSublegionary Quarter Master\nBattalion Quarter Masters\nAdjutants\nSublegionary Surgeon\nBattalion Surgeon\u2019s mates\nSergeant Majors\nQuarter Master Sergeants\nOne Company of Artillery.\nCaptain\nLieutenants\nSergeants\nCorporals\nArtificers\nPrivates\nMusicians\nOne Troop of Horse\nCaptain\nLieutenant\nCornet\nSergeants\nCorporals\nFarrier\nSaddler\nTrumpeter\nPrivates\nEight Companies of Infantry.\nCaptains\nLieutenants\nEnsigns\nSergeants\nCorporals\nSenior Musician\nMusicians\nprivates\nFour Companies of Riflemen.\nCaptains\nLieutenants\nEnsigns\nSergeants\nCorporals\nBuglers\nPrivates\nDollars,\u2003\nAmount of Pay of the Legion of the United States.\nGeneral Staff\nThe first Sub-legion\nThe second Sub-legion, to the same amount\nThe third Sub legion do.\nThe fourth Sub legion do.\nSubsistence.\nMajor General at\nrations\nper day\nrations\nBrigadier Generals\nMajors\nAdjutant\nPaymaster at Head Quarters\nQuarter Master\nDeputy Quarter Master\nSurgeon to the Staff\nSurgeons\nSurgeon\u2019s mates\ndo. for Garrisons\nprincipal Artificer\nSecond Artificer\nCaptains\nLieutenants\nEnsigns\nCornets\nrations.\nOr money in lieu thereof, at the option of the Officers at the contract price at the posts respectively where the rations shall become due.\nNon commissioned\nand\nprivates,\nArtillery.\ndo.\ndo.\nCavalry.\ndo.\ndo.\nInfantry.\nMen,\nat 1 ration per day\nrations.\n2.083.785 rations at 15 cents per rations,\nDollars,\nForage.\nMajor General at\ndollars\nper month\nBrigadier Generals\nMajors\nPaymaster at Head Quarters\nAdjutant General\nQuarter Master General\nDeputy Quarter Master General,\nAids de Camp\nBrigade Majors\nAdjutants\nSurgeon to the Staff\nSurgeons\nSurgeons Mates\ndo. for the Garrisons\nPaymasters\nQuarter Masters\nCavalry, unprovided for in the Year 1792.\nMajor\nCaptains\nLieutenants\nCornets\nFor the Year 1793.\nMajor\nCaptains\nLieutenants\nCornets\nNon commissioned and privates\nClothing.\nnon commissioned\nand\nprivates,\nArtillery.\ndo.\nCavalry.\ndo.\nInfantry.\nContingencies.\nSuits, at 20 dollare per suit\nEquipments For Cavalry.\nBoots, Horseman\u2019s Caps, and such articles, as may be lost or worn\n}Conjectural\nHorses For Cavalry.\nTo replace the horses which may die or become unfit for service,\n}ditto\nBounty.\nTo complete the number in lieu of discharged soldiers, those rendered unfit for duty, and deserters, conjectural, 500 soldiers, including premium of 10 dollars each\nAdditional Bounty, for which no provision was made, but allowed by the Act passed March 5th. 1792.\n\u2007 952 non commissioned and privates in service, at 2 dollars\n4168. do. to be raised, being estimated in former estimate at dols. 8, including premium the Act of the 5th. March 1792, allowing dols. 10, is for the difference, 2 dollars\nDollars,\nDefensive Protection of the Frontiers.\nPay &c. of the Militia and Scouts, estimated at\nHospital Department.\nFor medicines, instruments, furniture and stores for the Hospital, for the garrisons and posts on the western and southern frontiers; also the pay and subsistence of a purveyor, assistants and nurses in the Hospitals, conjectural\nQuarter-Master\u2019s Department.\nPack horses and forage, tents, boats &c. also the transportation of the recruits, Ordnance and Military Stores, and all the articles of the Quarter Master\u2019s department, the purchase of axes, camp kettles, pack-saddles, iron, fuel, board, nails, paint company books, stationery &c. Also the pay and subsistence of Artificers employed in the said department,\u2014Conjectural,\nIndian Department.\nThe expenses in this Department amount, in the year 1792, as per Accounts rendered, at dollars\nAccounts allowed, which will be shortly stated\nProvided for in the year 1792\nDollars,\nThe surplus has been paid from the general Contingencies of the War Department.\nThe expenses of the year 1793 may probably amount to \nN: B. It is impossible to foresee the events which may occasion expenses in this department, so as to reduce them to particulars. The sums of the present year in the accounts settled at the treasury, may serve to form some idea of the expenses for the year 1793.\n  Ordnance Department.\n  For the Salaries of the Storekeepers at the several Arsenals\n        Springfield\n        Massachusetts\n        Fort Rensselaer and its dependencies\n        New York\n        West Point\n        Philadelphia\n        Pennsylvania\n        Carlisle\n        Fort Pitt\n        New London\n        Virginia\n        Manchester\n        Charleston\n        South Carolina\n        One Assistant at Springfield\n        Two ditto at Westpoint\n        One Clerk of military Stores, Philadelphia\n  Dollars,\nRents.\nPhiladelphia\nNew London\nManchester\nLaborers at the Arsenals\nCoopers, Armorers and Carpenters employed occasionally\n10 Armorers at 10 dollars per month\n2 Conductors of Military stores at 30 dollars per month\n500 rifles purchased in 1792, and not included in former estimates\nRepairing of Arms, equipments of Cannon, cartridge-boxes, swords, and every other article in this department,\u2014Conjectural,\nDollars,\nInvalids.\nFor the annual allowance to the invalids of the United States, from the 5th. day of March, one thousand seven hundred and ninety three, to the fourth day of March, one thousand seven hundred and ninety four.\nNew Hampshire\nBy the Circuit Court\nMassachusetts\nBy the Circuit Court\nRhode Island\nBy the Circuit Court\nConnecticut\nBy the Circuit Court\nVermont\nBy the Circuit Court\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nBy the Circuit Court\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nGeorgia\nLease,\nOf the buildings occupied for the use of the War Office, and the Office of the Accountant of the War Department.\nThe amount of the lease for the term of four years, as per Indenture thereof with James Simmons\nContingencies of the War Department.\nFor maps, hiring expresses, allowances to Officers for extra expenses, printing, loss of stores of all kinds, advertising and apprehending deserters &c.\u2014Conjectural\nN:B. It is to be observed, upon this article, as well as every other of this Statement, that for every cent expended in pursuance thereof vouchers must be produced at the Treasury, excepting, perhaps, the sums which may be expended for secret intelligence, where the names might be important to be concealed; but for the propriety of the small sums, which might be so expended, the reputation of the Commanding Officer is pledged to the public.\nRecapitulation.\nPay of the Legion of the United States\nSubsistence\nForage\nClothing\nEquipments for Cavalry\nHorses for Cavalry\nBounty\nDefensive protection of the frontiers by Militia\nHospital Department\nQuarter Master\u2019s Department\nIndian Department\nOrdnance Department\nInvalids\nLease of the buildings occupied for the War Office &c.\nContingencies of the War department\nWar Office, October 26th. 1792.\nH. Knox,Secretary of War.\nTreasury Department,Register\u2019s Office, November 8th. 1792.\nI certify that the foregoing is a true Copy of the Original filed in this Office.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.\nThe above Dollars,\nDeduct for Invalids\nLeaves Dollars,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0037-0005", "content": "Title: Enclosure D: Comparative Statement of the Expenditure and Revenue to the End of the Year 1793, 14 November 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nD.\nComparative Statement of Expenditure and Revenue, to the End of the Year 1793.\nExpenditure.\nAmount from the commencement of the year 1791, to the end of the year 1792, as stated in a report to the House of Representatives of the 23d. January last\nAdditional Appropriation for the War department, per Act of the 2nd. of May, 1792, for raising a farther sum of money for the protection of the frontiers &c.\nAppropriations by an Act of the 8th. of May 1792, intitled \u201cAn Act making certain appropriations therein specified.\u201d\nMonies requisite by estimate for the current service of 1793.\nInterest on the public debt for the same year\nTotal Expenditure\nWays and Means.\nNet product of duties on Imports and Tonnage, for the year 1791, as ascertained\nDitto for the year 1792, as estimated (a)\nDitto for the year, 1793, (b)\nDitto of duties on home made spirits for one half year of 1791, (c)\nDitto for 1792 (c.)\nDitto for 1793 (c.)\nSurplus, which will probably remain unexpended of the sums appropriated for the War department for 1792. (d.)\nTotal Ways and Means,\nNotes.\n(a) This sum is estimated by adding to the ascertained product of the year 1791, an ascertained excess of the product of the first two quarters of the year 1792, beyond the product of the first two quarters of the year 1791, being 252.319 dollars, and eleven cents, and the estimated product, for a half year of the additional duties on imports, laid during the last Session of Congress, and commencing on the first of July last, being 261.750 dollars. According to the information hitherto received at the Treasury, there is every probability that the amount of the duties, for the last half year of 1792, will fully equal this calculation of their product; if in the ratio of the first half year, will exceed it.\n(b) This Estimate proceeds on the basis of the product of 1792, making a compromise of two considerations; one, an increase, which may be expected, equal to the difference between a whole and a half year\u2019s product of the additional duties above mentioned; the other, a decrease, which may arise, from a defalcation of the duties on foreign spirits, in consequence of the increase of domestic distillation. There is good ground to conclude, that the sum stated will rather fall short of, than exceed the actual product.\n(c.) This branch of the revenue is not yet in complete order; but enough is ascertained by actual returns, to afford a moral certainty, that the product cannot be materially less than is here stated.\n(d.) This surplus is thus deduced:\nThe total Appropriation for the War department for the year 1792, is\nThe total expenditure to the 27th. of October, was\nThe sum at that time estimated by the Secretary at War, to be further necessary to the end of the year, exclusive of provision supplies, is\nFor provisions and contingencies, may be stated a farther sum of\nBalance which will probably remain unexpended\nSome inconsiderable appropriations for particular purposes are unnoticed, because certain casual funds will probably, nearly, if not altogether balance them.\nTreasury Department, November 14th: 1792.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0037-0006", "content": "Title: Enclosure E: A Particular Statement of the Application of Fifty Thousand Dollars\u2026, 8 November 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Nourse, Joseph\nTo: \n      A Particular Statement of the Application of Fifty Thousand Dollars, Granted by an Act Making Certain Appropriations Therein Mentioned, Passed the 12th. August 1790, for the Purpose of Discharging Such Demands on the United States, Not Otherwise Provided for, As Shall Have Been Ascertained and Admitted in Due Course of Settlement at the Treasury, and Which Are of a Nature, According to the Usage Thereof, to Require Payment in Specie.\n      Warrant No. 660, dated September 11th: 1790, in favor of Israel Ludlow, a balance due him for executing a survey in 1788, (by direction of Thomas Hutchins, late Geographer to the United States) of the north and south boundaries of the tract of country sold Cutler and Sargent, by the late Board of Treasury\n      Warrant, No. 694, dated October 8th. 1790, in favor of William Irvin, T: Gilman and John Kean, Commissioners for adjusting the accounts of the several States against the Union, in full for their own, Clerks and Messenger\u2019s salaries, from 1st. July to 30th. September 1790\n      Warrant, No. 736, dated November 11th. 1790, in favor of James O\u2019Hara, late Contractor for supplying the troops in the western Territory, for provisions seized from him after the expiration of his contract, by the commanding Officer at Post St. Vincennes, including sundries delivered in August 1787, under the contract, amounting to 14:48 cents, for the use of the troops at said Post\n      Warrant, No. 748, dated November 22d. 1790, in favor of Israel Ludlow, for his expenses in bringing forward to the seat of Government, a return of the surveys made of the tract of country sold Cutler and Sargent, and for executing four draughts of the same, per direction of the Secretary of the Treasury\n      Warrant, No. 749, dated November 22d. 1790, in favor of Israel Ludlow, as agent for Absalom Martin, balance due to said Martin, for executing a survey, in the year 1788, of the western boundary of the tract of country sold Cutler and Sargent, by order of Thomas Hutchins, late Geographer of the United States\n      Warrant, No. 755, dated November 25th. 1790, in favor of Stephen Moore, for the purchase of land, called West Point, in pursuance of the Act of Congress, of 5th. July 1790, excluding the sum of 5000 dollars, due to Eleazer Levy for a mortgage thereon\n      Warrant, No. 753, dated November 25th. in favor of Joseph Nourse, Assignee of Samuel Baird, for a survey made by said Baird, by order of the Secretary of the western Territory, of the land at Post St. Vincennes, granted to the inhabitants of said place, pursuant to the Act of Congress of 29th. August 1788\n      Warrant, No. 754, dated November 25th, in favor of John Inskeep, Agent for John N: Cumming, for the transportation of public papers from New York to Philadelphia\n      Warrant, No. 769, dated December 7th. in favor of John Leamy, Agent for Joseph Ignatius Viar, Attorney for Joseph Gardoqui and sons, of Bilboa, for balance due to said Joseph Gardoqui and sons, on the books of Thomas Barclay, late Commissioner for adjusting the accounts in Europe, and an advance made by direction of John Adams to sundry American seamen who had been captured by the British\n      Warrant, No. 777, dated December 16th. in favor of Solomon M: Cohen, Attorney for Eleazer Levy, for the amount of a bond of mortgage in favor of said Levy (signed by Stephen Moore) on the lands called Westpoint, certified by the Secretary of War, to be lodged in his Office, which sum is the final balance, for the purchase of said land agreeably to contract\n      Warrant, No. 781, dated December 21st. 1790, in favor of Caleb Brewster, for this amount, allowed him by Act of Congress of the 11th. August last, for his sustenance and medical assistance, including interest to 1st. July, 1790\n      Warrant, No. 809, dated January 8th. 1791, in favor of Wm. Irvin, T: Gilman, and John Kean, Commissioners &c. for the balance of salary due to said Commissioners, their Clerks and messenger, from 1st. October to 31st. December 1790\n      Part of Warrant, No. 846, dated January 20th. 1791, in favor of Richard Adams, in part for Bills of Exchange, drawn on the late Commissioners at Paris, for interest due on money borrowed, and which remained unpaid\n      Warrant, No. 847, dated January 20th. 1791, in favor of Richard Adams, for the balance due to the said Adams, for the purposes above mentioned\n      Warrant, No. 845, dated January 20th. 1791, in favor of Benjamin Goodhue, agent for Francis Dana, for the services and expense of a private Secretary, by him, the said Francis Dana, employed, from 1st. July 1781, to 21st. April 1783, whilst on his embassy at the Court of St. Petersburg, Russia, pursuant to an Act of Congress of 2nd. October 1787\n      Warrant, No. 865, dated February 3d. 1791, in favor of Thomas Tillyer, for Bills of exchange, drawn on the late Commissioners at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed by the United States, and which remained unpaid\n      Warrant, No. 866, dated February 3d. 1791, in favor of Robert Patterson, for the purposes above mentioned\n      Warrant, No. 897, dated February 21st. 1791, in favor of Samuel A: Otis, Agent for John Hurd, for 2 setts of Exchange, No. 806 and No. 1494, drawn by M: Hillegas, for the purposes above mentioned\n      Warrant, No. 901, dated February 21st. in favor of Andrew Porter, for a sett of Exchange No. 5, drawn by Francis Hopkinson, for the purposes above mentioned\n      Warrant, No. 902, dated February 21st. in favor of Joseph Mercier, for a sett of Exchange, No. 63, drawn by Francis Hopkinson, for the purposes above mentioned\n      Warrant, No. 903, dated February 21st. 1791, in favor of Caleb Strong, Agent for Israel Chaping, for sundry expenditures incurred by him under Andrew Ellicott, in executing the surveys directed by Act of Congress of August 26th. 1789\n      Warrant, No. 905, dated February 21st. 1791, in favor of Samuel Baird, for executing surveys by order of the Governor of the western territory, of the land at Post St. Vincennes, granted to the inhabitants of said place, pursuance to an Act of Congress of 29th. August 1788\n      Warrant, No. 904, dated February 21st. 1791, in favor of Richard Platt, Agent for Elnathan Haskell, late Commissioner of accounts for the eastern district, for sundry contingent expenses of said Commissioner\u2019s Office, which accrued in the years 1787 and 1788\n      Warrant, No. 912, dated February 25th. 1791, in favor of \u2026 [Dutilh] and Wachsmuth, Agents for Samuel Dunn, for three setts of exchange, No. 309 and 310, drawn by Francis Hopkinson, and No. 1253, drawn by Michael Hillegas, on the Commissioners at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed by the United States, which remained unpaid\n      Warrant, No. 913, dated February 25th. 1791, in favor of Joshua Sands, for two setts of exchange, No. 805 and 1342, drawn by M: Hillegas, on the Commissioners at Paris, for interests due on monies borrowed by the United States, which remained unpaid\n      Warrant, No. 914, dated February 25th. 1791, in favor of Josiah Hewes, for three setts of Exchange, No. 788, 955, and 1390, drawn by Francis Hopkinson on the Commissioners at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed by the United States, which remained unpaid\n      Warrant, No. 922, dated March 2nd. 1791, in favor of Willing, Morris and Swanwick, in behalf of the late House of Samuel Inglis & Co. for two setts of exchange, No. 331, drawn on the Commissioners at Paris, and No. 801, on the Commissioner at Madrid\n      Warrant, No. 928, dated March 5th. 1791, in favor of Willing Morris and Swanwick, for a sett of exchange No. 520, drawn by Michael Hillegas, late Treasurer of the United States, on the Commissioners at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed by said States\n      Part of Warrant, No. 920, dated March 8th. 1791, in favor of Samuel Meredith, for carriage of money, and for commissions on deposits of money, in the Bank of Massachusetts\n      Warrant, No. 941, dated March 21st. 1791, in favor of John M: St. Clair, for laying off and drawing a plan of the town of Cahokia; by direction of the Governor of the western territory\n      Warrant, No. 963, dated March 31st. 1791, in favor of William Simmons, Attorney for several persons, clerks in the Offices attached to the Seat of Government\u2014monies due to the said Clerks, for their expenses, incurred by the removal of Congress from New York to Philadelphia; which expenses are authorised by an Act of Congress of March 3d. 1791\n      Warrant, No. 961, dated March 31st. 1791, in favor of Tench Coxe, Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, rent of the houses occupied, as Offices for the Secretary, Comptroller, Auditor and Register, from 12th. May to 31st. December 1790\n      Warrant, No. 967, dated March 31st. 1791, in favor of Edward Jones, Clerk in the Comptroller\u2019s Office, his expenses incurred by the removal of Congress from New York to Philadelphia, which expenses were authorised by Act of Congress, of March 3d. last\n      Warrant, No. 968, dated April 4th. 1791, in favor of Nicholas Gilman, Agent for Samuel Knowles, and John Whitter, balance due them for services performed in the second New Hampshire regiment, in the months of January and February 1783\n      Warrant, No. 983, dated April 7th. 1791, in favor of John Stagg, junr, R: J.: Van Den Broeck, and Constant Freeman, for their expences incurred by the removal of Congress from New York to Philadelphia per act of March 3d. last\n      Warrant, No. 993, dated April 7th. 1791, in favor of Nicholas Gilman, Agent for James St. Clair and William Hill, for services performed by them, being soldiers in the second New Hampshire regiment, in the months of January and February 1783.\n      Warrant, No. 1032, dated 23d. April 1791, in favor of Andrew Ellicott, for a balance due him for pay, from 24th. May to 17th. December 1790\n      Warrant, No. 1095, dated June 10th. 1791, in favor of John Inskeep, Attorney for Joseph Anderson, one of the Judges of the territory south of the Ohio, for said Judges salary, from 26th. February, to 31st. March 1791\n            Warrant, No. 1117, dated June 25th. 1791, in favor of Andrew G: Fraunces, for expenses incurred in fitting out a barge, for the late Board of Treasury, Secretary of foreign affairs and Secretary at War, in order to wait on the President of the United States, at Elizabeth Town point, by Order of the late Board of Treasury.\n      Warrant, No. 1118, dated June 25th. 1791, in favor of Isaac Sherman, Clerk, for expenses incurred by him in consequence of the removal of Congress from New York to Philadelphia, agreeably to an Act of Congress of 3d. March 1791\n      Warrant, No. 1119, dated 25th. June 1791, in favor of Robert Haysham, Clerk, for the same purposes as above mentioned\n      Warrant, No. 1120, dated June 25th. 1791, in favor of Benjamin Bankson, Clerk, for the same purposes as above mentioned\n      Warrant, No. 1121, dated June 25th. 1791, in favor of George Tudor, for a sett of Bills of Exchange, No. 27, drawn by M: Hillegas, on the Commissioners of the United States at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed by said States, which remained unpaid\n      Warrant, No. 1122, dated June 25th. 1791, in favor of Lewis De Blois, Agent for James F. Sebor, for a sett of Exchange No. 663, drawn by Michael Hillegas on the Commissioners of the United States at Paris, for the purposes above mentioned\n      Warrant, No. 1123, dated June 25th. 1791, in favor of Mark Pickard, for the 2d. 3d. and 4th. bills of exchange of six setts, numbered 319, 320, 321, 322, 385, and 386, drawn by M. Hillegas on the Commissioners of the United States at Paris, for the purposes above mentioned\n      Warrant, No. 1121, dated June 25th. 1791, in favor of James Glentworth, for seven setts of Exchange, No. 192, 981, 1302, 1303, 1304, 2319, and 2377, drawn by Michael Hillegas on the Commissioners of the United States at Paris, for the purposes above mentioned\n      Warrant, No. 1125, dated June 25th. 1791, in favor of Cornelius Barnes, Agent for Alexander Keith & Co. for the 1st. 3d. and 4th. bills of a sett of exchange, No. 38, drawn by Michael Hillegas, on the Commissioners of the United States at Paris, for the purpose above mentioned\n      Warrant, No. 1126, dated June 25th. 1791, in favor of Thomas G: Pollard, for a sett of exchange, No. 865, drawn by F. Hopkinson, on the Commissioners of the United States at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed by the United States, which remained unpaid, for the purposes above mentioned\n      Part of Warrant, No. 976, dated June 30th. 1791, in favor of Tench Coxe, Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, for balance of salaries in the office of the Secretary of the Treasury\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1132, dated July 2d. 1791, in favor of Tench Coxe, Assistant Secretary, for balance due for salary of the Secretary his Assistant, Clerks and Messenger\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1134, dated July 2d. 1791, in favor of Oliver Wolcott, junior, Comptroller, for a balance of salaries due sundry Clerks, messengers &c. employed in his Office, from 1st. April to 30th. June\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1136, dated July 2d. 1791, in favor of Joseph Nourse, Register, for the purpose above mentioned\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1137, dated July 2d. 1791, in favor of Henry Knox, Secretary at War, balance of salaries due sundry Clerks, messenger &c employed in his Office, from 1st. April to 10th. June\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1140, dated July 2d. 1791, in favor of Oliver Wolcott, junior, Auditor, balance due for same purpose as above\n      Warrant, No. 1139, dated July 2nd. 1791, in favor of Matthew Mc.Connell, Assignee of Nathaniel Appleton, Commissioner of loans, for the balance of said Commissioner\u2019s salary, from 1st. January to 31st. March 1791; likewise for sundry contingent expenses of his Office, and for his Clerks salaries from various periods, up to 31st. March\n      Warrant, No. 1150, dated July 8th. in favor of David Henley, Clerk, for expences incurred by him, in consequence of the removal of Congress from New York to Philadelphia, agreeably to their Act, passed 3d. March 1791\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1156, dated July 8th. 1791, in favor of Samuel Meredith, agent for Edmund Randolph, for a balance of salary due him, from 1st. April, to 30th. June 1791\n      Warrant, No. 1163, dated July 8th. 1791, in favor of Joseph Howell, for the salary of Lynde Catlin, clerk, employed under him in arranging the accounts of the late Office of Army Accounts\n      Warrant, No. 1174, dated July 11th. 1791, in favor of John Inskeep, Attorney for Joseph Anderson, one of the Judges of the territory south of the Ohio, for the said Judge\u2019s salary, from the 1st. day of April, to 30th. of June 1791\n      Warrant, No. 1170, dated July 11th. 1791, in favor of Joseph Hopkinson, executor to the estate of Francis Hopkinson, for a sett of Bills of exchange, No. 1165, drawn by Michael Hillegas, on the late Commissioners at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed, by the United States, which remain unpaid\n      Warrant, No. 1182, dated July 16th. 1791, in favor of John Meyer, Agent for George H: Remsen, late a Clerk &c. for expenses incurred in consequence of the removal of Congress from New York to the seat of government, per Act of the 3d. March 1791\n      Warrant, No. 1186, dated July 23d. 1791, in favor of James Gibson, Attorney for Anna Gibson, executrix to the estate of John Gibson, for two setts of exchange, No. 45 and 108, drawn on the Commissioners at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed by the United States, and which remained unpaid\n      Warrant, No. 1197, dated July 28th. 1791, in favor of Thomas Mc.Ewen, Attorney for Joseph Martin, late agent for the Cherokee and Chickasaw Indians, for the said Martin\u2019s Salary, from 20th. July 1788, to the 20th. March 1789, agreeably to an Act of Congress of June 19th. and 20th. August, 1788\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1222, dated August 10th. 1791, in favor of Joseph Hardy, Clerk, for his salary, from 1st. to 15th. July 1791, and for the expenses incurred by himself and family, from New York to Philadelphia, allowed by Act of Congress of 3d. March last\n      Warrant, No. 1226, dated August 10th. 1791, in favor of John Fenno, printing work done for the Office of the Secretary of the Treasury, in June and July last\n      Warrant, No. 1227, dated August 27th. 1791, in favor of Henry Drinker, junior, executor to the estate of Richard Vaux, for two setts of exchange, No. 1978, and 2054, drawn by Francis Hopkinson on the late Commissioners of the United States at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed by said States, which remain unpaid\n      Warrant, No. 1230, dated August 22d. 1791, in favor of Antoine R: C: M: De la Forest, Vice Consul General of France, part of the amount due to his most Christian Majesty, for supplies furnished in the West Indies, by the Navy department of France, to sundry ships of War of the United States, agreeably to a settlement made at the Treasury, on 28th. February last\n      Warrant, No. 1282, dated October 13th. 1791. in favor of George Meade, for the first Bills of two setts of exchange, No. 2701, and 2702, drawn on the late Commissioner at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed by the United States, which monies remain unpaid\n      Warrant, No. 1283, dated October 13th. 1791, in favor of William Irvine, for the fourth bills of three setts of exchange, No. 73, 857 and 858, drawn on the late Commissioners at Paris, for the above purposes\n      Warrant, No. 1291, dated October 13th. 1791, in favor of John White, Agent for John Templeman, for a sett of bills of Exchange, No. 1259, drawn on the late Commissioners at Paris, for the purposes above mentioned\n      Warrant, No. 1324, dated October 26th. 1791, in favor of Nathan Osgood, Agent for Nathaniel Chipman, District Judge of Vermont, on account of said Chipman\u2019s salary from 4th. March, 1791, to the 30th. September following\n            Warrant, No. 1340, dated October 31st. 1791, in favor of James Sawyer, Assistant to Lewis R: Morris, Marshall for the district of Vermont, on account of the compensation due to the said L: R: Morris, for himself and Assistants, in taking the enumeration of the inhabitants of Vermont\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1296, dated November 2d. 1791, in favor of Edmund Randolph, Attorney General, for his salary from 1st. July to 30th. September 1791\n      Warrant, No. 1296, dated November 2d. 1791, in favor of John Inskeep, Attorney for Joseph Anderson, one of the Judges of the western territory, for said Anderson\u2019s salary, from 1st. July to 30th. September 1791\n      Warrant, No. 1304, dated November 2d. 1791, in favor of Joseph Howell, for the salary of Lynde Catlin, from 1st. July to 30th. September 1791\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1270, dated November 2d. 1791, in favor of Tench Coxe, Assistant Secretary, for balance of salaries in his Office, from 1st. July to 30th. September 1791\n      Part of Warrant, No 1271, dated November 2d. 1791, in favor of Joseph Nourse, Register, for the same purposes as above\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1273, dated November 2d. 1791, in favor of Henry Knox, Secretary at War, for the same purposes as above\n      Part of Warrant No. 1275, dated November 2d. 1791, in favor of Oliver Wolcott, junior, Comptroller of the Treasury, for the same purposes as above\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1281, dated November 2d. 1791, in favor of Kean and Irvine &c. Commissioners for settling State accounts, for the same purposes as above\n      Warrant, No. 1348, dated November 11th. 1791, in favor of Jonathan Sturges, for two setts of exchange, No. 575 and 27 3, drawn by Francis Hopkinson, Treasurer of Loans, on the late Commissioners of the United States at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed by said States\n      Warrant, No. 1363, dated December 2d. 1791, in favor of Israel Smith, Agent for Nathaniel Chipman, Judge of the district of Vermont, balance of an account due to him for his salary, as adjusted at the Treasury, the 21st. October last\n      Warrant, No. 1365, dated December 18th. 1791, in favor of Charles Jervais, for a sett of Exchange, No. 1540, drawn by Michael Hillegas on the late Commissioners at Paris, for the payment of interest on monies borrowed by the United States, which remain unpaid\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1409, dated January 19th. 1792, in favor of Tench Coxe, Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, for part of the Salary of the Secretary, Assistant Secretary, their Clerks, and Messenger &c. from 1st. October to 31st. December 1791\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1410, dated January 19th, 1792, in favor of Oliver Wolcott, Comptroller of the Treasury, part of his own, Clerks and Messenger\u2019s salary, from do. to do.\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1411, dated January 19th. 1792, in favor of Richard Harrison, Auditor, part of his own, Clerks and Messenger\u2019s salary, from do. to do.\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1412, dated January 19th. 1792, in favor of Joseph Nourse, Register, part of his own, Clerks and Messenger\u2019s salary, from do. to do.\n      Part of Warrant No. 1414, dated January 19th. 1792, in favor of Henry Knox, Secretary at War, part of his own, Clerks and Messenger\u2019s salary from do. to do.\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1429, dated January 19th, 1792, in favor of Samuel Meredith, Agent for Edmund Randolph, in part of his salary as Attorney General of the United States, from do. to do.\n      Warrant, No. 1477, dated January 19th, 1792, in favor of Joseph Howell, for the salary of Lynde Catlin, a Clerk employed in the Treasury department, by direction of the Secretary, in arranging the accounts of the late Office of Army accounts, and for sundry contingent expenses, from October to 31st. December 1791\n      Warrant, No. 1487, dated January 19th. 1792, in favor of Henry Kuhl, for his services as a Clerk employed in the Treasury department, to examine bills of credit of the old emissions for loan, in order to detect counterfeits, from 1st. April, to 30th. September 1791\n      Warrant, No. 1503, dated January 30th. 1792, in favor of David Allison, agent for Robert King and Richard Fields, for their compensation in going express to the Chiefs of the Cherokee nation, in October 1788\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1512, dated February 10th. 1792, in favor of A: C: M: De la Forest, Consul of France, balance of an account due to his most Christian Majesty, for supplies furnished out of the king\u2019s magazines, to sundry American ships of War, in the West Indies, from 1781 to 1783, agreeably to a certificate\n      Warrant, No. 1587, dated March 19th. 1792, in favor of Joseph Nourse, Register, for expenses incurred in removing the books, papers and furniture of the several Offices of the Treasury department, from New York to the Seat of government, in October 1790\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1614, dated April 2d. 1792, in favor of Tench Coxe, Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, in part of the salary of the Secretary, the Assistant, his Clerks and Messenger, from January 1st. to March 31st. 1792\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1627, dated April 3d. 1792, in favor of Joseph Nourse, Register, in part of the salaries of said Register, his Clerks and Messengers, from January 1st. to March 31st. 1792\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1618, dated April 3d. 1792, in favor of Henry Knox, Secretary at War, part of the salary of himself, Clerks and Messenger, from do. to do.\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1631, dated April 3d. 1792, in favor of William Irvine, and Woodberry Langdon, Commissioners for settling State accounts, in part of chief Clerk\u2019s salary from do. to do.\n      Warrant, No. 1652, dated April 6th. 1792, in favor of Benjamin Goodhue, for the two first bills of two setts of exchange, No. 570 and 1625, drawn by Michael Hillegas, on the late Commissioners of the United States at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed by said States, and which remained unpaid\n      Warrant, No. 1672, dated April 10th. 1792, in favor of Fisher Ames, for the second bills of two setts of exchange, drawn by Michael Hillegas, on the late Commissioners of the United States, at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed by said States, and which remained unpaid\n      Part of Warrant, No. 1741, dated May 11th. 1792, in favor of Joseph Nourse, Assignee of Thomas Tredwell, for two setts of exchange, No. 1672 and 1673, drawn by Francis Hopkinson, Treasurer of loans, on the Commissioners of the United States, at Paris, for interest due on monies borrowed by said States, and which remained unpaid.\n      Dollars,\n  Treasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, November 8th,\n  I certify, that the foregoing is a true\n    extract from the Treasury Books.\n  Joseph Nourse, Register.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0038", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [15 November\u20133 December 1792]\nFrom: Hammond, George,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nPhiladelphia [November 15\u2013December 3, 1792]\nIn a recent conversation which I have had with Mr Hamilton, that Gentleman informed me that this government has in its possession the most indisputable proofs of an active interference on the part of the Spanish government in exciting the Creeks and Cherokees to war against the United States. He added that Baron Corrondolet, Governor of West Florida, had furnished the Indians with considerable supplies and ammunition for carrying into effect their hostile purposes. A confidential communication of these circumstances has been made to the two houses of Congress, but as during the reading of those papers, the doors were shut, I have not yet been able to ascertain the precise extent of the information submitted.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0039", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, 15 November 1792\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston, November 15, 1792. \u201cYour Circular letter to the Collectors of the Customs under the date of Octr 25 has been received by me. In that letter I am requested to furnish you as early as possible with an estimate of the amount of bounties payable in this district on fishing vessels. It is out of my power to comply with the request with any degree of Exactness as we have not more than ten or fifteen vessels which make their fish in this district. Our merchants here are interested in vessels in different districts where they make their fish. Whether they will apply for the bonds there or here where the supplies are received I know not. I am persuaded that no evil will arise to individuals or to the public from this state of uncertainty as I am always in cash to pay all such bounties as can be demanded from me.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0040", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 15 November 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, November 15, 1792. \u201cAgreeable to your circular Letter of the 25th of Octr. I enclose an Estimate of the Amot. of Bounty wch.\u2026 fishing Vessels belonging to this District, will be entitled to on the last Day of Decemr. next.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0041", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 15 November 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Providence, November 15, 1792. On November 27, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Olney: \u201cYour letter of the 15th instant has been duly received \u2026 in relation to the Brig Neptune.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0043", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [17 November 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, November 17, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respectful Compliments to The Secretary of State and sends two Copies of the Report of the Trustees of the Sinking Fund agreed upon last night with the requisite documents for each. This is the last day for presenting them; so that even if either House should not sit it will be proper to forward the Report to the Presiding Officer.\nThe S of the T. will wait upon the Secretary of State at two OClock to day, if he hears nothing to the contrary, to adjust finally, the affair of Mr. Ternants application for the supply of St Domingo.\nNovember 17th 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0046", "content": "Title: Report of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, [17 November 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, November 17, 1792Communicated on November 19, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate]\nThe Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate, The Chief Justice, The Secretary of State, The Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney General respectfully report to The Congress as follows\u2014\nThat pursuant to the Act intitled An Act making provision for the reduction of the Public Debt and in conformity to resolutions agreed upon by them and severally approved by the President of the United States they have since their last Report caused purchases of the said Debt to be made through the Agency of Samuel Meredith Treasurer of the United States and William Seton Cashier of the Bank of New York respectively to the amount of Three hundred and twenty five thousand three hundred and seventy eight dollars and sixty two Cents, for which there have been paid Two hundred and forty two thousand, six hundred and eighty eight dollars and thirty one Cents in Specie as will more particularly appear by the several documents herewith submitted marked A, B, C.\nThat pursuant to the Act intitled \u201cAn Act supplementary to the Act making provision for the Debt of the United States\u201d and in conformity to resolutions agreed upon by them and severally approved by the President of the United States they have also caused purchases of the said debt to be made through the Agency of Samuel Meredith Treasurer of the United States to the amount of Thirty eight thousand seven hundred and fourteen dollars and fifty one Cents; for which there have been paid Twenty five thousand nine hundred and sixty nine dollars and ninety six Cents in specie as will more particularly appear by the document herewith submitted marked D:\nAn Abstract of the whole of which purchases is contained in the Statement E, herewith also reported amounting to Three hundred and sixty four thousand and ninety three dollars and thirteen Cents; for which there have been paid Two hundred and sixty eight thousand six hundred and fifty eight dollars and twenty seven Cents in specie.\nThat the said several documents marked A, B, C, D (which are submitted as part of this report) shew in detail the places where, the times when, the prices at which, and the persons of whom the purchases aforesaid have been made.\nThat the purchases now and heretofore reported amount together to One Million, four hundred and ninety five thousand, four hundred and fifty seven dollars and eighty nine Cents; for which there have been paid Nine hundred and sixty seven thousand, eight hundred and twenty one dollars and sixty five Cents in specie; and for which credits have been passed on the Books of the Treasury, as will be more particularly seen by the Certified Statement herewith also submitted marked F.\nOn behalf of the BoardTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0049", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James McHenry, 18 November 1792\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAnnapolis 18th Novr. 1792\nMy dear Sir\nWe have scattered in air the long string of amendments that had been proposed to be incorporated into our constitutution by those who were no friends to the U.S.\u2019s constitution, so we remain a free people and a tolerably virtuous people.\nThere are three or four bills before the house and to come before the house in which I feel an interest and which will detain me here perhaps two weeks. I shall then take my station at my little farm with my little wife, where if my health returns, I shall envy no man\u2019s happiness. Before I leave this however I wish you could say something to me respecting Mr. Perry. The supervisorship of the excise of the Eastern shore I suggested to you long since. His exertions in a late election has been uncommon. The opponent of Mr. Hindman tho\u2019 connected with good federalists is nevertheless the disciple of Mercer and would have been his implicit and devoted follower. This was known to his friends, but it became a family affair, and of course Hindmans friends were obliged to make use of all the means in their power. It fell heaviest on Perry. Give me some comfort for him\u2014and destroy this letter.\nYours affectionately\nJames McHenry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0051", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, November 19, 1792. \u201cI have the honor to inclose to you a statement of the substance of the two Acts of the President of the United States of the 4th. of August and 29th of October last relative to the compensations and expences in the Business of the Revenue, together with the estimates E and A refered to therein. Also a draught of a communication from the President to the Legislature, applicable to the present occasion, and similar to that of the last year.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0052", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Fenno, [19 November\u20133 December 1792]\nFrom: Fenno, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, November 19\u2013December 3, 1792]\nSir,\nIn lieu of a narrative in my own writing the enclosed paper, with the marginal addition, contains all the facts. I would have transcribed it, but have not time.\nYou will please Sir, to note the enclosed Account.\nMonday Morning", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0053-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Heth, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Heth, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCollectors OfficeBerma Hundred [Virginia] 19th Novr. 92\nDr Sir\nEnclosed you have copy\u2019s of a letter from me to the United States Atty for this District, with his answer, which are transmitted at his request.\nFinding that, several weeks after my first letter\u2014process had not been served upon Horton, I wrote again, repeating the information & beging to know whether my first had been recd\u2014some days ago, I saw him in Richmond, when he gave me the answer, of which the enclosed is a copy, & which had been laying some time for an opportunity of conveying it to this place. I satisfyd him, that he was mistaken as to the five cases in which you had remitted in \u201ccases like that of the Abigail\u201d\u2014Allyn\u2019s being the only one\u2014and this, was not publickly known\u2014i.e.\u2014it was not enterd on record. However, he mentioned some cases wch arose in the Norfolk District in which you had remitted, & which, with the decision on Hunts case\u2014produced the determination in the present Instance. I hope I shall not be considered as exceeding the bounds of my duty, if I add that Mr. Campbell\u2019s opinion & sentiments on this subject, are precisely those, of the other officers of this District Court\u2014and, for my own part candor obliges me to declare that, if I did not feel myself indispensibly bound by my oath, to direct process to be instituted in all cases where the laws are violated & where, I have no discretionary powers, I should certainly not have given any notice to the Attorney in the present case. For, as I told you in person, the decision on Hunts case filld every body with astonishment, except those, who offerd bets upon the petition being presented, that he would be relieved. Had I been a sporting man I would have risqued my all that he would not. With Lyle & McCredies case upon record\u2014I deemd, & so did the Court\u2014the remission impossible. Lyle & McCredie had no agency in the business, & were as innocent as children of the transaction by which they lost their goods. Hunt was apprized of the hazard to which his goods were exposed\u2014enquired into the nature of the risque\u2014askd advice of Colo. Carrington & myself\u2014and was very particularly informd by me, how to save them from seizure, & which he might have done at a very trifling expence\u2014and surely, the Judge transmitted you both Carringtons, & my deposition.\nI have Just given Mr Campbell information of the arrival of another American Master, without reporting below\u2014and who produced no paper whatsoever here, but the register\u2014saying that he had \u201cnothing but sand ballast from Bilboa.\u201d He appeard to be no more concernd at my telling him he had incurrd a penalty & shewing him the law, than if I had sung him a stave or two of Chevychase\u2014and absolutely laughd at every thing that was said. Indeed, before I came to the office, he had treated my clerk with a good deal of contempt, by insinuating that he knew his duty better than he could tell him, that \u201che knew Congr\u27e8ess\u27e9 very well, & could go there and speak to his cause as well as any body.\u201d This man comes to the same Merchant that Henry Rust did (who is as guilty of the same offence). He, and his connections are the only people in this District, whom I suspect to be concernd in illicit commerce & this Man may have loaded half a dozen, or more small vessels under 20 tons\u2014in the capes as he came up the river. Well persuaded I am, that he came not entirely in Ballast, tho\u2019 he has signd & sworn to it. I have begd Mr. Campbell to order serch in this case, but, whether he will, or not I cant say. Something must be done, or we shall all go wrong. Having written with too much freedom perhaps for an Official letter, I have concluded to make this a private one\u2014and am Dear Sir, with the sincerest wishes for your happiness & prosperity, and the warmest sentiments of affection and friendship\nYrs\nWill HethColo. A Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0053-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Heth to Alexander Campbell, 14 September 1792\nFrom: Heth, William\nTo: Campbell, Alexander\nCollectors OfficeBermuda Hundred [Virginia] Sept 14th 1792\nSir\nSamuel Horton entered the Ship Abigail an American Bottom, yesterday as Master or Commander, with a very large Cargo from London, without reporting at Hampton or Norfolk agreeably to the fou[r]th Section of the Collection Law, tho he delivered his Letters to a very great number at the Post Office in the latter Port. The Manifest which he delivered, such as it is\u2014was made at Sea. Besides being defective in point of form as required by the 9th 11th 12th & 16th Sections of the Collection Law, he has not inserted the Name of a single Consignee in the whole Manifest, so he will have now to make out another report or Manifest before I can possibly enter the Cargo in my Books. He is now in Port.\nI am Sir &c.\nWill Heth\nToAlex Campbell esqAttorney GeneralRichmond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0053-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Alexander Campbell to William Heth, 1 November 1792\nFrom: Campbell, Alexander\nTo: Heth, William\nRichmond 1st Nov 1792\nDear sir\nI received your favors relating to the Ship Abigail, You will be Pleased to be assured that in all communications from you, I feel myself desiring of pursuing what you think proper to be done: and this because I have had great reason to confide in your judgment with respect to the Subjects of your Office: but it becomes me, in some measure to consider the current of Decisions in the Treasury and where I find a Principle istablished there, to prevent expence to the Individual & mortification to ourselves, in Cases, where if that principle be adhered to, our process wou\u2019d be of none avail.\nIn a Case like that of the Abigail there are no less than five Cases, in which the Secretary of the Treasury has released. How long he will continue to do so I cannot tell: but it seems to me that he will continue to do so, and that unless Congress interfere, there will be no possibility of judging as to the propriety of instituting process in any Case where he is the ultimate Judge. Indeed I have been o[b]liged, as you know, to take Judgment merely for Costs in a number of Instances, where the parties tho within the mischief & letter of the Congressional Law, wou\u2019d, I was certain, be releaved by the Secretary, either entirely or in such a manner as to bring the Court & its Officers into Contempt. Conversing freely with those who trespass upon the regulations of Congress, I know, certainly, that the Service of process here does not excite in the greater part, of them, one uneasy feeling. They all look forward to a Treasury remission, and as they generally procure that, the Institution of process here becomes a mere Subject of ridicule. I have scrutinized the orders of remission from the Secretary, most carefully, in order to ascertain the principle of them: but their repugnancy is such as to shut out all hope of deriving from them any rule for my government in the Institution of process. The Case of Hunt stands as an high barrier against every rule, which I thought out to operate upon a Case like his. I have therefore declined to issue process in the Case of the Ship Abigail and as I may stand in need of a Justification, I hope you will be so good, as to transmit your letter & a Copy of this, to the Secretary of the Treasury, who, I am sure will find it necessary to adopt some Rule on the Subject to prevent the Confusion and take away that incertainty which have so much clogged the process of our Court in this District.\nI am sir with great Esteem & respect your very \u2003 Obt servt.\nAlexr. Campbell\nTo William Heth esqCollectorBermuda Hundred", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0054", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [19 November 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, November 19, 1792]\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson. On reflection he concluded it to be most in order to address his communication on the subject of Mr Ternant\u2019s application to the President. A copy which is sent herewith will apprise Mr. Jefferson of its precise import.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0055", "content": "Title: Report on Several Petitions Seeking Compensation for Property Damaged or Destroyed During the Late War, [19 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, November 19, 1792  Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom were referred the several petitions in the list hereunto annexed, specified, respectfully makes the following Report, thereupon.\nThe said several petitions seek compensation for property of the respective petitioners used, damaged or destroyed by the Army of the United States, during the late War with Great Britain.\nIn the course of the war, the Officers in the several departments of the civil staff were competent to the purposes of liquidating and compensating similar claims, as far as the nature of military service, and other necessary considerations would permit. But as many circumstances conspire to render this power of compensation and relief not adequate to all the cases, in which it was proper they should be applied, the United States in Congress assembled, on the 20th of February 1782 passed the following resolution.\n\u201cThat a Commissioner for each State, for the purposes hereinafter expressed, be appointed, as follows. He shall be nominated by the Superintendant of the Finances of the United States, and approved of by the Legislature or the Executive of the particular State, for which he shall have been nominated; and upon the death, refusal or inability to act, of such Commissioner, another person to supply his place shall be nominated by the Superintendant of the Finances, and approved of by the Executive, or the Delegates attending in Congress, of the State, for which he shall be nominated, as the Legislature of the State shall direct: That the said Commissioner so appointed, shall have full power and authority, finally to settle the accounts between the State, for which he shall have been nominated, and the United States; that all accounts of monies advanced, supplies furnished, or services performed, between the United States and a particular State, shall be estimated according to the table of depreciation framed by the Board of Treasury on the 29th day of July 1780, in consequence of the resolution of the 28th day of June preceding, to the time the same is extended; provided always, that specific supplies, furnished pursuant to requisitions of Congress, shall be settled agreeably to the prices mentioned in such requisitions: That he be also fully empowered and directed to liquidate and settle in specie value all certificates given for supplies, by public Officers to individuals, and other claims against the United States by individuals, for supplies furnished the Army, the transportation thereof, and contingent expenses thereon, within the said State, according to the principles of equity and good conscience, in all cases, which are not or shall not be provided for by Congress.\u201d\n\u201cThat the said Commissioners respectively give public and early notices of the times and places of their settling, and the districts within which they settle accounts, that as well the public Officers, as private individuals, may have an opportunity to attend.\u201d\n\u201cAnd it is hereby further recommended, to the several Legislatures of the respective States, to grant the Commissioner, by a law to be enacted for the purpose, a power to call witnesses, and examine them upon oath or affirmation, touching such claims and accounts as shall be produced, for liquidation and settlement.\u201d\nOn the 3d of June 1784, the following resolutions were passed in Congress.\n\u201cThat the Commissioners make reasonable allowance for the use of stores and other buildings, hired for the use of the United States, by persons having authority to contract for the same, but that rent be not allowed for buildings which, being abandoned by the owners, were occupied by the troops of the United States.\u201d\n\u201cThat such compensation, as the Commissioners may think reasonable, be made for wood, forage, or other property of individuals, taken by order of any proper officer, or applied to, or used for the benefit of the army of the United States, upon producing to him satisfactory evidence thereof, by the testimony or one or more disinterested witnesses.\u201d\n\u201cThat, according to the laws and usages of nations, a State is not obliged to make compensation for damages done to its citizens, by an enemy, or wantonly or unauthorized by its own troops; yet humanity requires that some relief should be granted to persons, who, by such losses, are reduced to indigence and want; and, as the circumstances of such sufferers are best known to the States to which they belong, that it be referred to the several States (at their own expense) to grant such relief to their citizens, who have been injured, as aforesaid, as they may think requisite; and if it shall hereafter appear reasonable, that the United States should make any allowance to any particular States, who may be burthened much beyond others, that the allowance ought to be determined by Congress; but that no allowance be made by the Commissioners for settling accounts, for any charges of that kind against the United States.\u201d\nThese resolutions appear to the Secretary to have made provision for the different descriptions of cases, as proper, all circumstances considered, as could well have been devised. If it has not answered every equitable purpose, which ought to have been answered, it must be owing to a defective execution.\nIt is indeed suggested, that by reason of the Commissioners not having been, a sufficient time, in the execution of their offices, from having been less time, in proportion, in some States that in others, from having used unequal degrees of diligence, many claims have failed of a settlement, as well founded as others that were adjusted, and in a greater degree in some States than in others.\nThere is, probably, foundation for both these suggestions; yet a remedy is both difficult and dangerous. The discretion vested in the Commissioners was originally a very delicate one. It could only be advantageously exercised by persons immediately in the scenes, where compensations were demanded, who could make a minute enquiry into circumstances, and judge of the personal character and credit of witnesses. The subsequent lapse of time has added to the difficulty of investigating satisfactorily claims, which generally rest on evidence merely oral, and which intrinsically are liable to much vagueness, exaggeration and abuse.\nMany of them are barred by the Acts of limitation. It is presumed, that the extreme danger of abuse, with regard to the public, is a sufficient reason for maintaining strictly that bar against claims of such a complexion, though there may be cause to regret individual hardships in consequence.\nFrom the difference in the situation of the Accounting Officers of the Treasury, compared with that of the Commissioners, in respect to the means of investigation, a doubt has been entertained, whether they were competent to the adjustment of similar claims, as far as they have been recognized by the Acts of Congress, and have been preferred in time. But on more full and mature consideration, it is conceived, that their power is competent to such adjustment, and, unless otherwise directed, they will proceed accordingly; duly impressed, nevertheless, with the necessity of extraordinary caution and circumspection.\nThe Secretary, upon the whole matter, respectfully submits it, as his opinion, that it is advisable, carefully to forbear a special interposition of the Legislature, in favor of similar claims.\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 19th. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0056", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department November 19th 1792\nSir\nI have carefully reflected on the application of Mr. Ternant, for an additional supply of money for the use of the Colony of St Domingo on account of the Debt due to France; which I regard more and more as presenting a subject extremely delicate and embarrassing.\nTwo questions arise \u2003 1 \u2003 as to the ability of the UStates to furnish the money, which is stated at about 326000 Dollars, in addition to the sum remaining of the 400000 Dollars some time since promised \u2003 2 \u2003 as to the propriety of doing it on political considerations.\nWith regard to ability, I feel little doubt that it will be in the power of the Treasury to furnish the sum; yet circumstanced as we are, with the possibility of more extensive demands, than at present exist, for exigencies of a very serious nature, I think it would not be desireable to be bound by a positive stipulation for the intire amount.\nWith regard to the propriety of the measure on political considerations more serious difficulties occur.\nThe late suspension of the King, which is officially communicated, and the subsequent abolition of Royalty by the Convention, which the News papers announced with every appearance of authenticity, essentially change for the moment the condition of France.\nIf a restoration of the King should take place, I am of opinion, that no payment which might be made in the Interval would be deemed regular or obligatory. The admission of it to our credit would consequently be considered as matter of discretion, according to the opinion entertained of its merit and utility. A payment to the newly constituted power, as a reimbursement in course, or in any manner, which would subject it to be used in support of the change, would doubtless be rejected.\nAn advance, however, to supply the urgent necessities of a part of the French Empire struggling under the misfortune of an insurrection of the nature of that which has for some time distressed and now exposes to the danger of total ruin by Famine the colony of St Domingo is of a different complexion. Succours furnished in such a situation, under due limitations, would be so clearly an act of humanity and friendship, of such evident utility to the French Empire, that no future government could refuse to allow a credit for them without a disregard of moderation and Equity. But the claim for such credit would not be of a nature to be regularly and of course valid; consequently would be liable to be disputed.\nThe condition in which the Colony has lately placed itself by espousing the last change which has been made in France, operates as a serious difficulty in the case and may be made a ground of objection to any aid which may be given them.\nThere is even a question whether there be now any organ of the French nation which can regularly ask the succour\u2014whether the Commission to Mr. Ternant be not virtually superseded.\nIt is also an objection (in the view of regularity and validity) to the supply asked, that the Decree of the National Assembly, on which it is founded, contemplated a negotiation between the Executive Power in France and our Minister there. The Channel has not been pursued and no substitute has been provided. The business wants organisation in every sense.\nFrom these premisses I deduce, that nothing can be done without risk to the United States\u2014that therefore as little as possible ought to be done\u2014that whatever may be done should be cautiously restricted to the single idea of preserving the colony from destruction by Famine\u2014that in all communications on the subject care should be taken to put it on this footing & even to avoid the explicit recognition of any regular authority in any person.\nUnder these cautions and restrictions (but not otherwise) I beg leave to submit it as my opinion, that succours ought to be granted; notwithstanding the degree of risk which will attend it. That they should be effected by occasional advances without previous stipulation, and with only a general assurance that the United States disposed to contribute by friendly offices to the preservation of an important portion of the French empire and to that of French Citizens from the calamity of Famine will endeavour from time to time as far as circumstances shall permit to afford means of sustenance.\nAccording to a statement of M. Dela Foret the provisions desired to be shipped in the course of November would amount to 83.800 Dollars including the total supply of Fish & Oil. Towards this he computes the application of 50000 Dollars out of the remainder of the 400000 Dollars heretofore promised which would leave a deficiency of 38.800 Dollar. This sum or in round numbers 40000 Dollars can be engaged to be furnished\u2014and in December if no future circumstances forbid a further sum can be engaged to be supplied payable at a future short period. It will be proper that the most precise measures should be taken to ascertain from time to time the investment of the monies supplied in purchasing and forwarding provisions from this Country to the Colony in question.\nIt has been heretofore understood that the ballance of the sum some time since stipulated was to be furnished; which accordingly has been and is doing.\nEngagements for supplies have been entered into upon the basis of that stipulation & payments to as great if not a greater amount are becoming due in which the Citizens of the UStates are materially interested.\nThe caution which is deemed necessary has reference not only to the safety of the UStates in a pecuniary respect but to the consideration of avoiding a dangerous commitment, which may even prove a source of misunderstanding between this Country and the future Government of the French Nation. From all that is hitherto known there is no ground to conclude that the Governing Power by the last advices will be of long duration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0058", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Purviance, 20 November 1792\nFrom: Purviance, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore, November 20, 1792. \u201cOne hundred and forty six Quarter Casks wine were imported.\u2026 After they were landed, it was discovered that nine of the Casks had sustained damage during the voyage by leakage.\u2026 The importer claims a deduction of duties in consequence of the leakage, but as all the ullage casks together are worth as much or more than first cost the collecter doubts the propriety [of] making him any allowance, and as this case will often occur he wishes to be instructed by you.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0059", "content": "Title: Report on Several Petitions, [20 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, November 20, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom were referred the several petitions specified in the list herewith transmitted, respectfully reports thereupon.\nThat the objects of the said several petitions have either been subsequently considered and decided upon, by the legislature, or have been comprised in general reports heretofore submitted, whereby a special report thereupon is rendered unnecessary.\nWhich is humbly submitted,\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasry.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 20, 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0061", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792]\nTh: Jefferson has the honour to inclose to the Secretary of the Treasury a copy of his letter to M. de Ternant, communicated to the President & approved by him; also a copy of the note of approbation from the French court of which he spoke to him, with the estimate of M. de la Forest which the Secretary of the Treasury might perhaps wish to keep by him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0062", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Joseph Ball and Isaac Ledyard, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred by the House of Representatives the petition of Joseph Ball and Isaac Ledyard, respectfully submits the following report thereupon.\nThe said petition contains the following suggestions.\n\u201cThat an armed Dutch Ship, named the Renown, owned chiefly by Mr. John Ball, Burgher of St. Eustatius, and employed by him in a trade between that place and Virginia, was, on the 4th. day of March 1781, in the Bay of Chesapeake, having on board her cargo, consisting of one hundred and eighty three hogsheads of Crop Tobacco, manned and equipped for sea, with twenty carriage guns, and a sufficient supply of small arms and ammunition, and then having received sailing orders.\u201d\n\u201cThat at this time, and under these circumstances, the said Ship was impressed by the honorable Thomas Jefferson Esquire, then Governor of the State of Virginia, with the advice of their Council of State, to co-operate with General Baron Steuben, in an attack which was then meditated against a British Army in Portsmouth, under the command of General Arnold.\u201d\n\u201cThat Captain William Lewis, her commander, did enter regular protest.\u201d\n\u201cThat her Cargo was relanded to fit her for war, and afterwards destroyed by the British, when they took and burned Norfolk.\u201d\n\u201cThat soon after, a British fleet came to the relief of their troops in Portsmouth. That the ship Renown was pursued up the river, as far as was practicable for ships of her burthen to go, and there taken. That his Excellency Governor Jefferson, in Council, caused the ship and cargo to be valued, and warranted them against all losses and detentions in consequence of the seizure. That the command of the ship was afterwards assumed by General Baron Steuben, with consent of his Excellency Governor Jefferson, and that he did, in like manner, as before by Governor Jefferson, warrant the property in the name and behalf of the United States. All which appears by original and attested papers, copies of which are hereunto subjoined. That Hunter, Banks and Company, who were agents for the said ship in Virginia, did petition the Legislature of that State, praying pay for said Ship and Cargo, and their Committee did report, as above, but more fully, and that order should issue on their Treasurer for payment, which report was not acted upon. That some time after Mr. Ball came, himself, to America, renewed the application to the State of Virginia, and continued his solicitations until September 1786, when he died in Virginia. That the State of Virginia did finally refuse to pay for the Ship, but agreed to pay her hire. That Mr. Ball being, for a long time, absent from America, was unacquainted with the propriety of presenting his claim to the Auditors and Comptrollers of accounts of the United States, and looking to them for payment, the ship being lost in their service, and the property warranted by their General, and then Commander in chief in that department. That by the death of Mr. Ball, and derangement of the affairs of Hunter, Banks, and Company, your petitioners could not be in possession of the necessary vouchers and information, to establish their claim against the United States, before the present Session of your honorable House.\u201d\nThe Copy of a Report, (which is presumed to be authentic) of a Committee of the House of Delegates of Virginia, states the transaction which is the subject of the said petition, in the following manner.\n\u201cIt appears to your Committee, that the said Ball, Hunter, Banks and Company, were on the fourth day of March, in the year of our Lord 1781, owners of the Ship, Renown: That the said Ship was then in port in James River within this Commonwealth, commanded by Captain William Lewis, loaded with one hundred and eighty three hogsheads of Crop Tobacco, from the Warehouses of Shockoes and Birds, mounting twenty guns, provided with a considerable quantity of good musquets, ammunition and stores, equipped for sea, and destined originally to St. Eustatius, but afterwards to France, when the capture of that Island was announced; That on the said fourth day of March 1781, Thomas Jefferson Esquire, then Governor, meditating a descent upon the garrison of Portsmouth, in conjunction with a French squadron then daily expected within the Capes, issued, with the advice of the Council of State, an Order for engaging voluntarily or impressing all the armed Vessels of private property, which could be immediately collected together, with the whole of the equipments directing them to be employed in the purpose aforesaid. That the said William Lewis obeyed the impress made of the ship, and was assured by a letter from Governor Jefferson, dated in Council on the 8th day of March 1781, that his vessel and her loading were considered, as at the risque of the State, and that a reasonable hire should be paid for the use of the said Vessel and her crew. That the said ship, after having been first appraised, by order of the Governor, was employed in public service, and with the military view aforesaid, for the space of twenty six days, to wit, from the said fourth day of March 1781, to the thirtieth day of the same month in the same year: That during that time, it appears, that the said ship might have proceeded to sea, without the danger of capture, since several vessels did actually sail from James River, and escape into the Ocean, and afterwards arrive at their destined ports in safety, and since the British Cruisers were obliged to confine themselves within the Elizabeth river, from an apprehension of the French naval armament, which remained in the neighborhood of Portsmouth, for a considerable time: That on the said thirtieth day of March 1781, the said ship being discharged from public service, could not prosecute her intended voyage, by reason of the derangement which took place, in consequence of her having been impressed, as aforesaid, and of the arrival of a large fleet of British ships of War in James river. That the said ship attempted to elude their hostility, by proceeding up the said river to Osborne\u2019s Warehouses, being the highest point of navigation for vessels of her burthen. That the British fleet also moving up the said river, and the British land forces marching to Osborne\u2019s, the said ship was, some time in the month of April 1781, captured, with her rigging, tackle, apparel, furniture and cargo, and was wholly lost to the said Ball, Hunter, Banks and Company; for which loss, they have neither hitherto received any compensation, nor indeed have they, as yet, obtained any satisfaction for the services rendered to the Commonwealth, by the said Ship, except a small sum on account of the wages of the Marines of the said Ship.\u201d\n\u201cThat the said ship, with her guns, tackle and apparel, was appraised by three merchants, and valued to be worth eight hundred thousand pounds of James River upper inspected Tobacco.\u201d\n\u201cThat her cargo on board amounted to one hundred and ninety five thousand four hundred and ninety six pounds of Richmond Tobacco.\u201d\nAnd the same report, upon that state of facts, submits two resolutions, in the following words\u2014\n\u201cResolved, that it is the opinion of this Committee, that the loss of the said ship and her cargo was occasioned by her being impressed into the service of this Commonwealth.\u201d\n\u201cResolved, that it is the opinion of this Committee, that the Auditors of public Accounts ought to audit the demand of the said Ball, Hunter, Banks and Company, for the loss of the said ship and her cargo, and to grant a Warrant upon the Treasurer, payable in  months, for the amount of what shall appear due to the said Ball, Hunter, Banks and Company thereupon.\u201d\nIt is represented, that this report was referred to a Committee of the whole House, but never acted upon.\nNo document is produced, as alledged in the petition, shewing that Major General De Steuben \u201cdid warrant the property in the name and behalf of the United States.\u201d\nThere is indeed produced a copy of a letter dated the 8th of January 1781, from the Officer, addressed \u201cto the Commodore or commanding Officer of the armed merchant vessels lying at, or above Osborne\u2019s,\u201d which, after directing him to proceed down the river with the vessels under his command, to endeavor to intercept some small vessels, belonging to the enemy, lying in Appamatox, adds this assurance \u201cShould any damage happen to any part of your fleet, I do hereby assure you, in the name of the United States, that satisfaction shall be made to the Owners, by the public.\u201d\nBut besides that this appears to be a special guarantee for a special enterprize, it is more than two months prior to the impress of the Ship Renown (the first order for which, issued by the Governor of Virginia, was not till the 4th of March following) and could therefore have no reference to that vessel.\nAs to the assumption of the command of the said Ship by Major General De Steuben, the following facts appear.\n1st. That the said General, on the 9th of the same month of March wrote a letter, addressed to the Commodore of the Fleet, lying at Hood\u2019s, (who is understood to have been the Commander of the Renown) directing him, in consequence of the Bay and rivers being entirely commanded by the British Vessels, not to proceed lower down the river, than Hood\u2019s, but to remain there with all the vessels, that came down, \u2019till further orders.\n2nd. That the said General, on the 14th of the same month of March, wrote a letter, addressed to Captain Lewis of the Renown, among other things, directing him to deliver all the Musquet-cartridges on board the vessels from Richmond, to Mr. Lureman; adding, \u201cif Captain Pryor is arrived, he will take the trouble off your hands.\u201d\n3d. That the said General, on the 17th of March, wrote another letter, addressed to Captain Lewis of the Renown, in these words,\u2014\u201cWhilst the enemy command the water, the situation of our vessels at Hood\u2019s seems not altogether safe. I think it, therefore, advisable, that you order all the vessels to go up as high as Turkey Island. This will make very little difference, in point of time, when they are wanted down, and will ensure them from any danger from the enemy.\u201d This letter is accompanied by one of the same date, from John Walker to Captain Lewis, informing him, that the removal to Turkey Island, directed by the said General, was by the desire of the Governor of the State.\n4th. That the said General, on the 24th of April following, wrote another letter, addressed to Captain Lewis of the Renown, in these words.\n\u201cThe enemy\u2019s movements indicate an intention to penetrate up the river, they are now near City point; should they have hazarded a force inferior to what we have, so high up, I think it would be shameful and unpardonable in us to permit it. What is the force of the vessels they have up, I do not yet know; so soon as it is ascertained, I will acquaint you, and, in the mean time, I beg you to have the vessels at Osborne\u2019s in readiness, that in case a favorable opportunity should offer, of striking a stroke, you may be able to embrace it, at a moments warning. Any number of militia, that may be necess\u00e0ry, shall be ready to be put on board.\u201d\nIt does not appear, from any of the documents produced, that the said General had been advised of the discharge of the Renown, from the service of the State; which was done by a letter from the Governor in Council, dated the 29th of March 1781.\nIt appears, that on the 4th of March 1781, a commission issued under the seal of the Commonwealth of Virginia, to Captain Lewis, constituting him Captain of an armed Vessel in the service of the Commonwealth, so long as he should remain within the Bays, rivers, or other waters of the said Commonwealth.\nUpon the foregoing state of facts, and a careful attention to the several documents, which accompany the petition, the Secretary is of Opinion.\nThat nothing has been shewn, amounting to a guarantee of the said vessel, either actual or virtual, on behalf of the United States, and that, consequently, whatever claim of indemnity may exist, is against the Commonwealth of Virginia.\nSuch, too, appears to have been the clear sense of the parties. Of that Commonwealth only, has relief been sought, \u2019till the period of the present application to Congress. The Committee of the House of Delegates evidently viewed the State of Virginia, as alone responsible. No allusion is made by them, to any responsibility on the part of the United States.\nThe directions, at different times given by Major General De Steuben, wear no other complexion, than that of directions given to a vessel in the service of the State of Virginia. This view of them, on the 17th of March, at least, is confirmed by a letter of Mr. Walker, to Captain Lewis. The presumption is, that the same impression continued on the 24th of April.\nThe Secretary forbears to urge the objection of the Acts of limitation, which bar the claim, as against the United States; because, if it had been otherwise well-founded, he should be strongly inclined to the opinion, that the circumstances are sufficiently special, to justify an exception in its favor.\nAll which is humbly submitted.\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasry.Treasury Department,November 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0063", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of George Blanchard, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred by the House of Representatives, the petition of George Blanchard, respectfully submits the following Report thereupon.\nThe petition seeks compensation for services alleged to have been performed, under the order of the Navy-Board for the eastern department, by Edward Blanchard; stating, that the accounts for those services were rendered, in due time, to the Clerk of that Board; but that, owing to their not being preferred, according to the requisitions of the several Acts of limitation, the accounting Officers of the Treasury now deem themselves restrained from adjusting them.\nIt has been heretofore stated to the House of Representatives, that the accounts of the said Navy-Board had not been settled.\nIt is represented to the Secretary, that serious difficulties stand in the way of a final and satisfactory adjustment.\nUpon the books of the Board, Edward Blanchard stands charged with sundry sums advanced in old Emission, which together amount to \u00a38.300. money of Massachusetts, but only one entry to his credit appears, for a Bill against the Ship Boston, amounting to \u00a3134 like money.\nSearch has been made among the papers of the Board, deposited in the Treasury, but the accounts, alleged to have been delivered to the Clerk of the Board, have not been found.\nIt appears, that on the 14th of March 1787, Edward Blanchard wrote to Benjamin Walker, Commissioner for settling the accounts of the Marine Department, informing him, in general terms, of his claim, and stating the exhibition of his accounts to the Clerk of the Board; that in a reply to this letter of the 23d of the same month, the Commissioner informs Mr. Blanchard, that the different sums, paid him, stood against him on the books of the Board, that no accounts of his were to be found among their papers, and that it was necessary, he should furnish his accounts from the beginning (the sooner, the better)\u2014That this intimation of the Commissioner appears to have remained unanswered, \u2019till the first of April 1789, when Mr. Blanchard wrote to the Commissioner, apologizing for the delay, ascribing it to his ill health, hurry of business, and the hope of again finding the accounts which were delivered to the Clerk of Board; adding, that they were then drawn over and should be forwarded for settlement, when he should please to direct, which accounts were forwarded to the Auditor\u2019s Office, some time in .\nFrom these facts it will result, that the case is one, which requires a cautious treatment. Considering the state of the accounts of the Navy-Board, the delay which has ensued, a settlement now on principles safe and satisfactory, in reference to the public, cannot be unattended with material difficulty; but imperfect means of investigation being to be had. In connection, too, with other cases, in which the accounts of the public Officers, which are incapable of being settled, or are destroyed, could alone furnish adequate evidence of the merit of claims, the precedent of a relaxation of the Acts of limitation, if they are a bar in this instance, would be an inconvenient one.\nIf those Acts present no bar, no special interposition of the Legislature is necessary. The claim will be considered and decided upon, in the course of the Treasury, whenever the state of the accounts of the Navy-Board shall afford sufficient light.\nThe Secretary, upon the whole matter, is, with all deference, of opinion, that it is advisable to leave the petitioner to the course of Treasury settlement.\nWhich is humbly submitted,\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry of the Treasry.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0064", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Benjamin Brown, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred, by the House of Representatives, the petition of Benjamin Brown, submits the following Report thereupon.\nThe Act of the last Session, entitled \u201cAn Act providing for the settlement of the claims of persons under particular circumstances barred by the limitations heretofore established,\u201d removes all obstacles to the claim of the petitioner, arising from the Acts of limitation if otherwise well founded.\nBut it appears, that Peter Greene, Attorney to Benjamin Brown, received, on the 13th of August 1788, a Certificate from the Commissioner for settling the accounts of the Marine Department, for the balance of pay due to said Brown for his services on board the Frigate Trumbull; which satisfies the claim of the petitioner.\nRespectfully submitted,\nAlexander HamiltonSecry of the Treasry.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0065", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Pitman Collins, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred, by the House of Representatives the petition of Pitman Collins, respectfully makes the following Report thereupon.\nThe petition seeks compensation for a vessel alleged to have been impressed into the service of the United States, during the late war, to have been wrecked on her voyage, and to have finally fallen into the hands of the enemy.\nThe circumstance of the impress, the essential ground of the claim, is supported by no other testimony, than the deposition of the petitioner, which, on general principles, it would be neither regular nor safe to admit.\nThe claim itself is barred by the Acts of limitation, and is exceptionable from long delay in preferring it; for which delay, no adequate cause is assigned.\nOn both which accounts, the Secretary respectfully submits an opinion, that the prayer of the petition ought not to be granted.\nAlexander Hamilton,Secretary of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department,November 21st 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0066", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Hugh Cunningham, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred by the House of Representatives, the petition of Hugh Cunningham, submits the following report thereupon.\nRespectfully referring the House of Representatives, to his report of the 17th Instant, on the subject of depreciation generally; The Secretary begs leave to add,\nThat the claim of the petitioner is in the capacity of an Officer of the State of Pennsylvania, and has reference to that State only, on the part of which it appears to have been rejected.\nWhich is humbly submitted\nAlexander Hamilton,Secretary of the Treasury\nTreasury Department,November 21st 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0067", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Margaret Fisher, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred by the House of Representatives, the petition of Margaret Fisher, respectfully makes the following Report thereupon.\nThe petition seeks compensation for expenditures and services, alleged to have rendered and made, by Henry Fisher (the petitioner\u2019s deceased husband) he having been stationed, during the late war, at Lewes near Cape Henlopen, under the appointment and instruction of the Council of Safety of the State of Pennsylvania.\nAs far as may regard a general compensation, for the time and service of the petitioner\u2019s late husband, \u2019tis evident, from the nature of his appointment, that the application can be properly addressed only to the State of Pennsylvania.\nSpecial services, immediately rendered to the United States, and expenses, incurred for their purposes, would be entitled to compensation and reimbursement, according to their nature and extent. But to these also an objection arises, in the present case, from the Acts of limitation, no account having been exhibited against the United States, \u2019till .\nFrom the face of the account, it appears, that several of the items would not be admissible in the course of the Treasury, if no bar existed; and the propriety of some others could not be safely investigated at so late a day. There is a possibility, that some of the articles charged may have been paid for by the officers, to whom, or to whose order, they may have been furnished.\nFor so long a delay, no sufficient reason, by way of excuse, is assigned.\nWherefore, though the Secretary is under a general impression, from the documents produced to him, that there are probable grounds of equitable claim upon the United States, on behalf of the petitioner, in some particulars, he does not consider it, as a case, presenting reasons of sufficient force, for making an exception to the operation of the Acts of limitation; the cautious maintenance of which, as a general rule, is recommended by so many weighty considerations.\nAll which is humbly submitted\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasry.\nTreasury Department,November 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0068", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Aquila Giles, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred the Memorial of Aquila Giles, in behalf of sundry inhabitants of Long Island, by an Order of the House of Representatives of the 12th of February 1791, thereupon respectfully submits the following Report.\nThe Memorial sets forth, that the provision made by Congress, by their Act passed the 12th of August 1790, for discharging certain debts, contracted by Abraham Skinner, on account of the subsistence of the Officers of the late Army, while in captivity, did not comprise the whole of the claims of the said inhabitants, there remaining still unsatisfied claims, to the amount of near six hundred pounds, similar to those provided for, except, that the said remaining claims had not been included in the general estimate, returned into the Office of Finance, by the late Commissary of prisoners; And the Memorialist prays, that provision may be made to place the Claimants upon an equal footing with those who were provided for by the Act before alluded to.\nIt must be understood from this statement, that it is presumed to be the case, that the claimants are in possession of certificates issued for them, by the said Commissary of prisoners.\nThe Secretary respectfully begs leave to refer the House of Representatives, for his opinion respecting the most eligible mode of proceeding in regard to claims similarly circumstanced, to his report upon the Memorial of the Executors of Edward Carnes.\nWhich is humbly submitted\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasry.\nTreasury Department,November 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0069", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Udny Hay, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred, by the House of Representatives, the petition of Udney Hay, respectfully makes the following Report, thereupon.\nThe said petition seeks payment of interest upon a certain promissory note recited therein, from Christopher Greene and Return Jonathan J. Meigs to Simon Frazer, which is understood to have been given, for a sum of money advanced for the use of certain Citizens of the United States, prisoners of war at Quebec, in the year 1776, and which stipulates the reimbursement of the sum advanced, within a year from the date, with lawful interest till paid.\nIt appears, that some time in August or September 1785, application was made to the United States in Congress assembled, for payment of the principal and interest of the said Note.\nIt further appears, that Congress, on the 28th of September 1785, passed a resolution, in the words following.\n\u201cThat the Board of Treasury take order for paying to Return Jonathan Meigs, late a Colonel in the service of the United States, and to the legal representatives of Christopher Greene deceased, late a Colonel in said service, the sum of two hundred dollars, the same having been expended for the use and comfort of the unfortunate prisoners in Quebec, in the year 1776.\u201d\nThe payment of principal, thus directed to be paid, has not been accepted; the payment of interest as well as principal being insisted upon.\nAs there is an express stipulation of interest on the note, it is clear, that the parties, by whom it was given, are as much bound for the payment of the interest, as of the principal; and that, unless the public indemnification should include both, the relief intended will be partial and defective. The equity of paying the interest, as well as the principal, is, in such a case, without a question. It is not a case, in which, difficulty can arise, from any established principle of Treasury settlement.\nThe recognition of the debt, by the provision heretofore made, appears to the Secretary to require, that the provision should be so extended, as to complete the relief designed to be afforded.\nAll which is humbly submitted\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasry.\nTreasury Department,November 21 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0070", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of John Jones, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred by the House of Representatives, the petition of John Jones, respectfully makes the following Report thereupon.\nThe petition seeks a compensation for certain storehouses, which, it is alleged, were destroyed by the enemy, during the late war with Great Britain, upon the ground of a contract alleged to have been made with certain persons, on behalf of the State of Pennsylvania, stipulating an indemnification for the stores, if injured or destroyed by the enemy.\nBy the petitioner\u2019s own shewing, the claim belonged exclusively to the cognizance and adjustment of the State of Pennsylvania. Any interference of the United States would be repugnant to the course of similar transactions, and, as a precedent, full of inconvenience.\nThe assumption of the State debts, on which the petitioner relies, has, for obvious reasons, been confined to liquidated claims. An extension of it to those of an opposite description, would be replete with embarrassment; placing the adjustment of them where there were not competent means of ascertaining their merit.\nHad the claim originally been upon the United States, it is barred by the Acts of limitation.\nAll which is respectfully submitted,\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasry.\nTreasury Department,November 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0071", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Prudent La Jeunesse, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred by the House of Representatives, the petition of Prudent La Jeunesse, respectfully submits the following Report.\nThe petition suggests no specific ground of claim on the justice of the United States, but rather appears to seek a gratuity, in consideration of having espoused the cause of the United States, early in the late war, of having abandoned his residence in Canada, to follow its fortunes, and of being in distress.\nNo circumstances of merit or suffering are adduced, sufficiently strong or discriminating to call for a special interposition in favor of the petitioner.\nWhich is humbly submitted.\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasry.\nTreasury Department,November 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0073", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of William McGilton, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury to whom was referred by the House of Representatives, the petition of William M\u2019Gilton, respectfully makes the following Report thereupon.\nThe petitioner, by his said petition, claims compensation for his services, as a Clerk to John Reynolds, an Assistant Commissary of Issues, from the 14th of October 1780, to the 18th of January 1781.\nIt appears, that the accounts of the said John Reynolds have never been rendered at any of the proper public Offices; so that it cannot appear with official certainty, that the petitioner was his Clerk, neither can it be ascertained, whether he received compensation or not.\nUnder these circumstances, the Secretary is of opinion, that it is not advisable to remove the bar, to which his claim is liable, for want of having been presented in time, according to the Acts of limitation.\nWhich is humbly submitted,\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasry.\nTreasury Department,November 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0074", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Reuben Murray, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred, by the House of Representatives, the petition of Reuben Murray, respectfully submits the following Report.\nThe petition seeks compensation for certain advances, alleged to have been made in Canada, in the year 1776, for the benefit of a detachment of sick soldiers under the charge of the petitioner.\nThe nature of the claim is a meritorious one, but at this late date, a proper investigation is hardly possible. It is barred by the Acts of limitation: No claim prior to the present petition appearing to have been preferred against the United States.\nNo proofs accompany the petition.\nThe Secretary is, therefore, of opinion, that there does not appear sufficient ground for granting the prayer of the petition.\nWhich is humbly submitted.\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasry.\nTreasury Department,November 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0075", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Ebenezer Prout, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred, by the House of Representatives, the petition of Ebenezer Prout, respectfully makes the following Report thereupon.\nThe said petition seeks compensation for the services of the petitioner, as Clerk to Joshua Mercereau, Assistant Commissary of prisoners, and William Hunt, Assistant Commissary of Issues.\nThe accounts of the said Joshua Mercereau have long since been settled. They include no charge for pay to the petitioner, but allowances, it is represented, were made him for compensations to persons, whom he had employed to assist him. Regularly he was entitled to a Clerk. The allowance, at this day, of a compensation to a person, who may have acted in that capacity, would be a very inconvenient precedent.\nIt is also stated to the Secretary, from the proper Office, that William Hunt received pay for himself and clerks, up to the 31st of October 1779, which, it is to be presumed, included the petitioner. He is not intitled to depreciation, according to the established rules on that head.\nThe claim is barred by the Acts of limitation, and no special circumstances appear, to recommend an exception to their operation in favor of the petitioner.\nWhich is respectfully submitted,\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasry.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0076", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of David M. Randolph, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792 Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred the petition of David M. Randolph, respectfully makes the following report thereupon.\nThe said petition seeks compensation for a quantity of flour, taken by the then enemy, in the year 1776; founding the claim upon the following suggestions.\n1st. That Richard Randolph, the petitioner\u2019s testator, some time early in the year 1776, contracted to furnish a certain quantity of flour to one Benjamin Baker, for the use of the American troops then stationed in the vicinity of Norfolk; towards the execution of which contract, 240 barrels of flour were put on board a sloop, commanded by a Captain Peck, to be delivered to the said Baker.\n2d. That on her way to the intended place of delivery, the Sloop was stopped by an order of Major General Lee, detained under guard for eleven days, and in consequence of the detention, captured by the enemy with her cargo.\nThe first of these suggestions is satisfactorily supported by the concurrent testimony of Benjamin Harrison junior, Robert Roberts and Benjamin Baker, (Documents A, B, and C).\nBut the second of them does not appear to the Secretary, to be supported in such a manner, as, officially considered, ought to be deemed entirely satisfactory.\nThe deposition of Richard Randolph is full and explicit, to the point. But whatever weight this may [be] entitled to, in the private contemplation of persons acquainted with the character of the deponent, it cannot, in an official view, be admitted as a voucher. The principle of excluding the testimony of the party interested, as in support of his own claim, is not less necessary to be observed, for the security of the public, than for the security of individuals. It is also matter of remark, that this deposition is at a distance of near ten years from the circumstance testified, which, with every allowance for the most scrupulous good faith, is of a nature to weaken the reliance on the accuracy of the Statement.\nIt is true, indeed, that the deposition of Benjamin Harrison, junior, is in affirmance of the same point. But the mode of expression used implies an indefinite and imperfect recollection of the transaction. The words of his deposition, in one place, are these, \u201cThis deponent, thinks that in a day or two after receiving information of the detention of the vessel, he went to Williamsburg and procured an order from General Lee to countermand his order for stopping this vessel, which order he gave to the said Peck, then at Williamsburg, with his, the deponent\u2019s commands to go immediately to Sandy point, to take charge of his vessel, and proceed to Smithfield or Suffolk, as he should most convenient for avoiding the enemy.\u201d In another place, the following clause is added;\u2014\u201cThis Deponent perfectly remembers General Lee being at Curl\u2019s, the seat of the said Randolph, on his return from South Carolina, to join the northern army, and thinks that, in his presence, General Lee agreed, with the said Randolph, during a conversation on the subject, that the above mentioned Vessel, with the aforesaid quantity of flour, on board, was stopped by his orders, and was taken in consequence thereof, and that he would try to get him paid by Congress, whenever he had leisure.\u201d\nInterpreting the first clause by the last, the inference seems to be, that the deponent did not mean to state, as an ascertained fact, the alleged agency of General Lee, intending only to assert a persuasion more or less distinct.\nAnd the objection from distance of time is stronger in this, than in the first instance; a period of near fourteen years having intervened.\nThe following circumstances are of a nature to occasion additional uncertainty.\nThe letter (document D) which is produced from Richard Taylor, who is stated to have been the Officer commanding at the place, where the vessel was detained, mentions; that the Captain of the vessel was sent for to Williamsburg, by a Committee, which then sat there, though Mr. Taylor did not know what he was detained for (implying that he was detained by the Committee). This intervention of a civil body furnishes an argument, that the detention might have been by their Order.\nIt does not appear, that General Lee ever made any representation in favor of the claim to Congress.\nBut admitting, as alleged, that the detention was by his order, the cause of it was wholly unexplained. It cannot be conceded, that the mere detention of a vessel, for some days, by a military Officer, is under all circumstances, a sufficient ground for claiming compensation from the public for any loss, which may have ensued. The position of the enemy, as it regarded the probability of a supply falling into their hands, may have rendered the detention justifiable.\nNeither does it appear, except by the concession alleged to have been made by General Lee, at the house of Mr. Randolph, that the loss of the flour was in consequence of the detention; a circumstance equally material with the one last mentioned. It is clear, that there was danger of capture from the enemy in any event. Mr. Harrison states, that the enemy then marauded in small tenders up James river, in which river the capture took place. It is, in the abstract, possible, that the detention might have even given a better chance of escape. The concession by General Lee, supposing it established, not being accompanied by facts or reasons, would hardly be conclusive.\nWith every disposition personally to confide in the candor and truth of the representations, which are made, as they regard the impressions of the parties concerned, the considerations, which have been noticed, furnish, at this day, weighty official objections to the admission of the claim.\nIt is, besides, barred by the Acts of limitation.\nAnd it appears from the shewing of the petitioner and the documents produced, that no regular step was taken towards an application to the government, till late in the year 1785, between nine and ten years after the origination of the claim.\nAll which circumstances being considered, and the difficulty, if not impracticability of a completely satisfactory investigation, at so late a period, an exception to the operation of the Acts of limitation, in favor of the petitioner, is, with all deference, conceived not to be advisable.\nRespectfully submitted,\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0078", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Stephen Steele, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792 Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred by the House of Representatives, the Memorial of Stephen Steele, submits the following report thereupon.\nThat the Memorialist prays for the allowance of an Account, exhibited by him, amounting to five hundred and one pounds, eight shillings and seven pence, New York Currency, for work and materials expended in preparing and fitting up field-pieces and howitzers, for the use of the United States, between the ninth of February and seventh of September, 1776.\nThat he has suggested, that by the removal of many persons, who were Agents in the business which he transacted, and the loss of certain documents, which were taken by the enemy, he has not been able to obtain a settlement in the usual mode, although he has made frequent applications therefor.\nThe Secretary is informed by the accounting Officers of the Treasury that a due examination has been made, and that no evidence can be found that the claim was exhibited in season; and that it is considered, as barred under the existing limitation Acts of Congress.\nIt has also been represented to the Secretary, that an account of the Memorialist under the date of September 12th 1776, for services of a similar nature to those, for which compensation is now claimed, amounting to three hundred and sixty pounds New York Currency, was certified by the then Colonel of Artillery, on the 24th of September 1776, and afterwards paid by Nathaniel Cranck, an Officer of the Quarter Master\u2019s department.\nIt also appears, that the Memorialist was a Captain of a Company of Wheelwrights, in the year 1777, and received payment, on sundry rolls, for the services of himself and Company, of John Keese, Esquire, then an Officer in the Quarter Master\u2019s department.\nFrom which circumstances, and inasmuch as by the attestation of the petitioner accompanying his memorial, it appears, not only, that his vouchers have been lost, but that the fact of their loss can no otherwise be ascertained, than by his own testimony, strong objections arise to his claim, independent of its being barred by the Acts of limitation.\nThe zeal of the petitioner in the cause of his country, his having suffered a loss of property, and his present distress, are believed to be truly represented; but circumstanced, as his case is, the special interposition of the legislature in his favor, does not appear to be recommended by any considerations sufficiently special or cogent.\nAll which is humbly submitted,\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasry.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 21st 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0079", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Sundry Merchants of Wilmington, North Carolina, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred the petition of sundry merchants of Wilmington in the State of North Carolina, by an order of the House of Representatives of the 26th of May 1790, thereupon respectfully reports:\nThat the case of the petitioners, as appears by their own shewing, is one arising wholly under the laws of the State of North Carolina, prior to its acceding to the present Constitution of the United States, and, of course, is without the reach of relief from the United States.\nWhich is humbly submitted,\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasry.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0080", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Thomas Wickes, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred the petition of Thomas Wickes, by an order of the House of Representatives, of the 13th of April 1790, thereupon respectfully reports:\nThat the case, in which the petitioner seeks relief, is one of those provided for in the Act of Congress, passed the 12th of August 1790.\nThat the claim, appearing to have been included in a return made to the proper Officer, prior to the operation of the Acts of limitation, there is, in the opinion of the Secretary, in the present instance, nothing to obstruct a regular settlement at the Treasury, in the usual course.\nWhich is humbly submitted\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasry.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 21st 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0081", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Henry Howell Williams, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792Communicated on November 22, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred, by the House of Representatives, the petition of Henry Howell Williams, makes the following Report thereupon.\nRespectfully referring the House of Representatives, to his general report of the 19th Instant, concerning the provision heretofore made for cases of the property of citizens used, damaged or destroyed by the Troops of the United States.\nThe Secretary begs leave to add, that it appears by the petitioner\u2019s own shewing, that the State of Massachusetts has considered his case, and granted him a conpensation: And that it further appears, from a document, which was produced by the petitioner, that the compensation allowed by the State was meant to be in full.\nThe State of Massachusetts having decided upon a matter respecting one of its own citizens, having made him a considerable compensation, for the loss which he sustained; that compensation having been made, as in full, and having been accepted by the petitioner, it would be, as far as the information of the Secretary goes, without precedent, in any similar case, to revise the compensation made, on the suggestion of its being inadequate; nor, considering the various incidents of the war, would comparative justice be promoted by doing it.\nThough duly sensible of the respectability of the petitioner, and of the extent of the losses, which he originally sustained, the Secretary cannot but regard the considerations, which have been stated, as a bar to the object of his petition.\nWhich is respectfully submitted\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 21st 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0082", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Ambrose Vasse, [21 November 1792]\nFrom: Vasse, Ambrose\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, November 21, 1792.] \u201cAs a Citizen of the United States I beg leave to solicit through your mediation my Country\u2019s protection in an affair which interests not only me personally, but even the American Trade in general. Engaged in the Hispaniola business, I have thro my Correspondents Messrs Coopman & Co of Cape Fran\u00e7ois sold to the Administration of that Colony sundry provisions to a large amount and at such reduced prices as to leave barely a proffit equal to the freight\u2014for the neat proceeds whereof the House at Cape Fran\u00e7ois remitted to me thro the channell of their agents here Bills drawn by said Administration on Mr De la Forest Consul General of France in this City: the acceptance of said Bills has been refused & consequently the payment remains very uncertain. Mr De La Forests Advertisement in the Papers of this day declares positively that they will not be paid as their dates are later than the 9th of September.\u2026 May I flatter myself that you will honor me with your protection and will use your influence with the minister of France, in order to obtain Justice as well for myself as for my fellow Countrymen and sufferers and to prevail on him to authorise Mr De la Forest to accept & pay all the drafts, drawn on him by the Administration of Hispaniola and most particularly such as have been drawn upon the abovementioned Circumstances.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0083", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 21 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 21. 1792\nSir\nCaptain Porter of the Revenue Cutter Active having communicated to me, that he has reasons to be dissatisfied with the conduct of his third Mate Mr. James Forbes, I have to desire that you will make proper enquiry into the affair, in which the Naval Officer is requested to assist; communicating to me the result. Enclosed is an extract of Captain Porters letter for your information.\nI am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nOtho H. Williams Esqr.Collector, Baltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0084", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [22 November 1792]\nFrom: Hammond, George,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, November 22, 1792]\nOn the second morning after the receipt of Governor Simcoe\u2019s letter, I waited on Mr Hamilton and requested him to inform me whether this government had then learnt the result of the Indian Council held at the Miamis rapids. Upon his answering in the negative, I stated to him loosely and generally that I had received information from Governor Simcoe that the Indians had evinced a willingness to meet early in the spring at Sandusky any persons deputed by the American government to treat with them\u2014and that in consequence of this disposition they had sent a formal message to Governor Simcoe soliciting his Majesty\u2019s good offices\u2014not only as mediator, but also as the principal party in the several treaties concluded with them subsequently to the year 1763 and antecedently to the separation of the colonies from Great Britain. I did not enter into any other particulars than merely to express my sense of the propriety of this application to the King\u2014as a power essentially interested in the restoration of tranquillity on the frontiers of his dominions and as the possessor of those treaties that defined the Indian boundaries as existing at the period of ceding the territory comprehended in them to the United States. Which cession could unquestionably transfer no other rights of soil or of any other nature than such as his Majesty had actually enjoyed. I concluded by requesting that my present communication might be considered as purely informal, in the making of which I was actuated by no other motive than a friendly anxiety to give this government intelligence of an event which materially affected it and with which it was unacquainted. Mr Hamilton in reply, thanked me for the confidence which I had placed in him, but expressed his persuasion that this government would not deem it expedient to accede to the Indian proposition of mediation since he conceived that such a proceeding would diminish the importance of the United States in the estimation of the Indians, and might eventually lead to a disagreeable discussion with Great Britain, in the case of any essential difference of opinion arising between her government and that of the United States, in arranging the conditions of the peace. He was proceeding to add other observations of a similar tendency, but I terminated the conversation by saying that I had formerly communicated to him my personal individual opinion (to which I still adhered) in favor of this proposition, a recurrence to which on the part of the Indians appeared to me extremely natural, as affording the most feasible mode of adjusting the present unhappy differences. But as he imagined that the American administration would refuse to adopt it, it was at present totally unnecessary for me to enter into any examination of the motives which might dictate that refusal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0086", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Heth, 23 November 1792\nFrom: Heth, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCollectors OfficeBermuda Hundred [Virginia] 23d. Nov. 92\nSir\nSickness, loss of Clerks\u2014but more especially, the close attention which I have been obligd to pay to the preparing of my last quarters accounts, has prevented me til now, from complying with the order of the Senate enclosed by you the 31st. August last.\nThe low wages at which, I have hitherto employd my Clerks, has induced me to subjoin a note to my statement of emoluments, which, I hope will not be deemd improper.\nYou were informed in a private letter, in what manner I was left at a throng season\u2014and how distressing the consequences had nearly proved. The Young Man who served me as an apprentice, I do not expect is alive at this hour. I missd him, much more than the other, who acted as my deputy. So that my application has been, & must continue to be for some time\u2014if my Head will permit\u2014as close as it was on the first of my opening of the Office.\nYou requested me to examine & to send you my remarks on the coasting Act which was prepared at last session. I have never had one moments leisure to look at it since my return. But with respect to the Division of the fees mentioned in the 34th section\u2014lines 9\u201319\u2014the absurdity is too great to pass unnoticed, and which you readily acknowledged when i pointed it out to you in Phila. As it now stands, it puts me in mind of a vulgar saying, which I hope you will pardon me for repeating\u2014\u201cWhats yours is mine, & whats mine is my own.\u201d The Surveyor is to receive for his own use the fees on all the business which he is authorised to do\u2014viz enter & clear vessels\u2014& then he is to share wth the Collector the fees, in which he has no agency or concern. As I formerly urged, so I still think, that every man ought to enjoy the fruits of his own labor (this opinion is against my own Interest, for the moiety offers wch. I have recd from the surveyor at Richmond, has been more than all the rest of the fees under the Coasting Act.) But the principle which has obtaind, & which Seems to be preserved in the new act, of giving a moiety of fees to a man, who, from one end of the year to the other, has no agency in the coasting business, who is not at the ex-pence of a single cent, and in short, who has no more concern in discharging the duties prescribd therein than you have\u2014is inconsistent with every principle of Justice, reason & common sense. I mean the Surveyors of the Ports of entry. The Collector\u2014where there is no Naval Officer\u2014does the whole duty, & is at the whole expence. Yet, the Surveyor receives his two Dollars for measuring a vessel, wch. is all he does towards her being registerd, & then receives one half of the fees for registering bonds & Trading licence, the last of which, are found by the Collector, & who is at other expence and trouble, unnecessary to repeat to you. But, if there is to be a division of fees, let them be general under this act; I mean, between the superior of the District, and the Surveyor of the Port, who has any agency in the business on which the fees arise; and this perhaps, might be best, & more consistent with the intentions of Congress; for, to Judge from some parts of the law, it would seem, as if they meant that the Collector, being the superior Officer, and in some measure responsible for the Conduct of the Surveyors, having frequently occasion to give them advice & instruction\u2014& thro\u2019 whom all prosecutions for offences, are directed\u2014should receive a moiety of all fees under that act. And upon the whole, I believe it would best promote the public service & prevent impositions which might sometimes be committed, but for that check & controul, wch this division of fees produces\u2014only keep the Surveyors of the Ports of entry out of the question, except in cases where they perform service, and all will be right enough.\nI have been more troublesome to you in this way lately, than I expected to have been in twelvemonths\u2014but, I could no longer resist the strong impulse of duty. I trust that I shall not feel myself bound to Interupt you again this Winter unless your letters should call for answers.\nI am \u2003 Sir, \u2003 with very great respect \u2003 Yr Mo. Ob servt\nWill Heth Coll\nThe Secretaryof the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0087", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from David Ross, 23 November 1792\nFrom: Ross, David\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBladensbg [Maryland] Novr. 23d 1792\nSir\nI am obliged to you for gratifying my request by sending me a Copy of Co. Mercers letter and of the Certificates of Mr. Hill and Mr. Crawford as it gives me an opportunity of removing any improper impressions that may be made on those who are unacquainted with all the circumstances.\nIt was taken for granted Co Mercer would deny his charges if ever he should be seriously called on to support them and you will see I advised him to do it or to fritter them away when he could have done it with rather a better grace\u2014but I did not expect he would assume the appearance as he does by his Queries of wishing it believed he had spoken rather honourably of you than otherwise and that he had only found fault with some of the measures of the Administration\u2014of which he considered you in his Speeches I heard as the author and effected by your undue influence over certain members of Congress\u2014and with respect to the purchase of the Debt on account of the Publick I took it for granted from what he said till I received your letter and read the law that you was by the law constituted the sole and direct purchaser as he spoke of you as such & took no notice of any Board or that you had done it indirectly as he insinuates in his letter to you. For if he had I should also have taken notice in my Publications of the unjust inference he must necessarily have intended should be drawn against the President as well as the other four Gentlemen that they were under your undue influence\u2014but that he has expressed this Sentiment at other places appears by the enclosed Certificates at least as to two of the Gentlemen of the Board.\nThat Co Mercer has in his Speeches attacked & admitted he had attacked your Integrity and that too in terms more direct than I was acquainted with till on my late particular enquiry, appears from the Certificates of Mr John Worthington and Captain Campbell, and the impressions he appears by the other Certificates to have wished to have made against you and which alone may be sufficient to satisfy you as to the truth of it. Yet I must add some observations on my own account as to what he said at Marlborough to prevent any unjust inference that might otherwise be drawn that I had either misapprehended or misrepresented what he said at that particular place.\nI did not apprehend Co Mercer that you was a buyer of Stock with your own money but that as the immediate Purchaser for the Publick you had bought so as to benefit a particular set of men with whom you was privately connected so that in effect you was at the same time both buyer and seller of Stock.\nI understand Mr Hill and Mr Crawford both voted for Co Mercer altho he leaves you to infer otherwise yet I have not the most distant inclination to ascribe their Certificates in his language to \u201cwickedness\u201d or even to improper motives but justice to myself obliges me to show truly my own idea of them that they were derived from inattention and that if there has been any misapprehension of what Co Mercer said at Marlborough it is rather on their part than on mine. I am induced to conclude it was from inattention only, and not coupling the whole of his Speech together as I cannot suppose they had not understanding enough if they had been attentive to his whole speech to descern that his praise of you was that of Anthony to Brutus. And I admit that if I had not taken his whole speech together but had happened to have had my attention called off at particular times and have had it engrossed by that part of it wherein he professed to have been in the habits of intimacy and friendship in the Army and to have even then a very high respect for your abilities; I could certify myself as these Gentlemen have done that he had spoken of you in an honourable manner\u2014but the taking together the whole of his Speech at Marlborough only must I apprehend have compelled every one that heard him with attention to consider this only as proceeding from the art of a Popular Speaker with a design to impress his Audience with an idea of his own Impartiality that his censure might thereby acquire a double force and that the People might be induced to believe that facts and the public Good alone could have induced him to speak in the manner he did against one for whom he had otherwise a friendship & respeck. And I can the more readily conclude his censure of you at Marlborough had escaped the attention of these Gentlemen from a circumstance respecting myself for Co Mercers insinuation agt the President by his observation on General Waynes appointment to the Western Army had escaped me & consequently not taken notice of in my Publications till after I was reminded of it by Major Snowden and Mr. John Thomas of Susquehanna who happened to be present. And as to his praise and speaking highly of you in private conversation it could only be with the same view of giving force to his censure unless it might be with a design also of making the very use of it, he now has done if ever he should be called on as to charges he cannot support. And that every unfavourable impression was made even on Mr Hill himself as to your views and conduct as an officer if not as to your Integrity is evident from his own observation to a Gentleman that he was for sending Co Mercer to Congress if it was only to watch the Secretary of the Treasury and the observation of others was what a bad man the Secretary must be if what Co Mercer says is true. But the impressions that were made to your prejudice are wearing off fast and will be entirely removed when it comes to be Publickly known that he has denied having impeached your Integrity but only the Policy of some of the measures of the Administration. These Certificates of Mr Hill and Mr Crawford, also confirm the propriety of my wish to get every thing fixed in writing that there might be no dispute as to what was said. For did not Co. Mercer (as he admits by his Publication) answer when I represented to him the impropriety of charging you without producing some proof, that he thought himself justifiable in saying every thing he believed of you because he could trace the opposition to his election up to yourself, thus supporting his former charges as well as bringing forward a new one instead of seting me right if I had misapprehended him. This was soon after he spoke at Marlborough and before his Speech at Bladensburgh. Therefore can any one believe that Co Mercer could be your friend and could wish to make impressions honourable to you and that there was only a difference of Judgment between you as to the measures of Government when at the very time he spoke at Marlborough he himself thought you was his enemy and had acted so improperly towards him as well as the Publick that altho an officer of the General Government you had meddled in our State election and that too in opposition to himself. And if he had not have intended to charge your Integrity why did he not rectify the mistake as to his intentions, also, on the receipt of your letter in the presence of several Gentlemen instead of making a serious and most direct charge against you of having offered him a bribe to vote for the assumption or at least that you had made the offer to him in such terms that he had a right to take you in jest or earnest which appears by the Certificate of Mr Cramphin which I now send forward and the Certificates of Mr Bayley which I understand has been already forwarded but if it has not on your informing me I will procure it but I do not think I ought to delay this letter for that purpose. It may be proper to mention that I have understood some of Co Mercers friends incline to turn the contents of these Certificates into a joke and that he did not mean any thing unfavourable agt you\u2014but they will find it impossible when they consider the very particular time of making the charge it being on the receipt of your letter calling on him to do you justice by stating what he really did say of you\u2014the painting his own distress for want of money and that you knew this his distress\u2014and when they consider the impressions he made on those present as appears by Mr Cramphins Certificate\u2014and one observed as I am informed what do you think of the Secretary now\u2014and another on being asked if he thought you was in earnest answered he had no doubt you would have given the Money if Co Mercer would have received it\u2014and expressly and at a different time by his own answer to Mr Bayley that your proposition to him was in such terms that he had a right  to take you in jest or earnest. Mr Walter Chandler who was present and may be able to give you additional evidence on this particular subject, I hear is now in Philadelphia.\nAs concurrent circumstances may perhaps have more weight than charges of the greatest importance agt Co Mercers conduct with those who have no opportunity of informing themselves and who might suppose that what he is alledged to have charged against you has originated in party only where truth is too often sacrificed to the object in view\u2014therefore I shall observe should such a Hero as Co. Mercer represents himself to be, refuse as he does in his Publication to do justice to the innocent Members of Congress for fear of bringing 24 quarrels on his head by giving the names of those corrupt Members who he says are under your influence\u2014on his principle I should have suffered the minds of the People to be poisoned by him against the measures of Government and those who are entrusted with the Administration to be traduced, in silence through fear of his denunciations against his opponents\u2014and that his denunciation was general agt. those that should oppose his election. I have since seen a Certificate of a Gentleman which can be had if necessary. He also asserts in his off hand Reply that \u201cit can be affirmatively proved by 200 or 300 persons present a Marlborough\u201d and this relates to his assertion that he there called Capt Campbell a liar rascal and coward whereas I was there \u2019till both left the place and heard nothing of it nor have I seen anyone that heard him call Capt Campbell so and every one will presume that if it had been the case only before 2 or 3 it must have had an immediate circulation among all the People. And what could he mean by calling you a mushroom excrescence but that you had jumped into wealth by means of an office you was not entitled to. Or why should he have observed at Marlborough that he knew you when you had not a second shirt to your back if he did not mean some impression to your prejudice should remain notwithstanding he told us at the same time that he did not mean it as a reflection and that it was in the retreat through the Jerseys, when he was nearly in the same situation himself. In his Publication he says \u201ca full detail of these and other curious circumstances (relative to Capt Campbell) is lodged with the Printers\u201d and I was much surprised when I applied the 15 Novr. for a Copy of this detail to be informed by the Gentlemen of the office that no such thing was ever lodged and that on observing this assertion in his Publication a note was sent him from the office that no such detail was lodged and his reply was that it was not ready. He calls your official letter to the Contractor a private correspondence a Copy of which I enclose and which Capt Campbell procured from the office for the purpose mentioned in his answer to me and does he not wish from his Publication, that it should be considered a letter as having relation to his election. It may not be improper to observe as he calls some of his opponents a desperate Banditti that there was respectability of character against Co Mercers election in the district at large and in Annapolis the place of his residence there was not only respectability but a considerable number for the place and also a small Majority in his own County at large agt him notwithstanding all his fine Speeches for which he says he received such shouts of applause so that it turned out as I concluded that it only required a knowledge of the man or the subject to defeat all his oratorial powers of Imposition.\nI hear Co Mercer has gone on to Congress and as I do not wish to lose another Post in Copying this and the Vouchers I must request you will let Co Mercer have Copies of them. I shall send a Copy of this letter to Mr Hill & Mr Crawford that they may be thereby enabled to put in a different point of view with respect to themselves anything they may suppose has been misapprehended by\nYour friend & obedt Servt.\nDavid Ross\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0088", "content": "Title: Catullus No. V, [24 November 1792]\nFrom: \u201cCatullus\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, November 24, 1792]\nFor the GAZETTE of the UNITED STATES.\nIt was my intention to have closed with my last paper, the discussion of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s conduct in the particulars which have been suggested; but the singular complexion of the last number\n   No. IV.\n of a series of papers originating in the American Daily Advertiser, obliges me to resume it.\nAs if bold assertion were capable of imposing any thing for truth, an attempt is made, in the paper alluded to, to impress the following opinions, 1st, That the extract which was given of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s letter on the subject of a proposition for the transfer of the French debt, is \u201cfalse,\u201d \u201cdeceptive,\u201d and \u201cmutilated.\u201d These are the epithets in different passages applied to it. 2d, That Mr. Jefferson was the mere vehicle, or to use the precise terms, \u201conly the vehicle of cummunication to Congress.\u201d 3d, That he \u201cdiscountenanced\u201d the proposition. 4th, That the \u201conly\u201d proposition which he made to Congress, was to borrow the money in Holland to discharge the debt.\nTo give colour to these assertions, I am called upon to produce the entire paragraph from which the extract has been made, and it is suggested, that the whole was deposited in the quarter, from whence the extract is believed to have been taken.\nI pledge my veracity that this suggestion is unfounded; as is another\u2014that the information which has been communicated by me is derived from the opportunities of official situation. I affirm unequivocally, that I obtained through different channels a full knowledge of the transaction in February, 1787\u2014being in no public station whatever\u2014that I then saw the extract, which has been published, and which was at that time taken from the original letter, and has been since preserved, in the most authentic form. That I then also received information equally authentic of the general substance of the letter, as relating to the matter in question, and of all other particulars concerning it, which have heretofore been stated, and which have been preserved, in a manner, that admits no doubt of their accuracy or genuineness.\nFor this, I again appeal to the letter itself, on the files of the department of state, where alone, as far as I am informed, its entire contents are deposited, and which I entertain no doubt will confirm not only the truth of the extract which has been given, but the justness of the representation of the contents of the letter in all other respects.\nConsidering the extract as genuine, which undoubtedly it is, it speaks for itself\u2014and unequivocally falsifies the suggestion that Mr. Jefferson was \u201conly the vehicle\u201d of communication to Congress. It imports, without the possibility of evasion, advice to accede to the proposition which was made to the Dutch Company, on the dishonorable ground of there being danger, that the public payments would not be punctual, and of its being in that case expedient to transfer the discontents, which would arise from the want of punctuality, from the court of France, to the breasts of a private company. It therefore clearly makes him more than the mere vehicle of communication\u2014the patron and adviser of the measure upon the condition which has been stated. It as clearly refutes the astonishing assertion, that he \u201cdiscountenanced\u201d the proposition; whatever subterfuge may be brought to colour it. And it equally destroys the other allegation, that the only proposition which Mr. Jefferson made to Congress, was to borrow the money in Holland to discharge the debt.\nIt has been admitted, that there was another proposition, in the same letter, of that import; but it is denied under the appeal which has been made, that it in any manner derogates from the advice contained in the extract. It is understood to have been offered as an alternative; in case the proposition of the Dutch Company should not be approved\u2014As another mode which might be adopted to effect the payment to France.\nIt will be remarked by an attentive reader, that while an artful attempt is made to bring into question the genuineness of the extract, a direct denial of its genuineness is not hazarded. Recourse is had to equivocal implications. It is said to be \u201cfalse and deceptive,\u201d not in terms, but \u201cupon a sound construction\u201d\u2014that \u201cthe contents of the letter, even in the extract published, have been shamefully misrepresented\u201d\u2014not that the extract is itself a forgery; but that \u201cother parts of the letter absolutely necessary for the full comprehension of it, are kept back.\u201d The jargon of asserting, that a literal extract from a paper is \u201cfalse and deceptive, upon a sound construction,\u201d is a proof of the embarrassment of the commentator. Whoever will examine the extract will perceive, that as to the purpose, to which it has been applied, it is an entire thing. The sentiment reprobated is there complete, and can be affected by nothing collateral. The inferences resulting from it can only be repelled by establishing that the extract is in terms false. This I believe will not be pretended.\nIt is as little true (in the sense in which it is evidently meant to be understood) that the proposition for the transfer of the debt has been imposed upon Mr. Jefferson as his own, as it is that he discountenanced it. It has been acknowledged, that the offer was first made by the Dutch Company; and has only been maintained that Mr. Jefferson advised its acceptance on principles contrary to good morals; a position which can never be overthrown without introducing a new system of ethics. In this sense too, and with the disapprobation, which belonged to it, was it understood by those to whom the advice was addressed, to the honor of the public Councils of the day.\nIt is suggested that the animadversions upon Mr. Jefferson\u2019s conduct, in these papers, proceed from \u201cprivate revenge.\u201d This supposes some private injury real or imagined. The assertor must be not a little embarrassed to support the probability of such a cause. It is affirmed that none such exists. Private revenge therefore cannot be the stimulous. Let Facts speak the true motives.\nCatullus.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0089", "content": "Title: George Washington to Edmund Randolph, [24 November 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\n[United States Novr. 24. 92]\nSir\nIt appears to me necessary, that processes should issue without further delay upon the Indictments found at the last Circuit Court held at York Town in the Commonwealth of Pensylvania, in reference to the laws laying a duty on Spirits distilled within the United States\u2014and proper, that they should be served by the Marshall of the District of Pensylvania, in person. I am to desire that the requisite arrangements [with the Attorney & marshall of the before mentioned District] may be taken for these purposes; [and], you are authorized to signify to the [latter] my expectation of his immediate Agency in the business.\n[G W]\n[The Attorney Genl of the U S]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0090", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 24 November 1792\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth [New Hampshire] November 24, 1792. \u201cYour Circular letter dated the 25th. Octo. came to my hands the 15th. instant: Comformably to a direction therein contained I enclose you an estimate of the amount of Bounties payable on the 31st. of Decr. next on fishing Vessels that have been licenced in this district, the amount whereof is Dollo. 2091.50. I do not conceive that any claims will be made on this office from any other Vessels, and the probability is that some of these may have failed of such Strict compliance with the law, as will entitle them to the bounty it may therefore to be presumed that the above mentioned Sum will be fully sufficient to be retained in my hands for the payment of those Bounties.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0091", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 24 November 1792\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Comptroller\u2019s Office, November 24, 1792. \u201cI have prepared a sett of forms for the Superintendents of Indian Affairs, which I have now the honor to transmitt for your consideration, also the draft of a Letter on the same subject. These forms have been calculated with a view to the establishment of an Officer, to superintend the examination & settlement of all deliveries of Stores & public property of the United States; which in my opinion will be an indispensible arrangement to secure the necessary responsibility. If such an Officer should be established, I think he ought to be placed in the same relation to the Treasury as the Accountant of the War Department.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0092", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Israel Ludlow, 25 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ludlow, Israel\n[Philadelphia, November 25, 1792. The catalogue description of this letter reads as follows: \u201cOrdering the Original Survey of Lands in Ohio. \u2018The said tract shall extend from the mouth of the Miami to the mouth of the little Miami, and be bounded by the river Ohio on the South \u2026 that the President reserves to the U. S., such lands at and near Fort Washington.\u2019 Arranges for military protection.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0093", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, November 26, 1792. On December 13, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Delany: \u201cI received \u2026 your letter of the 26th. Ultimo.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0094", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Heth, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Heth, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, November 26, 1792. On January 1, 1793, Heth wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI wrote you very fully the 26th Novr. last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0095", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Jay, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, November 26, 1792. On December 18, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Jay: \u201cYour favours of the 26 of November & 16 instant have duly come to hand.\u201d Letter of November 26 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0096", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, November 26, 1792. \u201cAs difficulties or losses may occur with respect to the Transmission of Bonds taken for duties, not discharged on the day they fall due, to the District Attorney residing at New Port, it appears to me of considerable importance that you be apprised of the different ways that offer for Transmitting them.\u2026 I am induced Sir, Respectfully to entreat your advice and particular instructions as to the mode of conveyance which shall appear to you the most proper for the Transmission, of any unsatisfied Bonds to the District attorney, which I Shall invariably observe.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0097", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nTreasury DepartmentPhila. Novr. 26, 1792.\nSir\nSince my last of the 5th. instant a triplicate of which is here inclosed I have received yours of the 30th of August last.\nI have only time to inform you that I have directed the sum of 1,250.000 florins to be drawn upon our Commissioners in Amsterdam immediately; which will leave a sum in their hands sufficient to face the Interest and other payments falling due up to the 1st. of March next including the debt due to Spain.\nThis arrangement is made so as not to affect the sum of 1.625.000 florins which pursuant to Mr. Morris\u2019s stipulation with the French Treasury was to be paid in France\u2014because it appears from your letter that it was still possible the payment might be concluded. This possibility will therefore govern until I receive further advice on the subject. But should the payment eventually be stopped, I shall also draw for part, if not the whole, of the sum from hence.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 very respectfully, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt. servant\nAlexander HamiltonWilliam Short Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0098", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Supervisors of the Revenue, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Supervisors of the Revenue\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 26. 1792\nSir\nThe Secretary at War informs me that the arrangement which has been made by him for supplying provisions and other necessaries at the several recruiting rendezvouses within the State of Maryland will expire with the present year; and that a further arrangement will be necessary for the succeeding year.\nConvinced that under your care the business would be put upon the most proper footing, I have concluded to ask you to take the trouble of it.\nThe supplies of provisions are reducible to a precise rate by contract, which is always desirable. Quarter Master\u2019s Articles and Medical Assistance appear not to be susceptible of the same regulation. The course consequently has been to contract for provisions at a given Rate \u214c Ration, and to allow the Contract\u27e8or\u27e9 for all other supplies, which he also engages to furnish, a Commission of 5 \u214c Cent upon his expenditures. This course, it is presumed, must continue to be substantially followed. It is however left to your discretion, except as to the article of provisions, for which the stipulation of a precise rate \u214c Ration is deemed essential. The Rations to be supplied are to consist of the following Articles\u2014\nOne pound of bread or flour,\nOne pound of beef or \u00be of a pound of pork,\nHalf a gill of Rum, brandy or whiskey\nOne quart of Salt\nTwo quarts of Vinegar\nper 100 Rations.\nTwo pounds of Soap\nOne pound of Candles\nThe several rendezvouses, the present rates of provisions at each and the commission upon the expenditures for other supplies are as follow\u2014\nPlaces\nprices \u214c Ration\nCommission\nBaltimore\n10 Cents\n5 \u214c Cent\nHagers Town\n12 Cents\nThe places will continue as above specified; but it is hoped that the Rations may be reduced in price. Whether an attempt to form a contract for the whole, or the formation of a contract for each place, ought to be preferred, is left to your judgment.\nMedical assistance has been a source of abuse and it is desirable that proper care be taken to guard against it.\nThe provisions must be furnished upon returns of the principal Officer at each rendezvous, specifying the number of men for whom Rations are required and a receipt upon the Return at each delivery for the number of Rations delivered must be obtained from the same Officer. Should a non-commissioned Officer only be at the rendezvous when any delivery is made, the Commissioned Officer charged with the recruiting service at the place must afterwards examine and certify it. Similar receipts and Certificates must be obtained for all other issues specifying particulars as accurately as the nature of the case admits, and the accounts must finally be settled at the Treasury.\nMonies may be paid by you to the Contractor on account, for which duplicate receipts must be taken; one of them, when transmitted to the Treasury, will procure you a Credit for the sum paid, to be charged to the Contractor.\nI need not observe to you the great importance of \u0153conomy in the minutest details. The aggregate of saving or expence from attention or inattention to it is immense.\nWith great consideration, \u2003 I am, Sir, Your Obed Servt.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0099", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTreasury Department,November 26th 1792.\nGentlemen,\nYou will herewith receive a triplicate of my letter of the 5th instant, and an enclosure for Mr. Short, which you will please to forward.\nThe Treasurer having been directed to draw upon you, for 1.250.000 florins, I have to request, that his drafts may be duly honored.\nI am &c.\nAlexander Hamilton.\nMessrs. Willink, Van Staphorst,and Hubbard.Amsterdam.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0101", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 27 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] November 27, 1792. Encloses \u201ca Petition \u2026 in behalf of the Keeper of the Light House in Portland, to have his salary augmented.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0103", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 27 November 1792\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilade. 27 Nove. 1792l\u2019an 4 de la libert\u00e9 francaise\nLe secretaire d\u2019etat m\u2019ayant inform\u00e9 par une lettre du 20 de ce mois dont vous avez connoissance, que sur ma communication officielle du 8, votre gouvernement a arret\u00e9 de solder ici \u00e0 mon ordre quarante mille piastres de plus que les cent mille restant \u00e0 payer sur les fonds pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment accord\u00e9s, je vous prie de vouloir bien faire acquitter entre les mains du Consul general Laforest ou \u00e0 son ordre, le montant total de ces deux sommes dans la proportion et aux epoques suivantes.\nDollars\nau lr. Decembre prochain\nau 15 du m\u00eame mois\nau lr Janvr. 1793\nau 15 du m\u00eame mois\nau lr fevr. Suivant\nau 15 du m\u00eame mois\net enfin au 15 avril suivant\nau total", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0104", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [27 November 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, November 27, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President. The execution of the process by the marshal himself is, for many reasons, so important that it does not appear possible to dispense with it. If there should be any failure in the Deputy it would probably furnish a topic of censure and a source of much embarrassment. The impediment in point of health is to be regretted, but, it would seem, must be surmounted.\nNovember 27, 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0106", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 28 November 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, November 28, 1792. Announces the death of the keeper of the Chesapeake lighthouse. Suggests that Lemuel Cornick would be a suitable replacement.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0108", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 28 November 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom HouseDistrict of Providence 28th. Novr. 1792\nSir\nAgreeable to my expectation, as communicated in a former letter; Welcome Arnold Esqr. has commenced a Suit against me for the detention &c. of his Brigantine Neptune, in not granting a permit to Mr. Edward Dexter (who Received from him a Collusive Transfer of the Cargo) to unload, while his Bond in Suit remained unpaid.\nMr. Dexter has also commenced a Suit for refusing him the usual Credit on the Transfer of Mr. Arnold. These Suits are brought to the State Court to be held in this Town on the 17th day of December next. I have written Mr. Channing on the Subject, and should he deem it expedient to have another Attorney to assist him in the Prossecution of this Business, I shall think myself authorized to engage one, more especially as it is of great moment that Such Collusive Transfers (ment to seek a Credit in evasion of the Law) be effectually Checked in their infancy.\nI have the Honor to be \u2003 Respectfully \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Most Obed. Hum. Serv.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0109", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Griffith Jones, [28 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 28, 1792Communicated on November 28, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred the petition of Griffith Jones, by an Order of the House of Representatives of the 14th. instant, thereupon respectfully reports:\nThat the case is one of those stated in a former Report to the House, dated the 16th of April 1792, as barred by the Acts of limitation.\nThat the present petition is accompanied with a Certificate, recently given by William Mumford, late a Clerk in the Commissioners Office for settling the Accounts of the State of Pennsylvania, with the United States, intended to prove that the claim of the petitioner had been presented at the said office, previous to the time limited for receiving claims.\nAdmitting the fact to be, as stated in the certificate, it does not appear to amount to such an exhibition of the claim, as would remove the case out of the operation of the Acts of limitation.\nBut the admission of evidence of the nature of that, which is here offered, after so great a lapse of time, would, it is conceived, be, for obvious reasons, extremely dangerous.\nViewing the matter in this light, nothing of weight occurs to the Secretary, that could lead to an opinion different from that, which he has formerly expressed on the subject.\nWhich is humbly submitted.\nAlexander Hamilton,Secretary of the Treasury.\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 28th 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0110", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Philip Schuyler, 28 November 1792\nFrom: Schuyler, Philip\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York November 28th 1792\nMy Dear Sir\nBoth your letters detailing the conversation held with Mr Willet have been duly received, the contents communicated to a few friends, as I found it unnecessary to extend It, Mr. Willets statement having made no impression with our friends who believed It a Misrepresentation. Mr Van Schaack who was most alarmed at It and who mentioned It to me, was satisfied by my declaration that Willet must have misapprehended or misrepresented what past, as I knew that you was not averse to an examination of the conduct of the Canvassers and that a censure should be conveyed If they had acted corruptly, altho you was decidely of Opinion that the state ought not to be thrown into such a convulsion as might possibly terminate in a manner very painful to the friends of good Government.\nWhen Judge Wilson was here he asked If I had received a line from you on the subject of a proposition he had made you to sell Mr Church lands in Pensylvania, to the Amount of \u00a310000 Sterling at 2/6 per Acre provided double that sum was Advanced him on Loan and for which he proposed giving a mortgage on other lands. I informed him that I had not received a line from you mentioning that business, he pressed me to write you on the Subject. If the lands he proposes to sell were really worth 2/6 per Acre, It might be inconvenient for Mr Church to advance so large a sum as \u00a320000\u2014but as It will be difficult to Asscertain as well the value of the lands Mr Wilson proposes to sell as those he would Mortgage, as the latter would in probability not be productive of an income equal to the Annual interest of the money, as Mr Wilson might not be able to discharge the Interest Annually, Its accumulation might increase beyond the Increase in value of the lands. It therefore does not at present appear to me an Eligible mode of laying out money. I did not mention this to Mr Wilson, but as It may perhaps be better that the negative to his proposition should come from me than from you, I have no Objection that my sense of the business should be communicated unless you should Judge the appropriation an Eligible one.\nOur political opponents are evidently embarrassed. The examination into the conduct of the Canvassers, and the testimony of the Wittness and the authenticated documents to prove the general practice of former canvassing committees, they procure, will place Many of the Members in a painful situation on the Question of Censure, and I believe they would be deserted by some should the question be moved, but for three days past the leaders amongst Clintonians have suggested the propriety of an Amendment, and I really beleive they will make the Attempt. If they do, and before the conclussion of the Investigation which is now pursuing, I shall consider it as a victory on our part.\nI have a wish to pay you a visit at the Close of the next week, but If the contest is not ended I shall not dare to be absent from absence as my friends would be too much chagrined. I shall however not return to Albany until I have had the pleasure of Embracing you My Dear Eliza and the Little ones, entreat them to Accept my best Wishes, Adieu\nYour Ever most affectionately \u2003 &c &c\nPh: Schuyler\nHonl Alexander Hamilton Esqr &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0112", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, 28 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\nTreasury Department November 28th 1792\nSir\nI received the resolution of the Directors of the Bank of the united States of Yesterday, relative to my proposition of the 20th instant.\nIt remains to be determined by the Bank in whose favour the Treasury Bills upon Amsterdam are to be drawn, of which I request to be informed, in order to give the necessary directions.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 very respectfully \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nA Hamilton\nThe President of the Bank of the united States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0113", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 29 November 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nThe Hague Nov. 29. 1792\nSir\nI had the honor of addressing you on the 2d. of this month in reply to your letter of the 28th. of August recieved the day before. I was averse to writing to you again before I could transmit at the same time the account I then informed you I had written for to Amsterdam. The commissioners have assured me several times they are pushing forward as fast as they can the general account from the commencement which you have directed, & that they will lose no time in extracting from thence those parts which being posterior to Nov. 1790. regard me. Finding I shall not recieve it for tomorrow\u2019s post which is the last in time for the New-York Packet I determine to postpone no longer acknowleging the reciept of your later letters viz: Sep. 13. Oct. 1. & 16.\nBefore I leave the subject of the acct. however I must observe that I had until since the reciept of your letter of Aug. 28. really supposed, (I think the commissioners had given me to understand it) that you recieved regular quarterly accounts from them which settled the reciepts & expenditures. I had not made particular enquiry as to the vouchers & their manner of arranging that part with the treasury, but I took it for granted it was to the satisfaction of government as I heard nothing to the contrary from you. I have been perhaps wrong in not examining more particularly into this subject: if so I must beg you to attribute it to my conviction of the inutility of my interfering between the treasury & the commissioners in the settlement of accounts\u2014my aversion to enter further into the business than was absolutely necessary\u2014& my persuasion that you did not expect it. I am convinced no inconvenience will result from my having recieved the subject in this manner & must beg you to excuse it if it has been improper.\nIn consequence of your letter of Sep. 13. recieved here the 24th inst. I that day gave directions to the commissioners to appropriate the 105,000 florins agreeably to your orders & to give M. Morris immediate notice of it, which they inform me they did by the first post, & which I also confirmed to him by the same.\nIt gave me personal satisfaction to find from your letter of Oct. 1 that the late revolution & suspension of the King in France had struck you in the same manner which it had done me, as to payments to that country. That which was made & about which I have so often troubled you & with so much prolixity, though made against my own opinion, & only from respect to that of M. Morris, I find he would endeavour to establish as my act, if any question were to rise on it\u2014& this on the ground of the delay from the 17th. of Aug. to the 5th. of Sept.\u2014& a bill being taken instead of a reciept\u2014circumstances which I explained fully in my letter of Oct. 27th. to you.\nI am persuaded at present however no question will arise on the payment & therefore I will not trouble you farther. M. Morris says now if the payment had been made on the 17th. the U.S. should have credit from the 6th. of Aug. although at present credit is given only from the 5th of Sep. the day of the payment being effected. I know not very well how to reconcile this with his letter which said the bankers might make the payment at liesure, if it was found that so considerable a payment of bank money raised the agio to the disadvantage of the U.S. Be that as it may if his arrangement with the commissioners was such as to entitle the U.S. to credit from the 6th. of August, the delay arising from circumstances not dependent on us, & in part from their own bankers who asked time to consider of the manner they would recieve the payment (in order as our bankers thought that they might write to Paris for instructions) we should certainly have an equal right to insist on the same date as to the credit\u2014& what is still more we have it in our hands to settle this in the allowance of indemnity for depreciation. In like manner the delay occasioned by the suspension of the King as to the payment of the sums on hand, & on which the U.S. are now paying a dead interest, appears to me a just object of consideration in the regulating of the indemnity. As to the delay prior to the 10th. of Aug. it may be in a considerable degree attributed to the French government also & totally to the situation of that country as to the circulating medium they had introduced [which] would have sufficed of itself to occasion the delay though it was not the only cause\u2014a simple state of the progress of this business will I think necessarily ascertain it.\nI might leave out of the question myself & the delay which my particular situation so often explained to you, occasioned as to the settling of the indemnity. I have often repeated that knowing a permanent minister was to be appointed for Paris\u2014knowing from the President\u2019s instructions to you that arrangements with respect to the debt to France were to be referred to him\u2014& particularly after knowing that another person had recieved this mark of the Presidents confidence\u2014delicacy & propriety forbad me imperiously from taking any steps, in that line, which could admit of delay. It was evident that a short delay could not be injurious to this business, & I had every reason to believe the person designated would be very shortly in Paris after he had announced to me his nomination, & this was very shortly after my return from Amsterdam. I must observe also that I was ignorant during that whole time of your having changed your intention as to the 2\u00bd. millions of the precedent six million loan & of course did not know how large sums were on hand destined for France. I only contemplated the 3 million 4 p. cent loan & as that was only coming in monthly the delay as to the payment did not appear to me to be of any importance, supposing daily it would be removed. The original of your letter of Nov. 30. 91. announcing that of the 2\u00bd millions which you had directed to be held to answer your draughts, only one million would be called for which added 1\u00bd. million to those in hand for France, was never recieved. I recieved at Paris on the 7th. of May the triplicate of your letter of Jan. 28th. in which you say you inclose a duplicate of your letter of Nov. 30. It was not however inclosed in the triplicate\u2014nor was your report therein alluded to. They came inclosed in the original of your letter of Jan. 28\u2014sent here to the Hague where it was addressed to me\u2014received by M. Dumas\u2014& by what unaccountable stupidity I know not, kept here until my arrival. He says he thought I was in Spain & therefore kept it expecting me here daily, near three months. He says he learned this from the bankers at Amsterdam\u2014they say he dreamed it. Until then I considered the delay of payment as affecting only such sums as were arising on the 1st. 4. p. cent loan (the term of which had not expired, & out of which payments had been at Amsterdam for interest & premium) & the 2d 4. p. cent loan  announced to me & by me to you just before my leaving Paris. The affair I then considered in M. Morris\u2019s hands as to the indemnity & of course as to the time of future payments as settled between him & me & mentioned to you. I am so anxious that you should have a complete view of this subject which has given me so much uneasiness on account of the disadvantage which the U.S. may sustain & the dead interest they have been & still are paying on so large sums, that I undoubtedly give into repetition & prolixity respecting it. It was my intention to shew you here that the delay previous to the 10th. of Aug. may be imputed also to the French government & the situation of that country as to their circulating medium.\nWhen the first 4. p. cent loan was opened & destined to be paid to the French government, the ministry had made a report to the assembly on their colonies & proposed then appropriating the French debt to their succour. The then minister of marine, M. de Bertrand desired that remittances from Amsterdam might be suspended. It is true our apparent interest dictated the same. I then could have no objection as the sums which I contemplated only, viz those arising from the 4. p. cent loan were to be recieved gradually\u2014& the interest & premiums of Feby & March would absorb a part. After my return to Paris this report was expected daily for a long time as I then mentioned to you to be decided on & finally as you have been informed the succeeding Minister, M. de La Coste, did ask for & recieved my consent to his disposition of 800,000 dollars which though not effected may with great justice be stated as a cause of delay on their part\u2014so much for the French government. As to the circulating medium as an impediment to the payment\u2014I have already informed you that on recieving your letter on the subject of indemnity I communicated the intention of our government to the French ministry & desired them to find out some proper  basis for adjusting this indemnity. It was certainly a very natural preliminary to any future payment\u2014& as they never did establish any basis they may be considered as the authors of a delay occasioned by the change in the circulating medium which gave rise to the indemnity. This I mean however only as a circumstance to be taken into consideration in fixing the rate of indemnity, & not to push it to the extent it might be carried, as it was not certainly the only real cause of the delay although it might be made to be regarded as a sufficient cause.\nAfter the King\u2019s suspension it was impossible to foresee how long that situation of France would continue which should disable us from knowing to whom to make the payments\u2014with such large sums on hand it might have been desirable to have attempted a reduction of the 5. p. cent bonds to 4. p. cent by offering the alternative of re-imbursement\u2014but the then state of the market & of the appearances among European powers shewed evidently it would have been impracticable.\nAll that could be done was to retard as much as possible the payments still due by the undertakers & to appropriate a part of the sums on hand to the payment of the Spanish debt. The commissioners assured me they took every eligible method of shewing the undertakers they were not to be pressed\u2014adding however that they made a point of honor of not being behind hand with their engagements & that the discount on bills of exchange being exceedingly low at that time, they found their interest in calling for the bonds though they were of a low & dull sale\u2014having been for some time down to 96 or near it. I have renewed this subject to them several times\u2014their last letter relative thereto was of the 22d. inst: they say therein\u2014\u201cYou may depend we will continue to prosecute every eligible step to protract the delivery of the bonds of the last loan yet on hand. But you ought not to be surprized that many nay most of the underwriters will fullfill their engagements yielding them 4. p. cent interest while the discount of bills of exchange is but at 1\u00be to 2. p. cent: notwithstanding this extreme low rate, the American bonds are but of slow sale, even at very low prices owing to the firm conviction of our money lenders that the situation of politics must bring about a great rise of interest, which will in some degree be felt by the powers least disposed or liable to be involved in the present disturbances, a rise of which they hold themselves ready to profit, by retaining their monies from a permanent employ.\u201d\nI have already long ago informed you of my having directed the commissioners to provide bills on Madrid for a part of the Spanish debt, & my having written to Mr. Carmichael desiring him to learn of the ministry to whom the bills should be addressed, & whether they would chuse to recieve such part as bills should not be provided for at the time of the answer at Amsterdam. He has made the application both to Count Daranda & M. Gardoqui\u2014but had not an answer when he last wrote to me. The bills are therefore, as their term was approaching, addressed to M. Gardoqui & sent to Mr. Carmichael by the commissioners to the amount I think of 160,000 dollars. I have desired them to extend that sum to 250,000 dollars, which will be only a little under the sum you mentioned\u2014the balance is by way of precaution & will be paid on the final settlement of the account.\nFor some time also I had considered 2\u00bd millions of the sums on hand as at your disposition & to be drawn for by you, in consequence of my letters to you from Paris in answer to that from you respecting a new loan at 4\u00bd. p. cent interest. It was not until the 18th. of Sep. that yours of July 25. shewed me you should call for only a part of that sum.\nI inferred from an expression in your letter of Oct 16 that you will find it convenient to employ the sums on hand in the way there mentioned & if it should happen that you find an advantage in their being on hand, it will be some mitigation of the pain which it has given me to see them so long undisposed of (your letter for M. Morris inclosed in that of the 16th. of Oct. was forwarded to him by last tuesdays post).\nOn the 9th. of this month I recieved a letter from the commissioners which among other things stated\u2014\u201cThe large payments of interest, the drafts of the treasury, remittances to France & to Spain together with M. de Wolf\u2019s bills have reduced the unappropriated cash in our hands to about\nAdding to which the net proceeds of 844.undelivered bonds\nmakes\nThey add that the payment of interest to June 1. inclusive together with the reimbursement of the million then\u2014& the 500,000 florins which they understood the French government meant to apply for to pay an instalment due the 5th. of the next month of the loan made for the U.S. by France under the guarantee of the states general would amount to 2,545,000 florins\u2014& of course leave a deficit on the 1st. of June of 283,000 florins. (As yet no application has been made by France with respect to the 500,000 florins). Their object in this statement was to induce me to obtain powers to make a loan at that time at an higher rate than 4. p. cent interest, they supposing I was limited thereto & conceiving an augmentation of interest would be indispensable. Without saying any thing of my powers in my answer I have simply informed them that I was persuaded the U.S. would not be disposed or necessitated to make any future foreign loan at an higher rate than 4. p. cent interest\u2014& that I myself believe, unless there were a very great change abroad, they might count on procuring at that rate such sums as they might have occasion for in future. I think it not amiss to leave this idea to operate with them & let them suppose we should look out elsewhere rather than retrogade in the rate of interest. It seems to me the U.S. should make every effort to fix this impression on their minds & those of the money lenders. If they should be once fully persuaded of the determination not to raise the rate of interest, it will produce an inestimable effect hereafter in the reduction of the 5. p. cent bonds. By suspending foreign loans for some time which would seem within the power of the U.S. this might certainly be done. Supposing the sums at present on hand called for by you, their present application at home would enable you probably to provide for from thence, the reimbursement of the million in June next, in addition to the interest payable abroad next year, which you have already informed me would be remitted. I cannot too often repeat how important I think it is not to be forced on the market during its present state & thus obliged to augment the rate of interest\u2014& the resources which I am informed you may find in the bank makes me hope & trust it may be avoided.\nM. de Wolf insists still that he can procure money for the U.S. at 4. p. cent\u2014but I find he cannot secure the loans as at Amsterdam for large sums. He desires to be employed according to the usage of Antwerp, which is in general if not always different\u2014it is only in fact having bonds for sale which may or may not be taken up. It is a mode wch. with proper restrictions might be used, when a power was not in want of a given sum at a given time. He presses me now to let him open a loan for a million or half a million of florins at 4. p. cent. I have declined it with him on the footing of the U.S. not having any occasion for the money at present. He may be made use of perhaps to impress the idea of the U.S. adhering to the 4. p. cent interest\u2014but this of course will not be for a long time to come. Should loans be made at Antwerp they should be destined to the payments to France\u2014because those payments may be advanced or started without inconvenience. It would be highly dangerous & injurious to depend on Antwerp for the interest & re-imbursements payable at Amsterdam, because they must be to the day.\nI recieved yesterday the papers of the Sec. of State, which I sent for to Amsterdam, relative to my sojourn in Spain & I shall set out in a few days. This absence being of course known to you, I have nothing to add respecting it.\nI have the honor to be most respectfully, \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obedient & humble servant\nW Short\nP. S. I omitted mentioning that the commissioners have recd. a letter from the commissaries of the treasury, informing them they have credited the U.S. for 6,000,000\u20b6 on acct of the payment lately made in florins. M. Morris had lately written to me also that he had at length applied to the commissaries on the same subject & forwarded me their answer to the same effect.\nThe Honble Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury\u2014Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0114", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 29 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States, Nov: 29. 1792.\nIt having been represented by the Director of the Mint that the late rise in the price of Copper, and the difficulty of obtaining it, render it improbable that the quantity authorised to be procured can be had, unless some part of it be imported by the United States; it is therefore thought proper that measures should be taken to obtain a quantity from Europe on the public account; and as it is estimated that the sum of Ten thousand dollars will be necessary for this purpose, you are hereby requested, if consistent with the arrangements of the Treasury, to have a bill for the above sum drawn on the Bankers of the United States in Holland, payable to Mr. Pinckney our Minister in Great Britain.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0115", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [29 November 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, November 29, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the president; has the honor to transmit for his consideration the draft of a report pursuant to two references of the House of Representatives, concerning which he will wait upon the President on Saturday, being desireous of sending in a Report on Monday.\nThursday Nov: 29 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0116", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 30 November 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, November 30, 1792. Announces \u201cthe completion of the light House, Keepers house, oil Vault, and platform on Cape Henry in the state of Virginia.\u201d States that extra work has compelled the contractor to submit a bill in excess of the original contract. Asks Hamilton to secure the President\u2019s approval of this bill.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0117", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Abraham Scribner and Thomas Cable, [30 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 30, 1792Communicated on December 11, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, to whom was referred the petition of Abraham Scribner and Thomas Cable, respectfully [submits] the following Report thereupon.\nThe petition seeks compensation for the hire and value of a sloop, alleged to have been impressed into the public service, in August 1776, by Hugh Hughes, then Assistant Quarter-Master, with an engagement to pay, at the rate of four dollars a day, for the use of the Sloop, and to pay for her, in case of loss by inevitable accident, or capture by the enemy, which loss by capture is stated to have happened.\nFrom the proofs which accompany the petition, there is satisfactory ground to conclude, that the vessel in question was impressed into the public service, at the period mentioned, and that shortly after, she was intercepted and fell into the hands of the enemy.\nBut it is not equally clear, that her loss was truly owing to her detention in public service. It appears, that she arrived at New York with some Militia and stores on board, the 27th. of August 1776; the day on which she is stated to have been impressed; and it is not alleged, that she was detained more than four days, when the British vessels, which are said to have prevented her safe return, were already in the Narrows above Hell-gate, about eight miles from New York.\nRecurring to the known expedition, with which the retreat from Long Island was effected, the probability is, that the detention was still less considerable, than is now, from recollection, suggested: And the presumption, upon the whole, would rather be, that the detention made no difference, as to the eventual fate of the Vessel.\nBut if there was an unconditional agreement to indemnify in case of loss, that presumption might not be a good objection to the claim. The proof of such agreement (excluding the attestation of one of the petitioners, which, in point of precedent, cannot be received as evidence) is a certificate from Hugh Hughes of the 9th. of April 1790, which comes fully up to the suggestions of the petitioners, except that it would rather appear from it, that the indemnification was to be made only in case of loss by accident, or capture, while in the actual service of the public. If the Certificate is to be understood in this sense, the condition of the indemnification did not happen.\nBut strong objections otherwise lie against this claim. From the time of its origination to that of presenting the petition under consideration, a period of near fourteen years has intervened. And there is no evidence or suggestion of any prior application. The delay has not only involved a bar from the Acts of limitation, but must render any proof of the agreement relied upon, short of a written cotemporary document, unsatisfactory. The books and vouchers of Mr. Hughes having been destroyed by fire, no aid to his recollection can be supposed to have been drawn from that source. And, as a general rule, it would be extremely unsafe, to admit claims upon the declarations and acknowledgments of public officers, made at so late a day, especially, if founded only upon memory. Reasons of a particular nature, detailed in a report of the Secretary of the 16th. of April last, strengthen the general considerations, which readily occur on this head.\nNo special excuse for the delay is assigned.\nWherefore, and under all the circumstances of the case, the Secretary does not perceive sufficient ground for an exception to the operation of the Acts of limitation, in favor of the petitioners.\nWhich is humbly submitted,\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasry.\nTreasury Department,November 30th 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0118-0001", "content": "Title: Report on the Redemption of the Public Debt, [30 November 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, November 30, 1792Communicated on December 3, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nIn obedience to two resolutions of the House of Representatives, one of the 21st instant, directing the Secretary of the Treasury to report a plan for the redemption of so much of the public debt, as by the Act, intituled \u201cAn Act making provision for the debt of the United States,\u201d the United States have reserved the right to redeem; the other of the 22d instant, directing him to report the plan of a provision for the reimbursement of the loan made of the Bank of the United States, pursuant to the 11th Section of the Act, intituled \u201cAn Act to incorporate the Subscribers to the Bank of the United States\u201d The said Secretary respectfully submits the following Report.\nThe expediency of taking measures for the regular redemption of the public debt, according to the right which has been reserved to the government, being wisely predetermined by the resolution of the House of Representatives, referring the subject to the Secretary, nothing remains for him, but to endeavor to select and submit the most eligible means of providing for the execution of that important object.\nWith this view, the first enquiry, which naturally presents itself, is, whether the existing revenues are, or are not adequate to the purpose?\nThe estimates, which accompany the Report of the Secretary of the 14th, instant, will shew, that during the continuance of the present Indian war, the appropriations for interest, and the demands for the current service, are likely to exhaust the product of the existing revenues; though they afford a valuable surplus beyond the permanent objects of expenditure, which, it is hoped, may, ere long, be advantageously applied to accelerate the extinguishment of the debt.\nIn the mean time, however, and until the restoration of peace, the employment of that resource, in this way, must, of necessity, be suspended: and either the business of redemption be deferred, or recourse must be had to other expedients.\nBut did no such temporary necessity, for resorting to other expedients, exist, the doing of it would still be recommended by weighty considerations. It would appear, in the abstract, advisable, to leave the surplus of the present revenues free, to be applied to such casual exigencies, as may from time to time occur\u2014to occasional purchases of the debt, when not exhausted by such exigencies, to the payment of interest on any balances, which may be found due to particular States, upon the general settlement of accounts, and finally, to the payment of interest on the deferred part of the debt, when the period for such payment arrives. There is a reasonable prospect, that, if not diverted, it will be found adequate to the two last important purposes.\nRelinquishing, then, the idea of an immediate application of the present revenues to the object in view\u2014it remains to examine, what other modes are in the option of the Legislature.\nLoans, from time to time, equal to the sums annually redeemable, and bottomed on the same revenues, which are now appropriated to pay the interest upon those sums, offer themselves, as one expedient, which may be employed, with a degree of advantage. As there is a probability of borrowing at a lower rate of interest, a material saving would result, and even this resource, if none better could be devised, ought not to be neglected.\nBut it is obvious, that to rely upon this resource alone would be to do little towards the final exoneration of the nation. To stop at that point would, consequently, be neither provident nor satisfactory. The interests, as well as the expectations of the Union require something more effectual.\nThe establishment of additional revenues is the remaining resource. This, if the business is to be undertaken in earnest, is unavoidable. And a full confidence may reasonably be entertained, that the Community will see, with satisfaction, the employment of those means, which alone can be effectual, for accomplishing an end, in itself so important, and so much an object of general desire. It cannot fail to be universally felt, that if the end is to be attained, the necessary means must be employed.\nIt can only be expected, that care be taken to chuse such as are liable to fewest objections, and that in the modifications of the business, in other respects, due regard be had to the present and progressive circumstances of the country.\nAssuming it, as the basis of a plan of redemption, that additional revenues are to be provided, the further enquiry divides itself into the following branches:\n1st. Shall a revenue be immediately constituted, equal to the full sum which may at present be redeemed, according to the terms of the contract?\n2d. Shall a revenue be constituted from year to year, equal only to the interest of the sum to be redeemed in each year, coupling with this operation, an annual loan commensurate with such sum? Or,\n3d. Shall a revenue be constituted, each year, so much exceeding the interest of the sum to be redeemed, as to be sufficient, within a short definite term of time, to discharge the principal itself; coupling with this operation also, an annual loan, equal to the sum to be annually redeemed, and appropriating the revenue created, to its discharge, within the terms which shall have been predetermined?\nThe first plan, besides being completely effectual, would be eventually most \u0153conomical; but considering, to what a magnitude, the revenues of the United States have grown, in a short period, it is not easy to pronounce, how far the faculty of paying might not be strained by any sudden considerable augmentation, wheresoever immediately placed; while the rapid progress of the country in population and resource seems to afford a moral certainty that the necessary augmentation may be made with convenience, by successive steps, within a moderate term of time\u2014and invites to temporary and partial suspensions, as capable of conciliating the reasonable accommodation of the community, with the vigorous prosecution of the main design. For these, and for other reasons, which will readily occur, the course of providing immediately the entire sum to be reduced, is conceived not to be the most eligible.\nThe second plan, though much more efficacious, that that of annual loans, bottomed on the revenues now appropriated for the payment of interest on the sums to be redeemed, does not appear to be sufficiently efficacious. The Schedule A will shew the effect of it to the first of January 1802, when the deferred debt will become redeemable in the proportions stipulated. Supposing the investment of the interest, which is, each year, liberated, together with that which has been, and will be released by purchases, pursuant to provisions heretofore made, in the purchase of 6 per cent stock; a sum of principal equal to 2.043.837. dollars and 7 cents would be sunk, and a clear annuity, equal to 459.212 dollars and 82 cents would be created towards further redemptions; but the fund then necessary for the future progressive redemption of the debt, according to the right reserved, would be 1.126.616 dollars and 44 cents, exceeding by 667.403 dollars and 62 cents, the amount of the redeeming fund. Something more effectual than this is certainly desirable, and appears to be practicable.\nThe last of the three plans best accords with the most accurate view, which the Secretary has been able to take of the public interest.\nIn its application, it is of material consequence to endeavor to accomplish these two points: 1st. The complete discharge of the sums annually redeemable, within the period prefixed, and the reimbursement, within the same period, of all auxiliary loans which may have been made for that purpose. 2ndly. The constituting, by the expiration of that period, a clear annual fund competent to the future redemption of the debt, to the extent of the right reserved.\nThe period, to which, it is conceived, the plan ought to refer, is the first day of January 1802; because then the first payment, on account of the principal of the deferred debt, may rightfully be made.\nIn conformity to these ideas, the following plan is most respectfully submitted; premising, that the sum redeemable for the first year of the 6 per cent stock, bearing a present interest, is computed at 550.000 dollars.\nLet an annual fund be constituted, during the present session, equal to 103.199 dollars and 6 cents, to begin to accrue from the first of January 1793. Let the sum of 550.000 dollars be borrowed upon the credit of this annuity, reimbursable within five years, that is, by 1st of January 1799. The sum borrowed to be applied, on the 1st of January 1794, to the first payment on account of the principal of the debt.\nThe proposed annuity will reimburse the sum borrowed with interest, by the first of January 1799, and will thenceforth be free from any further application.\nThe sum redeemable the second year, that is, on the 1st of January 1795, is computed at 583.000.\nLet an annual fund be constituted, during the second session after the present, equal to 109.391 dollars and 60 cents, to begin to accrue from the first of January 1794. Let the sum of 583000 dollars be borrowed upon the credit of this annuity, reimbursable within five years, that is, by the first of January 1800. The sum borrowed to be applied, on the first of January 1795, to the second payment on account of the principal of the debt.\nThe proposed annuity will reimburse the sum borrowed with interest, by the first of January 1800, and will be thenceforth free from any further application.\nThe sum redeemable the third year, that is, on the first of January 1796, is computed at 617.980 dollars.\nLet an annual fund be constituted, during the third session after the present, equal to 115.955 dollars and 17 cents, to begin to accrue from the first of January 1795. Let the sum of 617.980 dollars be borrowed upon the credit of this annuity, reimbursable within five years, that is, by the first of January 1801. This sum borrowed to be applied, on the first of January 1796, to the third payment on account of the principal of the debt.\nThe proposed annuity will reimburse the sum borrowed with interest, by the first of January 1801.\nThe sum redeemable the fourth year, that is, on the first of January 1797, is computed at 655.058 dollars and 80 cents.\nLet an annual fund be constituted, during the fourth session after the present, equal to 122.912 dollars and 48 cents, to begin to accrue from the first of January 1796. Let the sum of 655.058 dollars and 80 cents, be borrowed upon the credit of this annuity, reimbursable within five years, that is, by the first of January 1802. The sum borrowed to be applied on the first of January 1797, to the fourth payment on account of the principal of the debt.\nThe proposed annuity will reimburse the sum borrowed, with interest, by the first of January 1802.\nThe sum redeemable the fifth year, that is, on the first of January 1798, is computed at 694.362 dollars and 33 cents.\nLet an annual fund be constituted, during the fifth session after the present, equal to 152.743 dollars and 12 cents, to begin to accrue from the first of January 1797. Let the sum of 694.362 dollars and 33 cents, be borrowed upon the credit of this annuity, reimbursable within four years, that is, by the first of January 1802. The sum borrowed to be applied on the first of January 1798, to the fifth payment on account of the principal of the debt.\nThe proposed annuity will reimburse the sum borrowed, with interest, by the first of January 1802.\nThe sum redeemable, the sixth year, that is, on the first of January 1799, is icomputed at 736.024 dollars and 7 cents.\nLet an annual fund be constituted, during the sixth session after the present, equal to 197.680 dollars and 20 cents, to begin to accrue from the first of January 1798. Let the sum of 736.024 dollars and 7 cents, be borrowed upon the credit of this annuity, reimbursable within three years, that is, by the first of January 1802. The sum borrowed to be applied, on the first of January 1799, to the sixth payment on account of the principal of the debt.\nThe proposed annuity will reimburse the sum borrowed, with interest, by the first of January, 1802.\nThe sum redeemable the seventh year, that is, on the first of January 1800, is computed at 780.185 dollars and 52 cents.\nLet an annual fund be constituted, during the seventh session after the present, equal to 272.848 dollars and 38 cents, to begin to accrue from the first of January 1799. Let the sum of 780.185 dollars, and 52 cents, be borrowed upon the credit of this annuity, reimbursable within two years, that is, by the first of January 1802. The sum borrowed to be applied, on the first of January 1800, to the seventh payment on account of the principal of the debt.\nThe proposed annuity will reimburse the sum borrowed, with interest, by the first of January 1802.\nThe sum redeemable, the eighth year, that is, on the first of January 1801, is computed at 826.996 dollars and 65 cents.\nLet an annual fund be constituted, during the eighth session after the present, equal to 423.583 dollars and 64 cents, to begin to accrue from the first of January 1800. Let the sum of 826.996 dollars and 65 cents, be borrowed upon the credit of this annuity, reimbursable, within one year, that is, on the first of January 1802. The sum borrowed to be applied, on the first of January 1801, to the eighth payment on account of the principal of the debt.\nThe proposed annuity will reimburse the sum borrowed, with interest, on the first of January 1802.\nThe sum redeemable, the ninth year, that is, on the first of January 1802, is computed at 1.126.616. dollars and 44 cents.\nThe then existing means for the discharge of this sum, arising from the operation of the plan, will be\u2014\n1st. The amount of the annuity constituted the third year, which will have been liberated by reimbursement of the third loan. 2nd. The arrears of interest not previously appropriated, and which are computed at 200.000 dollars.\nThere will consequently be a deficiency, this year, of 810.661 dollars and 27 cents, which will require to be supplied by a temporary loan, to be reimbursed out of the surplus of the fund, which, on the first of January 1802, will exist for future redemptions, and which surplus will be sufficient to reimburse this temporary loan, in about thirteen years and a half.\nIt may be proper to remark, that this deficiency upon one year is suffered to exist, to avoid an unnecessary augmentation of revenue, materially beyond the sum permanently requisite. No inconvenience ensues, because this temporary deficiency is made up by the surplus of the permanent fund, within the period mentioned. And that fund, from the first of January 1802, is adequate to all future redemptions, in the full proportion permitted by the contrast.\nThe table in the Schedule B, herewith submitted, will shew, in one view, the principles and operation of this plan.\nThe Schedule C, will exhibit the means of constituting the several annuities proposed to be established. From it, will be seen, that the proposed annuities are to be composed, partly of taxes to be successively laid, at the respective periods of creating them, partly of the surplus-dividend to be expected on the Stock belonging to the Government, in the Bank of the United States, beyond the interest to be paid on account of it, and partly of the funds heretofore pledged for the payment of interest, which shall have been liberated upon so much of the debt, as will have been extinguished.\nThe respective amounts of the taxes to be severally laid, will be,\nIn the first year\n43.199, dollars, and \u20076 cents,\nIn the second year\n109.391, dollars and 60 cents,\nIn the third year\n115.955, dollars and 17 cents,\nIn the fourth year\n102.912, dollars and 48 cents,\nIn the fifth year\n102.743, dollars and 12 cents\nIn the sixth year\n107.680, dollars and 20 cents\nIn the seventh year\n109.649, dollars and 32 cents.\nmaking together\n691.530, dollars and 95 cents.\nThe sum, which will have been redeemed prior to the first day of January, 1802, will be 5.443.607 dollars and 37 cents. The sum redeemable on the first of January, 1802, will be 1.126.616 dollars and 44 cents; and the fund, which will thenceforth exist, for the purpose of future redemption, (as is particularly shewn by the Schedule D) will be 1.210.744 dollars and 34 cents, exceeding the sum strictly necessary, by 84.127 dollars and 90 cents; a fund, which, including the interest, from year to year, liberated, will, as already intimated, be completely adequate to the final redemption of the whole amount of the 6 per cent stock (as well the deferred, as that bearing a present interest) according to the right which has been reserved for that purpose.\nIn the mean time, a further impression will be made upon the debt, by the investment of the residue of the funds, heretofore established, in the purchase of it; and it is hoped, that the restoration of peace with the Indians will enable the application of the surplus of the existing revenues, together with the proceeds of the ceded lands in our western territory, to the same object. These, whenever they can be brought into action, will be important aids, materially accelerating the ultimate redemption of the entire debt. The employment of these resources, when it can be done, by encreasing the interest fund, will proportionately lessen the necessity of using the resource of taxation for creating the proposed annunities; if the government shall judge it advisable to avail itself of the substitute, which may accrue from that circumstance.\nHaving now given a general view of the plan, which has appeared upon the whole, the most eligible, it is necessary, in the next place, to present to the consideration of the House, the requisite funds for the execution of it. These will embrace a provision for the first annuity only; that alone requiring, by the plan, immediate provision. With regard to a provision for the subsequent annuities, which is proposed to be successive, the Secretary will content himself, with this general observation, that he discerns no intrinsic difficulty in making provision for them, as fast as shall be necessary, with due convenience to the people, and consistently with the idea of abstaining from taxing lands and buildings (with the stock and implements of farms) reserving them, as a resource for those great emergencies, which call for a full exertion of all the contributive faculties of a country.\nThe following means for constituting the first annuity are respectfully submitted, Viz.\nAnnual surplus of the dividend on the stock of government in the Bank of the United States, beyond the interest to be paid out of the said dividend, estimated at 60.000 dollars.\nTax on horses, kept or used for the purpose of riding, or of drawing any coach, chariot, phaeton, chaise, chair, sulkey or other carriage for conveyance of persons; excepting and exempting all horses, which are usually and chiefly employed for the purposes of husbandry, or in drawing waggons, wains, drays, carts or other carriages, for the transportation of produce, goods, merchandize and commodities, or in carrying burthens in the course of the trade or occupation of the persons, to whom they respectively belong, and the horses of persons in the military service of the United States, Viz.\nFor every horse, not above excepted and exempted, at the rate of one dollar per annum\u2014where only one is used or kept by the same person, with an addition of fifty cents per annum per horse, where more than one and not more than two horses are kept or used by the same person\u2014with an addition of one dollar per annum per horse, where more than two, and not more than four, are kept or used by the same person, and with an addition of one dollar and a half dollar per horse, per annum, where more than four are kept or used by the same person: provided, that this addition shall not be made in respect to horses, usually employed in public stages for the conveyance of passengers.\nThis progressive encrease of rates on the higher numbers has reference to the presumption of greater wealth, which arises from the possession of such higher number.\nThe produce of this tax will probably be about equal to the residue of the proposed annuity, which is 43.199 dollars and 6 cents. How near the truth, this estimate may prove, experiment alone can, in so untried a case, decide. An aid to this fund may be derived from the surplus dividend on the Bank stock, for the half year ending the last of December next, which, it is presumed, will be not less than 20.000 dollars. Should a deficiency appear, upon trial, it can be supplied by a future provision.\nProper regulations, for the collection of this tax, will, it is believed, be found not difficult, if the tax itself shall be deemed eligible. Its simplicity has been a considerable recommendation of it. Qualified, as it is, it is not likely to fall on any but such who can afford to pay it. The exemption from the tax, in regard to horses which are appropriated to the purposes of husbandry, or of any trade or occupation, or to the transportation of commodities, seems to obviate all reasonable objection.\nIf, however, there should appear to the legislature, reasons for preferring a tax on carriages for pleasure, which, it may be observed, will operate on nearly the same description of persons, the sum required may, it is believed, be produced from the following arrangement of rates, Viz. Upon every Coach, the annual sum of four dollars; Upon every Chariot, the annual sum of three dollars; Upon every other carriage for the conveyance of persons, having four wheels, the annual sum of two dollars; and upon every chair, sulkey or other carriage for the conveyance of persons, having less than four wheels, the annual sum of one dollar.\nThe collection of this tax will be as simple and easy, and perhaps more certain, than that which has been primarily submitted.\nWith regard to the second Object referred to the Secretary, namely, the plan of a provision for the reimbursement of the loan made of the Bank of the United States, pursuant to the eleventh section of the Act by which it is incorporated; the following is respectfully submitted, (to wit)\u2014That power be given by law to borrow the sum due, to be applied to that reimbursement; and that so much of the dividend on the stock of the Government in the Bank, as may be necessary, be appropriated for paying the interest of the sum to be borrowed.\nFrom this operation, it is obvious, that a saving to the government will result, equal to the difference between the interest, which will be payable on the new loan, and that which is payable on the sum due to the Bank. If the proposed loan can be effected at the rate may be computed at the annual sum of 35.000 dollars; which saving, of those last made in Holland, the nett saving to the government whatever it may be, is contemplated, as part of the means for constituting the proposed annuities.\nThe benefit of this arrangement will be accelerated, if provision be made for the application of the proceeds of any loans, heretofore obtained, to the payment suggested on the condition of replacing the sums, which may be so applied out of the proceeds of the loan or loans, which shall be made pursuant to the power above proposed to be given.\nIt will also conduce to the general end in view, if the Legislature shall think proper to authorize the investment of the funds, destined for purchases of the debt, in purchases of six per cent stock, at the market price, though above par. The comparative prices of the several kinds of Stock have been, and frequently may be, such as to render it more profitable, to make investments in the 6 per cents, than in any other species of Stock.\nAll which is humbly submitted,\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department,November 30th 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0118-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure B: Table Exhibiting a View of the Proposed Plan of Redemption, 30 November 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n    Table Exhibiting a View of the Proposed Plan of Redemption.\n    N: B: All the calculations in this table proceed upon a rate of five per cent interest.\n    Periods of redemption or payment.\n    Sums redeemable.\n    Temporary Loans.\n    Amount of sums borrowed with compound interest to the respective periods of reimbursement.\n    Years when Annuities begin to accrue.\n    Years Annuities.\n    Annuities\n    Times of Reimbursement.\n    Years duration.\n    Dollars. Cents.\n    Dollars. Cents.\n    Dollars. Cents.\n    January 1st\n    January 1st\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    Total sum redeemed by the 1st. of January 1802\nTreasury Department, November 30th. 1792 Alexander Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0118-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure C: Mode of Constituting the Proposed Annuities, 30 November 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n  Mode of Constituting the Proposed Annuities.\n  Surplus dividend of Bank stock beyond the interest which will\u2003\u2002be payable, estimated at\n  Tax\n  Tax\n  Tax\n  Part of annual interest converted into annuity\n  Tax\n  Part of annual interest converted into annuity\n  Tax\n  Part of annual interest converted into annuity\n  Tax\n  Part of annual interest converted into annuity\n  Annuity of the first year now liberated by reembursement\u2003\u2002of 1st. Loan\n  Tax\n  Part of annual interest converted into annuity\n  Annuity of second year now liberated by reimbursement\u2003\u2002of 2d. loan\n  Part of arrears of interest to be applied for balance of annuity\u2003\u2002of this year\n  But a supplementary provision will be to be made for the second year, equal to the sum of 94.192 dollars, and 4 cents, as the fund in that particular is not annual. This may also arise from arrears of interest\n  The payment to be made on the 1st. of January 1802, may proceed from the following funds.\n  Amount of annuity of 3d. year liberated by reimbursement\u2003\u2002of 3d. loan\n  Unappropriated arrears of interest\n  Temporary loan\nTreasury Department, November 30th. 1792.\nAlexander HamiltonSecry: of the Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0118-0005", "content": "Title: Enclosure D: [View of Redeeming Fund], 30 November 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n    View of Redeeming Fund to and upon the 1st. January 1802.\n    Interest which will have been liberated by purchases and payments into the Treasury, exclusive of redemptions, according to the proposed plan\n    by redemption\n    dols.\n    rate 6 per cent\n    ditto,\n    by ditto\n    at ditto\n    ditto,\n    by ditto.\n    ditto\n    ditto,\n    by. ditto,\n    ditto\n    ditto,\n    by ditto,\n    ditto\n    ditto,\n    by, ditto,\n    ditto\n    ditto,\n    by ditto\n    ditto\n    ditto,\n    by ditto,\n    ditto\n    ditto,\n    by ditto,\n    ditto\n    Taxes which have been laid.\n    dollars.\n    Surplus dividend of Bank stock beyond the interest which will be payable out of it\n    Dollars,\n\u2003Amount of Interest converted into Annuities.\nDollars,\n\u2003Annual sum at the end of 1800\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 30th. 1792.\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0119", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 30 November 1792\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire, November 30, 1792. \u201cI have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 1st. instant accompanying Commissions for John Adams as first Mate & Benj Gunnison as second Mate of the Revenue Cutter Scammel. I beg leave to Nominate Samuel Odiorne for the third Mate of Said Cutter.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0121", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [1 December 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, December 1, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President has the honor to submit to him the enclosed communications concerning which he will wait upon The President on Monday.\n1st Decemr. 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0123", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 3 December 1792\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] December 3, 1792. \u201cNo allowance having been made to me for my services from the time I opened my Office to the 30th. of June 1792 by Congress at their last Session, and the addition of an half per centum and fifty dolls. per annum to my other emoluments then granted, to commence on the first of July, being inadequate to a decent maintenance, I have addressed a petition that that Honble Body praying for such an allowance as justice and equity require, and for such an augmentation of Salary as shall added to my fees and other emoluments, afford me a decent support.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0124", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Mifflin, 3 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Mifflin, Thomas\nPhiladelphia December 3. 1792\nSir\nI beg you to accept my thanks, for the perusal of the papers you sent me, which I herewith return.\nThe extracts from the charges to grand Juries are new to me. The correspondence between Mr. Addison and Mr. Clymer, I had before seen.\nWhile I found cause to regret the nature of the discussion, which had taken place, and could not but think the strictures on the Judicial Authority of the Government of the United States and on the System, which had been adopted under that authority, as not unexceptionable in the Judge of a State Court, I concluded, that to avoid a disclosure of the correspondence, would best comport with that careful cultivation of harmony and good humour, between the General and the particular Governments, and their respective officers, which it is evident is of the greatest importance to the public welfare; and I acted in conformity to this Idea.\nHow far the same consideration ought to have weight in referrence to the communication, which you mentioned to me, it was your intention to make to the House of Representatives of Pensylvania, or how far there may be considerations of public utility sufficient to overrule any objection which may seem to arise from that source\u2014it is not for me to determine.\nWith the most perfect respect \u2003 I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient \u2003 & most humble servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nHis Excellency Governor Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0125", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel L. Mitchell, [3 December 1792]\nFrom: Mitchell, Samuel L.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, December 3, 1792]\nSir\nWith great improvement and satisfaction I perused your Report on Manufactures, soon after its publication, and tho I then ardently wished the establishment of such as would render our Country independent of foreign places, for necessary Supplies particularly of naval and military stores, yet I little thought at that time I should ever be placed in a Situation of cooperating with the Secretary of the Treasury in carrying into effect such projects in detail as are comprized in his general Provisions.\nI had enjoyed the rural satisfaction of agricultural improvement at Plandome on Long island, had practised Law and tried Causes at the bar, had been appointed an Officer in the Militia; and been a representative of the People in the State Legislature, when I received an Invitation from the Trustees of Columbia College to accept the Chair of Chemical Professor in New York, under the Patronage of the State, which had made provision for the same.\nOn Reviewing my Stock of knowledge, I thought I could undertake the Duties of the Place consistent with attention to other Business, and accordingly have commenced my Literary and Scientific Operations. The Trustees ordered the Professors to publish each a Syllabus, and accordingly my Outline has been committed to the Press. A Copy of it is herewith forwarded to you; that you may know what is aimed at, and what is a doing under the late legislative sanction, in the State of New York. You will be satisfied I hope, on Perusals that my endeavour in sketching out the Plan, has been to unite philosophical Speculation with improvement in the useful Arts.\nThe recent Discoveries in Chemistry are so vast and extensive, so fraught with philosophical Truth & so applicable to numberless economical purposes that it is sorely to be lamented, they are so little known in this Country. Yet I feel encouraged to think, Inquiries of this Kind, will have a gradual Progress among us, and keep pace with at least, if not outgo sundry other Improvements. It is greatly to be desired, that Researches and Investigations of the Chemical sort, which have already done so much in advancing and cheapening manufactures, and are capable of doing beneficially so much more, may become fashionable, and be eagerly entered into by Gentlemen of fortune and education, as well as Artists and Manufacturers.\nYour manufacturing Society, established at Pasaick falls will require the aid of some Chemical Operations, particularly in the whitening of Cloth and Thread of Cotton, Hemp and Flax. I would hint to you, to have the bleaching done, not by exposure to the Sun Shine in an Open field in the old Way, but to adopt the new Method proposed by Mons. Berthollet, of making Vegetable substances white by means of the Oxygenated Neuriatic Acid, as the quickest and cheapest method. In Case this plan should be thought adviseable, I would recommend Mr. Joseph Russel of this City, to the Society as a proper person to prepare and oxygenate the Spirit of Salt for the purpose: he being possessed of those qualities as a Man, and that practical skill as a Chemist, which render him in my Judgment, a very fitting Person for the Purpose.\nI have received your Communication about the Light House, and am sorry to learn, there is no present Prospect of effecting the erection of such a building at the proposed place. But as Improvements are gradual and progressive, perhaps this part of our Coast may be considered and benefited in its Turn.\nI have the Honour to be, with much Respect, Sir, your very obedient Servant\nSaml. L. Mitchell\nNew York. Decr. 3. 1792.\nThe Hon. Alexr. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0127-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [List of the Accounts of the Commissioners of Loans], [3 December 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n  List of the Accounts of the Commissioners of Loans by Which the Estimate for Appropriating the Sum of 35.063.28, Was Formed, Being for the Salaries of Clerks, and for Stationery in the Loan Offices of the United States, to 31st. March 1793.\n    Number.\n    States.\n    Loan Officers.\n    No. of Treasury Settlement.\n    Periods.\n    Amount.\n    Total.\n    New Hampshire\n    William Gardner\n    No Account rendered\n    Massachusetts\n    Nat. Appleton.\n    1st. January 1792 to 31st. March\n    1st. April to 30th. June 1792\n    1st. July 1792 to 30th. September\n    Rhode Island\n    Jabez Bowen\n    1st. January to 30th. June\n    1st. July to 30th. September\n    Connecticut\n    William Imlay\n    New York\n    John Cochran\n    Deduct provided for on a former Appropriation, for the several\n    L: Officers, as per receipt\n    1st. April 1792 to 30th. June\n    1st. July to 30th. September 1792\n    New Jersey\n    James Ewing.\n    1st. January 1792 to 31st. March\n    1st. April to 30th. June\n    1st. July to 30th. September\n    Pennsylvania\n    Thomas Smith.\n    1st. January 1792 to 31st March\n    1st. April to 30th. June\n    1st. July to 30th. September\n    Delaware\n    James Tilton.\n    1st. July 1791, to 30th. September\n    Maryland\n    Thomas Harwood.\n    1st. January to 30th. June 1792\n    1st. July to 30th. September 1792\n    Virginia\n    John Hopkins.\n    1st. January to 31st March 1792\n    North Carolina\n    Wm. Skinner.\n    Deduct provided for by a former Appropn. as per receipt\n    South Carolina\n    John Neufville\n    Georgia\n    Richard Wylley\n    No Account rendered\n    Amount of Accounts, No. 1. to 22\n    Deduct a balance which remains, to be applied, of the sum of 21.000 dollars, (included in the sum of 197.119 dollars and 49 cents) appropriated by an Act making Appropriations for the support of Government for the year 1792\n    The Accounts of William Gardner for New Hampshire, and Richard Wylley for Georgia, have not been rendered,\u2014the former is estimated at\n    And the latter, at\n        In Forming the Estimates of their Expenses from the Date of the Last Periods above Stated, it was Supposed that their Accounts When Rendered and Settled to 31st. December 1792, Might be, as Follow;\n          Massachusetts\n          for 3 months\n          Rhode Island\n          Connecticut\n          New Jersey\n          Pennsylvania\n          Delaware\n          Maryland\n          Virginia\n          North Carolina\n          South Carolina\n          To extend their allowance to 31st. March 1793, estimated, Viz:\n          The foregoing Estimate for 50 months amounts to\n          3 months for 13 Loan Officers, are 39 months\n          Allowance for deficiencies\n    Total, as per Estimate, Dollars", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0128", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 3 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt. 3d Decr. 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President a communication of the 30th. of Novemr. relating to some additional objects which have been executed towards the completion of the Lighthouse Establishment on Cape Henry.\nThe Secretary, according to the best information in his possession, considers them as necessary objects, and respectfully submits it as his opinion that it will be advisable to confirm the Contracts which have been entered into by Mr. Newton, in the first instance.\nThe Secretary, from experience, entertains a confidence in the discretion & judgment of that Gentleman which induces a reliance on the view taken by him of the subject on the spot, with the advantage of a knowledge of local, which cannot be possessed by any person here. A submission to arbitration might not be altogether free from hazard of an increased allowance and it is so apparent that the whole work has been accomplished upon such moderate terms, & so probable that it may not even have afforded a due degree of benefit to the Undertaker, as to create a claim on the liberality of the Government in regard to collateral Contracts.\nAll which is humbly submitted\nAlexander HamiltonSecy. of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0129", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, 4 December 1792\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexandria [Virginia] December 4, 1792. Reports that no bounties on fishing vessels will be payable \u201cwithin this District for the present year.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0130", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Arthur St. Clair, 5 December 1792\nFrom: St. Clair, Arthur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphiaDecember 5th 1792\nSir,\nYour Letter of the 21st. September enclosing a Copy of an Order of the Senate relative to the Salaries, Fees and Emoluments of Persons holding Offices under the United States, and the actual Expenses and Disbursements attending the Execution of their respective Offices for one Year, came to hand a few days ago. You desire from me an Account of the Offices I hold, as Governor of the western Territory and superintendant of Indian Affairs, embracing those Objects, and for the period therein mentioned to end the first day of October last past. In Answer, Sir, I have to observe that, by the Resolve of Congress of the third of October 1787 the Office of Superintendant of Indian Affairs for the northern Department was united with that of Governor of the western Territory, and the Compensation that had been attached to that Office was added to the Salary of the Governor, making in the whole two thousand Dollars. That, since the establishment of the present Government, there has been no Appointment of a Superintendant and that, hitherto there has been no Fees, nor Emolument of any kind whatsoever beside the Salary.\nIt is not possible for me to give you, at this time an Account of the Expenses that regularly attend the discharge of the Office annually\u2014nor of the Disbursements I have actually made. The last have been heavy, and have absorbed nearly the whole of the Salary; But, as a part, at least, of those Disbursements are out of the usual Course, having been incurred in the discharge of Duties specially directed by Congress, they cannot be fairly stated as incident to Office, and I expect a reimbursement.\nThe regular Expenses of the Governor will, however, be considerable for some Years to come; for, the Settlements are so distant and unconnected with each other\u2014the Communications between them so difficult\u2014the Manners of the People so dissimilar, as well as their Languages different, that, it seems to me, to be able to accommodate Laws to their different Situations, it will be necessary for the Governor of that Territory to visit all the Settlements once a Year at least, notwithstanding the extremes of them are nearly a thousand Miles apart. His Expenses on those Occasions cannot be estimated at less than five hundred Dollars especially when it is considered that, in the french Settlements bordering on the Wabash and Mississippi, Money is of less value than, perhaps, in any other part of the World. That, together with a small Sum for Stationery, House Rent, and Postage of Letters will [be] from the whole Disbursement, for the Government property, and should be considered as an annual Expense, altho, in present Circumstances, it may not be incurred. The Disbursements in that part which respect the Indians cannot be conjectured as they depend upon Circumstances entirely unforeseen. There is at present no regular Expense attending it, that I know of, except a Salary of sixty Pounds pr. Annum to an Interpreter at Pittsburgh. He was appointed by me; but whether he is continued or dismissed, I am not informed.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most humble Servant\nA. St. Clair\nThe honorable Alexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0131", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 6 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] December 6, 1792. \u201cBy the President\u2019s command, T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of the Treasury, with the President\u2019s approbation affixed thereto, the Contract entered into by Thomas Newton junr. on the part of the U.S. with John McComb junr. to execute certain additional objects specified in said Contract, to the Lighthouse lately erected on Cape Henry.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0132", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John F. Mercer, 6 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Mercer, John F.\nPhiladelphia December 6th. 1792\nSir\nIn my last letter to you, I informed you of my having transmitted copies of your answer of the 16th of October and of certain certificates accompanying it to Major Ross. I have lately received a letter from him of the 23rd of last month, of which and of the documents, to which it refers, I now send you copies agreeably to the Major\u2019s request.\nNo strictures on the policy or tendency of my public conduct, not connected with an impeachment of my honor or probity, if so understood by me, would have drawn on any correspondence between us. The single cause of the letter from me which introduced it was a belief founded on the strong public declaration of Mr Ross that you had asserted or insinuated that in the transactions respecting the purchase of public debt on account of the Government, I had been concerned directly or indirectly in some species of Stockjobbing for my private emolument\u2014or to speak more precisely, that I had as a buyer for the public given more than the market price for stock, which I myself or some person or persons, with whom I was connected in interest, had sold to the Government.\nThis was what I understood Major Ross as intending by what he charges you with having said respecting my having been at once the buyer and seller of Stock (and so he explains himself) not that you had accused me of giving 18/ of my own money for Stock which was offered me at 14/.\nUpon that understanding of Major Ross\u2019s meaning I addressed you, and you will on a revision perceive that it required no infatuation to suppose, that you might have made such an accusation. Nor can you be surprised at my having given credit to Major Ross\u2019s statement of what you had said, when you are informed, that I had been before, under the sanction of secrecy, told by more than one person of character of your having made declarations of similar import\u2014and when you reflect that it was not easy for me to imagine that Major Ross would put his name to a publication in a News Paper imputing to you such language as having been used in a public discourse before a numerous auditory, in reference to a point of so much delicacy, if the imputation was not well founded.\nHence the energy of the expressions used in my letter to Major Ross\u2014which however are only hypothetical\u2014applying merely to the statement which had been made by him and having no application if that statement was erroneous.\nWith regard to the publication of my letter in hand bills though I find on revision that the latitude of my expressions, in the permission I gave Major Ross warranted the use he made of my letter and though I ascribe his having made that use of it to motives the most friendly towards me, yet I am bound in justice to myself to say that such a mode of disclosure was not contemplated by me; my intention reaching no farther than to a free personal communication of the contents of the letter. This may even be inferred from my prohibition of its insertion in a News Paper which became possible by its circulation in a hand bill.\nI mention these things solely with a view to the justification of the part I have acted\u2014nor can I believe that any impartial judge will doubt that the situation called for what I did.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0133", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 6 December 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, December 6, 1792. \u201cThe continued Complaints of the Merchants and Sea-Faring People, residing in this District, That the different Practices of different Collectors occasion an unequal operation of the same Law in the collection of the Revenue; together with the Censures thrown out against me for not conforming to that which is the most favorable to the Importers, constrains me Sir, respectfully, to recall your attention to my Letters of the 17th of Jany. and 28 Feby. 1791, upon the Subject of allowance for Tare on Sugars, Cocoa &c. and the Duty on Oranges, Limes, and Sweetmeats, not brought for Sale, very inconsiderable, and which the Merchants here say is not collected in any other Place; and to entreat that you would be pleased to cause such Measures to be adopted as will tend to produce a speedy uniformity of Practice in those particulars, throughout the United States; rendering thereby the operation of the Revenue Laws equal, and relieving my Mind from the disagreeable Sensations consequent upon such repeated Complaints.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0135", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Waters, 6 December 1792\nFrom: Waters, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Baltimore] Decr 6 1792\nSir\nPermit me to inform you, that I shipt several Cargoes, the produce of this state to Cape Fran\u00e7ois there to be sold for my Account, in Augt & Septr last with positive orders, not to sell to Govt, that the French Consul had published he would not pay any Bills drawn on him by the Govt of St Domingo. Notwithstanding my positive Orders, not to sell any property to Government they were compelled to sell to them, and received Bills for payment with the most positive Assurances from the Intendant and National Commissioners just arrived from France who has forwarded the Decree of the National Assembly of France to Mr De Ternant authorising the assembly of St Domingo to draw, and that due honour would be paid to their Draughts, that he had funds in hand to appropriate for that purpose. How great is my surprize! my friends in Philadelphia write that Mr De Ternant says positively that he will not accept, and consequently not pay\u2014the only means I have to do honour to my Credit, the knowledge I have you take at heart the welfare of every Merchant in this State, and of every American, emboldens me to call on you to see justice have its course and that the Commercial Interest of the Country may not sustain a severe blow as many of my Friends are under the same disagreeable situation.\nI am &c\nJames Waters\nThe Secretary of the Treasuryof the U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0136", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 6 December 1792\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nT. D.C. Off Decr. 6th., 1792\nSir\nI have the honour to transmit the following statements of disbursements by the Department of War in the years 1790 & 1791.\nNumber 1. Being a statement of the accounts of Henry Knox Esq. Secretary at War as settled at the Treasury.\nNo. 2. Being a statement of the accounts of Joseph Howell Esq. from the 10th. of Sept. 1789. to the 1st. of March 1790. as settled at the Treasury.\nNo. 3. Being a statement of the accounts of Joseph Howell Esq. from March 1st. 1790 to the 31st. of Decr. 1791 as rendered to the Auditor of the Treasury for settlement & depending in his Office.\nSome of the expenditures included in these statements, were made previous to the year 1790, but they could not be separated without inconvenience & deranging the order of the Accts. as rendered for settlement.\nI enclose duplicates of the accounts at the special request & for the use of the Secy at War.\nHon A Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0137-0001", "content": "Title: Report on Disbursements by the Department of War, 7 December 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\nTreasury Department,December 7th 1792.[Communicated on December 7, 1792]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nSir,\nI have the honor herewith to transmit certain Statements, pursuant to a resolution of the House of Representatives of the 13th ultimo, relative to the disbursements made by the department of War; Also, copy of a letter from the Comptroller of the Treasury on the subject; and to be, with perfect respect, Sir, Your most obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton,Secry. of the Treasry.\nThe Honorable The Speakerof the House of Representatives", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0137-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [A Statement of the Accounts of Henry Knox], 24 November 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Harrison, Richard\nTo: \n  A Statement of the Accounts of Henry Knox, Esquire, Secretary at War, for the Years 1790, and 1791, as Adjusted at the Treasury of the United States, and Stated in Compliance with the Order of the House of Representatives of \n    Receipts.\n    January 1st. A balance remaining in his hands the 31st December 1789, as per accounts settled at the treasury No. 437, dated June 11th: 1790\n    \u2003\u2002Also a balance on an Appropriation of 20.000 dollars, for Indian treaties, by the Act of Congress of the 20th. August, 1789, as per Account settled at the treasury, No. 406, dated May 18th. 1790\n    For the following sums received on account of sales of Indian\n    Goods, Viz:\n    From J Habersham, by W. Baldwin\n    June\n    For Warrant No. 508 in his favor\n    August\n    Febry:\n    \u2003\u2003do 868 dated October 4th. 1792\n    Dollars.\n  Payments.\n    June\n    His several disbursements on account of the War department, from 1st. January 1790, to 30th. June 1791, Viz:\n    Dollars Cents.\n    Contingencies of the War department, included in\n    dated October\n    Contingencies of the War Office\n    Hospital Department\n    Quarter Master\u2019s Department,\n    Ordnance department,\n    Indian department,\n    Surveyor\u2019s department,\n    Subsistence department\n    This sum advanced John Meals on account of rations furnished the troops, and for which he is to be held accountable to the United States\n    This sum advanced to W: Sargent, for which Arthur St. Clair is to be held accountable\n    Indian department, for amount of sundry deductions, made in the Auditor\u2019s Office, which are admitted, Viz:\n    Voucher No. 77 in Col.\nWillet\u2019s account, for 30 shirts 40.\nA draft of the Cornplanter on the Secretary at War for carriage of goods 100.\ndo\ndo\nAmount of sundry expenses attending several journies of the Secretary at War, in the years 1785, 1786, 1787 and 1788, for the purpose of inspecting and arranging the stores in the arsenals and magazines of the United States\ndo\ndo\nJuly,\n21st.\nDisbursements for the Ordnance department\ndo\ndo\nAugust\n5th.\nDo for the contingencies of the War department\ndo\ndo\nNov:\n30th.\nDo. for the contingencies of War Office\ndo\ndo\nQuarter Master\u2019s department, balance due on the settlement of an Account for the purchase of Cartouch boxes, and transportation of clothing\nOcto: 11th.\nAmount of a Warrant, No. 83, in favor of Samuel Meredith, for the balance due from H: Knox, Esquire, agreeably to the reports above mentioned\nDollars,\nTreasury DepartmentRegister\u2019s Office, 29th. November 1792.\nThese are to certify that the foregoing statement agrees with the several settlements which have been made at the treasury, of the Accounts of the Secretary at War, and that the same are finally closed (by payment of the above balance) in the books of the United States.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.\n  No. II.\n    The United States of America, for sundry Expenditures from the 10th. of September 1789, to the 1st. of March, 1790.\n    To Joseph Howell, junr,\n    Paymaster General,\n    Sept.\n    Lt. E. Beatty, paymaster 1st. U: S: regt. for one month\u2019s pay to Surgeon\u2019s mate, and one month\u2019s pay to Ensign Sedam dollars,\n    Ditto, for three months pay to eleven discharged soldiers\n    Captain Joseph Savage, for one month\u2019s pay for himself, Officers, non-commissioned Officers and privates of his Company of Artillery\n    Octo.\n    Capt. E: Beatty, paymaster, 1st. U: S: regt. for three months pay to 8 privates, lately discharged from said regiment\n    Capt. Joseph Savage, for two months pay of one Corporal and four privates of his Company\n    Ditto, for his subsistence, from April 1st. 1788, to September 1st. 1789 204.\n    for do. of Lt. M. Porter, from April 1st. 1788, to April 1st. 1789 96.\n    for do. of Lt. E: S: Fowle, from April 1st. 1788, to September 1st. 1789 136.\n    Capt. E: Beatty, paymaster 1st. U:S: regt. being for three months pay of said regiment, and two companies of Artillery serving in the western department.\n    Capt. E: Beatty, paymaster 1st. U: S: regt. for subsistence due the Field, Staff and commissioned Officers of the Infantry, from April 1st. 1788, to September 1st. 1789\n    Ditto, for due one Major, two Captains, and three Lieutenants from April 1st. 1788, to September 1st. 1789\n    Ditto, for forage due to the field, Staff, and Major Doughty, from do. to do.\n    Ditto, for forage due the field and Staff Officers, from July 1st. 1787, to April 1st. 1788\n    Ditto, being his expenses from 8th. February 1788, to 17th. May 1788, and from December 28th. to 21st. October 1789\n    Capt. Henry Burbeck, being for subsistence due himself, Lieut. John Pierce, and Doctor Heyward, from 1st. April 1788, to September 1st. 1789; and for do. due to Lieut. Wm Moore, from 1st. May 1788, to September 1st. 1789\n    Contingent Account, for sundry expenses of Office, from October 5th. to November 9th. 1789, as per vouchers,\n    William Price, D: C: Military Stores, for his subsistence from 1st. April 1788, to 1st. January 1789\n    Lieut. Moses Porter, for his subsistence for April, May, June, July and August 1789\n    Lieut. Colonel Henry Jackson for his pay, subsistence and forage due him from 1st. May to 15th. June 1787\n    Capt. Henry Burbeck, being for one and a half months pay for himself, two Lieutenants, one Surgeon\u2019s mate, three serjeants, two corporals, one musician, and thirty privates; also three months pay for one musician and three privates of his Company, which completes three full months pay to his whole Company, on account of pay due for 1789\n    Captain Henry Burbeck, being for three months pay due Wm Maloney, a private in Ensign Luse\u2019s detachment at Westpoint\n    Captain Joseph Savage, being for two months pay for himself, two Lieutenants, two Serjeants, two Corporals, one musician and eight privates; Also one and a half month\u2019s pay of one musician and fourteen privates of his Company\n    Brigadier General Stark, for his pay, for January and February 1782\n    Lt. E: S: Fowle, for expenses incurred by him after deserters\n    Lt. Wm. Moore, for his extra-pay allowed him for doing the duty of Paymaster, for the post of West-Point and Springfield, from the 1st. July to September 30th. 1787\n    Captain John Smith, being for a half month\u2019s pay for recruiting\n    Contingent Account for sundry Contingencies of Office, from November 6th. to 31st. December 1789\n    Janry.\n    Lt. John Pierce, for a half month\u2019s pay to recruits raised for Capt. Burbeck\u2019s Company, and Captain Savage\u2019s, at West Point\n    William Hoch, a private in Major Doughty\u2019s Company of Artillery, for one month\u2019s pay on account\n          Lt. John Mercer, being for a Warrant drawn in his favor, the 5th. of March 1787, for half month\u2019s pay to nineteen recruits, and opposed to his pay in settlement to the 1st. of Jan: 1787, for which Ensign Luse has accounted to the public in his settlement.\n    Capt. John Smith, on account of recruiting his Company\n    Feby.\n    Lieut. William Moore, for one month\u2019s pay\n    Captain A. Paulint, late of Hazen\u2019s regiment, for subsistence for May 1786\n    Lieut: John Pierce, being to complete one month\u2019s pay to a detachment of recruits at Westpoint\n    Feby.\n    Lieut. John Pierce, on account of recruiting Capt. Burbeck\u2019s Company\n    Major William North, for his pay and subsistence, of Captain and Inspector from May 1st. 1787, to June 25th. 1788; and also for the pay, subsistence and clothing of his servant, during the same time\n    Dollars,\nAuditor\u2019s Office, March 9th. 1790.\nDr.\nThe United States of America, in Account Current; with Joseph Howell, jun. P: M: G: since the 10th. September 1789.\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003on the present Government\nCr.\nTo Amount of sundry payments since the 10th September 1789, per Abstract\nBy balance of an account settled with the United States, ending the 9th. September 1789\nBalance due the United States\nOcto: 10th. By Sam: Meredith Esqr. Treasurer, for a Warrant on him, No. 79, for\nDollars\nDollars\nAuditor\u2019s Office, March 9th. 1790\nPay Office, New York, March 9th. 1790. Joseph Howell: p:m: genl.\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, November 21st. 1792.\nI certify that the above is a true Copy, the Original of which, with the Vouchers therein referred to, are filed on record in this Office.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.\n    No. III.\n    Joseph Howell, acting paymaster General, in Account\u2003\u2002with the United States\n    To Balance of Account ending the 28th. February 1790, as settled at\u2003\u2003the Treasury, per Auditor\u2019s report, No. 171, dated 9th. March\u2003\u20031790\n    To Amount of the following Warrants in his favor on Samuel Meredith, Treasurer of the United States, Viz:\nTo amount of Warrant, No. 2152, dated 12th. October 1792, being for monies received from the 20th. September 1791, to January 3d. 1792, from the Bank of North America, by virtue of letters of credit from the Secretary of the Treasury\nN:B: Six thousand dollars of this sum received by the acting paymaster General, the 3d. January 1792, is not included in his accounts, as the receipt thereof was subsequent to the period, to which they are rendered.\nTo this sum placed to his debit, on the books of the Treasury, for monies advanced to the following Officers, by John Habersham, Agent for supplying the troops in the State of Georgia, Viz\nCaptain John Smith\n\u2014\u2014 Joseph Savage\n\u2014\u2014 Henry Burbeck\nDollars\n    Joseph Howell, acting paymaster General, in Account with the United States\u2014\u2014\n    By Amount of his disbursements from March 9th. 1790, to 31st. December 1791, arranged under the following heads, Viz:\n    Pay of the troops and militia, including the subsistence and forage of Officers, and arrears of Clothing due to sundry persons Dollars\n    From which deduct, as follows, Viz:\n    This sum repaid by Samuel Armstrong, late paymaster of the 8th. Massachusetts regiment being a balance of pay remaining in his hands on settlement of his accounts\n    Ditto received of Oliver Beers, administrator to the estate of Isaac Hubbel, for the balance due on settlement of the accounts of the latter, as paymaster to the second regiment of Artillery\n    Ditto refunded by George Porter, for so much overpaid him, in the balance of pay due to Edward Barnard deceased\n    Ditto repaid by Major J: P: Wyllis; being a balance in his hands, on the settlement of an Account, for the pay of troops under his command\n    Ditto repaid by John Belli, paymaster to the Kentuckey militia, being the pay of sundry guides who had been previously paid\n          Ditto refunded by John Shryer, Assignee to sundry soldiers, for so much paid him on account of Thomas Jones, one of his Assignors, who had been previously paid\n    This sum overcharged in Vouchers, No. 116 and 120\n    Ditto returned by William Findley, as pay due to sundry absentees of the Pennsylvania militia, being a part of dollars 5.139\u00b9\u00b3\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 received by him, for the pay of said Militia.\n    Ditto received of Major General Trescott, for the balance of his account, to the time of his resignation.\n    Amount of errors and overcharges, in the pay of sundry soldiers, per list\n    By Contingencies of the pay Office\n    \u2003\u2002Ditto of War Department\n    From which deduct this sum, being a balance due by\u2003\u2002Constant Freeman, on the settlement of his Account\u2003\u2002of Expenditures\n    By Quarter Master\u2019s department\n    \u2003\u2002Indian do\n    By Hospital Department\n    Deduct on error of addition in Doct. M: Scott\u2019s account\u2003\u2002for medicines and attendance\n    By Surveying Department\n    \u2003\u2002Ordnance do\n    Deduct an Overcharge in Joseph Cranch\u2019s account\n    By Bounties advanced for the recruiting service and premiums to Officers\u2003\u2002for inlisting men\n    Deduct this sum repaid by Lieut. Matthew Ernest, being\u2003\u2002the balance of his recruiting account\n    By Subsistence\n          By Arrears of pay and subsistence due to sundry Officers and\u2003\u2002privates of the late Army in the years 1782, and 1783\n    By the following sums advanced to the undernamed persons, pursuant to instructions received from the Secretary of the Treasury, Viz:\n    John Hopkins, Loan Officer for the State of Virginia,\u2003\u2002to discharge the arrears of pay and subsistence, due\u2003\u2002to the Officers and privates of the late line of said State\n    William Skinner, Loan Officer for the State of North\u2003\u2002Carolina, to discharge the arrears of pay due to the\u2003\u2002non-commissioned Officers and privates of the late\u2003\u2002line of said State\n    By this sum charged to him for monies advanced the following Officers, by John Habersham, agent for supplying the troops in the State of Georgia, for which he is now entitled to credit, the Officers being respectively held accountable therefor, in the books of the Pay Offic, Viz\n          Captain John Smith\n          \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 Joseph Savage\n    By this sum placed to his credit on the books of the Treasury,\u2003\u2002being so much accounted for by Captain Henry Burbeck, agreeably\u2003\u2002to the Auditor\u2019s report, No. 2929\n    By Balance due to the United States, 31st. Dec: 1791\nThe foregoing is the Copy of a Statement just completed in this Office, although it has not yet been reported on by me to the Comptroller of the Treasury: I believe it to be correct, and now forward it for the information required by the resolution of the House of Representatives of the 13th. instant.\nIt may be proper to observe, that the credits comprised under the different heads, have been collected and arranged from the Accounts and Vouchers of Mr. Howell, and that they are composed, in part, of advances made to persons, who had not accounted for the application, at the time, to which Statement extends.\n  Treasury Department, Auditor\u2019s Office 24th. November\n  R: Harrison, Auditor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0138", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 8 December 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, December 8, 1792. Asks if anyone has been appointed keeper of \u201cthe Chessapeak Light House.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0139", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 10 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury Department, December 10, 1792. \u201cThe Collector of Wiscassett has applied to this Office for a supply of blank Certificates of Registry. I have to request that you will, for the present, transmit him a dozen blanks without delay. He has been directed to apply in future to you in due time\u2014naming the quantity required.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0140", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 10 December 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom HouseDistrict of Providence 10th. Decer. 1792\nThe Legislature of the United States having been pleased to Appoint you to the important Office of Superintending a due Collection of the Revenue, I have upon deliberate consideration, deemed it expedient that you should be made acquainted with my particular conduct, as an officer of the Customs, in respect to the late Suit of a Bond taken for duties, complained of by Welcome Arnold Esquire, and which has been the Subject of a Juditial investigation and decision. With this view I take the Liberty Sir, respectfully to enclose for your perusal a Statement of Facts relative to that Transaction, which in my own Justification, I have been compelled to Submit to the consideration of a number of Gentlemen who have heared Mr. Arnolds representation; and I am happy to add, that it has met with general approbation.\nI have furnished Mr. Arnold with a Copy of my Statement, but cannot learn that he has made any reply to it, either public or private.\nI intreat Sir, that you will consider the Embarrasements I continually meet with from this Gentleman\u2019s disposition to oppose the legal execution of my Duty, as my apology for the Trouble I am now about to give you in the perusal of my vindication.\nI have the Honor to be \u2003 with great consideration \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Most Obed. and Most Hum. Servt.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0143", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 12 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury DepartmentDecember 12. 1792.\nGentlemen\nI have to request that you will furnish Young and Dannacker, upon the principles heretofore agreed upon, with such a further sum of money, as, when added to the advances already made to them, will amount to ten thousand Dollars.\nI have the honor to be, \u2003 Gentlemen, Your Obedt Servt.\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe President and Directorsof the Bank of the U States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0144", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Channing, Jeremiah Olney, and John S. Dexter, 12 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Channing, William,Dexter, John S.,Olney, Jeremiah\nTreasury DepartmentDecr. 12. 1792\nGentlemen.\nI have yet to reply to your letter of the 3d. ultimo, and to acknowledge with approbation the attention which you have paid to the subject communicated in my letter of the 22d. Octr.\nI do not clearly understand whether the Stock which was deposited with the Commissioner of Loans, remains still in pledge, or not. If it does, I request that it may be released, and restored to the Bank.\nWith great consideration \u2003 I am Gentlemen \u2003 Your Obed. servant\nA Hamilton\nThe Attorney of the Districtthe Collector, andSupervisor of the RevenueRhode Island.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0145", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 12 December 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, December 12, 1792. \u201cI have the honor to inclose to you a letter from the Supervisor of Massachusetts for the purpose of obtaining the pleasure of the President upon the request contained in its conclusion. I also inclose a letter from the Supervisor of New Hampshire in order that the information relative to the Clothing and accommodation of the troops on which I presume instructions have gone from you, may be in your possession.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0147", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Reynolds, 12 December 1792\nFrom: Reynolds, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, December 12, 1792. On this date \u201cMr. Reynolds sent a letter to Col. Hamilton by a girl; which letter [Jacob] Clingman saw delivered to the girl.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0148", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 13 December 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, December 13, 1792. \u201cThe Supervisor of North Carolina not having yet answered my letter of the 14th September relative to a variation of the arrangement of the State, nor having transmitted the Name of any person as suitable to fill the Office of Inspector of the 1st Survey vacant by the resignation of James Read Esqr. I have the honor to communicate to you the result of my reflexions after a careful examination and particular enquiry of several of the Members of the two houses of Congress from that State. It appeared probable that the three sea Coast Surveys \u2026 might be converted \u2026 into two.\u2026 Enquiry has been made of the honble Mr. Johnson, Hawkins, Steele and Grove (which last Gentleman represents that part of the State) who approve of the suggested alteration.\u2026 It is \u2026 to be observed that the Inspector of the 2nd Survey will continue to possess a mark of the public confidence in the office of Collector of the Customs for Newbern and that the Emoluments of the Inspectorship being only a third of a Commission of 2 pr. Cent on 1000 Dollars can be no object. It is indeed plain, that Mr. Daves has never regarded the office as worthy of attention.\u2026 The persons who have been mentioned as qualified for the office of Inspector of the 1st Survey are Col. Robert Rowan, of Fayetteville, Mr. Callender of Wilmington and Col. Overton \u2026 who resides on Cape Fear River about 50 Miles above Fayetteville.\u2026 The extract from the Supervisors letter which I delivered to you will shew the Idea he has of a division of the fifth Survey and his reasons for it. On examination and mature consideration nothing but the increase of expence and of officers appears against it.\u2026 Mr. Steele who represents the district and who approves of the division of the fifth survey, also approves of the Supervisors performing by way of experiment the duties of Inspector of that one of the proposed Surveys, in which he resides: namely the eastermost being the district of Salisbury.\u2026 As the fund assigned for Compensations and expences by the legislature is apparently \u2026 disposed of, agreeably to the Estimates communicated to both houses by the President, measures which may occasion additions to the disbursement \u2026 will require a very cautious and very particular preconsideration.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0149", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 13 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\nTreasury Department, December 13, 1792. \u201cI received with your letter of the 26th Ultimo an estimate of the Duties which have accrued in your Office during the third quarter of the present year amounting to 402,540 dollars. It does not appear, whether the expences that have occurred during the quarter, are deducted from the sum. If not, I request to be informed of the amount.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0150", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 13 December 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, December 13, 1792. \u201cI have been Honored with your Letter of the 27th Ulto. on the Subject of the Threatned prossecutions in the Case of the Brigantine Neptune, which are now commenced, your Directions shall be Particularly attended to. I have engaged Mr. David Leonard Barnes, as Further Councill in this Business who I have Consulted on the matter of an appeal to the F\u0153deral Court, and his opinion is enclosed. I have reason to hope a favourable Issue of this business even before the State Court.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0151", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Burrall, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Burrall, Jonathan\nTreasury Department Decr 14th 1792\nSir\nI request you to invest the sum of fifty thousand Dollars in the funded debt of the united states, bearing a present interest of six per [c]entum; provided it can be obtained at 20 shillings in the pound, with an additional allowance of the Interest that shall be due upon the stock to the time of purchase.\nThe transfer of the stock which you may purchase must be made to the President of the Senate, the chief Justice, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Attorney General for the time being.\nEnclosed is a letter to the President and Directors of the Office of discount & deposit, requesting them to pay to you the above mentioned sum, of which you will however only avail yourself in proportion to the actual purchase you shall make.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your Obedt Servt\nAlex Hamilton\nJonathan Burrall EsqrCashier of the office ofdiscount & depositN York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0152", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department,Revenue Office, December 14th 1792.\nSir,\nIn the close of the report, which I had the honor to make on the 11th Instant, concerning the alterations and amendments in the laws relative to distilled Spirits, wines and teas, I intimated, that I should make a separate communication with respect to alterations having relation to the Judicial System.\nIt has frequently occured in conferences with you, with the Attorney General and the Attorney for the District of Pennsylvania, that there are circumstances in the Judicial System of the United States, in the laws relative to the public Revenues, in the Judicial Systems of some of the States, and in the practice in the State courts, which creating doubts and difficulties, rendered it desirable that they might receive attention, whenever the legislature should have the Business of the Revenue before them. The state of the laws of the Union in regard to bail, the state of the laws of Pennsylvania in regard to costs, in suits wherein the sum recovered does not exceed a certain amount, and the want of a detailed procedure for Cases of distress, are among the matters contemplated. These and other things, which having been only occasionally mentioned in conversation, are not within my recollection have suggested to me and now induce me to submit to you the expediency of an application to the Attorney General for a statement of such amendments of the laws as have occured to him as necessary to give more convenience and promptitude to the execution of the Acts of Congress for raising a revenue on distilled Spirits.\nI have the honor to be with great Respect, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 your most Obedt. Servant\nTench Coxe,Commissr. of the Revenue.\nThe honorableThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0153", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury DepartmentRevenue Office, Decemr 14th 1792.\nSir,\nI have the honor to inform you that the Result of my Enquiries relative to Messrs. Perry, Chamberlain, Richardson and Eccleston have issued as follows.\nIt appears to be the unanimous opinion of those Gentlemen, among whom are the Senator and Representative who reside in the Survey, that Mr. Chamberlain is a Man of excellent character and of a standing in the community equal to the Office, but that in point of official energy, and particularly of the kind requisite in the Revenue business that he would be excelled by all the other Gentlemen.\nI find nothing affirmed of Mr. Perry to give him a preference to Messrs. Richardson, and Eccleston, nor do I perceive any disposition to support him as a candidate. My opinion is from symptoms in one quarter and opinions expressed in the other two, that his appointment would not be considered as advantageous to the public Service. It should be mentioned that he is now of the State Senate.\nThere appears to be a great deal of decision in favor of Messrs. Richardson and Eccleston\u2019s real qualifications, and suitableness in all respects, but a manifest disposition to support Mr. Eccleston.\nIn regard to Mr. Richardson he has been heretofore in view as the Governor of Maryland, and has been several times in popular employments. His family at present enjoy several places under the State.\nIn regard to Mr. Eccleston he was a Colonel in the Army, is said to have been in the confidence of General Greene, is a man of pure and extensive public Esteem, lives in the distilling Country, and the centre of the Survey, has been recently sherriff of the County with great satisfaction to the bar, which evinces his punctuality and office talents. He has served in popular offices, but has had nothing lucrative in the executive line. Tho\u2019 not at all involved, it is supposed the emoluments of the present Office would be pleasing and convenient to him, and it appears to me that his appointment would carry the impression of remunerating Services and bestowing a benefit where it has been merited, and is likely to be compensated by future official desert.\nI have the honor to be with great respect, Sir, \u2003 your most Obedient Servant\nTench Coxe,Commissr. of the Revenue.\nThe honorableThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0155", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury Department, December 14, 1792. I \u2026 enclose \u2026 copies of two letters to me\u2014with my answers thereto\u2014which concern the Commerce between this Country & St Domingo.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0156", "content": "Title: Meeting of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, [14 December 1792]\nFrom: Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, December 14, 1792]\nAt a meeting of the trustees of the sinking fund, on the 14th day of December, 1792,\nPresent: The Vice President, the Secretary of State, and the Attorney General.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury having informed the Board that he held one hundred thousand dollars at their disposal:\nResolved, That the said sum of one hundred thousand dollars be invested in stock, according to the limits prescribed by the last resolution of the Board; that the money be employed either in Philadelphia or New York, or both; and that Samuel Meredith, the Treasurer of the United States, be the agent at Philadelphia, and that the cashier of the Office of Discount and Deposite at New York, be the agent there.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0157", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the New York Office of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of the United States, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the New York Office of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury Department Decr 14th 1792\nGentlemen\nI have to request that you will pay to Jonathan Burrall Esquire, Cashier of your institution the sum of fifty thousand Dollars, to be by him invested in the funded debt, on account of the united States.\nAfter the object shall have been effected, the sum will be adjusted by a regular warrant.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe President & Directorsof the Office of Discount & DepositNew York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0158", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Ambrose Vasse, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Vasse, Ambrose\nTreasury DepartmentDecr 14 1792\nSir\nI have duly received your letter without date.\nI regret very much the disappointment you mention & you may be assured if any thing was in my power, which could afford relief in the case it would not be omitted.\nBut it is to be presumed that the refusal to pay the Bills in question is the effect of circumstances too imperious to be controuled; and not to be remedied by any interference which could at present take place.\nI have nevertheless inclosed a Copy of your letter to the Secy of State, to which Department the object of your application more immediately relates, but I do not perceive that any thing will be in his power.\nI am &c\nA H\nMr Ambrosse VasseMerchtPhiladelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0159", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [15\u201328 December 1792]\nFrom: Hammond, George,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, December 15\u201328, 1792]\nSince this conversation with Mr. Jefferson I have had one with Mr. Hamilton upon the same subject, to whom I expressed similar sentiments, and from whom I have received a letter, of which I have the honor of inclosing a copy, as being explanatory of the actual views of this Government upon this particular point, as far as they can now be defined.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0160", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 15 December 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department,Revenue Office, December 15th. 1792.\n(Private)\nSir\nI have the honor to inclose to you a letter received a last Evening from the Supervisor of Pennsylvania, upon a subject extremely painful in a public and private view. On my expressing to him some time ago my wishes that the returns from that district might be brought forward he observed, that he was apprehensive Mr. Collins would not prove a very regular official Man; and he very lately informed me that he feared he should have difficulty with him in regard to the revenue received. The latter you will remember I mentioned to you, and I have great pain in finding the Supervisors apprehension realized.\nWhen it shall suit your convenience I will attend you upon this unpleasant business.\nI have the honor to be, Sir, \u2003 Your most Obedt. Servt.\nTench Coxe,Commissr. of the Revenue.\nThe honble.The Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0162", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Jay, 16 December 1792\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, December 16, 1792. On December 18, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Jay: \u201cYour favours of the 26 of November & 16 instant have duly come to hand.\u201d Letter of December 16 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0163", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel Hodgdon, 17 December 1792\nFrom: Hodgdon, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, December 17, 1792. On December 18, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Hodgdon: \u201cI am to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of yesterday.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0166", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 17 December 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nThe Hague Dec. 17. 1792\nSir\nI had the honor of writing to you on the 29th. ulto by the English packet, the day after I had recieved the letters of the Secretary of State relative to the business in Spain. I expected then to be able, to set out from this place, much sooner. I have been detained by the answer from Paris not arriving as soon as it might have done & by my wish to recieve from the commissioners at Amsterdam & forward to you previously to my departure, the account you had asked of me of the monies paid by my order. I have now the honor of inclosing you that account reduced to the simplest & clearest form possible. It consists of two parts. The monies paid to the French government posterior to Nov. 1790 & The monies paid to me or on my draughts from the time of my being left at Paris as Charg\u00e9 des affaires (Sep. 24. 1789) up to July 1. 1792.\nNo. 1. shews the amount of the sums paid to the French government No. 1 (a) & No. 1.(b) are the general account of the commissaries of the French treasury (viz the copy furnished me by M. Morris the original remaining in his hands) in which you will find the same payments comprehended & which vouch them.\nNo. 2 Is a statement of all the monies that I have recieved or that have been paid on my draughts for any cause whatever, whether on my account or not, up to the 5th. of July last. I chose to have the statement made in that form that there might be no possibility of an omission, although there are several articles which should not enter into my account with the U.S. & which are not entered into the accounts wch. I have transmitted to the department of State. These articles are explained by marginal notes annexed to No. 2. They are for monies which M. Jefferson desired me to pay for him by draughts on the commissioners, & which were to enter into his acct. with the U.S. which has certainly been done, as I sent him the accounts of these expenditures made for him, which he approved. That I might not be obliged to keep an account of those draughts I stated in my letters of advice, the purposes for which they were made, desiring that they might be placed in M. Jefferson\u2019s account with the U.S. I rather apprehend however that this was not attended to & that the commissioners have placed them in my acct. In that case I must ask the favor of you to advert to Mr. Jefferson\u2019s acct. with the U.S. or to M. Jefferson himself, which will immediately shew that these draughts noted in the margin were for him. I wish this reference to be made, because these draughts were not stated in my accts. transmitted annually to the department of state\u2014& also that you may see that I have scrupulously observed a rule which I prescribed to myself as being particularly proper in my situation, namely of never drawing for any part of my salary before it became due. This would not appear to be the case if the draughts made by me on acct. of expenditures for Mr. Jefferson, were to be considered as made on my own acct. for salary & contingencies of stationary, postage &c. I hope & trust that ere this the accts. transmitted by me, on acct of my salary & contingencies will have been carried through the proper process by the department of state, & I ask it as a favor that if any article should not carry the most complete satisfaction with it, that I may be informed of it at present whilst in the way to procure the proper eclaircissements if any should be wanting, although I endeavoured by the accts. themselves & the letters to the Secretary of State accompanying them to leave nothing deficient. I asked his orders with respect to the vouchers for the contingencies disbursed on public account, which remained in my hands, not chusing to venture them across the Atlantic without his directions which I have not yet recieved.\nNo. 3. Is an account furnished me by M. de Wolf of his draughts on the commissioners at Amsterdam for the payment of the interest due the 1st. inst. on the Antwerp loan. I have had it compared with the books of the commissioners & found it to be just. The draughts were made by M. de Wolf with much care & attention to the interests of the U.S. The favorable moments of the exchange were made use of so as to have obtained a considerable advantage as you will see.\nI have formerly mentioned to you that 950 of the bonds of this loan had been suppressed by me, & were left at Paris unsigned in M. Morris\u2019s hands. This acct of the payment of the interest will ascertain that they have never been delivered, & that the loan is in fact only 2,050,000 florins. M. de Wolf informs me that these bonds now sell [at] 101\u00bd so that the American credit is higher than that of any other power at Antwerp. I have long ago transmitted you his acct. on the reciepts on this loan & the payments made by him to France, which you will find confirmed also by the acct. of the commissaries inclosed.\nFinding that I should be detained both by the necessity of recieving information from Paris as to the certainty of my passage through France, & also by the delay of the commissioners in furnishing me the accts I had asked, I determined to go to Amsterdam for a few days in order to examine myself into the state of American affairs there & give you as just an idea as I could previously to my leaving this country. I have already informed you of what has passed between the commissioners & myself as to the powers they wished me to obtain from you to borrow at an higher rate of interest than 4. per cent. I have not undecieved them as to the limits of my powers, but on the contrary impressed on them how averse I was sure you would be to raise the rate of interest on any occasion whatever. I have recommended it to them particularly to impress this idea on their undertakers & money lenders, if they wished to confine the loans to Amsterdam, letting them understand at the same time that I had better offers made me elsewhere than any rate above 4. per cent interest. They seemed to attend to this part of our conversation with some kind of anxiety, altho\u2019 they were unwilling to let me suppose they concieved any danger of our being tempted by offers elsewhere. It will become in future an object of some delicacy to manage this business so as to keep off by means of Antwerp all hope of raising the rate of interest at Amsterdam. The commissioners would certainly procure a loan at any rate of interest however low rather than see us make use of Antwerp\u2014but they have some motives of much weight for not forcing this rate of interest too low in the first instance if left to themselves. Should the interest be as low as it may be reduced hereafter they lose the profits which they contemplate on the reduction of the rate of interest by opening new loans in future for the same at the reduced rate. By this means you will observe a loan at 4\u00bd or 5. p cent interest, besides the profits it yields immediately holds out the certainty of its producing a second time by its conversion to one of a reduced rate. I mention these as considerations so far as the rate of interest would be under the control of the commissioners\u2014but it might so happen that it would not be under their control\u2014& certainly would so happen if the U.S. were obliged to go on the market at present. The present state of Europe induces all the money lenders to hold back their money on the contemplation of an advanced rate of interest\u2014but above all the present state of the English stocks produces this effect to an incalculable degree. Many people at Amsterdam & other parts of this country have made fortunes by purchasing into the English stocks at the lowest rate & selling out at the highest; so they have been their own witnesses of these ebbs & flows in those stocks, nothing will be so tempting to them as the present prospect of their fluctuation. Every money lender will stand on the watch & hold himself ready for the first turn of the tide. All the borrowing powers at Amsterdam feel the effects of this disposition most sensibly\u2014the American bonds continue the highest but the 4. per cents are down decidedly to 96. & if any person should wish to dispose of any quantity of them they wd. not produce more than 95. The late Spanish loan at 4\u00bd per cent interest hangs an heavy load on those who are interested in it, although supported by Hope\u2019s house & all their influence.\nYou will easily see under this state of the market how essential it is for the U.S. not to be forced on it. I cannot too often repeat how essential it is to ingraft fully the idea of their fixed determination not to retrograde in their rate of interest. Every effort should be made rather than to do this. If once the money lenders were allowed to suppose we might be induced to retrograde, it would certainly have an unhappy influence for some time to come\u2014not to mention the double expence to the U.S. of making the loan first at an advanced rate of interest with a view to reduce it hereafter. I flatter myself particularly from your purposing to remit for the payment of interest in future, that there will be no necessity for a new loan for a long time to come\u2014& I derive much pleasure from this consideration. Should you have disposed of the large sums remaining in the hands of the commissioners on recieving information of their being locked up there by the King\u2019s suspension, This will enable you I should hope to provide for the million re-imbursement next June from home. It is impossible to say what will be the then state of the market, but it would be dangerous to rely on it lest the U.S. should be forced to make sacrifices in coming on it. The great object is to keep the matter so in our own hands as to be able to come on the market or not\u2014& this is so important that I trust you will excuse the importunity with which I urge it.\nAs yet no draught of yours on the commissioners has arrived since the suspension except the 100,000 florins you mentioned to me. Should you instead of remitting for the interest due in the first months of the next year, have the payments made from the monies here on hand, & call for the rest\u2014this will enable you to remit for the re-imbursement in June instead of the interest as was your intention, & thus secure the U.S. from being forced on the market against their will. I shall flatter myself at least with this hope as long as I can, as it seems to me to be well founded.\nWhilst at Amsterdam I examined also into the state of the Spanish payment. The exchange with Madrid has taken so unfavourable a rise that the commissioners have suspended taking bills. They are persuaded a change will soon take place. As yet no answer has ever been recieved from the Spanish government. These circumstances joined together made me adopt the delay of the commissioners. Should the exchange become more favorable they will remit\u2014if not they will await my orders from Madrid, where I shall be able to learn the cause of the unaccountable silence of the ministry on this subject to Mr. Carmichael.\nAs you are acquainted with my mission to Spain I need not observe to you how much delay it will occasion if you should continue to transmit through me your orders to the Commissioners. It will probably be more advisable to charge the minister of the U.S. at London or Paris, with a branch so important at this moment & likely to become critical during the next year. A nearer view of the ground than I can possibly have at Madrid may be important & particularly a correspondence more rapid than can take place from thence. I hope you will excuse the liberty I take in suggesting these considerations lest they should escape you in the immense circle you are obliged to embrace.\nI shall leave this place the day after to-morrow without fail & pursue my route to Madrid through France. I have the honor to be most respectfully\nSir \u2003 your most obedient & \u2003 most humble servant\nW: Short\nThe HonbleAlexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0167", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 18 December 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, December 18, 1792. Encloses \u201can account of Abraham Hargis the Contractor for sinking and completing the well at the Cape Henlopen or Delaware light House.\u201d Discusses the terms of the contract and compares it with the contract for the repair of the lighthouse at Cape Henry in Virginia. Discusses the compensation of the keeper of the Portland lighthouse.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0168", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel Hodgdon, 18 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hodgdon, Samuel\nTreasury Department 18th Decemr. 1792\nSir,\nI am to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of yesterday.\nThat the amount of the Monies received by you for Arms &c. sold to the State of South Carolina, may be ascertained according to the established usage of the Treasury Department, it will be necessary that you present an account thereof with the proper documents at the Auditors Office. A warrant will then issue upon you in favor of the Treasurer, for such sum as may be reported by the Auditor and certified by the Comptroller, to be in your hands on account of the United States.\nI am with Consideration \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most Obedt. Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nSamuel Hodgdon Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0169", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Jay, 18 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jay, John\nPhiladelphia Decembr 18. 1792\nMy Dear Sir\nYour favours of the 26 of November & 16 instant have duly come to hand. I am ashamed that the former has remained so long unacknowleged; though I am persuaded my friends would readily excuse my delinquencies could they appreciate my situation. Tis not the load of proper official business that alone engrosses me; though this would be enough to occupy any man. Tis not the extra attentions I am obliged to pay to the course of legislative manoevres that alone add to my burthen and perplexity. Tis the malicious intrigues to stab me in the dark, against which I am too often obliged to guard myself, that distract and harrass me to a point, which rendering my situation scarcely tolerable interferes with objects to which friendship & inclination would prompt me.\nI have not however been unmindful of the subject of your letters. Mr. King will tell you the state the business was in. Nothing material has happened since. The representation will probably produce some effect though not as great as ought to be expected. Some changes for the better I trust will take place.\nThe success of the Vice President is as great a source of satisfaction as that of Mr Clinton would have been of mortification & pain to me. Willingly however would I relinquish my share of the command, to the Antifoederalists if I thought they were to be trusted\u2014but I have so many proofs of the contrary as to make me dread the experience of their preponderancy. Yr. note to Mrs. Gibbons has been sent.\nVery respectfully & Affecly \u2003 D Sir \u2003 Yr Obed serv\nA Hamilton\nThe Honble J Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0173", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [18 December 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, December 18, 1792]\nWilliam Richardson of the County of Caroline in the State of Maryland \u201cInspector of the Revenue for Survey No. 3. of the District of Maryland.\u201d\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to send above the memorandum which he promised this morning to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0175", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [19 December 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, December 19, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, presenting his respects to the President, submits the enclosed papers concerning the execution of a Contract for building a Well on Cape Henlopen. He will in the course of the week wait on the President for his orders.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0176", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, [20 December 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\n[Treasury Department, December 20, 1792. Letter listed in dealer\u2019s catalogue. Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0177", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Gale, 20 December 1792\nFrom: Gale, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore Dec. 20th. 1792.\nMy Dear Sir\nWhen I was first Officially informed by Mr Coxe of the Division of the District of Maryland into three Surveys I was led to beleive that if the President had conceived he could constitutionally appoint the Inspector during the recess of the Senate the Appointment would have immediately taken place. As nothing has been done in this Business since the Meeting of Congress I am becoming very unhappy least there may be some doubts of the Character on whom the Choice should fall. As it is a point in which I am very Materially interested I have taken the Liberty of recalling your Attention to it. Altho in Compliance with Mr. Coxes Instructions I transmitted the Names of three Gentlemen as very Suitable for the Office I had no Idea that either of the other two Gentlemen Named nor indeed any other person could enter into a Competition with Mr. Perry for the Appointment. He is a Man of Business\u2014is a respectable Character that has served 10 Years in the Senate of Maryland with reputation. He has ever been a Steady friend to the Genl. Government and has an interest in the State which may be very useful. As a proof of his Interest I need only say that he lost but one Vote of the Electors who Chose the last senate. He is the Brother in Law of Mr. Hindman who will soon be a Member of the House of Representatives & has also a considerable influence with another of the new Members. In fine I can assure you that there is no such Character in my Opinion for this appointment \u2019tho I doubt not there are many presented to the president. Among others that are here Mentioned tis said A Mr. James Tilghman is a Candidate. He is the Friend & Relative of Mr. Coxe and no Doubt will be supported by him Altho I am convinced that if Mr. Coxe knew Mr. Tilghman as well as I do he would not advocate him. If Mr Tilghman is not a Candidate Mr. Coxe may still very probably thro the Channel of his Connexions have received very unfavourable impressions of Mr. Perry\u2014who supported Mr. Hindman against Mr Tilghman (in the last Election to Congress) which a mere candid Statement of the facts that then happened would remove. I repeat that I am convinced if you place Mr. Coxe in my Situation he would determine as I do\u2014tho from the Delicacy of the Connexion I do not think it prudent to Submit the Question to him and therefore beg that you would be pleased to consider this Communication as solely for your own Eye. I have no View in it but the public Interest and I do most solemnly assure you that the promotion of that is the Motive with me for wishing Mr. Perry\u2019s appointment.\nI am very Sincerely \u2003 Dr. Sir \u2003 Your affe & Obt. Servt.\nGeo. Gale", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0178", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Monroe, [20 December 1792]\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, December 20, 1792]\nSir\nI have the honor to inclose you copies of the papers requested in yrs. a few days past. That of the notes you will retain\u2014the others you will be pleased, after transcribing, to return me. With due respect I have the honor to be yr. very\nhumble servant\nJas. Monroe\nEvery thing you desire in the letter above mentioned shall be most strictly complied with.\nPhila. Decr 20. 1792\nThe honble Alexr. Hamilton Esqr.Philadelphia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0180", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Joseph Whipple, 20 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Whipple, Joseph\n[Philadelphia, December 20, 1792. On January 19, 1793, Whipple wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 20th December.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0181", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 21 December 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, December 21, 1792. Discusses rearrangement of revenue surveys and compensation for revenue officers in North Carolina.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0183", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Burrall, 22 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Burrall, Jonathan\nTreasury Department Decr 22d 1792\nSir\nI request that you will invest a further sum not exceeding Forty thousand Dollars in the funded Debt of the united States, bearing a present Interest of six per centum, upon the same principles mentioned in my letter of the 14th instant.\nThe Office of Discount & Deposit will furnish you with the sum, upon the enclosed Letter.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nA Hamilton\nJonathan Burrall EsqrCashier of the Office of Discount & DepositNew York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0184", "content": "Title: Catullus No. VI, [22 December 1792]\nFrom: \u201cCatullus\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, December 22, 1792]\nFor the GAZETTE of the UNITED STATES.\nIf perseverance can supply the want of judgment, Mr. Jefferson has an excellent advocate in the writer of his \u201cVindication.\u201d But I mistake, if his last attempt is not found to involve still more deeply the character he wishes to extricate.\nTo repel the imputation on Mr Jefferson, arising from the advice which he gave to Congress respecting the debt to France; he not only labors to shew, that taken in all its circumstances it is not of the exceptionable complexion under which it has been represented, but endeavors to infuse a belief, that the sense of the extract originally communicated, has been altered by the interpolation of certain words as well as by the suppression of a part of the paragraph, from which the extract is derived.\nIt will strike the most careless observer, as not a little extraordinary that a person (who by undertaking to state the contents of a letter, with precise accuracy, and even to detect a minute verbal deviation, must be understood to have access to the original)\u2014should instead of submitting to the public eye a literal transcript of that original, content himself with giving his own paraphrase of it, and should expect that this would be accepted, upon the strength of his assurance, that it exhibits the genuine contents of the letter, on the point in dispute contained in one paragraph only\u2014\u201cThat the arrangement of the idea is the same, and that in substance, nothing has been added to, or taken from it,\u201d thus modestly offering his own construction of substance, the very thing in question, for the thing itself.\nThat the extract, as given by me, is correct in every material expression, is proved by the statement in the Vindication. That it is literally correct, I must continue to believe until something more to be depended upon than constructive substance, is offered in lieu of it.\nThe information I possess, is drawn from two sources; one a memorandum in the handwriting of a friend which was given to me as an exact transcript of the words of the letter, and which was copied verbatim, in the second of these papers; the other, a document of unquestionable authenticity, not long since consulted, which states the contents of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s letter in the following form:\nMr. Jefferson suggests that \u201cif there is a danger of the public payments not being punctual, whether it might not be better that the discontents which would then arise, should be transferred from a court, of whose good will we have so much need to the breasts of a private company.\u201d\n\u201cThat the credit of the United States is sound in Holland, and that it would probably not be difficult to borrow in that country the whole sum of money due to the court of France; and to discharge that debt without any deduction, thereby doing what would be grateful to the court, and establishing with them a confidence in our honor.\u201d\nThis statement in the document alluded to, serves to confirm the memorandum, in form as well as substance. Speaking in the third person, it represents Mr. Jefferson as suggesting, \u201cwhether it might not be better, &c.\u201d whence it is natural to infer, that speaking in the first person in the letter, the terms are, \u201cI submit whether it may not be better, &c.\u201d\nThe form of conveying the idea by way of question, is common to both vouchers; and the word \u201cwhether,\u201d which is also common to both, presupposes the words \u201cI suggest,\u201d or \u201cI submit,\u201d the last being the most accurate, and in that view the most likely to have been used.\nIt is observable, also, that the same statement disconnects the two propositions, and gives them a distinct and independent aspect. The conjunction \u201cBut,\u201d which is alledged to be in the original, does not appear in that statement.\nIt is possible, nevertheless, that some immaterial departures from literal precision, may have found their way into the transcripts, which are relied upon. But while this concession, as a bare possibility is made, it is not intended as an escape from a rigorous responsibility for the essential accuracy of the disclosure. If there be in what has been communicated as a literal extract, any expression the least material, tending to the crimination of Mr. Jefferson, which is not to be found in the original, it is admitted to be inexcusable. But not having been possessed of the original, as has been several times stated, any accidental variation of expression, not affecting at all the sense of the quotation, or not affecting it disadvantageously to Mr. Jefferson, cannot be admitted to be of moment; in regard either to the merits of the discussion or to the fairness of procedure. To press such a variance, as an objection, is to cavil, and to betray a consciousness of weakness.\nNow, it happens, that the variance, which is alledged to exist, if it had any influence upon the meaning of the passage, has one favorable to Mr. Jefferson; taking it for granted, that his Apologist has given a true account of it. This will be seen by carefully contrasting the phraseology in the two cases.\nThe extract, as stated by me, is in these words\u2014\u201cIf there is a danger of the public payments not being punctual, I submit whether it may not be better, that the discontents which would then arise, should be transferred from a Court, of whose good will we have so much need, to the breasts of a private company.\u201d\nThe statement in the vindication represents, that Mr. Jefferson, \u201cHaving stated the proposition as above (referring to the proposition for the purchase of the debt) observes further upon it, in its relation to this country, that if there be a danger our payments may not be punctual, it might be better, that the discontents which would then arise, should be transferred from a court, of whose good will we have so much need, to the breasts of a private company.\u201d\nAll the material and exceptionable phrases are the same in the two statements. The only difference between them is, that in the first Mr. Jefferson is made to submit in the modest form of a question, \u201cwhether it might not be better.\u201d the identical sentiment or advice, which, in the last, he is made to convey in the affirmative tone of an observation, that \u201cit might be better\u201d\u2014The last mode of expression is certainly stronger than the first, and if the sentiment conveyed be, as it undoubtedly is, an improper one, the censure due to it is encreased by the greater degree of decision with which it is expressed, as being an indication of a more decided state of mind concerning it. This remark, which might otherwise appear nice and critical, is naturally drawn forth by the attempt to have it understood, that the words \u201cI submit whether,\u201d which are said to have been interpolated, have an influence upon the sense of the clause injurious to Mr. Jefferson.\n   The words \u201cmight not be better,\u201d are also said to have been interpolated\u2014though all but the \u201cnot\u201d are in the quotation made by the Vindicator; a specimen of his accuracy.\nThe result is, that the alteration of terms said to have been made, if real, must have been casual, because it either does not vary the sense, or varies it favorably to Mr. Jefferson: and consequently that the charge which has been brought, rests upon him in its primitive force, unmitigated by the alledged change of terms.\nIn like manner admitting the statement of what is said to follow as a part of the same paragraph, to be truly represented in the vindication\u2014it either corresponds with the view I have heretofore given of the matter, or it implicates Mr. Jefferson in greater reprehensibility than has been yet charged upon him. If either presents an alternative proposition predicated upon the supposition of a state of things different from that which is the base of the first, namely, the danger of a deficiency of means for punctual payment, and in that case does not derogate from the first; or proceeding upon the supposition of the same state of things, it contains advice to Congress to avail themselves of the yet sound state of their credit in Holland, treacherously to induce individuals upon the invitation of the government to lend them money on the ordinary terms, for the purpose of making full payment to France, in order to guard her from loss, and preserve her confidence, in direct contemplation of not being able to render the stipulated justice to those individuals. If this was the advice of Mr. Jefferson, it leaves his conduct without even those slight extenuations which have been supposed to afford a semblance of apology. It takes away the feeble pretexts deduced from the offer having originated with the Company, and from their gaining a considerable boom in the first purchase.\nThe last, I acknowledge, is the construction best warranted by the structure of the paragraph as delineated in the vindication. This, as it there stands, would be the most obvious and natural reading. If there be a danger that our payments may not be punctual, it may be better that the discontents which would then arise should be transferred from a Court of whose good will we have so much need to the breasts of a private company. But still it has occurred to me that we may do what is preferable to accepting the proposition of the Dutch Company. We may find occasion to do what would be grateful to the Court of France, and establish with them a confidence in our honor. Our credit is good in Holland\u2014may it not be possible then to borrow there the four and twenty millions due to France, and pay them the whole debt at once. This, besides transferring the discontents, to be expected from the want of punctual payments, from the Court of France, to the breasts of individuals would have the farther advantage of saving that court from any loss on our account. It is in this sense only, that the first suggestion can be considered as over-ruled by, or absorbed in the last, and that Mr. Jefferson can be said to have discountenanced the proposition made by the Dutch Company. If this be the meaning intended to be contended for, no pains will be taken to dispute it; and the comment will be left to Mr. Jefferson\u2019s most partial admirers.\nThe writer of the vindication continues to insist, that Mr. Jefferson was only the vehicle of communication, assigning as reasons for this assertion that the transaction had taken place between the parties, before any mention was made of it to him, and that in communicating it to Congress he only made known to that body the desire both of the company and of the French Court; That the opinion which he gave arose out of the proposition, was in furtherance of the views of the parties, and that in fact no decision could be formed on it, either by the Congress, or himself, without a comparison of the parties as creditors of the United States. But these reasons do not prove that Mr. Jefferson was only the vehicle of communication; they prove the contrary; that he was both the vehicle of communication, and the patron, though not the author of the proposition. The precise difference between being the mere vehicle, and being both the vehicle and the patron of a proposition consists in this; that in the first case the agent does nothing more than communicate the proposition\u2014in the last he gives an opinion arising out of it, in furtherance of the views of the proposers; which is exactly, what is acknowledged to have been done by Mr. Jefferson.\nThe plea that there could be no immorality or indelicacy, in espousing a proposition coming from the parties interested, amounts to nothing. The charge is not, that advice was given to accede to the proposition; but that advice was given to accede to it upon a ground which was dishonorable and unjust. It is the condition upon which the acceptance is advised, that constitutes the culpability.\nIn No. 4. of the vindication, the attack upon Mr. Jefferson is said to proceed from private revenge. In No. 5. it changes its nature, and becomes an attack upon principles; a monarchical plot against the republican character of the community. How long, and how often are the people of America to be insulted with this hypocritical rant? When will these political pharisees learn, that their countrymen have too much discernment to be the dupes of their hollow and ostentatious pretensions? That the citizens of the United States know how to distinguish the men who serve them, from those who only flatter them, the men who have substantial claims to their confidence, from those who study to conceal the want of qualities, really solid and useful, under the mask of extraordinary and exclusive patriotism and purity?\nIt is curious to observe the pathetic wailings which have been produced by the animadversions in these papers. It would seem as if a certain party considered themselves as the sole and rightful censors of the Republic; and every attempt to bestow praise or blame not originating with them, as an usurpation of their prerogative, every stricture on any of their immaculate band as a breach of their privilege. They appear to think themselves authorized to deal out anathemas, without measure, or mercy, against all who dare to swerve from their standard of political orthodoxy, which are to be borne without retaliation or murmur. And if any system of either shews itself, they are sure to raise the dismal cry of persecution; themselves the first to assail, and the first to complain. But what is not permitted to men who have so clearly established a title, little less than divine, to a monopoly of all the patriotic virtues!\nThe only answer, which is due to the feint of offering to enter into arrangements, for ascertaining whether the writer of these papers has in the instance under consideration been guilty of misrepresentation\u2014and the breach of an official duty\u2014is to remind the public that in my first paper I declared myself willing to be known on proper terms to the officer concerned. To this I adhere, in the spirit of the original intimation, but I deem a personal disclosure to any subaltern of his, improper; nor do I perceive that it is in the present case necessary to an investigation of facts. The writer of the vindication admits in substance what is alledged, and as to his collateral statements, it has been shewn that they imply more blame on the character meant to be exculpated, than was originally charged. I forbear any comment on the indecency of naming upon conjecture the person who has been named as the author of these papers, or upon the palpable artifice of making an avowal of them, by that particular person, the condition of a disclosure of the name of the writer of the vindication. Indecency and artifice are the proper weapons of such adversaries.\nCATULLUS.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0185", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 22 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] December 22, 1792. \u201cBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to return \u2026 with the President\u2019s approbation annexed thereto, two Contracts between the Superintendent of the Lighthouse at New London, and Daniel Harris and Nathaniel Richards.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0186", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 22 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] December 22, 1792. \u201c\u2026 T. Lear has the honor to inform the Secretary of the Treasury that the President has appointed Lemuel Cornick to be keeper of the Light House on Cape Henry in Virginia.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0187", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 22 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury Department, December 22, 1792. \u201cPursuant to an application from John Lee Esqr, Collector of Penobscot, I have to request that you will supply him with a dozen Certificates of Registry without delay.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0188", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Miller, Junior, 22 December 1792\nFrom: Miller, John, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, December 22, 1792. On January 3, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Miller and referred to \u201cyour letter of the 22nd ulto.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0190-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gouverneur Morris, 23 December 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nParis 23 December 1792\nDear Sir\nI have written to you on the seventeenth of August, twenty-first, and twenty-fifth of September, and second of November. If any of these Letters should be missing, be so kind as to mention it to me, excepting always that of the twenty-first of September, which was on a meer private Affair of a mercantile House at Rouen. I did hope that my last contain\u2019d the End of all Correspondence with Mr. Short, respecting the Payment which at his Request I had agreed for with the Commissioners of the Treasury here; but as soon as the Communication with Holland open\u2019d the Correspondence also open\u2019d as you will see by the Enclosed Copies of Mr. Shorts Letters to me of the 26th. & 27th: of October, with my Answers of the 12th. and 14th. of November. To these I add Copy of the Commrs Letter to me of the 16th. of November. It appears to me proper that you should have in your Office all these Documents, since Time and Change of Circumstances, may render them useful.\nI have receiv\u2019d yours of the thirteenth of September, and the Sum of one hundred and five thousand Guilders is (agreably to your Orders) at my Disposition. I will place the Management of this affair in the Hands of Messieurs Grand and Company, who remain very cautious and very solid, if I can prevail on them to come into some regular agreement on the Subject, about which they are very shy lest they should in these perilous Times be exposed to malevolent Insinuation or ungenerous Suspicion.\nI fully comprehend the mode of Payment which you recommend, but I must vary from it a little to comply with your just wishes; Otherwise I shall make some Gain to the United States, which is not to be desired or expose them to some Loss which is very much to be avoided. In Order to explain this you must know that the Exchange here fluctuates from Day to Day, nay from Hour to Hour, surprizingly. Ten Day, nay six Days, ago one hundred Dollars in Amsterdam would have produc\u2019d little better than eight hundred livres here in Assignats, and yesterday the same Sum would have produc\u2019d above nine hundred; last April it would have produc\u2019d a thousand. The present Exchange is almost as low as that of the Begining of last August, and seems to be going down, but there is no reasoning justly about it. The ablest Bankers are as much at Fault, here, as other People, and it is common to see a variance of five Per Cent in one Day. If therefore I start the Idea of an Exchange on florins, we shall have altercations without End, because the Gentlemen concern\u2019d (knowing nothing of Money Transactions) employ what are call\u2019d here des hommes d\u2019affaires who know just enough to be very suspicious, and very troublesome. It was therefore my Plan to procure the precise Specie Dollars, but on proposing it to the acting Partner in Grands House he objected thereto, and prefered the Specie Livres. He has promis\u2019d to make his Estimates and Enquiries, and I ought before the present moment to have known the Result. If I cannot bring them to Act, I will get (if possible) some other person, or else do the Business myself, which will be very very disagreable for Reasons which I need not state to you; but I am determin\u2019d if possible to secure to the Officers full Value without Loss to the United States.\nThis same acting Partner in Grands House, to whom I delivered the Letter you enclos\u2019d for them, tells me that the Vouchers you ask for shall be transmitted, as soon as possible, but that the Trouble of finding and selecting them is so much the greater, as they are mingled in the mass of old Papers which (in Order to prepare for Events) had been packed up long ago.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0190-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Gouverneur Morris, 26 October 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nThe Hague Oct 26 1792\nDear Sir\nAfter more than four weeks interruption some of the French mails in arrear were recieved here yesterday & we had hoped therefore that this day, being the regular postday, would have brought us the rest\u2014in this we have been disappointed, & of course conclude that the post communication with Paris is not yet freed from all its obstacles. I therefore send by the way of England my acknowlegement of such of your letters as were recieved yesterday\u2014viz. those dated Sep. 20.\u201323\u201324\u2013& 27.\nIn answer to them I must promise that you cannot desire more ardently than I do the end of our correspondence on the subject in question. I had hoped it would have taken place long ago; & it seems to me a very little effort on your part would have done it\u2014if instead of determining all at once to take no further step in the late payment, you had simply taken the trouble to see that the commissaries gave the U.S. credit for the six millions of livres for which you had agreed & which was a matter altogether between you & them\u2014of course out of my reach & incapable of being settled in Amsterdam. All that could be done there, was done, that is to say the sum you mention in florins was paid & to the persons you desired. Whether the evidence of this payment being effected was a reciept or a bill or any thing else I suppose very immaterial to your arrangement with the commissaries\u2014but it is by no means immaterial to the U.S. that this payment should remain expressed in florins instead of livres. & this for reasons so evident & so often mentioned that I will not fatigue you with repeating them.\nI suppose you will dispense me also from examining what mode of effecting this payment would have been best under all the supposable contingencies of French affairs. It is a discussion that would at present be at least useless as to the present affair. I cannot help however observing that I do not pretend to be skilled in futurity, & particularly in matters where so many interests & so many agents out of my knowlege are concerned. I can only see objects which are present & conjecture as to things which are to follow. Whatever may have happened since or may happen in future, yet I think the conjecture which dictated the kind of reciept which I desired from Hogguer, was the most simple at that time & I repeat that I have not the gift of seeing into futurity. I should mention however that there was an error in my expression to you on this subject & that my intention was that it should be expressed as being on account of the debt due \u00e0 la France & to be held (the payment) at the disposition of H. M. C. Majesty. It is true this latter part was not precisely the expression of the day\u2014but it was an inaccuracy which would have been easily forgiven by any succeeding government, as would also, I still imagine, the nature of the reciept required. And this it appeared to me was the point to be obtained\u2014viz. to make the payment so as to stop the interest on six millions of livres & to make it so as that hereafter neither the U.S. nor their agents should be blamed. I hardly think it would have been a disagreeable thing to the government with whom the final settlement should be made to find this sum in the hands of their agents and at that time it might have been expected that this settlement might be made without a very great delay or that the U.S. might have given the orders they judged proper.\nNow as to the delay which took place between the time of your agreeing with the commissaries & of the payment made, & which you seem to think denatured the operation\u2014I have already mentioned to you that your letters of the 6th. & 9th. of August were recieved at the same time & by what means, being brought by the same post, they did not get to my hands until the 17th. And as I have said above that I have not the gift of seeing into futurity I must say here I have not the spirit of divination & therefore could not know here before recieving your letter what you had done at Paris. Of course the delay of the month stated by you is not wholly to be attributed to me but only from the 17th. to the 4th. How many days delay you could consider as changing the nature of the affair I cannot say\u2014but you certainly did consider some delay as optional without this risk since you said the bankers in order to avoid the rise of agio might make the payment at their liesure. On the 17th. I gave the orders to the bankers which were reiterated the 19th. Hogguer begged for time to consider of the offer made\u2014our bankers supposed he wrote to Paris for orders\u2014whether he did or not that part of the delay came from him\u2014& when he gave his answer the rest was consumed in letters going & coming between this & Amsterdam, in the hopes of our bankers being able to settle some mode of payment which should avoid the danger I so much apprehended\u2014& I hoped by every post also to recieve more & more information from you, relying really & absolutely on your judgment in this business. On the 4th. of Sep. I recieved yours of the 27th. of Aug. & the same day directed the payment. I think then from the nature of the case & from the expressions of your letters the delay wch. took place cannot be considered either by you or any body else as denaturing it.\nAnother principle of change which you mention as having been introduced by my doubting, is the bill instead of a reciept or no reciept at all. Now here is a distinction in which there may be a difference but I must own I do not see it\u2014& whether so or not I am entirely innocent; & even if no suspension had taken place of the King or of the payment still this same unfortunate bill would have existed\u2014that being the mode as I am informed which our bankers have constantly used with the French in the payments made at Amsterdam. My usage has been to give them the orders to make the payments, sometimes by remittances\u2014sometimes by payments to the French agents according to the desire of the French government\u2014in both cases I did nothing more than give the orders\u2014leaving the moyens d\u2019execution to the bankers supposing them better acquainted with such things than myself\u2014& never enquiring whether it was by entry, reciept, bill, bond or what. Of course when you desired me to direct the payment of f 1,62,5000\u2014& I the bankers, supposing there had been no difficulty as to the suspension, they would have done on the 17th. of Aug. precisely what they did on the 5th. of september. The same doubt as to its being the same payment you had stipulated, would therefore have existed in both cases if it can exist in either. I should have supposed that you would have considered it worth while therefore to see that no doubt should be left, by taking the trouble to satisfy yourself that the U.S. were credited on the books of the treasury for six millions of livres\u2014which was all that was necessary as it can hardly be supposed they will credit the U.S. both for the 6. millions of livres & the 1,625m florins. Your seeing to this consummation of the arrangement appears so natural (& particularly if you concieved the bill instead of a receipt or no receipt introduced doubts as to its identity) that I should have thought you would not have failed to have done it, had there been no suspension\u2014& had you done it in the case of the suspension, you see my dear Sir that you would have saved yourself much ennui & importunity & me much trouble.\nSo much for the operation being denatured by delay or by the bill. Without enquiring further into this subject I rely on its being susceptible of no question which wd. not equally have existed had that payment (which you said the bankers might make at their liesure) been readily made. And as in this case you say there can be no difficulty, whether there be change or no change & whether the acts be valid or annulled, I shall repose on your better judgment & hope there will be none.\nI should think this still more certain if you would simply take the trouble to remove the doubts of the commissaries if they have any as to this being the identical payment you had stipulated & to see that the U.S. are credited for 6,000,000 \u20b6. Who my dear Sir can do this so well as yourself? Who else in fact can do it all? I cannot concieve from whence your aversion comes. I have sollicited you in every manner in my power not to leave the matter to future discussion. When the bills were enclosed to you one word from you would have sufficed in presenting these bills\u2014& at that time I did not think there was a moment to be lost & therefore pressed you in the manner I did. I renew here my intreaty that you should put this matter out of doubt. Had you taken no step in it I should have supposed you would do this for the interest & satisfaction of the U.S.\u2014but in a business where you alone have acted with the commissaries\u2014where you alone can remove their doubts if they chuse to have any, where you alone can see the florins converted actually into the livres you agreed for, I repeat it again, I cannot & never could concieve your reason for refusing to do it, & thus risk future discussion.\nI shall desire our bankers to write by the next post to the commissaries as you suggest in your letter of the 27th. of Sept. for greater certainty in preventing their giving the U.S. a double credit for the same payment.\nI shall not write to the commissaries another letter; the object of that which I inclosed to you was to effect what I wished in the case of your persisting in taking no further step in the business, & there being as I feared then not time enough left to write after recieving your answer. I flatter myself you will for the interest of the U.S. take the last, & as it appears to me, not an inconvenient, step, to have the florins converted into livres according to your stipulation & carried to the credit. I do not consider this as a deviation from what you think proper to be done viz. to adhere to the original nature & form of the present payment, but the seeing that that nature & form is adhered to by the commissaries. On no other consideration would I have ordered a payment to be made & expressed in florins than the certainty of their value in livres being previously fixed or the standard for fixing it agreed on\u2014& this was an invariable rule with me.\nI thought I had formerly sufficiently explained my wishes as to what you call certain other things to be done with the same persons whose authority I deny. My desire was that at a future period when the day of settlement for past payments depreciation &c. came\u2014there should be the fewest questions possible & the business the most possibly in the hands of the U.S. Now to avoid questions it seems to me the first thing is to simplify the subjects as much as possible. The whole of this chapter may be resolved therefore into one simple question to which I leave you the answer. Would this business be more simple & more in the hands of the U.S. if there were book accts. & the obligations paid off still remaining in the treasury or if the only such obligations remained as were still unpaid? I had thought in this latter case the acct. would be more simple & the affair of depreciation more absolutely in the power of the U.S.\nI thought another thing also in which it seems from your letters that I was mistaken, & which of course puts an end to this part of the subject; so that I must ask you to regard what I have said on it as an impertinent trouble which I have given you. I had thought I know not why, but supposed I had seen it in the resolves of Congress that the reciepts constituting the debt were for much smaller sums\u2014if they are as you state them only in three, nothing of course can be done of the nature I proposed. I intended to have answered another part of your letters but having been interrupted by persons who have detained me until the hour of the post I must defer it until my next\u2014assuring you at present that I am my dear Sir,\ntruly yours\nW Short\nM. Morris &c. &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0190-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Gouverneur Morris, 27 October 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nThe Hague Oct. 27. 1792\nDear Sir\nNotwithstanding the immense length & prolixity of my letter of yesterday it wd. have been continued if I had not been interrupted & detained until the hour of the post. You desire me to consider well before hand as to the obligations, whether I would wish to come to a settlement previously with the ministry, in fixing the value &c. If as you suppose the obligations are only three, nothing more need be said on this business. I had supposed it had been different, & thought I had seen somewhere that the debt of 18. millions consisted of twelve reciepts of 1\u00bd million each. In that case I should have proposed taking up such of these reciepts as were fully paid off\u2014counting the livre tournois as it was paid\u2014& leaving the depreciation out of the question for the present so as to avoid any settlement\u2014the surplus which the U.S. may here after judge proper to pay by way of indemnity to be regulated by them at the time of paying this indemnity. The indemnity being as you justly observe optional with the U.S.\u2014the commissaries could not object to recieving the 31,350 000 \u20b6 already paid according to your statement for that amount for the present.\nYou desire me to recollect that you never saw my instructions. They are contained as to this subject in different letters from the Secy. of the treasury, with which I made you acquainted before leaving Paris\u2014& the sentiments contained in a letter I recd. from him soon after arriving here, I extracted & forwarded to you. You therefore knew all I knew as low down as the time of your transacting this business with the commissaries.\nI find that I committed an error in mentioning to you yesterday that your letters of the 6th & 9th. of Aug. were not recieved until the 17th\u2014for the sake of accuracy I repeat that they were recd. on the night of the 16th. so that I could not act on them until the 17th.\nYou say the present ministers of France complain much of my intention to place the money out of their reach which conduct they consider as evincing a hostile disposition: As I infer from thence that you see those gentlemen, I cannot help observing thereon that you may notice it to them, if they mean a hostile disposition in the U.S. that their conclusion is a very rapid one & by no means warranted since I could not possibly have any instructions from the U.S. thereon & that what I did would by no means bear the construction they put on it since it was nothing more than the effect of my desire for my own justification to pay the money to that agent or representative of the nation, who alone was known to foreign powers & to whom alone I could have a right to pay the money. If they mean the hostile disposition in me individually\u2014then of course it will not be worth your while to trouble yourself about it. My own disposition is of no importance to any body but it ever will be to follow my instructions & when ordered to pay money or treat with any country, to consider myself bound to do this with the agents whom our government had acknowleged, & whom alone they could have in view at the time of giving me their orders. As to the right of the people to change their government & give it the form they please I do not suppose it will be ever questioned by an American nor that I shall be considered as questioning it. Such considerations may be proper for governments\u2014certainly I had no right to examine them or in this instance do any thing else than follow as near as I could the orders recieved, without any kind of enquiry into the chapter of political rights or the proper mode of exercising them.\nI am my dear Sir, truly yours\nW: Short\nM. Morris &c &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0190-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Commissaries of the French Treasury to Gouverneur Morris, 16 November 1792\nFrom: Commissaries of the French Treasury\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nParis 16. Novbre. 1792L\u2019an premier a la republique\nEn reponse Monsieur \u00e0 la lettre que vous nous aves fait L\u2019honneur de nous Ecrire le 14 de ce mois, nous avons celui dernier dire que les Etats unis de l\u2019Amerique ont \u00e9t\u00e9 Credit\u00e9s sous les Livres a la Tresorerie Pour la datte du 5 Septembre dernier a la Somme de L. 6,000,000. pour le produit des Bco. f 1,625,000. a raison de 34 \u27e8\u2013\u27e9 \u214c 8d. remis le dit Jour par Mess. Wilhem & Jan Willink, & Nicolas & Jacob Vanstaphorst d\u2019Amsterdam, a nos agents &c &c\u2014Hoguer Grand & Compe. le dit. Lieu.\u2026", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0190-0006", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gouverneur Morris to William Short, 14 November 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Short, William\nParis 14 November 1792\nMy dear Sir\nI have already acknowleged yours of the twenty sixth and twenty seventh of last Month. I will now reply to them. And first I have just written to the Commissaries of the Treasury desiring a Copy of the Entry made in their Books of the Payment in question. Secondly I must inform you that my Reluctance has arisen from a Circumstance highly disagreable and which in my Situation you would have felt I think as I did. The Ministry had taken up the Idea that the Management of what relates to the Debt was in my Hands and that you acted in Consequence of Directions from me. They wish\u2019d me to do things which were by no Means in my Power. I endeavor\u2019d to undeceive them but in vain. Every step I took in Relation to it however indifferent was considered as a Proof of their Hypothesis and they treated my Refusal as a Disavowal of the late Revolution. I assured them that I could neither adopt nor reject it being merely an Agent &ca. &ca. but this answer\u2019d little Purpose and the whole Council are personally my Enemies. You may say that they are unreasonable & the like but that does not alter the Thing. This Inconvenience however which is no small one under the Circumstances in which I have liv\u2019d for the last three Months and which has I know excited Representations in America to my Disadvantage, this Inconvenience would not have prevented me from complying with your Wishes if I could have conceiv\u2019d that any valuable End would be answerd and I now comply meerly to satisfy you. My Manner of viewing the Object has ever been the same. Either they entered the Sum in question at the Time I wrote or they did not. Enter it in Livres they must if they keep Books of Account like other People. And if they enter it at the Sum I mention\u2019d they give the Credit you desire. If they do not enter it at that Sum there is a question open on their Letter to me and on my Answer. When shall this question be settled, and with whom? In my opinion it would be settled, in common with all other questions relating to the Debt, when the final Settlement thereof is made. And I found that opinion upon the following simple Reason; that in such final Settlement all anterior Payments must of Course come in question, if the United States continue in the Disposition to pay the Depreciation: for if, for Argument Sake, a Stipulation were made now (or it had been made at any Time since you left Paris) that a Million of real Money should wipe off two Millions of the Debt, I do suppose that afterwards the Government in claiming the Indemnity would be as well founded in stating the Loss of a Million on that Transaction, as in stating any other Loss sustained. If in one Case we could reply, there is your Agreement (to which it might always by the bye be objected that Governments being like orphans ought not to suffer by the Malfeisance of their Guardians) in the other Case we could reply (and I think with far greater Force) there is your Law according to which you have paid and according to which on every Principle of Justice you are bound to receive. Observe that I do not put in question here the Authority of the present Government: first because it would only complicate the Subject, and secondly because I do not think it necessary to raise that question. But if it be raised, you will easily see that it must enforce my Observations.\nYou tell me that in all Events the Evidence of the Payment made in Amsterdam would have been by a Bill on the Commissaries of the Treasury. In that Case the Manner of doing Business is different from that with which I have been hitherto acquainted: and I must add different from what you considered as proper; because you in the first Instance desired a Receipt. I cannot but think that the natural and simple Mode of concluding that Business would have been to have taken the Receipt of Hoguer Grand and Company for bf 1.625.000 paid by Order of Mr. Short in Conformity to the Agreement made between the Commissaries of the Treasury and Mr. Morris. When the Bankers of the United States made their former Payments at Amsterdam it was perfectly regular to take Bills which of Course ascertaind both the Relation between Florins and Livres and the Period at which the latter should be carried to Account but when by previous Agreement these Points were already adjusted it appears to me that the taking of a Bill of Exchange instead of a Receipt could tend only to undo what had been done. However the Thing is over and it is vain to look back I am oblig\u2019d to repeat because you seem not to have entered fully into the Ideas which I meant to convey. You certainly do not when you contrast that of making Payment at leizure with the Delay which took Place without making any Payment at all but with holding it altogether upon a Contingency foreign to the Convention which was by that Payment to be compleated. By Paying at leizure I meant and could only be supposd to mean such Delay as could procure the Bank Money without raising the Agio and this was of Course but a short Period and might be only a Day if on the Exchange there should be more Venders than Purchasers of Bank Money. When I remark on these Things to you it is not that I think the Transaction cannot substantially be supported and I have endeavor\u2019d to support it always on it\u2019s true Ground. But I am persuaded that if ever a question be rais\u2019d it will be as follows. The Agreement made by Mr. Morris became void because Mr. Short would not and did not comply with it but withheld the Payment untill a particular Kind of Receipt should be given which the Circumstances of the french nation could by no Means permit. Afterwards a Payment was made which as to the Sum in florins was the same with that agreed on but the Proof that it was not the same in other Respects nor made in pursuance of that Agreement is that a Bill was taken on the Commissaries of the Treasury for he Amount. This Bill passed to a third Person would have constituted a Claim on instead of a Payment to the Government and of Course it was not untill the Bill was receivd by the Commissaries that the Payment was made and of Course that Payment was of the Value of that Day and to the Government of that Day.\nThe question you raise respecting the Obligations really and truly appears to me of mere Indifference. If we could purchase these Obligations for a thousand Guineas would the United States consider that as a Payment would it be so considered by the french Government or by that great Public which judges between Sovereign Powers? I think not. And in like manner tho after full Payment the Obligations should remain where they are no Claim could in my Opinion be rais\u2019d upon them. Now this which may at first Sight strike you perhaps as a Pertness of Reply is connected with some other important Truths. It was propos\u2019d to make over these Obligations to an Individual or Company in Payment of some Contract or otherwise and I was consulted. I declar\u2019d that the United States would never ratify any Bargain respecting those Obligations made without their Concurrence that the Obligations did not constitute but only evidence the Debt which would be acknowleg\u2019d without such Evidence and paid when due not to those who either rightfully or wrongfully might become possest of the Obligations but to our real Creditor who might then settle according to Right and Justice with the Individual or Company. I have Reason to beleive that this also is among the Causes of Disatisfaction which prevails with the Ministry as to me but I care not. I shall pursue the strait Line regardless of Consequences; and I cannot while in the Profession of those which are my real Sentiments and which will I think on Reflection be yours also. I cannot I say higgle about the Possession of Papers which in my Conscience I beleive to be of very little Importance.\nHowever to resume (according to the fashionable Phraseology) you have the best imaginable occasion of setling all these things in your own Way. Mr. Carmichael is very urgent that you should go on to Madrid he has written so to you and mentions it to me in the Fear that his Letters to you may have miscarried. I consider the present Moment as particularly favorable to a Treaty with Spain and I dare say the same thing will strike you forcibly. Of course I shall expect that you will take this City in your Way. You will find it much Changd from what it was; but you will find one Person in it very glad to see you and to reiterate to you the Assurances of the Regard with which he is yours\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0191", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 24 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury Department Decr 24th 1792\nGentlemen\nI request that a further sum of 4034 Dollars & 87 Cents may be advanced to Wm Young & Geo. Dannacker on account of their clothing contract, to be charged as heretofore.\nThis sum added to the former advances will make up the amount of Twenty thousand Dollars.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe President & Directorsof the Bank of theUnited States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0192", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Bush, 24 December 1792\nFrom: Bush, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Wilmington, Delaware, December 24, 1792. On January 4, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Bush: \u201cYour letter under date of the 24th. ulto has been received.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0193", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 24 December [1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTreasury Department 24 December [1792]\nSir,\nIt being among the duties assigned by Law to the Treasury department, to prescribe forms for keeping and rendering all public accounts, I now address you for the purpose of sugg\u27e8est\u27e9ing in what manner it will be hereafter expected that the accoun\u27e8ting\u27e9 for expenditures in the Indian department be regulated and rendered for settlement. Some forms as essential checks upon the account\u27e8s\u27e9 for expenditures relating to the distribution of supplies will accompa\u27e8ny\u27e9 the forms for these accounts, and I request that a strict observanc\u27e8e\u27e9 of them and of the regulations which are hereafter specified may \u27e8be\u27e9 enjoined on the particular Superintendants in the several departm\u27e8ents\u27e9\u2014There being no quarter in which there is greater danger of abuse, proportional care and exactness are called for.\nThe accounts of the expenditure of money will naturally fall into two divisions, one of which will consist of payments for services performed and contingent expences; another for supplies purchased for the Department\u2014separate accou\u27e8nts\u27e9 will be expected for expenditures under these heads.\nIn relation to the accounts for services it will be necessary that the particulars should be stated in detail and that receipts for the sums paid should be produced. As the rates of allowance for services will in general depend on special circumstanc\u27e8es,\u27e9 it is of course confided that every thing will be done to cause them to be regulated by a due attention to \u0153conomy.\nIt is presumed that all supplies will be procured in consequence of special contracts, or by means of Agents duly authorized by the respective Superintendants, who are to be compensated by a commission on the sums expended. Whenever the nature of the case will admit of it, the former mode under due cautions and restrictions is deemed preferable.\nFor all supplies which shall be procured by contract, it will be expected that the original agreement or a duplicate thereof will be exhibited at the Treasury, with a particular account from the Contractor of the articles supplied, also a receipt for the sums paid, and a receipt for the specific articles furnished to be signed by some agent authorized and appointed for that purpose, who, it is wished, may be rendered accountable for the issue and delivery thereof in the manner hereafter specified.\nFor all articles which shall be purchased by an Agent on commission, a particular account will be required to be supported by the original bills of purchase, with receipts for the sums paid; and also a receipt for the specific articles procured, to be signed by the Agent appointed to issue and deliver the same.\nIt is also my desire that the Agent who may be appointed to receive the articles which shall be procured under the direction of any Superintendant may also receive all such supplies as shall be procured under the Contracts and arrangements of the Treasury for the use of your department, to be in like manner accountable for the issue and delivery thereof. When any such supplies shall be forwarded, it will therefore be expected that duplicate invoices and receipts therefor will be signed by said Agent one of which to be transmitted to the Comptrollers office.\nIt is foreseen that in a business so complicated, and exposed to so many casualties as that transmitted to the care of the Superintendants no rules of accounting adapted to all the cases which may occur can be prescribed. The forms herewith transmitted have however been prepared, with a view of reducing the accounts to as uniform a system as the subjects will admit, to which I request you to procure a conformity as far as shall be found practicable.\nThe accounts for personal services and contingencies are to be stated according to the abstract marked (A) and to be supported by vouchers in the manner before described.\nThe accounts for all supplies procured on Contract or by purchase are to be classed and arranged agreeably to the examples in the form B which is designed as a specimen, and is to be supported by Vouchers from the Contractors or purchasing Agents. For the articles charged in this Account the receipts of the issuing Agent will be indispensible.\nThe amount of these abstracts will be transferred to an account current according to the form (C) in which all monies received on public account are to be particularly credited.\nIn accounting for the issuing and delivery of supplies purchased and received, the greatest caution and accuracy are obviously requisite, to which end it is conceived at the Treasury to be of great importance that the Agent who may be appointed for that purpose, should, in each case, be instructed to observe the following regulations,\nAll the articles and supplies received to be fairly stated in an abstract or abstracts according to the form marked D.\nNo delivery on any account to be made except on the written order of the Superintendant, or of a person who is the principal at a Treaty or Conference.\nAll issues and deliveries to Indians or illiterate persons for their use, to be made in presence of some person to be appointed by the Superintendant, or the principal at a treaty or conference, who shall certify on the orders for delivery, that the articles therein mentioned were in fact issued.\nThe deliveries so made to be entered in an abstract to be stated according to the form (E), to which deliveries ought to be added all the articles which shall be lost, stolen, or destroyed by accident.\nThe vouchers for articles charged in the abstract of deliveries as lost, stolen, or destroyed, to be certificates or affidavits from disinterested persons, stating the circumstances of each case and whether the loss was or was not in their judgment, occasioned by the negligence of the Agent or of any other person.\nIt will be an important guide if at the time of rendering the accounts for settlement, a third abstract signed by the Agent stating the supplies remaining unexpended be rendered to the Treasury agreeably to the form marked (F).\nI request that information may be speedily transmitted to the Treasury of the arrangements which may be made under this regulation and your instructions by the respective Superintendants, and that all accounts respecting their several departments may be rendered quarterly for settlement on the last day of March June\u2014September and December annually.\nIn the instructions which may be given in consequence of this communication it will be adviseable to mark to the respective Superintendants that it is not designed to supercede any restraints which may have heretofore been laid upon them with regard to the procuring of supplies. It is my intention and wish, as far as circumstances shall permit, to have the supplies procured under the immediate direction of the Treasury. These regulations have therefore reference only to those cases in which special authority may have been given to them by you in concert with the Treasury or in which casual exigencies have not admitted the distant provision.\nI have the honor to be &c\nA Hamilton\nHenry Knox EsqrSecretary of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0196", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 27 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\n[Philadelphia, December 27, 1792. On the back of a letter which Delany wrote to Hamilton on October 4, 1792, the following words are written: \u201c27 December Answered.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0197", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Antoine Ren\u00e9 Charles Mathurin de La Forest, 27 December 1792\nFrom: La Forest, Antoine Ren\u00e9 Charles Mathurin de\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, December 27, 1792. On December 29, 1792, Hamilton wrote to George Washington: \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to enclose \u2026 the translation of a letter of the 27 of December, which he has received from mr. de la Forest.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0198", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 27 December 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom HouseDistrict of Providence 27th Decer. 1792\nSir\nI have the pleasure to communicate for your information, that Judgment was rendered in my favour before the State Court on the 26 Instant, in the Two Suits brought against me by Messrs. Arnold and Dexter in the Case of the Brigantine Neptune. The Gentlemen are extremely mortified and Disappointed in the Issue of their Suits. They have appealed to the Superiour Court of this State to Meet in this Town on the Third Monday of March next. They had four attorneys to manage their Causes, one of whom was from Boston Saml. Dexter Esqr. of distinguished Tallents. The District Attorney will acquaint you with the particular Ground on which these causes were Conducted before the Court.\nI have paid forty Two Dollars for the Fees of Two Attorneys whom I found necessary to engage in the Defense of the Suits. The District Attorney has a Demand to make for his particular attention to the Business which I have not yet paid.\nYour Letter of the 12th. Instt., relative to the Providence Bank, has come to hand: The Deposit made with the Commissr. of Loans, was returned previous to the date of our last Letter upon this Subject.\nI have the Honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.Secy. of the Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0199", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 28 December 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, December 28, 1792. \u201cIn \u2026 the Communication from the Secretary of the President of the United States to you relative to the appointment of Lemuel Cornick to the duty of Keeper of the light House, I observe no mention is made of the Compensation which is intended to be allowed. It is necessary that the pleasure of the President on that point be known.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0200", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 28 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States, 28 Decr. 1792.\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to inform the Secretary of the Treasury, that the President requests the Secretary to have a statement prepared, agreeably to the Resolution of the House of Representatives, of which a copy is enclosed, to be laid before the House as soon as it conveniently can be done.\nT. Lear. S. P. U. S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0201", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Smith, 28 December 1792\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] December 28, 1792. Lists \u201cthe Stock remaining on the Books of this Office subject to the payment of Interest for the Quarter ending the 31st december 1792.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0202", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Hammond, 29 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hammond, George\nTreasury DepartmentDecember 29. 1792\nSir\nFrom the opinion you have been so obliging as to express that arrangements may probably be made in Upper Canada for procuring a supply, from that quarter, of the Indians expected to assemble at O\u2019glaise in the ensuing spring for the purpose of holding a treaty with this government.\nI have the honor to inform you that I have concluded to send an Agent into the territory of Upper Canada, to endeavor to effect contracts for the above-mentioned supply; and, as you have authorized me to do, shall count on your good offices to facilitate the object of his mission. When the person shall be determined upon, it will be made known to you.\nIt is impossible for us to foresee with certainty the number of persons who will be assembled. We conjecture however that they will amount to about five thousand, men women and children; and that they may remain together six weeks. These are the only data we have as to the quantum of supply, which may be requisite.\nAny contract however which may be formed must embrace as much more as may be found necessary.\nAll details will of course be committed to the Agent who shall be sent.\nI have the honor to be with respect &c.\nAlexander Hamilton\nHis ExcellencyGeorge Hammond Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0203", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Jay, 29 December 1792\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York 29 Decr. 1792\nDear Sir\nOn my Return this Evening from Rye, I found your Letter of the 18 Inst: at my House.\nIt is not difficult to perceive that your Situation is unpleasant; and it is easy to predict that your Enemies will endeavour to render it still more so. The Thorns they strew in your way, will (if you please) hereafter blossom, and furnish Garlands to decorate your administration. Resolve not to be driven from your Station; & as your Situation must it seems be militant, act accordingly. Envy will tell Posterity that your Difficulties from the State of Things, were inconsiderable, compared with the great, growing and untouched Resources of the Nation. Your Difficulties from persons and Parties, will by Time be carried out of Sight, unless you prevent it\u2014no other person will possess sufficient facts & Details to do full Justice to the Subject; and I think your Reputation points to the Expediency of memoirs. You want Time, it is true\u2014but few of us know how much Time we can find when we set about it.\nHad not your Letter come from the Post office, I should suspect it had been opened. The Wafer looked very much like it. Such Letters should be sealed with wax, impressed with your Seal.\nI rejoice with you in the Re-Election of Mr. adams\u2014it has relieved my mind from much Inquietude\u2014it is a great Point gained, but the unceasing Industry and arts of the Anti\u2019s, render Perseverance, union, and constant Efforts necessary.\nBe so good as to forward the enclosed. Adieu my Dr Sir \nyours sincerely\nJohn Jay\nCol. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0204", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Susanna Livingston, 29 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Livingston, Susanna\nPhiladelphia Decr 291792\nI am mortified My Dear Miss Livingston that you should have had to write to me on the subject of your Certificates. Of all delinquencies, those towards the Ladies I think the most inexcusable. And hold myself bound by all the laws of chivalry to make the most ample reparation in any mode you shall prescribe. You will of course recollect that I am a married man!\nThe Certificates have been delayed through the misapprehension of one of my Clerks. They went immediately after you committed them to my care through all the forms of the Treasury; preparatory to a transfer to the Books of Maryland; and do not admit of being reinstated on the Books of New York \u2019till after a similar process. They are inclosed.\nWith much esteem & regard \u2003 Yr. true friend & Obed ser\nA Hamilton\nMiss Susan LivingstonBaltimore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0205", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [29 December 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, December 29, 1792]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to enclose for the consideration of the President, the translation of a letter of the 27 of December, which he has received from Mr de la Forest. He will wait upon the President on Monday for his orders concerning the subject of it.\nDecember 29 1792", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0206", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, December 31, 1792. \u201cThe Superintendent of the Establishments on Delaware has occasion for about four hundred and fifteen Dollars to discharge all the balances falling due this day in that part of the public service. I have to ask the favor of a Warrant to him for that Sum.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0207", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department,Revenue-Office, December 31st. 1792\nSir,\nI have the honor to represent to you that considerable Inconvenience occurs in the execution of a part of the business of this office, which however may be remedied by placing a limited sum of the Monies appropriated for the Establishments connected with navigation in the hands of the Commissioner of the Revenue for which he will be charged and held accountable. The inconveniencies arise from that part of the expenditures relative to the light houses, Beacons, Buoys and public piers, which are not committed to the execution of any particular Superintendent, or which arise from requests of particular Superintendents, that certain articles, which are better, cheaper, or more expeditiously made in Philadelphia may be procured for them by me in that place. The sums are often so small as to render an antecedent passage of the account or Bill through all the forms of the accountant offices of the Treasury very inconvenient; and warrants for a few dollars would swell the public accounts and give trouble in a greater degree than is agreeable. In instances wherein the Sums are larger, prompt payment easily obtained from a private person, is contrasted with the delay necessarily attending every the smallest case, which passes in the first instance through the official forms.\nIf no objection to it occurs to you, I would request at this time an advance of two hundred and fifty Dollars, for the purpose above-mentioned, which I shall cause to be deposited in the Bank of the United States to the Credit of the Commissioner of the Revenue as Superintendent of the Light Houses &ca to be drawn for only as occasion may require: and I beg leave to add that I shall cheerfully enter into Bond with such surety as the public discretion may appear to require.\nI have the honor to be, Sir \u2003 your most Obedient Servant\nTench Coxe,Commissr. of the Revenue.\nThe honbleThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0208", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Richard Harison, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Harison, Richard\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, December 31, 1792. On January 5, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Harison: \u201cMr. Le Roy has not yet appeared, with the Powers and Receipts mentioned in your letter of the 31 of December.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0209", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, December 31, 1792. States that the balance \u201cin the Hands of the Cashier of the Bank of the United States\u201d is inadequate. Requests \u201cthat a Warrant may issue \u2026 to be applied in the Payt. of Arrearges of Int. of the Regd. Debt and also of the Dividend becoming due on the first of Jany: 1793.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0211", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, December 31, 1792. Replies to Hamilton\u2019s \u201ccircular Letter of the 12th of Octr. last.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0212", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nTreasury DepartmentPhiladelphia Decer: 31st., 1792\nSir,\nInclosed is duplicate of my letter of the 26th ultimo, mentioning, among other matters, that Treasury drafts had been directed upon the Commissioners in Amsterdam to the amount of 1,250,000 guilders.\nIt will be proper to inform you that this sum has been reduced to 1,237,500 guilders, to be drawn in lieu of the sum first mentioned; and that a further sum of 24,750 guilders has since been directed to be drawn.\nI have received your letters down to the 9th of October inclusively; but time will not now permit me to enter into any discussion upon the contents.\nI have the honor to be, \u2003 very respectfully, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your obedt Servant\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0213", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTreasury Department,December 31st 1792.\nGentlemen,\nYou will herewith receive a duplicate of my letter to you of the 26th ultimo, advising you of Bills, which the Treasurer of the United States had been directed to draw upon you to the amount of one million and two hundred and fifty thousand guilders.\nYou will please to observe, that this sum has been reduced to one million and two hundred and thirty seven thousand five hundred Guilders, which will be drawn, in lieu of the sum first mentioned.\nIn addition to this, I have now to request you to note, that a further sum of twenty four thousand seven hundred and fifty guilders will be drawn by the Treasurer.\nI am &c.\nAlexander Hamilton\nMessrs Willink, Van Staphorstand Hubbard,Amsterdam.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0215", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John F. Mercer, December 1792\nFrom: Mercer, John F.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia Decr. 1792\nSir\nI have perused your statement of the conversation between us relative to my Accounts & do not perceive in what it is variant from that which I placed in the hands of the President. In that I declar\u2019d that I did not take what fell from you as a serious proposition but on the contrary\u2014thus far I now repeat\u2014but I can only answer for myself & my own impression\u2014farther I should deem it improper for you to require or me to acquiesce. The Statement that I have already given was the result of my recollection at that time on the subject & my memory now can add to or vary it but little. I mentioned the circumstance originally only to shew the improper advantages that might be taken by relating publickly private conversations & these partially & had not these advantages been taken in a most illiberal manner of me, & had not your letter to Mr. Ross containd a species of similar mistatement this conversation so far from being mentioned would I beleive never have been recollected by me.\nI am Sir \u2003 yr obt hb Ser\nJohn F. Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0217", "content": "Title: The Defence No I, [1792\u20131795]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nParty-Spirit is an inseparable appendage of human nature. It grows naturally out of the rival passions of Men, and is therefore to be found in all Governments. But there is no political truth better established by experience nor more to be deprecated in itself, than that this most dangerous spirit is apt to rage with greatest violence, in governments of the popular kind, and is at once their most common and their most fatal disease. Hence the disorders, convulsions, and tumults, which have so often disturbed the repose, marred the happiness, and overturned the liberties of republics; enabling the leaders of the parties to become the Masters & oppressors of the People.\nIt is the lot of all human institutions, even those of the most perfect kind, to have defects as well as excellencies\u2014ill as well as good propensities. This results from the imperfection of the Institutor, Man.\nThus it happens, that amidst the numerous and transcendant advantages of republican systems of government, there are some byasses which tend to counteract their advantages, and which to render these permanent, require to be carefully guarded against. That which has been noticed, a too strong tendency toward party divisions, does not require least a vigilant circumspection.\nWhat then ought to be & will be the conduct of wise and good men? Will it be their constant effort to nourish this propensity\u2014to stimulate the restless and uneasy passions of the community\u2014to sow groundless jealousies of public men\u2014to destroy the confidence of the people in their tried and faithful friends\u2014to agitate their minds with constant apprehensions of visionary danger\u2014to disseminate their own ignorant and rash suspicions as authentic proofs of criminality in those with whom they differ in opinion\u2014to blast with the foulest stains on the slightest pretences reputations which were unsullied till they began to invent their calumnies.\nThere can be no difficulty in answering these questions in the Negative.\nWise and virtuous men could not fail to pursue an opposite course. They will endeavour to repress the spirit of faction, as one of the most dangerous enemies to republican liberty\u2014to calm and sooth those angry sensations, which in the best administered governments will spring up from the dissimilar manner in which different laws will affect different Interests of the Community. Instead of imputing crime and misconduct to public men where none exists they will rather endeavour to palliate their errors, when connected with good intention and an honest zeal, and will be ready to excuse those lesser deviations from strict rules, which in the complicated affairs of government will more or less occur at all times but which in the infant establishments of a new governmt. were to be calculated upon as inevitable. Instead of labouring to destroy they will endeavour to strengthen the confidence of the people in those to whom they have entrusted their affairs\u2014if there is reasonable evidence that their conduct is in the main guided by upright intelligent & distinterested zeal for the public interest. They will be cautious of censure and the censure which they may be at any time compelled to bestow will be preceded by due examination and tempered with moderation and candour. They would shudder at the idea of exhibiting as a Culprit & Plunderer of the Nation a man who is sacrificing the interests of himself & his family to an honest zeal for\nwith no motive more selfish than that of acquiring the esteem & applause of his fellow Citizens.\nBut how it may be asked shall we distinguish the virtuous Patriot, who is endeavouring to inflict punishment upon delinquency and disgrace upon demerit from the factious Partisan who is labouring to undermine the faithful friend of his Country and to destroy the Rival he envies & the Competitor he fears?\nThere are different ways of making the distinction. From the matter and from the manner of the attack which is at any time made\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-21-02-0138-0004", "content": "Title: Appendix No. II (a): From James Monroe and Abraham Venable, 13 December 1792\nFrom: Monroe, James,Venable, Abraham B.\nTo: \nPhiladelphia, 13th December, 1792.\nBeing informed yesterday in the morning, that a person, of the name of Reynolds, from Virginia, Richmond, was confined in the jail, upon some criminal prosecution, relative to certificates, and that he had intimated, he could give some intelligence of speculations by Mr. Hamilton, which should be known, we immediately called on him, as well to be informed of the situation of the man, as of those other matters, in which the public might be interested. We found, it was not the person, we had been taught to believe, but a man of that name from New-York, and who had, for some time past resided in this city. Being there, however, we questioned him, respecting the other particular: he informed us, that he could give information of the misconduct, in that respect, of a person high in office, but must decline it for the present, and until relieved, which was promised him, that evening: that at ten to-day, he would give us a detail of whatever he knew on the subject. He affirmed, he had a person in high office, in his power, and has had, a long time past: That he had written to him in terms so abusive, that no person should have submitted to it, but that he dared not to resent it. That Mr. Wolcott was in the same department, and, he supposed, under his influence or controul. And, in fact, expressed himself in such a manner, as to leave no doubt, he meant Mr. Hamilton. That he expected to be released by Mr. Wolcott, at the instance of that person, altho\u2019 he believed that Mr. Wolcott, in instituting the prosecution, had no improper design. That he was satisfied the prosecution was set on foot, only to keep him low, and oppress him, and ultimately drive him away, in order to prevent his using the power he had over him; that he had had, since his residence here, for eighteen months, many private meetings with that person, who had often promised to put him into employment, but had disappointed: That, on hearing the prosecution was commenced against him, he applied to this person for counsel, who advised him to keep out of the way, for a few days: That a merchant came to him, and offered, as a volunteer, to be his bail, who, he suspects, had been instigated by this person, and after being decoyed to the place, the merchant wished to carry him, he refused being his bail, unless he would deposit a sum of money to some considerable amount, which he could not do, and was, in consequence, committed to prison: As well as we remember, he gave, as a reason why he could not communicate to us, what he knew of the facts alluded to, that he was apprehensive, it might prevent his discharge, but that he would certainly communicate the whole to us, at ten this morning; at which time, we were informed, he had absconded, or concealed himself.\nSigned by James Monroe and Abraham Venable.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-21-02-0138-0005", "content": "Title: Appendix No. III (a): From James Monroe and Frederick A. C. Muhlenberg, 13 December 1792\nFrom: Monroe, James,Muhlenberg, Frederick A. C.\nTo: \nPhiladelphia, 13th December, 1792.\nBeing desirous, on account of their equivocal complection, to examine into the suggestions which had been made us respecting the motive for the confinement and proposed enlargement of James Reynolds, from the jail of this city, and inclined to suspect, for the same reason, that, unless it were immediately done, the opportunity would be lost, as we were taught to suspect he would leave the place, immediately after his discharge, we called at his house last night for that purpose; we found Mrs. Reynolds alone. It was with difficulty, we obtained from her, any information on the subject, but at length she communicated to us the following particulars:\nThat since Col. Hamilton was secretary of the treasury, and at his request, she had burned a considerable number of letters from him to her husband, and in the absence of the latter, touching business between them, to prevent their being made public; she also mentioned, that Mr. Clingman had several anonymous notes addressed to her husband, which, she believed, were from Mr. Hamilton (which we have) with an endorsement \u201cfrom secretary Hamilton, Esq.\u201d in Mr. Reynolds\u2019s hand writing: That Mr. Hamilton offered her his assistance to go to her friends, which he advised: That he also advised that her husband should leave the parts, not to be seen here again, and in which case, he would give something clever. That she was satisfied, this wish for his departure did not proceed from friendship to him, but upon account of his threat, that he could tell something, that would make some of the heads of departments tremble. That Mr. Wadsworth had been active in her behalf, first at her request; but, in her opinion, with the knowledge and communication of Mr. Hamilton, whose friend he professed to be; that he had been at her house yesterday and mentioned to her, that two gentlemen of Congress had been at the jail to confer with her husband; enquired if she knew what they went for; observed, he knew, Mr. Hamilton had enemies, who would try to prove some speculations on him, but, when enquired into, he would be found immaculate: to which, she replied, she rather doubted it. We saw in her possession two notes; one in the name of Alexander Hamilton, of the sixth of December, and the other signed \u201cS.W.\u201d purporting to have been written yesterday, both expressing a desire to relieve her.\nShe denied any recent communication with Mr. Hamilton, or that she had received any money from him lately.\nSigned by James Monroe and F. A. Muhlenberg.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-21-02-0138-0006", "content": "Title: Appendix No. IV (a): From Jacob Clingman, 13 December 1792\nFrom: Clingman, Jacob\nTo: \nPhiladelphia, 13th December, 1792.\nJacob Clingman has been engaged in some negociations with Mr. Reynolds, the person, who has lately been discharged from a prosecution instituted against him, by the comptroller of the treasury: That his acquaintance commenced in September, 1791: That a mutual confidence and intimacy existed between them; That in January or February last, he saw Col. Hamilton, at the house of Reynolds; immediately on his going into the house Col. Hamilton left it: That in a few days after, he (Clingman) was at Mr. Reynold\u2019s house, with Mrs. Reynolds, her husband being then out, some person knocked at the door; he arose and opened it, and saw that it was Col. Hamilton: Mrs. Reynolds went to the door; he delivered a paper to her, and said, he was ordered to give Mr. Reynolds that: He asked Mrs. Reynolds, who could order the secretary of the treasury of the United States to give that; she replied, that she supposed, he did not want to be known: This happened in the night. He asked her how long Mr. Reynolds had been acquainted with Col. Hamilton; she replied, some months; That Col. Hamilton had assisted her husband; that some few days before that time, he had received upwards of eleven hundred dollars of Col. Hamilton. Some time after this, Clingman was at the house of Reynolds, and saw Col. Hamilton come in; he retired and left him there. A little after Duer\u2019s failure, Reynolds told Clingman in confidence, that if Duer had held up three days longer, he should have made fifteen hundred pounds, by the assistance of Col. Hamilton: that Col. Hamilton had informed him that he was connected with Duer. Mr. Reynolds also said, that Col. Hamilton had made thirty thousand dollars by speculation; that Col. Hamilton had supplied him with money to speculate. That, about June last, Reynolds told Clingman, that he had applied to Col. Hamilton, for money to subscribe to the turnpike road at Lancaster, and had received a note from him, in these words, \u201cIt is utterly out of my power, I assure you upon my honor, to comply with your request. Your note is returned.\u201d Which original note, accompanying this, has been in Clingman\u2019s possession ever since. Mr. Reynolds has once or twice mentioned to Clingman, that he had it in his power to hang Col. Hamilton; that if he wanted money, he was obliged to let him have it: That he (Clingman) has occasionally lent money to Reynolds, who always told him, that he could always get it from Col. Hamilton, to repay it. That on one occasion Clingman lent him two hundred dollars, that Reynolds promised to pay him thro\u2019 the means of Col. Hamilton, that he went with him, saw him go into Col. Hamilton\u2019s; that after he came out, he paid him one hundred dollars, which, he said, was part of the sum he had got; and paid the balance in a few days; the latter sum paid, was said to have been received from Col. Hamilton, after his return from Jersey, having made a visit to the manufacturing society there. After a warrant was issued against Reynolds, upon a late prosecution, which was instituted against him, Clingman seeing Reynolds, asked him, why he did not apply to his friend Col. Hamilton, he said, he would go immediately, and went accordingly; he said afterwards, that Col. Hamilton advised him to keep out of the way, a few days, and the matter would be settled. That after this time, Henry Seckel went to Reynolds, and offered to be his bail, if he would go with him to Mr. Baker\u2019s office, where he had left the officer, who had the warrant in writing; that he prevailed on Reynolds to go with him; that after Reynolds was taken into custody, Seckel refused to become his bail, unless he would deposit, in his possession, property to the value of four hundred pounds; upon which, Reynolds wrote to Col. Hamilton, and Mr. Seckel carried the note; after two or three times going, he saw Col. Hamilton; Col. Hamilton said, he knew Reynolds and his father; that his father was a good whig in the late war; that was all he could say: That it was not in his power to assist him; in consequence of which, Seckel refused to be his bail, and Reynolds was imprisoned. Mr. Reynolds also applied to a Mr. Francis, who is one of the clerks in the treasury department: he said, he could not do any thing, without the consent of Mr. Hamilton; that he would apply to him. He applied to Mr. Hamilton; who told him, that it would not be prudent; if he did, he must leave the department.\nAfter Reynolds was confined, Clingman asked Mrs. Reynolds, why she did not apply to Col. Hamilton, to dismiss him, as the money was ready to be refunded, that had been received; she replied, that she had applied to him, and he had sent her to Mr. Wolcott, but directed her, not to let Mr. Wolcott know, that he had sent her there; notwithstanding this injunction, she did let Mr. Wolcott know, by whom she had been sent; who appeared to be surprized at the information, but said, he would do what he could for her, and would consult Col. Hamilton on the occasion. Col. Hamilton advised her to get some person of respectability to intercede for her husband, and mentioned Mr. Muhlenberg.\nReynolds continued to be kept in custody, for some time; during which time, Clingman had conversation with Mr. Wolcott, who said, if he would give up a list of claims which he had, he should be released: After this, Mrs. Reynolds informed Clingman, that Col. Hamilton had told her, that Clingman should write a letter to Mr. Wolcott, and a duplicate of the same to himself, promising to give up the list, and refund the money, which had been obtained on a certificate, which had been said to have been improperly obtained.\nClingman asked Mrs. Reynolds, for the letters, that her husband had received from Col. Hamilton, from time to time, as he might probably use them to obtain her husband\u2019s liberty; she replied, that Col. Hamilton had requested her to burn all the letters, that were in his hand writing, or that had his name to them; which she had done; he pressed her to examine again, as she might not have destroyed the whole, and they would be useful; She examined and found  notes, which are herewith submitted, and which, she said, were notes from Col. Hamilton.\nMrs. Reynolds told Clingman, that having heard, that her husband\u2019s father was, in the late war, a commissary under the direction of Col. Wadsworth, waited on him, to get him to intercede for her husband\u2019s discharge; he told her, he would give her his assistance, and said, now you have made me your friend, you must apply to no person else. That on Sunday evening Clingman went to the house of Reynolds, and found Col. Wadsworth there: he was introduced to Col. Wadsworth by Mrs. Reynolds: Col. Wadsworth told him, he had seen Mr. Wolcott; that Mr. Wolcott would do any thing for him (Clingman) and Reynold\u2019s family, that he could; that he had called on Col. Hamilton but had not seen him; that he might tell Mr. Muhlenburg, that a friend of his (Clingman\u2019s) had told him, that Col. Wadsworth was a countryman and schoolmate of Mr. Ingersoll, and that Col. Wadsworth was also intimate with the governor, and that the governor would do almost any thing to oblige him; that his name must not be mentioned to Mr. Muhlenburg, as telling him this; but that if Mr. Muhlenburg could be brought to speak to him first, on the subject, he would then do any thing in his power for them; and told him not to speak to him, if he should meet him in the street, and said, if his name was mentioned, that he would do nothing: That on Wednesday, Clingman saw Col. Wadsworth at Reynold\u2019s house; he did not find her at home, but left a note; but on going out, he met her, and said he had seen every body, and done every thing,\nMrs. Reynolds told Clingman, that she had received money of Col. Hamilton, since her husband\u2019s confinement, enclosed in a note, which note she had burned,\nAfter Reynolds was discharged, which was eight or nine o\u2019clock on Wednesday evening: about twelve o\u2019clock at night, Mr Reynolds sent a letter to Col. Hamilton by a girl; which letter Clingman saw delivered to the girl; Reynolds followed the girl, and Clingman followed him; he saw the girl go into Col. Hamilton\u2019s house: Clingman then joined Reynolds, and they walked back and forward in the street, until the girl returned, and informed Reynolds, that he need not go out of town that night, but call on him, early in the morning. In the morning, between seven and eight o\u2019clock, he saw Reynolds go to Col. Hamilton\u2019s house and go in: he has not seen him since, and supposes he has gone out of the state.\nMr. Clingman further adds, that some time ago, he was informed by Mr. and Mrs. Reynolds, that he had books containing the amount of the cash due to the Virginia line, at his own house at New-York, with liberty to copy, and was obtained thro\u2019 Mr. Duer.\nThe above contains the truth to the best of my knowledge and recollection, and to which I am ready to make oath.\nGiven under my hand, this 13th of December, 1792. Signed by Jacob Clingman.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-21-02-0138-0012", "content": "Title: Appendix No. XLII: From James W. Reynolds 5 December 1792\nFrom: Reynolds, James W.\nTo: \nWednesday 5th, December, 1792.\nHonnoured Sir,\ntoo well you are acquainted with my unfortenate setuvation, to give you an explanation thereof, I am informed by a Note from Mrs. Reynolds this Evening, wherein She informed Me that you have bin informed that I Should have Said, if I were not discharged in two days. that I would make Some of the heads of the Departments tremble. now Sir I declare to god, that I never have said any Such thing. nor never have I said any thing, against any Head of a departmet whatever, all I have Said, Sir. is that I am under the Necessaty of letting you Know, which of the Clarks in the publick Office has givein out the List, of the ballance due. from the United States, to the individual States, and when it Comes to your knowledge, that the would tremble, Now Can I have an Enemy So base as to lodge such False alligations to my Charge, which is tottely Groundless, and without the least foundation Immaginable. now Sir, if you will give me the pleashure of waiting uppon your honnor tomorrow I will give you every information that lies in my power Respecting the Matter, which I hope it will give you final Satisfaction, what I have done never Was with a wish to Rong the United States or any Other person whatever, the person that Administer On this mans pay. which he Received from the United States, had my monies in his hands and would not transfer the Certificate to Mrs. Clingman and myself untill wee signed the bond of indamnification. to him now dear Sir. that was our Situvation. to Secure our own Intrest. wee executed the Bond, which was an Oversight of ours, now Sir Can you Suppose In my present Setuvation, that I would say any thing against you Sir or any Other head of department whatever, where it even was in my power which was not. Espicially where all my hopes and Dependance where. now dear Sir think of my poor innocent family, not of me, for them I Onely wish to live.\nI am, honnored Sir \u2003 Your most Obedient and Humble Servt.\nJames W, Reynolds\nOliver Woolcot Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-21-02-0138-9009", "content": "Title: [Jacob Clingman to the Comptroller of the Treasury], 4 December 1792\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver\nTo: \nPhila. 4 December, 1792.\nSir,\nHaving unfortunately for myself, been brought into a very disagreeable situation, on account of Letters of Administration taken out by a certain John Delabar on the effects of a certain Ephraim Goodanough, who, it since appears, is still living. I beg leave to mention that I am ready to refund the money to the Treasury or to the proper owner or his order, and if it can be of any service to the Treasury Department or to the United States, in giving up the lists of the names of the persons to whom pay is due, and to disclose the name of the persons to whom pay is due, and to disclose the name of the person in the utmost confidence from whom the list was obtained, earnestly hoping that may be some inducement to withdraw the action against me, which if prosecuted can only end in injuring my character without any further advantage to the United States.\nI have the honour to be your most humble Servant\n  Signed Jacob Clingman.\n  Hon. Oliver Wolcott, Esq.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0317", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Banks, 1 March 1792\nFrom: Banks, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] March 1, 1792. Recommends various ways by which the collectors of customs could improve their record keeping and reports on exports.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0320", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 19 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury Department, March 19, 1792.\nGentlemen:\nIt has been represented to me that a sum of money, unusually large, has and will become due to the United States, from the importers into the district of Philadelphia, in the course of the current month. On this occasion I think it proper to remind you that the collector of that district, in consequence of standing circular instructions to the custom-houses, will receive from the merchants, upon equal terms with cash, the post-notes of the Bank of the United States, if not issued for a longer term of payment than thirty days after date. You will judge how far it may be convenient to you to make operations payable in such notes, which might not be convenient if payable immediately in specie or in cash notes.\nIt has occurred that such an operation may have special reference to those who have the payments to make, and it is particularly desirable, at the present crisis, that every reasonable accomodation should be afforded.\nI am, gentlemen, &c.,\nA. Hamilton, Secretary\nThe President and Directors of the Bank of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0321", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Duer, 21 March 1792\nFrom: Duer, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew york. March 21st 1792\nMy dear Friend\nYour Letter of the 14th has been a Balm to my Soul, in the Midst of my affliction. The Advice you give, I had laid down as the previous Rule of my Conduct\u2014and with Rigidity adhere it. Whatever may happen, you shall never blush to Call me your Friend. Of this no more!\nThis Letter will be presented to you by my Friend Mr. Vandenbenden, the Principal Support of the Flourishing Colony of Gallipolis\u2014\u27e8\u2013\u27e9 my dear Friend, at the Expense of my Fortune, unaided, and unprotected by the Government. Let me my dear Sir, Entreat all your Influence to call the attention of Government to this Valuable Settlement, which has introduced Arts, and the Cultivation of objects which will prove a Source of wealth to the western world; whilst it serves as a Medium to preserve under proper Encouragement, the Friendship of the Savage Tribes.\nThey are at present altogether Destitute of Protection; whilst Marietta an older Settlement\u2014as well as that of Symmes, has Experienced Constantly the fostering Care of Government, as far as our military Force will admit of. I have assured this Gentleman, you had the Interest of that Settlement much at heart, and that as far as depended on you, you would use your Influence to Extend Protection to them.\nGod bless you & Yours!\nW Duer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0324", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Philip Livingston, [25 March 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Livingston, Philip\n[Philadelphia, March 25, 1792. On Tuesday, March 27, 1792, Livingston wrote to H: \u201cYour letter of Sunday was brought to me yesterday morning.\u2026\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0325", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nicholas Low, 25 March 1792\nFrom: Low, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew york 25 March 1792\nDear sir\nThe Moment I received Information of poor Duer\u2019s Stopping payment I apply\u2019d to walker to know the particular State of the Funds of the manufacturing Society\u2014since this A Mercer & John Nielson from Brunswick having called upon me to consult we have had an informal Meeting of such of the Directors as were in Town & find the State of the Funds to be as follows\u201450 thousand Dollars paid to John Dewhurst in Bills drawn by Alexander Macomb and remitted by Dewhurst for the purpose of importing a Quantity of Cotton Cloths from England. I am not without my Fears (all I say to you is in Confidence and I shall therefore speak with the greater Freedom) that this Money will be misapply\u2019d. I doubt the Integrity of the man & he was constituted the agent upon this Occasion in Defiance of what little Influence I had in the Committe & Interest against him. 5 Thousand Dollars have been paid to walker about three thousand of them expended the Residue subject to the warrants to be drawn upon him by Duer for the purposes of the Society\u201410 Thousand Dollars paid to Duer\u2014who has given the most solemn assurances and which he repeated to me yesterday that he will at the next meeting of the Directors lay before them an account with proper vouchers of his Expenditures to Amount of about 5 thousand Dollars\u2014and pay them the Balance in money. The Residue of the Stock of the Society is loaned to Alexander Macomb for one year at 7 \u214c Cent upon his Bond with deferred Debt at 14/ in the pound to be transferred at the opening of the Office\u2014as a collateral Security\u2014we agreed that as it would be impossible in the present State of things to command the Attendance of the New york Directors at Brunswick\u2014the Jersey Directors should meet there on the first Tuesday in April next adjourn to powles Hook come here arrange all that is to be done & go over to the Hook to complete the Business of the Meeting. during my visit to Duer yesterday in Jail, I suggested to him in very delicate Terms & applying to his own Feelings of the propriety of signing his appointment as Governor & Seat as a Director of the Society this he refuses in most positive Terms to do\u2014telling me he had that morning been applyd by A Mercer on the same Subject. His Reasons for refusing are that he has the Institution much at Heart & sees clearly that local views will govern upon his Resignation\u2014to you I say that in the present State of his affairs & person\u2014his Continuance as either Governor or Director is in my Opinion not only extremely ridiculous\u2014but dishonorable to him & disgracefull to the Society. If you see the propriety of his resigning you will advise him to the measure and I trust he will take your advice. If he refuses is it in the power of the Directors to supercede his appointment or suspend his Functions as Governor and ought to call a meeting of the Stockholders to chuse another Director. He has signed about one fourth can we appoint another person to sign the Residue of the Scrip. The Stockholders are extremely impatient to have them, give me or if you please to A Mercer, such Communications as you wish for the Information of the Directors\u2014we all look up to you for your advise.\nyou will I am sure do every Thing in your power that can be warranted by the principles of Prudence & Discretion to contribute to the Support of publick & private Credit in this alarming State of it. it seems to me that the Bank of the united States with its Branch in this City might agree with the Bank of North America and of New york that upon this trying Occasion & for a limited period say for 6. 9 or 12 Months\u2014their whole Specie Capital shall be as a Common Stock to be applyd to the aid & Support of each other\u2014that by this mean Discounts might be extended very considerably without fear of a Run upon either\u2014the Specie now in all the Vaults the aggregate Sum will remain none can be wanted to send to any other parts of the Union, nor for Remittances to Europe while Bills are so low and whatever Projects may have been formed by some Individuals among ourselves heretofore for draining the vaults no Man who shall be detected in them hereafter will be permitted to live in this City.\nBesides Duer\u2014John Bush & Royal Flint are gone to Jail\u2014John pintard & George Knox absconded\u2014Walter Livingston stopped payment. Brockholst told me last Evening that Duer has executed a Bond in Judgment to waiter for \u00a3160,000 which yesterday was entered upon the Dockets here & will be in other States where Duer has real Estate\u2014that Duer had written to waiter yesterday forbidding the payment of all Notes given by him to waiter\u2014upon which Monies were obtained at usurious Interest, he inform\u2019d me further that waiter is desirous of submitting to one of two alternatives\u2014either that he be left in the Management of his own affairs under the Direction of three to be appointed by his Creditors or to surrender all his Estate real & person and take a Discharge. I observed to him upon this that in either Event the usurious Lenders would all be precluded from payment, and that the general Opinion is (and indeed I know waiter has declared) that he is amply secured against all his Negociations for Duer\u2014a singular Circumstance that waiters Friends\u2014Brockholst\u2014John & Edwd. are most industrious in propagating the Report of his Failure, and that all the Stock Dealers either Doubt the Truth or are not affected by the Event of it. It was brot. forward in the Stock Room yesterday by John & seems to be a matter of perfect Indifference to all whom I converse with. I suspect that most of his Indorsements for Duer are upon usurious Notes. When poor Duer stopped payment no arguments were necessary to convince the Town that he was really Bankrupt. It is hard upon the other Gentm. that with all the Eloquence of his honorable Friends, to aid him he cannot lead us to enterain the same Opinion of him. I Am in Hopes that we have seen nearly the End of Bankrupcies in Consequence of the Shock created by Duers Stoppage. Whippo whom I once thought gone is I now believe secure, he pays up handsomely. my Negociations of late have been pretty much limited & I have no payments due to me which I consider at Hazard unless it be macombs paper\u2014& this I consider as secure & that he will pay punctually.\nIt will be adviseable that you send for a Mr. Griffiths\u2014a young Man employ\u2019d by Governor Duer & whom you will hear of at Mrs. Roberts\u2019s in Chesnut Street and direct him to attend the Meeting of the Directors of the Manufacturing Society and to bring with him all the Books & papers &ca. This is a most unfortunate Time for Mr. Carachie\u2019s propositions I fear he will not get forward with his Subscriptions\u2014and If he gets Subscribers one half of them may be dead or Bankrupt before the Expiration of the Ten years.\nInclosed is Bill of Loading for the Two Cases of Glass ware sent by Mrs. Church to Mrs. Hamilton. she will please to send me the Invoice on their Arrival. in the Interim I have made a Deposit with the Collector for Duties upon their supposed value \u00a320. Sterling.\nI am Dear sir \u2003 yours very sincerely &ca &ca.\nNich Low", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0327", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Kean, [28 March 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Kean, John\n[Philadelphia, March 28, 1792]\nDear Sir\nI request that you will not draw out from the Bank of N America any further sum without a previous communication to me.\nYrs.\nA Hamilton\nMarch 28th. 92\nCashier of Bank of U States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0329", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, [15 March\u2013April 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n[Philadelphia, March-April 15, 1792]\nDr. Sir\nBe so good as to inquire of General Irvine the character of Mr. O Hara as a man of business and Integrity and qualifications as for a Quarter Master. If any one else occurs to you I will thank you to mention him. I have thought much of the affair & of characters supposed to be attainable; I am at a loss to satisfy myself.\nYrs.\nA Hamilton\nSend Bowman.\nI wish also for Mr. Meyer.\nWhat was the state of Stock last night?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0330", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors and Company of the Bank of Maryland, 10 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors and Company of the Bank of Maryland\nTreasury Department, April 10, 1792.\nGentlemen:\nI am induced, by circumstances which have come within my knowledge, to inform you that the operation suggested in my letter of the 29th ultimo continues to be desirable, in relation to those who have payments to make at the custom-house in the course of the current month. You will consider it as it concerns the convenience of the Bank of Maryland.\nI am, gentlemen, &c.\nA. H., Secretary.\nThe President, Directors and Company of the Bank of Maryland.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0331", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Samuel Hanson, [21 April 1792]\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hanson, Samuel\n[Philadelphia April 21st: 1792]\nSir\nI am directed by the President [of the U. S.] to acknowlege the receipt of your letter of the 10th of March and to give you the following answer.\nThe law appears to contemplate the surveyor where there is one at a Port, as the person who is ordinarily to perform the service of measuring Vessels, and it may be inferred that the exercise of the power given to the Collector to appoint persons for the purpose is intended to be auxiliary and occasional only.\nUnder this view of the matter and as the power of appointment is expressly vested in the Collector, there does not appear to be propriety in a special interposition to produce the arrangement you desire, contrary to his judgment of what the public service requires.\n[With esteem & consideration \u2003 I have the honor to be Sir \u2003 Yr Most Obed ser\nTobias Lear. S. P. U. S.\nSamuel Hanson of Samls Esqr]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0332", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [5 May 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, May 5, 1792. The calendar description of this letter reads: \u201cEnclosing Application of Thomas Mendenhall for position of Assay Master of the Mint.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0333", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular, [9 May 1792]\nFrom: Treasury Department\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May 9, 1792. The description of this circular reads: \u201cConcerning the President\u2019s (George Washington\u2019s) appointment of Tench Coxe to the office of Commissioner of Revenue.\u201d Circular not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0334", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sylvanus Bourne, 10 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bourne, Sylvanus\nPhiladelphia May 10. 1792\nSir\nYou will have heared of the issue of a certain appointment, which was desired by you.\nAn alteration which has been made in the Treasury Department will lead to the appointment of an additional number of Clerks. If nothing better offers itself to you & an appointment of this Nature can be a temporary accommodation, it is at your service.\n   A corresponding Clerk. The present emolument can only be 500 Ds. A speedy answer is requested.\n I beg you to be always assured of the friendly dispositions of\nD Sir \u2003 Y Obed ser\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0335", "content": "Title: Receipt to Rufus Putnam, 21 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Putnam, Rufus\nPhiladelphia May 21. 1792\nReceived by the hands of General R. Putnam a deed executed by Rufus Putnam M Cutler, Robert Oliver & G Greene purporting to be a conveyance to me of five shares of the land of the Ohio Company of Associates & bearing date the 14th of May 1792.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0336", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Duer, 30 May 1792\nFrom: Duer, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew york May 30th. 1792.\nMy dear Friend.\nAmidst the Embarassments in which I am involved there is one which perplexes me not a little: not only on my own account, but as to its Consequences respecting others.\nThe matter I allude to you, is an Agreement, made with the Ohio Company\u2014by Mr. Cragie, Flint, and myself in behalf of the Scioto Proprietors, for the Purchase of a Tract of Land, to accommodate the present Settlers at Gallipolis\u2014the Particulars of which Mr. Cragie will acquaint you with. I had Every Reason to suppose that these Lands would not have been included, in the Tract designated by the Act of Congress for the Ohio Company\u2014and if Genl: Putnam and mr. Cutler, had acted with Candor, I presume they would not have been. The Fact however is, that all the Town of Gallipolis, and 16 Lands more Immediately adjoining it are Included\u2014in Consequence of which the Settlers, are left to the Tender Mercies of the Directors who will Covet their Lands, and Improvements. This Apprehension is so strong in their Minds, that it threatens to break up the most Valuable Colony, in all the Western Country\u2014and not only that but to involve Mr. Cragie Flint, & myself in a Contest of a very Disagreeable Nature with the Ohio-Association. I find by the Act relative to the Ohio Purchase, that the Tract, actually defined, does not Include, the whole of the Land, which the Directors Engaged to Convey to us, for the Scioto-Association. If therefore the Supplementary Grant of Lands can be so shaped, as not to include the Residue of the Land which they agreed to give us Title for, we shall stand on a Footing to settle with them on Grounds favorable to the Settlers, as well as ourselves. May I request your friendly Aid, in preventing any further Steps being taken, which will defeat so just an End. This can only be done by a Representation to the President\u2014if you thing any thing which I under my present Circumstances can say, will have any Effect to defeat the Artful Designs of the Ohio Directors, let me know\u2014and I will write such a Letter, as you may judge adviseable.\nI received from Baron Steuben, a Letter you wrote to me at Newark: & a Communication of your Letter to him. I will answer this Letter, in a few days, and am in the Mean while,\nYour very Affectionate & Obliged Friend.\nW Duer\nA: Hamilton Esqr.\nNew york May 30th. 1792\nPS At the Time we agreed with Putnam & Cutler, for the Lands alluded to, it was never Understood that we were personally responsible (but clearly, and Explicitly the Reverse)\u2014nor do I think they can make us so. However it has been insinuated to me, that some of the other Directors, mean to Attempt it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0338", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Robert Troup, [7 June 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Troup, Robert\n[Philadelphia, June 7, 1792. \u201cAn application is made to me by a Mr. Sarragon of South Carolina for some copies of vouchers of a claim against James Neilson which he says were sent to me in September 1789; but of which I have no present recollection. If they were sent they are with you.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0339", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Hancock, [10 June 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hancock, John\n[Philadelphia June 10, 1792. \u201cThe period of the session did not permit the subject being brought before Congress, with advantage, previous to their rising. Your excellency however may rely that it shall receive the attention which is due to so benevolent a purpose and to the auspices under which it presents itself.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0340", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Langdon, 18 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Langdon, John\nPhiladelphia, June 18th, 1792\nDear Sir:\nIn turning over my private letters a day or two since, I found that from Mr. Church, which relates to your demand upon him. The ground on which he places his refusal to pay is that he was not an owner at the time. As your letter to me of the 5th of March contains no explanation on this point, nothing tending to shew that the above supposition is an error, Mr. Church\u2019s answer to it must of course be the same as to the former.\nI am therefore to request that you will state such particulars of the transaction to me as will serve to shew either that Mr. Church was an owner at the time the expense in question was incurred, or that he was under some collateral or incidental engagement, which made him responsible to you. If you remove the doubt on this point, either by a letter to me, or to Mr. Church I presume you will remove all obstacle to the admission of your claim. With respectful & very cordial regard, I have the honor to remain Sir\nYour Obed. Serv.\nA Hamilton\nThe Honorable J. Langdon, Esq.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0341", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Robert Purviance, [19 June 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Purviance, Robert\n[Treasury Department, June 19, 1792. The dealer\u2019s description of this letter reads: \u201cConcerning a fraudulent practice.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0342", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edward Wigglesworth, [28 June 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wigglesworth, Edward\n[Philadelphia, June 28, 1792. Letter listed in dealer\u2019s catalogue. Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0343", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Marchant, 29 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Marchant, Henry\nTreasury DepartmentJune 29th 1792\nSir\nThe Bank of the United States have agreed to undertake the payment of the salaries of the public Officers, and the details of an arrangement for that purpose will be adjusted prior to the expiration of the next quarter.\nOn the point of the quantum of compensation to the District Judge of Rhode Island, I could not with propriety say any thing, as it is a matter entirely foreign to my department. As an individual, I must always wish liberal allowances to the Judiciary, as of great importance to their independence, and consequently to the well administering of Justice.\nWith respectful consideration, \u2003 I have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir, Your Obed Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nHenry Marchant Esq.Judge of the District Court,Rhode Island.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0344", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Robert Troup, [30 June 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Troup, Robert\n[Philadelphia, June 30, 1792. \u201cI think, I sometime since, requested you to settle my account with Judge Hobart. In turning over my papers, I find the enclosed\u2014which I send you, in order that you may have the goodness if anything remains due, to discharge it.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0345", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to James Lingan, [3 July 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lingan, James\n[Treasury Department, July 3, 1792. The description of this letter in the dealer\u2019s catalogue reads: \u201cAcknowledges receipt of a draft in the amount of $1500.00.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0346", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Tallmadge, 20 July 1792\nFrom: Tallmadge, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCol. Hamilton\nLitchfield [Connecticut] July 20th 1792\nSir,\nThe Design of this Letter is to communicate to you the Information which I have collected respecting a Gang of Counterfeiters, the Effects of whose Villainy have long been known, but whose Connexions & more particular Operations have never been thoroughly developed.\nWe have in Custody, at this place, a Man by the name of Jackson, who has long been known to be a notorious horse-thief, as well as a Purchaser & Seller of public Securities. This Man within a few days, partly from a Compunction for his former Demerits, but principally to avoid punishment, has discovered a wish to disclose the Scene of Villainy. He declares that the Seat or Head Quarters where this business is principally effected is in a Den or Cavern of a rock in the State of N. York, near the North river (the particular location of which can at any time be more minutely pointed out) to which place Adonijah Crane the principal penman, Francis Crane Brother to Adonijah commonly called Wright\u2014Ephraim Willard & a very important Character from the Southward, who is said to be a very rich man & a Gentleman but has never had any name among them with many others of smaller Note, frequently resort. He describes the Cavern to be a large room perfectly enclosed & tight, with only one Entrance, which is by a Trap door from the Top. This Door is supported by large hinges, & covered with Turf, Green Ivys &c, & has been in the same Situation ever since the peace, & has never yet been discovered. In this place are kept the Implements for extracting the Ink & counterfieting public Securities; also a plate with which they strike off bank bills &c. I have shewn to him a Bank bill of the U. States which he says they make in the greatest perfection. They have collected a considerable Quantity of thin paper exactly similar to that used by the Bank, on which they are impressing the Bank Stamp of the U. States, as well as that of the State of N. York, & he declares to me that he knows of immense Sums having been sent out & put off lately in different parts of the Continent. He says (what would be very natural to suppose) that they have Agents in different parts of the Continent who are continually purchasing up final Settlement Notes & other public Securities of small nominal amot. which they make into larger Sums, & these together with their other Counterfeit paper, are sent abroad & sold to the people. He further informs that the last time he was at this Pand\u0153moneum, they were preparing a Machine to counterfeit Gold Coin. He mentions that he saw at that place, John Sturla, the Man who counterfieted the Checks upon the Banks at N. York, who with some others were waiting for a Vessel to be got ready, on board which they were to sail to the West Indies or some foreign port. The Gang are considerably numerous, tho\u2019 seldom all there at a time, but are armed with Guns & pistols & very desperate.\nFrom this general Statement of the business, together with a variety of other Information, a number of Gentlemen in this Quarter have determined to make an Attempt to detect & break up this Gang. Particular reasons require that it should be done without loss of time. I propose accompanying them by all means, unless the State of Mrs. Tallmadge\u2019s health (which at present is very critical) totally prevents. At any rate my whole aid & Assistance shall be afforded to further the Expedition. If any thing important should be effected, you may expect to hear further from me on the Subject. At present I tho\u2019t it my Duty to lay this information before you, that you may pursue such measures as your prudence may dictate.\nI need not request you to consider this as a Confidential Communication for the present. Perhaps it may be proper to lay this Information before the President & Directors of the Bank of the United States.\nI have the Honor to be, \u2003 with the most perfect Regard, \u2003 Sir, your most Obedt Servt.\nBenj Tallmadge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0347", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of Maryland, 25 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of Maryland\nTreasury Department, July 25, 1792.\nGentlemen:\nI think it proper to inform you that I have directed the collector of Baltimore to divide his deposits, hereafter, between the Bank of Maryland and the Office of Discount and Deposit of the United States Bank, until the 1st of October, ensuing; and thenceforth to deposit the public moneys wholly with the said office or branch bank.\nI am, gentlemen, &c.\nA. H., Secretary\nThe President and Directors of the Bank of Maryland.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0348", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 11 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphia Aug 11. 1792\nSir\nI have already written to you to go by the Post. This is barely to inform you, that I have made the communication you desired to Mr. Kean, who promises every possible exertion\u2014and that Mr. Langdon has been here about a fortnight.\nWith perfect respect & attachment I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nA Hamilton\nP.S I have made progress in certain answers; but shall scarcely be ready to send them before Monday\u2019s Post.\nThe President of The UStates.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0349", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Constable, [19 August 1792]\nFrom: Constable, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[London, August 19, 1792]\nConversation between My Ld Hawkesbury & Mr. B\u2014\u2014 a Mercht. August 19th 1792\nMr. B.\nI wait upon your Ldship with the Copy of a letter from the American Secretary of State respecting the Flag of that Nation, stating that all Vessells actually owned by Citizens of the States, whether registered or not, are to be Considered as equally entitled to the Protection of their Neutrality.\nLd H\nMr. Jefferson is a Party Man & We know it.\nMr B.\nConsiderable apprehensions are entertained in the City of a War with America, permit me My Lord to ask if these fears have any foundation.\nLd H\nNot the smallest be assured of it, as long as Washington is at the head of the Executive & the F\u0153deral Party prevail there will be no War with this Country as Peace is the Interest & Wish of both Govmnts.\nIn the Course of Conversation his Lordship mentioned that a Person of Consequence wou\u2019d shortly go out to America. Be so good as to burn this after reading, especially as a Gentns. Name is mentioned for whose Patriotism I have a sincere respect and of whom I am convinced Ld. Hwkby entertains a very erroneous Opinion. As his Ldship is a very influential Member of the Council I thought it worthwhile to lett you know his ideas of the Parties in our Country & their Sentiments. It is unnecessary for me to sign this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0350", "content": "Title: Honorary Degree from Rhode Island College, 4 September 1792\nFrom: Rhode Island College\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, September 4, 1792. \u201cVoted, That the Degree of Doctor of Laws be conferred on \u2026 the Hon. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury of the United States.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0352", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to James Lingan, 6 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lingan, James\nTreasury DepartmentSeptember 6. 1792.\nSir\nIt has been stated to me by Messrs Oliver and Thomson that the Ship Eliza, N Stone Master, entered at Alexandria in November last, and proceeded up the River in Ballast to load at George Town, where the said Master had been obliged to pay Tonnage a second time.\nIf the case is accurately stated, and the Master had paid Tonnage at Alexandria, as may be inferred from the entry said to have been made there, your charge was erroneously made, and the Tonnage Duty paid to you must in that case be refunded.\nI am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obed. Servant.\nAlexander Hamilton\nJames M Lingan Esqr.George Town.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0354", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tobias Lear, 11 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nTreasury Department, September 11, 1792. Encloses a letter \u201cleft at the office by Mr. Fraunces the Steward \u2026 of the President of the United States.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0355", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Campbell, [18 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Campbell, John\n[Philadelphia, September 18, 1792. Letter listed in dealer\u2019s catalogue. Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0356", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nicholas Low, [18 September 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Low, Nicholas\n[Philadelphia, September 18, 1792. The description of this letter in the dealer\u2019s catalogue reads: \u201cComplains humorously \u2018of the badness of my memory\u2019 and promises that \u201cI shall (Deo volente) meet you & other friends at New Ark on the first Monday of October. I am glad to learn that King will be there.\u2026\u2019\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0361", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Lovell, October 1792\nFrom: Lovell, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston Octr. 1792\nSir\nAgreably to the directions of your circular letter of August 31st. covering an order of the Senate passed on the 7th. of may last, I now transmit the demanded account. I cannot, however, refrain from expressing an Hope that my statements may not prove injurious to such Officers as have had usual & necessary Assistance of Clerks, without being driven to devote their own Nights as well as days to their Offices. Adversity has formed but few such callous Drudges as myself in a similar Line of Life.\nI am sir \u2003 with Consideration \u2003 your obedient\nJames LovellNaval off\nTo the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0362", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Knox, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nWar department,3d. November 1792\nSir\nI have considered maturely of the magazines of provisions, the meat part whereof to be salted, which the service may require to be kept in advance for the garrisons and divisions of the troops north west of the Ohio. I have the honor to transmit you the result, which has been approved by the President of the United States, and the general subject of which has been transmitted to Major General Wayne.\nTo wit.\nFort Jefferson.\nThe garrisons may be\nRations\n\u2014\u2014 St. Clair.\nfrom 120 each, to 150, but ye.\n\u2014\u2014 Hamilton\nlatter number is taken\nAdditional quantities.\nFort Jefferson\n\u2014\u2014 St. Clair\nPosts.\nProbable garrisons\nNo of days Subse.\nFort Knox\nFort Steuben\nGalliopolis\nBlockhouse dry Ridge \nMarietta\nFort Franklin\nAdditional\nBig Beaver\nGeneral Wayne\u2019s encampment\nTotal\nThe garrisons generally ought to be furnished with three months rations in advance. This has been a fixed principle, and is a proper precaution to be taken against the evils of a blockade or siege.\nBut it seems necessary to place a further quantity in the advance posts at Forts Jefferson and St. Clair. This quantity will probably be required to serve to replenish any desultory parties which may be ordered out during the winter, or early in the spring, or to serve for contingencies which cannot now be specified.\nFort Knox being very distant, and supplies precarious, it is thought proper the garrison should have six months provisions in the Magazine\u2014and it being difficult to communicate with Fort Franklin in winter\u2014and moreover, it being a place to which the friendly Indians must resort, it ought to have for its own garrison six months provisions, and Ten thousand rations for the extra purposes of the Indians.\nAs Fort Washington will be the main post at the lower parts of the Ohio, and from which detachments and succours will be made to the advanced posts, and also the point from which desultory expeditions will be furnished, it ought to be supplied with One hundred thousand rations in advance.\nThe position which General Wayne will occupy north of the Ohio, being liable at times to have its communication interrupted, it ought to have the Fifty thousand rations mentioned.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nH Knox\nThe hon. the secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0364", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Theodosius Fowler, [9 November 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Fowler, Theodosius\n[Philadelphia, November 9, 1792. On November 13, 1792, Fowler wrote to Hamilton and referred to \u201cthe receipt of your favour of the 9th. instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0366", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Knox, [14 November 1792]\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, November 14, 1792. On November 14, 1792, Hamilton wrote to Knox and referred to \u201cyour letter of this day.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0367", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 8 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury Department, December 8, 1792.\nGentlemen:\nI understand there is at present an unusual press for money, proceeding from certain mercantile speculations.\nAs an accomodation in regard to notes in which the Government is interested may, in this state of things, be of peculiar convenience to the persons concerned, I shall have no objection if the bank will renew such notes for thirty days in all cases where it can be done with perfect safety to the public.\nI have the honor, &c.\nA. H.\nThe President and Directors of the Bank of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0368", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to James O\u2019Hara, 18 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: O\u2019Hara, James\nTreasury Departmt. Dec. 18. 92\nSir\nIt is indispensable that your Account as Quarter Master General should be render\u2019d to the Treasury, up to the end of the present year as soon as possible\u2014and thenceforth regularly after the expiration of every Quarter.\nIt is expected that this Arrangement will be strictly observ\u2019d, it being essentially requisite that any future advances must of necessity be regulated by the issue.\nI am Sir, with consideration \u2003 Your Obt. Servant\nAlex Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0370", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Winthrop Sargent, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Sargent, Winthrop\nTreasury DepartmentDecember 31. 1792\nSir\nI duly received your letter of the 24th of October. An extreme press of business has prevented me, hitherto, from making a Report on your petition; but you may rely upon the promise which I now make you, that one will be very shortly made.\nI am, Sir, with consideration, Your Obedt Servant\nA Hamilton\nWinthrop Sargent Esq.Cincinnati,North West of the Ohio", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-27-02-0001-0005", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sharp Delany, 3 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Delany, Sharp\n[Treasury Department, October 3, 1792. The dealer\u2019s catalogue description reads: \u201cReminding \u2026 Delany \u2026 that his quarterly reports are overdue.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0226", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hurt, 1 January 1792\nFrom: Hurt, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nColo. Marshalls (near Lexington [Kentucky District, Va.])Jany 1st 1792\nThe misfortunes of the last campaign have disturbed my mind so long, that contrary to my own inclination, or custom, of troubling you with letters\u2014I am almost constrained to lay some matters before you as chief Magistrate.\nI am sensible that volumes will be written to you, & others, on this occasion, by men of information & high rank\u2014but if I am not mistaken these will be confined to matters of great consequence & importance. I shall therefore studiously avoid what appears to me the most likely to have already come to your ears: At the same time being impressed with an idea that seemingly trifling errors, grow into misfortunes & dangers if not corrected in time.\nTaking it for granted then, that you have already had the best information respecting the important matters of the Army, I shall begin my trifling observations with the Cavalry; These were purchased near Fort Pitt for about 46 Dollars round\u2014when they were purchased they were tolerable for the price, as plow, or cart horses; but, except in a few instances were not fit for the service. They were put into boats, & great plenty of oats sent down the river with them. Some times the boats with the horses would sink, & cause great hindrance; at other times those with the oats, so that they got damaged: in 6 or 7 days the mangers were almost eaten up, so that half the forage was wasted. These things never happen to private boats. However in 15 days they arrived at Fort Washinton, & altho a good deal reduced, were still tolerable; after a few days the 100 horses were put under the care of Capt. Snowden, who had been wounded while in Colo. Lee\u2019s infantry, & being recommended by some in high office, the good Genl St Clair took it for granted was a proper officer for the Cavalry: I expressed my uneasiness at their approaching destruction more than ten times to the Adjutant general. (Genl St Clair being forced to go to Kentucky twice in the time) I dare say Capt. Snowden\nis a good infantry officer. I am sure I am not prejudiced against him; but I was certain from his own account & proceedings he never would do for the Cavalry. However, he with 30 privates badly chosen, his quarter Master still worse, & to complete the matter, a horse farrier the meanest creature upon earth, who wanted to cut all the horses for the hooks, while descending the river, tho not a single horse had them; took the whole over the river where there was plenty of grass, they were turned out & in a few days there could not be found more than 25 or 30 of them\u2014these were mounted to hunt for the rest, & some how or other they were all regained to about 20, which I believe are not yet found; They were then carried over the river again to Fort Washington & kept tyed up day & night in a bullock pen up to the ancles, or rather knees in mud eating damaged oats, beach logs, & fence rails in great abundance. Here several got the common distemper, & the whole, except a very few were reduced so much that they were not fit for pack horses. There was plenty of grain all this time at Fort Washington in the hands of Speculators & others at 3/ \u214c bushel, or some what less in large quantities. However they were perished & perished again, & trotted, & galloped again, till about the last of Sepr when they were divided into two troops, & one of them given to Capt. Trueman, when they were not worth accepting\u2014Had this officer or Capt. Pike had them at first they might have done some service\u2014but they had better have been given one half to fatten the other than to have been marched in the order they were in. And altho I may not say another thing, worthy your reading, in this long heterogeneous, farraginous production, I will say one thing, because I believe there is no man on earth understands the truth of it better than yourself, \u201cParsimony in war, is destructive of military achievements.\u201d\nMy fears of the improper treatment of the cavalry originated early, & I was once induced to mention it to General St Clair, who acknowleged that he never had been so mistaken or disappointed in an officer in his life as in Capt. Snowden.\nSeveral reasons have concurred, in being thus circumstantial with respect to the cavalry, one was that perhaps from the nature of this war it will be necessary to augment them considerably; & should this be the case, I now, Sir, respectfully, but perhaps, with too much assurance, give you this timely warning, that there\nmust be other steps taken altogether, than those which have been practised.\nThe disadvantages attending the purchasing Cavalry upon the plan of the last campane is easily obviated by purchasing them in the District of Kentucky, where the proper sort may be had for between 50 & 60 Dollars round, delivered in fine order at any place or day convenient. Corn here is plenty & cheap, at this time in small quantities at 3/ \u214c barrell instead of bushel. I make no doubt but that 500 good horses might be had here reasonably for ready cash\u2014but if they must be purchased elsewhere, to answer the purpose of a jobb, or to leave the specie in a more deserving, or rather more favor\u2019d spot, I think they had better be brought by land, than by water, except when the river is very high.\nThe horses purchased in Pennsylvania, were for Cash those purchased for pack horses in Kentucky were bought up by the merchants at high prises payable in good\u27e8s\u27e9 & cash, so that the farmers got about 3 or 4\u00a3 value in cash, for a horse which the public will have to pay 6 or 8\u00a3 for, whereas had the cash been given to the planter it would have been a saving of one half, & what would have been of more consequence given the planter an equal chance with the merchant, & have encreased their confidence in the public credit & enabled them to pay the excise more cheerfully. But what was worst of all, after these horses were purchased they were good for nothing, being the refuse of the state sold for silk & ribons by those who wanted to get clear of them; & some of them actually tired in driving to Fort Washington.\nThe army is injured very much by quick promotions, & remaining in garisons too long, where one third of the officers & all the soldiery either become sots, or think of nothing but thier own private interests\u2014Major Ferguson, a few Capts. Lieutts & ensigns are excepted. The loss of the former in the late action cannot be replaced by Congress\u2014he did more real service & duty than any 13 officers in the army no matter of what rank\u2014As I write matters just as they occur to my mind I will here give you an instance of trifling matters growing into misfortunes as I mentioned before\u2014Before Colo. Dark had reached Fort Washington prejudices against him had got possession of the officers in general there: They rather increased than abated after his arrival\u2014Omitting an hundred instances I will mention one, which\nI thought then would prove essentially injurious to the service\u2014Major Hamtramack discovered such a contempt of, & air of superiority over, Colo. Dark that I was satisfied he never would, if he could any ways avoid it, be commanded by him; this discovered it self in so many instances that I undertook to speak to Major Hamtk about it, at his own table in the most flattering & friendly manner I could devise\u2014I told him I had discover\u2019d his dissatisfaction at doing duty under Colo. Darke, & that if he had no objection I would speak to Colo. Darke & endeavor to introduce them to each other in such a manner as might be of benefit to the service; that I would advise Colo. Dark to consult him on all difficulties in the march, & further that he would desire Major Hamtk\u2014to give him his advice when he saw occasion without his first requesting it\u2014& if he did not chuse to follow it he could still do what he thought most proper\u2014To this the Major seemd to give some attention, especially when I added that he, himself was considered as a strict disciplinarian\u2014the worst breech of which was, the want of Subordination, & that I thought if Congress was to appoint Capt. Bradfords Baboon to command the army it ought to be obey\u2019d\u27e8.\u27e9 This & some othere observations drew from the Major this reply\u2014that the hint could not come from him\u2014& that he doubted my influence with Colo. Darke in bringing about such a matter\u2014I observed that I thought I could, having once done it in a similar instance\u2014mentioning, that When Genl Scott had the command of the light infantry I rode with him from the white plains towards Valintines hill when he took the command, & during the ride I observed to him that he had now the most difficult & dangerous command he ever had in his life, the enemy being so near him, & in such great force\u2014he acknowledged the difficulty\u2014& I proposed to him to make it a constant rule to consult his officers often, & to desire them to make free to communicate to him their sentiments when they thought proper even when he did not call upon them, & particularly mentioned Colo. R. Parker, Colo. J. Stuart\u2014Colo. Henly\u2014&c.\u2014This I heard him put in practice before I returned, particularly to Colo. Webb\u2014& Henly\u2014And the consequence was that Genl Scott, notwithstanding what some sneerers said, acquitted himself with some degree of credit, having answered the purpose for which you placed him there, which I supposed was far above any advantages resulting from the small-war, being intended to give the army at the white plains an advantageous opportunity\nto retreat, or to make an obstinate resistance. When this conversation happened Colo. Dark was at Fort Hamilton, from whence he did not return again before I left Ft Washington, so that I had not an opportunity of ever mentioning the subject to him\u2014But to lessen the prejudice I found the Major had to him. I told him that notwithstanding what was said of him, with respect to his unpolished manners, he was sober, honest, & brave, & I believed the best officer in the army except Genl Butler, Major Ferguson & Major Hamtrammack himself, & added to this that if I want misinformed had had your thanks & approbation when acting immediately under your eye, once at least if no more \u27e8and\u27e9 I did think when I left the Major that he would find out an expedient to improve the social intercou\u27e8rse\u27e9 I had pointed out with Colo. Darke\u2014But from what I have heard since he unjustifiably remaind implacable, & from this obstinacy, & his undue influance with the good Genl St Clair (for the Major is a plausible sensible man) do I attribute one of the causes of the mis[for]tunes which followed\u2014The goo[d]ness of Genl St Clair will take the faults of others on himself\u2014but to say that he does not see them, would be to speak of him as an enemy, which can never be expected from me\u2014Major Hamtrammack I never can think so highly of as I once did, & I wish for the good of the service, & the honor of Genl St Clair that he had never shared so much of his confidence. The hospital department is under pretty good management\u2014better however than it was the last war, which is the only thing that is so\u2014every thing else without exception being worse\u2014Doctor Allison (who was present when the conversation passed between Major Hamtrammack & myself) is I believe very worthy of the great trust reposed in him. The reason why the Militia of this country made so poor a figure when they were called out by Genl St Clair for a 3 months tour of duty was partly owing to their two voluntier expeditions under Scott & Wilkinson, Those who went under Scott I consider as the best class composed of young men who were not averse to war, had notions of honor & a spirit of retaliation upon an enemy who had ravaged their country for years; add to this that they were to have credit for a tour of duty of only one month & to receive 4/6 \u214c day\u2014Those who went under Genl Wilkinson were actuated by the same principles & pretty nearly equal as to class\u2014add in both instances the influence of Scott & Wilkinson\u2014But when the 3rd expedition was called for, it was for 3\nmonths\u2014by a draught\u2014& what made it still worse they had from custom & usage been made to believe that 2 months was what the law required & to complete their abhorrence of this duty they were to have about 6 or 7d. per day at a time of year when their families & crops must suffer\u2014the idea also of being under regular officers was horid\u2014This last class were far inferior to the other two who were exemted by former services\u2014Upon the whole, much is not to be expected from the Militia here, taken in general.\nGeneral Wilkinson is the prominant character in this country, & is thought by many will have the Chief command in the next expedition, & I really believe he has abilities equal to it; & far superior to what his enemies, or even friends, are aware of\u2014but how so high a command might answer political purposes, some who think themselves far-sighted think doubtful; & whose attachment to your administration & the federal government is inviolable\u2014If, say they, Genl Wilkinson has the command\u2014Morgan cant act under him; & if Morgan is not called forth some way or other\u2014the service will suffer.\nScott, Shelby & McMullin are the three next influential characters in rotation\u2014And there is a Colo. Hardin who tho\u2019 unpopular, I believe is the best officer, for this kind of service, in the state, as Genl Clark is a Sott to all intents & purposes. The prejudices of the people in general, on the N.W. side the Ohio & the army, against the people of this district are so ill-founded & intolerable that it is disagreeable even to mention them.\nAs I have mentioned so many trifling things, I may as well fill up the paper\u2014The Musquetts were found great fait with after the army got to Fort Hamilton\u2014The reason was that the French generally, if not alway\u27e8s\u27e9 make the Screw of the Britch to run up a quarter or half inch above the touch-hole, & file a notch in it next to the touch-hole\u2014this after a few fires gets furred up so that the gun will flash & the picker can not be introduced straight forwards, & consequently can not be kept clean\u2014Major Ferguson had an instrument made to hold them to the grindstone, & ground off several even to the touchhole like the British musquetts, which perhaps was of service. they were good in every other respect. I am Sir very respectfully your humble servant\nJohn HurtChaplain to the Federal Army", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0227", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 1 January 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nWar Department, 1st January 1792\nThe Secretary of War, having in obedience to the orders of the President of the United States, taken into consideration the Memorial of the Inhabitants of the frontier Counties of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, to the Governor thereof, dated the 21st ultimo; together with the Letter of the Governor thereon\u2014respectfully Reports.\nThat in the present case it is unfortunate, and it may be\nequally or more so in others which may arise, that the United States are destitute of a general militia Law. The frontiers require protection, and ought to have it amply imparted to them in the present moment. But no other expedient presents itself in this exigence, but requesting the Executives of the States that have exposed Counties to call out such numbers of Militia as may afford the necessary aid. If the Militia so to be called out should be for a short period, a considerable portion of the time would be wasted in repairing to, and returning from the places to be defended\u2014unless all should be taken from the frontier parts, which would be unequal and oppressive.\nIt would seem therefore most proper then that the Militia to be called out at the general expense, should be for a period of six months unless discharged sooner, if circumstances should permit\u2014That the existence of these circumstances would depend upon the dispatch that regular troops should be raised and marched to the frontiers, and upon other considerations at the time of their arrival relative to the enemy.\nThat the following arrangement seems necessary for the frontiers of Pennsylvania.\n1st\u2003That in addition to the detachment of regular troops now on their march to Fort Pitt, and the Scouts permitted to the Counties of Westmoreland, Washington and Alleghany\u2014that it might be proper to add, if the Governor should judge the measure essential, such a number of Scouts for the County of Fayette, as he may deem proper not exceeding the proportion to the other before mentioned Counties, their relative situations being duly considered.\n2dly\u2003That the Governor be further allowed, if he judges the measure expedient and essentially necessary, to organize and call into service for a period of six months, a certain number of militia at the expense of the General government, in the same manner as the Governor of Virginia has called into service Militia for the protection of the frontiers of said State.\nThat these Militia be paid and subsisted at the expense of the United States, under such regulations as the Secretary of War shall direct, in order to prevent irregularities.\nThat the number so to be called into service, be such as may be equal on an average to about one Company for each of the frontier Counties, so as to correspond as nearly as may be to the defensive protection of Virginia.The encreased pay however cannot\nbe allowed, unless by a special Act of Congress\u2014And no good reasons exist for urging an higher pay for mere militia than for the regular troops\u2014Indeed as the latter have Clothing allowed, and the former none, it would appear reasonable that the Militia employed under the General government should have an allowance for this object\u2014But in order thereto, it would be necessary that Congress should first make a law for the purpose. Should they think proper so to do, the monthly cost of clothing for a regular soldier might be added to the pay of the militia, which would encrease it nearly to five Dollars pr month, which perhaps is fully sufficient for any species of militia, excepting the Scouts.\nIt is presumed that Governor St Clair will make an arrangement for the protection of the french settlement at Gallipolis\u2014The settlement at Marietta will be protected by a Company of Regular troops. All which is humbly submitted to the President of the United States\nH KnoxSecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0228", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 2 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nGentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives\nUnited States [Philadelphia] January 2nd 1792.\nI lay before you an official statement of the expenditures, to\nthe end of the year 1791, from the sum of ten thousand dollars granted to defray the contingent expences of Government, by an Act passed on the 26th of March 1790.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0229", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anonymous, 3 January 1792\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[c.3 January 1792]\nBeware. Be upon your guard. You have cherished in your Bosom a Serpent, and he is now endeavouring to sting you death. Under the Mark of a Democrat, he thinks he conceals his ambition which is unbounded. His vanity makes him believe that he will certainly be your Successor. But he can not wait with patience untill it shall please God to take you from this world. He wishes to precipitate his career by inspiring you with disgust against the Senate and thus induce you to retire at the expiration of your Four Years. Recollect how often he has told you that the Senate are endeavouring to deprive you of your rights to encrease their own importance. Believe him not. He is a Hypocrite and is deceiving you. At this moment he is affecting the greatest uneasiness at the present unhappy misunderstanding. I tell you he is a Hypocrite and is secretly blowing up the flame and trying by his own insinuations and those of his emissaries (Brown the Printer is one of them) to irritate the Senate and occasion a\nbreech, hoping that it may turn out to his advantage. He thinks he is sure of the suffrages of Virginia, with the assistance of his little cunning friend, whose wisdom he has not failed upon all occasions to place in the most favourable point of view. But he doubts of those of the Eastern States. Examine his Report about the Fisheries, and ask yourself if it is possible to mistake his object. Call to your mind his doctrines respecting his pretended encouragement to our navigation, and it will be impossible for you to be ignorant of his views. The writer of this know\u27e8s\u27e9 you and loves you. He differs with you however about the propriety of sending Ministers abroad. He ma\u27e8y\u27e9 be mistaken. Suffer not this favourite, who is undeserving of a place so near your heart, to inspire you with an opinion that it is beneath your dignity to explain the motives of your conduct to those whose duty it is to advise as well as to consent to your nominations. Were I to say that you are beloved by the Senate, my language would be cold, & would not convey an adequate idea of their sentiments of you. Their affections approach almost to adoration and they will consider it as the greatest misfortune if the artifices of a proud ambitious Hypocrite should induce you to think unfavourably of them. Be cautious likewise of your Attorney General. His heart is as bad, but his views are more circumscribed. A moment\u2019s reflec\u27e8tion\u27e9 must convince you that this is the only mode in which I could with propriety convey to you that information which very few except yourself are unacquainted with, and I entreat you, as you have the happiness of this Country at heart not to consider it as the malevolent production of an anonymous Scribbler.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0230", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, 3 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania\nGentlemen and Brothers,\n[3 January 1792]\nI receive your kind Congratulations with the purest sensations of fraternal affection: And from a heart deeply impressed with your generous wishes for my present and future happiness, I beg you to accept my thanks.\nAt the same time I request you will be assured of my best wishes and earnest prayers for your happiness while you remain in this terrestial Mansion, and that we may hereafter meet as brethren in the Eternal Temple of the Supreme Architect.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0231-0002", "content": "Title: I: Benjamin Hawkins\u2019s Notes on the Debate in the United States Senate, c.3 Jan. 1792\nFrom: Hawkins, Benjamin\nTo: \nS\u2014\u2014te, on the agency it ought to have in judging of the expediency of sendg M\u2014\u2014rs abroad. Resolution\u2014\u201cThat in the opinion of the S\u2014\u2014te it will not be for the interest of the U.S. to appoint M\u2014\u2014rs Ple\u2014\u2014y to reside permanently at Foreign Courts.\u201d\nMr. Haw[kins]\u2014Doubts the P\u2014\u2014 right to decide on the measure without the previous advice of the Se\u2014\u2014te. Sees embarrassments in negativeing the character as a mean of defeating the measure\u2014or inconsistency in their conduct to approve the Nomination and withhold the supplies when the matter comes before them in their legislative capacity.\nMr. Iz[ard]\u2014Thinks it improper to give a vote upon such an abstract proposition. Let the question be \u201cIs it necessary now to appoint M\u2014\u2014rs to any foreign Courts.\u201d\nMr. Ells[worth]\u2014Thinks great caution ought to be observed. \u201cThe P\u2014\u2014 and Se\u2014\u2014 are to decide upon the propriety of diplomatic\nestablishments.\u201d The P\u2014\u2014 should be consulted. \u201cHe has an equal right to judge with the Se\u2014\u2014. Doubts they are proceeding too fast. \u201cSuppose the S\u2014\u2014 to determine it was inexpedient to enter into any treaty with a particular power, what is the P\u2014\u2014 to do? Must he be exclusively bound\u201d? Mr Gr M\u2014\u2014s letters give information if the S\u2014\u2014 want that. Withholding the Westn Posts and property and the Act appropriating 40,000 dollars are evidences of the grd of the P\u2014\u2014 proceeding.\nMr. Fe[w]\u2014Thinks they may agree to the Resolution to day and appoint a M\u2014\u2014r tomorrow with the P\u2014\u2014. They may consult with the P\u2014\u2014. \u201cHe knows that when he thinks proper there will always be a seat for him here.\u201d If the Resolution is not agreed to, how can the S\u2014\u2014 express their sense of the measure which he dislikes\u2014or let the P\u2014\u2014 know the Sense of the S\u2014\u2014 thereupon. He dislikes the principle, though he thinks that with respect to G.B. there may be an occasion for a M\u2014\u2014r at that Court\u2014but it is not of sufft weight to induce the S\u2014\u2014 to act upon the nominations without its previous advice with respect to the measure.\nMr. L[ee]\u2014Let the S\u2014\u2014 express their wish to the P. to confer with him.\nMr. Str[ong]\u2003The nominations go to a permanent establishment\u2014where is the necessity of these in France or Holland?\u2014the Provision made by Law is a temporary one by way of outfit. \u201cOut of delicacy then determine the question lest it be understood we object to the men in nomination.\u201d\nMr. Ells.\u2003\u201cIf you want information ask it of the P\u2014\u2014. I think we are in possession of enough.\u201d\nMr. L.\u2003The Gentn last up goes to the men and not to the measure. \u201cWhen a nomination is made we must not ask for what, and for how long, a permanency is evidently in contemplation.\u201d \u201cWe are told a B: M\u2014\u2014r is here to treat with us, if this is his business we can do it better here than there.\u201d His pride may be hurt, but if they are serious their pride will not be operated upon by etiquette instead of Interest. When he is convinced that sending a M\u2014\u2014 will give facility to measures he will consent thereto. But \u201clet us clear the way as we go, and inform the P\u2014\u2014 we are opposed to a permanent diplomatic corps in Europe, yet that when the necessity of sending M\u2014\u2014r there is apparent we are ready to advise and consent thereto\u2014on extraordy occasions.\u201d\nMr. Iz.\u2003At a loss to know what is meant by M\u2014\u2014 on extra\noccasions in Europe. These are usually for Congratulations on births, Marriages &ca. If the Gentn from Connecticut is right that the decision will be against the men and not the Measure, is the Gentn from Virga sure that when this goes out of doors it will not be adjudged as agt the men and not the measure. The feelings of the P\u2014\u2014 will be wounded, we have had certn correspondence laid before us which serves as the basis of this business. He does not think as some do that we ought to be unacqd with the Affairs of Europe party. F. and Engd I shd vote agt a permanent establishment, yet I am for sending at the discretion of the Executive. I am very desirous of being on a friendly footing with F. S. and Engd. Havg a M. in F. obtained us much good. In Engd our Seamn were Impressed and were dependent on private persons who might not have been heard. You have heretofore had a Conference by means of a Comee with a man known and respected for his knowledge whose opn was that you shd have a M\u2014\u2014r at F. and Engd and inferior characters elsewhere. Can we suppose the P\u2014\u2014wd do any thing witht mature delibn? The outfit provided was to accomodate Gentn in the first instance who might not be rich.\nMr. Lang[don]\u2003I am satisfied that the P\u2014\u2014\u2014 would not do anything witht mature deliberation. I am for appointing the M\u2014\u2014rs.\nMr. L.\u2003I would not for the accidental probability of a War in Europe keep M\u2014\u2014rs there to take care of our Seamen. Is it supposable the P\u2014\u2014 will do any thing witht mature deliberation? We must use our discretion having constitutionally a right to do so. The Gentn from S.C. is, in pursuing his train of reasoning, that you must be permanent in your establishment. Question is asked will the people abroad be convinced that this is not against the men, but the measure? I do not know when men go deep and far in pursuit of reasons to say what they will do.\nMr. Sher[man]\u2003For postponing the nomination and taking the opinion of the S\u2014\u2014 on the proposition on the Table. What will be the consequence of a concurrence in the appointment without limitation? Is it proper or expedt to appoint in this manner? The former Congress gave a Comn with limitation\u2014so it should be now. It is said the P\u2014\u2014 feelings will be hurt. I think not, what I want to be brot about is, that the P\u2014\u2014 if he thinks proper may have it in his power to assign reasons for the permanent\nappointment, we can now consider whether it is now expedt to make these permanent appointments. I think without a particular object they are not necessary. We may within these walls without the interposition of the P\u2014\u2014 personally, obtain the necessary information.\nMr. K[ing]\u2003It is an embarrassed question, and to simplify it, I am for postponing, that we may without being embarrassed discuss the question in which case the result may be got at witht difficulty.\nMr. Ells.\u2003I am with my Colleague in opinion we should answer the questions of the P\u2014\u2014 and no other, is it now proper to send a M\u2014\u2014r Ay or nay. As to the appointment being perpetual I differ with him. Men cannot be sent abroad and supported there witht money that cannot be had but by the concurrence of the S\u2014\u2014.\nMr. K.\u2003Wanted to have the question so regulated as that a correct light and judgment might be formed.\nMr. B[urr]\u2003Is surprized that the Gentn from Connecticut will insist on a vote affecting men, when we mean it to effect the measure only.\nMr. F[oster]\u2003Would not vote for postponing, but as he is impressed with the necessity\u2014He is struck decidedly that agreeing to the Nominations establishes a permanent diplomatic Corps in Europe. Now is the time to resist it. If we do not he shall dispair of ever doing it. He is of the same opinion with the Gen: from So. C. as to the feelings of the P\u2014\u2014 and wd not hurt them for the world, but must he be a traitor to his own feelings? He thinks the measure not for the interest of the Country and with due defference for the Opinion of the P\u2014\u2014 thinks he ought to have kept the two questions seperate, and informed the S\u2014\u2014 that there did now exist reasons for sending M\u2014\u2014rs to Europe. Thinks there may be occasions to require M\u2014\u2014rs in Europe but not permanently, or if so the reasons must be previously given to obtain his consent.\nMr. Ells.\u2003This measure is not without a precedent\u2014the nomination to Portugal is in point.\nMr. Stro.\u2003The M\u2014\u2014r to Portugal is Resident, is a grade in pay as a Charg\u00e9 des Affaires. This discussion would have been better timed agree then.\nMem.\u2003The sole question is shall we postpone the Nomination\nto take up an abstract proposition. He is for doing it, because he is of opinion that the P\u2014\u2014should have an opportunity of assigning his Reasons. We did not involve ourselves\u2014the P\u2014\u2014involved us. The measure ought to have been previously discussed before the nominations were made.\nMr. K.\u2003Some ideas occurs to him of the impropriety of this Measure as the greatest harmony should subsist between the P\u2014\u2014and the S\u2014\u2014in the joint Executive power. The Constitution contemplates this establishment. The inference is clear that any regulation respecting an abridgment of its extension is improper. Every part of the proposition as fixes the controul in the first instance is inadmissible, any enquiry in an individual case when full information is not obtained is proper. Suppose this negative proposition now to pass, it is in its nature void, tomorrow we can determine differently. If the Constitution has vested in the P\u2014\u2014the right of nominating to Offices, he has a right to exercise it as to him appears best. What is the object desirable by those negatory resolutions? Whether it be fit and suitable to fix these Ministers should we at this time [do] it, it must arise from the information we obtain, and to the end that we may obtain it we should think of some suitable way of applying to the P\u2014\u2014. The motion by agreement amended as follow[:]\nResolved that the Se\u2014\u2014te do not possess evidence sufficient to convince them that it will be for the interest of the U.S. to appoint M\u2014\u2014rs Pleny to reside permanently at Foreign Courts.\nMr. B.\u2003I have submitted to the amendmt, but doubt its attaining the object. Whether this species of arrangement can obtain the necessary information, is doubtful. We can establish such as is suited to our governmt, it is wrong in us to entail on our governmt an unnecessary expence. This will not banish intercourse between us and foreign Nations. We should not inconsiderately involve ourselves, this is the time to determine whether we should send M\u2014\u2014rs for special occasions or to reside permanently.\nMr. Str.\u2003This motion will convey this idea, that it is not necessary to have M\u2014\u2014rs fixed permanently, yet that occasions may arise when it may be necessary to send them. I have no doubt the P\u2014\u2014may have done for the best in his opinion, and will be willing to State such circumstances as occurred to him for our information. I have not information enough to guide me, I\nwant that information. How am I to get it, the P\u2014\u2014at an early period suggested to us the propriety in difficulties such as the present to apply to him for information.\nMr. Iz.\u2003I agree with the Gentn from Massa. He has sd and justly, that the P\u2014\u2014has warranted us in making these enquiries. We have some important information, the letters last session from the P\u2014\u2014of G. M\u2014\u2014s transactions at the Court of L\u2014\u2014is such. If it is the opinion of the S\u2014\u2014that they have not the necessary informatn let the motion be committed.\nAfter farther debate the nomination and the two propositions were committed to a Committee of five.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0231-0003", "content": "Title: II: Draft of a Message to the United States Senate, c.3\u20134 Jan. 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nGentlemen of the Senate\nYour house has been pleased to communicate to me their resolutions, purporting a decision by them that it is expedient &c.\nfrom whence an implication arises that in their opinion they might have decided that no such appointments were expedient.\nAfter mature consideration & consultation, I am of opinion that the constitution has made the President the sole competent judge to what places circumstances render it expedient that Ambassadors or other public ministers should be sent, & of what grade they should be: and that it has ascribed to the Senate no executive act but the single one of giving or witholding their consent to the person nominated.\nI think it my duty therefore to protest, & I do protest against the validity of any resolutions of the Senate asserting or implying any right in that house to exercise any executive authority but the single one before mentioned.\nIt is scarcely necessary to add that nothing herein is meant to question their right to concur in making treaties: this being considered not as a branch of Executive, but of Legislative powers, placed by the constitution under peculiar modifications.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0232", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 4 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 4 1792.\nHaving been in conversation to-day with Monsr Payan, one of the St Domingo deputies, I took occasion to enquire of him the footing on which our commerce there stands at present, & particularly whether the colonial arret of 1789 permitting a free importation of our flour till 1793 was still in force. he answered that that arret was revoked in France on the clamours of the merchants there: but that the permission to carry flour, & he thinks to bring away coffee & sugar, was immediately renewed by the governor. Whether this has been regularly kept up by renewed arrets during the present troubles he cannot say, but is sure that in practice it has never been discontinued, & that not by contraband, but openly & legally as is understood. the public application to us to send flour there is a proof of it. instead therefore of resting this permission on a colonial arret till 1793, it should be rested on temporary arrets renewed from time to time as heretofore. this correction of the notes I took the liberty of laying before you with the table containing a comparative view of our commerce with France & England, I have thought it my duty to make. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect & attachment Sir your most obedt & most humble sert\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0233", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Mary Butler, 6 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Butler, Mary\n\u27e8Madam,\nPhiladelphia, Jany 6th 1792\nI received duly your letter of the 22nd ultimo.\u27e9\nPermit me to assure you that in a public view, I consider the recent misfortune greatly enhanced by the loss of the truly gallant General Butler, and that I deeply participate in the grief which afflicts you on this distressing event.\nA small detachment of troops had been ordered to be stationed at Pittsburgh previously to the receipt of your letter; these will be reinforced by a more considerable detachment now on their march to that place.\nI sincerely hope, that you will under the present pressure of your affliction experience all the powerful consolation of Religion and Philosophy. I am Madam, Your most Obedt & Hble Servt\n[George Washington]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0234", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Brown & Francis, 7 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Brown & Francis\nGentlemen,\nPhiladelphia, Jany 7th 1792.\nI have received your letter of the 13th of December, requesting that I would furnish Mr John Francis with such letters to Amsterdam, or other parts of Europe, as might enable him to obtain a loan of money for your house, to the amount of about 100,000 dollars, to make it co[n]venient for you to build and fit out such vessels as you mention for the East India trade.\nI have taken this matter, Gentlemen, into serious consideration, and am sorry to inform you that, with every disposition and wish to promote the commercial interests of our Country, and to countenance the laudable undertakings of its enterprizing citizens; yet I can not think it wou\u2019d be proper for me, situated as I am, to comply with your request. In my public capacity you will\nreadily see that such a thing could not be done; and abroad, it would be almost impossible to separate my private from my official character, in a case of this kind. moreover, should I, from the disposition I might have to oblige you, open this door, it is easy to foresee the many applications of a similar nature which it wou\u2019d produce, and which I should find impracticable to avoid. I am therefore persuaded, Gentlemen, you will do that justice to my motives for declining this matter which they really merit\u2014and will in no wise impute it to the want of inclination to promote your interest\u2014or through you, the interest of commerce. With great regard & esteem I am, Gentlemen, Your most obedt Servt\nGo: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0235", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 7 January 1792\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeorge Town 7th January 1792.\nDesirous of answering your letters on particular subjects, we think it best to do it separately. With a view to settle all accounts to the first of this month and to form, as far as we might be able, a scheme of the business for the ensuing year, we met here the day before yesterday. many accounts are presented for our examination, the aggregate of which, exceeds our expectation, and many of the particulars, if allowable at all, are admissible on the consideration only that they had arisen before things had taken a settled form. There are other accounts still to be brought in, the amount of which we hope not great.\nWe have to regret that we had not the assistance of Majr Ellicot or either of his assistants in the settlement of these accounts, or any information directly from any of them. we find it irksome to go into the minuti\u00e6 of accounts where the principles were not perhaps first agreed on.\nFrom what we collect from the Commissary of Provisions, there are now retained in service about 75 Labourers and their overseers in the City, and that Majr L\u2019Enfant has ordered 25 of them to be withdrawn from thence to be employed in the Stone Quarry under the direction of Mr Roberdeau, who has left George Town on that business, though previously told by two of the Commissioners separately, and by the third, on the way, that his presence was desired at the meeting; and we have reason to believe he has thus proceeded to avoid orders from us.\nIndependent of this mortifying treatment we think it adviseable, from the nature of the season, to put every thing for the present at least on piece work, and to discharge the hands engaged on time wages and provisions, and employed in digging; for though pains were taken on our part to get brick clay turned up this fall, we have no knowledge or reason to believe, that a spade of clay has been turned up for that purpose, but the labour directed to other objects, which may correspond with Majr L\u2019Enfant\u2019s designs respecting the Capitol and Palace, but we do not conceive there is certainly enough of the adoption of unprepared plans to warrant the cost of digging long, deep, wide\nditches in the midst of the winter, which, if necessary at all, might be done much cheaper in any other season. These impressions, though we wish to avoid a step in Majr L\u2019Enfant\u2019s absence which he may possibly think wanting in delicacy, have occasioned us to discharge the hands.\nThe produce of our funds and the probable expense, must be brought into view and comparison by us: for supposing as we do, that we are not answerable in our private characters, for debts incurred within the line of our office; our honor is concerned, that engagements entered into with our approbation, should be faithfully complied with; nor can we suffer ourselves to be led from these objects: it will hence be necessary that we should know and approve the thing to be done, and the means and calculation to effect it.\nWe flatter ourselves we need not declare to you, that we shall be glad to receive advice, as such, at all times; for we are conscious we need that assistance, and that we ever sincerely wish an unreserved intercourse; and are yet disposed to meet in measures to that end: But without running over disagreeable occurrencies, Majr L\u2019Enfant and Majr Ellicot both, must if we do business with them, consult us more in future. We are Sir with the highest respect and esteem your Obedient humble Servants\nTh: Johnson\nDd Stuart\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0236", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, 7 January 1792\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nRichmond January 7th 1792.\nI do myself the honor to transmit herewith a Resolution of the General Assembly with respect to certain Lands located by the Officers and Soldiers of the Virginia line under the Laws of this Commonwealth, and since ceded to the Chickasaw Indians, together with a Report of a Committee of the House of Delegates on the same subject.\nPermit me Sir, to express my hope that some general regulations will take place during the present Session of Congress relieving Mr Russel and all others in the same situation from the difficulties into which they have been innocently involved. I have the honor to be Sir, With entire respect Your most Obedt humble servant\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0237", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Timothy Pickering, 7 January 1792\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Jany 7. 1792.\nAmong the great duties of your high station, the selection of proper characters for public offices is not the least difficult, nor the least important. The multiplicity of applications, the diversity, and sometimes the contrariety of opinions, must often produce painful embarrassments: while a constant aim to provide for the public service, will frequently oblige you to disregard private attachments, and the solicitations of those whom it would give you pleasure to oblige. Information, uninfluenced by interest or undistinguishing friendship, is desirable; but perhaps seldom attainable. With a sincerity, however, which it is hoped nothing has ever given room to question, I take the liberty of mentioning the name of Mr Peters, as of a person who with great propriety would fill the office of district judge of Pennsylvania, vacant by the resignation of Mr Lewis.\nI have long and intimately known Mr Peters. His conceptions are quick and his comprehension clear. Hence he decides with promptitude & executes with facility, where others must enquire and apply with laborious attention. These talents must ever be of singular utility to a judge, who in almost every cause is obliged instantly to determine a variety of subordinate questions.\nHaving in early life studied the rudiments of law, and attended courts, I beg your permission to notice an observation I then made\u2014That altho\u2019 a professional knowledge of the law was useful to a judge, yet it was not to be put in competition with talents, accompanied with a knowledge of the language of the law and of its general principles. But Mr Peters studied the law for his profession: and altho\u2019 he early left the practice, yet the language & principles of the law are familiar to him. The application of those principles to particular cases it will be easy for him to recal and extend. His practical knowledge of law happens particularly to apply to the business of a district judge of Pennsylvania, which consists chiefly of admiralty causes. Mr Peters was for many years Register of the Court of Admiralty; and at the commencement of the revolution, renounced that employment under the King, to engage in the service of his Country.\nIt is too well known for me to remark, that during several years past he has presided in the legislature of Pennsylvania, with punctual\n& patient attention, ability and dignity. This fact affords a satisfactory proof with what propriety as a judge he would conduct the business of a court of justice. Important & intricate cases will sometimes occur: but these, according to the constant usage of courts, will be adjourned, to give time for research and enquiry. Such research and enquiry he will be equally able and disposed to make. And if books fail of satisfying a discerning mind, he will have easy access to the living depositaries of the law in this city, of whom some of the most eminent are his intimate acquaintances.\nTo the qualifications already mentioned, I should be unjust to Mr Peters if I did not add, as peculiarly pertinent to the present occasion, that in his whole conduct, during my long acquaintance with him, he has ever manifested a strict impartiality and perfect integrity.\nHonoured and pleased with the invariable friendship of such a fellow labourer, I should indeed be gratified by his appointment: but I do not know myself, if friendship or any other motive could induce me to make an unfounded representation. I should have been silent, if I did not firmly believe, that by a diligent, able and upright administration of justice, Mr Peters would fulfil your wishes and the public expectation.\nI trust, sir, you will pardon this representation from me; as it claims no other attention than as the testimony of a witness whose character and means of information entitle him to some degree of credit. I have the honour to be, with the truest respect, Sir, your most h\u2019ble & obedt servant\nTimothy Pickering", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0238", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Bowyer, 8 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Bowyer, Robert\nSir,\nPhilada Jany 8th 1792.\nI have lately received your letter, giving me information of the death of the Right Honble the Countess Dowager of Huntingdon, and accompanied with an engraving of that Lady, from a painting of yours.\nAlthough I had not the satisfaction of knowing the late Countess personally, yet having been honored with her correspondence, and learning from others the amiable and benevolent character which she sustained, I have respected her virtues, and am pleased with having in my possession the picture which you have been so polite as to send me and for which I must beg you to accept my best thanks. I am Sir, your most obedt Servant,\nGo: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0239-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 8 January 1792\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nJanuary 8th 1792\nThe enclosed Papers give the best state we are able of Danl Carroll\u2019s House\u2014the times of the several runnings and their\nDifference can best be ascertained by the Artists employed, for, of the first we have no Certainty, of the latter we can conclude nothing\u2014Majr L\u2019Enfant has written us a Letter Concerning Mr Youngs House and Improvements, and without any previous Consultation with us another to Mr Young who has Addressed himself to us without keeping up the Correspondence with the Majr we requested Mr Young to reduce into writing the substance of his Address to us, and he has done so, by way of Letter, Copies of the three are inclosed\u2014\u27e8L.\u27e9M.N.\nThos Johnson\nDd Stewart\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0239-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Daniel Carroll\u2019s Case, 8 January 1792\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nIn 1790. the Cellar of his House was walled up and stood so the Winter\u201430th March 1791. He signed the Agreement subjecting his property. Mark\u2019d. A. 27th or 28th June 1791 he executed a deed in Trust to Carry the Agreement into Effect\u2014The Original is in the Office at Annapolis where it was lodged to be recorded, but the paper B. is a Copy of the trust part of that and the other Deeds. (B.) In the latter End of August a Day or two before Majr L\u2019Enfant set out for Philadelphia the Northern Line of the Street was run and Struck the House about Seven feet\u2014Majr Ellicott (and several of his Assistants then present) told D.C. that the Street was originally intended 110 feet wide but that Majr L\u2019Enfant had said to save the Building if that would do it, he would reduce the Street to 100 feet\u2014Majr Ellicott and all the Assistants seem to have been impressed with, and to have given the Idea that a several Alteration conveniently could and would be made to leave the House clear \u27e8Finwicks Dep. C.\u27e9\u2014Mr Carroll some time before, D. Carroll of Dud. resumed his buildings fell in Company with him near the Camp\u2014the latter complained that he had been disappointed in not having the Location of his House ascertained agreeable to repeated promises given him that he had his workmen under Engagements in Consequence thereof and could not delay any longer\u2014Mr Carroll being  both on private and Public Account went immidiately to Camp in hopes of seeing Majr L\u2019Enfant, but not finding him there requested Majr Elicott to communicate the above to him with his earnest wish that all missunderstanding might be avoided by explanations or a Conference\u2014Previous to\nthis Mr Carroll from  Conversations with Majr Ellicott was under impressions that a very short time would suffice to ascertain the Location of the House  and Conversation with Majr L\u2019Enfant he had taken up the same Idea, but he said at the same time something of the plan, to be approved of by the President\u2014Mr Carroll afterwards hearing the Line of the Street had Struck the house called on Majr Ellicott\u2014Majr L\u2019Enfant having set off for Philadelphia and informed him that he intended to write to the President, that if an alteration could not be made with convenience and propriety D.C. of Dudd. might have notice and desist.\nOn which Majr Ellicott answered that an Alteration might be made without the least Injury to the plan and that he would be answerable that D.C. of Dudd. would be safe\u2014Mr Carroll confiding in this did not trouble the President on the Subject\u2014This Conversation has been acknowledged by Majr Ellicott in the presence of Doctr Stewart and Mr Gantt.\nDoctr Stewart is under the fullest Impression from various Conversations he had with Majr Ellicott on the Subject of D.C. of Dudd. House and more especially the particular one in Mr Gantt\u2019s Office when Majr Ellicott was called upon expressly to give Information on the Subject: that he gave it as his decided Opinion that when the work was concerted D.C. of Dudd. House would not be effected by the Street\u2014As a proof of this he frequently repeated that the plan at that Time was meer fancy work, and would be very d[e]fficient when compleated, that therefore, it was idle to be alarmed at what was then doing\u2014On Friday the 18th November Doctr Stewart and Mr Carroll met as Commissrs and agreed to meet again the Fridy following\u2014After the Adjournment Majr L\u2019Enfant meeting with D. Stewart told him that he had wrote to D.C. of Dudd. informing him that his house must come down\u2014Doctr Stewart told him that he hoped he wrote him in an Accommodating Manner\u2014the Majr said he had and feeling in his Pockets said he was sorry he had not the Letter with him\u2014Doctr Stewart told the Majr the Commissioners were to meet the Friday following and that if Mr Carroll did not chuse to pull his house down, to lay the Letters before the Commissioners.\nThe Tuesday following the demolition began, whilst it was in progress D.C. of Dudd. having obtained an Injunction, shewed it to Mr Roberdeau and Mr Orme, who were on the Spot overseeing\nthe Work and read it, as alledged See D.C. Letter of the 7th January\u2014D. Majr L\u2019Enfant at the Time of shewing the Injunction was in Virginia\u2014Friday the 25th Doctr Stewart and Mr Carroll met as Commissioners, see their Letters to Majr L\u2019Enfant. E. and Mr Roberdeau and Benja. Ellicott. F. See also Majr L\u2019Enfants Letter of the 6th Decr to the Commissioners G. which shews that after his return from Virginia and his recit of the Commissioners Letter to him he resumed, and compleated the demolition which had been suspended in his Absence\u2014D.C. of Dudd. has laid before Commissrs Majr L\u2019Enfants Letter of the 18th Novr 1791. G. his Letter 21st November H. And D.C. of Dudd. Account I. The paper \u27e8K\u27e9 is a State of what Majr L\u2019Enfant refers to, as to Mr Carroll\u2019s not Acting.\nRespecting Majr L\u2019Enfant\u2019s Letter about D.C.\nSomething being said in Majr L\u2019Enfant\u2019s letter to the Commissioners of  respecting one of them, viz. Mr D. Carroll, he deems it proper to acknowledge, he said in the presance of Majr L\u2019Enfant, that if there was occasion he should appear as an evidence not as a Commissioner on this subject, and further, to remark such was his intention with the Permission of the other Commissrs on such an event\u2014That there was not a Board on this occasion without him, that circumstance made it appear to him proper to Act\u2014That Majr L\u2019Enfant did not mention this to Doctr Stewart on the Connversation between them which has been mentioned. Doctr Stewart adds per this, that knowing Mr D. Carrols intention on this subject, he had in conversation with Majr L\u2019Enfant inform\u2019d him that if an occasion should arise Mr Johnson and himself would be ready to give their determination.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0240", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard O\u2019Bryen, 8 January 1792\nFrom: O\u2019Bryen, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nMost Excellant Sir\nCity of Algiers January the 8th 1792: & 7th of Captivity\nPermit & unfortunate American Captive to draw youre Excellencey\u2019s\nattention to the perusal of this letter Relative to Barbary affairs.\nThe United States in my opinion may Obtain a peace with this Regency for the Sum of 60 thousd pounds Ster. all Expences Included. The Same time by Giveing moratime Stores Masts planks Scantling frames tar pitch & turpentine and a few light Cruisers. The peace on this plan would not Cost the United States One Hundred thousand Dollars\u2014that is if the Negotiation is well managed.\nIf the U.S. Gives money the peace will never be Established on a Solid or lasting Basis\u2014(witness Spain) belive this to be a truth founded on Experience if moratime Stores &c. 2 light Cruisers Given and a Tribute paid in moratime Stores Every two years amounting to 12 thousand Dollars in America. Depend that this is the only peace &c. Terms that Can be Said to be Durable or to be Depended\u2014on.\nWhat I now hint to you Most Excellent Sir the Marine Minister of this Regency has been Sounded-on & be you assured will be Nearly the Terms of the peace with the U.S. if Ever the Obtain a peace with this Regency.\nBut it Requires the affair to be well managed the proper Channel to be taken & all will Succeed well, but if Commenced on the American Side with a blunder there is no Remidieing it. So that the foundation of the peace is a Delicate affair In Makeing the peace with Algiers there should be a provisional article Relative to Tunis\u2014as Tunis is a Tributary State to this Regency.\nI understand that our American Ministry & Ambassadors signifyes that the[y] would wish to make a peace without Dishonoureing themselves if the Stick Closely to this point. The U.S. will never Obtain a peace if the Obtain a peace the must Conform to pay Tribute & Buey a peace as the Chiefs of those nations has Done, that, is at peace with the Barbary States.\nThe Dians [Danes] Dutch & Vinitians payes in maratime Stores money & presents full 30 thousand Dollars, annually\u2014Spain the 3d maratime nation in the world has fell under the Algerine yoke, and all Europe now Sees how the Algerines treats Spain But all points of National Honoure must be Given up in a manner for National Interest. This seems to me to be the policy of the present times But with the Greatest Submission & Respect I submit all to youre Excellencys Superior Judgement.\nSince the Spanish peace in 1785 the Algerines has in & arbitary\nmanner Exacted or Necessiated the Different Nations to pay \u00bc\u2014or \u2155th more then the used to pay or is agreed-on by Treatie not in the Increase of the Tribute but in the Increase in presents which is all the Same.\nI have to inform your Excellency that at the Commencement of the Munth of December last the Dey Being no ways averse to the Conversation of Christians was the time that George Smith & American Captive & Principal payn[im] to the Dey, finding the Dey in a Good Humoure\u2014Broached a Very Important Subject to the Dey Relative to a peace with the U. States and the Redemption of thire Subjects from Algiers\u2014the Dey Signifyed that he was a friend to the Americans & let them Come when the would to look for a peace or to free Thire people he Said he would befriend them all in his power\u2014and Expressed his Concern of our being so long in Slavery.\n  The Dey Observed that Some Americans last year had Commissioned the Jews Bushara & Dinino to assertain and fix the price of the American Slaves with the Leat Dey might prove Somewhat prejudicial towards the Release of the Americans Contrary to his Good wishes towards them. Since the Sum that was agreed on was noted Down in the books by Order of the Leat Dey\u2014and in the presence of Several of the Leading men\u2014in office &c. But that when we were Going to be Redeemed it would be in his power to Diminish the Sum fixed on but not Very Considerably as it Might Give umbrage to the Turks in General & be the Means of Greatly Incuring thire Displeasure on futre occasions of the Like favoureing Nature.\nafter this George Smith Kissed the Deys hand & thanked him in the Name of the \u27e8u.s.\u27e9 for his Good wishes towards them & Observed to the Dey that he hoped there would soon be & American Ambassador here to free thire people. The Dey answered him by saying that he hoped there would & hoped we would Soon set freedom for we had been a long time in Slavery Contrary to his Inclinations.\nThe Dey Observed that when the Jewes was assertaining the Redemption of the American Slaves (he Being then prime minister) Observed to the Jewes to mind what the were about, & to do nothing without the were possitive that the Orders were from the American Government but he Said the Jewes was so possitive that it left no Room for him to Doubt.\nIt happened on the 4th Inst. as a french Vessel was Comeing\ninto port that the Dey in a Jocular manner told George Smith that there was & american Ambassador on board this french Vessel. George understanding the Dey Embraced the oppertunity & had Some Conversation with him as Viz.\nGeorge Observed to the Dey that the last American Ambassador that was here the Leat Dey Sent him away. The Dey observed that the Leat Dey did not Command now\u2014that he Commanded. The Dey observed that his Regard for the Americans was the motive that he Invited Mr Lamb to his Garden but Observed that he Could not understand no Language but his own & he then being only (Vaikelhadge or) minister of the Marine & haveing but Little to Say which was the Reason that Mr Lamb Could do Nothing &c. but wished that Mr Lamb would now Come.\nGeorge Observed to the Dey that it was in a Manner Useless for the Americans To make a peace with the Algerines as the would Still have Tunis & Tripoly to annoy thire Commerce. The Dey Answered & Said that the Tunicians &c. Tripolines was Influenced by this Regencey & that the Americans had nothing to feare from them. The Dey asked what the American Captains thought of it & whether we Got Any letters or Expected & American Ambassador here This winter. Answered that we had Received letters from the Ambassador at Madrid & from Some of the Consuls Giveing us Some Small hopes of Liberty and that we had wrote to our country Respecting the Deys Goodness and Much in his favoure. The Dey Said Very well.\nI can assure youre Excellencey that no time can be more favourable for the United States to Obtain a peace then the present & youre Excellency plainly understands & Sees the Deys friendly Sentiments towards the United States & Thire 13 unfortunate Subjects in Captivity.\nWe are Informed by William Carmichael Esqr. the Ambassador for the U. States at Madrid that the Honourable Congress had ordered him to continue our Subsistance money as formerly.\nBut Most Excellent Sir we had no Idea after that long period of 6\u00bd years Captivity two of which we were Given up as Victems that our Country would only then Consider of allowing us Something Munthly \u27e8to\u27e9 p\u27e8ro\u27e9long a life of Slavery.\nWe Beg of youre Excellencey to Consider what must have been our suffering Dureing this trying period twice Surrounded by the\npest & other Contags Distempers far Distant from our Country families friends & Connections without any Real assurances of Ever being Restored to Liberty without youre Excellencey will draw the attention of the Honourable Congress to Consider of thire Once fellow Citizins now Captive Slaves\u2014So as to adopt Some plan to Restore us to Liberty youre Excellency will Excuse the Liberty I have taken in writeing to you but a Sentiment of Compassion for the truly unfortunate Captives we hope will in Some Degree plead & Excuse For youre Excellenceys Most Obedient Most Uumble Servant\nRichd OBryen\nFormerly Master of the Ship Dauphin of Philadelphia but Captured the 30th of July 1785 by & Algerine Corsair 50 leauges to the Westard of Lisbon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0241", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Pinckney, 8 January 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\n(Private) \nDear SirCharleston [S.C.] January 8: 1792  \nI am to lament that my absence from this place for nearly two months in attending the Legislature & other Business in the Country deprived me of the pleasure of seeing & shewing every civility in my power to Lord Wycombe during his short stay in Charleston. I am told his Lordship is now on a visit to the Floridas & that it is probable he will return & spend the remainder of the Winter among us\u2014if so I shall have much pleasure in endeavouring to render this place as agreeable to him as the Season will permit.\nOur Legislature among other questions agitated the one respecting the future importation of Slaves, as the prohibition expires in March 1793\u2014great pains were used to effect a total prohibition, but upon the question being taken in the Senate it was lost by so decided a majority that I think we may consider it as certain this State will after March 1793 import as largely as they ever did\u2014it is a decision upon the policy of which I confess I have my doubts.\nWe have been much concerned at the intelligence lately received respecting the defeat of the army by the northern & western Indians\u2014the Gentlemen on our frontiers now think that it\nis fortunate the Chiefs of the Cherokee nation are absent, as from their disturbed situation & the successes of their neighbours it might not have been a difficult thing to have renderd them hostile. I must take the liberty to mention to you that if our affairs should Still remain in the same unsettled State with the Indians, or their combinations extend to our frontiers & render a defence there necessary, I know no man whom I ought to recommend to you so soon to be employed as General Pickens\u2014A Man at least as well qualified to manage a contest with the Indians as any in the Union.\u2014I consider it as I observed a Duty to mention this Gentleman to you in case it should be necessary to employ any person from this State in the event of the Indian War extending to the Southward, because we are acquainted with his influence among the Indians & his knowledge of their affairs & know that his modesty is so great that he rather wishes to retire from the public view, than court its favours or employments\u2014as he will therefore never solicit or offer himself\u2014it is a duty in us who know his consequence among the southern Indians to bring him forward to your view should his services be necessary, which I hope will not be the Case. I must request my best respects to Mrs Washington & remain with Esteem & Attachment dear Sir Yours Truly\nCharles Pinckney\nI have directed a box of Seeds of such trees as are not y\u27e8et\u27e9 in Virginia to be sent you by the Delaware when she sails The selection of which I have given to one of our best Gardeners who has promised to send as many as he can get.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0242", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Pinckney, 8 January 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCharleston [S.C.] January 8th 1792\nMy absence from Charleston has prevented my acknowledging sooner your favour of the 8th inclosing Mr Jefferson\u2019s opinion on the subject of a proposed application from the Executive of this State for the redelivery of certain fugitives charged by the Grand Jury of this District with having forged the Indents assumed by the Union.\nThe Constitution having very properly delegated the management of all our foreign concerns to the General Government I considered it as my Duty not to have any intercourse of consequence with a foreign power or its dependencies without your knowledge & concurrence\u2014it was for this purpose the draught was submitted & as Mr Jefferson appears to differ in opinion with me, the respect I have for his experience of public affairs & his knowledge of the Usages of Nations is such that I immediately directed the Attorney General not to transmit the application; &\nshall rely on the firmness & exertions of the General Government to relieve us from one of the most serious & growing inconveniences under which our laws at present labour.\nIn the demand intended to have been made it was not expected that Governour Quesada\u2019s powers would extend to the delivery of the fugitives, but it was hoped that when he had recieved this official information respecting their characters & crimes, it might be a reason with him to endeavour to prevent for the present their resorting to St Augustine in such numbers, & of ultimately producing an arrangement upon safe principles for the delivery of fugitives charged with crimes acknowledged to be such by all Mankind.\nIt is the opinion of some well informed Gentlemen of the Law, that an application for persons charged with felonies is perfectly consistent with the Usages of Nations, notwithstanding there may be no Convention between them on the Subject\u2014It is true in such cases there can be no right to demand, but it may be expected, that as by the Law of Nations \u201cthey are not only bound to observe Justice with respect to each other but to abstain from every thing which may violate it\u201d\u2014it is in some degree their duty & certainly their interest to attend to such applications when accompanied by the Opinion of a Grand Jury or other equally presumptive proof of the probability of Guilt according to the mode of administering Justice in the countries from which they fled.\nI will acknowledge, that in treasons, or offences against the Government, as in the instances of Paoli & Calonne, there is a difficulty in drawing the line between such as are acknowledged generally to be crimes & such as are only rendered so by tyrannical Laws\u2014but with respect to what the Law denominates felonies, the difficulty in a great measure ceases, for however they may vary in their modes of trial, the opinions of all civilised nations are generally the same with respect to the nature & extent of the Crimes of Murder, Piracy, Barratry, Forgery & others equally destructive to the order of Society\u2014particularly Piracy, Barratry & Forgery, on the preventing of which by the strict & regular punishment of offenders must very much depend the intercourse necessary between trading Nations.\nThere are some Countries of consequence in the Commercial World that have large funded public Debts, the Evidences of which circulate through every part of Europe\u2014great numbers\nof foreigners are interested in the English funds, & many in the American\u2014to these Countries therefore few Crimes can be so extensively dangerous as the forgery of their public securities, & from their general & growing circulation it must be the interest & will no doubt be the policy of all the Governments whose citizens or Subjects are interested, to cooperate in the detection & punishment of counterfeiting them.\nIt is admitted that between most of the adjoining European Nations conventions exist for the delivery of fugitives\u2014the example of so great a proportion of the oldest & most informed powers proves they concieve it necessary to the compleat administration of their criminal Laws that there should not be asylums in their neighbourhood where Offenders may resort & remain with impunity, it being equally the policy of every Government whether free or otherwise, to protect their inhabitants from the effects of private violence & fraud.\nIn England, such is the danger of forgery that it is a crime seldom pardoned, & demands have often been made by their Government for fugitive offenders who have been delivered & afterwards tried & executed in England\u2014the case of Longchamps is a different one\u2014he had committed a crime within the United States for which he was punishable, & was tried & suffered severely\u2014he had also I think long before the commission of the crime become an american citizen, & as we maintain a different doctrine from the English & some other European Nations upon the right of a person to change his allegiance, if Congress had possessed the power they were wise to refuse the demand, particularly as the State in which the offence was committed had provided a remedy & Longcha\u27e8mps\u27e9 was at the time of the demand suffering what the Laws of Pennsylvania had determined to be an adequate punishment\u2014Congress were also right to refuse a ratification of the Consular Convention with France, because the Convention was essentially different from the scheme by which the Minister was instructed to form it\u2014It gave if I recollect uncommon immunities & exemptions to the Consuls & vice Consuls\u2014it created tribunals unknown to & in many instances repugnant to the Constitutions & Laws of the States they were to be placed in, & seemed from its whole tenor to have been designed for the purpose of establishing a connected & extenti[v]e corps of political Agents through every part\nof the Union to communicate intelligence & circulate such opinions upon public subjects as it might be the interest of France to diffuse & impress, & had the appearance of stipulating that the edict of August 1669 respecting emigration should be fully executed in this Country, & that no french subject should remove to or become a citizen of the United States without the permission of their Court.\nFrom the most attentive consideration of the Subject I am of opinion, that from the interest commercial Nations have in the detection & punishment of forging the evidences of their public Debts they have been & must be in the habits of applying for fugitive Offenders of this sort\u2014Mr Jefferson admits that agreements exist very generally between adjoining Nations, & although the Laws of England do not authorize the delivery of fugitives from other places, yet I think there is no doubt that the Government of that Country have always been in the Custom of applying for the delivery of fugitive offenders whose crimes were of a Nature that might affect the public credit.\n  In August 1763 Rice the Broker who had committed a forgery by which he had recieved upwards of \u00a34000 of the South Sea Stock, upon its discovery fled to Cambray in french flanders whose inhabitants he was informed possessed peculiar privileges with respect to fugitives\u2014on an application to his Britannic Majesty he directed his Ambassador at the Court of France to apply for his delivery\u2014the french Court immediately consented, & Rice was sent under Guard from Cambray to London & there tried & executed\u2014this is a case precisely in point, as is the instance of Isaacs or Baron who having committed a forgery of the English Bank Bills fled to Calcar in Prussia & on application was sent in custody from thence to Ostend & there executed. On this occasion every Court in Europe shewed their zeal for bringing Isaacs to punishment\u2014from these & other cases which could be produced to shew that the Court of London has frequently in remarkable instances of fraud applied for fugitives & that it is the practice of almost every other European power to do so, I concieve with deference, that such applications are not only consistent with the Usages of Nations, but that the intercourse necessary between such as have transferrable Stock makes it proper they should take place in cases affecting the public credit: resting it with the power in whose dominions they are found to\ndetermine whether from the Nature of the charge & testimony accompanying it there is such an appearance of Guilt as will warrant the delivery of the persons applied for.\n  I can assure Sir that unless something is done, & that soon & with decision, the Laws of the Southern States must from their neighbourhood to the Floridas be extremely weakened. at present there are no less than four persons, most of them probably in Florida, against whom Bills have been found for forgery of the evidences of the public Debt of the Union & this State, & persons going off every day with their properties to defraud their Creditors\u2014I have frequent applications from those injured by such conduct but from the receipt of Mr Jefferson\u2019s Letter I shall decline interfering any manner either with respect to Offenders against the Laws or debtors until I shall be favoured with an answer from yourself or him on the subject, by whose opinions it is my wish always to be governed\u2014I am with respect & attachment Your most obedient servant\nCharles Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0243", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Bushrod Washington, 8 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Bushrod\nDear Bushrod,\nPhiladelphia Jany 8th 1792.\nI have long suspected\u2014but, such has been my situation for some years back, that I have not been able to ascertain the fact\u2014that a tract of about 1200 acres wch I hold on four mile-run near Alexandria has had the wood thereon dealt pretty freely with by unauthorised persons in its vicinity.\nThe enclosed from Mr Whiting gives information of a particular act. He is directed in a letter of this date, to wait upon Colo.\nLittle; and with such proofs of the trespass as he can obtain, to call upon you therewith.\nIf they shall appear to you indubitable, I am resolved\u2014as an example\u2014to punish the agressors; and pray you to issue a process against them, and prosecute the same in the name of George Auge Washington as my Attorney, who I think has been announced as such in the Gazettes of Alexandria & Richmond; and, I presume, has a power from me to that effect.\nLest any misconception of Whiting\u2019s should lead me, or you into an error, I beg you will, when an opportunity shall present itself, enquire of Colo. Little whether the Hoop poles were, incontestibly, taken from my land; who the persons are that did it\u2014who to prove it\u2014and whether there can be any demur to the propriety (legality I mean) of bringing the Suit in the name of G: A: Washington as my Attorney\u2014not being willing to have my own name called in Court, on this occasion.\nYour Aunt joins me in best wishes, & the compliments of the Season to you and Nancy, and I am your sincere friend an[d] affectionate uncle\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0244", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 8 January 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nLetter not found: to Anthony Whitting, 8 Jan. 1792. GW wrote Bushrod Washington on 8 Jan. 1792: \u201cMr Whiting . . . is directed in a letter of this date, to wait upon Colo. Little.\u201d Whitting himself alluded to the missing letter in his letters to GW of 15 and 22 January.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0246", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 9 January 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Philadelphia] 9th January 179[2]\nI submit to your consideration, instructions for Capt. Pond. A suitable character by the name of Steedman, presenting I submit the propriety of his joining Pond. I will wait upon you this evening to explain the idea further. I have the honor with perfect respect to be sir Your obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0249", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 10 January 1792\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeorge-Town [Md.] January 10th 1792\nSeveral Incidents have occurred since Yesterday Evening\u2014We had a conversation with Mr Roberdeau, which at first \u27e8intimated\u27e9 no disposition to accomodate but afterwards on being renewed opened a prospect of our being able to retain him consistant with our own Views\u2014This morning received a Letter from him and had another Conversation with him, which induced us to point out by Letter to him certain Objects to which we desired his Attention, But this Afternoon he wrote us again cutting off all further Connection with him\u2014We have placed the little we can, order in other hands\u2014Mr Johnson will be in Philadelphia early next Month, and if from Facts being observed, it should be necessary, any will be able to correct any mistake of them\u2014We are &c.\nThos Johnson\nDd Stuart\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0250", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 10 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nThe Secretary of State having received information that the Merchants and Merchandize of the United States are subject in Copenhagen and other ports of Denmark to considerable extra duties, from which they might probably be relieved by the presence of a Consul there, Reports to the President of the United States: That it would be expedient to name a Consul, to be resident in the port of Copenhagen: That he has not been able to find that there is any citizen of the United States residing there: That there is a certain Hans Rodolph Saabye, a Danish subject and merchant of that place of good character, of wealth and distinction, and well qualified and disposed to act there for the United States, who would probably accept of the commission of Consul, but that that of Vice-Consul, hitherto given by the President to foreigners in ports where there was no proper American citizen, would probably not be accepted, because in this as in some other parts of Europe, usage has established it as a subordinate grade.\nAnd that he is therefore of opinion, that the said Hans Rodolph Saabye should be nominated Consul of the United States of America for the port of Copenhagen, and such other places within the allegiance of his Danish Majesty as shall be nearer to the said port than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice-Consul of the United States within the same allegiance.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0251", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Galbreath Patterson, 10 January 1792\nFrom: Patterson, Galbreath\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nHarrisburgh [Pa.] Jany 10th 1792.\nIn the Papers of my Father Wm Patterson I find Instructions signed by your Excellency March 1779 relative to Indian affairs under which he acted\u2014I also find an account rendered of what monies came into his Hands for the prosecution your Order but presume be never received any compensation for his Services\u2014The result of his enquiries or whether the Public was served is a matter I know nothing of, being too young at that time to have a knowledge of the transactions.\nWhat they were or whether we are entitled to any thing is a matter known only to your Excellency which has given rise to my address at this time & which has hitherto prevented my Application to Government.\nI know my Father was a disappointed Man and lost the Oppertunity of raising his Family in the late Revolution which I am sorry for and which had made me remiss in this Business more particularly as I had not so good an Oppertunity of Addressing yourself untill you came to Philadelphia\u2014Am married to a Daughter of General Thompson & settled at Harrisburgh in the practice of Law if you woud deign to write me an Answer or give it verbally to my Friend Mr Gregg it will be conclusive with me. I am with great respect Your Excellencys Obt Servt\nGalbreath Patterson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0252", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 11 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nUnited States, January the 11th 1792.\nI lay before you the following Report which has been made to me by the Secretary of State.\n\u201cThe Secretary of State Reports to the President of the United States, that one of the Commissioners of Spain, in the name of both, has lately communicated to him verbally, by order of his Court, that his Catholic Majesty, apprized of our solicitude to have some arrangements made respecting our free navigation of the River Missisippi, and the use of a port thereon, is ready to enter into treaty thereon at Madrid.\nThe Secretary of State is of opinion that this overture should be attended to without delay, and that the proposal of treating at Madrid, tho\u2019 not what might have been desired, should yet be accepted; and a commission plenipotentiary made out for the purpose.\nThat Mr Carmichael, the present Charg\u00e9 des affaires of the United States at Madrid, from the local acquaintance which he must have acquired with persons and circumstances, would be an useful and proper member of the commission: but that it would be useful also to join with him some person more particularly acquainted with the circumstances of the navigation to be treated of.\nThat the fund appropriated by the Act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign nations, will insufficiently furnish the ordinary and regular demands on it, and is consequently inadequate to the mission of an additional Commissioner express from hence.\nThat therefore it will be adviseable on this account, as well as for the sake of dispatch, to constitute some one of the Ministers of the United\nStates in Europe, jointly with Mr Carmichael, Commissioners plenipotentiary for the special purpose of negotiating and concluding, with any person or persons duly authorized by his Catholic Majesty, a convention or treaty for the free navigation of the River Missisippi by the citizens of the United States, under such accommodations with respect to a port and other circumstances, as may render the said navigation practicable, useful, and free from dispute; saving to the President and Senate their respective rights as to the ratification of the same; and that the said negotiation be at Madrid or such other place in Spain as shall be desired by his Catholic Majesty.\nTh: Jefferson\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nIn consequence of the communication from the Court of Spain, as stated in the preceding report, I nominate William Carmichael present Charg\u00e9 des Affairs of the United States at Madrid, and William Short present Charg\u00e9 des Affaires of the United States at Paris, to be Commissioners Plenipotentiary for negotiating and concluding with any person or persons who shall be duly authorized by his Catholic Majesty a convention or treaty concerning the navigation of the River Missisippi by the Citizens of the United States; saving to the President and Senate their respective rights as to the ratification of the same.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0253", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 11 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nUnited States, [Philadelphia] January the 11th 1792.\nGentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives.    \nI lay before you, in confidence, two Reports made to me by the Secretary for the department of War, relatively to the present state of affairs on the western frontiers of the United States.\nIn these Reports the causes of the present war with the Indians; the measures taken by the Executive to terminate it amicably; and the military preparations for the late Campaign are stated and explained; and also a plan suggested of such further measures on the occasion as appear just and expedient.\nI am pursuaded, Gentlemen, that you will take this important subject into your immediate & serious consideration, and that the result of your deliberations will be the adoption of such wise and efficient measures as will reflect honor on our national Councils, and promote the welfare of our Country.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0256", "content": "Title: John Stagg, Jr., to Tobias Lear, 13 January 1792\nFrom: Stagg, John Jr.\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n  Philadelphia, 13 Jan. 1792. As directed by the secretary of war transmits the enclosed letter, dated 31 Dec. 1791, of Lieutenant Jeffers, commanding officer at Fort Franklin, for submission to the president.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0258", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Pierre-Charles Georgest, 14 January 1792\nFrom: Georgest, Pierre-Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nGeneral,\nAngo[u]l\u00eame, Department de La Charente [France]the 14th Jany 1792.\nNot being willing to act against my Country\u2014in the impossibility of rende[r]ing my services exactly under a new administration, which is yet far from having the Knowledge necessary to guard it from committing errors prejudicial to public affairs\u2014and finally, foreseeing the misfortunes without number, which are on the point of afflicting this Kingdom, to which the nature\nof my services cannot be made useful under these sad circumstances, I took the resolution of writing to M. de la fayette about the 20th of August last year, to beg him to give me a letter of recommendation for your Excellency, my General; I had not the honor of being Known to him; but that he might labour under no mistake, and to make known to him who it was that sollicited his good offices with the Liberator of America, I addressed to him only two authentic certificates which had been given to me by men of the first rank in the sciences, and who are my principals. I received news from him on the 6th of this month with a letter addressed to Your Excellency. All my wishes at this moment are accomplished, and I am now only at my departure; however, before I embark it seems to me proper that I should have the honor of communicating to you some observations.\nSince November 1767 I have been in the Corps of Engineers of Bridges & Roads: I received different prizes at our school during the time of my education, I learned to draw correctly plans\u2014charts & Architecture civil & military.\nFrom the 1st of Jany 1777 being nominated to the place of Engineer in ordinary, I have been successively employed in the mountanious & level country and particularly in the Ports, such as Cherbourg & Havre de Grace. In works relative to Roads, Causeys & moles, and in works about the sea, I have made efforts to distinguish myself; I have had the good fortune to succeed, as I have ostensible proofs of the satisfaction which was expressed at my services. In the Interval of my occupations, I have composed & addressed many memorials upon different objects of public utility to several learned societies, even to that at Boston, by the hands of Capt. Lee. Some of these memorials have met with success, at Lyons, at Flessingue in Zeeland & at Rochelle, and have brought me, besides a medal of Gold of 300 livres, the honor of being admitted into the two first of these societies.\nSuch is the man for whom M. de la fayette has had the goodness to interest himself, and who himself presumes to address Genl Washington. Why should he not presume!\u2014the Fabius, the Legislator of America cannot have any other wish than the happiness of his fellow men; I have, therefore, full & entire confidence in my proceedings, and altho 42 years of age I beleive I could yet consecrate 19 or 20 years of my life to the service of a free State, where peace, order, justice and humanity have such respectable establishments.\nI foresee it will be easy for me to carry with me some experienced, able and well instructed men both in topography and the construction of all those things relative to my profession, as well as agriculture and commerce.\nI foresee also that many pesants, young, robust, orderly and well versed in cultivation, would follow me. From this would result an expense which I could not support alone without sacrificing my small fortune, which consists at this time of about 12,000 livres.\nI therefore pray you, my General, to be so good as to let me Know if there would be a possibility of my obtaining an indemnity proportionate to the expense of transportation, or if this transportation could be made at the expence of the United States\u2014on another point. Altho furnished with a port folio precious for its printed \u27e8&\u27e9 manuscript memorials\u2014altho furnished with a reasonable quantity of books on Physics, mathematicks, architecture and hydraulics, yet I am desireous of procuring such others as may be necessary for me in any new service that I may be employed.\nI am desireous also of carrying over with me many trees, shrubs & Vines of an excellent quality, & all Kinds of choice grains; A particular instruction to me therefore on this head would be very useful; I dare not ask it of you, my general, the important and numerous occupations which employ your time, will not permit you to grant me this favor; But it will be possible for you to direct some one to give me this information.\nAlways active in my corps, and in expectation of being nominated Engineer in Chief with an allowance of 4000ll, according to the decrees, I should perhaps be blamed to expatriate myself without having a certainty of being employed in a manner more advantageous, and which would conveniently assure me not only my own subsistance & that of my family consisting of one woman of 31 years of age and a child of 7, but likewise that of those men who might chuse to associate themselves with my fortune. As for myself similar considerations are not necessary to draw me\u2014I alone, the bearer of a letter from M. de la fayette, destined for you, General, (and which I will only risque with my self) certain of my zeal and desire of being useful, and furnished with numerous & authentic certificates attesting my conduct & my services, I have reason to beleive that you will not refuse me your protection. But the men who abandon their homes merely upon my\nassurance to provide for their wants, will be in continual inquietude until they see my promises realized. It is therefore for them more particularly that I venture to solicit protection & assistance\u2014These are not decaying men, or improper for the purpose; they are good & brave citizens, directed by motives no less strong than mine, and who fear shortly being forced to imbrace their hands in the blood of their compatriots: For such is this day the state of affairs in France, General, that before two months pass they will determine to massacre brothers who differ in opinion & with whom they have lived in terms of intimacy. We are not disposed to participate in such atrocious deeds.\nI will here finish the observations already too long, and for which I pray your indulgence, the distance between us & the difficulty of a nearer correspondence has appeared to me to make them necessary. I beleive them sufficient to determine your Excellency to give me an answer addressed as below. Whatever it may be, General, altho it even deprives me of a satisfaction so precious, I shall be no less penetrated to the end of my life, with respect & admiration of your virtues.\nPierre Charles Georgest\u2014Engineer of Bridges & Roads, at the House of M. Rivaud, Merchant, opposite the Chateau Angoul\u00eame\nP.S. This letter will be addressed by Duplicate to your Excellency; In the other will be found the original of the letter which M. de la fayette has had the goodness to write, and of which I subjoin a Copy.\nM. De Rochambeau who had the honor to serve with you, and defend the cause of liberty in America, has just been named Marshal of France, & likewise General Luckner. I thought, my general, it would give you pleasure to hear this news. M. de lafayette commands one of the three armies of about 60,000 men each, destined for the defence of the frontiers, which the emigrants, having at their head the two brothers of our King, are upon the point of attacking. The Empress of Russia\u2014the King of Sweden\u2014the King of Spain and the Germanic confederation are at this moment our common Enemies.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0259", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Skene Keith, 14 January 1792\nFrom: Keith, George Skene\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nKeith-hall by Aberdeen Jany 14th 1792\nI take the Liberty of writing your Excellency, which I hope you will excuse, and of sending you a few Copies of a Pamphlet on Weights, Measures and Coins of which I beg your acceptance.\nI write to you as a man of Mind, not as a man of Rank. But I should not have troubled you with this Letter, if the Treatise which accompanies it were not the work of much labour, and considered as the best which has hitherto been published on the subject.\nIn June 1790 I addressed a Copy of the first of the Tracts to Dr [Charles] Nisbet of Carlisle College, to be forwarded to your Excellency. And about five months ago a Copy of the Treatise when printed was sent to London to be forwarded to the President of the United States. But as the conveyance between Britain and America is very irregular, I have given you the trouble of this Letter, which comes by a channel in which I can depend. And as I propose nothing by this correspondence but to be useful to America I hope to be forgiven for addressing you at this time.\nIf my uncle, John Barclay Rector of St Lukes Parish, Maryland, (who was honoured with your Friendship or at least in early life indebted to your patronage) had lived a few years longer than he did, I should have seen in Major Washington at Mount Vernon that strength and vigour of mind which despises pomp\nand is independent of rank or power, and which would have marked your character as a private Gentleman, though your Destiny had never called you forth to be the Deliverer of America. The Death of my relative, who made me a very generous offer to go out to Maryland, prevented me from leaving Britain, and determind me to enter into the Church of Scotland, where I have a very tolerable Benefice\u2014As I originally intended to spend my Life in America, I have always been interested in the fate of that Country\u2014And during the late war with Britain, I was one of the few Scotch Clergymen, who did not pray for the Destruction of the American Rebels, as they were too commonly termed\u2014Now that American Liberty is secured, & that your Excellency as President of the United States has called their attention to the subject of the inclosed papers, I wish to give you what aid I can on a matter of great importance, whether it be received in a commercial, a philosophical, or a political light.\nAs Mr Jefferson had lately published a plan for Equalization of Weights & Measures, And as the National Assembly of France has proposed two different devices on this subject, I found it necessary to add a few pages in Writing\u2014the last three of which I request your Excellency will peruse with attention\u2014The first part of it is most proper for your Secretary Mr Jefferson\u2014to whom in June last I sent a Copy of the pamphlet via London\u2014along with that addressed to your Excellency\u2014and one to Dr Nisbet, Principal of Carlisle College\u2014to Mr Joseph Haskins Merchant in Easton, Eastern shore Maryland\u2014and to Mr James Kemp a native of my parish, whom I found a young man of real genius, and got him taken from keeping cattle to be fitted for his present office\u2014our Rector of Great Choptank Parish near Cambridge, Maryland.\nAs your Excellency\u2019s politeness is equal to the manliness of your character, I beg you will have the goodness to cause Copies be sent to them, if what I sent formerly has not reached you.\nIf any Gentleman wishes to correspond with me on this subject, my address is the Revd G. S. K. of Keith-hall by Aberdeen N.B. I have the honor to be with the greatest Regard Sir Your most obedt huble Servant\nGeo: Skene Keith\nP.S. As I can only get Room (from the friend who forwards this) for 8 Copies, You need only forward\u2014that is cause one of your\nsecretaries forward, one Copy to Mr Haskins who is married to my Cousin Miss Barclay\u2014I beg your Excellencys pardon for this Liberty. But I cannot get them conveyed by a sure channel\u2014I shall send to your Order in London 100 Copies to be given to the members of your Legislature, if you think them worth the Carri\u27e8age\u27e9 to America\u2014I send a letter to Mrs Barclay which \u27e8mutilated\u27e9y will cause be forwarded with Mr Haskins Cop\u27e8y\u27e9.\nG.S.K.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0260", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Joseph Williams, 14 January 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Williams, Joseph\nSir,\nPhilada Jany 14th 1792.\nI take the earliest opportunity, after receiving your letter of the 11th instant, to inform you of the President\u2019s sentiments on the subject of it.\nI think I mentioned to you when I had the pleasure of seeing you in this place, that the President had, when on his tour to the southward, been prevailed upon by the strong sollicitations of Colonel Washington and several other Gentlemen of South Carolina, to promise that he would let his Spanish Jack be carried to that State for a time, if they should think proper to send for him. When I mentioned your application for one of the Jacks, the President informed me, that Colo. Washington had sent for the Spanish Jack, and that he was now on his way to South-Carolina. and added, that as one of the Jacks was already gone, he cou\u2019d not by any means think of parting with the\nKnight of Malta for a season, as his dependance for Mules must now be placed on him; and that, as the young Jack had never yet been tried, it would be out of the question to rely upon him for the Services which might be expected\u2014I therefore did not incline to let either of them go from Mount-Vernon, at least not for the ensuing season. The President more over observed, that he had no inclination to part with either of his Jacks, unless a very considerable price should be offered: conceiving that the benefits which might result from them to the Country at large could be diffused, without his dispossessing himself of their property.\nHad it been convenient for the President to have let you had one of his Jacks, he would only have done it for a stipulated sum for the season, to be paid in cash, as that would have been more agreeable to him (and perhaps equally as well for you) than to have received a certain proportion of what he might bring in. I am Sir, with great regard, your most obedt Servant,\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0261", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 15 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Sunday Morng [15 January 1792]  \nThe enclosed came to my hands yesterday afternoon. The documents respecting the dispute between Majr L\u2019Enfant an Dan. Carroll of D. have been sent for the Attorney Genl to form his opinion upon the case. The whole are sent for Mr J.s perusal previous to the conversation he proposed to have with Majr L\u2019E. The President has not read the Papers\u2014nor is he in any hurry to do it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0263", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 15 January 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\n Letter not found: to Anthony Whitting, 15 Jan. 1792. In a letter to Whitting of 16 Jan. 1792 GW referred to \u201cMy letter, of yesterdays date.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0264", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 15\u201316 January 1792\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nHonrd Sir\nMount Vernon [and Alexandria, Va.] Jany 15th [\u201316] 1792\nIn a Letter wrote on Friday last I informed your Excellency of the Loss of your letter by Dogue run Will. I sent him to Town on friday with a Letter to a friend of mine begging he would Give every assistance in his power in endeavoring to find it which he I believe did but without Success\u2014Not knowing its Contents I can make no reply. However there are a few things I Could wish to Mention in order to Get your information. The first is respecting a fence around the ferry new Barn. no directions have ever yet been Given me but it will not look finishd untill a post & rail fence is put around it likewise a Stack & Straw yard should be made with a Good post & rail fence and as we are now hauling rails for the Lane fence it will be proper to know in what form or Manner you Sir will Chuse it Laid of. Whether the Lane will Go any farther than the begining of the Barn Yard or will be Continued into N. 3 Ferry field Where the Brick yard was\u2014The Size of the Yard will likewise be proper to be pointed out as well as its form. There Should be I think two Good Corn Houses built near the Barn the floor being a Good place to Get out Corn with expedition.\nI have Grubbd the Visto through to the White Gate Only yet forty feet wide as there is now a better Oppertunity of Staking it properly. I Could wish if You Sir have no Objection to plant Ever Greens & some Other trees in a Line with the Outsides that is at fifty feet each side from the Centre as at present the trees are so thin no regular line will be seen, from this appearance now to be seen it will look very well when 100 feet wide, and I think will be improved by trees planted as above. A farther improvement might be made by continuing the Visto as far as a prospect can be Obtaind. that may be to the extremity of the hill leading to Muddy hole Branch any farther attempt I believe would be fruitless this however would be then better seen if the fall there should be so Great as not to admit of the tops of the trees being seen it might bring to View some of the Grounds over by Pools,\nif not there might be a Large Clump of Ever Greens planted on each side and Something like an Obelisk fixd in the Centre where it terminates. this I have seen done when no farther prospect could be Obtaind and it has lookd very well[.] A few trees planted in the Lane leading to the ferry Barn in a line with each Fence would I think have a very Good appearance. We have been Getting Ice since Thursday but the Snow in places is very deep and it has been Very Cold we Got but little till yesterday\u27e8.\u27e9 Many of the Carts have been employd hauling wood. Shall fill the house as soon as possible it being a fine Oppertunity but the Carts will again be hauling wood to Morrow Morning which will hinder some time\u2014This is a severe Spell of Weather but there being plenty of Snow on the Ground will I hope keep the Wheat from injury\u2014I am Surprizd at not hearing from Major Washington since he left Mount Vernon as he promisd to write me as soon as he Got to Coln. Bassets I hope he is not sick or any thing happend that has prevented him. I am Honrd Sir Your Obdt Servt\nA. Whitting\nAlexandria January 16/ 1792\nI have just found the Letter Will dropt in the snow it was pickd up by a Negro boy & Carried to the post Office where I have just now receivd it. I have seen Mr Bushrod Washington who informd me your request in seeing Coln. Little before I had your Excellency Letter, he farther informed me Coln. Little was in Town at Wards Tavern I have been there and find he is Gone to Dr Browns Funeral shall endeavor to see him before he leaves Town & Get fuller information respecting the Trespass on your Excellencys Lands. The Spring Mules have been some time on the Wheat N. 2 Ferry & last week had a Shelter Made the six Mules you desired to be Got up was so done before Major Washington Left Mount Vernon. I advised the taking of the Mule from River Plantn & that from Dogue run which was done & the best Other four which could be pickt out. they are all halter broke & well taken Care off But the finest mules will be the present Spring Mules these if taken Care of will do Credit to the Jacks as well as the proprieter I should think they will be as large at 2 years Old as these we have now up are at 3 years\u2014The Overseers have all been Charged by me to Count there stock of all sorts every week but such is there Stupidity that I Cannot Confide in there\nCounting them which is the reason of the late reports being somewhat Confusd my time has been very much taken up with the Sick people in preparing medi\u27e8c\u27e9ine & attending them I have applyd to Dr Craik & he has been down & I have frequently his directions we have several now very sick Beck at ferry I think will not recover Isaacs two Girls Mima & Ally are both very poorly & young Boatswain is very sick Some of the Others Sall at Dogue run Betty Davis[,] Delia at frenchs Charlotte Caroline &c. are now better.\nA.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0265", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ernst Frederick Gayer, 16 January 1792\nFrom: Gayer, Ernst Frederick\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphia January 16th 1792.\nThe Memorial of Ernst Frederick Gayer Most respectfully sheweth That the Subscriber was born in Germany at Stuttgard, the Capital of the Dukedom of Wirtemberg and educated in the University of the same Place under the Direction of Mr Rappolt (Librarian and Professor of Natural Philosophy thereof) at the Expence of His Serene Highness Charles Eugen Duke of Wirtemberg Stuttgard his then Sovereign and great Patron; At the same Place he learned afterwards the Art of making and constructing all Kinds of Geometrical, Optical, Philosophical and Astronomical Instruments, under the Direction of a Mr Tiedeman Mathematical and Optical Instrument-Maker of the said Place, who was generally allowed to be one of the first Masters of that Art in all Europe.\nHis Desire to perfect himself in his Business and to enlarge the Knowledge he had acquired at the University and during his Apprenticeship, brought him to the Resolution to travel for that Purpose into foreign Parts; his first Excursion was into different Parts of Germany, where he looked for Work and found it, but never so as to satisfy that Wish for improvement, which induced him first thereto. In order therefore, to raise himself to the highest Perfection in his Art, which the Talents, Nature had granted him, would permit; and that, in case Fortune should lead him back to his native Country, and he should see his great Patron the Duke of Wirtenberg again, he might be able to show, that the Favor and Expence bestowed on him, had not been thrown away; he resolved to visit England.\nIn Consequence of this Resolution he left Germany and passing\nthro\u2019 Holland, he got acquainted by Accident at Rotterdam with a Member of the Philosophical Society at that Place (a great Friend and Patron of Arts and Sciences) this Gentleman honor\u2019d him with a particular Regard, so as to shew him at last his Cabinet of Curiosities and mathematical Instruments; amongst the Rest he produced a curious one and complicated in its kind, and desired him to explain the principles thereof without opening it, which he did (he saw an Engraving of the same Instrument since at Dr Franklin\u2019s in a Book entitled Philosophical Recreations) and after several other Trials he proposed to him to go to America, and offered him at the same time a Recommendation to that truly great Man Doctor Benjamin Franklin, then President of the State of Pennsylvania, and supported this \u27e8pro\u27e9posal with so many reasons, that the Subscriber dropped his Design to go to England; and encouraged, by the Recommendation to Dr Franklin that famous Patron of Science and urged on by a Desire to render himself useful to the World as well as to himself, he resolved to embark for america by the first Opportunity; which he did and arrived in Philadelphia in the Month of October 1787\u2014On his Arrival he sent his Recommendation on shore to its Direction; the two Grandsons of Doctr Franklin Mr B. F. Bache and Mr W. T. Franklin repaired on Board and desired to see him: These informed him, that there was then but very little Prospect of doing any Thing in his Line of Business, but proposed to him, to learn under the Direction of their Grandfather and Mr B. F. Bache the Art of Making and constructing, Puncheon\u27e8s\u27e9, Matrices and Moulds and other Tools for the Purpose of founding Types, which Proposal he accepted and engaged with Mr B. F. Bache for t\u27e8hat\u27e9 Purpose\u2014In this Art he perfected himself to such a Degree, that Mr B. F. Bache as well as other Gentlemen proposed to him, some time after to erect a Type-foundary and to take him into Partnership (as it requires a very large Stock to carry on that Business to any Degree of Perfection, and takes at least 15 Years to complete the different Tools and Instruments, requisite thereto) but the Terms offered unto him were in every instance such, that he could not accept of them: His own Inclination drawing him besides back to the Art he had at first learned, and there being already several Type-foundaries in America, he concluded, that he might be more useful to the public as well as to himself in the first Branch, than in the latter, and therefore tried several Ways to set himself\nup in that Line. But the frequent Disappointments in this as well as in the beforementioned Business had almost disheartened him, so as to induce him to return to his own Country, where at least he would be always able to procure a competent living; if it had not been, that the Idea of that glorious Liberty in civil as well as in religious Matters, whereof Your Excellency hath been and is the great Support, and the Prospect of Success in his Line of Business, if he only could make a Beginning, had made such an Impression on his Mind, that he would look on it as his greatest Happiness, if he could settle here for ever, and properly become a Citizen of the United States. But he is unable to do this in his present Circumstances, as he hath nothing else in the World, but what he earned here in America, consisting chiefly in Clothing and a few Tools and the Name of being a good Workman, and therefore cannot purchase the Tools, that are requisite to make good Work. In order therefore to get to be known to those Men of Genius and Talents; who are the most likely to encourage the Arts, he applied to the \u27e8Honor\u27e9able Frederick A. Muhlenberg Esquire, who promised to recommend him to several Gentlemen in high public Offices, as well as to private Gentlemen, and through whose means he actually got Access to the Honorable Thomas Jefferson and Tench Cox Esquires, to whom he produced Specimens of his Workmanship, as likewise to David Rittenhouse Esquire; these Gentlemen seemed highly pleased therewith and promised to recommend him wherever Occasion served; and Mr Jefferson even bespoke some Work in order to give him some Encouragement. There are likewise some other Gentlemen, who wish to have some Mathematical Instruments made; but, for Want of the necessary means to purchase the requisite Tools and Materials, he cannot even supply these Gentlemen to his Wishes. He is a Foreigner and it is well known, how difficult it is for such to get any Advances, particularly when they are single; which is the Case with the Subscriber, who never in his present Situation durst venture to offer his hand to a reputable Person, but who if only somewhat encouraged, would wish to tie himself to America by this tender Tie for ever.\nUnder these Circumstances the Subscriber ventures to appear before Your Excellency, as the great Protector of the Arts of Peace, humbly hoping, that You perhaps will be pleased to add to Your great and good Actions yet this, to assist a young Artist whom kind Nature seems to have endowed with some Talent\u27e8s\u27e9\nso as to enable him to begin Business for himself, and to employ those Talents, for the Benefit of the Public as well as his own. The Glow of Gratitude for his great Benefactor would then only cease with his Breath, and all the Application of his Abilities would center in the Endeavour to shew the World, that your Beneficence had not been bestowed on an Object unworthy thereof. Your Excellency\u2019s Devoted humble Servant\nErnst Frederick Gayer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0266", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Moses Hazen, 16 January 1792\nFrom: Hazen, Moses\nTo: Washington, George\nJanuary 16. 1792\nTo His Excellency the President, the Honorable the Senate, and the Honorable the House of Representatives, Composing the Legislature of the United States of America.\nThe Memorial of Moses Hazen Esqr., late Brigadier General in the Army of the United States, most Respectfully Sheweth\u2014That your Memorialist did himself the Honour to direct Memorials to the Legislature of America; the former was dated on the\n25 October 1791 which Appears to have been read in the House on the 14th November following, and by them Ordered to lay on the table. The latter dated on the 15th December which has not yet been heard of.\nYour Memorialist humbly prays that the prayer of his Memorials may be complied with and your Memorialist as in duty bound shall ever pray.\nMoses Hazen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0267", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 16 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] Monday Evening [16 January 1792]\nColo. Hamilton came so late that I could only broach the subject to him\u2014He will breakfast with me at 8 Oclock\u2014at which time If you can make it convenient I should be glad of your company\u2014after which we will talk the matter over fully. Yrs\nG.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0268", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Pinckney, 16 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\n(Private) \nDear Sir,Philadelphia Jany 16th 1792\nI do myself the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 30th of November, and to express the satisfaction which I feel in finding you are disposed to go abroad in the public character which was suggested to you.\nThe Secretary of State will give you the official information of your appointment to the Court of London; and I am pleased that the public service will allow you such time as may be necessary for you to make arrangements for your passage in a pleasant & safe season of the year.\nTo a sincere desire that your exertions for the public good may be crowned with the fullest success, permit me to add my best wishes for the welfare & happiness of yourself & family, and to assure that I am\u2014with sincere regard Dear Sir Your Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0269", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 16 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia Jany 16th 1792\nMy letter, of yesterdays date, was closed, and sent to the Post Office, before it occurred to me, to enquire, whether you have taken advantage of the present frost, to store the House with\nIce. Do not neglect to have it well filled, and well pounded, as it is filling. Ice, put in whilst the weather is intensely cold, keeps better than that which is taken up in more moderate weather\u2014and still more so, than that, which is in a state of dissolution\u2014But, if you have not already embraced the present spell, you must take such as you can get, or you will probably get none; as it is not likely, that there will be a hard freezing spell, after the middle of this month. I am\u2014Yr friend &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0270", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 17 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen,\nPhiladelphia January 17th 1792.\nI have duly received your favors of January 7th & 9th\u2014am sensible of the expediency of the act of authority you have found it necessary to exercise over all the persons employed in the public works under your care, and fully approve of what you did. It has appeared, I think, that nothing less would draw their attention to a single source of authority and confine their operations to specified objects. It is certainly wise to take a view of the work to be done, the funds for carrying it on, and to employ the best instruments. Major L\u2019Enfant might be an useful one if he could be brought to reduce himself within those limits which your own responsibility obliges you to prescribe to him. At present he does not appear to be in that temper: perhaps when Mr Johnson shall arrive here, he may be able to let him see that nothing will be required but what is perfectly reconcileable to reason and to a due degree of liberty on his part.\nI will endeavour to procure the information you desire as to Mr Ellicot. With great regard & esteem I am Gentlemen Your most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0271", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fitzhugh, 17 January 1792\nFrom: Fitzhugh, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMill Mont [Calvert County, Md.] Jany 17th 1792\nAs the late unhappy miscarriage to the westward gives occasion to Expect that some troops will be speedily raised for the Continental Service permit me to recommend to you Mr David Thompson a Gentleman from Ireland\u2014He was of the Whig volunteers there & came to this Country about five years ago as a preceptor to a Gentleman\u2019s children near me & conducted Himself with prudence & propriety in that situation\u2014He has since been one of the Tutors of the College or Accademy in Alexandria where I believe He has conducted Himself with Equal reputation\u2014He now wishes to enter into a military life for which He appears to me to have a natural propensity & I believe will make a brave Soldier He is a man of Spirit & Integrity & should your Excellency think proper to Honor Him with a Commission I entertain no doubt of his distinguishing himself in that character\u2014You will I expect receive from Col. Fitzgerald & others of your acquaintance in Virginia Letters in favor of this Gentln corresponding with what I have said of him\u2014I have the Honor to Be with perfect Respect & Esteem Dear Sir Yr affecte & Oblig. Huml. Servt\nWillm Fitzhugh", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0272", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 17 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] January 17th 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to communicate to the President a letter of the 7th of January 1792 from the Collector of Alexandria, in answer to one written at the direction of the President; and also the Answer of the Collector of Boston to an enquiry in relation to the Keeper of the Lighthouse at Portland.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0273-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 17 January 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department [Philadelphia] 17th January 1792.\nI have the honor to submit to you the communications of the Cherokee chiefs and my report thereon, and also a draft of a message, which appears necessary, to the Senate on the occasion. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Sir Your most obedient and humble servant\nH. Knoxsecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0274-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Pierre L\u2019Enfant, 17 January 1792\nFrom: L\u2019Enfant, Pierre Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia January 17\u20141792\nthe approching season for renewing the work at the federal city and the Importance of progressing it so as to determine the ballance of opinion on the undertaking, to that side to which it already favorably incline, require, that Exertions should be made to Engage in it from the begining with such a degree of vigor and activity, as will disappoint the hopes of those who wish\nill to the business, and encourage the confidence of the well disposed. it become therefore necessary to call your attention on measure of most immediate moment to determine.\nKnowing you wished never to be aply\u2019d to on the subject of a business intrusted to the management of commissionares, I would decline troubling you at this moment, when other affairs must engross your time; were it not that I considere the commencement of the work next season, will be but the begining of the grand Operations of the plan & conceive a permanent organisation of sisteme for continuing all future operations to b\u27e8e\u27e9 of absolut necessity and wish it may come from you in the first instance to prevent defficulties, which (without such organisation) Will arise in the prosecution of the work, & must by interfering with the progress prove constant sources of new importunites to you.\nwishing then that matters should be determined in such manner, as may insure harmony amongst the parties concerned, and being convinced it would not be safe to rely wholy on the Exertions of the managers of the business, I Feel a diffidince from the actual state of thing to venture further in the work, unless adequate provisions are made.\nI adress to you the Inclosed Statement of work Intended with a sumary of the Expencs it will incur, from which you will easily conceive the motives of my Inquietude particularly when you will observe, at an hour so near when the work must be renewed, & from the forgoing considerations it is of the greatest importance not to Engage in it but with powerful means, Every thing yet remains to be done for Establishing aregular mode of proceeding\u2014no adequate means of supply provided\u2014no materials engaged proportional to the work to be effected, no measures taken to procure the necessary number of men to employ, the neigbourhood of the city offering no kind of resources at least none to be depended on.\nassistance wanted must therefore come from a distance the season already far advanced, the demand for such hands as might be procured, will increase in proportion as the winter passing will afford them Employement at home, materials will be dearer when an Indispensable necessity for them is Known, & provisions more difficult to obtain\u2014no time then being to be\nlost and a necessity of seeking aditional funds to those at disposal\u2014these are the considerations which lead me to demand your particular attention to the enclosed statement of work and Estimates of expences, and I solicite your concurance to the Expedient of a loan, which is offered from holland\u2014provided one or more states at the Commission or any competent individuals or compagny, will be sponsors this would at once secure a sufficient supply to engage with vigor, in the work intended for the year, & continue the plan of operations with security to the end of the year 1796.\nfrom the first moment I engaged in the business of the city I have considered this as the only mode of supplying the demand for so great an undertaking which could give certainty to \u27e8the\u27e9 plan when (submiting my opinion to you on the subject) I Endeavoured to Extend the limits of the city beyond what had first been contemplated thereby to enlarge the publick property therein, my object was not to procure an adequate suply from a Sale of lots, which I ever viewed & remain confident will prove insufficient\u2014but to obtain greater means of facilitating a loan or mortgage of part of the property. lots may be mortgaged in such situations as will never interfere with the settlement of the city but rather determine it where most essential.\nthe difficulty now is how to bring the states of Virginia & mariland (or either of them) into the measure and to obviate the doubts of procuring other security to the satisfaction of the loaner of the gross sum required\u2014other Expedient\u27e8s\u27e9 may be devised such as is proposed in the estimates, to procure at least a sufficient supply for the years operations\u2014until ameeting of the assembly of those states shall afford the means of Effecting the loan & if assurance can be given that such loan will take place, on such assurance money may be obtained in advance\u2014it is scarcely to be feared that difficulties should arise on the part of the States as the progress of the work will then afford them a stronger security, I cannot even imagine those States would have rejected the proposition at thier last session had some pains been taken to demonstrate the benefit which must result\u2014at any rate I am fully persuaded much good would have resulted from the attempt\u2014would not even a competition for the advantages which may be made to lender have insured them a benefit without disbursment or any momentary inconvenience to the\ntreasury by opening the adventurous spirit of the frinds to the establishment and existing associations to be formed on speculations tending to advance the object.\nI must acknowlege that from the Conviction of the propriety of ad[e]quate funds being established to secure a regular supply I rested satisfied that some exertions would have been made that way in the course of last season, your opinion having agreed with the foregoing idea\u2014I hoped the Commissionaires would have been active in devising some mode at least to effect a momentary loan, thier in attention to this doubtless proceeded from a misconception of the magnitude of the Objects to pursue or as I observed on a former occasion from a depreciation of the importance of the improvements being caried on the grand scale I propose\u2014thier Ideas that the means afforded by a sale of lots would be more than adequate to the object prevented them from considering that any expedient for procuring money on loan is preferable to a sale under the present inconveniency, considering the differents interest which may lead to depreciate them, this being too Evident to need any Further observation I only add that the greater progress is made in improvement the more will be enhanced the value of the publick property greatly beyond the sum expended\u2014a longer time being given to difuse proper Knowlege of the undertaking and improvements in this and other Countrys, much good will result from Evincing to the world that t\u27e8he\u27e9 means of effecting the plan depend not on the mere uncertainty of temporary supply from a Sale of lots.\nan inexhaustible resourse will be secured by postponing any large sales untill the value is so enhanced as to render them adequate to supply new demands & gradually disengage the mortgaged property [.] this will not hinder the Speculations of frindly Individuals, or prevent purchases being made, an anuel sale of few lots (how Ever limited in number) taking place will fully answer the purpose of Speculators in the success of the Establishment as in adition of publick lots Sold may be admitted some of the proprietors lots, to increase the Sale to such a number as the purchasser may desire.\nthis mode of proceeding by mutual sale would be doubly Expedient and advantageous, by more effectually interesting the proprietors to raise the value of publick property there by fixing a standart for the value of thiers, and by offering an opportunity\nof selling to advantage would induce those having large tracts to dispose of part of thier property and Enable them to improve such as they chose to reserve.\nfar from being injurious, a small sale of publick lots and the deareness of them will prove the most effectual means of defeating speculation unfrindly to the object, all sales at publick auction ought to be heigh as from this price Estimations will be made of the remaining property, and a limited sale is the surest mode to raise the value, by creating a competition, the Object of a sale must be not so much to Engage in the Interest a greater number of individuals as to prompt and insure the settlement of those parts of the city which from the combination of the plan are best calculated to reflect a reciprocity & Equality of advantage over the whole Extent\u2014therefore the propriety of determining a place of sale should be first duly considered.\nthe best mode of engaging the Interest of Speculators to a speedy improuvement will be a partial Sale Specially bending the purchaser to improve in a limited time on part of the purchase\u2014& as an Inducement offering the lots on the fellowing terms\u2014viz.\non a stipulated number of lots purchassed give one to be built upon in a certain time to be commenced in a time specified, for the price of the remainder let it be at the lowest price of the latest publick sale in the nearest place of such purchase, leaving any further advantages that may be required to be determined by the Importance of the Establish\u27e8ment\u27e9.\nin case of a foreign nation agreeing to build a Hotel for their minister\u2014it would be proper to determine the situation and Extant by the magnitude of the plan of construction intended\u2014since in consequence of some overtures I ventured to make to the ministers & residents here on that Subject, the Idea has been pleasing and some of them have already engaged to solicit the concurrence of thier courts\u2014and I conceive that ground being given to them free would prove so advantageous to the enterprise that I cannot but wish you will soon determine on the mode most proper for Enabling those Gentlemen to apply Officially to thier respectives Courts, as an early acquiescance on thier part would most powerfully give confidence to foreigner desirous of purchasing and this together with a loan to be effected as proposed would most certainly decide a pursuit of those grand \u27e8engage\u27e9ments I have Exerted Every means in my\npower to Encourag\u27e8e\u27e9\u2014but none of which will be commenced by Foreigner or Even american associations, unless some Shining progress is made in the grand work which the publick has to Effect\u2014the Continuance of that progress Evidently provided for, and the whole machine put in such motion, as will convince the frinds as well as Enemies to its success that it will be accomplished in all parts proper to Secure that superiority of advantage which the various local combinations & novelty of distribution is Intended to procure to the new City over all other now Existing.\nfull confident I am that your wish is to see the whole business conducted with that Economy which in great work consist more in a judicious Employments of time & application of objects than in the little saving\u2014where procuring a plintifulness of means may accelerate the motion & being not less sensible that your wish is not confined barely to provide accomodations for gouvernement, but Extends to effect the Establishement in a manner that Shall reflect same to the american Empire\u2014sir.\nI shall close this letter recaling your attention to the Inclosed papers requesting you will determine \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 permanent establishement for conducting the business & that you will direct the measures most Expedient to insure a proper suply.\nin contemplating this object it will be necessary to comprehend the magnitude of the work intended to reflect that it is not merely this or that object which are most necessary or ought to be undertaken first, but to considere that the objects intended have such relation with each other that they cannot be singly effected without great inconveniency and loss by a double handling of objects which a contraction of operation would make necessary. the reducing a Street being necessary to fill up other places warping or walling here or there to contribut to the advancement of the next, & so on.\nto organise a machine so complicated & insure regular action in all the parts demand coolness & Resolution\u2014& as the means provided are so wholy inadequate, it becomes more interesting to preserve those resources the publick property will afford, \u27e8thus\u27e9 I am with respectfull submission your most humble & most obeident servant\nP. C. L\u2019Enfant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0274-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure, 17 January 1792\nFrom: L\u2019Enfant, Pierre Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nPhilad\u27e8elphia\u27e9 J\u27e8anuar\u27e9y 17 1792\nOperations Intended for the ensuing season in the Federal City to which is added an Estimate of the Expenditure of one year proces & number of hands necessary.\n            Number of men\n            1st\u2003to continue clearing the Cellars & begin laying the foundation of the two principal buildings & bring these forward to such a stage as they will be safe from injury the next winter. the digers to continue afterward Employed in shaping the adjacent grounds.\n         2d\u2003planting the wall of the terrace supporting each of these building & forming the gradual assent to the Federal Square, iether of these most be rised in the mean time as the foundation of the building with which they are connected.\n            3d\u2003wharfing the bank of the potomac to form the end of the canal & from thence to dig & warf the canal up to the Federal Square. to effect this in proper season three hundred men will be required four mounths. the men to be afterwards employed at the other end of that canal on the Eastern Branche.\n            4th\u2003to Reduce the two streets on the side of the president park & gardens to a proper gradation, the Excavation of which will be wanted to fill up the warfing & bank of the Canal. two objects which must be carried in concert, for this object 10 teams will be wanted and 20 labourers.\n            5th\u2003to reduce some of the principal streets in such parts as may difuse the advantage thro the various property and bring them to the state of good turnpike Roads. two hundred men and \u27e81\u27e90 teams will be wanted.\n            6th\u2003to build three good stone bridges one over rock creek and two over the canal that over Rock creek being immediately necessary to engage in to effect a communication with the post Road & for Establishing a necessary Intercourse will Employ fifty men. Filling up the abutment & adjoigning warfs will be effected by reducing the post Road. a warf next to that bridge one near the end of the canal on the potomac & another on the East branch at the nearest communication\nwith the Federal & president Squares most be established for landing materials & for an Equal encouragement of Improvements in those parts. streets leading to these most be reduced & will serve to the warfing.\n            7th\u2003Aqueducts already begun must be continued in various places to convey the water to such places and in such quantity as will be of general use to the City. an object to be done early so as to be compleated before any material Improvement are began for which sixty men will be required.\n            8th\u2003the transporting material from the three landing places to various parts were they are to be used will employ 15 Strong teams and 10 labourers.\n            9th\u2003the quantity of brick wanted in the first Instance will Employ twenty five men & as many labourers with two teams & drivers\u2014but considering the quantity of bricks that will be necessary in prosecuting the building an Increasing number of brickmakers will be wanted after the first year.\n            10th two mills must be erected to grind & pound plaister of paris cement & clay, four horses & six men must attend these mills.\n            11th a water mill for sawing various kind of plank will be of great advantage if possible to be obtained in the vicinity but a number of sawers\u2014ten\u2014must be employed for this purpose.\n            12th tow large Scow of a particular construction for the purpose of transporting stone, of large dimentions & tow other for smaller stones most be constantly employed & will require twenty boat men.\n            13th the Exploring the stone and assisting to load the boats will require thirty labourers.\n            14th twenty stone cutters will be indispensable to work the stone for the building ten labourers must attend them and the Increasing demand of this wrought stone will require aditional number of hands the succeeding years.\n            15th as soon as the materials are collected in sufficient quantity round the buildings, which will not be before the 4th of jully, the twenty massons must be Increased to 40 with the adition of 60 labourers. that number to be Increased in proportion to the progress of the buildings.\n            16th the various kind of Iron which must be readily supplyed require that tow shops must be erected with tow fires for a master & 4 smiths with proper tools & stock.\n            17th\u2003a Weel Wright shop must also be Establish\u2019d to accomodate a proper number of hands\u2014this and the carpenters are Included in the return of number at the canal\u2014for which there will be immediate & constant Employement.\nproper s[h]ades for mixing & tempering mortar storing lime &ca being immediately wanted at each place were building is Intended.\nthere will also be wanted shades for brick making & to protect the bricks from Injury of weather shops also will be necessary for carpenters & stone cutters employed in particular work & for other various purpose which must be spedely erected & will require a vast quantity of scantling plank & boards. a yard of which must be establish to supply the constant demand for those articles.\nThe quantity of lumber that will be wanted is not possible to be stated at this early stage of the business but the magnitude of the objects that will employ that article & the immediate occasion there will be for it, in primary operations, require that contract should be formed to procure an Immediate supply of any quantity as can be obtained.\nto purchase as much of the wood as remain now standing within the limits of the City on the best terms the proprietors will agree to part with is very necessary\u2014for tho\u2019 very little of that wood is proper for construction yet most of the strait trees will answer various purposes & being properly explored\u2014firewood for burning brick for cooking & other purposes will be secured, with every facility of preserving shades here & there were usefull or ornamental (should the proprietors be willing to part with the whole it would be Economic to purchase it\u2014as it must be noticed that unless this is done, in all parts were work is carried there will be constant occasion for logs\u2014poles\u2014levers &ca\u2014and as often as this happens the impossibility of restraining from cutting down the nearest trees answerable to immediate object\nwill give occasion for captious proprietors to complain without possibility of gaving them redress[)].\nthe experience of a few months in a work so extensive which will become more and more complicated too powerfully evincing an impossibility of effecting it in strugling thro such difficulties as will constantly disapoint the best purposes while perseverance in the pursuit disregarding the little vexations of unjudicious will expose the undertaker.\nit is necessary to place under the authority of one single director all those employed in the execution, to leave him the appointment or removal of them as he being answerable for the propriety of execution must be juge of their capacity and is the only one to whom they can with any propriety be subordinate\u2014the exercise of any prepondering authority being in this respect to be restrained by the consideration that the good of the object to accomplish is only to be procured by trusting to the attention of one head who having a constant contemplation of the business will best understand the objects of primary pursuit and the connection of those objects with the whole of the plan to effect.\nP. C. L\u2019Enfant\nEstimate of the expence for Men provisions & Materials necessary for conducting the Operations in the federal City for the year 1792\n{\t36 Carpenters &\t4\t}\tForemen\n36 Mason\t4\tpr. mo.\n18 Stone cutters\t2\t\n4 Smiths\t1\t\n10 teams of 4 Oxen each\t}\t39 teams @\t30\t14040\n29 do of 3 horses\n{\t39 drivers at 10 Dolls. 2 Masters at\t20\t5160\t19200\n10 pit sawers\t10\t1200\n91\t19 boatmen at 8 dolls. 1 Master at\t15\t2004\n17 Overseers of the Labourers at\t20\t4080\n1 Commissary at 30 2 assistants at\t20\t840\t8124\n849\tLabourers\t7\t71316\nTotal of work\t119232\nSubsistence for 1070 men @ 45 dolls. yr\t48150\nforage for 39 teams\t30\t14040\nTotal of Subsistce\t62190\n            Materials\n            30,000 perch rough stones part contractd 60 cents\n            6000 pine logs for canal & warves @ 3 dolls.\n            2000 hhds Lime each 10 bushells 5\n            purchase of wood for various purposes\n            boards, plank scantlings &c.\n            for 4 large boats\n            for bellows anvils vices tools for Smiths and Iron steel grindstones nails Spikes &c.\n            Cranes Gins screws capsins takles blocks cordage tools & instruments to be used at the Quarries and at the bridges wharfs & buildings\n            for the quarry rentd 10 yrs\n            for the Quarry purchased of Mr. Brent\n            for cabins & houses erecting & to be erected\n            for transportg the workmen oxen horses from the place they are engaged\n            for 1 years provision for 50 families of mecanicks @ 50 Dolls\n            to which families lots are to be given on condition of building in certain time furniture & utensils of cooking for people\n            provision for further suply of tools & implts\n            provision for do. materials\n            General provision for contingencies\nIn the above estimates no provision is made for the compensation & subsistance of the following persons who ought to be placed on a permanent and fixed establishment\u2014viz.\n1 Director General\n2 Assistant directors or Intendants, 1 Draftsman\n1 Surveyor of the City\u20141 assistant surveyor\n1 head Carpenter\u20141 head Mason. as these 2 last must be men of eminence in their profession & the persons contemplated are in full employment in a large City a sufficient inducement must be presented them\u2014The Commissioners being apointed in virtue of a law of Congress no reference is made to any provision for their compensation or immediate Officers, and the permanent lines being on the same principle that expense may also with propriety be charged to the United States.\nAmount of funds established for erecting the federal City\n            a Grant of Virginia in 4 instalmts\n            a Grant of Maryland\u2003\u2003do\u2003\u2003\n            to this fund a Loan must be sought for\nthis provision will be sufficient for 4 Years Operations and the effect of this Expenditure will enhance the Value of Lots to such degree that a more considerable Sale may commence for paying the interest and providing for future expence securing a sufficiency for commencing instalments to redeem the principal\u2014No account is made of any proceeds of Sales prior to that period as the claims of individuals for their land taken for publick use will much exceed any probable amo. of Such Sales.\nThe preceeding Estimate of men provision & Materials is calculated from the nearest statement which can be made from the Magnitude of the various important objects to engage in & pursue with activity and equal degree of dispatch and the price is founded on the best data I could attain\u2014this estimate cannot properly be reduced consistent with the importance of the work as it may here be noted that there is a necessity as well as an advantage in commencing each of the Objects at once[.] however as method & Sistem are absolutely necessary to be established in every branch of Employmt\u2014considering that the whole number of men wanted cannot be collected so soon as could be desired, in adition a wish to diminish as much as possible the necessary demand for other funds than those Obtained\u2014these considerations have induced to confine the Requisitions for the present Year to the smallest possible numbers as in the followg Estimates leaving the increase of Numbers to be regulated by the state of funds as no inconveniency will result from increasing gradually a smaler to a greater number.\n            Reduced Estimate\n            27 Carpenters including\n            18 Stonecutters\n            23 Brickmakers\n            20 Boatmen includg 1 Master @ 8\u2014& 15\u2014\n            20 team Drivers at 10\u2014& 1 Master 20\n            1 Commissary @ 30\u20142 deputies @ 20 each\n            7 Overseers of the Labourers @ 20\n            Labourers\n            10 teams Oxen 4 each\n            10 teams horses 3 each\n            forage & provender for 20 teams @ 30 ms.\n            Subsistence for 511 Men @ 121 m pr year 4433\nN.B. this is calculated from beef at 7 Dolls. Pork @ 12\u2014flour at 4\u2014corn at 2\u00bd\u2014spirit at 50 cents galln & proportd by the followg alowance 1 lb. beef or pork 1 lb. flour \u00bd lb. corn meal \u00bd pint spirit pr day & 2 oz. ea. chocolate sugar Butter 4 oz. Soap 1 lb. Rice pr week.\n            Materials\n            24000 perch Rough Stone for bridges & buildings @ 60 cents\n            Wood for various purposes\n            for boards plank scantlings\n            for 3 large Boats for transportg stone with sail mast &c.\n            for Bellow anvils &c. tools for Smiths Iron & steel Nails spikes Grindstones irons for carts &c.\n            Cranes Gins screws blocks tackles cordage &c.\n            the purchase of Brents Quarry\n            the other quarry rented for 10 years @\n            the Cabins erecting\n            for transporting the men & teams from the place they are obtained\n            for furniture & utensils of cooking for people\n            for provisions for 20 Mecanicks families 1 yr @ 50\n            to which families, lots may be given on condition of buildg\n            for additional teams drivers & forage\n            for contingencies that no Obstruction or delay may be occasioned in the Operations\nNo provision for the principal Conductors of the Operations is included in the above.\n            Amount of Resources which may be apply\u2019d to this Requisition\n            2 first paymts of Lots sold last Octr. abo.\n            2 first installments of Virga grant due Jany 93\n            2 first installments of Maryld do\n            expences paid last year to be deducted (say)\n            provision for the Requisition\n            remains unprovided\n            1793 Requisition for 1000 Men &c.\n            at 5 pr Ct one Years interest of the 75000\n            provided by 3d paymt Grants & Sale\n            Ballance unprovided\n            1794 Yearly requisition\n            provided by last paymt grants &c.\n            Unprovided\n            1795 Yearly Requisition\n            Amo. unprovided\n            1796 Yearly Requisition\n            Total of funds to be provided for continuing the Operations to the close of the year 1796\u2014\nafter which sales of Lots may be made on a larger scale sufficient for the future Requisitions and to admit of an anual deduction\nto repay the Loan\u2014in the interim a Sale to be made yearly by publick auction not to exceed 100 Lots a year in different parts of the City to be appropriated for the payment of the ground taken from several proprietors for the publick use (and beyond that number the proprietors might be admitted to increase the Sales from their property if their should be demand for greater sales)\u2014liberty being given for private Sales to any purchasers who will be under bonds to build in a given time and Manner, to whom advantageous terms may be offered.\nTo obtain the Loan required, to any State which will become Sponsors for the Loan let 3 fourths of the publick lots be Mortgaged in such parts of the city as shall not check the sales in those parts more necessary to be speedily settled.\nA Loan of one Million dollars may be obtained for 20 Years at 5 pr Cent to be reimbursed by 10 installments the 1st to begin in 10 years or the reimbursement may begin after 5 Years provided notice of such intention be given 6 months previous and not less than 100000 Dolls. reimbursd at one time\u2014but as this loan must be made in gross it is necessary to know what may be done with the money to save the interest of such parts as will not be immediately wanted for the City and so that it may be immediately commanded from time to time when the Object shall require it. one Object presents which is the funded paper of the United States this property can at any time be sold and if there is a probability of considerable rise of that property it may perhaps afford some profit so as to reduce the interest\u2014another and perhaps a better expedient would be to place the money with the Secretary of the Treasury for publick use at the same rate as the loan is Obtained, to be drawn from that department in certain sums at stated periods\u2014this perhaps may be a mutual convenience, and it will establish the provision for the city from the risque of a possible depreciation of paper\u2014by this arangement the interest of the City will be best secured and the States of Virginia & Maryland to which the loan will be\u2014should provide each for the payment of 25000 Dolls. annually for the interest of the loan, and if no other means of indemnification can be found a cession of Lots must be made to them\u2014this being most disadvantageous to the City it is even \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 to pay the interest out of the Capital\u2014but as the \u27e8mutilated\u27e9rest will gradually diminish \u27e8a\u27e9fter the 1st ten y\u27e8mutilated\u27e9d perhaps after 6 years) the Sponsors may have the apropriation of one Quarter the proceeds of\nall publick Sales the remaining 3 quarters being appropriated to reduce the Capital and for continuing the work the sales to be proportionally augmented It is to be remarked tht the expenditure of only one half the loan required will give such a decided establishment to the City that the appropriations will be ample security for sums to a much greater extent than what is now required, after the Government shall take possession of the City it will become interested to provide a Sufficient supply for disengaging the publick property and forwarding the compleat acomplishment of all important Objects which may be in good train.\nNo prospect of settlement is to be expected from the public sales therefore results the propriety of limiting them, and the last sale is a proof there being no prospect of any building but the intention of two handsome squares frustrated which \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 an important diagonal subverted from that improvement which would have been a great aid to the City, this is the result of the first attempt at publick sale.\nShould difficulties arise of effecting the proposed loan previous to the next meeting of the Assemblys of Virginia and Maryland and reduce the expectation to a state of uncertainty till that period (which it is to be hope\u2019d will not be the case even if a cession of some lots or other reasonable compensation is made to a state\u2014company or contractor for negotiating the business) stil a loan might be effected for the deficient sum of next Years estimate, by pledging the residue of the grants of the two states; or by some operation with the bank of the United States, and this Anticipation would be better than to suffer a confinement of Operations in the Aproaching season as on the activity of the process then (by giving a \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 first impression) will depend in a great measure the \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 of the Establish\u27e8ment\u27e9, it is of importance to progress the work with decided vigor, to give confidence to those who are disposed to adventure in purchase, to prompt the well disposed to exert their means in improvement, & defeat the hopes of the ill intentioned in evincing, that the means of effecting the undertaking depend not merely on the uncertainty of suply from a temporary sale of property\u2014and it is to be observed that a prodigal disposal of the property at an early stage of the business would undoubtedly work a disipation of the means very detrimental to the attainment of the Grand Object.\nP. C. L\u2019Enfant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0275", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Maxwell, 17 January 1792\nFrom: Maxwell, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNewton [England] Jany 17th 1792\nI am in great Straits to know what is Becom\u2019d of a Brother of mine that came to America And Settled their before the Commotion of the war I was inform\u2019d that he was an Officer in the American Service under your Honours Command His Name is William Maxwell, I have bean Inform\u2019d by one Thos Hodgon that he died in new Providence and left a Daughter the rest of the Famley was all Dead and she has a Property In North Carolina, but where it was he could Not inform me Sir If your Honour Pleas to Inform me of what is b[e]com\u2019d of him and the Famley I would ever wish for your Honour Your Humble & most Obedient Servent\nThos Maxwell\nSir if you Pleas to Direct to Thos Maxwell at Newton nigh Hexham Northumberland in England.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0276", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 18 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] Wednesday 18th Jany 1792\nThe conduct of Majr L\u2019Enfant and those employed under him, astonishes me beyond measure! and something more than even appears, must be meant by them! When you are at leisure I should be glad to have a further conversation with you on this subject. Yrs sincerely & Affectionately\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0277", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 18 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate.\nUnited States [Philadelphia], January the 18th 1792.\nI lay before you the communications of a deputation from the Cherokee Nation of Indians now in this City.\nAnd I request your advice, whether an additional Article shall be made to the Cherokee treaty, to the following effect\u2014to wit.\nThat the sum to be paid annually by the United States to the Cherokee nation of Indians, in consideration of the relinquishment of lands, as stated in the treaty made with them on the second day of July 1791, shall be one thousand five hundred dollars, instead of one thousand dollars, mentioned in the said Treaty.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0281", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anonymous, 20 January 1792\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[c.20 January 1792]\nYour knowledge of the world makes it hardly necessary for me to remind you how difficult it is to dislodge a cunning bad man when he has once got possession of the heart of a great & good one. The strongest evidence of this fact is derived from the history of Princes. Be not offended at my mentioning Tiberius. There is no similitude between your characters. He, a brutal Tyrant. You possessed, & most deservedly so, of the affections of a grateful people. There is however a strong resemblance between his favorite Sejanus, & your Secretary of State. Examine the page of the Historian, & do not imagine the comparison because odious, is untrue. Your political death is all that is desired by the latter, & nothing in his power to accomplish it is left unattempted. If he succeeds in inspiring you with disgust against the Senate, the business will be more than half finished. The Public in spite of his endeavours to establish a contrary opinion, revere that body & consider it as the bulwark of the Constitution. The affections of the Senate towards you, as I mentioned in my last letter approach almost to adoration. This is founded on a conviction of your patriotism & other virtues. Should they find that notwithstanding what has been done to intimate to you their dissatisfaction in the politest manner in their power, you should persist in treating them as Cyphers intended only to be burthened\nwith responsibility without a right of requiring information for the purpose of exercising their judgment, they will be offended & their affections will be alienated from you Disgust will produce disgust. Your feelings will likewise be wounded & possibly you may retire at the expiration of your four years. Consider what the consequences may be, should what I have stated really happen. There is not a man of honor or knowledge in the united states who would not consider your retirement in disgust as one of the greatest misfortunes that could befall this Country\u2014& I believe the very existence of the Govt would be in the most imminent danger. That beautiful fabrick, purchased with so much blood, the possession of wch you have so eminently contributed to obtain for us would probably be crumbled to dust. In such a public calamity the annihilation of all hopes of realizing our wishes respecting the federal City must be considered among the least of our disappointments. These misfortunes you have the power of preventing. Treat the Senate with that consideration wch is contemplated by the Constitution, & wch is due to their Station. It is of very great importance to the Country that they should be selected from among the first characters & much depends upon you whether such will accept of the appointmts.\nYour hungry Cassius, wth his cunning little friend are endeavoring to prevent it. Forgive me ancient Cassius for comparing you with this Man! It is true you carried a dagger under your cloak to be Employed against your benefactor in whose favor you were accustomed to smile, & whose confidence by your hypocricy you had obtained. But while you were Governor of a Province you were not the first man to betake yourself to flight at the approach of an Enemy. I consider it as essential to the tranquillity & happiness of this Country, not only that each part of the Govt should possess the right assigned to it by the Constitution, but also that the people should believe that such rights are wisely placed for the public good. Your S. of S. never loses an opportunity of promulgating doctrines of a different tendency. In his opinion the Senate ought to be deprived, by what he calls an amendment of the Constitution, of every thing except their legislative vote\u2014and even that he says appears doubtful to him & to his little friend, since the French in their new Constitution have proved that the dangers to be apprehended from a single branch of the Legislature are unfounded & chimerical.\nSuch doctrines will create disquietude among the people & to\npropagate them is highly criminal in the S. of S., & highly dangerous in the confidential Counsellor of the chief Magistrate of this Country. Do you require evidence of this? Recollect yourself. You know, & I believe I know that you stand in need of none. Perhaps however you may think the disclosure of his sentiments to you has been confidential & that his prudence & discretion in wch he affects to imitate you restrain him from chattering on the subject abroad. Should you think so I wish you to learn from Mr Gerry & Mr FitzSimons what the opinions were respecting the Senate that the Secretary of State delivered at his own table wth his usual gravity & solemnity on Tuesday the 3d of this month. Those gentlemen to my knowledge have declared that Mr Jeffersons conversation had a direct tendency to make the Senate odious to the Public. They say that they pretended to agree in opinion wth him to find how far he would go. Nobody can form a better judgmt than yourself what mischief to our new Govt such proceedg may produce. The coldness wch now subsists between the Senate & the Minister of France affords an excellt opportunity to the Secretary of State to shew his hatred of the Senate. Mr Ternant certainly acts by the advice of Mr Jefferson. Do you think it will produce any advantage to the Government if the Senate should be humbled, as the Secrety of State has been pleased to express himself? One word from you wd set that matter to rights. The Senate, I am told, have requested it of you. Do not refuse them your assistance.\nYou think that a regular, disciplined, military force is proper for the defence of this Country. Every man who understands the interest of this Country, thinks so too. When you ask the opinion of the S. of S., he affects great humility, & says he is not a judge of military matters. Behind your back he reviles with the greatest asperity your military measures, & ridicules the idea of employing any regular Troops. Militia he says ought alone to be depended on. By such artifices he renders your proceedings odious to a considerable number of the ignorant part of the community. His doctrines are strongly supported by his cunning little friend Madison, & by the Atty General, who has received a long Letter from his brother in law Colonel Nicholas in Kentucky, containing the severest strictures upon the military arrangemts & laying down a plan for committing the defence of the Country entirely to the militia of Kentucky. This plan the Atty General has communicated to all companies, & praised wherever he expected\nhis praise could produce the desired effect. These are melancholy truths, & such as you ought to be acquainted wth And yet from yr situation, you perhaps are the last man likely to possess the knowledge of facts wch materially affect yr own private happiness, as well as that of the Public. It was a very unfortunate day for you, & also for the Public, when you determined to remove Mr Jefferson from France, & place him in the Office he now fills. Your late appointment to that Kingdom has given general dissatisfaction, & disgust. All men are liable to commit mistakes: few only have magnanimity enough to correct them when they are discovered. I know you to be virtuous & magnanimous. Hasten therefore to correct the errors wch you have committed. Displace the impudent, obscene, unworthy character on whom you have lately drawn the public attention, & let Mr Jefferson return to France. There he can do but little harm. Here, by his Absurd democractical opinions, wch are dangerous to the very existence of all Government, by his pride, ambition, & jealousy of the superior abilities of the Secretary of the Treasury, he is sapping the foundations of that of the United States. It is true that one Atheist will thus displace another. You now have two in Offi\u27e8ce.\u27e9 One of them has every vice except that of hypocricy, & in all societies where any regard is had to morality, or even decency of manners, is truly intolerable. The Senate have hurt themselves in the public opinion by carrying their delicacy towards you so far as not to reject that nomination. It is improper for you to know at present who I am. Whether I am a Member of the Legislature, an Officer of the Governmt, or a private Citizen is of no importance. The time may come, I hope it will come, when I may wth confidence speak to you on the subject of this Letter, & obtain from you an acknowledgmt of that regard wch my affection for you entitles me to. May God, in whom I believe, & whom \u27e8I\u27e9 adore bless & preserve you. And may he dispose yr heart to receive favourably what I have written, that yr own happiness, & that of the Country whose chief Magistrate you are may be promoted by it. Amen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0282", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Shearjashub Bourne, 20 January 1792\nFrom: Bourne, Shearjashub\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhilada jany 20th 1792\nUnderstanding that it is acceptable to you, to receive information upon the merits of Candidates to Office, through the Medium of the Representatives in Congress; And as the Bill for the Establishment of a Mint, will render necessary some Appointments; I beg leave to present to your Notice Mr Silvanus Bourne late Consul for St Domingo as a Candidate for the place of Treasurer in that Department, whose peculiar situation hath impressed me with a Desire of rendering him my friendship as far as Comports with my publick duty: In my acquaintance with Mr Bourne for many years, I have found him to be a Gentleman of Strict integrity & prudence, and by the exercise of those Virtues to have conciliated the Esteem & confidence of his Fellow Citizens, his Abilities add to the conclusion, that he has not misimproved the Advantages of a liberal Education: He was drawn from his pursuit of the Study of the Laws (for which he was designed) by the Decease of his Father, in Order (if possible) to Save his Estate from the Ruin in which the late War had involved it, but this was not retrievable by his Utmost prudence & assiduity from a loss of \u00a3\u27e81\u27e90,000 ariseing from those incidents which a Civil War ever produces.\nIn regard to his Specific Abilities for Exerciseing the Duties of the Office above-mentioned, I would Observe, that he was for some time after he Graduated at Cambridge, in the Compting House of a Respectable Merchant, and has in conducting his own Mercantile affairs been found attentive, methodical & correct, & his knowledge of Accounts has been approved of by frequent Calls to Arbitrate & decide important Cases in that line.\nMr Bournes connections by his Fathers marriage are among the most respectable in the State of Massachusetts, and his Patrimonial expectations (tho\u2019 once very flattering) were destroyed by the Causes before alluded to, an Event Also enhancing his relative Obligations his regard to which, are among the favourable traits of his Character. In perfect Respect I have the honor to be Sir Your Most hble Servant,\nShearjashub Bourne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0283", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 21 January 1792\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeorge Town [Md.] 21st Jany 1792\nAfter seeing things settled here as we thought the 10th of this Month, we left this place the Eleventh, we were again summoned by express and brought together last Tuesday. for Mr Roberdeau had the day after we left George Town collected hands, resumed digging of the Foundation of the Capitol\u2014The severity of the season has prevented our visiting the spot more than once: when Mr Roberdeau avoued, as he has done in other conversations, his determination, to execute Majr L\u2019Enfant\u2019s orders in opposition to ours\u2014we had great Patience with this Young man who is probably led by orders and a weak head and forbore measures for punishment till after the arrival of last nights Post, by which we received your Letter of the 17th thinking it likely, Letters from his principal, might induce him to desist\u2014He has received Letters as he tells Mr Gantt, from Majr LEnfant, and since his receipt of them he holds it necessary for his Justification to submit to an Arrest, which has taken place\u2014He also mentioned his being directed to desire the Commissrs not to have any Clay turned up for Bricks at the Palace\u2014Passing by the designed manner of intercourse, it is strange that the work was proper, and as such, ordered by Majr LEnfant, but as soon as desired by the Commissioners in the same spot where the surface was cleared for the purpose it becomes improper and ought to be relinquished\u2014It affords little prospect of being able, by sacrifices\nof our feelings to conduct business with him\u2014and we wish the Plate finished\u2014The Difficulty of having to do with such a Temper is enough, it is increased by Addition of Volunteers and what is no uncommon effect of such a Spirit the circulation of infamous Falshoods, to the prejudice of our Characters, we have not, nor shall have the satisfaction of tracing them to their Authors\u2014We intended to have written to the Majr respecting the extraordinary conduct of his Deputy, and the Strange Impressions, he is under of his being independant of the Commissioners but have thought proper since the receipt of your Letter to leave it to Mr Johnson to converse with you on the subject when he arrives in Philadelphia. We are &c.\nTho. Johnson\nDd Stewart\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0284", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 21 January 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n  Philadelphia, Saturday Evening, 21 Jan. 1792. Please submit the enclosed to the president; \u201cI suspect the letter signed by the Cornplanter to have been written by the Mr Baldwin therein named.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0285", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 21 January 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia January 21. 1792\nBy the papers, which I have now the honor of returning to you, a wish seems to be expressed, that the President should recommend to congress a digest of federal law, the appointment of one person only to such a service, and the selection of the author of those papers for that work.\nWhether at a future day, when congress shall appear to have neglected or slumbered over, the subject, it may be expedient to rekindle their attention by a special recommendation, I pretend not to foresee. But at present it may be affirmed, that the house of representatives possess, in the four last paragraphs of the notes to the report on the judicial system, an unequivocal suggestion of this very point. I therefore take the liberty of referring you to them.\nThe suggestion indeed, having come from a quarter, which affects no title to the deference of that body, would undoubtedly be enforced by the solicitude of the executive. But I have greatly erred, if I do not discover one characteristic of its conduct to be, not to throw any weight of personal or official character into measures, when no crisis demands it. If then the judicial system shall ever be revised, a f\u0153deral code will stand prominent to view. If the judicial system shall not be revised, the f\u0153deral code itself, as speaking more feebly to the particular interests and feelings of the house, can hardly expect to be more kindly treated. In the midst of the agitations, which have been or will be produced by deliverations on the war, the excise, the fisheries, manufactures, the trade with Great Britain, the regulations of a mint, the militia, and many other topics of an animating cast, it will probably be asked, what peculiar and immediate urgency has the President remarked, for inviting congress to this abstract inquiry? Is there any danger of the two branches of the legislature, forgetting it, if it be important especially as it is their direct duty to originate proposals for establishing or amending any system of laws?\nIf with a recommendation to this affect, another should be united, that a single person should execute the work, some uncommon sensations of surprize may be created. To qualify that single person, he ought to be accurately versed in the legislation and jurisprudence of every state. Nay I am not certain, that he ought not to know the very prejudices of each state. For it will not be enough to draw a line of partition between the f\u0153deral and state governments, without having some regard to the temper of the latter. The necessary information can be contributed only by a number of able men, differently situated in the United States. These men can be found and perhaps their reluctance may be overcome, and they may be induced to divide the Herculean task among them. But even with a division of the responsibility they ought to be diffident.\nShould it, however, be thought adviseable, that the project should be now favored by a special communication from the President and that a single person should be preferred, I certainly shall add nothing concerning any gentleman, who may be so happy, as to enjoy the highly valuable endowments, requisite for the fulfilment of the trust. But may it not be seriously apprehended, that the employment of a judge in such a business, will excite a jealousy among those of his associates, who will not acknowledge their inferiority? Will it not warp him in all his decisions to those interpretations, which he may have given of the constitution? May he not rather lean, in his judgments, more to what he recollects to have been his intention in drawing a law, than obey the settled rules of construction?\nAnd who can say, let him be a judge, or what he will, that the glossary or comment which he alone shall furnish, may not, insensibly and contrary to his own honest mind, be tinctured with party views?\nUpon the whole, altho\u2019 I believe, that the digest will sooner or later be attempted; yet am I sure that the legislature will not cordially patronize it, until its necessity shall be more obvious.\nI intended to have waited on you personally with this letter. But having been detained in court during the whole week, I was unable to do so. I have the honor, sir, to be with a sincere and affectionate attachment and respect yr mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0287", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 22 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nMy dear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] Sunday morning 22d Jany [17]92\nUpon reflection, I think it best that no mention should be made of the probability that the characters we run over yesterday will be nominated as General Officers (in case the Bill shall pass)\u2014and, if you have disclosed the matter to Mr M\u2014\u2014or any one else, that secrecy may be enjoined as to the Men, not the numr.\nIn the embryo state of this business it might (especially as it respects the first in command) and more than probably wd, excite jealousy & discontent; and possibly opposition from quarters that, at present, give it support. In truth, there are so many combinations necessary, and so many circumstances to be attended to, that it will be better, I conceive, to hear the opinion of others\nthan to disclose our own, until the Bill shall pass & the hour for it is come. Yours sincerely\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0288", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 22 January 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Philadelphia] Sunday Morning 22 Jany 1792\nI have not, and shall not lisp the characters mentioned yesterday to any mortal but observe the usual discrtn. Genl St Clair has arrived, I have not seen him but shall this morng. I am sir with perfect respet Your most obedt Sert\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0289", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lafayette, 22 January 1792\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Washington, George\nHead Quarters Metz [France] January the 22d 1792\nMy dear General\nThis is a Very different date from that Which Had Announced to You My Return to the Sweets of Private life, a Situation Hitherto Not very familiar to me, But Which I, after fifteen Revolutionary Years, I Had Become Quite fit to Enjoy\u2014I Have Given You an Account of the Quiete, and Rural Mode of Living I Had Adopted, in the Mountains Where I was Born, Having there a Good House, and a Late Mannor Now Unlorded into a Large farm, with an English Overseer for My Instruction, I felt Myself Very Happy Among My Neighbours, No More Vassals to me, Nor Any Body, and Had Given to My Wife and Rising family the only Quiete Weecks they Had for a long time\u2014When the threats, and Mad preparations of the Refugees, and still more the Countinance they Had obtained in the dominions of our Neighbours Induced the National Assembly and the king to Adopt a More Vigourous System than Had Hitherto Been the Case.\nThree Armies were formed\u2014fifty thousand Men each on paper the Right and left ones Under Luckner and Rochambeau, that on the Center Under me. I Had Refused Every Public Emplo\u00efement that Had Been offered By the people, and still more Had I denied My Consent to My Being Appointed to Any Military Command\u2014But When I saw our liberties and Constitution were seriously threatened and My Services Could be Usefully Emplo\u00efed in fighting for our old Cause, I Could no More Resist the Wishes of My Country Men, and as soon as the King\u2019s Express Reached My farm I set our for Paris, from thence for this place, and dont think it Uninteresting for You, My dear General, to Add that I was Every where on the Road Most Affectionately welcomed.\nNow the Surrounding German Princes Have Submitted to dismiss Every Armed Corps of Refugees, to forbid Every Recruiting,\nCollecting, Equipping our Noble deserters, so that the poor fellows are Hunted By our Ambassadors from petty Courts to other Petty Courts\u2014to Cut Short to Which, a formal Application will Be Made to the Emperor and diet of the Empire at Ratisbonne.\nMonsieur the King\u2019s Brother Has Been Constitutionally divested from His Right to Regency\u2014So will the Younger Brother\u2014they as well as Prince Condi and some others are to Be tried for their life (in their Absence) Before a National Court\u2014Indeed Measures Have Been Heaped, and Rather Hurried to throw them out.\nBut the Most important Part of our Business is to know what Part the Great Powers of Europe Will act\u2014that Every one Of them Hates us is obvious\u2014But Notwithstanding they would Crush us to Pieces, they are Affraid to touch us, least their Subjects Catch What they Call the french Evil\u2014We Have Boldly Asked the Emperor for a Cathegorick Answer By the 10th of february\u2014a Bill Has passed with the Sanction of the King, declaring it infamy, and High treason to listen to the Proposal of Any Alteration WhatSoever, Any Negociation With Respect to the Principles and letter of the Constitutional act.\nThe Army I Command Will of Course be the first to Act. I am to Have twenty thousand Men to Garrison the frontiers from Montmedy to Bitche, and thirty thousand to take the field\u2014I do not Hope to Come up at first Quite to those Numbers. But in Case I want Reinforcements, the National Guards Will Help me\u2014I Will Send You an Exact Return of My Army when it is finally Arranged, for I Alwa\u00efs Consider Myself, my dear general, as one of Your lieutenants on a detached Command.\nThe Regular Regiments are Short of their Complement\u2014the Volonteer Bata\u00efllons do Very Well in General, the Soldiers and Noncommissioned officers of the Army are Patriots But want discipline\u2014a third part of the officers are good\u2014an Other third Gone\u2014the Remainder Very ill affected, and Will Soon I Hope go out\u2014they are tolerably well Reimplaced\u2014We Want General officers Most of them Being tories\u2014I am going, and am the only one Whose Popularity Can Stand it, to establish, in Spite of the Clubs, and jacobine Clamours, a Most severe discipline, and I think the army afterwards will do Pretty Well.\nM. d\u2019orleans Can not Recover Himself from the Muddy\nSwamp into which I have Kicked Him By the Middle of October 1789\u2014and Whatever Happens to all Around Him, He Hardly Can Raise His Head Above the dirty Heap which Entangles Him on Every Side.\nAdieu, My Beloved General, Remember me Most Respectfully to Mrs Washington\u2014My Best Compliments wait on Hamilton, Knox, Jefferson, jay, Major Washington, Cokran, and all other friends\u2014with Respectfully and filial love I am my dear general Your affectionate and dutiful friend\nLafayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0290", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 22 January 1792\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nHonrd Sir\nMount Vernon Jany 22d 1792\nI informd you in my Letter of the 15th of finding Your Letter of the 8th Lost by Will, and answered some parts of it, particularly that of the Mules. I have farther to add that the reason of those not being reported at ferry was that I still lookd on them as Mansion House Stock & as to my not Mentioning there removal by Letter I thought Major Washington might have done it as they was put there before he left Mount Vernon. Likewise the six Mules you was pleasd to order put in the Stables was put in before he left home. I should be sorry to be thought negligent in Giving Your Excellency every information which I thought you would wish to [be] informd of, but as the above happend before I had the Honor of Writing to you I could not think of Mentioning it and hope to be excusd. I saw Col. Little before I left Town Last Monday & Likewise Mr Bushrod Washington. Coln. Little promised to Give Mr Washington the particular facts in writing which was to have been sent him Last Wednesday Mr Washington aquitted me of any farther interference respecting the matter as he himself saw & discoursd with Coln. Little I Receivd Your Letter of the 15th, And with respect to the Wheat believe not one field will suffer for want of drains N. 6 Dogue run the most likely field was as well draind as could be\u2014The want of a Mixture of sand in the soil Occasions it to thro out in Winter\u2014The frequent thaws which happen & then again freezing seems to be the Occasion of it. This chiefly happens in March, it freezes in the night & thaws in day. I have seen Isicles raisd in the Night Consisting of Earth & water, Over the Whole Surface & thaw in the Course of the day This frequently happening at this Season throws out the Wheat. This does not happen where the soil is Sandy\u2014The Wheat has been well covered with Snow since the 8 instant & lightly since the 5th is now 18 inches thick in most places\u2014The wind blew very hard Last Wednesday night & Thursday Morning & has drifted the snow very much & I was fearfull would have left the Wheat naked at places but the Snow being thick it is not the Case it now Snows & has done I believe since Yesterday Noon\u2014I have not yet sown any Grass seed but shall before the Snow Goes away. it is now so deep a person could not walk in it\u2014Some Oats will be sown next Spring\nbut as they may be purchasd Cheaper than raisd I should not wish to put in a very extensive Crop\u2014Shall Grub the Old Clover Lot as soon as the Weather will permit & Could wish to make some alteration in the Pine Clumps I wish to make them Circular which will Lessen them a little and leave a Larger space between them which is wanting as they now appear too natural\u2014Shall likewise plant Ever Greens in Young Clover Lot as well as brick Yard Lot as soon as weather will admit of it & take them up with a block of Earth as directed. The South line of the Visto will be Continued untill it comes into the Mill Road\u2014in My last I signified a desire of continuing it on to Muddy hole Branch & still think it will look well\u2014The Thorn hedge at River Plantn I informd Major Washington my intention of plashing it next Spring but how it will be performd I hardly know for unless I Could be constantly there the Negros will never do it as it Ought. it might be made an excellent fence but to do that requires one of the best Judges. not many English who have been usd to this sort of Work would know how to Go about it, the reason is it has stood too long & is Old & Stubborn. If a hand Could be met with aquainted with this work it would pay well to employ him as that fence if in Order is very Valuable it will require a Great deal of Labor to do it as it should be\u2014If any thing can be done with the Cedars it will be attended to, As will the putting up 10 Young Shoots as directed.\nI sent Yesterday for Docr Craik who promised to Come down this Day but the Weather being very bad has I Guess prevented him. I sent him Becks Case as near as I was able & he sent some Medicine I am fearful She will not recover. Isaacs two Girls Mima & Ally are a little better Delia Frenchs & Doll at Ferry Continue very poorly And a Great many children are very bad with the Hooping Cough at every Qu[arte]r. I have endeavord to expose the hands as little as possible this Cold spell & deep Snow. But Ice we have been Getting all this week & have very near filld the house it has been a fine time for this Jobb & I have had it well Rammd & pounded as fine as Snow, which has Occasiond our being so long in filling it. The Getting wood has likewise been an essential Jobb as well as feeding Stock of Every kind, We now find the advantage of having potatoes & turnips nothing but raising so large a quantity of these could have saved the Stock from Death, more particularly if this Weather should Continue long.\nwhat those will do that has not taken that precaution I know not, as provender is I believe Scarce almost every Where in this Country from the Summers Drought. I have this morning had the young Mules brought up to the Mansion House Stable, it being the best place for them The Brood mares & mules except the six before mentioned are at the Ferry Barn Sheds. Crows Cattle are in his farm Pen in N. 2 The Jennies are likewise at Mansion house well taken care of\u2014They have likewise Good farm pens at every Qur so that I hope we shall keep our Stock thro Winter without much Loss; The present appearence of winter looks unfavorable I mean for Stock & Land the Ground has been covered with Snow since the 5 Instant a Longer time than I ever knew it since I have been in this Country. it is now abt 4 O Clock Snowing very fast & the Ground all over 15 or 18 inches deep nothing can be done but Getting wood & that with difficulty\u2014however that being a necessary Article must set all hands at it to Morrow Morning.\nI have been Considering what will be the best Method to expedite the Getting the Wheat into the Mill after harvest or into the Granarys the Method now in practice is a very tedious one and will by no means answer the wish I have of Getting it in with the utmost dispatch I mean that of making use of Hogsheads The Measuring in & out will take too Much time for a Cart (with the distance they may probably have to Go) to take it from the floors as fast as it is Got out, & if this is not done the Loss of its Lying all night on the floors is in my Opinion very Great\u2014I have been informd by Major Washington & Mr Packett there was a Great Number of Bags some time before I came to Mansion but they had been Stole by the Negroes & Otherwise Lost this I know will be the Case without they are Sufficiently markd on both sides I have been thinking that small Tubbs made strong to hold abt 2 bushs two or three of them just to fitt the bottom of a Cart might do if each plantn Was supplyd with a sufficient Number. or Coarse Sacking of European Manufacture (which a Negroe Could not mend his Cloaths with without a discovery) might answer, these made up to hold only two bushs. would be very Convenient it might be bought by the piece at abt 1 shill. \u214c Yard 2\u00bc Yards makes a bag. these are what I made use of in Maryland & by marking them fully on both sides I Could very easy keep them. If you Sir should think proper to direct either it is a Good time\nto Make them, if Sacking I could Get them made by the women abt house And if Tubs I Could Order the Coopers to make them at there Leisure. I am Honrd Sir Your Obdt & Very Hble Servt\nA. Whitting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0291", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\n[Philadelphia] Treasury Deparment January 23d 1792.\nI have the honor to submit the draft of a Report, pursuant to an Order of the House of Representatives of the first day of November last; and to be With the highest respect & most faithful Attachment, Sir, Your Most Obedient & hble Servant\nAlex: Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0292", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Hardie, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Hardie, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia 23d of January 1792\nA Copy of a Latin grammar, published by me some time ago accompanies this letter.\nAs it only treats of the first elements of learning, it can be of no use to you; the perusal of it may however, be of some little advantage to your Grandson.\nCould I in a more suitable manner testify my respect for one, who on account of his many & superiour virtues, is by all deservedly named the Father of his Country, & who by the unanimous\nvote of a free people, has been raised to the office of their first Magistrate, I could be happy.\nAs I can give no better, I hope, You will accept of this as a testimony of the profound esteem, with which I am Sir Your most humble Sert\nJames Hardie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0293", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nUnited States, [Philadelphia] January 23d 1792.\nGentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives    \nHaving received from the Governor of Virginia a letter, enclosing a Resolution of the General Assembly of that State, and a Report of a Committee of the House of Delegates, respecting certain lands located by the Officers and Soldiers, of the Virginia line under the laws of that State, and since ceded to the Chickasaw Indians, I lay copies of the same before you; together with a Report of the Secretary of State on this subject.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0294", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Wilson, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Wilson, James\n(Private) \nDear Sir,Philadelphia, January 23d 1792.    \nYour goodness will, I am persuaded, excuse my not giving an earlier consideration to the subject which you presented to my view in your letter of the 31st ultimo.\nA variety of occurences\u2014some of them not very pleasing\u2014have happened since that period, to absorb my attention.\nMy opinion with respect to the advantages which would result from such a digest of Laws as was suggested by you, is the same now it was at the time we conversed on the expediency of drawing a line between the powers of the General and State governments, with a view to avoid those evils which otherwise might result from a contention. But from the best consideration my leisure has enabled me to bestow on the subject, I question much whether the time is yet arrived\u2014the necessity so generally apparent\u2014or the temper of Congress so well framed for these things, as to render such a proposition acceptable. And I doubt still more, whether at any time, its coming from the Executive would be the most auspicious mode of bringing it forward; as it might be construed into an implication of want of discernment in that body to foresee the utility, or of abilities to execute or to direct a measure of so much importance. I am, with very great esteem and regard, Dear Sir, Your obedt Servant,\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0296-0003", "content": "Title: II: From Alexander Hamilton, c.25 Jan. 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, c.25 January 1792]\nMr Hamilton presents his respects to the President & submits the following alterations in the Letter.\ninstead of \u201cI shall be glad\u201d &c.\nto say \u201cit is my desire\u201d or \u201cit appears adviseable\u201d that you prepare &c.\nInstead of \u201cwhen our Constituents\u201d &c.\nSay [\u201c]When the Community are called upon for considerable exertions, to relieve a part, which is suffering undr the hand of an enemy, it is desireable to manifest that due pains have been taken by those entrusted with the administration of their affairs to avoid the evil.\u201d\nIt is a doubt whether our constituents be a proper phrase to be used by the President in addressing a subordinate officer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0296-0004", "content": "Title: III: Washington\u2019s Preface to Henry Knox\u2019s Statement on the Causes of the Indian War, c.25 Jan. 1792\nFrom: Unknown\nTo: \nSir,\nUnited States [Philadelphia] January 16th 1792.\nAs the circumstances which have engaged the U. S. in the present Indian war, may, some of them, be out of the public recollection, and others, perhaps unknown, it appears adviseable that you prepare & publish, from authentic documents, a statement of those circumstances, as well as of the measures which have been taken from time to time for the re-establishment of peace & friendship.\nWhen the Community are called upon for considerable exertions to relieve a part which is suffering under the hand of an enemy, it is desireable to manifest that due pains have been taken by those entrusted with the administration of their affairs to avoid the evil.\nGo: W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0297", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Oliver Evans, 26 January 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Evans, Oliver\nSir,\nPhiladelphia, Jany 26th 1792.\nThe President presuming from your general acquaintance with Mills and Millers, that you will be able to give him the best information of the annual sum for which he can obtain a first rate Miller, that is, one capable of taking charge of a merchant mill, for his mill in Virginia, in addition to the perquisites which he\nallows to his present miller, and which will be here stated, has directed me to write to you for that purpose.\nThe present miller has provided for him a good and convenient dwelling house, within a few yards of the mill, with a Garden adjoining, sufficiently large to raise such vegetables and garden roots as are necessary for his family\u2014and other accommodations suited to such a dwelling\u2014he is furnished with a Cow and keeping for the same\u2014he receives 5,00 wt of Pork per annum\u2014is permitted to keep as many dunghill fowls as he may have occasion for in his family (but is not allowed to raise any for sale)\u2014and has his wood found him and brought to his door. There is moreover a smart young negro man who acts as an Assistant in the mill. in which business he has been employed for several years, and of course may be calculated upon as understanding the common and ordinary business of a mill.\nThe present miller by his agreement (which would also be expected from any other) is to superintend a Cooper\u2019s shop, which is within a few rods of the mill, where two negro men and a boy are kept at work, and to work at the business himself when he is not actually engaged in the mill, he is likewise to do any small repairs to the mill which may be necessary, such as putting in cogs &c. and such things as do not require the aid of a professed Mill-wright. The duties at this mill are far from being heavy; for from the month of April to the month of November there is scarcely water enough to grind for the President\u2019s own people\u2014and at other times there is not always work enough to keep her employed. But a miller who may be engaged must not calculate from these circumstances, upon being idle any part of his time; for it is the Presidents intention, if practicable, to turn such streams into his Mill-Race as will keep her going at all times\u2014and if that should not be done, the Coopers business will give employment to an industrious man. As to the situation of the Mill &c. your brother, who was there last fall, can give the best information.\nUpon this view of the matter, the President wishes you to let him know for what annual sum, in addition to the before mentioned perquisites, he could be able to obtain such a miller as is before mentioned: and likewise to inform him of the wages and perquisites (if any) that are given to such a person at the Brandy Wine and other noted Mills.\nThe President will be thankful for this information as soon as it can be obtained, in order that he may be able therefrom to make arrangements with respect to his mill immediately. If you know of any complete Miller that can be obtained about the last of may next\u2014you will be so good as to let the President know his name, abode\u2014and other qualities; the first of June being the day when the year for which his miller is engaged, expires, he must determine three months before that time whether he shall engage him for another year, or get a new one. A married Man with a small family would be preferred to a single one, as his inducements to be absent would be less.\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0298", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 26 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir,\nUnited States [Philadelphia], January 26th: 1792.\nYou will receive herewith a copy of a Resolution of the House of Representatives, that has been just now delivered to me by a\nCommittee; and I desire you will prepare and lay before the House the statement therein requested.\nAs communications of a similar nature have taken place between the Executive of the General Government and the Governor of Virginia, it may be proper to lay these also before the House of Representatives, and I request you will have them prepared & communicated accordingly as soon as the business of your departmt will admit of it.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0301", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Jay, 27 January 1792\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nN. York 27 Jany 1792\nAs I shall be absent from the next sup: Court, obvious Considerations urge me to mention to You the Reasons of it. Early in the next month I expect an Addition to my family\u2014Mrs Jay\u2019s delicate Health (she having for more than three weeks past been confined to her chamber) renders that Event so interesting, that altho she is now much better, I cannot prevail on myself to be then at a Distance from her; especially as no Business of particular Importance either to the Public, or to Individuals, makes it necessary.\nMr Burr\u2019s motion gave me much Concern, and the Issue of it much Satisfaction. I regret that the Senate were not more unanimous\u2014Similar Attempts in future may be encouraged by their having divided so equally on the Question\u2014It is in my opinion a Question very important in its Consequences\u2014so much so\u2014that if the Senate should make and retain that Encroachment on the Executive, I should despair of seeing the Government well administred afterwards.\nI flatter myself that you recieved the Letter I had the Honor of writing to You on the 23d of Septr last. With perfect Respect Esteem & Attachment I am Dear Sir Your obliged & obedt Servant\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0302", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 28 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\n[Philadelphia] 28th Jany 1792.\nEnclosed is the rough draught of a letter to G.M.\u2014I pray you to examine it, and alter any word, or sentence you may think too\nstrong; or the whole of it, retaining my object; from which I shall make a fair copy, & then take a press one: be not scrupulous therefore in making the alterations you judge necessary. In the course of tomorrow I will send you the letter to be made up with your dispatches. Yrs Sincerely\nG.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0303", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Gouverneur Morris, 28 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nPrivate \nMy dear Sir,Philadelphia Jany 28th 1792  Your favor of the 30th of September came duly to hand, and I thank you for the important information contained in it.\nThe official communications from the Secretary of State, accompanying this letter, will convey to you the evidence of my nomination, and appointment of you to be Minister Plenipotentiary for the United States at the Court of France; and my assurances that both were made with all my heart, will, I am persuaded, satisfy you as to that fact. I wish I could add, that the advice & consent flowed from a similar source. Candour forbids it\u2014and friendship requires that I should assign the causes, as far as they have come to my knowledge.\nWhilst your abilities, knowledge in the affairs of this Country, & disposition to serve it were adduced, and asserted on one hand, you were charged on the other hand, with levity, and imprudence of conversation and conduct. It was urged, that your\nhabit of expression, indicated a hauteaur disgusting to those who happen to differ from you in sentiment; and among a people who study civility and politeness more than any other nation, it must be displeasing. That in France you were considered as a favourer of Aristocracy, & unfriendly to its Revolution\u2014(I suppose they meant Constitution). That under this impression you could not be an acceptable public character\u2014of consequence, would not be able, however willing, to promote the interests of this Country in an essential degree. That in England you indiscretely communicated the purport of your mission, in the first instance, to the Minister of France, at that Court; who, availing himself in the same moment of the occasion, gave it the appearance of a movement through his Court. This, and other circumstances of a cimilar nature, joined to a closer intercourse with the opposition members, occasioned distrust, & gave displeasure to the Ministry; which was the cause, it is said, of that reserve which you experienced in negotiating the business which had been entrusted to you.\nBut not to go further into detail\u2014I will place the ideas of your political adversaries in the light which their arguments have presented them to my view\u2014viz.\u2014That the promptitude with wch your brilliant, & lively imagination is displayed, allows too little time for deliberation, and correction; and is the primary cause of those sallies which too often offend, and of that ridicule of characters which begets enmity not easy to be forgotten, but which might easily be avoided if it was under the control of more caution and prudence. In a word, that it is indispensably necessary that more circumspection should be observed by our Representatives abroad than they conceive you are disposed to adopt.\nIn this statement you have the pros & the cons; by reciting them, I give you a proof of my friendship, if I give none of my policy or judgment. I do it on the presumption, that a mind conscious of its own rectitude, fears not what is said of it; but will bid defiance to and dispise shafts that are not barbed with accusations against honor or integrity; and because I have the fullest confidence (supposing the alligations to be founded in whole or part) that you would find no difficulty, being apprised of the exceptionable light in which they are received, and considering yourself as the representative of this Country, to effect a change;\nand thereby silence, in the most unequivocal and satisfactory manner, your political opponents. Of my good opinion, & of my friendship & regard, you may be assured\u2014and that I am always\u2014Yr affecte\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0305", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Charles Pinckney, 31 January\u201320 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pinckney, Charles\n(Private) \nDear Sir,Philadelphia Jany 31st[\u201320 February] 1792. \nI had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 22d of Novr last, with the enclosures from Genl Pickens & Colo. Anderson to\nyourself, respecting the deputation from the Cherokee Nation. I have likewise the pleasure to acknowldge the rect of your letter of the 6th of the same month.\nThe Cherokees arrived in this City after a tedious passage from Charleston, which I beleive they will consider as the most, if not the only disagreeable circumstance attending their mission: For the requests which they had to make were of a nature to be readily complied with, and they appear not only satisfied, but highly pleased with their reception, and the manner in which their business had been done.\nThey have been detained here longer than was expected on their arrival, owing to the Navigation of this River being totally obstructed\u2014and that of New York harbour having been so for some days past by the severity of the weather. As soon as the Harbour of New york opens they will proceed to embark at that place for Charleston.\nIt is at all times very desireable, but peculiarly so at the present moment, that we should be upon terms of friendship & good understanding with those powerful tribes of Indians who border on our southern and Western frontiers: and I have strong hopes that the favorable impression which this deputation have received, will not only ensure the attachment of the Cherokees to the United States; but will likewise have a beneficial influence on the Creeks, the Chickasaws, & the Chocktaws, from which Nations they brought belts & messages as well as from their own.\nFor your attention to these Indians at Charleston & in procuring them a passage to this place, permit me to offer you my thanks\u2014and at the same time to assure you that I am\u2014with great regard & esteem Dear Sir, Your most Obdt Sevt\nP.S. Feby 20th 1792 This letter having been written to go by the Cherokees to Charleston is the reason of its being detaind \u2019till this. But circumstances rendering it more convenient for these people to go by land to their own nation\u2014and their own wishes according therewith, they sat out on saturday the 18th Inst. This letter therefore goes by the Post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0306", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Edmund Randolph, 31 January 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia January 31st 1792\nI have been honored with your letter of this date \u27e8requesting to\u27e9 be informed whether you understood the President rightly upon the following points respecting \u27e8the demoliti\u27e9on of Mr Carroll\u2019s House.\nQuestn 1: Whether payment could be ordered to Carroll for \u27e8more\u27e9 of his House than was run up, when he executed his \u27e8agreement?\u27e9\nAnswr upon this point the Attorney General\u2019s opinion is desired.\nQuestn 2\u2003Can a written opposition to a greater payment being made, be seen by the \u27e8Attorney\u27e9 Genl?\nAnswr\u2014Said opposition is enclos\u2019d in a letter from the Commissioners of the 21st of Decr\u2014& herewith transmitted.\nQuestn 3. Is not the President willing now to pay for the whole of the destruction, if he can use the means?\nAnswr\u2014The President\u2019s alternative to Mr Carroll, before he knew this dest[r]uction was commenced shews his ideas on this point, and he observes that he still adheres to it, unless a legal opposition arises to it \u27e8from an\u27e9 agreement with Mr Carroll.\nYou will \u27e8illegible\u27e9 Maj. LEnfant\u2019s of the \u27e8illegible\u27e9 of Novr 4 to the Commissioners 27 Decr \u27e8illegible\u27e9 Mr Carroll \u27e8illegible\u27e9 the President\u2019s \u27e8illegible\u27e9 With \u27e8illegible\u27e9\nTobias Lear", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0307", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 1 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 1. 92.\nTh: Jefferson sends to the President a letter he has received from mister Hammond, with the general sketch of an answer he had proposed to write to him. he will have the honour of seeing the President on the subject to-day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0308", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 1 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Wednesday morning [1 February 1792].\nMr Ellicot having sent the inclosed letter from Roberdeau for the perusal of Th: Jefferson, he thinks the 1st page & 2 or 3. lines of the 2d worth reading by the President. the rest contains communications of small news. he has learnt that Majr Lenfant, after his conversation with Th: J. wrote to Roberdeau to continue 50. hands; which shews he means to continue himself.\nIs the President\u2019s letter for mister Pinkney ready? Th: J. has sent a duplicate & triplicate to New York to go to Charleston by different vessels, there being several advertised there for that port. he reserves the first copy to go by post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0309", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 1 February 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n\tLetter not found: from Edmund Randolph, 1 Feb. 1792. In a letter of 2 Feb. to Randolph, Tobias Lear mentioned \u201cthe Atty Genls note of last evening\u201d to the president.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0310", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Cushing, 2 February 1792\nFrom: Cushing, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNewyork Feby the 2d 1792.\nI take the liberty to inform you, that being on my journey to attend the Supreme Court, which is to sit next Monday, I have had the misfortune to be stopt here, since Friday last, by a bad cold attended with somewhat of a fever, so that the probability, at present, seems against my being able to reach Philadelphia by the time court is to sit. Assoon as my health permits, however, I design to proceed there. The travelling is difficult this Season: I left Boston the 13th Jany in a Phaeton, in which I made out to reach Middleton as the Snow of the 18th began, which fell so deep there as to oblige me to take a Slay, & now again wheels seem necessary. If Judge Blair & Judge Johnson attend there will be a Quorum, I suppose, as two other Judges are upon the Spot. The Chief Justice, I perceive, cannot be present this term.\nI left Mrs Cushing at Middletown, who desired her respects to you & Mrs Washington. I hope Mrs Washington enjoys good health, as I have the pleasure to hear that you do. I have the honor to be, with the highest respect, Sir, your most Obedient, humble Servant,\nWm Cushing", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0311", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Kirwan, 2 February 1792\nFrom: Kirwan, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBaltimore 2d february 1792\nWithout the Honor of an Acquaintance take the liberty of Addressing you. hearing of some Changes or New appointments (from Information) likly to take place among the officers of Government in this District, Use this Mode to sollicit your Attention on Such occasion, whether any Oppening may offer, Either in the revenue of this Port, the Office of Marshall of the federal Court, or an Agent, if found necessary, for the federal City to\nsupply the Commissioners or Directer there with Materials for building, from this place, & beg leave to observe should Slates be liked for the covering of Houses, that such a Quarry may be found. this I have from good Authority. shd any appointment or Vacancy as mentioned take place, Wish to offer my Services to such Station, With respect, your Excellencys most Obedient and very humble servt\nJohn Kirwan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0312", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 3 February 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n  Philadelphia, Tuesday Evening, 3 Feb. 1792. Submits to the president the bill that has passed the House for his remarks as well as a letter from Mr. Kirkland of 17 Jan. and reports \u201cAll quiet at Fort Pitt on the 27th ultimo.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0313", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Johnson, 3 February 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Johnson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nfrom Thomas Johnson, 3 Feb. 1792. GW refers in his letter to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia of 6 Mar. to \u201cMr Johnson\u2019s letter of the 3d of february.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0314", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Dorsey Gough, 4 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Gough, Henry (Harry) Dorsey\nSir,\nPhiladelphia, February 4th 1792.\nI have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your polite letter of the 1st instant, and to inform you that the very fine mutton which you have had the goodness to send me has come to hand in the best order.\nWhile I beg your acceptance of my thanks for this mark of polite attention, permit me to express the satisfaction which I feel in learning from your letter the success you have met with in your laudable attempts to improve the breed of our Sheep, by introducing among them the broad-tail\u2019d persian breed. I have ever been satisfied in my own mind, that by a proper attention to our Sheep (particularly in maryland and Virginia, where the climate and other circumstances seem to be peculiarly favourable\nto the object) they might be made not only a most profitable subject to the farmer, but rendered highly important in a public view, by encouraging extensive establishments of woollen manufactories from the abundance of wool which they could furnish.\nDuring the time of my residing at home, between the close of the war and the entrance on my present office, I had paid much attention to my Sheep, and was proud in being able to produce perhaps the largest mutton & the greatest quantity of Wool from my Sheep that could be then produced. But I was not satisfied with this, and contemplated further improvements both in the flesh and wool by the introduction of other breeds, which I should by this time have carried into effect, had I been permitted to pursue my favorite occupation. I am however much pleased to find that some Gentlemen seem to view this matter in the light which it deserves, & exert themselves in promoting it; and if I can not give my aid by a personal attention to the object those who do, will always have my best wishes for their success. With great esteem and regard, I am Sir, Your most obedt Servant,\nGo: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0316", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 4 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia February 4th 1792\nThe late appointment of a Minister Resident to the Hague, has brought under consideration the condition of Mr Dumas, and the question, whether he is, or is not, at present in the service of the U.S.?\nMr Dumas, very early in the war, was employed first by Dr Franklin, afterwards by Mr Adams, to transact the affairs of the U.S. in Holland. Congress never passed any express vote of confirmation, but they opened a direct correspondence with Mr Dumas, sent him orders to be executed, confirmed and augmented his salary, made that augmentation retrospective, directed him to take up his residence in their hotel at the Hague, and passed such other votes from time to time as established him de facto their Agent at the Hague. On the change in the organization of our Government in 1789, no commission nor new appointment took place with respect to him, tho\u2019 it did in most other cases; yet the correspondence with him from the Office of foreign affairs has been continued, and he has regularly received his salary. A doubt has been suggested, whether this be legal? I have myself no doubt but that it is legal. I consider the source of authority with us to be the Nation. Their will declared through it\u2019s proper organ is valid, \u2019till revoked by their will declared through it\u2019s proper organ also. Between 1776 & 1789 the proper organ\nfor pronouncing their will, whether legislative or executive, was a Congress formed in a particular manner. Since 1789 it is a Congress formed in a different manner for laws, and a President, elected in a particular way, for making appointments & doing other Executive acts. The laws and appointments of the antient Congress were as valid & permanent in their nature, as the laws of the new Congress, or appointments of the new Executive; these laws & appointments in both cases deriving equally their source from the will of the Nation: and when a question arises, whether any particular law or appointment is still in force? we are to examine, not whether it was pronounced by the antient or present organ, but whether it has been at any time revoked by the authority of the Nation expressed by the organ competent at the time. The Nation by the act of their federal convention, established some new principles & some new organizations of the government. This was a valid declaration of their will, and ipso facto revoked some laws before passed, and discontinued some offices & officers before appointed. Wherever by this instrument, an old office was superseded by a new one, a new appointment became necessary; but where the new Constitution did not demolish an office, either expressly or virtually, nor the President remove the officer, both the office and officer remained. This was the case of several: in many of them indeed an excess of caution dictated the superaddition of a new appointment; but where there was no such superaddition, as in the instance of Mr Dumas, both the office and officer still remained: for the will of the nation, validly pronounced by the proper organ of the day, had constituted him their agent, and that will has not through any of it\u2019s successive organs revoked his appointment. I think therefore there is no room to doubt it\u2019s continuance, and that the receipt of salary by him has been lawful.\nHowever I would not wish to take on myself alone the decision of a question so important, whether considered in a legal or constitutional view; and therefore submit to you, Sir, whether it is not a proper question whereon to take the opinion of the Attorney general?\nAnother question then arises. Ought Mr Dumas to be discontinued? I am of opinion he ought not.\n1. not at this time; because Mr Short\u2019s mission to Madrid will occasion an immediate vacancy at the Hague again; and because,\nby the time that will be over, his appointment at the Hague must be discontinued altogether, unless Congress should enlarge the foreign fund.\n2. not at any time; because when, after the peace; Mr Dumas\u2019s agency became of less importance, Congress under various views of his sacrifices & services, manifested that their continuance of him was in consideration of these, and of his advanced years & infirm state, which render it impossible for him to launch into a new line of gaining a livelihood; and they thought the continuance of a moderate competence to him for moderate services, was more honorable to the U.S. than to abandon him, in the face of Europe, after & under such circumstances. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of the most profound respect and attachment, Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0317", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gouverneur Morris, 4 February 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nLondon 4 feby 1792\nI wrote to you on the twenty seventh of December but there were many Things which I did not write, and some of them I will now communicate. At the Close of the Session of the first national Assembly a Coalition was brought about between the Jacobins and the quatre vingt neufs. It is proper to explain these Terms. The Jacobins, so called from their Meeting at a Convent or Church of that Name, were then the violent Party. The others,\nwho took their name from a Club instituted in the Year 89, were those who termed themselves moderate Men, Friends to order &ca &ca. The Death of Mirabeau (who was beyond all Controversy one of the most unprincipled Scoundrels that ever lived) left a great Chasm in this latter Party. He was then sold to the Court and meant to bring back absolute Authority. The Chiefs of the Jacobins were violent for two Reasons. First that the quatre vingt neufs would not join with them seriously and heartily, wherefore not being able to make Head alone, they were obliged to use the Populace, and therefore to sacrifice to the Populace. Secondly that the Objects of their Desire were much greater, tho more remote, than those of the other Party; for these last had never sought in the Revolution any Thing else than to place themselves comfortably, whereas the jacobins did really at first Desire to establish a free Constitution, in the Expectation that sooner or later they should be at the Head of it. The Aristocrats you will observe were reduced to Insignificiency before the others divided. That you know is a Thing of Course. You will remember that the first Assembly had decreed that their Members could neither hold any Office under the Crown, nor yet be chosen to represent the People. These Decrees were partly the Fruit of opposition between the two Parties, and partly the Result of Suspicions which they had both excited among the well meaning Members of the Assembly. The First Decree was of jacobine Parentage, to disappoint their Enemies who were upon the Point of succeeding to Office. The second Decree was carried against the secret Inclinations of both. But the Consequence was that each was seriously disappointed; and as the Constitution was clearly unable to support itself, they began to perceive that its Ruin might involve their own, and therefore they formed a Coalition in which each determined to make Use of the other for its own Purposes. But you will say perhaps that both together could be of little Use; and this is true in a Degree; for if the Constitution had been a practicable Thing those alone who were in Power under it could have any real authority. But that was not the Case, and therefore the Plan of the Allies was to induce a Beleif in the Court that they alone had sufficient Popularity in the Nation to perserve the monarchical Authority against the Republican Party, and on the other Hand to convince the Assembly that (having in their Hands the royal Authority) all favors Offices and\nGrants must come thro them. Thus they constituted themselves, if I may be allowed the Expression, the Government-Brokers of the Nation. I have mentioned the republican Party. This naturally grew up out of the old jacobine Sect; for when the Chiefs, finding that all was nearly ruined by the Want of Authority, had set themselves seriously to work to correct their own Errors, many of their Disciples who beleived what their Apostles had preached, and many who saw in the Establishment of Order the Loss of their Consequence, determined to throw off all Submission to Crowned Heads as being unworthy of a free People &ca &ca. Add to this the Number of \u201cmoody Beggars starving for a Time of Pell mell Havoc and Confusion.\u201d\nIt was this Coalition which prevented the King from accepting the Constitution in a manly Manner, pointing out its capital Faults\u27e8,\u27e9 marking the probable Consequences calling \u27e8on\u27e9 them to reconsider it and declaring that his Submission to \u27e8their\u27e9 Decisions arose from his Beleif that it was the only Means to avoid the Horrors of civil war\u27e8.\u27e9 They saw that this Conduct would render them responsible and altho it was the most likely Means of obtaining a good Constitution at a future Day, and would have bound the King down to the Principles he should then advance, Yet they opposed because such good Constitution would be established not only without, but even against them, & would of Course deprive them of those Objects which they were in Pursuit of. The King contended strongly for that Kind of Acceptance which I have just mentioned, but he was borne down, being threatned with popular Commotions fatal to himself and his Family, and with that civil War which he most wished to avoid as the necessary Result of such fatal Commotions.\nShortly after his Acceptance it became necessary to appoint another Minister for foreign Affairs, Monsieur de Montmorin having insisted so strongly on retiring that the King could no longer with any Propriety ask him to stay. The State of the Ministry was then as follows. Monsieur duport the Keeper of the Seals a Creature of and sworn Adherent to the Triumvirate; which Triumvirate is another duport, barnave and Alexander lameth being the Chiefs of the old jacobins. I say the old jacobins, for the present jacobins are the republican Party. This Keeper of the Seals constantly communicated every Thing that passed in Council to his Coadjutors. The Minister of the interior Monsieur\nde lessart was a wavering Creature one of those of whom Shakespear says that they \u201crenege affirm and turn their halcyon Beaks with every Gale and vary of their Masters.\u201d He had been one of Mr Neckers Underlings, was brought forward by him, and h\u27e8ad\u27e9 connected himself with the Triumvirate Mr Neckers Enemies as being the strongest Party, but still Kept up a good Understanding with the others. Duportail the Minister at War\u27e8,\u27e9 of whom I formerly spoke to you when he was appointed, and foretold the Conduct he would pursue towards his Creator Monsieur de lafayette, was also compleatly subservient \u27e8to\u27e9 the Triumvirate. But at that Time he was so much embroiled with the Assembly that his speedy Resignation seemed unavoidable. Monsieur Bertrand had just been appointed to the Marine, an office which Monsieur de Bougainville had refused to accept. He was pushed to it by the quatre vingt neufs, whom he despises, and told the King that he would not be Member of a Ministry many of whom he knew to be unfaithful to him. Monsieur Bertrand was brought forward by the same Influence, but he is really attached \u27e8to\u27e9 the Crown, wishes ardently to obtain a good Constitution for his Country, is an intelligent sensible and laborious Man, formerly of the Robe and the particular Friend of Monsieur \u27e8de\u27e9 Montmorin. I mentioned to you formerly that Monsieur \u27e8de\u27e9 Choiseul had refused the Office of foreign Affairs. While it was in Question who should be appointed to succeed Monsieur \u27e8de\u27e9 Montmorin, the King of his own Head named the Count de Moutiers and wrote him a Letter on the Subject which de Moutiers has since shewn to me. He had the Prudence to write from Berlin to decline accepting untill after he should be in Paris. When he arrived in that City the King told him that he could not give him the Office because he was considered as an Aristocrat. You will observe that the Coalition had been at Work to get Rid of him, and here I must make a Digression. The Plan was that as soon as ever Circumstances would permit a Minister at War should be appointed faithful to the King, and then Bougainville take the Marine, Bertrand be appointed Keeper of the Seals and de lessart either kept in or turned out as he should behave. This Plan was not known to the Coalition at all but they well knew that if de Moutiers got into Place it would be a Step towards the Destruction of their Influence and Authority, they therefore assured the King that they could not answer for Consequences,\nthreatened him with popular Commotions, with Opposition in the Assembly, and the like, so that at last, he gave up his Nomination and explained the matter to de Moutiers. A long Interregnum ensued in that Office and, as Monsieur de Montmorin absolutely refused to continue any longer, the Portefeuille was given to Monsieur de lessart, and after some time the Count de Segur was appointed. He accepted in the Beleif of two Things in both of which he was mistaken. One that he had the Confidence of the King and Queen; but he had never taken the right way to obtain either their Confidence or that of others. The second Article of his Creed was that the Triumvirate (his patrons) commanded a Majority in the Assembly. He was undeceived as to the latter point immediately, and therefore threw up the Office and went out of Town. Under these Circumstances Monsieur de Narbonne tried hard to obtain that Place, and as I have mentioned his name and that of Monsieur de Choiseul I will in this Place mention that of the Abb\u00e9 de Perigord afterwards bishop of Autun. These three are young Men of high family, Men of Wit, and Men of Pleasure. The two former were Men of fortune but had spent it. They were Intimates all three and had run the Career of Ambition together to retreive their Affairs. On the Score of Morals neither of them is exemplary. The Bishop is particularly blamed on that Head. Not so much for Adultery, because that was common enough among the Clergy of high Rank, but for the Variety and Publicity of his Amours; for Gambling; and above all for Stock Jobbing during the Ministry of Monsieur de Calonne with whom he was on the best terms and therefore had opportunities which his Enemies say he made no small Use of. However I do not beleive in this, and I think that except his Galantries and a Mode of thinking rather too liberal for a Churchman the Charges are unduly aggravated. It was by the bishop\u2019s Intrigues principally that Monsieur de Choiseul was formerly nominated to the Office of foreign Affairs, but he preferred staying at Constantinople till he could see Which Way Things would settle, and to that Effect he prevailed on the Vizier or rather the Effendi to write that he thought it much for the Interest of France that he should stay for three Years longer in that City. Monsieur de Narbonne is said by some to be the Son of Louis the fifteenth, by Madame Adelaide his own Daughter and one of the present Kings Aunts. Certain it is that the old\nLady, now at Rome, has always protected and befreinded him in the warmest Manner. In the begining of the Revolution he, a great Anti Neckarist, tho the Lover en titre of Madame de Stahl Mr Neckers Daughter, was not a little opposed to the Revolution; and there was Afterwards some Coldness between him and the bishop, partly on political Accounts, and partly because he (in common with the Rest of the World) beleived the bishop to be too well with his Mistress. By the bye she tells me that it is not true and of Course I who am a charitable Man beleive her. This Coldness was however at length removed by the Interference of their common friends, and the bishop labored hard to get his friend de Narbonne appointed to the foreign Affairs, but the King would not agree to this because of the great Indiscretion of Madame de Staehl. Mr de lessart was therefore appointed, he being very glad to get Rid of the Department of the interior where he had every Thing to apprehend from Want of Power, Want of Order, and Want of Bread. The next Step was to bring Monsieur de Narbonne forward to fill the Place of Monsieur duportail, and to this Mr de lessart gave his hearty Assistance by Way of compensating for the Disappointment in the other Department. Finally the interior or Home Department was filled by a Monsieur Cahier de Gerville of whom I know very little nor is it necessary that I should. This Ministry stands then divided as follows. the Keeper of the Seals and Mr delessart are attached or supposed to be so to the Lameth Faction. Monsieur de Narbonne and Monsieur Bertrand are supposed to be attached to the quatre vingt neufs and Mr de Gerville rather leaning to the latter. This Ministry, extreamly disjointed in itself, and strongly opposed by the Assembly, possesses on the whole but a moderate Share of Talents; for tho the Count de Narbonne is a Man of Wit, and a very pleasant lively fellow, he is by no Means a Man of Business: and tho Mr Bertrand has Talents, yet according to the old Proverb one Swallow never makes a Summer.\nSuch as it is, Every one of them is convinced that the Constitution is good for Nothing; and unfortunately they are many of them so indiscreet as to disclose that Opinion, when at the same Time they declare their Determination to support and execute it, which is in Fact the only rational Mode (which now remains) of pointing out its Defects. It is unnecessary to tell you that some Members of the national Assembly are in the Pay of England for\nthat you will easily suppose. Brissot de Warville is said to be one of them, and indeed (whether from corrupt or other Motives I know not) his Conduct tends to injure his own Country and benefit that of their antient foes in a very eminent Degree. The Situation of their Finances is such that every considerate Person sees the Impossibility of going on in the present Way; and as a Change of System after so many pompous Declamations is not a little Dangerous among a People so wild and ungoverned, it has appeared to them that a War would furnish some plausible Pretext for Measures of a very decisive Nature, in which State Necessity will be urged in the Teeth of Policy Humanity and Justice. Others consider a War as the Means of obtaining for the Government the eventual Command of disciplined military Force, which may be used to restore order, in other Words to bring back Despotism; and then they expect that the King will give the Nation a Constitution which they have neither the Wisdom to form nor the Virtue to adopt for themselves. Others again suppose that in Case of a War there will be such a leaning from the King towards his Brothers, from the Queen towards the Emperor, from the Nobility (the very few) who remain, towards the Mass of their Brethren who have left the Kingdom, that the bad Success naturally to arise from the opposition of undisciplined Mobs to regular Armies may be easily imputed to treasonable Counsels, and the People be prevailed on to banish them all together and set up a federal republic. Lastly the Aristocrats, burning with the Lust of Vengeance; Most of them poor, and all of them proud, hope that supported by foreign Armies they shall be able to return victorious & reestablish that Species of Despotism most suited to their own Cupidity. It happens therefore that the whole nation tho with different Views are desirous of War, for it is proper in such general Statement to take in the Spirit of the Country which has ever been warlike. I have told you long ago that the Emperor is by no Means an enterprizing or warlike Prince. I must now in Confirmation of that inform you that in the famous Conference at Pilnitz he was taken in by the King of Prussia for he came prepared to higgle about the nature and Extent of the Succor to be given and Forces to be employed but the King cut the Matter short by telling him that the Difference in the Extent of their respective Dominions, and a Variety of other Circumstances, would justify him in demanding greater\nEfforts on the Part of the Emperor but that he would meet him on Ground of perfect Equality. In Consequence of this the Emperor was obliged to accede but he did so in the View and the Wish to do Nothing. When therefore the King accepted the Constitution, he chose to consider that as a Reason why foreign Powers should not interfere. The King of Prussia however gave to the King personal Assurances of his Goodwill and brotherly Attachment and of this he offered substantial Proofs. The Kings true Interest (and he thinks so) seems to consist in preserving the Peace, and leaving the Assembly to act as they may think proper, which will demonstrate the Necessity of restoring in a great Degree the royal Authority. The Faction opposed to him are very sensible of this, which forms an additional Reason for driving every Thing to Extremity, and therefore with a View to destroy every Root and Fibre of antient Systems they have imagined to court the Alliance of Great Britain and of Prussia. In Consequence the Bishop d\u2019autun has been sent to this Country and if my Information be good is authorized to propose the Cession of the Islands of France and Bourbon and the Island of Tobago as the Price of an Alliance against the Emperor. This has a direct Tendency to break the Family Compact with Spain, who has long been courted by Britain; for it is evident that this Country will not embark in a Contest which is to do France any Good, and therefore the Game of Mr Pitt is as clear as the Sun and suits exactly his Temper and Disposition. He has only to receive the Offers made and send Copies to Vienna and Madrid, by Way of supporting his Negotiations; particularly with the latter. He can offer them also the Guarantee of their Dominions and Rights against us, and by this Means we should find ourselves all at once surrounded by hostile Nations. The Minister of the Marine opposed violently in Council this Mission, Stated the Consequences, and obtained some useful Restrictions. Mr de Warville proposed in the diplomatick Committee the Cession of Dunkirk and Calais to England as Pledges of the Fidelity of France to the Engagements which she might take. You will judge from this Specimen, of the Wisdom and Virtue of the Faction to which he belongs; and I am sure the Integrity of your Heart will frown with indignant Contempt when I tell you, that among the Chiefs of that Faction are Men who owe their all to the personal Bounty of the King.\nThis Mission of the Bishop d\u2019autun has produced some thing like a Schism in the Coalition. The Party of Lameth and Barnave are strongly opposed to it. Monsieur de lessart who had adopted the Scheme on the Representation of the Bishop (with whom it originated) and his Friends, abandoned it on the Representation of the others, and two Days before I left Paris An Express was sent to assure the Emperor that Notwithstanding Appearances they meant him no Harm. In Effect they were again going to endeavor at an Alliance of the Nation with him upon a Plan which was set on Foot about three Months ago by those who afterwards fell into the Plan of an Alliance with Britain. You may judge from hence how much Dependence is to be placed on these new fangled Statesmen. The King and Queen are wounded to the Soul by these rash Measures. They have I beleive given all needful Assurances to The Emperor & King of Spain: a confidential Person has desired me to assure you on their Behalf that they are very far from wishing to change the System of french Politics and abandon their old Allies, and therefore if any Advantage is taken of the present Advances to Britain that you will consider them as originating meerly in the Madness of the Moment, and not as proceeding from them or as meeting with their Approbation, but the contrary. I shall send this Letter in such Way as promises the greatest Safety and I must entreat you my dear Sir to destroy it for fear of Accidents: you will feel how important it is to them that this Communication be not disclosed. It is meerly personal from them to you and expressive of Sentiments which can have no Action untill they have some Authority. It is Time to close this too long Letter whose Object is to possess you of that interior Machinery by which outward Movements are directed. Beleive always I pray you in the Sincerity of those Sentiments with which I am yours\nGouvr Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0319", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Pierre L\u2019Enfant, 6 February 1792\nFrom: L\u2019Enfant, Pierre Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nsir\nphiladelphie febuary 6th 1792.\nhaving already Communicated to you thro\u2019 Mr Jefferson some papers relating to the late transaction of the Commissioners in the new City, I take the liberty to address to you here Inclosed Copies of serverals others which I but lately obtained & which I conceive proper also to submit to your Consideration.\nthe Injury done to Mr Roberdeau to the Commissary & to other people acting under him & all in obeidence to orders from me claim the Interference of your justice. I defered until now solliciting this, first to satisfy my self of the propriety by a menutial Inquiry of facts\u2014next because I remained persuaded that the Commissioners by becoming sensible of the mistake of thier proceeding would have of thier own movement anticipated my wish by themselves redressing the wrong they had done.\nthis not having been the case & the obligation I feel my self under to free Mr Roberdeau from trouble & unmerited Censure forces upon me the necessity of appealing to you\u2014I do it with confidence trusting on the goodness of the cause I advocate, Incontestable as it is that the blame, if any thier resolutions or ordered that Gentlemen when he refused Complying to them to apply to me on the subject.\nthe Injustice of Imprisoning Mr Roberdeau & the unjudiciousness of all proceeding to compel his acting Contrary \u27e8to\u27e9 orders being too \u27e8illegible\u27e9 to need further discussion it is but reasonable for that gentleman to Expect immediate redress & for me to request as I now do the favour of your Interference\u2014that the action against him may be withdraw, the Commissary, overseer &ca reinstated and all matters at the City set as they were at the time of my leaving it.\nwhat object the Commissioners wished to attain in this and\nEvery Instance, wherein they have Interfered in the Executive part of the business to the apparent hazard of the true Interest of the city, I do not perfectly Conceive \u27e8in\u27e9 not questioning at the same time but that they feel themselves concerned in the succes of the Establishment and being So well Satisfied that no Exertions have been wanting, either in my self, or in those serving under me, to ensure \u27e8the\u27e9 accomplishment of it with honor to the united States and with credit to all concerned\u2014what real motive therefore the Gentlemen can have so heavily to complain of thier is merited for the Conduct of that gentleman it must ultimatly fall upon me\u2014& being not less Evident that the directions I gave to him were in Every point Consistent with the respect due to the authority vested by laws in the Commissioners.\n\u27e8anxious\u27e9 as those Gentlemen appear to be of Imposing all fault on Mr Roberdeau (as will be Evidenced by the Inclosed Copy of a letter from them)\u2014they mistake so far the ground on which they mean to pursu him that they appear themselves the agressors\u2014\u201cyou must, say they to him, Certainly appear on our state of facts the immediate Cause\u2014it is neither our way nor Inclination to Surmise or Connect scraps, to imput your Conduct to Majr LEnfant\u2014how can this be supported after what follows\u2014Inclosed you have a copy of his letter to us\u2014you have shewn us his letter of Instructions to you[\u201d]\u2014if not this to Evince that the opposition of Mr Roberdeau was according to order & to Excuse even the warmth of deportment he might be reproached with since it must shew strongly the Impropriety of the Commissioners earring matters to the point they have done in contrariety to the directions I had given him\u2014without having made known to me authority being disregarded I indeed am Ignorant\u2014little Inclined or attentive as they hitherto have been to a vigorous prosecution of those weighty concerns which I conceive more immediatly worthy thier Considerations than cavils and trivial disputes for power in which some thing far inferior to sound impartial jugement has been Influential Can only tend to subvert that order and dicipline So necessary to maintain in an undertaking So Exclusive and novel as the one in question.\nthe critical situation to which matters are now brought, testifying a disinclination in the Commissioners to facilitate the prosecution of the business in such manner as to enable me to engage anew in it. with much regret do I foresee the various\ndifficulties that must Impede the way to a new organisation of the whole sistem, as concerned as until this hour I have been in the small part that is Executed, at the same time feeling myself doubly interested in the sucess from a regard to reputation, and an ardent desire fully to answer your Expectations & the Confidence which from the begining of this business you have placed in me enjoins me to renounce the pursuit unless the power of effecting the work with advantage to the publick, and credit to myself is left me\u2014I have the.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0320", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Hercules Mulligan, 6 February 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Mulligan, Hercules\n  Philadelphia, 6 Feb. 1792. \u201cThe President is desirous of getting some black mole skin, like that of which you made him a pair of breeches when he was in New York\u2014and not being able to procure any in this City he has directed me to request, if there is any in N. York, that you will be so good as to get and send to him as much as will three pair breeches; the amount of which shall be remitted to you as soon as it gets to him, and the price is known.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0322", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 7 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, 7 February 1792]\nThe enclosed came to my hand yesterday evening\u2014I have heard nothing more of Mr Johnson. I wish the business to which these letters relate, was brought to an issue\u2014an agreeable one is not, I perceive to be expected.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0323", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 7 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia February 7th 1792\nAn account presented to me by Mr John B. Cutting, for expenditures incurred by him in liberating the seamen of the United States in British ports during the impressments which took place under that government in the year 1790, obliges me to recall some former transactions to your mind.\nYou will be pleased to recollect the numerous instances of complaint or information to us, about that time, of the violences committed on our seafaring citizens in British ports by their press-gangs and officers; and that not having even a Consul there at that time, it was thought fortunate that a private citizen, who happened to be on the spot, stept forward for their protection; that it was obvious that these exertions on his part must be attended with expence, and that a particular demand of \u00a350 sterling for this purpose coming incidentally to my knowledge, it was immediately remitted to Mr Cutting, with a request to account for it in convenient time. He now presents an account of all his expenditures in this business, which I have the honor to communicate herewith.\nAccording to this the oppression extends to a much greater number of our citizens, & their relief is more costly than had been contemplated. It will be necessary to lay the account before the legislature; because the expenditures being of a description which had not occurred before, no appropriation heretofore made would authorize payment at the Treasury; because too the nature of the transactions may in some instances require justly, that the ordinary rules of evidence which the Auditor is bound to apply to ordinary cases, should suffer relaxations, which he probably will not think himself authorized to admit, without the orders of the legislature.\nThe practice in Great Britain of impressing seamen whenever War is apprehended, will fall more heavily on ours, than on those of any other foreign nation, on account of the sameness of\nlanguage. Our minister at that court therefore will on those occasions, be under the necessity of interfering for their protection, in a way which will call for expence. It is desireable that these expences should be reduced to certain rules, as far as the nature of the case will admit, and the sooner they are so reduced the better. This may be done however on surer grounds after the government of Great Britain shall have entered with us into those arrangements on this particular subject, which the seriousness of the case calls for on our part, and it\u2019s difficulty may admit on theirs. This done, it will be desireable that legislative rules be framed which may equally guide and justify the proceedings of our Minister, or other agent, at that court, and at the same time extend to our seafaring citizens, the protection of which they have so much need.\nMr Cutting, being on the spot, will himself furnish the explanations and documents of his case, either to the legislature, or a committee of it, or to the Auditor, as he shall be required. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0325", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Otho Holland Williams, 7 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Williams, Otho Holland\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia february 7th 1792.\nI have received a letter from General Moultrie of south Carolina, dated December 29th, informing that he had sent to me, by the Baltimore Packet (which was to sail the next day) the following plants\u2014to wit\u20142 boxes with sweet shrubs\u20142 boxes with Italian Myrtle\u2014one box with two opopynaxes\u2014one box with two olianders\u2014and two boxes with the Palmitto Royal.\nNow, my dear Sir, as I have received no account of the arrival of these plants at Baltimore, I am apprehensive that some accident has befallen them, and must beg the favor of you to make an enquiry respecting them, and if they have reached Baltimore, to let me know what state they are in; and should they have escaped destruction from the severity of the weather, I must add to the trouble of the enquiry, a request, that, if the plants are found in such preservation as to be worth sending to Mount Vernon, you would have the goodness to cause them to be sent there by the first Vessel which may be bound that way. And, in order to prevent a double transportation and perhaps a delay which may be ruinous to them, it would be a pleasing thing to me if the Captain of the Vessel that may carry them to the Potomack, would land them at Mount Vernon in his way up the River.\nThe amount of freight from Charleston, and other charges\nupon these plants you will be so obliging as to ascertain & let me know, that it may be paid. With very great regard & esteem I am, Dear Sir, Your most obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0327", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 9 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Thursday Morng [9 February 1792]\nThe P\u2014\u2014requests that Mr J\u2014\u2014would give the enclosed letter & papers a reading between this and dinner\u2014and come an hour before it, that he may have an opportunity of conversing with him on the subject of them.\nMr Walker of George Town is in this City\u2014from him, if Mr J\u2014\u2014could contrive to get him to his house, he might learn the sentiments of the people of the place, Carrolsburg &ca\u2014with respect to the dispute between the Comrs & Majr L\u2019\u2014\u2014& generally of the State of the business.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0329", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jan Adriaan de Lange, 10 February 1792\nFrom: Lange, Jan Adriaan de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Amsterdam, 10 February 1792]\nI See with the greatest satisfaction from the public papers, the great prosperity and blessings, which happy america enjoys, as the consequences of the liberty which you have given it, under the assistance of the King of Kings; but particularly my attention was fixed on the extent of the manufatories. and at several times I was contemplating if my manufactory could be of Use in those regions, and also on the possibility of erecting the Same in america without prejudicing my own country, having finally concluded that far from prejudicing my country it would be beneficial, I was at the loss to whom I was to address my Self as I was unacquainted with the Merchants. It appeared however to me I could not address my Self to any better but to You Sir who is known by the whole World as firmly attached to your country, and your known prudence and Knowledge will easily determine If Such a manufactory could be of use in america. I therefore take the liberty to address you with all Submission and to offer the following remarks.\nMy manufactory is a Manufactory of orchal Used by women in washing Linen, chintz &c: but particularly it is used to wash the white plastered walls, and is used here and most throughout Europe for that purpose, particularly in those countries were it is not the fashion to cover the walls and in those places where the principal Inhabitants cover their walls, there others of inferior class who live in Houses of which the walls are plastered. It is not used in the west Indien, as they have the Indigo, and there are a less number of persons of an inferior class and less cleanness\u2014and more so because it has never been used\u2014it is true there is in america Indigo, but number of its Inhabitants will not be able to use Indigo, more so as the orchal is very cheap in using the same[.] please to consider Sir that, the 100 lb. is Sold from f30 to f6o according to quality of a blue color, and that there are 260 \u27e8a\u27e9 280 pieces or small balls to the pound, and it will be Sufficient for a woman of the lower class to use 8 Small Balls for the washing of her clothes, and with the use of one half pound they are enabled to white wash a whole Room, considering this I am of opinion this manufactory can be usefull in america.\nI hope Sir You will not be offended, in representing to your\nview Such trifles, but those very trifles amount to a benefit for the comunity & therefore deserving of Your attention.\nYou have now represented to you Something which if meeting your approbation I am willing to disclose the art[icle] on condition a premium should be allowed, and to shew a proof I hereby remit a Sampel of orchal, and if found good a tryal can be made of manufactoring the Same, the expences of which would not exceed f200. I mention this all to shew that I am not an adventurer but to proof I am attached to America, however with this view to have also my own benefit before me more so as the war has reduced me f80/m I am not the man who can go to america, for I have here my own manufactory, but I shall enable the person who will undertake the business to carry it on Successfully and notwithstanding it appears to be a trifle. I dare Say that the manufactorers of orchal in the Province of Holland can clear annually f100/m.\nI have now represented to you Sir Something which is entirely left for your consideration; I am respectfully &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0330", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Edmund Randolph, 10 February 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia, february 10th 1792.\nThe President directs me to offer you his sincere condolence for the loss of your sister\u2014to which permit me, my dear sir to add mine.\nThe President thinks it would be best for you to take an opportunity of conversing with Mr Ellicot respecting Mr Carroll\u2019s house, before you send him your opinion on the subject, as he wishes every information to be had that can be obtained respecting it.\nThe President observes that it will be inconvenient for him to receive your opinion on Mr Dumas\u2019s case on Monday or today. With great respect & esteem I am Dear Sir Your most Obedt St\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0332", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 11 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] Saturday 11th Feby [1792]\nIf you & Mr Madison could make it convenient to take a family dinner with me to day\u2014or, if engagements prevent this\u2014wd come, at any hour in the afternoon most convenient to yourselves we would converse fully, and try to fix on some plan for carrying the Affairs of the Federal district into execution.\nUnder present appearances it is difficult, but it is nevertheless necessary to resolve on some thing. Yrs\u2014sincerely & Affectionately\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0333", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to James Pemberton, 11 February 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Pemberton, James\n  Philadelphia, 11 Feb. 1792. Returns \u201cthe enclosed paper which was submitted to the Consideration of the President last evening, containing the sentiments proposed to be delivered, in writing, by the Quakers to the deputation from the Cherokee nation of Indians now in this City\u2014and [is commanded] to inform, that the President, upon a due consideration of the subject, does not see any impropriety in the enclosed Speech being delivered to the Cherokees, as it contains the same friendly sentiments with which he has himself endeavoured to impress these people, and it does not appear to be a matter that can be drawn into precedent on any future occasion. Neither has the President any objection to these Indians being furnished, by the Quakers, with such small presents as were mentioned to him last eveng.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0334", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Alexander Hamilton, 12 February 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n  Philadelphia, 12 Feb. 1792. Transmits the president\u2019s command that the secretary of the treasury make inquiries about a letter from Congressman Abraham Baldwin of Georgia (not found) mentioning the death\nof Cornelius Collins, collector at Sunbury, and recommending Francis Coddington for the vacancy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0335", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Newenham, 12 February 1792\nFrom: Newenham, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\n12th Feby 1792\nI wrote to your Excellency last December, which I hope you receved; it contained the account of the Violent Proceedings of the Popish Party in this Kingdom; they demand Equal rights in Every thing with the Protestants\u2014if they obtained half of what they asked, they would, at once, become our Rulers; & overturn our Constitution in Church & state; they are grown bold from their Numbers & late meetings; they insult us in all their public meetings & public papers; the public papers, which are Numerous, are all in the hands of Papists, so that we Cannot get even an Essay into them, except one Ministerial paper\u2014thus the Protestants are cut off from a Communication with Each other, & nothing gets into the Country papers, but Popish Resolutions.\nThis Country is beginning to rize in Wealth & Trade; the Present is the best Government, we have had these many years; I send you the accounts laid before Parliament, & also the Minister\u2019s Speech, & statement, together with a Magazine.\nThis Letter is consigned to Messrs OBrein, who promised to forward my last; they are attentive & therefore hope you will receve this in due Time.\nI have received many Curious seeds of Trees & Shrubs from Mrs Montgomery, who was much regarded & Esteemed here; whereever she Visited, She made Friends\u2014but was very Ungenerously treated by one of her Late much respected Husbands relations.\nWe have now a dispute between the Two parties in Parliament, Each Striving for Power\u2014Part of my Constituents desired me to Support Government on the East India Trade\u2014I did so, & then a Numerous Meeting of them was held, Where I received different Instructions, accordingly I Explained their sentiments on the Next day to Parliament\u2014it is impossible for an honest Man, if\nhe was an Angel, to please the Body of the People, as they are so divided\u2014I wish myself out of Parliament, for I find all are pushing for places & Pensions\u2014& I lost above \u00a330,000 by my Voting honestly\u2014as follows, my Employment in the year 1760 Cost me \u00a35000, I was then orderd by Government to buy a seat in Parliament in 1768, which cost me \u00a32000\u2014I was turned out in 1770 & obliged to pay \u00a3900 which they said I owed\u2014but which I never receivd\u2014the Employment was then \u00a31000 a year So that I actualy lost more than \u00a330,000, as I am 22 years out of it, & my \u00a37000 principal Money \u27e8illegible\u27e9\u2014this, to a younger Brother with a Large & Numerous Family, has been an imposable Loss\u2014one Patriotic Man, Mr Nicholson, left me a Legacy of \u00a31000\u2014yet I have withstood Every temptation for 22 years\u2014& never asked a favor for myself or Younger Sons\u2014who are totaly unprovided for.\nBy all accounts from France, Matters seem to be in a proper Train of Settling their new Government, if their own troopes on the Frontiers do not improperly attack or insult the German Territories\u2014it may be occasioned by the Maneuvres of the Aristocratics, who under pretence of a Defence, may push themselves forward into Germany\u2014it is a Luckey Circumstance for France, that the Low Countries are in a state of Insurrection, as the Emperor must be in Constant Dread of loosing them; My fourth Son who is settled at Marsailles in France, writes me word, that all is peace in that part of France, that Credit is rising, & Trade flourishing.\nour Debates are Very Violent in respect to Popery, last night; but the papers will not be printed before this Ship (the Merchant) sails for New Yorke, so that I Cannot Send them by this Oppertunity\u2014A Mob Surrounded the Parliament house a few Nights agoe, & Committed great riots, broke the Windows & Globes\u2014among the rest, I got an Ugly blow of a Stone on my hand.\nAfter a Very wet Month of January, we are getting a good Month of February, & the Spring begins well, yet Hay bears a great Price & oates continue to rize\u2014Meat is Cheap\u2014& Many, among the Merchants, is in plenty.\nThe Bearer of this Letter Captain Williams of the Ship (Merchant) of New Yorke is a Virginian, & fought under your Banners at Morris Town & Crossed the Delaware at the Memorable Action of Trenton, consequently he will recive Every mark of Respect from me; He dines with me this day, to Drink your Health\u2014he is an agreable Man, & recounts, without Exaggeration, all the Actions he was in; being a Virginian my assiduity shall be doubled to him.\nLady Newenham & all this Family join me in most affectionate & Sincere wishes for yours & Mrs Washingtons best health & Constant Happiness\u2014I have the Honor, to be, Dear Sir with the most perfect Esteem & respect your most obt & most Hble Sert\nEdward Newenham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0337", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Paine, 13 February 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Paine, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n\tLetter not found: from Thomas Paine, 13 Feb. 1792. GW wrote Paine on 6 May 1792: \u201cI have received your letter of the 13th of February.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0338", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Isaac Smith, 14 February 1792\nFrom: Smith, Isaac\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTrenton [N.J.] Feby 14th 1792\nBeing informed that the Office of Attorney general in the western Territory is at present vacant, I beg leave to introduce to your Notice my Son John Penington Smith, who is already settled in the Practice of the Law in Fort-Washington.\nHe is 27 Years of Age, served his Clerkship under Mr Houston and our present Governour Mr Paterson, and, from the Recommendation of the Supreme Court, was licensed to practise in all the Courts of New Jersey by Governour Livingston; and was likewise admitted to the Bar in Pensylvania four years ago; since which Time he has practised in Kentucke, till last September when he moved into the Goverment west of the Ohio.\nI know him to be a young man of Honour & Abilities, both natural and acquired, and his political Principles such as a real Friend to his Country would wish them to be. Altho\u2019 a Father I would not wish to mislead. It is probable many of the Gentlemen of the western Army are acquainted with him. I have the Honour to be, Sir, with due Respect, and long and sincere Attachment your very humble Servant,\nIsaac Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0340", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Eimbeck, 15 February 1792\nFrom: Eimbeck, George\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it Please Your Excellency\nSavannah [Ga.] 15th Feby 1792\nI Am Under the Disagreeable Necessity of Informing your Excellency that Fort Wayne is in A very Defenceless Situation having Neither Men Nor Amunition and as I have Frequently made Application to the Goverment of the State of Georgia without Redress.\nHumbly beg your Excellency to Honor me with your Orders Respecting the Business\u2014your Honor will Please Send Orders for A Flag Staff and that the Fort may be Put in Proper Order\u2014am with all Respect Your Exellencies Most Humble Servant\nGeorge Eimbeck", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0341", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 15 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] Wednesday 15th Feby 1792\nBefore I give any decided opinion upon the letter you have written to Majr L\u2019Enfant\u2014or on the alterations proposed for the engraved plan, I wish to converse with you on several matters which relate to this business. This may be, if nothing on your part renders it inconvenient, immediately after 8 Oclock to morrow\u2014at wch hour I breakfast, and at which if agreeable to yourself I should be glad to see you.\nIn the meanwhile, I send for your perusal an address from Mr Welsh, which, (though dated yesterday) is but just received.\nYou will recollect the communications of Mr Walker on Saturday afternoon. from these, those of Sunday differed but little. But as he said Major L\u2019Enfant had declin\u2019d committing, or suffering to be committed to writing any ideas of his, for as much as he had given them to me before in a letter, I have looked these over\u2014and send the only one I can find in which he has attempted to draw a line of demarkation between the Commissioners & himself. I also send you the general ideas of another person, principally on the subject of a loan, that you may, if leisure & inclination will permit give the whole a perusal before I see you. Yours sincerely &ca\nGo: Washington\nP.S. If Mr Madison can make it conven[ien]t to come with you I should be glad to see him also\u2014In that case, it might be well to Give him a previous perusal of the enclosed papers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0342", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 16 February 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] Thursday 9\u27e8illegible\u27e9 Febry 16 [1792]\nI will wait upon the President after Breakfast, and at half past eight tomorrow Morning being desirous of finishing all things relative to the cherokees this evening\u2014They will depart on Saturday, will it be Convenient for the President to bid them farewell at 12 oClock tomorrow? I am Yours sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0343", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, 16 February 1792\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n  Richmond, Va., 16 Feb. 1792. Transmits an extract of a letter from Mr. Taylor, one of the commissioners of the marine hospital at Norfolk, Virginia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0344", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 17 February 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n  Philadelphia, 17 Feb. 1792. Submits a draft of a letter to Alexander McGillivray for the president\u2019s approval or correction; \u201cplease to return it as it is necessary to be given to Mr Shaw.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0345", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 18 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] February 18th 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to communicate for the information of the President a letter which he has just received from the Supervisor of North Carolina. The complexion of things there tho\u2019 not pleasing is rather better than worse.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0347", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Maryland Executive Council, 18 February 1792\nFrom: Maryland Executive Council\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nMaryland Annapolis Feby 18. 1792.In Council.\nPresuming that the defence of the frontiers will require an augmented force, and that Military promotions will of course take place, we beg leave to address you in favor of Mr Henry Carbery who served in the late expedition against the Indians as Senior Captain in the Battalion of levies from this State, and has returned with the reputation of having exhibited an exemplary Conduct as well in the unfortunate Action as during the Campaign in general. These testimonies joined to the knowledge we have of his respectable deportment in private life, have impressed us with the desire of procuring him the further Notice of your Excellency\u2014We believe him to be among those men who by a predilection for the Military life are led to a closer Study of the duties of that profession than Officers of his rank in general impose on themselves. We beg leave Sir, to add that during the former war he occasionally Commanded a party of Cavalry against the Indians, and Seems Confident of acquitting himself well, if he should be honored with a Command of that kind in the proposed Arrangements\u27e8.\u27e9 With the highest respect we have the honor to be your Excellencys mo. obedt hble Servt\nJames Brice", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0348", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 19 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nSunday Feb. 19th [1792]\nIf Mr Madison could make it convenient to spare half an hour from other matters, G. W. would be glad to see him at 11 oclock to day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0349", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Stoy, 19 February 1792\nFrom: Stoy, William\nTo: Washington, George\nPlease your Excellency,\nLibanon [Lebanon, Pa.] febr 19th 1792.\nIf your Excellency will condescend to read the following it will do you no harm: if not I can\u2019t be hurt by it. Congress have miscarried in an expedition against the Indians, the original, the absolutely rightful and under god the primitive owners of the land. their territories have been ceded to North America: by whom? by great Brittain. What right and title had Great Brittain to their land? the right of conquest. none else what ever may be Said to the contrary. Serpens nisi devoret Serpentem non fit draco. upon this principle all power is established. Now please to let me ask your Excellency: upon what title or grant do you rightfully hold the extensive tracts of land in your State? Your titles and grants under what derivation Soever, are from the obsolete and now amongst us annihilated and abdicated power of great Brittain the first usurpers and conquerors of these extensive American territories, which are now rightfully and I will Say providentially \u27e8w\u27e9rested from them. But what would your Excellency think if I or Some body else was powerful enough to rob you of your estate? the law here interferes. but what is the law against power? inter arma Silent leges. It could certainly be held by conquest. but whether justly or with injustice that might be\nthe question. what we have bought or buy from the Indians makes a different case. what they have ceded is ceded, & they have been hitherto more faithful in holding their bargains then oftentimes the white people. It is a natural truth if you confine a cat in a close place and whip her from corner to corner, if She can not find her escape, She at last will fly into your face. please to make a Suitable application. Here Something comes in my mind, which I have thought of these thirty Seven years. I remember our former war with the French & Indians which came upon us in 1754 and Some Subsequent years. at that time the Indians killed and took prisoners but could do no more then what they were permitted. for I was Sure that otherwise they might have done much more mischief. and this leads me to communicate to your Excellency a far different Step which the Indians may pursue, if they Should happen to fall upon copying our own conduct, and which I very carefully Shall keep from the public Eye. We go out against the Indians and destroy their Cornfields and harvest etc. Now Suppose five hundred Indians (and I am confident that they can Spare a much greater number for the business) would come upon us in Small parties of five only especially in the fall of the year, when the farmer hath put up his all in his barn for his future Sustainance, and Set that on fire. In this manner they need not kill us with their arms but Starve us to death. and who will pursue \u2019em? Our armies can not. let them pursue a Single Wolf. The poor farmer is rendered incapable by different motives, when at the Same time the Indian finds cattle enough for his Support. Is not our conduct absolutely inconsistent with the declaration we have made in our constitution that every one is to be protected in his property? or do the Indians not belong to them every one? or hath not even an Indian the Same right with an alien from Europe to receive the American CitizenShip if he desires it. I will not Speak from principles of Christianity, which by most people are laughed at now a days, but from principles of nature of reason & morality. God is the common father of the Indian as well as of the white man. It is now about forty years ago, Since the old and long timed Secretary, to the then proprietaries of Pennsilvania, Richard Peters, was out in the woods to make a Survey of land that had been bought from the Indians, and a heavy thunder gust came on. All the white people fled to a place among low and little Shrubs. the Indians\nremained under high trees to Shelter themselves. the White men returning found an old and grave Indian lying flat on the ground under a large oak tree, and told him that it was dangerous in a gust to lay under Such a tree. He Simply replied: the Lord knows where the poor Indian lays. with great Submission & deference I am your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & most hble Servt\nW. Stoy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0350", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Mercer, 20 February 1792\nFrom: Mercer, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Fredericksburg] Virginia Feby 20th 1792.\nThe Necessity of the Case will I hope be a sufficient appollogy for my addressing your Excellency on the following Subject.\nYou Sir may recollect that Ld Dunmore in Novr 1774 purchased of you & Colo. Tayloe Trustees for the Creditors of George Mercer, under a decretal order of the General Court, certain Slaves to the value of 436\u00a3 Va. Currency on twelve months Credit\u2014for which (circumstanced as his Lordship then was) you & myself concurred in opinion he might be allowed to give Bond & Secy at a future Day when he shou\u2019d be returned to his acquaintances.\nPerhaps tho\u2019, I must ask your Excellency to take my word, that no steps have yet been taken to endeavour to recover this Debt and that now it is but a desperate one.\nas I conceive Mr Gravett & Miss wroughton who were allowed the just payments are paid off and as I am sure my Brother John is fully paid all his Demand, it follows that myself only either as a Creditor of my Bror George or as his Admr am only interested in this Little Surplus of an immense Fortune which when it was his, he divised to me\u2014But now the only Legacy I have, is his Dau[ghte]r whom I must provide for.\nUnder these impressions I have lately been examining after Lord Dunmores Effects in this State & upon enquiry am not witht hopes I may yet undue the depredations that have been committed by ex parte actings & decisions.\nI need not say, that this can only be done in a Ct of Chancery\u2014but I must add that it can not be done in any Court but in your Excellency\u2019s Name in whom the whole Right at Law is vested as Surviving Trustee.\nIt is for this reason I must request leave to use your Excellencys Name for recovery of the debt\u2014and I mention it at this time because Dispatch is important and a completion of it during my Life is more so; for I have no friend to leave behind that will be willing to hazard this chance at their expence. I have the honour to be with the greatest respect and all due deference Yr Excellency\u2019s most obedt & very humble Servant\nJas Mercer\nP.S. the following is subjoined solely as an endeavour to shorten yr answer as much I can\u2014It will suffice at Law! but is wholly left to yr approbation, amendment or rejection.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0352", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 22 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] Wednesday 7 Oclock A.M. [22 February 1792]\nThe enclosed meets my approbation. Did Walker accord willingly, or reluctantly?\nThe Plan I think, ought to appear as the Work of L\u2019Enfont. The one prepared for engraving not doing so, is, I presume, one cause of his dissatisfaction. If he consents to act upon the conditions proposed, and can point out any radical defects, or others to amend which will be a gratification to him\u2014not improper in themselves, or productive of unnecessary, or too much delay, had he not better be gratified in the alterations? This, yourself & Mr Walker can think of. The Plans of the buildings ought to come forward immediately for consideration. I think Mr Walker said yesterday he (L\u2019Enfont) had been shewing the different views of them to Mr Trumbul. Yrs sincerely\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0353", "content": "Title: Edmund Randolph to Tobias Lear, 22 February 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n  Philadelphia, 22 Feb. 1792. \u201cThe visit of respect, which is due to-day, it was my most earnest intention to have paid. For I connect with it a personal attachment, not dependent on any official relation. But I am unfortunately deprived of this gratification by the continuance of the disorder, which I mentioned to you in my note of yesterday. Permit me, therefore, to request you to communicate this circumstance to the President and Mrs Washington, when an easy opportunity shall offer itself. As I am confident, that I need not express to either of them the genuine sensations, which the occasion calls forth in my breast, I have only to hope, that I may long be able to render them both my affectionate congratulations on the return of this day. . . . P.S. You will readily perceive, that this note is designed to be destitute of form, and not to produce a single word in reply.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0354", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 23 February 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n  Treasury Department, Philadelphia, 23 Feb. 1792. Submits a contract made by the superintendent of the New Castle Island lighthouse in New Hampshire with Titus Salter for supplying, keeping, lighting, and superintending the occasional repairs of that building and humbly\nopines that it is not disadvantageous to the United States, as its terms are the same as those in the last agreement for the same supplies and services.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0356", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Clinton, 24 February 1792\nFrom: Clinton, George\nTo: Washington, George\nConfidential \nSirNew York, 24th February 1792    \nIt is reported here that Colo. Smith either has or intends to resign the Office of Supervisor of the Excise for this District; Under this Impression and a Conviction that from the Nature of\nthat Office there is none that it is more necessary should be filled with a Man of Discretion, Integrity and weight in the Community I begg leave to mention for your Excellencys Consideration Doctor Tillotson whom I am induced to believe fully answers the above Description\u2014I need not remind your Excellency that he served with Reputation in our Hospital, is connected with one of the most respectable Famillies in this State and is now a Member of our Senate\u2014Your Excellency I flatter myself will pardon this Liberty which be assured proceeds from no other Motive than a Regard for the public Wellfare. I have the Honor to be with the highest Respect & Attachment Your Excellencys Most Obedient Servant\nGeo. Clinton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0357", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 24 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Friday \u20192 Oclock [24 February 1792]\nThe President desires Mr Jefferson will give the enclosed Papers an attentive perusal, & return them to him as soon as he has done it; that Colo. Hamilton may have an opportunity of doing it also. At 10 \u2019oclock tomorrow the P\u2014\u2014will speak with the heads of departments upon the subject of them and requests their attendance accordingly.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0358", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 25 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir,\nSaturday Afternn 25th Feby 1792\nI have given the enclosed draught of a letter to Captn Brandt a careful perusal. Such additions as are made with a pencil may be advisable\u2014but, after you have given them an attentive consideration, they may stand or fall as you shall think best. Yours &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0359", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James McCallmont, 25 February 1792\nFrom: McCallmont, James\nTo: Washington, George\nsr\nPhiladelphia Febry 25th 1792\nDisappointed in my first application for Office, I hope your Excellency will excuse a second direction of my wishes to it, tho\u2019 they are not pointed to any one in particular; and as there are some claims, Individuals may have \u2019on Government, which may be considered operating as secondary motives in the disposal of them, I would beg leave, in order to state mine, to be indulged in giving a few of the out-lines of my life during the War.\nIn the Year 1776 having finish\u2019d my studies, I came up to Philadelphia fill\u2019d with the Ardor & Enthusiasm peculiar to Americans at that Period, with a view of entering into the Service of my Country; by the advice of my friends, I was directed to that Line, in which, while I was accomplishing my wishes, I might derive benefits to myself by an increase of practical knowledge in a Profession, which was to be the principal Source of my future Subsistence\u2014Understanding there were no Vacancies, in the Army, I obtain\u2019d an appointment in the Navy, as Surgeon of the Brigantine Lexington of sixteen Guns, Capt. Hallock Commander, who after sometime was ordered to Cape Francois for Arms, Ammunition and Clothing for the Troops\u2014The twentieth of December, upon our return, we were captur\u2019d by the Pearl Frigate early in the morning\u2014a beginning Storm prevented them taking out more than the supposed navigating Officers, and a few of the principal Seamen, replacing them with an Officer and Crew of their own, with orders to lay by the Frigate, \u2019till the Abatement of the Gale\u2014The succeeding night, we broke open the Hatches and with little contest got possession of the Vessel\u2014After getting her under way, and scudding about four hours, we were again necessitated, from the severity of the Storm, to heave her too\u2014The loss of our Sea-Officers united to the Idea of liberating themselves from Captivity were considered\nas removing all Ties of subordination and distinction\u2014Therefore in a general Consultation for future measures to be pursued, it appear\u2019d to be the almost unanimous Voice to run her on shore upon the first land we should make, and save themselves, principally urged to it from their ignorance of Navigation and the dread of punishments if recaptured\u2014Conscious of the difficulties to be encountered in a Procedure of this Nature, the deprivation of every merit acquired, as well as the possibility of saving the Vessel and Cargo, from some Knowledge I had obtained in the Theory of Navigation, previous to my Study of Medicine\u2014I opposed it by pointing out the Obstacles attendant upon their Proposition, the honor and probable Reward accruing from saving the Vessel and Cargo with the advantages arising from it to their Country; at the same time, I endeavour\u2019d to infuse in them, a Confidence in my Knowledge, which I possess\u2019d not myself\u2014I succeeded, and as happily succeeded in making the Capes of Virginia in five days, and Baltimore in twelve\u2014Upon our Arrival, the Sailors went in a body to the Honble Congress then sitting in Baltimore requesting a Salvage in the Vessel and Cargo recaptured\u2014from the Sailors, I understood, that Congress promised, as soon as an Estimate of the Vessel and Cargo could be made, they should receive as a Gratuity one half, and as an immediate recompence two months wages\u2014I made no application myself; diffidence, as well as conceiving the adopted one best, prevented me\u2014Relying upon these Promises the Vessel and Cargo was not libel\u2019d\u2014The Death of my Father, at this time, necessitating me to go to Delaware, I obtain\u2019d a Furlough, but was puntual in my return\u2014Upon my Arrival in Baltimore I found the Crew dispersed, no more recompence intended, the Brigantine fitted out for a Cruise, and a new Surgeon appointed, upon a Supposition, I should not return within the limits of my Furlough\u2014I made no application for a reinstatement, but set off for Philadelphia and was appointed Surgeon of the Ship Xebeck then laying in the River, on board of which, I continued \u2019till the Capture of Mud-Island-fort, burning the Vessels &c. then with others retreated up to Borden-town\u2014I remain\u2019d there about a Month without a Prospect of Employment\u2014tired of a life so inactive, I resigned, made application in the Army and received the appointment of Surgeon in the Second Maryland Regiment, with which I continued a Year and a\nhalf, at the Expiration of which, some circumstances inducing me to resign\u2014I went to Sea, which I continued to follow either as Surgeon or Capt. of Marines on board of Lettre Marques or Privateers, \u2019till the conclusion of the War, during which time I was at the capturing of forty Sail of Vessels and a thousand Prisoners (and pardon me for saying, that I never received from the first, more than I was entitled to from a general Division nor never unnecessarily wounded the feelings of the last)\u2014I was twice captured myself, being part owner of each Vessel, I was taken in; so that at the Close of the War, I found myself a Prisoner, and in the same pecuniary Situation, I was in at its Commencement; and tho\u2019 near three Years in the Service cut off, by an Act of the Legislature from every Prospect of Depreciation; but in the Eye of Justice it lessens not the claim nor has it removed the stipulated Debt\u2014I have since pursued a Profession never consonant to my feelings, & was it not for a small Property, I possess independent of it, hardly adequate to the support of my Family\u2014In the Recapture of the Brigantine, which I have mention\u2019d, I claim not more than a share in the mingled merit with others, but I conceive I can stand forward, as a principal and leading Cause in saving the recaptur\u2019d property to my Country, a Property not less than forty thousand Pounds, and that at a time when it\u2019s Nominal was it\u2019s least Value\u2014Seeing every other Road bar\u2019d to restitution or Recompence, I have taken this; if I have mistaken it now, I hope your Excellency will excuse me nor consider this Sketch as intrusive\u2014Prompted by Self in this application (an application known only to myself) yet would I rather sacrafice it, than attempt a Trust, I was inadequate to; nor have I the most distant Idea, they would weigh one moment with your Excellency, were the Essentials for the proper execution of Office were defective, of these others can best judge\u2014a Stranger to your Excellency to Mssrs Read and Vining myself and Connexions are well known, from them I could probably obtain the necessary requisite Recommendation. I am sr with the highest Respect Your Excellency\u2019s very humbl. Servt\nJames McCallmont", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0360", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Shepherd, 25 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Shepherd, David\nSir,\nPhiladelphia February 25th 1792.\nI thank you for the information which you have given me in your letter of the 30th of Decr respecting the intention of the Tomlinsons and others to dispute my title to a tract of land called the Round Bottom.\nI wish these persons, and any others who may be disposed to dispute my title to that land, to be informed in the most explicit and pointed manner, that it is my fixed determination to defend, at all events, every inch of that land which is within the lines of my patent.\nIf, therefore, any encroachments are made thereon, the person or persons by whom they are made may depend upon being prosecuted as long as there shall be a shadow of right or justice in so doing.\nI have nothing to say respecting any surveys which may be made without the lines of my patent; but let them beware of the consequences of coming within them. I am Sir, with very great esteem, Your most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0361", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Ruben Slaughter, 25 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Slaughter, Ruben\nSir,\nPhiladelphia, Feb. 25th 1792.\nI thank you for the information given me in your letter of the 21st of November last, of your claiming 200 Acres of the land within the limits of my Survey on the Great Kanhawa; as it gives me an opportunity of letting you know my fixed determination\nto defend my title to all that land within the lines of my patent, and to warn you in the most pointed manner not to make any Settlements thereon, or to exercise any other right of proprietorship within the limits of my patent.\nIt may be proper to inform you that in the year 1769 or 1770, there was a special order of the Governor and Council of Virginia, for reserving all the lands on the Great Kanhawa to satisfy the military claims of myself and others of the first Virginia Regiment\u2014That in 1770 I was myself on the Great Kanhawa with the Surveyor to look out the land for the military claims\u2014and that my Patent for the tract you speak of has been in my possession many years. I can not therefore entertain the smallest doubt of the legality and validity of my title to every acre of land within the lines of that patent; and from a conviction of this I am resolved to defend it at all events\u2014and to prosecute to the extremity of the law every encroachment that may be made upon the boundaries of it. I therefore desire you will consider this letter as a solemn warning, not to make any Settlement, or exercise any other right of proprietorship on any part of the land within the lines of my patent: assuring you that if you should, after this warning persevere in your intention of settling or otherwise encroaching upon my land, you must expect to be prosecuted as far as right and justice will admit. I am Sir your very hble Servant,\nGo: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0362", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hunter, Jr., 26 February 1792\nFrom: Hunter, William Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria [Va.] 26th feby 1792\nSensible, that the pressure of public business, you have to attend to, leaves little or no time for private, which makes me sorry to intrude, but hope on this occasion it will be forgiven, As it is only once more to mention Capt. Nicholas Hannah, whom you was so kind as name to Colo. Dark in Appointing the Officers of the Levies; He is now in Phila., and wishes to enter into the regular Service\u2014If his conduct has been such, as invites patronage, (of which I hope, you have had a satisfactory Acct) will take it as a very particular favour, added to many I have received, If he can be again named, so as to obtain his Wish. And Am with every Sentiment of respect, and Sincere Esteem\u2014Sir Your very hble & obedt Servt\nWill. Hunter Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0364", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 26 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Sunday Morning 26th Feb. 1792\nThe P\u2014\u2014 returns the enclosed Report to Mr J\u2014\u2014 Boundary, and the Navigation of the Missisipi are clearly defined\u2014The propositions respecting Commerce he presumes is equally so, but having little knowledge of this subject he trusts to the guards provided by Mr J\u2014\u2014.\nThe P\u2014\u2014 has put one or two queries in the Margin of the Report merely for consideration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0365", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 26 February 1792\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nHope Park [Va.]\u201426th\u2014February 1792.\nIt was my expectation at the last meeting of the Commissioners, that Mr Johnson would have seen you long ago, and laid before you many particulars which could not be done so satisfactorily by letter\u2014As he was well prepared to have given you a comprehensive knowledge of the many untoward circumstances which have befallen us, I considered it as unnecessary in me to occupy your time. I am just informed by Mr Carrol, that he has been disappointed by an indisposition, caught by his great exposure in riding down twice to G[eorg]etown, in the midst of the severe weather. Could I have foreseen this a month ago, I believe, as inconvenient as it would have been to me, I would have set forward myself\u2014I must hope however, that he has written fully to you.\nMajor L\u2019Enfant\u2019s conduct, and his Deputy\u2019s has (as you have been informed) embarrassed us much\u2014On a review of ours towards him, I cannot concieve, he could have found any three men more disposed to cooperate harmoniously with him\u2014We were induced to this, not only by our zeal for the work, in which we were engaged, but our high respect to your good opinion of him\u2014But, it appears to me at present, that our efforts in this\nway, have only tended to heighten his ideas of his own importance, and to increase his natural perversity\u2014Indeed, as he has the nack of impressing all concerned with him, with great awe of him, I have sometimes thought, he flattered himself, he should succeed equally with us. It is certain, that our conduct has recieved this construction from many; while others have regarded it as a full proof, that the Major was not subject to the orders of the Commrs\u2014We were not only pained by insinuations of this sort, but even impudent suggestions that you must have written differently to him from what you had done to us: as it was not concieved he would have persevered in his obstinacy, if it had met with your disapprobation\u2014As we considered the Major not only as a man of talents, but of character too, we hoped his conduct would have evinced the contrary\u2014But this continued to be the belief of his Partizans to the last, and was the foundation of the trouble given us, by his Deputy, Mr Roberdeau, in which we are well assured, he was countenanced by Peters Walker and Davidson\u2014For without it he certainly on his own credit, would not have been able to have kept fifty one men at work a single day, much less a week\u2014I was indeed at one time so provoked by their deafness to every thing we could urge against the folly of the supposition, that you could be capable of such conduct, that I was allmost tempted to produce the copies of your letters to L\u2019Enfant\u2014I believe now, it would have been happy if I had, and that it would have saved us much of the trouble which has since happened\u2014As Mr Roberdeau has been some time in Philadelphia, it is probable, he has given you an account of his impertinent conduct towards us, when we felt ourselves compelled by his refusal to attend to our directions, to discharge him\u2014As he made us many apologies for it, and was sincerely forgiven, and at my intercession again employed, I shall trust to his candour, in having given you a true statement\u2014I really believe, the young man would have acted properly after his first misconduct, but for his croud of bad Counsellors\u2014During the short continuance of our again employing him, he favored us with the sight of his instructions from L\u2019Enfant\u2014This Gentleman directs him after employing 25 hands at the quarries, and 50 in the City, to apply to the Commissioners for the means of supplying them, but if they should be out of the way, or any thing else happened, no impediment was to obstruct him\u2014It is probable, he had given\nhim a verbal explanation of this mysterious sentence\u2014It certainly appears, that he had some conjecture that the Commissioners might disapprove of them, and the clear inference is, that he was to proceed in opposition to their sentiments\u2014This is further confirmed, by some certificates which Mr Carrol informs me, he and Mr Johnson have from some respectable characters, setting forth, that they heard L\u2019Enfant and Roberdeau long ago declare, they would not attend to directions from men so ignorant and unfit as the Commissioners\u2014This language has been held too by some others, who wish to worry us out of our appointments, no doubt from the very laudable motive of becoming our successors\u2014We treated this pitifull stuff with the contempt it deserved\u2014But we were lately attacked by reports of a more serious, and infamous cast\u2014Our conduct in discharging the hands, was said to be connected with Mr Benson\u2019s intended attack, and the appointment of Mr Cabot greatly censured; the true object of which, it was asserted, was to negociate a bribe of 5000\u00a3 apiece, to each Commissioner, for his services in throwing every obstacle in the way of the buildings. After tracing this infamous story from two or three, it rested on Mr Walker, who if not the Fabricator himself, declined giving up his authority\u2014As I had allways before entertained a good opinion of this Gentleman, I was much astonished on the present occasion\u2014The fact is, he and Davidson had espoused the side of L\u2019Enfant, in not giving us up the plan, during the sales, and began to think, from thence, that we were ignorant and unfit.\nYou have no doubt heard of the malicious calumny raised against Mr Carroll by the Major, about giving Mr Brent, previous notice of the sum which the Commissioners had authorized him to give for the quarry. It has given Mr Carroll greater uneasiness than I think it ought; particularly, as he has had the satisfaction of proving every thing relative to the base charge false: and I must do him the justice to declare, that his conduct in that business was delicate in the extreme\u2014The inclosed extract of a letter from the Major to Mr Brent on the subject of the above calumny, will shew you what a fine opinion he entertains of us. I confess, I cannot concieve what foundation he has for saying we attempted to raise a mob at the tavern door or representing him to have run away\u2014These things may have been represented to him in this light, but they can be easily proved to be untrue\u2014\nThe spirit of party has been so prevalent, that it is not to be wondered at, that a man of L\u2019Enfant\u2019s turn, should give implicit credit to every idle suggestion\u2014Mr Peters, who I informed you had been of L\u2019Enfant\u2019s party, in a fit of penitence, lately confessed to us, he had been led away by many idle reports respecting us, for which he was sorry as he found they were all lies; and that Forrest was at the bottom of most of the confusion\u2014This Gentleman had tried much to induce us to discharge the Major, by many representations of the mere cypher some men become, and such like observations\u2014Finding some men not to be made his dupes, he suddenly, and to the astonishment of all his friends, became very intimate with the Major, with whom he had not been for some time before on speaking terms\u2014He now \u27e8set\u27e9 on foot the memorial, of which you have a copy, bestowing high commendations on L\u2019Enfant\u2019s conduct\u2014Some of his friends were so incredulous with respect to his conduct in this affair, that they could not be persuaded of it, \u2019till they had called on us for a sight of his signature. I really believe, if we had been greater fools, than I hope we are, and suffered ourselves to have been influenced by this Gentleman and a few more, we should have had the pleasure, of hearing ourselves celebrated as Solomons. We are indebted to this person too, for the dispute we shall be involved in with the Executive of Maryland\u2014By the law passed agreeable to our petition, the Commrs are vested with the power of appointing their Clerk\u2014They have done so\u2014Not content with giving this clause all the opposition he could by means of his friends in the Assembly, but without success, he got into the Council with the avowed design of frustrating it, by getting a Majority of the Council, to appoint another\u2014In this he has succeeded; so that we have now two Clerks\u2014Tho\u2019 this incident is not much connected with my object in writing, I have thought it not amiss to notice it, as it will give you a full view of the many causes of vexation we have to encounter, even from those whose interests should dictate to them a different line of conduct. It may allso serve, as a small elucidation of Mr Forrest\u2019s talents for intrigue, and great fitness for any of our much envied places.\nI should now give you some account of the loose and extravagant manner in which the work has been carried on\u2014But, as I cannot do it with that accuracy, I would allways wish to observe,\nI must hope Mr Johnson has, or will do it; as he was provided with many copies and extracts of the accounts\u2014If he has, I fear you will think we have interfered too little in every thing. You will find that chocolate molasses and sugar, are the cheapest articles, with which labourers can be furnished for breakfast\u2014As our own characters must compell us to interfere much more in future, you may expect to hear multiplied complaints against us.\nI must observe with respect to all the Gentlemen who have been in our employ, that it has been sometimes mentioned to us by themselves, and frequently insinuated by others, that they have had great offers to quit our business, and go to the Northward\u2014The effect of this tampering, must certainly be, that they will be more ready to complain, and to seek a pretext for quitting us\u2014It has allways appeared to me, since I have known L\u2019Enfant\u2019s temper, that his chief reason for not coming to terms with us was, that if he could not have his own way in every thing, he might quit our service without giving up any part of the work\u2014This was my reason, when Mr Ellicot left us, for desiring him to leave with us a plan\u2014He promised us, but did not comply; which I attribute entirely to L\u2019Enfant\u2019s influence over him, as I really believe him to be a man, with whom we could have pleasure in doing business, if left to himself\u2014I mention this as a hint to you even now, to guard against, if Mr L\u2019Enfant cannot succeed in his proposed demarkation of powers. It is what I apprehend the more, as I can hear nothing of the progress of the engraved plans.\nI beg leave to suggest that the intended appropriation of ground about the President\u2019s house, appears to me to be much too extensive\u2014I think it is what the proprietors may complain of with some propriety. It may suit the genius of a Despotic government, to create an immense and gloomy wilderness in the midst of a thriving City, and I fear the Major has borrowed from thence; but I cannot think it suitable in our situation\u2014But besides this objection, it appears to me, that on the score of expence alone, in our present situation as to funds, it ought to be curtailed\u2014The Major\u2019s ideas are perhaps on too large a scale even with respect to many others. At least I have heard complaints on this head from several.\nYou will see from many parts of the above narrative, that our situation has been in many instances very unpleasing\u2014so much so, as to induce us at our last meeting, to come to an unanimous\nresolution, to resign our very enviable offices, rather than be any longer subject to the caprices and malicious suggestions of Major L\u2019Enfant\u2014We felt much in doing this, as it might furnish the enemies to the permanent residence, with some cause of triumph, whilst it would give sensible pain to those who are friends to it; and who consider it as connected with our national prosperity\u2014In this light our zeal has ever prompted us to view it\u2014But it appeared to be a measure dictated by that regard to our characters, which we hope, was the chief motive of our being honored with the appointment. As Mr Johnson has no doubt made you acquainted with this determination, I shall willingly rest it on the communications which may pass between you on the subject\u2014And, whatever may be the event, I beg you to be assured, that I shall ever preserve the highest sense of the obligation I have been under to you, for the honor of the appointment. As it was unsollicited, and perhaps unmerited on my part, I can truly say, I felt the greater anxiety to acquit myself of it with credit. My anxiety for the success of the City is such, that I shall feel much pleasure in seeing him harmonize more happily, with another set of Commissioners\u2014But, judging from his conduct after the reciept of the letters, (of which you sent us copies) I give it as my opinion, that unless you think yourself justifyed under the law, of making him entirely independant of them, this can never be the case\u2014and if he is independant, it will then be my opinion, that the treasury of the Union will not be adequate to the expences incurred.\nI must now beg your indulgence for the tedious length of this letter, and for the many disagreeable particulars to which I have been under the necessity of calling your attention; as well as my freedom in mentioning them. With my best regards to Mrs Washington, and love to the children\u2014I am Dr Sir, with the greatest respect Your affectionate Servant\nDd Stuart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0367", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Pierre L\u2019Enfant, 27 February 1792\nFrom: L\u2019Enfant, Pierre Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nsir.\nPhiladelphia febuary 27 1792.\nhaving in my last letter to Mr Jefferson so fully Explained the Reasons, which urge me to decline all concern in the federal City under the present System as these reasons were the result of serious, impartial Consideration upon so important a Subject, I wish it understood that it still is my resolution\u2014By the letter of Mr Jefferson to me in answer, I perceive that all my services are at an End\u2014seeing things are so\u2014let me now earnestly request you to believe it is with regret the most Sincere I see the termination of all pursuits, in which so lately I engaged, and that my Every view throughout was incited by the warmest wishes for the advancement of your favorite object, and that all my abilities were united to Insure its success.\nfrom a full Conviction of the impossibility to effect the Intended Establishement, while struggling through the various difficulties that continually must occur, and which would as certainly prove insurmountable, too late to remedy thier ill consequences\u27e8,\u27e9 at the same time fearing that by my Continuance, you might indulge a fallacious hope of success, by which in the end you must have been deceived, under these Impressions do I renounce all concern in it.\npermit me also to assure in the Most faithfull manner that the same Reasons which have driven me from the Establishement will prevent any man of capacity, impressed with the same disinterested views, by which in Every Stage of it, I have been actuated, and who may be sufficiently well convinced of the importance of the undertaking, from engaging in a work that must defeat his Sanguin hopes and baffle Every Exertions\u2014Should this business fall into the Hands of one devoid of these Impressions, and of course insensible to the real benefit of the public, how great SoEver his power may be, Self interest immediately becomes his only views, and diception & dishonour are the issue.\nas I am now totally disengaged, and", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0368", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 28 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, c.28 February 1792]\nWould it be advisable to let L\u2019Enfont alter the Plan if he will do it in a certn given time\u2014and provided also we retain the means if any thing unfair is intended that we may not suff[er].\nOught any thing to be said in my letter to him respecting payment for his past Services.\nShould Mr Ellicot be again asked in strong & explicit terms if the Plan exhibited by him is conformable to the actual state of things on the ground and agreeable to the designs of Majr L\u2019E.\nAlso whether he will undertake and execute with all possible dispatch the laying off the Lots agreeably to the Plan\u2014under the Authority & orders of the Comrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0370", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 28 February 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n\tLetter not found: from Edmund Randolph, 28 Feb. 1792. On 2 Mar. Tobias Lear wrote Randolph \u201cthat the President received the Attorney General\u2019s letter of the 28th of february.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0371", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 29 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 29. 1792.\nThe Secretary of state has had under examination the Records of Proceedings in the Executive department of the Northwestern government from the 1st of Aug. to the 31st of December 1791\u2014transmitted by the Secretary, and Reports to the\nPresident of the United States That finding nothing therein which calls for the attention or interference of the President, he has deposited them among the Records in the office of the Secretary of state.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0372", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 29 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nDear Sir,\nWednesday 29th Feb. 1792\nThat General St Clair may not think his letters (enclosed) to me, have been unattended to, or slighted, I wish such an answer as will do for publication may be prepared\u2014conformably\u2014to the Sentimts which seemed to be entertained of the matter when the subject was before us the other day. I am always Yrs\nGo: Washington\nP.S. To say neither too much, nor too little, in the answer will be a matter of some difficulty under the existing circumstances of Genl St Clairs case.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0374", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nicolas Pike, 29 February 1792\nFrom: Pike, Nicolas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNewbury Port [Mass.] February 29th 1792\nI have the honor to request your Acceptance of a Medal struck in my presence by an ingenious & reputable Gentleman, who also made the Die, which branch he can execute with great facility & dispatch, & which he will warrant to stand until defaced by usage.\nHe, at present, declines having his name made public; but should this Specimen of Ingenuity intitle him to the Notice of Congress, he would be happy, on suitable Terms, to serve the Public in this line.\nHe is sufficiently acquainted with the Principles of Drawing to take a good Impression from the Life\u2014With the most cordial Gratitude & Esteem, I have the honor to be, Sir, your obliged & very humble Servant\nNicolas Pike\nP.S. The Gentleman wishes, Sir, that this Medal may not get into the hands of an Engraver.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-09-02-0375", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Wilson, 29 February 1792\nFrom: Wilson, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nVirginia Harrison County February 29th 1792\nYesterday a general council of the militia Officers of this county was held in order to take into view the State of our frontiers most exposed to the incursions of the hostile indians. The protection granted by your state government, and what additional protection might be necessary in order to secure the inhabitants from the impendent danger of the savages who consequently is much elate with their late success over the Federal Army.\n\u201cBy the council unanimously ordered That the presiding officer of this council make immediate Application to the President of the United States for an additional number of Eight scouts and as many of the militia to be called into actual service as will in addition to those already directed to be raised by our state goverment, complete one Captains company and the same is ordered accordingly.[\u201d]\nSir It would be intruding on you for me to call to your attention the disposition of the indians when fired with conquest or their dastardly way of war particularly their laying in wait about houses to take the advantage of helpless and defenceless women and Children their ambuscading Roads Robberies &c.\nIt may suffice only to mention the situation of the exposed frontier and the present fears of the people, Ohio County covers apart of Monongalia county and Harrison a part of Randolph county and in my observations since the year 1774 Ohio and Harrison has stood on a simular footing in point of danger.\nThe lamentable catastrophy that befel the Federal Army last fall has with fear so impressed the minds of the exposed people that it is pitiable to hear their complaints, and sure I am many of them would move from the exterior settlements was not their consolation a full confidence in your granting extensive tempory releif as well as to pursue the reduction of the indians upon a more extensive scale than has been heretofore done.\nI wish not to tresspass on your time or patience but conceives it my duty to mention my adjoining counties, Vizt, That Randolph may be favour with an addition of four scouts and Monongalia four. Ohio I learn is by your Excellency provided for with an additional number to those allowed by this State. Sir I am Your humble & devoted servant\nBenja. Wilson, Colo.\nSir If you condesend to answer the above, the way by Winchester is the Swiftest & surest conveyance.\nB.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0002", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 1 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department March 1st 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President of the United States the draft of a report on the subject of the Act concerning distilled Spirits. There are one or two blanks in the draft, to the filling of which some additional examination & enquiry are requisite. The suggestions however to which they relate are true, as they stand, and the sense will be apparent. The Secretary sends the draft before they are filled to save time. He will wait upon the President on Monday for his commands respecting it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0003", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Reuben Harvey, 1 March 1792\nFrom: Harvey, Reuben\nTo: Washington, George\nRespected Friend\nCork [Ireland] March 1st 1792\nTho\u2019 I have often wish\u2019d for an opportunity of communicating To The President of The United States my heart felt satisfaction\nthat it has pleased our gracious Father to grant thee life & health for the great purposes entrusted to thy Care, yet I found an unwillingness to intrude or break in upon the important & numerous Concerns that daily attend thy time, Nor should I now take the liberty of adressing these few lines for thy perusal, was I not sorely distress\u2019d at the unexpected & shocking disaster which befel your Army in the Miamis Country, the relation of which given by Genl St Clair to Secy Knox exceeds all relations of the kind that I have yet met, And seems as if written by a broken hearted dying Commander, Indeed it\u2019s Contents seem to imply an impracticability for him, with an increas\u2019d Force to stand against Indians, which I think is the first instance I\u2019ve heard of where this savage Foe was so much to be dreaded in open ground, against Troops well provided with small Arms & Artillery; Till now I apprehended that Indians were only formidable in bushy woody Ground, in places of Ambush, or when vastly superior in Number, but alas, in the late Slaughter, they attack\u2019d an Army under Arms in the open Field, & as far as we know suffer\u2019d little or no loss themselves, which is altogether beyond my capacity to account for, And is very different from Braddock\u2019s defeat in 1755, he having incautiously march\u2019d through woods & defiles, gave the Indians every advantage they could desire, notwthstanding (as I have heard) thy advice to him strongly enforced the necessity of having Partys on his Flanks. I hope thee\u2019l forgive this freedom of expression, as it realy proceeds from my unabated affection for America, which has received a very painful Shock by the late Calamity. Before I conclude my letter, bear with me a little longer, just to let me say, that I have long lamented your not having the frontier Forts deliver\u2019d up to you, according to Treaty; Is there not cause to suppose that The Possessors are not inimicable to your savage Enemys? I hope the Kentucky People have not acted improperly or unjustly, by taking any Land from the Indians, contrary to their inclination. With sincere good wishes for a continuance of thy Health I remain very respectf. Thy real Friend\nReuben Harvey\nP.S. The 27th Ulto at 5 in the Evening a Fire broke out in our Parly House of Commons, & entirely consumed it\u2014The Members were sitting.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0004", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Memorandum of Conversations with Washington, 1 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nConversations with the President.\n[Philadelphia]March 1. 1792.\n1792. Feb. 28. I was to have been with him long enough before 3. aclock (which was the hour & day he received visits) to have opened to him a proposition for doubling the velocity of the post riders, who now travel about 50. miles a day, & might without difficulty go 100. and for taking measures (by way-bills) to know where the delay is, when there is any. I was delayed by business, so as to have scarcely time to give him the outlines. I run over them rapidly, & observed afterwards that I had hitherto never spoke to him on the subject of the post office, not knowing whether it was considered as a revenue law, or a law for the general accomodation of the citizens; that the law just passed seemed to have removed the doubt, by declaring that the whole profits of the office should be applied to extending the posts &\nthat even the past profits should be refunded by the treasury for the same purpose: that I therefore conceived it was now in the department of the Secretary of state: that I thought it would be advantageous so to declare it for another reason, to wit, that the department of the treasury possessed already such an influence as to swallow up the whole Executive powers, and that even the future Presidents (not supported by the weight of character which himself possessed) would not be able to make head against this department. that in urging this measure I had certainly no personal interest, since, if I was supposed to have any appetite for power, yet as my career would certainly be exactly as short as his own, the intervening time was too short to be an object. my real wish was to avail the public of every occasion during the residue of the President\u2019s period, to place things on a safe footing. he was now called on to attend his company & he desired me to come and breakfast with him the next morning.\nFeb. 29. I did so, & after breakfast we retired to his room, & I unfolded my plan for the post-office, and after such an approbation of it as he usually permitted himself on the first presentment of any idea, and desiring me to commit it to writing, he, during that pause of conversation which follows a business closed, said in an affectionate tone, that he had felt much concern at an expression which dropt from me yesterday, & which marked my intention of retiring when he should. that as to himself, many motives obliged him to it. he had through the whole course of the war, and most particularly at the close of it uniformly declared his resolution to retire from public affairs, & never to act in any public office; that he had retired under that firm resolution, that the government however which had been formed being found evidently too inefficacious, and it being supposed that his aid was of some consequence towards bringing the people to consent to one of sufficient efficacy for their own good, he consented to come into the convention, & on the same motive, after much pressing, to take a part in the new government and get it under way. that were he to continue longer, it might give room to say, that having tasted the sweets of office he could not do without them: that he really felt himself growing old, his bodily health less firm, his memory, always bad, becoming worse, and perhaps the other faculties of his mind shewing a decay to others of which he was insensible himself, that this apprehension particularly\noppressed him, that he found moreover his activity lessened, business therefore more irksome, and tranquillity & retirement become an irresistable passion. that however he felt himself obliged for these reasons to retire from the government, yet he should consider it as unfortunate if that should bring on the retirement of the great officers of the government, and that this might produce a shock on the public mind of dangerous consequence. I told him that no man had ever had less desire of entering into public offices than my self: that the circumstance of a perilous war, which brought every thing into danger, & called for all the services which every citizen could render, had induced me to undertake the administration of the government of Virginia, that I had both before & after refused repeated appointments of Congress to go abroad in that sort of office, which if I had consulted my own gratification, would always have been the most agreeable to me, that at the end of two years, I resigned the government of Virginia, & retired with a firm resolution never more to appear in public life, that a domestic loss however happened, and made me fancy that absence, & a change of scene for a time might be expedient for me, that I therefore accepted a foreign appointment limited to two years, that at the close of that, Dr Franklin having left France, I was appointed to supply his place, which I had accepted, & tho\u2019 I continued in it three or four years, it was under the constant idea of remaining only a year or two longer; that the revolution in France coming on, I had so interested myself in the event of that, that when obliged to bring my family home, I had still an idea of returning & awaiting the close of that, to fix the aera of my final retirement; that on my arrival here I found he had appointed me to my present office, that he knew I had not come into it without some reluctance, that it was on my part a sacrifice of inclination to the opinion that I might be more serviceable here than in France, & with a firm resolution in my mind to indulge my constant wish for retirement at no very distant day: that when therefore I received his letter written from Mount Vernon, on his way to Carolina & Georgia (Apr. 1. 1791.) and discovered from an expression in that that he meant to retire from the government ere long, & as to the precise epoch there could be no doubt, my mind was immediately made up to make that the epoch of my own retirement from those labors, of\nwhich I was heartily tired. that however I did not beleive there was any idea in either of my brethren in the administration of retiring, that on the contrary I had perceived at a late meeting of the trustees of the sinking fund that the Secretary of the Treasury had developed the plan he intended to pursue, & that it embraced years in it\u2019s view. he said that he considered the Treasury department as a much more limited one going only to the single object of revenue, while that of the Secretary of state embracing nearly all the objects of administration, was much more important, & the retirement of the officer therefore would be more noticed: that tho\u2019 the government had set out with a pretty general good will of the public, yet that symptoms of dissatisfaction had lately shewn themselves far beyond what he could have expected, and to what height these might arise in case of too great a change in the administration, could not be foreseen. I told him that in my opinion there was only a single source of these discontents. tho\u2019 they had indeed appear to spread themselves over the war department also, yet I considered that as an overflowing only from their real channel which would never have taken place if they had not first been generated in another department\u2014to wit that of the treasury. that a system had there been contrived, for deluging the states with papermoney instead of gold & silver, for withdrawing our citizens from the pursuits of commerce, manufactures, buildings, & other branches of useful industry, to occupy themselves & their capitals in a species of gambling, destructive of morality, & which had introduced it\u2019s poison into the government itself. that it was a fact, as certainly known as that he & I were then conversing, that particular members of the legislature, while those laws were on the carpet, had feathered their nests with paper, had then voted for the laws, and constantly since lent all the energy of their talents, & instrumentality of their offices to the establishment & enlargement of this system: that they had chained it about our necks for a great length of time; & in order to keep the game in their hands had from time to time aided in making such legislative constructions of the constitution as made it a very different thing from what the people thought they had submitted to: that they had now brought forward a proposition, far beyond every one ever yet advanced, & to which the eyes of many were turned, as the decision which was to let us know whether we live under a limited\nor an unlimited government. he asked me to what proposition I alluded? I answered to that\u2014the Report on manufactures which, under colour of giving bounties for the encouragement of particular manufactures, meant to establish the doctrine that the power given by the Constitution to collect taxes to provide for the general welfare of the U.S. permitted Congress to take every thing under their management which they should deem for the public welfare, & which is susceptible of the application of money: consequently that the subsequent enumeration of their powers was not the description to which resort must be had, & did not at all constitute the limits of their authority: that this was a very different question from that of the bank, which was thought an incident to an enumerated power: that therefore this decision was expected with great anxiety: that indeed I hoped the proposition would be rejected, believing there was a majority in both houses against it, and that if it should be, it would be considered as a proof that things were returning into their true channel; & that at any rate I looked forward to the broad representation which would shortly take place for keeping the general constitution on it\u2019s true ground, & that this would remove a great deal of the discontent which had shewn itself. the conversation ended with this last topic. it is here stated nearly as much at length as it really was, the expressions preserved where I could recollect them, and their substance always faithfully stated.\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0008", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 2 March 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nWar-department, March 2d 1792.\nI have the honor respectfully to submit to your view the following facts and circumstances relative to the promotion shortly to take place in the first and second regiments, in order to enable you to make such determination as may best promote the public interests.\nThe idea is submitted that the Lieutenant Colonel Commandant will be promoted to a brigadier.\nIf this promotion should take place, the office of lieutenant colonel commandant of the first and second regiments will both be vacant.\nMajor Hamtramck, the senior major, has been considered as an excellent disciplinarian\u2014The only circumstances which appear to impair his right to promotion are\u2014\nFirst\u2014His expedition against the Vermilion Towns in the fall of 1790, which did not appear to have such a result as to mark the commandant with any eclat, or as possessing uncommon talents. It has been alledged that the militia were disorderly, which is probably well founded.\nSecondly. His retreat on the 4th of November last, when advanced seven miles from Fort Jefferson towards the army. It appears, on hearing of the defeat he had a council with a few of his officers\u2014detached an officer and forty men to meet the flying troops\u2014and then returned, with the regiment under his command, to Fort Jefferson.\nIt is to be understood, that the first regiment had not any provisions, and that there were none at the fort, and this is given as one of the execuses for this retreat.\nIt is to be considered, how far these two circumstances, in which Major Hamtramck is placed, indicate him as a proper person to be promoted to the command of the first regiment.\nothers will consist of nearly one thousand non commissioned and privates.\nMajor Zeigler is the second major\u2014While the major\u2019s fitness as a captain, and even a major, is conceded, it is very questionable whether he has talents sufficient to command a regiment of the magnitude proposed\u2014He has lately had some disagreement with Mr Hodgdon, the quarter master general, relatively to a payment which he ordered, and which Mr Hodgdon refused\u2014The major has offered to resign.\nThe major seems to have mistaken his situation greatly\u2014By being in the accidental command of Fort Washington, he fancies himself the commanding general. An officer is arrested and a court martial is ordered, and sentences the officer to be cashiered\u2014The officer fears the sentence of the court, and offers to resign, and the major accepts the commission. This he had no\nright to do, as the articles of war are explicit on the point, and which articles were in the major\u2019s possession.\nWere the service to be bettered by the major\u2019s resignation, it might be well to accept it\u2014But, the next in command is, major Call, who it is presumed cannot be promoted with the imputations against him.\nHamtramck, Zeigler and Call, are all the majors in service, the majorities of the second regiment are all vacant.\nIf Hamtramck should be promoted, then there would be four vacant majorities to be filled in the first and second regiments.\nThe four oldest captains of the first regiment are\u2014\nStrong\u2014a plain, brave, man, but without any considerable abilities.\nSmith\u2014brother to Col. William S. Smith\u2014brave, but not very attentive.\nAsheton\u2014a plain, brave, man.\nBeatty\u2014a plain, modest, brave, man\u2014brother to Col: Beatty.\nIt is to be observed, that these officers are entitled to promotion, by the right of seniority, according to the principles fixed in 1786, and re-established since the present government.\nThe captains of the second regiment are older officers of the late war\u2014But, having come into service under the Act of March 3d, 1791 are to be considered as junior in the present arrangement\u2014while the captains of the second acted seperately from the captains of the first, the disagreeable sensations occasioned by reversing the former rank, would not be so lively, as when those, who were formerly junior, shall be promoted over their heads in the same regiment\u2014It is therefore submitted, that as many of the captains be promoted to majorities, in the new regiments, as may be consistently with the other general principles which will govern in the appointments.\nWhile this arrangement will be a sort of accommodation, soothing to the captains of the second regiment, it is presumed that they will make as suitable majors as may elsewhere be found.\nBut, a difficulty will still remain, by major Zeigler not being promoted\u2014All the officers who are retained by that circumstance will consider themselves as injured, and they will probably resign, and perhaps the captains of the second regiment, if, a\nnew person should be brought in, over their heads\u2014It will be perceived that this measure will affect every officer in both regiments, and in some sort, be a breach of an implied contract on the part of the public.\nThis circumstance is to be weighed and balanced against a commander being placed at the head of the regiment, whose heart should be sound and brave, but whose head and talents would not promise much.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0009", "content": "Title: Deed to the Erie Triangle, 3 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 3 March 1792]\nIn the name of the United States!To all, to whom these presents shall come.\nWhereas by an act of congress, intituled an act \u201cfor carrying into effect a contract between the United States and the state of Pennsylvania,\u201d it was provided, that for duly conveying to the said state a certain tract of land, the right to the government and jurisdiction whereof was relinquished to the said state by a resolution of congress of the fourth day of September in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty eight, and, whereof the right of soil has been sold by virtue of a previous resolution of congress of the sixth day of June in the said year, the President of the United States be authorized, on fulfilment of the terms, stipulated on the part of the said state, to issue letters patent, in the name and under the seal of the United States, granting and conveying to the said state for ever the said tract of land, as the same was ascertained by a survey, made in pursuance of the resolution of congress, of the 6th of June 1788; Now Know Ye, that inasmuch as it appears by a certificate from the comptroller of the treasury, that the terms, stipulated On the part of the said state concerning the tract of land aforesaid, have been fulfilled, according to the true intent and meaning of the said contract; I do by these presents, in pursuance of the above-recited act of congress, grant and convey to the said state of Pennsylvania for ever the said tract of land, as the same was ascertained by the survey aforesaid, a copy whereof is herewith annexed.\nIn testimony whereof I have caused these letters to be made patent; and have hereunto subscribed my name, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed, at Philadelphia, this 3rd day of March in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety two, and of the Independence of the United States of America sixteenth.\nGeorge Washington\nBy the PresidentThomas Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0010", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 3 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nUnited States [Philadelphia] March 3d 1792.\nGentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives.\nI lay before you a copy of the return of the number of Inhabitants in the District of South Carolina, as made to me by the Marshal thereof; and the copy of a letter which accompanied said return.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0012", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 4 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] 11 Oclock\u2014A.M. March 4th 1792.\nThe enclosed came by the Post yesterday. I send it for your perusal.\nHave you had any conversation with Mr Ellicot respecting the completion of the Survey, & lots of the Federal City?\u2014If so, what was the result?\u2014He ought, if he undertakes it, to proceed to that place immediately\u2014so as to be there at the proposed meeting of the Commissionrs.\nThe Engravers say eight weeks is the shortest time in which the Plan can be engraved\u2014(probably they may keep it eight months). Is not this misteriously strange!\u2014Ellicot talked of getting you to walk with him to these People. The current in this City sets so strongly against the Federal City, that I believe nothing that can be avoided will ever be accomplished in it.\nAre there any good Engravers in Boston? If so, would it not be well to obtain a copy (under some other pretext) and send it there, or even to London with out any one (even Ellicot\u2019s) being appris\u2019d of it? Yrs sincerely\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0014", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Beale Gaither, 5 March 1792\nFrom: Gaither, Beale\nTo: Washington, George\nBaltimore 5th March 1792.\nThe memorial of Beale Gaither To the President of the united States Humbly Sheweth that in November last he the Said Beale Gaither being a Subject of the unitd States presentd an Order petition together with a manuscript Containg nearly Or about an hundred & eighty pages at the door of the House of Representatives directd to the Congress which was by the doorkeeper immeadiately Conveyd to the Speaker whom you\u27e8r\u27e9 Humble memoralist Observd from the gallery to break the Seals & hand Or present the Sam\u27e8e\u27e9 to the Clerk which the Speaker Shortly receiv\u27e8ed\u27e9 from the Clerk & Rolling the Same in the Cover put the whole into his Table drawer your hum\u27e8ble\u27e9 memoralist having awaitd a fortnight without Seeing any Prospect of his petition Or manuscri\u27e8pt\u27e9 being brought forward notwithstanding your Humble memoralist Realy Conceivd he hea[r]d a member of the House of Representatives Call for his proceedings & the Clerk to apply for them which did not appear to your Humble memoralist to be attendd to by the Speaker but as your memoralist was in the gallery he humbly begs leave to refer your excellency to the clerk of the House of Representatives in this Case at the expiration of a fortnight your Humble memoralist presentd a memorial also directd to the Congress Humbly praying that if his petition Could not be Complyd with that it together with his manuscript might be returd in the Same manner Such had been presentd which was done two days after your humble memoralist had presentd the aforementiond memorial now wherein your humble memoralist Conceives the Speaker of the house of representatives has errd is as appears to your humble memoralist in assuming the full power of the whole Congress which your humble memoralist Conceives the governmt has neither inten\u2019d\nnor given to any individual your humble memoralist as a Subject of the unitd States has Since been much dissattisfied and would Sooner have made his Case known to your excellency had not a Variety of Circumstances intervend which preventd him and your humble memoralist further begs leave to represent to your excellency that he Conceives from particular Circumstances that there are those who even deserve Banishment that are yet Continued in office Contrary to your excellencies wish Or desire and who as your Humble memoralist really Conceives are Subverting the laws & the Constituti\u27e8on\u27e9 and arbitraly Oppressing the Subjects Contrary to the Rights of men & Contrary to your excellencies Intention and as you\u27e8r\u27e9 Humble memoralist although a Subject of the unitd States and whose fore fathers have been Subjects of the State of maryland y\u27e8et\u27e9 as your memoralist is not at this period par\u27e8illegible\u27e9 Settled in any part of the unitd States therefore you\u27e8r\u27e9 memoralist humbly begs leave to Request that your excellencies determination may be publis\u27e8hed\u27e9 in the Baltimore advertiser from whence your Humble memoralist Conceives he ma\u27e8y\u27e9 have an Oppertunity of Observing the Sam\u27e8e\u27e9 And your humble memoralist Conceives it to be his indispensable duty ever to Conduct himself truly as a peaceable Subject and really as a well disposd & usefull Member of Society & is in duty bound to Pray.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0015", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 5\u20136 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, c.5\u20136 March 1792]\nThe catalogue of complaints, enclosed, is long.\nMay not our loss of the Indian trade\u2014the participation of it I mean\u2014and the expence & losses sustain\u2019d by the Indian War be set against Mr H\u2014\u2014list of grievances, in behalf of the B\u2014\u2014Merchants\u2014as well as, by taking our Slaves away depriving us of the means of paying debts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0016", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 5 March 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] Monday Evening 5th March 92\nUpon submitting the enclosed note from Mr Bache to the President, he desired I would send it to you, that if you thought it right for him to be furnished with the letter wh. he requests it might be done. Should you determine in the affirmative & not have a copy of the translation at hand\u2014I will have a copy of the note left with the President\u2014sent to Mr B.\nThe President has been informed that upon receiving the translation of the letter today in the Ho. of Representatives, a motion was made for a committee to be appointed to draft an Answer; but was dropped at that time, upon a suggestion that it might be improper for the Ho. to take it up, as it wd undoubtedly be answered by the President\u2014This motion was founded upon the letters being directed To the United States of N.A.\u2014The President wishes you would look at the cover of the letter & see what the direction is there.\nThe Person who brot Mr B.\u2019s note to me is the bearer of this to you\u2014thus if you should judge it proper to furnish him with a copy of the letter he might take it with him\u2014With true respect & perfect esteem I am Dear Sir, Yr mos. Ob. ser.\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0018", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen,\nPhiladelphia March 6th 1792.\nMr Jefferson, in a letter which he writes to you this day, will enter fully into the points touched upon in your letters to me of the 21st of December, and of the 7th 9th 10 & 21st of January and Mr Johnson\u2019s letter of the 3d of february. I shall therefore, do little more at present (being much pressed with other important public matters) than acknowledge the receipt of these letters, and state the reasons which caused me to delay writing to you \u2019till this time.\nUntil I received Mr Johnson\u2019s letter, the expectation of seeing him here, and conferring with him fully upon the several points mentioned in your letters, kept me from writing; and since that time the unsettled state of matters with respect to Major L\u2019Enfant has put it out of my power to write to you in a manner that would be decisive or satisfactory.\nMatters are at length brought to a close with Majr L\u2019Enfant. As I had a strong desire to retain his services in this business, provided it could have been done upon a proper footing I gave him every opportunity of coming forward and stating the mode in which he would wish to be employed, always, however, assuring him that he must be under the controul of the Commissioners. But after keeping open the communication with him as long as any reasonable means could be found of doing it, he chose to close it by declaring, that he could only act in a certain way\u2014which way was inadmissable. His services, therefore, must be no longer calculated upon. Altho\u2019 his talents in designing, and the skill which he is said to possess in the execution of this kind of business, may occasion the loss of his services to be regretted; Yet I doubt upon the whole, whether it will be found in the end that his dereliction will be of real disservice to the undertaking; for so unaccommodating is his disposition that he would never suffer any interference in his plans, much less would he have been contented under the direction of the Commissioners.\nI am convinced, Gentlemen, that in your transactions with Majr L\u2019Enfant, you must have suffered much from his temper; & if my approbatn of yr conduct in this business can afford you pleasure, you may be assured you have it. Even if I had no corrobaration of the fact, I should be persuaded, from what I have known of his disposition on the recent occasion, that there would scarcely be a possibility of acting harmoniously in concert with him.\nAs Mr Jefferson has, in his letter, mentioned the particular objects to which your attention will probably be turned\u2014I shall only observe here, that I am impressed in, the strongest manner, with the necessity there is of carrying on this business with as much vigour as the nature of the thing will admit. It has been observed by intelligent & well informed men, (not however of the class most friendly to the measures) that the whole success of the Federal City, depends upon the exertions which may be made in the ensuing season towards completing the object; for such is now the state of the public mind on this subject that it appears as it were in an equilibrium, and will preponderate either for or against the measure, as the progress of the thing may be: And there are not wanting those who, being interested in arresting the business, will leave no means unessayed to injure it. By the proposition for a loan which Mr Jefferson transmits to you, you will see what prospect you have of funds in addition to those to be depended upon from the two states. And in your exertions, Gentlemen, to make the best of these, I have the fullest confidence.\nIt is impossible to say with any certainty when the plan of the City will be engraved. Upon Major L\u2019Enfant\u2019s arrival in this place, in the latter part of december, I pressed him in the most earnest manner to get the plan ready for engraving as soon as possible. Finding there was no prospect of obtaining it thro\u2019 him (at least not in any definite time) the matter was put into Mr Ellicott\u2019s hands to prepare about 3 weeks ago: He has prepared it; but the engravers who have undertaken to execute it, say it cannot certainly be done in less than 2\u2014perhaps not under three months. There shall, however, be every effort made to have the thing effected with all possible dispatch. with great esteem I am Gentn Yr Most Obedt Servt\nGo: W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0019", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hurd, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Hurd, John\nTo: Washington, George\nBoston March 6th 1792\nPresuming on the Candor with which Your Excellency receives Applications from persons of all Denominations\u2014I take the Liberty with modest diffidence, to address you, & request the favor, that among the Number of Candidates for Official Business by Appointmts from Congress, I may have liberty to offer myself and beg your Indulgence to make Mention of the Circumstances & Situation I was in, previous to, & during great part of the late War.\nA few years before the Commencemt of Hostilities I had officiated\nas private Secretary to Governor Wentworth in New Hampshire and Deputy Surveyor of His Majestys Woods\u2014and after several years Services under him By his recommendation remov\u2019d into the Coho\u2019os Country on Connecticut River, where in a then new establishd County, I was honord wth several public Employments, pardon my mentioning the particulars\u2014viz.\nReceiver General of His Majesty\u2019s Quit Rents for the province of N:H.\u2014Register of Deeds in the County, County Treasurer, first Justice of the Court of Common pleas, with a Commission of Colonel in the Militia\u2014The Emoluments of all which were as good as \u00a3200 Sterling p. an[nu]m. But as I took the side of my Country from principle early in the Contest, notwithstanding a near Connection & Friendship with Governor Wentworth, I freely resignd all Employmt under the British Governmt, & was chosen by the people of Haverhill (Coho\u2019os) to attend the first Convention at Exeter; from whence I was deputed one of the Committee to go down to Portsmouth being known to be well acquainted there, and demand of all the public Officers, the public Money they had on hand; and did actually receive out of the Treasury upwards of sixteen hundred pounds in Gold & silver, which I deliver\u2019d into the hands of Treasurer Gilman at Exeter, and it was of eminent Service at that Juncture to send abroad for a supply of Gunpowder\u2014this was effected while one of the British Frigates lay in the River, and Governor Wentworth at Fort William & Mary, who having Intelligence of what the Committee was doing sent two of his most intimate Friends to the Treasury, Doctor Rogers of the Council & Mr McDonough his private Secretary, the same Gentleman who now resides in Boston as British Consul, to be Evidences of the Fact\u2014and the Barge Men of the Frigate with an Officer were also at hand to watch our Motions, offering his Services to the Treasurer, who however declin\u2019d making any Stir, and sufferd us to carry off the money\u2014From this time I must of Course have bid Adieu to all Expectations from the British Government.\nI was often employd in the public Service, and among several Others residing on that Frontier pointed at by the Enemy, and frequently in danger of being carried off into Canada by scouting parties; was also assisting to General Bayley, Colonel Bedel and General Hazen when by Yr Excellency\u2019s Orders he was cutting a Road towds Canada & making a Diversion in that Country.\nThe Circumstances of my Family oblig\u2019d me to remove from thence to Boston my native place in 1779 where I have since resided in the Employment of an Assurance Broker\u2014my two only Sons that I then had, I sent into the Army, one of sixteen years old was at Sarataga at the Capture of General Burgoine, and afterwards out in a privateer Captain of Marines, the other was in the Service an Ensign in Colonel Henry Jackson\u2019s Regimt the last three years of the War, & died soon after the Close in a Consumption hasten\u2019d on by the fatigues of the Service, being of a slender Constitution.\nIn the year 1783 I married the Widow of Doctor Isaac Foster who was Director General of the Hospitals for the Northern Department, a Gentleman, I presume well known to your Excellency from the time of your being at Cambridge in this State, and the greatest part of the War\u2014he was suppos\u2019d to have left a Sufficiency for the support of his Widow & Children by the Security he had to receive from the public\u2014But the Necessities of the family were such as obligd us to part with the most of them at a time when they were at the lowest Ebb of Depreciation\u2014I had the Misfortune to loose my Wife in the year 1786 who left on my hands three of the Doctor\u2019s Children with three young ones we had together\u2014their little Fortune being cheifly in public Securities almost exhausted, and my own property lying principally in the back Lands in N: Hampsh: where I before resided and necessarily expended very considerable Sums, but to little purpose as the Value of those Lands have turnd since the War, & having sufferd much by the Depreciation of public Securities before the new federal Government was establishd, reduces me to the Necessity of making this late application to Your Excellency for some public Employmt in an Official way\u2014I do not look for, nor expect any great Things, a decent support being pretty far advancd in Life, woud be quite satisfactory\u2014my Character while in New Hampshire was well known to several Gentlemn now in Congress, Mr Langdon of the Senate & Judge Livermore, also to several from this state Mr Goodhue, Mr Gerry & Mr Ames\u2014and in particular the Vice President, to whom I had the honor of writing on the subject, last year and if your Excellency thinks proper, beg to be refer\u2019d to him\u2014I am sensible, Sir, you may be troubled with many solicitations in this way, & it hurts my feelings to take up so much of your time at this interesting Juneture\n\u2014If from the relation of my particular Circumstances, & the Sacrifice I made of my several Offices under the former Government by adhering to the Interest of my Country, You think I merit any Claim, whatever Commands you may honor me with shall be executed with the strictest Integrity & punctuality, and I will with the utmost gratitude acknowledge the favor, being most respectfully your Excellency\u2019s very obedient humble Servt\nJohn Hurd", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0020", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Jay, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jay, John\nMy dear Sir,\nPhiladelphia Mar. 6th 1792.\nYour favor of the 27th of Jany came safely to hand (but not by Judge Cushing) as did your letter of the 23d of September for which I thank you.\nIt is with pleasure I congratulate you on the increase of your family and the restoration of health to Mrs Jay\u2014both of wch events we have heard.\nMr B\u2014\u2014\u2019s motion, alluded to in your letter of the 27th of Jany, is only the prelude, I conceive to what is intended to follow as occasions shall present themselves.\nI am persuaded your goodness will excuse my not having acknowledged the receipt of your letters of the above dates at an earlier period. Many matters of a public nature have pressed upon me\u2014some of them not very pleasant ones.\nMy best wishes, in which Mrs Washington cordially unite, are presented to Mrs Jay and yourself\u2014and with affectionate esteem & regard I am always Your Obedient Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0021", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mirbeck, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Mirbeck\nTo: Washington, George\nMonsieur Le Pr\u00e9sident\nCap fran\u00e7ais [Saint Domingue]le 6 mars 1792.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019envoyer, \u00e0 Votre Excellence, quelques imprim\u00e9s, qui vous instruiront de l\u2019etat actuel de la partie fran\u00e7aise dela Colonie de st Domingue.\nJe la prie d\u2019en agr\u00e9er l\u2019hommage; c\u2019est un tribut que Je Suis enchant\u00e9\nde Rendre aux talents et aux Vertus d\u2019un grand homme qui fait, depuis longtems, mon admiration et celle du Monde. Je suis avec les Sentimens que Votre Excellence a inspir\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019univers entier Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur.\nde MirbeckCommissaire national-civil, d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9par le Roi aux Iles fran\u00e7aisesde l\u2019Am\u00e9rique Sous le Vent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0022", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Josiah Parker, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Parker, Josiah\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia 6th March 1792\nNo applicants for commissions in the Army have been made to me from the District of Virginia I represent or should have presumed to have made them known to you. to day I have received letters requesting I would take the liberty to Name Henry Beverly Towles, son of Colo. Olliver Towles of Spotsilvania as a candidate for a Lieutenancy. I know nothing of the young gentleman but he is warmly recommended to me as a sensible good young man. his being a Lieutenant in the late expedition in the Livies under Colo. Darke may be some recommendation to him.\nMr Isaac Younghusband Son of Mr Younghusband of Richmond is allso recommended. I know him to be a Young Man of talents and have no doubt but will make a good Officer, he Solicits an ensigncy.\nCaptn Saml Tinsley of Richmond has again written me he appears Solicituous to obtain a commission, his being an officer in the late war may be a recommendation to him.\nLemuel Riddick who I formerly recommended and lately appointed Surveyor at Suffolk, was very desirous of a Commission & I still think [if] he had an appointment in the Army he would accept of it & I am flattered into a belief if he was he would do honor to it.\nPerhaps this ought properly to be directed to the Secretary of War but as I have an objection to troubling that Officer You will please excuse this trouble, and believe me with every respect & esteem Your most Obedient servant\nJ. Parker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0023", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Two Frenchmen, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Two Frenchmen\nTo: Washington, George\nTwo frenchmen who came to America to establish themselves upon the lands which they purchased of the Scioto Company, and who have remained there one year, not being able to obtain\npossession of their purchase, and having consumed their funds, implore the bounty of your Excellency to put them in a situation to return to their own Country.\nOne of the Supplicants is he whom M. Le Marquis de lafayette has deigned to recommend to his Excellency. He hopes that such a respectable recommendation will be serviceable to him, and he will retain in his heart a grateful recollection of his Excellency who will releive him from the distress in which he is now involved.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0024", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nUnited States [Philadelphia]March 6th 1792.\nI lay before you the following Report which has been submitted to me by the Secretary of State.\n\u201cThe Secretary of State having received information that the Merchants and Merchandize of the United States are subject in Copenhagen and other ports of Denmark to considerable extra duties, from which they might probably be relieved by the presence of a Consul there;\n\u201cReports to the President of the United States; That it would be expedient to name a Consul, to be resident in the port of Copenhagen: That he has not been able to find that there is any citizen of the United States residing there: That there is a certain Hans Rudolph Saaby, a Danish subject and merchant of that place, of good character, of wealth and distinction, and well qualified and disposed to act there for the United States, who would probably accept the commission of Consul; but that that of Vice-Consul, hitherto given by the President to foreigners in ports where there was no proper American citizen, would probably not be accepted, because in this, as in some other ports of Europe, usage has established it as a subordinate grade.\n\u201cAnd that he is therefore of opinion, that the said Hans Rudolph Saaby should be nominated Consul of the United States of America for the port of Copenhagen, and such other places within the allegiance of his Danish Majesty as shall be nearer to the said port than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice-Consul of the United States within the same allegiance.\nTh: JeffersonJanuary 10th 1792.\u201d\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nWith a view to relieve the Merchants and Merchandize of the United States from the extra duties to which they are or may be\nsubjected in the Ports of Denmark, I have thought it for the interest of the United States that a Consul be appointed to reside at Copenhagen\u2014I therefore nominate Hans Rudolph Saaby, a Danish subject and merchant of Copenhagen, to be Consul for the United States of America at the port of Copenhagen, and for such other places within the allegiance of his Danish Majesty as shall be nearer to the said port than to the Residence of any other Consul or Vice Consul of the United States within the same allegiance.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0025-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nUnited States [Philadelphia]6th March 1792\nAs it will require time to ascertain suitable characters, for the commissioned Officers of the Troops about to be raised, I shall occasionally make such nominations as shall appear to be proper.\nI now nominate the persons named in the list accompanying this Message, for the commissioned Officers of twelve Companies, intended to be raised upon the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0025-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Nominations of Commissioned Officers, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 6 March 1792]\nPennsylvania.\nCaptains\n\u273bEdward Butler\nAllegany County\n\u273bJohn Guthrie\nWestmorland\n\u273bRichard Sparks\nAllegany.\n\u273bWilliam Faulkner\nWashington.\nUriah Springer\nFayette\nJohn Cook\nNorthumberland.\nLieutenants\n\u273bWilliam Smith\nWashington.\n\u273bJohn Cummings\nWestmorland.\n\u273bSamuel Vance\nFayette.\n\u273bNathaniel Huston\nWashington.\nWilliam Steedman\nNorthumberland.\n\u273bDaniel T. Jennifer\nAllegany.\nEnsigns\nRobert Purdy\nMifflin\nJohn Kelso\nDauphin.\nRobert Lee\nNorthumberland.\nJohn Steele\nCumberland.\nDavid Hall\nWestmorland.\nReason Beall\nWashington.\nVirginia.\nCaptains\nBenjamin Biggs\nOhio County.\n\u273bJohn Crawford\nOhio\nThomas Lewis\nBottetourt.\nWilliam Lewis\nWythe.\nHugh Caperton\nGreen-briar\n\u273bJames Stephenson\nBerkley.\nLieutenants\n\u273bJames Glenn\nBerkley.\nRobert Craig\nRussell.\nWilliam Clark\nLouisville, Kentucky.\nJohn Boyer\nBottetourt.\n\u273bBenjamin Lockwood\nOhio.\nBenjamin Strother\nCulpepper.\nEnsigns\nPatrick Shirkey\nBottetourt.\nArchibald Gray\nGreen-briar\nStephen Trigg\nKentucky.\nJames Hawkins\nBottetourt.\nBaker Davidson\nBath.\nHugh Brady\nOhio.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0026", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nUnited States [Philadelphia]March the 6th 1792.\nAppointments were made during the recess of the Senate, to carry into effect the act passed at the last Session of Congress, for repealing the duties heretofore laid upon distilled spirits, and laying others in their stead. And as these appointments must expire at the end of your present session, I nominate the following persons to be Inspectors of the Surveys and Ports annexed to their names respectively.\nInspectors of Surveys.\nDistricts.\nNames of Inspectors.\nNo. of Survey.\nMassachusetts.\nJonathan Jackson\nLeonard Jarvis\nPennsylvania\nJames Collins\nEdward Hand\nJohn Neville\nMaryland\nPhilip Thomas\nVirginia\nDrury Ragsdale\nEdward Stevens\nMayo Carrington\nThomas Newton Jr\nEdward Smith\nJames Brackenridge\nThomas Marshall\nNorth Carolina\nJames Read\nJohn Daves\nThomas Benbury\nJohn Whitaker\nJoseph McDowell the younger of Pleasant Garden\nSouth Carolina.\nBenjamin Cudworth\nSilvanus Walker\nInspectors of Ports.\nDistricts.\nPorts.\nNames of Inspectors.\nNew Hampshire.\nPortsmouth\nThomas Martin.\nMassachusetts.\nNewbury Port\nMichael Hodge\nGloucester\nSamuel Whittemore\nSalem\nBartm Putnam.\nBeverly\nJosiah Bachelor\nIpswich\nJeremiah Staineford\nMarblehead\nSamuel R. Gerry\nBoston\nThomas Melvile.\nPlymouth\nWilliam Watson.\nBarnstable\nJoseph Otis.\nNantucket & Sherburne\nStephen Hussey\nEdgartown\nJohn Pease.\nNew Bedford\nEdward Pope\nDighton\nHodijah Baylies\nYork\nRichard Trevett\nBiddeford & Peperelborough\nJeremiah Hill\nPortland & Falmouth\nJames Lunt\nBath\nWilliam Webb\nWiscasset\nFrancis Cook\nPenobscott\nJohn Lee\nFrenchman\u2019s Bay\nMelatiah Jordan\nMachias\nStephen Smith\nPassamaquody\nLewis Fredk Delesdenier\nRhode Island.\nNewport\nDaniel Lyman\nProvidence\nWilliam Barton\nNorth Kingston\nDaniel E. Updike\nEast Greenwich\nThomas Arnold\nWarren & Barrington\nNathaniel Phillips\nBristol\nSamuel Bosworth\nPawcatuck River\nGeorge Stillman\nPatuxet\nZachariah Rhodes.\nConnecticut.\nNew London\nNathaniel Richards\nStonington\nJonathan Palmer Jr\nMiddletown\nComfort Sage\nNewhaven\nJonathan Fitch\nFairfield\nSamuel Smedley.\nVermont\nAllburgh\nStephen Keyes.\nNew York\nNew York\nJohn Lasher\nHudson\nJohn C. Tenbrock\nAlbany\n Henry I. Bogert\nSagg Harbour\nHenry P. Deering.\nNew Jersey.\nPerth Amboy.\nJohn Halsted\nBurlington\nJohn Ross\nBridgetown\nEli Elmer\nLittle Egg Harbour\nEbenezar Tucker\nGreat Egg Harbour\nDaniel Benezet Junr\nPennsylvania.\nPhiladelphia\nWilliam McPherson\nDelaware\nWilmington\nGeorge Bush\nNew Castle\nPort Penn\nMaryland.\nBaltimore\nRobert Ballard\nChester\nJeremiah Nichols\nOxford\nJeremiah Banning\nVienna\nJohn Muir\nSnow Hill\nJohn Gunby\nAnnapolis\nJohn Davidson\nNottingham\nGeorge Biscoe\nTown Creek\nCharles Chelton\nCedar Point\nJohn C. Jones\nSt Mary\u2019s\nRobert Chesley\nLewellengsburg\nJeremiah Jordan\nGeorge Town\nJames M. Lingan.\nVirginia.\nHampton\nGeorge Wray\nNorfolk & Portsmouth\nDaniel Bedinger\nSuffolk\nLemuel Reddick\nSmithfield\nJames Wells\nBermuda Hundred\nChristopher Roan\nPetersburgh\nJames Gibbon\nRichmond\nZachariah Rowland\nYorktown\nAbraham Archer\nWest Point\nAlexander Moore\nTappahannock\nHudson Muse\nUrbanna\nPeter Kemp\nPort Royal\nGeorge Catlett\nFredericksburg\nWilliam Lewis\nYeocomico River\nVincent Redman\nDumfries\nRichard M. Scott\nAlexandria\nSamuel Hanson\nFolly Landing\nWilliam Gibb\nCherrystone\nNathaniel Wilkins\nSouth Quay\nThomas Bowne\nNorth Carolina.\nWilmington\nThomas Callender\nNewburn\nJohn Daves\nBeaufort\nJohn Easton\nSwansborough\nJohn McCullough\nWashington\nNathan Keais\nEdenton\nThomas Benbury.\nHartford\nJames Murdaugh\nBennett\u2019s Creek\nJohn Baker\nPlymouth\nThomas Davis Freeman\nWindsor\nWilliam Benson\nSkewarky\nHenry Hunter\nMurfreesborough\nHardy Murfree\nPlankbridge\nIsaac Gregory\nNixonton\nHugh Knox\nIndian Town\nThomas Williams\nCurrituck Inlet\nSamuel Jasper\nPasquetank River-bridge\nEdmund Sawyer\nNewbiggen Creek\nElias Albertson.\nSouth Carolina.\nCharleston\nEdward Weyman\nBeaufort\nAndrew Agnew\nGeorgetown\nCharles Brown.\nGeorgia\nSavannah\nJohn Berrian\nSunbury\nJohn Lawson, the Younger,\nBrunswick\nChristopher Hillary\nSt Mary\u2019s\nJames Seagrove.\nI likewise nominate Richard Morris to be Supervisor of the District of New York; vice William S. Smith, resigned; And John Lawson the younger, to be Collector of the Port of Sunbury, in the State of Georgia; vice Cornelius Collins, deceased.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0027", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Brown & Francis, 7 March 1792\nFrom: Brown & Francis\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nProvidence March 7th 1792.\nWe are exceeding sorry to be under the Necessity of a moment of your Attention on a subject which we think there was no Occasion, that the Judge of the Federal Court Living at Newburn in North Carolina should have compell\u2019d us to apply to you upon, but the Fact is that the said Judge is the Cause of withholding from Capt. Low (the Bearer) & as a Considerable Sum of Money & other property which was run away with according to the enclosed advertisement, we being the Sole Owners of the Sloop & Cargo, & Capt. Low had a handsome adventure on board, the Money is now in the hands of the Collector at Newburn & the\nsugar &c. in the hands of a Mr Benjamin Cheney both of North Carolina who have utterly refused delivering the property, either to our power of Attorney, or to Capt. Lows, without special orders from the said Judge, and he would not deliver it without special directions from your Excellency, altho we see no reason why he should give you or us this unnecessary trouble, we must entreat you Dr Sir to give Capt. Low (the bearer) such Directions to the said Judge as you may think proper. And you\u2019ll much Oblige, Sr, Your Most Obedient & Most Humble servts\nBrown & Francis\nP.S. We understand by Capt. Low that the Judge declined giving Orders for the delivery of our Property till the Pirate had his Tryal, suppose they Choose to defer it as they have done, he may never come to Tryal & of course we are deprived of the Cargo, as well as of the Vessell & all her stores, which they have already wasted in pretended expences. We believe the name of the Judge at Newburn is Sitgreaves.\nYour much Esteemed Favor of the 7th January came duly to hand and are perfectly satisfied with the Contents thereof.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0030", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 7 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia. March 7th 1792.\nImmediately on the passage of the Act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign Nations, I desired the bankers of the United States in Amsterdam, to raise an account with the Secretary of State of the United States, to be confined to the objects of that Act, and requested them and our Ministers abroad to make up their accounts from July to July annually, and furnish me with them, that I might enable you to lay before Congress, regularly, the account of those expenditures which the law requires. It was not till yesterday that I received the General Account of the bankers for the first year, by a vessel from Amsterdam, which seems to have had four or five months passage: nor have I yet been able to get all the particular accounts, which would be necessary to give a satisfactory view of this branch of expenditure. I therefore, for the present, enclose the General Account only, expressing this caution that the balance therein stated, is only that which had not yet been drawn out of their hands, though, at that moment, there were existing demands for a great part of it. I have reason to be tolerably confident that the measures for having the particular, as well as the General Account kept and forwarded to me regularly, will, in the course of this second year, get so far into effect, as that I may be sure of enabling you, at the next session of Congress to lay before them a complete statement of the application of this fund, general and special, to the 1st of July next ensuing, and, when once under regular way, the annual communication to the legislature may be afterwards constantly made. I have the honor to be, with the most profound respect and attachment, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0032", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Phillips, Sr., 7 March 1792\nFrom: Phillips, Joseph Sr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nMaidenhead New-Jersey 7th March 1792.\nI beg leave to offer my services as an Engineer, tolerably well versed in that business; and would go in that character [(]if wanted) to the Westward the ensuing Campaign. I would not at this time have attempted to divert the attention of the illustrious President of the United States, from contemplation on the more important interests of the Union; to such a very small object as myself; had I had any the least personal acquaintance with the Secretary of War: And I beg that this unfavorable circumstance alone, may be admitted as an apology for the obtrusion.\nI have written notwithstanding, to General Knox more fully on this subject, and could not repress my vanity, which I am afraid will appear too conspicuous, by an inclosure to him, of a very polite note of approbation, signified to me by order of His Excellency the Commander in Chief, in the year 1776 by Rob. H. Harrison Secretary in regard to some Works proposed to be erected.\nI shall be happy in an appointment, as above; It is the first I ever sollicited, and if I succeed, it will (I believe) be the last effort, I shall ever make in a Military Character, and must suffice, my lack of service. I have a son, now with the Army in that Country. I have the honour to be Your most devoted, faithful humble & most obedt servt.\nJos. Phillips.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0035", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 8 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] Thursday Morning [8 March 1792]\nI do not recollect whether any notice has ever been taken in your letter to the Commrs of Mr Johnsons suggestion of bringing the Canal navigation to the City\u2014The ascertainment of the practicability ought by all means to be encouraged. Yours\nG.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0036", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Stuart, 8 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, David\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia March 8th 1792.\nIn a short letter which I wrote to you by the last Post, I promised a lengthy one by the Post of tomorrow; but such is my present situation that I must pass by some things & be more concise on others than I intended.\nThat Mr Johnsons health did not permit him to come to this City as he proposed & was expected, is matter of exceeding great regret, as many things relative to the Federal district\u2014the City\u2014and the public buildings might have been more Satisfactorily arranged; and delays avoided; but as there is no contending against acts of Providence we must submit, as it becomes us so to do, and endeavor to recover the time lost, in the best manner we can.\nThat the Commissioners have had more than a little trouble & vexation with Majr L\u2019Enfant, I can readily conceive (if your representation of the fact had been wanting) from the specimens he has given of his untoward temper since his arrival in this City\u2014And I can as easily conceive that in proportion to the yieldings of the Commissioners his claims would extend. Such upon a nearer view, appears to be the nature of the Man!\nEvery advantage will be taken of the Majors deriliction. A vigorous counter action therefore is essential. If he does not come forward openly to declare it, his friends and the enemies to the measure, will do it for him, that he found matters we\u27e8re\u27e9 likely to be conducted upon so pimping a s\u27e8cale\u27e9 that he would not hazard his character, \u27e8or\u27e9 reputation on the event under the controul he was to be placed. It is even said (but nothing has appeared yet) that he means to publish this to the world. The half friends to the New City (if this is not allowing them more than their due) \u27e8under\u27e9take to predict that, it now stands in equilibrio.\nthat a feather will turn the Scale either way. If say they the matter is pushed with vigor, and upon a plan commensurate to the design, & the public expectation, the permanent Seat of the Government will be fixed on the Potowmack. On the other hand, if inactivity and contractedness should mark the steps of the Commissioners of that district, whilst action, on the part of this state is displayed in providing commodious buildings for Congress &ca the Government will remain where it now is. That exertions will be made by this State to effect the purpose, there can be no doubt. A late message from the Governor to the Assembly proposing a \u27e8certain\u27e9 grant of money for the erection of the house designed for the President is one, among other instances which have occurred.\nIt would have been very agreeable to me, that you should have shewn the copies of the letters I had written to Major L\u2019Enfant, declaratory of the Subordinate part he was destined to act under the Commissioners. It does not appear to have been so understood by the Proprietors, from the sentiments expressed by Mr Walker (while he was in this City) for when he was told in what explicit language Major L\u2019Enfant was given to understand this, he seemed quite surprised. You did me no more than justice when you supposed me incapable of duplicity in this business\u2014I have had but one idea on the subject from the beginning\u2014nor but one design, and that was to convince the Major of the subordinate part he was destined to act in it\u2014I was obliged, as you have seen, to use stronger & stronger language as I found his repugnance encreased \u2019till he was told, in even harsh terms, that the Commissioners stood between him and the P\u2014\u2014of the U. States and that it was from them that he was to receive directions.\nThe doubts, and opinion of others with respect to the permanent seat has occasioned \u27e8no change\u27e9 in my sentiments on the subject. They have always been, that the plan ought to be prosecuted with all the dispatch the nature of the case will admit\u2014and that the public Buildings in size\u2014form\u2014and elegance shou\u2019d look beyond the present day. I would not have it understood from hence that I lean to extravagance. A chaste plan sufficiently capacious & convenient for a period not too remote, but one to which we may reasonably look forward, would meet my idea in the Capitol. For the Presidents House, I would design a\nbuilding which should also look forward, but execute no more of it at present than might suit the circumstances of this Country when it shall be first wanted. A Plan comprehending more may be executed at a future period when the wealth, population & importance of it shall stand upon much higher ground than they do at present.\nHow, and when you will be able to obtain plans of such buildings is with yourselves to decide on. No aid I am persuaded is to be expected from Major L\u2019Enfant in the exhibition\u2014rather, I apprehend, opposition & a reprobation of every one designed by any other however perfect.\nThe part, which Mr Walker by your letter to me, & another from Mr Johnson to Mr Jefferson, appears to have acted, surprises me exceedingly\u2014his interest in \u27e8the City,\u27e9 & the discernment with which he seems to have viewed the measure, in the early stages of it, would have led me to have drawn a different conclusion. The calumnies which seem to have been traced to him and the Major are more to be despised than to be regarded or resented. More than once you will remember I have given it to you as my opinion, that it would be by side blows and indirect attack that attempts would be made to defeat the Law. To sow the Seeds of dissension\u2014jealousy and distrust\u2014are among the means that will be practiced\u2014There is a current in this City which sets so strongly against every thing which relates to the Federal district that it is next to impossible to stem it. To this cause is to be ascribed the backwardness of the engraving. Danger from them is to be apprehended; and, in my opinion, from no other. The best antidote against them is perseverance, & vigorous exertion on the part of the Commissioners; and good temper, and mutual forbearance with one another, on the part of the proprietors; for who are so much interested in the success, & progress of the measure as they?\nI see no necessity for diminishing the Square allotted for the Presidents House, &ca at this time. It is easier at all times to retrench, than it is to enlarge a square; and a diviation from the plan in this instance would open the door to other applications, which might perplex, embarrass and delay business exceedingly; and end, more than probably, in violent discontents.\nWhere you will find a character qualified in all respects for a Superintendant, I know not; none present themselves to my\nview; yet, one must be had. A better than Mr Ellicott for all matters, at present, cannot be had. No one I presume, can lay out the ground with more accuracy, lay out the squares, and divide them into lots better. He must understand levelling also perfectly, and has, I suppose competent skill in the conducting of water. Beyond these, your opportunities to form an opinion of him must exceed mine. Whether he is a man of arrangement\u2014is sober, & Industrious\u2014are matters unknown to me. I believe he is obliging\u2014and he would be perfectly Subordinate. What he asks, five dollars a day (if sundays are included) seems high, but whether a fit character can be had for less I am unable to say.\nThe Plan of the City having met universal applause (as far as my information goes)\u2014and Major L\u2019Enfant having become a very discontented man, it was thought that less than from 2500 to 3000 dollars would not be proper to offer him for his services: instead of this, suppose five hundred guineas and a lot in a good part of the City was to be substituted? I think it would be more pleasing, and less expensive.\nI have never exchanged a word with Mr Roberdeau since he came to this place, consequently, am unable to relate, what his expressions have been, or what his ideas are; he lives with, and more than probably partakes of the sentiments of Majr L\u2019Enfant; unless the dismission of the latter may have worked a change in them, which, not unlikely, is the case with both; as I can hardly conceive that either of them contemplated the result of their conduct.\nAlthough what I am going to add may be a calumny, it is nevertheless necessary you should be apprised of the report that Colo. Deakins applies the public money in his hands to speculative purposes; and is unable, at times, to answer the call of the workmen, an instance has been given. There are doubts also of the sincerity of Mr Frans Cabot. Of both these matters you are to judge from the evidence before you. I have nothing to charge either with, myself: these hints are disclosed in confidence, to place you on your guard.\nThe idea of importing Germans and Highlanders, as Artizans and labourers, has been touched upon in the letter from Mr Jefferson to the Commissioners\u2014It is, in my opinion worthy of serious consideration in an \u0153conomical point of view, & because it will contribute to the population of the place. The enclosed\nextract of a letter from General Lincoln to Mr Lear is sent, that you may see the prospect in that Quarter. The General is a candid undesigning man, in whose word much confidence may be placed; and having been in this City, & lately returnd from it, has had opportunities of making the remarks which are contained in the extract.\nI began with telling you, that I should not write a lengthy letter, but the result has contradicted it. It is to be considered as a private letter, in answr to yours of the 26th Ulto; but it may under that idea be communicated to your associates in Office\u2014They, & you, must receive it, blotted & scratched as you find it, for I have not time to copy it. It is now ten oclock at night (after my usual hour for retiring to rest) and the mail will be closed early tomorrow morning. Sincerely & affectionately I am\u2014Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0037", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas William Ballendine, 9 March 1792\nFrom: Ballendine, Thomas William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\u2014\nDumfries [Va.] the 9th of March 1792\nUnder expectation that appointments are now going on of Officers for the war against the Indians I offer myself for such an one as it may be judged I am capable of doing justice to my active\nService as a Soldier is yet to learn, and as an Officer too but as I apprehend the Duty of a Captain to one desirous of being taught is but little more difficult than that of an Ensign, a Captain I would wish to be appointed & one either in the Foot or Cavalry\u2014It has been my Lott to get the little of my hardly earned Knowledge by Experience & that I may know how to value justly the Worth of Soldiers fighting for their Country it seems to me best to know what it is to do so. If others recruit their men with the Bounty allowed I can do it either in this or the Back Country. Your Most humble Servant\nThos Wm Ballendine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0038", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 9 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departt 9th Mar. 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to enclose to the President of the United States a Petition to the President from Samuel Davis of the State of Rhode Island & Providence Plantations, together with the papers from the files of the Treasury relative thereto. These last are transmitted with the Petition at the request of the honorable Mr Bourne of that State, who has applied in behalf of the Petitioner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0039", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Memorandum of a Meeting of the Heads of the Executive Departments, 9 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n[1]792. Mar. 9. A Consultation at \u2299.\npresent H[amilton] K[nox] &J[efferson].\n1. Subject. Kirkland\u2019s letter. British idea of a new line from Genesee to Ohio. see extract on another paper.\ndeputation of 6. nations now on their way here. their dispositions doubtful. Street, a Connecticut man, a great scoundrel coming with them. \u00bc of the nation agt us. other \u00be qu.\nagreed they should be well treated, but not overtrusted.\nPond\u2019s report. Stedman\u2019s report. these two persons hd bn to Niagara, where they had much conversation with Colo. Gordon, commandg officer. he sd he had relation of St Clair\u2019s defeat from a sensible Indn who assured him the Indns had 50. killed & 150. wounded. they were commanded by Simon Girthy, a renegado white from Virginia or Pennsylvania. He sd the Indns were right, that we shd find them a powerful enemy, they were improving in war, did you ever before hear, says he of Indns being rallied 3. times? (this rallying was nothing more than the returns on the 3 charges with bayonets made by our troops, which produced a correspondent retirement of the Indns but not a flight.) that we should never have peace of the Indns but thro\u2019 the mediation of Britain. that Britn must appt one Comm[issione]r the U.S. one, the Indns one: a line must be drawn, & Britn guarantee the line & peace. Pond says the British have a project of settling 1000 fam[ilies] at the Illinois. that Capt. Stevenson, who was here some time ago, & who came over with Govr Simcoe, was sent here to Hammond to confer about these matters. (Stevenson staid here 5. days & we know was constantly with Hammond) Colo. Gordon refused to let Pond and Stedman go on. they pretended private business, but in reality had been sent by the President to propose peace to the North Wn Indns.\nH[amilton] doubts Pond\u2019s truth & his fidelity, as he talks of a close intimacy with Colo. Gordon.\nJ[efferson] observes that whether Pond be faithful or false, his facts are probable, because not of a nature to be designedly communicated if false. besides they are supported in many points from other quarters.\nIt seems that the English exercise jurisdiction over all the country South of the Genisee, & their idea appears, to have a new line along that river, then along the Allegeney to Fort Pitt, thence due West or perhaps along the Indn lines to the Missisipi, to give them access to the Mississippi. H[amilton] here mentd that Hammond in a conversation with him had spoke of settling our incertain boundary from the lake of the wood due West to the Missi., by substituting from the lake of the wood in a streight line to the head of the Missi.\nAgreed un\u00e2 voce never to admit British mediation.\nH[amilton] proposed that a summary statement of all the facts we are possessed of relative to the aid by the British to the Indns be made & delivered to Pinkney to form a representation on it to the C[our]t of London.\nJ[efferson] observed it wd be proper to possess mister Pinkney of all facts, that he m[us]t at all times be able to meet the Brit. Min. in conversation, but that whether he shd make a representation or not, in form, dependd on another questn Whether it is better to keep the negociation here, or transfer it there? for that certainly any proceedg there wd slacken those here & put it in their power gradually to render them the principal. the Pr[esident] was of opn the negociation shd be kept here by all means.\nShall any thing be said here to Hammond. J[efferson]. no. there is no doubt but the aids given by subordinate officers are with secret approbation of their court. a feeble complt to Hammond then will not change their conduct, & yet will humiliate us.\nQu. proposd by Pr[esident]. shall a person be sent to the N. Western Indns by the way of Fort Pitt & Vincennes to propose peace? K[nox] observed that such a person cd at this season be at Vincennes in 25. days & recommended one Trueman, & that he shd from Ft Washington take some of the Indn prisoners as a safeguard. agreed nem[ine] con[tradicente] but the person to be further considd of.\nQu. shall a 2d deputation be procured from the Indns now expected here, to go to same place on same object. H[amilton]. no. it will shew too much earnestness. J[efferson]. no for same reason, & because 2 deputations independt of each other might counterwork each other. Pr[esident]. no for the last reason.\nJ[efferson] proposed taking a small post at Presque isle. 1. to cut off communication betw. 6. natns & Westn Indns. 2. to vinour\nright by possession. 3. to be able to begin a naval preparation. H[amilton] contra. it will certainly be attacked by Eng. & bring on war. we are not in a condition to go to war\u2014K[nox] as usual with H[amilton]. Pr[esident]. whenever we take post at Presq. isle it must be by going in great force, so as to establish ourselves completely before an attack can be made, & with workmen & all materials to create a fleet instanter: & he verily beleives it will come to that.\nBrant says he has resigned his Eng. commission & means to become entirely an Indn & wishes to head & unite all the Indns in a body.\nThe Pr[esident]\u2019s answer to St Clair\u2019s letter of resignation considered. it was drawn by Knox. the passage was now omitted to which I objected in my note to the Pr[esident] of Mar. 2. K[nox] wished to insert something like an approbation of all his conduct by the Pr[esident]. I said if the Pr[esident] approvd all his conduct it wd be right to say so. Pr[esident] sd he hd always disapprovd of two things 1. the want of information. 2. not keepg his army in such a position always as to be able to display them in a line behind trees in the Indn manner at any moment. K[nox] acquiesced, & the letter was alterd to avoid touching on any thing relative to the action, unless St Clair shd chuse to retain a clause acknolegg his zeal that day.\nThe future commander talked of.\nPr[esident] went over all the characters, viz. Morgan. No head. health gone. Speculator.\nWayne. brave & nothing else. deserves credit for Stony pt but on another occasion run his head agt a wall where success was both impossible & useless.\nIrwin. does not know him. has formd a midling opinion of him. H[amilton]. he never distingd himself. all that he did during war was to avoid any censure of any kind.\nWilkinson. brave, enterprising to excess, but many unapprovable points in his character.\nLee. a better head & more resource than any of them. but no economy, & being a junior officer, we shd lose benefit of good seniors who wd not serve under him.\nPinkney. sensible. tactician. but immersed in business, has refused other appointments & probably will refuse this or accept with reluctance.\nPickings. Genl Pinkney recommends him for Southern command if necessary. sensible, modest, enterprising, & judicious. yet doubtful if he is equal to commd of 5000. men. wd be an untried undertaking for him.\nJ[efferson] mentd Sumpter. K[nox] intimated he must be commander in chief or nothing. incapable of subordination.\nnothing concluded.\nQu. proposed. shall we use Indns agt Indns & particularly shall we invite the 6. natns to join us. K[nox] agreed there were but 36. of them who joined the enemy last year, & that we cd not count on more than the Cornplanter & 200 to join us. J[efferson] agt employing Indns. dishonorable policy\u2014he hd rathr let 36. take the other side than have 200. on ours. H[amilton] disliked employing them. no dependance\u2014barbarians, treach. K[nox] for employing 500.\nPr[esident]. they must be employed with us or they will be against us. perhaps immaterial as to 6. nations but material as to Southern. he would use them to scour round the army at a distance. no small parties of enemy could approach thro. them to discover our movements. He wd notwithstanding take same precautions by our own men, for fear of infidelity. expensive, discontented, insubordinate. Conclusion. they shall not be invited, but to be told that if they cannot restrain their young men from taking one side or the other, we will receive & employ them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0040", "content": "Title: Memorandum on General Officers, 9 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 9 March 1792]\nThe following list contain the names of all the General Officers now living, & in this Country, as low as actual Brigadiers inclusively. Except those who it is conjectured would not, from age, want of health, & other circumstances come forward by any inducements that could be offered to them\u2014& such as ought not to be named for the important trust of Commander in Chief.\nMajor General Lincoln. Sober, honest, brave and sensible, but infirm; past the vigor of life\u2014& reluctantly (if offered to him) would accept the appointment.\nMajr Genl Baron de Steuben [.] Sensible, Sober & brave; well acquainted with Tactics & with the arrangement & discipline of an Army. High in his ideas of Subordination\u2014impetuous in his temper\u2014ambitious\u2014and a foreigner.\nMajr Genl Moultree. Brave, & it is believed accommodating in his temper\u2014Served the whole of last War; & has been an Officer in the preceeding one, at least had been engaged in an Expedition against the Cherokees; having defeated them in one or two considerable actions. What the resources or powers of his mind are\u2014how active he may be\u2014and whether temperate or not, are points I cannot speak to with decision, because I have had little or no opportunities to form an opinion of him.\nBrigadier (but by Brevet Majr General) McIntosh. Is old and inactive; supposed to be honest and brave. Not much known in the Union, and therefore would not obtain much confidence, or command much respect; either in the Community or the Army.\nMajr General (by Brevet) Wayne. More active & enterprizing than judicious & cautious. No \u0153conomist it is feared. Open to flattery\u2014vain\u2014easily imposed upon\u2014and liable to be drawn into scrapes. Too indulgent (the effect perhaps of some of the causes just mentioned) to his Officers & men. Whether sober\u2014or a little addicted to the bottle, I know not.\nMajr Genl (by Brevet) Weedon. Not supposed to be an Officer of much resource though not deficient of a competent share of understanding; rather addicted to ease & pleasure; & no enemy it is said to the bottle; never has had his name brot forward on this acct.\nMajr Genl (by brevet) Hand. A sensible & judicious man; his\nintegrity unimpeached; and was esteemed a pretty good Officer. But, if I recollect rightly, not a very active one. He has never been charged with intemperance to my knowledge; His name has rarely been mentioned under the present difficulty of chusing an Officer to commd, but this may, in a great measure, be owing to his being at a distance.\nMajr Genl (by brevet) Scott. Brave, & means well; but is an Officer of inadequate abilities for extensive command; &, by report, is addicted to drinking.\nMajr Genl (by Brevet) Huntington. Sober, sensible, and very discreet. Has never discover\u2019d much enterprize; yet, no doubt has ever been enter[t]ained of his want of spirit, or firmness.\nBrigadier General Wilkenson. Is, by brevet Senr to those whose names follow\u2014but the appointment to this rank was merely honorary. and as he was but a short time in Service, little can be said of his abilities as an Officer. He is lively, sensible, pompous and ambitious; but whether sober, or not, is unknown to me.\nBrigadier General Gist. Little has ever been said of his qualifications as a General Officer. His activity, & attention to duty is somewhat doubtful; tho\u2019 his spirit, I believe, is unimpeached.\nBrigadier General Irvine. Is sober, tolerably sensible and prudent. It is said he is an \u0153conomist; and supported his authority whilst he was entrusted with a seperate command. But I have no recollection of any circumstance that marks him as a decidedly good, or indifferent Officr.\nBrigadier General Morgan. Has been fortunate, & has met with eclat. Yet there are different opinions with respect to his abilities as an Officer. He is accused of using improper means to obtain certificates from the Soldiers. It is said he has been [(]if the case is not so now) intemperate; that he is troubled with a palpitation which often lays him up. And it is not denied that he is illiterate.\nBrigadier General Williams. Is a sensible man, but not without vanity. No doubt, I believe, is entertained of his firmness\u2014and it is thought he does not want activity; but it is not easy, where there is nothing conspicuous in a character, to pronounce decidedly upon a Military man who has always acted under the immediate orders of a superior Officer; unless he had been seen frequently in Action. The discipline, interior \u0153conomy & police of his Corp is the best evidence one can have of his talents in this\nline and of this, in the case of Genl Williams I can say nothing; as he was appointed a Brigadier after he left the Northern to join the Southern Army. But a material objection to him is delicate health (if there has been no change in his Constitution)\u2014for he has gone to the Sweet Springs two or three years successively in such bad health as to afford little hope of his ever returning from them.\nBrigadier General Rufus Putnam. Possesses a strong mind\u2014and is a discreet man. No question has ever been made (that has come to my knowledge) of his want of firmness. In short, there is nothing conspicuous in his character\u2014And he is but little known out of his own State, and a narrow circle.\nBrigadier Genl (by brevet) Pinckney. A Colonel since Septr 16th 1776; but appointed a Brigadr by brevet at the close of the War, only. In this Gentleman many valuable qualities are to be found. He is of unquestionable bravery\u2014Is a man of strict honor, erudition & good sense: and it is said has made Tactic\u2019s a study\u2014But what his spirit for enterprize is\u2014whether active or indolent; or fitted for arrangement, I am unable to say\u2014never having had any opportunity to form a judgment of his talents as a Military character. The capture of Charleston put an end to his Military Services; but his junr Rank, and being little known in this part of the Union, are the two considerations most opposed to him, particularly the latter, as it is more than probable his being a prisoner prevented his promotion; which ought not to be any bar to his ranking as a Brigadier from the time that others of his standing as a Colonel, were promoted.\nThe above, and foregoing, closes the list of all the General Officers who as has been observed from age\u2014want of health\u2014disinclination, or peculiar circumstances, can be brought into view; from whom to chuse an Officer to command the Troops of the U.S.\nIf from either of the three Major Generals, which have been mentioned; or from those made so by brevet, the Commander of the Troops should be taken, no junior Officer can decline serving on the score of Rank; although he may desire, and have had expectations of being\u2014first in command\u2014himself.\nUnder this idea, and upon the principle of distribution, the arrangement of the Commanding Officer, and those next in grade to him, may be placed in the following points of view.\nCommander\nLincoln or Moultree.\nUnder either of these Major Generals might serve as Brigadiers\nWayne unless by being a Majr Genl by brevet\u2014& seeking the command himself\u2014he should recoil at it.\nMorgan for one of the above reasons would also revolt\u2014viz.\u2014command\u2014or Williams\u2014or Darke.\nWilkinson\nPickens\nBrooks\nIf Pennsylvania gives the Commanding Officer, and he is of the Rank (by brevet) of Majr Generl; the above arrangement is equally applicable on the principle of distribution, & as unexceptionable on the score of rank. But if, in the first case, Wayne, Morgan and Williams refuse to serve, and in the Second, the two last do it, unless it be as Commander; then some others, junr in dates of Commission, or of inferior rank, must be resorted to.\nIf upon a full view of characters, and circumstances, General Pinckney should be deemed the most eligable for the command; it would be a fruitless attempt, & a waste of time to propose to those Officers who have been his Seniors, to engage again subordinately; especially if they have been his seniors in the line of Colonels: and here I would draw a line which I think is a just one\u2014and that is\u2014that his Colonels, & not his Brigadrs Commission, ought to decide his Rank as a Generl Officer\u2014because it would be hard upon him to suffer in it on acct of his captivity; when motives of policy and not of demerit, suspended (as may fairly be presumed) his promotion during that period: but why, when it did take place, Rank was not (to a certain antecedant date) restord I am unable to conceive.\nIf this be fair reasoning (and I really think it is) neither Morgan nor Williams would have ground to object against serving under Pinckney. but as it is more than probable they will look to what is, rather than to what ought to be; a difficulty would be made on the subject of Rank\u2014especially if there is any deriliction in them to the Service in any other character than that of Commanding it\u2014and therefore it would be expedient perhaps to look for Officers of Junr Rank\u2014& in that case may come in as\u2014\nBrigadiers\nWilkenson\u2014whose rank is very questionable\nDarke\u2014or Howard\nWillet\u2014or Smith\nBrooks.\nIf Governor Lee should be prefered to the Command, then Officers of lower grades than any that have been mentioned, in the preceeding pages must be sought after, as all of those are greatly his Seniors, & their being, in my opinion but little ground to hope that either the Military talents which he has displayed in the course of the War, or his present dignified Station, would reconcile any of them to act a subordinate part; except it be Wilkenson; who, as has been observed before, from having been but a short time in Service, & quitting it at an early period of the War, would have but little or no cause to complain. As also Pickens, who has never been in the Continental line. The arrangemt wd then be in this case\u2014\nGovr Lee Commander\nBrigadrs\nWilkenson\nPickens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0041", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 9 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nUnited States [Philadelphia] March 9th 1792.\nGentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives.\nI now lay before you a General Account rendered by the Bankers of the United States at Amsterdam of the payments they had made between the 1st of July 1790 and 1791 from the fund deposited in their hands for the purposes of the Act providing the means of intercourse between the United States, and foreign Nations, and of the balance remaining in their hands; together with a letter from the Secretary of State on the subject.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0042", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Hanson, 10 March 1792\nFrom: Hanson, Samuel (of Samuel)\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria [Va.] March 10th, 1792\nIt is not without considerable hesitation & reluctance that I have formed the resolution of troubling you with the concerns of an Individual, by soliciting your relief in a case of official persecution under which I am labouring.\nAbout 6 Weeks ago I submitted a part of my Grievances to the Secretary of the Treasury; but, not having been favoured with a reply from that Gentleman, I hope I shall be excused in appealing to yourself, as the last Resort.\nSir, it appears that Mr Lee, from resentment of my information to you of his neglect of duty, is determined to harass and incommode me, as much as possible, in the execution of mine. In confirmation of this charge, I enclose a Copy of his official Letter to me of 9th January last.\nwith respect to the Assistant-Measurer of Vessels, I beg leave to state that; upon my request, he appointed one about 18 Months ago, without the smallest objection\u2014that this Person was always paid by me\u2014and performed the duty with fidelity and accuracy, untill the said 9th Jany last, when Mr Lee thought proper to revoke the appointment, without any Complaint against the Assistant. I immediately addressed the Secretary upon the Subject. His reply was as follows: \u201cThe Collector has authority to appoint one; and, if you are willing to be at the Expence of such Assistance, and recommend a fit Person, as no doubt you will, I presume the Collector will appoint him. This Assistant to the Surveyor is only contemplated when his other duties shall render one necessary; and therefore you will perceive he is left to be agreed with and compensated by the Surveyor out of his fees for Admeasurement.\u201d\nA Copy of this passage I enclosed to Mr Lee, hoping and expecting he would, upon that Authority, reinstate my Assistant. But, instead of doing so, he writes to me as follows: \u201cWhenever it shall be necessary, I shall appoint a Person to measure each and every Vessel that cannot be measured by yourself Conveniently with your other official duties.\u201d\nThus, Sir, Mr Lee reserves to himself the right of determining the necessity for my Employing an Assistant. I am far from wishing any accommodation not granted to other Surveyors. If it be said that at the great Ports the encreased number of Vessels renders an Assistant necessary, I presume my claim to the same indulgence will not be weakend by the consideration of the small proportion of business at this Port; since that Circumstance obliges me to call in the Aid of a private Employment to procure that Subsistance which my public one alone would be far from affording.\nwith regard to the 4th Article of Mr Lees instructions, contained in his Letter, I beg leave to ask whether it will not be sufficient to see that the deliveries of goods be conformable to the Permits for landing them; the Permits being Transcripts of the Entries? If it should be thought otherwise\u2014and that my duty requires me to attend at the Custom-House, after the discharge of each Vessel\u2014it is evident that the performance of this Article of my duty must occasion the omission of some other one, since I can not be at two places at one time.\nSir, I beg leave to represent to you that never has it been more necessary for me to have an assistant-Measurer than at this moment\u2014for never has the press of business been greater, upon the Surveyor\u2014And, yet Mr Lee is not here to make the Appointment, tho\u2019 he were inclined to do it. He has been absent about 3 Weeks; and I am well informed means to be very little at this Port till next Winter. Upon this head I beg the favour to be informed whether the Acts of his Deputy, during these his Absences, which are neither occasional nor necessary, be valid? And whether I ought to pay regard to, or Act upon, any documents signed by his Deputy in these Cases?\nI presume that the obligation upon all the Port-Officers is the same. If so, with the utmost deference I submit whether, whilst I am so confined as never to have been absent 3 Working Days at any one time since my Appointment, and not 40 days in all\u2014it is proper that Mr Lee (a much more important Officer) should leave the Port for 6 & 8 Weeks together, and, upon the whole, be absent 9 months out of the 12? That the Service suffers both by his Absence, and neglect, even when here, I can prove.\nI request the favour that my duties may be precisely defined\u2014that, if the appointment of an Assistant-Measurer be warranted by Law, Mr Lee may be directed to make it\u2014and that the power of harassing and incommoding me, may be taken out of his Hands.\nIf my duties must be performed in the manner directed by Mr Lee in his instructions (the result of 2\u00bd years Enquiry & deliberation\u2014for, so long has he been in office) it is very evident I must be under the necessity of quitting either my public Employment, or my private one\u2014(both, being too much for any one Man to go through)\u2014tho both together furnish, as is well known, a very scanty Subsistence. Relying on your wonted indulgence & benevolence to excuse the length, & freedom, of this Address, I remain, with perfect respect & Esteem, Sir your much-obliged and obedt Sert\nS. Hanson of Saml", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0043", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 10 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir,\n[Philadelphia]Saturday Morning [10 March 1792]\nI was informed last Night by Mr Izard that a Comee of three, of which he was one, were to be with me on Monday Morning upon the Subject of the Algarene business. The Senate do not know how to get money for the purpose without the Agency of the Reps. & they are afraid to make the Comn.\nI wish you to consider this matter\u2014& if not before, to let me see you by half-after 7 Oclock on Monday Morng.\nGenl Knox is to be with me on the appointments of the Officers at ten to day & will keep me employed most of the day\u2014the forenoon I mean. Yrs &ca\nG.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0045", "content": "Title: Conversation with a Committee of the United States House of Representatives, 12 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 12 March 1792]\nThe President informed the Committee that the request of the House of Representatives, contained in the Resolution now handed to him, should be complied with. And added, that the letter from the King of France having been communicated to the House merely as a piece of information, and there being a Vessel to sail immediately for France he had answered the letter. But, upon learning that this Resolution had been passed in the House, the Secretary of State had been desired to get back the answer, which was already on board the Vessel, that another might be written, communicating the sentiments of the House agreeably to their request.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0046", "content": "Title: Conversation with a Committee of the United States Senate, 12 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia] March the 12 [1792]\nOn this day a Committee of the Senate, consisting of Mr King, Mr Morris and Mr Izard waited upon the President of the United States to confer with him on the subject of a treaty between the United States and Algiers, and the redemption of the American Captives at that place.\nA Committee of the Senate had reported to that Body a Resolution on the subject abovementioned. But it being apprehended that if it should be known abroad, that the United States\nwere about entering into a treaty with the Algerines, those European Nations which are interested in the Mediterranean trade, would throw every obsticle in the way, and perhaps totally defeat the object. As much secrecy as the nature of the thing will admit would therefore be necessary for making arrangements to carry this business into effect. A difficulty arises. Money is wanting; and the Constitution of the U.S. does not permit any money to be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of an appropriation made by law. To obtain such appropriation the matter must be brought before the House of Representatives, the doing of which will hazard a discovery and a defeat of the object.\nThe Committee, therefore, wished to know from the President whether he would feel himself authorized to draw money from the Treasury, without a previous appropriation, to carry this matter into effect, relying upon the readiness of the House of Representatives to sanction the thing after the treaty should be made known to them, and the causes for not desiring an appropriation previous to an application of the money. The Constitution having given to the President and two thirds of the Senate the power of making treaties, which, by becoming the law of the land, the House of Representatives, when made, are virtually bound to make such appropriations of money as may be necessary for carrying them into effect\u2014otherwise the power of making treaties would be nugatory.\nBut the plain and simple question in this case is, as no Treaty does exist; no provision is made for the expences of one, or for the redemption of our Citizens in Captivity; and as neither of these purposes can be effected without a considerable advance; whether the President will hazard himself by drawing on the Treasury, or borrowing such a sum as shall or may be deemed adequate without a previous communication with the other branch of the Legislature?\nThe President replied, that it was a subject upon which he would wish to consider well before he gave an opinion\u2014and that, at any rate, it would be necessary for him to know from the Secretary of the Treasury the state of the Treasury before he could decide anything upon the matter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0047", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 12 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\n\u27e8United States [Philadelphia]March 12th 1792.\nI now nominate the persons whose names are contained in the following lists for appointments in the Squadron of Cavalry, and also for appointments and promotions in the battalion of Artillery.\nGo: Washington.\nAppointments for the Cavalry.\nMajor\nMichael Rudulph\nat present a Captain in the 1st Regt\nCaptains\nJohn Watts\nVirginia\nJohn Craig\nPennsylvania\nLawrence Manning\nSouth Carolina\nJohn Stake\nNew York.\nLieutenants\nRobert MisCampbell\nSouth Carolina.\nWilliam Winston\nVirginia\nWilliam Aylett Lee\ndo\nWilliam Davidson\nMaryland\nCornets\nLeonard Covington\nMaryland\nCarleton Fleming\nVirginia\nSolomon Van Renselaer\nNew York\nJames Taylor\nPennsylvania.\nThe Battalion of Artillery.\nInformation of the arrangement, as it stood 3d November 1791\nCaptains\nJames Bradford\n  Henry Burbeck\n  Joseph Savage (excepted, who resigned 15th October 1791)\n  Mahlon Ford\nLieutenants\n  Dirck Schuyler \n  John Peirce\n  Moses Porter \n  Edward Spear\n  Daniel McLane\n  Abimael Youngs Nicoll\n  George Ingersoll\n  Staats Morris\nSurgeon\u2019s Mate\n  Nathan Hayward.\nPromotions & Appointments.\nPromoted\nHenry Burbeck\nMajor Commandant\nvice Ferguson killed 4th Nov: 1791.\nCaptains\nJohn Peirce\nvice Savage resigned 15th October 1791.\nMoses Porter\nvice Burbeck promoted 4th November 1791.\nDaniel McLane\nvice Bradford killed 4th November 1791.\nLieutenants.\nGeorge Demlar\nvice Spear killed 4th November 1791\u2014promoted from an Ensigncy in the 2d regt to rank from 5th March 1791\nAppointed.\nJoseph Elliot\nvice Peirce promoted S. Carolina.\nPeircy Pope\nvice Porter promoted Virginia.\nEbenezer Massey\nvice McLane promoted Maryland.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0048", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Aaron Burr, 13 March 1792\nFrom: Burr, Aaron\nTo: Washington, George\nPhilada 13 Mar. 1792\nAn Opinion has for sometime prevailed that peace with the Indians is attainable; That the War has arisen from a belief: that this Government seek to disposses them of their Lands, and will\ncease whenever these misapprehensions are removed. Unfortunately it does not appear that we have since the commencement of hostilities conveyed to them any direct assurances of our wishes and designs towards them.\nThe late attempt to negociate thro\u2019 Col. Proctor at the very time when hostile expeditions were Authorized by Government and actually executed by the Kentucky Militia, could not have tended to conciliate or undeceive.\nIf therefore the measure should be deemed in itself desireable or it should be thought not unimportant to engage more firmly the public opinion in favor of the Measures of Government; any Intimation which shall indicate a mode of access to the Indians cannot be unacceptable.\nThe six Nations especially those of them who are resident within the United States are known to be well disposed towards us and hitherto at Peace with the Miamis and their Allies[.] Many Individuals of these friendly Savages preserve a free intercourse with the hostile Tribes and would chearfully assist in bearing a Message or conducting Messengers[.] I am credibly informed that Brant has offered his services in this way.\nAgain\nThe Stockbridge Indians, remnant of a Moheaqunck Tribe have lately left their former residence and Joined that part of the six nations who are within the United States: They claim affinity with the Miamis, and visit them as relations; many among them may be relied on either to carry messages or conduct Agents.\nThro\u2019 either of these channels it is presumed communications may be made to the Nations now at war with us. I can if necessary point out characters who are known to many of the above mentioned friendly Indians who possess their confidence and in whom they confide.\nAaron Burr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0050", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Wanton Rhodes, 13 March 1792\nFrom: Rhodes, Joseph Wanton\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please Your Excellency,\nWalpole State MassachusettsMarch 13th 1792\nAlthough I have not the honor of being personally known to you yet I humbly wish the motive that induces me to this freedom of address may plead my Apology. In the early part of my life I was educated in the Medical line and received diaplomas from the Proffessors of medecine in the City of Philadelphia. For several years I was engaged in the different branches of my proffession, but at length a series of indisposition interupted my practice: it is some time since that my health has been reestablished, but my attempts although successfull in a degree have been inadequate by reason of an encreasing family of little ones who look up to me for support. That philanthrophy to the world; and patronage to many which are the striking features of your Excellencys character emboldens me to ask your assistance. However painfull the task on my part to surmount that diffidence (being unknown to your Excellency) in making this application, yet from the sentiments which flow from your pen I derive this pleasing hope that I ask it from one whose heart is neve\u27e8r\u27e9 more greatly awakened to all the feelings of tender sensibility than when an oportunity occurs to releive those characters that misfortune has depressed.\nShould there be any vacancy in point of Office in the civil department at this or any future period, although out of the medical Line, or assistance in any other way which your Excellency might think proper to confer, wo\u2019d be received with the most lively gratitude\u2014An inofensive line of conduct has ever been my aim from which I claim no merit. should you require any further testimony of my moral Character than the enclos\u2019d, I fell myself so happy in that particular as to be able to give you the fullest satisfaction.\nMay Heaven continue to shower down on you its choicests blessings and the supreme architect of the universe in his spiritual Lodge for ever preserve you in his holy keeping, is the prayer of your devoted and Obedient serv\u2019t\nJoseph W. Rhodes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0051", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Rutherford, 13 March 1792\nFrom: Rutherford, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nBerkeley County, Virga March 13th 1792\nMy very good friend and neighbour Colo. Darke intending to wait on you, I could not forgo the pleasure of presenting my sincere good wishes, for your health and perfect happiness, and as you well know the spartan virtues of my friend, it becomes unnecessary to enlarge on the innate and Very amiable, quality\u2019s of his heart and mind. I Indeed sympathize Very tenderly with him on the death of his sons, as that of his youngest was followed by the death of his eldest son, a few days after his return home and who left a small family. My own tears can never cease to flow while I breath this vitol air for the Loss of a most dutiful endearing & innocent Daughter at Norfolk in June last. but these are Vicessitudes in the nature of things and we must submit.\nThe fatal Surprize and Slaughter of the troops (a battle it could not be termed) was very unfortunate, and by the fall of so many brave officers and men, is truly distressing. but to loos sight of this important business untill the Indians will Seriously treat for peace, would, in my opinion, be a tacit consession of fear and an acknowledgement, that every exertion, to repel their more than cruel ravages, has been wrong, and surely it is an Idea replete with insensibility, and betrays a very selfish mind to urge that the united power is not to protect so respectable and extended a frontier, the uniform rule of every wise Goverment.\nI have been surprized by arguments in support of repressing the people within the old settlements, as there is something very selfish and Contracted in such reasoning. for to Say to many thousands of good Citizens, you shall remain with your posterity on the spot where you first drew breath, destitute of Lands or property, meerly to Labour on the Land of others for a very scanty subsistance, is tyrannical absurd. as it is only by the prospect of acquiring Lands on easy terms, that men with their family\u2019s and others will brave the dangers of the Atlantic, while this is the very seed time as it were of the American people, when\npeace and plenty await them, except this Indian war which will no doubt be shortly done away, as every exertion has been made since your administration for this desirable end, but the supine inattention of former measures, had suffered things to fall into such a train that it is very difficcult to restore them to order.\nI donot mean to defend the mode of settling imprudently and in haste in every part of the widely extended, united territory, for the emolument of Company\u2019s, as such a proceeding would be pregnant with evil.\nPerhaps the Indians might be reduced to a disposition for peace by recruiting Three Regiments as near the fronteirs as possible to serve for one year, if not sooner discharged, and to consist of about 600 men each with a Captain Two Lieutenants an Ensign 8 Serjeants and 4 Corporals to every 100. Rank & file. Half of each Regiment to be Horse men properly armed, as such, exclusive of their Rifles. The other half to Carry good Rifles, Hatchets, and light wooden spears pointed with steel. such a body of men would protect & plant the regular troops in garrissons where it might be judged necessary, and having these several garrissons, for retreat & supply\u2019s, would Carry terror amongst the ill disposed tribes. The regular troops need not be so numerous. The Horsemen might supply their own Horses to be paid for if lost, and as a man by long possession sets a peculiar value on this useful annimal, the owner would be more Careful of his Horse than if he were public property.\nThe chickasaws in the spring 1788 lost a chief of note & his son at the Clinch River on the Trace from Cumberland to the Holston in what was, termed, the Lawyers defeat. Being stimulated by this injury, they had some Warriors on the unfortunate Expedition under Genl St Clair, and it is probable a respectable number of these might be engaged to act.\nOne Hundred and Fifty good men in proper Boats on the Ohio would be in abled to discover where parties of the enimy might Cross to give intelligence to the Inhabitants & often to detach parties by land to persue those of the Indians, with effect, not suspecting this mode of persuit.\nA Colonel McMullen or McMillen well known at Kentucky and Colo. Darke Could recruit Regiments of the above description and very shortly with some proper person on the frontier of Pensilvania\nfor the third. All these to choose their own officers & to admit none but the most popular and proper, and to receive no man who had not been accustomed to the woods & of a ferm Constitution. Men imbodied in this manner would act with Vigour, united by common interest in defense of what would be most dear to them and intimately acquainted from early youth with many affinities, still more endearing.\nIf Colo. Darke Cannot serve, as by the Loss of his sons, his Domestic concerns loudly demand his attention, there is a son or two of the late General Lewis, altogether proper for such a duty.\nThese Regiments commanded by a person in whom they could place entire confidence (as much depends on this, & a long acquaintance) would be exceeding formidable. Generals Morgan or Scott I have thought of perhaps the former possessing an uncommon strength of mind and full of stratagem might be prefered.\nI have presumed so far, on the goodness of your heart as to offer a few things, to your far superior judgement, and beg pardon for having thus in the fulness of my mind, given you the trouble of this letter, and please to observe, that I donot wish to detain you from the great multiplicity of your momentous engagements to answer things of this nature. May you with good Lady Continue to enjoy, uninterruptedly, every choice temporal blessing, is the unfeigned wish of Dear Sir Your Very affectionate And Most Obt Hble Sert\nR. Rutherford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0054", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Armstrong, 14 March 1792\nFrom: Armstrong, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCarlisle [Pa.] 14th March 1792\nWhatever may have been the constructions of others respecting the designs of Government, in marching an Armed force into the West; I shall in the present state of things reduce all other conjectures into the idea of Peace, viewing it with it\u2019s natural consequences not only as the primary Object of the publick measures, but that whereby the farther concerns of the Union in that country may with greater facility be accomplished. this\npeace we presume, from the recent triumphs of the natives & the irritations they may be Supposed to derive from british traders\u2014must be preceded or purchased by War, in order to impress their minds with that conviction & temper that is essential to a serious treaty or an honorable peace.\nHow or by what means this conviction or dispossition, may most probably be effected appears to be a leading question\u2014we have said it must be by War, but as this may be essayed in different modes, the question recurs to that which hath the most elligible appearance? in order to offer some answer to it, the probable effects of such modes of proceduer as we apprehend most likely to be pursued, requires a distinct consideration.\nSuppose the first to be that already attempted, by marching in force to the Miam\u27e8i\u27e9 Villages or farther; this force estimated at not less than four thousand men, moving in good Order\u2014on this hypothesis some Gentlemen have seemed to please themselves with a decisive Action & an early period to the war, but without book\u2014the proba\u27e8bili\u27e9ty rather is, that no general Action will then happen, or if it should, the enemy will not ke\u27e8ep\u27e9 the field long enough to receive the necessary mortification, but rather reserve the\u27e8ir\u27e9 resentment for our Succeeding Convoys, our frontiers, or both\u2014they are not idiots without some advice beside their own: their alternatives & optional power superc\u27e8ede\u27e9 the necessity of a decisive action, leaving it totaly contingent. however, say we have no\u27e8t\u27e9 gained a local possession wheresoever we chuse, the hostile enemy will immediately m\u27e8arch\u27e9 off, but they are neither defeated, conciliated, nor humbled; as far from a temper to trea\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 when we began, altho\u2019 we have incured an heavy expence.\nSuppose another mode of proceduer, to be that of the rendezvouse of the troops \u27e8at\u27e9 Fort Washington & the other Posts now in possession of the Federal Govt from thence by appointed partys make as many excursions into the Indian country as possible for the destruction of their towns & produce, together with such other damages as on similar occass\u27e8i\u27e9ons have been known to fall within our power. this method of business tends to the immediate & inevitable embarrassment of the enemy, and is capable not only of comparative Secrecy, variation & dispatch, but also of improvement beyond what ha\u27e8s\u27e9 yet been experienced amongst us\u2014and applys more directly to the nature & circumstances\nof the enemy in question than any other\u2014the natural consequenc\u27e8e\u27e9 wherof, is to excite fear, murmerings & depression, amongst the Squaws, Old Men and Children, which at length through their Counselors must have its operation toward peace, on the reluctant warriors themselves\u2014preparing them to treat & listen to such terms of accomodation, as altho\u2019 we may not call them permanent, will not only yield quiet on the frontiers, but give access to the Federal Government in Erecting One or more buildings at pleasure.\nBut should these two different ways of proceeding be contrasted, and with respect to bringing on a treaty & the latter appear the most elligible, a farther question will yet arise\u2014namely\u2014whether from the Villages, or from the posts now in possession, may this desultory method of depredations on their Towns be carried on with the greatest apparent facility? from anything I can derive from the Map & having but little other information, this question altho\u2019 an important one, is not easily Solved\u2014at present the Villages from their proximity to the hostile towns has a manifest advantage, but were our troops in possession of that Spot, these towns would suddenly be evacuated; where they would sit down is uncertain, whether in equal reach of the one place or the other\u2014but when we know a little better where these Villagers now are, and their strength, they may possibly be considered as objects of a little chastisement before they have time either to collect their Allies or to abandon their present residence. By extending the contrast mentioned above to the preparatives necessary to each, much Saving of expence will readily appear, as considerably fewer troops may be competant to the latter, than can be thought so to the former; to which must be added the differance of transportation, together with comparative risque\u2014or Safety of the successive Convoys\u2014the latter mode too, supposes a number of the troops to remain in Garrison for domestick defence & improvement in discipline, wherby \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 need should require the frontiers may be aided with more dispatch than the former can \u27e8p\u27e9ossibly admit. On the whole, were it not for the important consideration of the necessary con\u27e8v\u27e9oys, these two modes would bear but little comparison, it being only in the first instance that the latter calls for any; there being nothing formidable in a direct march to the primary\nObject even with three thousand men, but better prepared than the last\u2014yet is the common maxim still to be regarded\u2014\u201cnot to make more haste than good speed,\u201d and altho\u2019 I am unwilling to risque a peremtory or decided opinion in favour of either of those modes\u2014yet when hesitations of some & opposition of others to any ofensive measures shall, together with some pain respecting the treasury & publick debt are taken into the question joined to the probable effects of either as mentioned above, the latter appears to claim a preference, as the necessary calculations will make more evident. for in this case, it is neither predilection for, nor mere possession of any particular Spot, (I mean in the first instance) that can secure\u2014or comprehend the designs of Governt unless it is apparent that from such Spot above all others, the hostile temper of the enemy may with greater facility & more certainty be reduced. but against such local advantage, whether real or imaginary, must be placed the length of transportation & greater risque of suseeding Convoys, which must always remain until a disposition to treat is obtained\u2014how far the influence of some friendly Indians may go to that purpose we cannot tell, but must first, appear in Arms & make some use of them too. I am ashamed of the want of perspicuty & brevity, as well as of the blots of this letter, which I can neither Copy nor correct if it go by this post, but happy in the confidence that the Simplicity of my meaning will be understood, therefore shall add no further appollogy than that with great truth I have the honor to be Your Excellencys Obedt humble Servt.\nJohn Armstrong", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0055", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 14 March 1792\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeorge-Town 14th March 1792\nWe have to acknowledge the receipt of your several dispatches to us by the last Post\u2014We regret you should have had any occasion to experience the untowardness of Majr LEnfants Temper\u2014But without it, you could not have been so sensible of the very great disquietude which he has given us\u2014As we were sincerely\ndesirous, of retaining him as long as it was practiable, we cannot but lament the perverseness, which made it at length impossible.\nWhen such was his temper, we are free to acknowledge, that we think we shall be better without him\u2014We beg leave to assure you that we feel ourselves fully compensated by your approbation of our conduct for the troubles and dirty reports with which we have been Assailed\u2014No diligence nor attention on our part will be wanted, to CounterAct the ill effects which the enemies to the permanent Seat, may prophecy from his dismission\u2014It is not our intention to take up your time with a long Letter having written as fully to Mr Jefferson as the short time we have yet had to attend to the objects he has pointed out to us will permit at present\u2014We cannot conclude without assuring you that we cannot but consider the report respecting Colo. Deakins as perfectly groundless\u2014We know on the contrary, that he more than once the last Summer when we were disappointed in our expectations from Virginia, advanced Money himself, no Complaints have even yet been made to us of our orders on him not being punctually paid\u2014We have heard of the Suggestion you mention respecting Mr Cabot\u2014How far this be true we cannot judge\u2014We trust it has no better foundation than the jelouscy and reports which has of late unfortunately prevailed in George Town. We are Sir &c.\nDd Stuart\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0056", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 14 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Wednesday Afternoon 14th Mar. 1792\nAt the time Mr Jeffersons letter to the President was put into his hands, he was so much engaged as hardly to find time to read\nit. The general purport of it, however, he well recollects was agreeable to him but whether the following ideas if they are not already substantially expressed, might not with propriety be conveyed, Mr Jefferson will judge of, and act accordingly.\nThat no farther movement on the part of Government, can ever be made towards Majr L\u2019Enfant without prostration, which will not be done. That the P\u2014\u2014 thinks himself insulted in the answer given to his Secretary, who was sent to him for the express purpose of removing some of his unfounded suspicions\u2014viz. \u201cthat he had already heard enough of this matter.\u201d\nNo farther overtures will ever be made to this Gentn by the Government; in truth it would be useless, for in proportion as attempts have been made to accomodate what appeared to be his wishes, he has receded from his own ground. If therefore his conduct should chan\u27e8ge\u27e9 and a reinstatement of him is desire\u27e8d\u27e9, the only way to effect it is by a direct application to the Commissioners.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0059", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Moultrie, 14 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Moultrie, William\nDear Sir,\nPhil. 14th Mar. 1792.\nI have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letters of the 28th of november, and 29th of December, and to inform you that the plants which you had the goodness to send me, arrived safe at Norfolk (the ice not permitting the vessel to reach Baltimore) where they are put into the hands of a Gentleman, who will forward them to Mount Vernon by the first opportunity.\nWere I not assured of the pleasure which you take in obliging me, I should be at a loss how to express my acknowledgments for the kind attention which you have shewn to my wishes in sending these plants. But you have not, however less of my thanks from the circumstance of my knowing your goodness.\nI am persuaded that Lord Wycombe will not consider Charleston as among the least agreeable of the places he has visited in the United States. The acknowledged hospitality and politeness of its inhabitants can not fail of making proper impressions upon the respectable foreigners who may visit that city.\nThe unfortunate affair to the westward is, I hope, more to be regretted on account of the loss of those brave Officers and men who fell on the occasion, than of any other serious influence it may have on our public Affairs. We are, happily, in a situation to repair every other loss, but that of lives.\nI shall give you the trouble of presenting me to the recollection of the Ladies in the circle in which you move\u2014and that you would be assured of the sincere esteem and regard with which I am Dr Sir, Your most ob. Serv.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0060", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 14 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nUnited States [Philadelphia] 14th March 1792.\nAppointments for twelve companies of Infantry.\nCaptains.\nLieutenants.\nEnsigns.\nVermont.\nWilliam Eaton\nJames Underhill\nCharles Hyde\nNew York\nIsaac Guion\nRobert Cochran\nNanning I. Vischer.\nNew Jersey\n\u273bZebulon Pike\n\u273bJohn Read\n\u273bJohn Polhemus.\nPennsylvania\n\u273bJacob Slough\n\u273bRobert Thompson\n\u273bJohn Paine\nDelaware\nJames Wells\n\u273bMaxwell Bines (Pennsylva)\n\u273bWilliam Diven (Pennsylvania.)\nMaryland\n\u273bHenry Carberry\n\u273bBenjamin Price\nCampbell Smith.\n\u273bWilliam Buchannen\n\u273bHenry DeButts\n\u273bWilliam Pitt Gassaway.\n\u273bWilliam Lewis\n\u273bJoseph Gough\nCharles Wright.\nVirginia\n\u273bNicholas Hannah.\n\u273bWilliam McRea\n\u273bAaron Gregg.\n\u273bJoseph Brock\n\u273bHenry B. Towles\n\u273bPeter Grayson.\nJohn Heth\nSamuel Tinsley\nPeter Marks\nNorth Carolina\nJoseph Kerr\nThoms E. Sumner\nSamuel Davidson.\nGentlemen of the Senate.\nI nominate the above-named persons for the commissioned officers of twelve companies\u2014This nomination will complete the company officers of the additional troops, according to the arrangement which will hereafter be made, in pursuance of the powers vested in me by law.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0061", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Otho Holland Williams, 14 March 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Williams, Otho Holland\nLetter not found: to Otho Holland Williams, 14 Mar. 1792. Williams wrote GW on 22 Mar.: \u201cThe receipt of your obliging letter of the 14th Instant gave me very great pleasure.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0062", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Caleb Brewster, 15 March 1792\nFrom: Brewster, Caleb\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nFairfield in Connecticut March 15. 1792\nI have presumed upon your Excellency\u2019s known love of Justice, and upon the generous interest you take in the misfortunes of your old faithful military servants, to address to your Excellency the following representation; and I hope that the peculiar circumstances of my case & the unusual Sufferings that have attended my situation will be received as an apology for thus soliciting your Excellency\u2019s aid & support\u2014I will, with your leave, submit to your Excellency a simple and short detail of the facts on which I ground this application.\nIn the year 1777 I was honored with a commission of Captain in the line of the State of New York and was placed on a detached service, commanding an armed boat for the purpose of cruizing in the Long Island Sound, and for the more important service of obtaining & conveying intelligence from the Enemy. Under this commission I acted till the close of the late war\u2014Of the services I rendered in this capacity your Excellency who was acquainted with the details of these secret operations at that period, is a competent Judge\u2014Early in the war, on the shore of Long Island from an exertion of bodily labor in carrying the boat I commanded into a place of safety & concealment, I recieved a dangerous & incurable rupture which has ever since been subject to the painful & inconvenient application of those modes of local support which are common in such cases\u2014On\nthe 7th of December 1782 while in the aforesaid service in a bloody engagement with two armed boats of the Enemy I received a wound by a ball thro. my breast\u2014With this wound I languished & was confined two years & a half under distressing chisurgical operations & a most forlorn hope of cure. The nature of these wounds together with the impairing of my constitution by the long continuance of my confinement have rendered me incapable of any labour that requires a considerable exertion & have reduced me to the melancholy condition of an invalid for life. These are the facts on which I claimed a place on the invalid list of the United States. Of the truth of them there is ample & abundant evidence in detail from the Vouchers now in the possession of the Hon. Aaron Burr of the Senate of the United States. Having thus stated to your Excellency the merits of my situation as they existed before any application was made for public relief, I intreat your Excellency\u2019s attention to a short account of the means I have used to obtain it. At an early day I applied to Col. Richard Platt & Col. Richard Varrick authorised by the State of New York to hear & examine the claims of invalids of the New York line of the late army and produced to them my evidence & vouchers, but they refused to recommend and report me as a proper object of relief solely on the ground of A law of their state enacting that none should be placed upon the Pension list of New York, who were residents within any other State and as I was then an inhabitant of the State of Connecticut I came within the operation of this clause of exclusion. I next sollicited relief from the State of Connecticut and met here with the same ill success on the ground of my being an Officer of the line of the State of New York and not entitled to compensation according to the laws of Connecticut. In this distressing dilemma I laboured for several years under the embarrassments resulting from my personal Disability, and the enormous expences I had incurred in my long & dangerous indisposition. Early after the assembling of the Congress of the United States under the new constitution I presented a petition to Congress praying relief as an invalid of the United States and at their last session in the City of New York I obtained a resolve in my favour providing for the reimbursements of the expences I had incurred on account of my wounds; and also an allowance of half pay for life, under the\nexpress condition of my returning & giving up to the United States the commutation notes I recd in common with all the officers who had served on the continental establishment. These had long since been expended at the depriciated rate of three shillings in the pound to support the expences I mentioned above & to support myself & Family. On the Credit however of this resolve & of an eventual settlement at the treasury, I procured Final settlement securities at the enhanced price of thirteen shillings & six pence in the pound and applied at the office of the Auditor of the Treasury for an adjustment in Execution of the above resolve but the Auditor refused such an adjustment unless I should deliver the identical certificates which has been issued to me in my own name. This was utterly impracticable. Despairing of relief I replaced the securities I had procured of my Friends & came home\u2014In the course of the last winter I made another application at the Treasury and met with the same success as before\u2014But was then informed that a bill was depending before Congress which was probably calculated to remove the embarrassment & restraint under which the treasury had acted in doing me justice. As this bill is designed to embrace my subject if not to provide for me expressly & as it is to pass the examination & decision of the President in its passage to a law, I humbly intreat your Excellency to take my distressed case into his benevolent consideration and lend such a favorable notice to my unfortunate situation as will ensure me that Justice which I have long sought & hitherto sought in vain. I am with profound respect Your Excellency\u2019s most obedt & Most humble Servant\nCaleb Brewster", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0063", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lafayette, 15 March 1792\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General.\nParis March the 15th 1792.\nI have been called from the army to this Capital for a conference between the two other generals, the ministers, and myself, and am about returning to my military post. The coalition between the continental powers respecting our affairs is certain, and will not be broken by the Emperor\u2019s death; but, altho\u2019 warlike preparations are going on, it is very doubtful whether our neighbors will attempt to stifle a flame so very catching as that of liberty is.\nThe danger for us lies with our state of anarchy, owing to the ignorance of the people, the number of non-proprietors, the jealousy of every governing measure, all which inconveniences are worked up by designing men, or aristocrats in disguise; but both extremes tend to defeat our ideas of public order. Do not believe, however, my dear General, the exagerated accounts you\nmay receive, particularly from England. That liberty and equality will be preserved in France, there is no doubt. In case there was, you well know that I will not, if they fall, survive them. But you may be assured that we will emerge from this unpleasant situation either by an honorable defense, or by internal improvements. How far this constitution of ours insures a good government has not been as yet fairly experienced. This only we know, that it has restored to the people their rights, destroyed almost every abuse, and turned French vassalage and slavery into national dignity, and the enjoyment of those faculties, which nature has given and society ought to insure.\nGive me leave, my General, to you alone to offer an observation respecting the late choice of the American ambassador. You know I am personally a friend to Gouverneur Morris, and ever, as a private man, have been satisfied with him; but the aristocratic, and indeed counter-revolutionary principles he has professed, unfitted him to be the representative of the only nation, whose politics have a likeness with ours, since they are founded on the plan of a representative democracy. This I may add, that, surrounded with enemies as France is, it looks as if America was preparing for a change in this government, not only that kind of alteration, which the democrats may wish for and bring about, but the wild attempts of aristocracy, such as the restoration of a noblesse, a house of Lords, and such other political blasphemies, which, while we are living, cannot be re\u00ebstablished in France. I wish we had an elective senate, a more independent set of judges, and a more energetic administration, but the people must be taught the advantage of a firm government, before they reconcile it to their ideas of freedom, and can distinguish it from the arbitrary systems, which they have just got over. You see, my dear General, I am not an enthusiast of every part of our constitution, altho\u2019 I love its principles, which are the same as those of the United States, excepting heredity in the president of the executive, which I think suitable to our circumstances. But I hate every thing like despotism and aristocracy, and I cannot help wishing the American and French principles were in the heart and on the lips of the American ambassador to France. This I mention for you alone, and only for the case when arrangements suitable ; and yet I beg this hint of mine, may never be mentioned to any body. Give me leave, my dear general, to add\nthe tribute of praise which I owe to Mr Short for the sentiments he has professed, and the esteem he has acquired in this country. I wish this gentleman was personally known to you.\nThere have been changes in the ministry. The King has chosen his council amidst the most violent popular party, the Jacobin club, a Jesuitic institution, more fit to make deserters from, than converts to our cause. The new ministers, however, being unsuspected, have a chance to restore public order, and say they will improve it. The Assembly are uninformed, and too fond of popular applause; the King slow, and rather backward in his daily conduct, altho now and then he acts fully well; but, upon the whole, it will do, and the success of our revolution cannot be questioned.\nMy command extends on the frontiers from Givet to Bitche. I have sixty thousand men, a number that is increasing now, as young men pour in from every part of the empire to fill up the regiments. This voluntary recruiting shows a most patriotic spirit. I am going to encamp thirty thousand men, with a detached corps of about four or five thousand in an intrenched camp. The remainder will occupy the fortified places. The armies of marshalls Lukner and Rochambeau are inferior to mine, because we have sent many regiments to the Southward, but in case we have a war to undertake, we may gather respectable forces.\nOur Emigrants are beginning to come in. Their situation abroad is miserable, and in case even we quarrel with our neighbors, they will be out of the question. Our paper money has been of late rising very fast. Manufactures of every kind are much employed. The farmer finds his taxes alleviated, and will feel the more happy under our constitution, as the Assembly are going to give up their patronage of one set of Priests. You see, my dear general, that altho we have many causes to be as yet unsatisfied, we may hope every thing will bye and bye come to rights. Licentiousness, under a mask of patriotism, is our greatest evil, as it threatens property, tranquility, and liberty itself.\nAdieu, my dear general. My best respects wait on Mrs Washington. Remember me most affectionately to our friends, and think sometimes of your respectful, loving and filial friend\nLafayette.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0065", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Hawkins, 16 March 1792\nFrom: Hawkins, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nsir,\nSenate Chamber 16 march 1792\nAs I make it a rule to give my assent to all military nominations without enquiry, and shall continue to do so, so long as a military Judge shall be President of the United States; I hope it will not be deemed indelicate in me to offer the opinion of an individual, which has resulted from reflections on the conversation I had last evening with you.\nColo. Lee as a military man certainly possesses a degree of enterprise caution and foresight not excelled by any of his contemporaries of equal rank. He has a comprehensive mind, he has gained his experience in a sort of partisan Warfare the best of all others for qualifying a man to command against Indians.\nIt may be objected to him that he was not of the rank in the late army to entitle him to the command. To this I shall only repeat what I said in the Senate on the case of Demler that the President had exclusively the right to nominate, and the fitness of his character, not the rank of the man, was the only enquiry to be made in the Senate; And that if the Senate did not possess a contrary proof, the nomination should be conclusive in favour of the person nominated. There is perhaps on the score of rank, this further to be said of Colo. Lee, that his present standing in society is an exalted and dignified one. He commanded I believe genl Pickens at the Siege of Augusta altho\u2019 the latter was of superior rank. I have the honor to be most respectfully sir your most obediant servt\nBenjamin Hawkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0068", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hamilton, 17 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nThe Woodlands [Philadelphia County, Pa.]17th March 1792\nI will with great pleasure forward you on Monday whatever is in my power of the kinds of plants you desire & will prepare them in the best manner for the voyage.\nThe time being short, I am uncertain at what time of the day they may be ready. You need not therefore send for them. I will have them deliver\u2019d at your House in the course of it. With the most perfect respect & sincerest regard I am dear Sir Your most obedt humble servt\nW. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0069", "content": "Title: To George Washington from L. Hoopstad & Company, 17 March 1792\nFrom: L. Hoopstad & Company\nTo: Washington, George\nSir!\nRio Demerary March 17, 1792\nas Merchants in a Extensive trading Country, under the protection of a Sovereign, trading largely, with the Subjects of the united States of America, we take the Liberty to Address ourselves, by this Opportunity.\nwe have been Informed that it has pleased your Excellency to Sent to the Consignation of Mr T. Brandon Merchant in the River Suriname in the year 1787. a few barrels of flour, & to sell the same to the best advantage.\nthis Encourage us, to Recommend ourselves in your Excelly Attention in Case it should be Agreable to your Exc. to sent Any to this Country.\nthis Government has given all Encouragement to the Merchants of the U.S. of America, & still Continue the same nothing discourage this Commerce, the dutys & Expences of Clearing In & out are so Triffling that 200 Dollars, will not be Required for a Vessel of 200 Tun Burthen. this Colony is the only one, at present who is under the Protection of the sovereign there High Migthtinesse for the States of Holland.\nWe Shall be greatly Honoured With your Excellency Command in Case our House of Commerce, Shall be able to be of any Service. We have the Honour to be With due Respect Sir Your Excellcy most Obed. & Hbl. Servants\nL. Hoopstad & Co.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0071", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gouverneur Morris, 17 March 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nLondon 17 March 1792\nI had the Honor to write to you on the fourth of last Month. Two Days after, I was informed that you had nominated me as Minister to the Court of France, but the latest Advices from America, which come down to the tenth of January, shew that the Senate had not then made their Decision. Be that Decision what it may, I shall ever gratefully esteem and acknowlege this Mark of Confidence from the Person in the World whose good opinion I consider as most estimable.\nIn my Letter of the fourth, I gave you a Picture of the french Ministry, and a View of the Measures pursued by different Parties, including the Mission of the bishop d\u2019autun. As he has now got back to Paris it may be well to communicate the Results. His Reception was bad for three Reasons. First that the Court looks with Horror and Apprehension at the Scenes acting in France, of which they consider him as a prime Mover. Secondly, that his Reputation is offensive to Persons who pique themselves on Decency of Manners & Deportment. And lastly because he was so imprudent, when he first arrived, as to propogate the Idea that he should corrupt the Members of Administration; and afterwards by keeping Company with leading Characters among the Dissenters and other similar Circumstances he renewed the Impression made before his Departure from Paris that he meant to intrigue with the discontented. His public Reception however\nfurnishes no Clue to decide on the Success of his Mission; because the former might have been very bad and the latter very good. The Fact however is that he could offer Nothing worthy of their Acceptance, and that what he asked was of a Nature not to be granted. This Offer was confined to a Cession of Tobago, a Demolition of the Portes of Cherburgh, & an Extension of the commercial Treaty. He asked a strict Neutrality in Case of War with the Emperor. Now you will observe that no Court would prudently treat with France in her present Situation, seeing that no body can promise in her Name otherwise than as Godfathers and Godmothers do at a Christening, and how such Promises are kept every Body knows. Convinced of this, the Bishop never told his Errand to Lord Gower, the British Embassador at Paris, who mentioned that Circumstance to me as extraordinary, but yet as so far agreable in that he was glad not to have been called on for Letters of Introduction.\nRespecting Tobago, I must make a Digression. It is now a long Time since it was mentioned to me, in Paris, that some of the Colonists of St Domingo had come hither to make overtures to Mr Pitt. Since that Period I learnt that the french Ministry were in Possession of Documents to prove, not only that he fomented the Disturbances in France, but that he was in deep Intrigues with Regard to that Colony. The particular Proofs were not shewn to me; so that I cannot speak positively. Neither can I vouch for what I have learnt further on that Subject within this Month, but I am assured that it is Mr Pitts Intention to bring about if he can the Independence of St Domingo. Mr Clarkson, the great Negro Advocate, is mentioned to me as his agent for their Business at Paris; and the Conduct of a Part of the Assembly in opposing Succor to that Island seems corroborative of such Idea. This then being the Case, or supposing it to be so, the Offer of Tobago was too trifling to attract Mr Pitts notice, even if unconnected with other Circumstances. By the bye my Informant tells me also that Mr Pitt means to coax us into the Adoption of his Plan respecting St Domingo. And I learn from another Quarter that he means to offer us his Mediation for a Peace with the Indians. If all this be true, his Game is evident. The Mediation is to be with us a Price for adopting his Plans, and with the Indian Tribes a Means of constituting himself their Patron and Protector. It may be proper to combine all this with the late Division of\nCanada, and the present Measures for military Colonization of the upper Country, and above all with what may come from Mr Hammond. I return to St Domingo. If such be Mr Pitt\u2019s Scheme, altho we shall not I presume engage in or countenance it, yet the Success will be entirely for our Advantage, and a meer preliminary to Something of the same Sort which must happen to Jamaica at the first Change of wind in the political world. The Destruction of the Port of Cherbourg is no present Object with the british Ministry, because they suppose it will be ruined by the Elements before it can be compleated, and because the french Marine is (from the want of Discipline) an Object more of Contempt than apprehension. The profferd Extension of the Commercial Treaty amounts to Nothing, because at present every Part of France is open to contraband Commerce, and because there is little Reason to beleive that the Stipulations in a Treaty now made would be of any long Duration. Thus it happens that neither of the Objects offered were worthy of Notice. But the Neutrality required was of a most important Nature. By leaving the Austrian low Countries exposed to french Invasion, it would have been a Violation both of antient and of recent Treaties. Nor is this all, for (as I have already had occasion to remark) the Annexation of those Provinces to the french Monarchy would prove almost, if not altogether, fatal to Great Britain. And when we consider that they are almost in Revolt already, and that it is in fact their Interest to become one with France, there is some Reason to suppose that an Union might have been effected in Case of a War with the Emperor. So much then on the Ground of Good Faith and good Policy, but there is still a further Cause which as the World goes may be equal in its Operation to all others. It seems to be a moot Point whether it is the british or the prussian Cabinet which directs the other. Perhaps there may be a little of both, but be all that as it may, this much is certain that neither feels disposed to counteract the Views of its Ally in any open manner. Now putting aside the personal Feelings which naturally agitate the Sovereign of this as well as of Other Kingdoms in Regard to the french Revolution, it is notorious that, from the very Dawn of it, Agents were employed to foment a Spirit of Revolt in other States; particularly in Prussia. The King of Prussia therefore feels for the french Revolutionists all the Enmity of a proud passionate and offended german\nPrince. Add to this that the Elector of Hanover, as such, cannot wish for a Change in the Government of Germany. If therefore it had been the Interest of Great Britain to establish a free Constitution in France (which it certainly is not) I am perfectly convinced that this Court would never have made a single Effort for the Purpose.\nI stated to you in my last the french Ministry as being extremely disjointed. It was too much so for any durable Existence, besides which the Members took effectual Means to precipitate each others Ruin. Mr de Narbonne wished to get into the Office of foreign Affairs. This was desirable to him (it is said) on many accounts but particularly so because it gives the Command of large Sums without Account. Whatever may have been his Motives, the following seems to have been his Conduct. He stood forth the Advocate of all violent Measures. This would naturally have excited Suspicions with thinking Men, but not so with the Assembly. He associated himself to the Partizans of Democracy, and while by this Means he secured himself against their Clamors, he took great Care of his pecuniary Affairs. This at least is affirmed to me, and with the addition that he had the Imprudence to pay off his Debts altho it is notorious that his Estate, which is in St Domingo, is among those which are laid Waste. It is further asserted, that in order to quiet the Clamors of Contractors who had given him money and found themselves in the Road to Ruin he agreed to compensate the Depreciation of the Assignats. In order to remove a great Obstacle to his Proceedings he joined in the Intrigues against Mr Bertrand, and at the same Time fostered other Intrigues against Mr Delessart with a View of getting his Place. The Proofs of all these things are said to be in the King\u2019s Hands. Mr Delessart\u2019s Conduct I have already in Part communicated. I must add that, afterwards, imagining that Brissot de Warville and Condorcet were omnipotent in the Assembly he violated his Engagements made with the Triumvirate, and wrote some Dispatches conformably to the Views of those two Gentlemen. In Consequence of this it was resolved to displace him, and they were looking out for a Successor. The person applied to was actually deliberating whether he should or should not accept, at the Moment when Brissot brought about his Impeachment and Arrest. In this same Moment Mr de Narbonne was dismissed, and with him was to go Monsieur de Gerville.\nThe Chevalier de Grave succeeds Mr de Narbonne. When I left Paris he was attached to the Triumvirate. He does not want for Understanding, but I think it almost impossible that he should succeed. Monsr Bertrand against whom an Address from the Assembly was at length carried, has I find resigned. There is Something at the Bottom which I cannot discover, without being on the Spot, but you may rely on it he goes out with the full Confidence of the King and Queen.\nMy Informations from Paris were previous to the News of the Emperor\u2019s Death, which has probably occasioned the violent Proceedings against poor de lessart, by removing the Fears of those who (in the Midst of all their big Words) were confoundedly frightened. What may be the Consequences of this Event it is impossible to determine, or even to conjecture. Much, very much, depends on the personal Character of his Successor which I am not yet acquainted with.\nIt is supposed, by some here, that Mr Pitt is not strong in the Cabinet at present, altho the Majority in Parliament was never more decisive, and this is said to arise from his refusing to ask Money for Payment of the Prince of Wales\u2019s Debts which the King it is said was desirous of, and which his Minister declined with some offensive Expressions. Mr Pitt\u2019s Friends insist on the other Hand that the whole Story is false from Begining to End. For my own Part, I do not think he will be turned out, because I beleive him to be a very cunning Fellow; and altho he has conducted foreign Affairs but poorly, he manages all the little Court and parliamentary Intrigues with consummate Address. Farewell my dear Sir, I am ever truly yours\nGouvr Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0072", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Charles Pinckney, 17 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pinckney, Charles\nDear Sir,\nPhilada March 17th 1792.\nI have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letters of the 8th of January and their duplicates. That of a public nature, on the subject of a proposed application from yourself to the Governor of East Florida, for the redelivery of certain fugitives charged with having forged the Indents assumed by the U. States will be answered by the Secretary of State. To your private favor I shall now reply. And in the first place, let me beg your acceptance of my thanks for the remembrance of, and kind attention to my wishes in sending the box of seeds, which I have received by Captain Ort.\nI am flattered by the regret which you express at having been absent from Charleston during the stay of Lord Wycombe in that City, & being thereby deprived of an opportunity of paying the attention which you wished to that Nobleman to whom I had\ngiven a letter for you; and am glad that his intention of returning among you, after having visited the Floridas, will permit you to do it.\nI must say that I lament the decision of your legislature upon the question of importing Slaves after March 1793\u2014I was in hopes that motives of policy, as well as other good reasons supported by the direful effects of Slavery which at this moment are presented, would have operated to produce a total prohibition of the importation of Slaves whenever the question came to be agitated in any State that might be interested in the measure.\nOur misfortune at the westwards is certainly a circumstance much to be regretted: but it affords consolation to know, that every public loss on that occasion may be readily repaired, except that of the lives of the brave Officers and men, who fell in the conflict.\nI believe with you, that the absence of the Cherokee chief\u2019s from their Nation at so critical a moment, was a fortunate event; and I trust they have received such impressions here as will not fail to have a happy influence in their nation with regard to us.\nIf in the course of our military arrangements, it should be found compatible with the plan which it is proposed, to adopt, to require the services of Genl Pickens, I shall not be unmindful of your recommendation of that Gentleman; and from his talents, knowledge and influence, should look for the best effects. But I most sincerely join with you in hoping, that the war with the Indians may not extend so far to the southward, as to render your frontiers an object of immediate defence. I beg my best respects may be presented to Mrs Pinckney\u2014and to Colo. Laurens, when you see him\u2014with very great esteem and regard\u2014I am Dr Sir, Your most obedt humble servant\nGo: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0073", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Taylor, Jr., 17 March 1792\nFrom: Taylor, George Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia March 17th 1792.\nBeing much flattered by the confidence reposed in me by you, while I was employed in your recording Secretary\u2019s Office, and the notice you have honored me with since that period, permit me to enclose the copy of a letter I have just now written to Mr Jefferson, and as far as may be consistent, to solicit the favor of your Influence and Support, in obtaining the object of it. I have the honor to be with the most profound respect, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nGeo. Taylor Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0075", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 18 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Sunday Mar. 18. 1792.\nTh: Jefferson having received information that a vessel sails from New York for Amsterdam about Wednesday, is endeavoring to get ready the necessary papers for Messrs Short & Carmichael, to go by tomorrow\u2019s post. he beleives it impossible; but in order to take the chance of it, he troubles the President to sign the Commission to-day, which mister Taylor now carries to him for that purpose.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0076", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Potts, 18 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Potts, Samuel\nSir,\nPhilad. 18th Mar. 1792\nYour letter of the 31st of October, on the subject of a Legacy left by Mr[s] Savage to Mrs Bomford, has been received; and shall be transmitted to the Revd Mr Fairfax, whose avocations not being of the constant and indispensible nature that mine have been and still are, have given him better opportunities of attending to the Affairs of the late Mr[s] Savage than I have had; his knowledge of the situation of that business is therefore much more accurate than mine. You will see by the enclosed copy of a letter which I wrote to Mrs Bomford on the 6th of January 1790, that it has been totally out of my power to pay any attention to the Affairs of Mrs Savage since the year 1775, and that I have referred her to Mr Fairfax, to whom I must likewise beg leave to refer you. I am Sir, Your most obedt Servant\nGo: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0078", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 19 March 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\n[Philadelphia] March 19th 1792.\nWill you be so good as to inform the President of the United States, that French Peter, who was in France with the Marquis, died last night, and that he will be buried to morrow\u2014This event will prevent, according to their customs, their waiting on the President until thursday 12 o\u2019clock. I am Dear Sir, Yours\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0081", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 21 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, c.21 March 1792]\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President, and sends for his perusal a letter he has prepared for the Commissioners, which will inform him also of mister Blodget\u2019s ideas, in the mean time Blodget will be preparing the necessary papers.\nTh: J. has at length been able to see Dr Wistar about the big bones. they are at his house, always open to inspection. the\nDoctor is habitually at home at two oclock: if the President would rather go when he is not at home, the servants will shew the bones. Th: J. did not intimate to the Doctr who it was that wished to see them, so that the President will fix any day & hour he pleases on these premises, & Th: J. will have the honor to attend him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0083", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gouverneur Morris, 21 March 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nLondon 21 March 1792\nYesterday I was informed that the Senate had agreed to your Nomination of diplomatic Servants. If I know my own Heart this\nIntelligence is far less agreable to me on my own Account than on that of the Public. I am sure that a Rejection, from whatever Cause it may have arisen, would have been attributed to Disunion in our Councils.\nI find that the King of France has appointed to the Office of foreign Affairs a Monsieur Demouriez and that it is considered as a Sacrifice to the Jacobins. He is a bold determin\u2019d Man. I am not acquainted with him personally, but I know that he has long been seeking a Place in the Administration and was, about six Months ago, determin\u2019d if appointed one of the Ministers to destroy at the Peril of his Life the jacobin and all other Clubs, and to effect a Change in the Government. How far he may have changed his Opinions since, I really cannot tell, but I mention this to you now because When I know more I can refer to this Letter and say that by coming into Office he has not changed his Sentiments if he persists in those his antient Determinations. If not, I will tell you that he is more prudent than was supposed. And these Words will in either Case mean nothing more than is here set down for them. The King consulted him (as I was told by his confidential friend in the Middle of last October) on the State of Affairs when Monsr de Montmorin went out, but the high toned Measures he proposed were not adopted. I am my dear Sir, with most sincere Esteem & Respect yours\nGouvr Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0084", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Timothy Pickering, 21 March 1792\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Wednesday Evening March 21. 1792.\nThe manner in which I have been employed to effect the present visit of the Chiefs of the Five Nations, renders me peculiarly interested that the negociations with them should conform with the direct object of the invitation. This object is indelibly impressed on my mind; it having been the main argument offered by me, to convince them of the real friendship of the United States. I feel interested in its accomplishment, because it involves the good faith of the United States. For, agreeably to my instructions; \u201cI informed them how desirous you were that the Indians should have imparted to them the blessings of husbandry and the arts:\u201d And I repeated to them your words\u2014\u201cThat the United States will be true and faithful to their engagements.\u201d\nHaving assured them of the assistance of the United States to introduce among them the knowledge of husbandry and a few other important arts connected with it, I invited a small number of the principal chiefs to come to Philadelphia, after the last Corn Harvest, to negociate the plan for their introduction. The visit too, independently of its principal object, might make useful impressions. They delayed coming. The destructive defeat of our army took place. This sad event might prevent their coming. Good policy dictated a fresh invitation. And that it might not seem to flow from fear or discouragement\u2014I thought the renewal of the invitation should appear to proceed wholly from me. The idea was liked by General Knox. I wrote a message to be sent by Mr Kirkland. As I recollect, the General informed me that it was approved by you.\nIn the message I reminded them of my former invitation to come to the Great Council Fire of the United States, in order to fix the time and manner of introducing among them the knowledge of farming\u2014of smith\u2019s & carpenter\u2019s work\u2014of spinning & weaving\u2014and of reading and writing: these being the arts I had before expressly mentioned.\nI added\u2014\u201cThat I was impatient for their arrival, that they might receive strong proofs, that the words I spoke to them were true\u2014that they came from my heart\u2014and that the United States are faithful to their engagements.\u201d\nThe invitation was confined to this single object. Permit me, therefore, to express my opinion, That until the entire arrangement relative to it be formed, to their full satisfaction\u2014no other object should be brought into view. But this being adjusted; with such strong proofs before them of the candor\u2014the truth\u2014the justice & the liberality of the United States\u2014they will be convinced that we are really their friends: and thus they may be led to entertain a belief that we are heartily disposed to be the friends of the other tribes now in arms against us: and impressed with this belief\u2014they may listen to overtures to become mediators between us. But if the latter be proposed in the first instance\u2014the natural order of things will be reversed; and, I fear, every object of their visit defeated.\nIf the secretary of war had asked me a single question on the subject, I should freely have suggested to him these ideas. This evening I chanced to hear that he (doubtless not adverting to the terms of the invitation) is preparing a speech, to be delivered tomorrow, in which the disposition of the Five Nations to become mediators, is to be sounded. I have therefore thought it my duty, without loss of time, to submit them to your consideration. I have no desire to appear in the matter: having nothing in view but to prevent a serious mischief.\nThere is an additional reason for the caution here suggested, which I beg leave to mention.\nLast Thursday, when the Indians gave me their formal answers to my invitation, they stated many causes of their delay. Among other things they told me that Brant had been the means of detaining them. \u201cBrant, (said they) who knows as much as white people know, told us that the real design of the invitation was not on the paper\u2014but behind it.\u201d That is the avowed object of the invitation was merely ostensible: while the real object was kept out of sight.\nThere is another reason, which I ought not to conceal. Indians have been so often deceived by White people, that White Man is among many of them, but another name for Liar. Really, Sir I am unwilling to be subjected to this infamy. I confess I am not indifferent to a good name, even among Indians[.] Besides, they recieved, and expressly considered me, as \u201cyour Representative[\u201d]; and my promises, as the promises of [\u201c] The Town Destroyer.\u201d Sir, for your honour & the honour & interest of the United States, I\nwish them to know that there are some white men who are incapable of deceiving.\nI acknowledge sir, that my feelings have been excited: and if I have expressed myself in a stile unusual in addressing you, I trust you will ascribe it to the true cause\u2014the interesting situation in which I stand. With great respect I am sir, Your most h\u2019ble & obedt servt\nT.P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0085", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 22. 1792.\nThe Secretary of state having had under consideration the expediency & extent of a Convention with Spain to be established for with respect to fugitives from the United states to their adjoining\nprovinces, or from those provinces to the United States, Reports to the President of the United States the inclosed Analytical view of the motives & principles which should govern such a Convention, and the Project of a convention adapted thereto, which he is of opinion should be forwarded to messrs Carmichael & Short, with powers to treat & conclude thereon.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0087", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Otho Holland Williams, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho Holland\nTo: Washington, George\n(Private) \nDear Sir,Baltimore 22d March 1792\nThe receipt of your obliging letter of the 14th Instant gave me very great pleasure, as it gratified a wish to know that your plants were not lost; and that you had a prospect, ultimately, of receiving them safe at Mount Vernon.\nI have, for some time past, deliberated on the propriety of consulting you on a circumstance relative to our State Government; and if my mind could admit of an idea that any unworthy motive might possibly be ascribed as the inducement I should certainly have resolved on being silent.\nSeveral persons are nominated, by different interests, as successor to Mr Plater in the Office of Governor of this State; but no one, as yet, seems to obtain a decided preference.\nThe line of my public conduct has always been direct and decisive; and although I have never Assumed the lead in political controversy, neither have I at any time implicitly followed the dictates of any party. This conduct while it has rendered me more respectable in the opinion of the friends of the present forms of Government, makes me less exceptionable in the opinion of others. In consequence of which, and the persuasion of some respectable men I am induced to believe that I should be honored with an election to the office if I would accept the appointment.\nBut, my Dear Sir, the office is only temporary and is incompatible with that which I hold under the United States; and although the former may be deemed the most honorable, it is not, all circumstances considered, more profitable than the latter; which, although not permanent is nevertheless bestowed upon a better tenor, and is a convenient addition to the means of supporting my family.\nThe undeviating Respect, Esteem, Affection and Veneration which I have constantly manifested for your person and Character\nmust give you the most perfect assurance that I think it impossible you should afford the least countenance to an indirect measure with a view to favor an individual to the prejudice of the public; and I flatter myself that you believe me incapable of wishing your condescension to a thing unworthy of the most exalted elevation of Character\u2014I trust too, that you think I would not, on my own account, risque a proposition improper, or unjust; and in this confidence I beg leave to suggest to you that in the event of my being elected to the Office of Governor of this State, it would be a great inducement to my acceptance, if I could know that Mr William Smith, late of Congress, would be my successor in the Office of Collector for the port of Baltimore; For although I could not possible participate with him the profits of the Office of Collector during my continuance in the other Yet, besides the pleasure of serving him, I could rely upon his liberality and friendship (at a proper time) for his making, in my favor, a vacancy in that Office which for the satisfaction of friends, and perhaps the gratification of ambition, I had relinquished to him. His qualifications for the discharge of its duties, and the respectability of his character leave me no room to apprehend any exception on his account.\nMy hesitation arose from the delicate nature of the subject which I have not mentioned, and will not mention, even to Mr Smith, without your approbation. I am, Dear Sir, With the most perfect Esteem, respect and attachment; Your most obedient and most Humble Servant\nO. H. Williams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0090", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 23 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate.\nUnited States [Philadelphia]March 23d 1792.\nAt the conferrences which Colonel Pickering had with the five Nations at the painted post, the last year, ideas were then held out of introducing among them some of the primary principles of civilization. In consequence of which, as well as more firmly to attach them to the interests of the United States, they have been invited to the seat of the general government.\nAs the representation now here, is respectable for its characters and influence, it is of some importance that the chiefs should be well satisfied of the entire good faith and liberality of the United States.\nIn managing the affairs of the indian tribes, generally, it appears proper to teach them to expect annual presents, conditioned on the evidence of their attachment to the interests of the United States\u2014The situation of the five nations, and the present crisis of affairs would seem to render the extension of this measure to them highly judicious\u2014I therefore request the advice of the Senate, whether an Article shall be stipulated, with the five nations, to the following purport.\nTo wit: \u201cThe United States, in order to promote the happiness of the five nations of indians, will cause to be expended ann[u]ally the amount of one thousand five hundred dollars, in purchasing for them clothing, domestic animals and implements of husbandry, and for encouraging useful artificers to reside in their Villages.\u201d\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0093", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Hannah Fairfax Washington, 24 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Hannah Fairfax\nDear Madam,\nPhilad. 24th March, 1792.\nHaving lately received from Sir Isaac Heard a letter, with a sketch of a genealogical table of the family of Washington, I have\ntaken the liberty to enclose copies of them to you, begging your assistance to enable me to comply with the request he has made (if among the Papers of my deceased relation there be any trace of this matter) that I will complete the sketch, by making the additions which are there wanting\u2014or rather by filling up the blanks.\nAs I have heretofore paid but little attention to this subject, and my present avocations not permitting me to make the necessary researches now, I am induced to ask your aid, presuming, as your late Husband\u2019s father was older than mine you might, either from your own knowledge or a recurrence to documents, or tables in your possession, be able to complete the sketch, and thereby put it in my power to comply with the request of Sr Isaac Heard, which seems to be made with much earnestness, and to which an attention seems due, on account of his politeness. This must be my excuse for giving you the trouble of receiving and answering this letter as soon as you can make it convenient. I am &c.\nGo: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0095", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur St. Clair, 26 March 1792\nFrom: St. Clair, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia March 26th 1792\nI beg leave to offer you my unfeigned Thanks for the honor conferred upon me by the Appointment to the command of the Army of the united States the last Campaign. Though that Campaign was unfortunate, I am not conscious that any thing within my power to have produced a more happy Issue, was neglected. As I was prompted, Sir, to accept that Command by no motives of either Ambition or Interest, but by a fervent Wish to be of Service to my Country, and a Belief, perhaps too fondly entertained that I could be so; that I am led to decline it in future proceeds neither from Disgust nor Disapointment.\nHaving been much afflicted with Sickness during nearly the whole of the Campaign, tho\u2019 I flatter myself the public Interests did not suffer by it; and although my Health is now tolerably restored, my Constitution has received a very severe shock, and I might not again be able to go through the weight of Business which necessarily follows the command of an Army.\nAlthough Sir, I am myself persuaded that every thing was done, in the Course of the last Campaign, that could be done on my part, fully to answer the public Expectations, yet it is denied by some, doubted by many, and known to but few out of the Army\u2014A Wish to rectify the public Opinion, and a Duty that, I conceive I owe to myself, induces me to request that an Enquiry into my Conduct may be instituted\u2014When that is over I may hope to be permitted to resign the Commission of Major General which I now hold. Should the Result of the Enquiry be that, in any Instance, the Duties of my Station were neglected; or, that I did not improve every Hour, and every Opportunity to the best Advantage; or, that the Operations of the Army, after it was in a Condition to operate, were delayed one Moment in consequence of my illness, I shall patiently submit to the merited Censure.\nTo whoever may be appointed my Successor, I shall be happy\nSir, to give every Light and information my Situation as General of the Army, or of Governor of the western Territory put in my Power to obtain, and to evince to you Sir, and to the World, that the Confidence you were pleased to repose in me was not misplaced. With every Sentiment of Gratitude, of Respect, and allow me add of Affection I have the honor to be Sir, Your most obedient Servant\nAr St Clair", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0097", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Galloway, 27 March 1792\nFrom: Galloway, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nAnnapolis [Md.] March 27th 1792.\nI have taken the Liberty of making the following Communication, in confidence that it will be attributed to a proper Motive, though it should not eventually be productive of the desired Consequence\u2014a Young Gentleman, who served the United States in the Cavalry during the late War; who was afterwards honoured with an Appointment in your Family, and who now resides on the Eastern Shore of the State of Maryland, by a casual concurrence of unfortunate Circumstances, has sustained a considerable Loss of property, insomuch that he has it in contemplation to remove himself, an amiable Wife, and large young Family to the Western Waters\u2014being incapacitated to encounter the Difficulties necessarily connected with such an Undertaking, the probable Consequences would be extremely distressful to himself and Family: I am perswaded Inclination will not be wanting in your Disposition, Sir, to make such provision for him as will enable him to continue in this Country, should a favourable Opportunity offer for so doing, by such an Appointment in the Service of his Country, as his Qualifications entitle him to fill, with Credit to himself and advantage to the Commonwealth\u2014I am with perfect Consideration. Sir. Your Obedient & devoted Servt\nBenjamin Galloway", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0098", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Archibald McCrea, 27 March 1792\nFrom: McCrea, William Archibald\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia March 27th 1792\nThe eminent Station of Supreme Magistrate, which your Excellency holds, in the Administration of the Government of this Country, naturally leads the Great & numerous People over whom you preside, to consider you as their, Friend, their Protector, & their Father. Appellations which Associate with themselves respectful Esteem, Gratefull Remembrance, & Filial Affection. Having been taught, from my early Youth, to contemplate you, as acting for your Country, in all the above mentioned beneficent Characters, I am the more emboldened to trouble you with the present Application, beleiving that your Goodness will excuse it, should you finally deem it inexpedient to comply with my request\u2014The Necessity I am under to provide for my Family & the consciousness I feel that I could discharge the Duties of the Office of Treasurer of the National Mint, have led me to make known my Situation, in hopes that if no Person better qualified to serve the Public appeared as a Candidate for that Office, that it might be conferred on me, in consideration of my peculiar Circumstances.\nYour Excellencys Time is too Valuable for me to go into a minute Detail. I will therefore only mention some of the more important Occurrences of my Life, as the Grounds of my present Application.\nI am now in the 27th Year of my Age, I was born at Newark in New Castle County in the State of Delaware. My Fathers Name was William McCrea a Merchant of that Place, who died when I was but six Months old\u2014My Mother who is still living, after the Death of my Father, married Mr Job Ruston late of Chester County in the State of Pensylvania Deceased. By Her kind care & Attention, I received an Academical Education at Newark. After which I served a regular Apprenticeship to the Profession of Physick, under the Tuition of Doctr William W. Smith late of this City Deceased[.] Soon after I Married & Settled at Newark, in the State of Delaware with good Prospects\u2014But I met with the Misfortune to have my House take Fire in the Night Time\u2014The Fire was not discovered \u2019till a considerable part of the House was in Flames, when it was impossible to suppress it\u2014By this heavy\nMisfortune I lost my House, all my Furniture, almost the whole of the Cloathing of my Family, all my Books, Medicines, Shop, Furniture & in short the principal part of my Personal Estate\u2014I was then advised to remove to Pencader in the same state. I did so\u2014It was an unfortunate Step. The Vicinity was by no means equal to what I was led to expect\u2014I therefore, a little more than two Months since, removed from the State of Delaware to this City, with my Family, in hopes of being able to find employment decently to support them, & in which I could derive greater Advantages from my Education, than at Pencader, beleiving that every Man ought to render himself as usefull to his Country, & as beneficial to Society as his Education & Circumstances will Admit.\nI am at present out of Business, the Losses I have sustained as before mentioned, depressed my Situation in Life\u2014But they have not lessened my Abilities, my Integrity, or my Zeal to serve the Public\u2014It was an accidental Misfortune such as often commands Commiseration. I think I can satisfactorily discharge the Duties of the Office I Solicit, & I can produce ample sureties for my Fidelity in it, with recommendatory Testimonials of my Character, Conduct & Reputation in Life, which I expect to receive in a few Days from the State of Delaware, in Addition to those herewith communicated, & which I shall then beg leave Also to Submit to your Inspection. Will your Excellency therefore forgive my troubling you with this Application?\nShould I be Appointed to the Office, I will do every thing in my power that you may not have cause to regret it\u2014Fidelity, Industry, & Attention to the Duties of it shall mark my conduct\u2014It would add much to the Happiness of myself & Family; & their Gratitude & their Blessings would be incessant\u2014If contrary to my expectations my conduct should not give satisfaction; on the least Intimation of it, however remote, from your Excellency, I would resign the Office without the least Hesitation. Permit me to beseech your Excellency to consider my Situation, & the Testimonials I shall produce, &, if you think it compatible with the Publick Good, to give me a Nomination to the before mentioned Office, which will for ever oblidge, Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedient and most Humble Servt,\nWilliam A. McCrea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0099", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 28 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 28. 1792.\nI have the honor to inclose you two letters from Judge Symmes of Jan. 25th & 27th. his letter of Sep. 17. mentioned in the first of these was received by me Nov. 23. and after being laid before you, was answered Dec. 4. the part of the answer respecting leave from you to come to Philadelphia was in these words. \u201cthe President does not conceive that the Constitution has given him any controul over the proceedings of the Judges, and therefore considers that his permission or refusal of absence from your district would be merely nugatory.\u201d\nWith respect to the escort for the judges on their circuits, you will be pleased to determine whether the good of the service will permit them to have one from the military, or whether that part of the letter shall be laid before the legislature to make regular provision for an escort. That part of the letter respecting jails, must, as I apprehend, be laid before the legislature.\nThe complaint against Capt. Armstrong, in the letter of Jan. 27. coming formally from a judge, will require notice. a civil prosecution in the courts of the Territory appears to me most proper. perhaps a formal instruction to the Governor as Commander in chief to put his officers on their guard against any resistance to civil process might have the effect of preventing future disputes. I shall have the honor of waiting on you to take your pleasure on these several subjects, & have now that of being with sentiments of profound respect & sincere attachment Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0101", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Matthew Clarkson, 29 March 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Clarkson, Matthew\nSir,\nPhiladelphia, March 29th 1792.\nThe President of the United States has received your letter of the 22d instant, expressing an intention of resigning the Office of Marshal for the New York District.\nWhile the President regrets the loss of your services to the public, he hopes the circumstances which have induced a resignation of your appointment, are such as will conduce to your personal happiness and prosperity. But, Sir, permit me to say, that I know it will not only be pleasing to the President, but releiving him from an addition to the weight of his important business at this moment, if you will continue to exercise the duties of your Office some little time longer, until he shall have time to turn his thought towards a proper character for your successor. But if this shou\u2019d be incompatible with your views, the return of your Commission will be an evidence of it to the President, who must then fix upon another person immediately to fill the Office. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, Your most Obedt Servt\nTobias Lear.Secretary to the Presidentof the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0103", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 30 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Friday Morning [30 March 1792]\nThe enclosed Instrumt does not accord with my recollection of Mr Blodgets proposed Loan\u2014and I confess I had much rather see a clear expression of the intention than to meet an explanation of it afterwards by one of the parties, to the contract.\nThe number of Lots to be Mortgaged I do not positively recollect\u2014but sure I am one half were to be North of an East & West line from the Presidents House. I do not remember that the words \u201cvaluable Lots\u201d were inserted in the proposition of Mr Blodget\u2014& think the Mortgaged Lots were releasable by the substitn of other\u2014If therefore the subsequent instrument should not place these matters in a very precise point of view, a foundation will be laid for much discontent, & probably disputes.\nDid you see Mr White yesterday? and in that case what was his opinion respecting M\u2014\u2014n\u2019s acceptance in the manner suggested?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0104", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 30 March 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nWar-department, March 30th 1792.\nI have the honor to submit you, an order of a committee, to inquire into the failure of the late expedition. As I do not conceive myself authorized to deliver these papers of myself, I beg your permission, that they may be laid before the committee, if you should see no impropriety therein, together with major general St Clair\u2019s letters; or such others, as the committee may request. I have the honor to be Sir, with the highest respect, Your most obedient servt\nH. Knoxsecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0106", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 31 March 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States [Philadelphia] 31st March 1792.\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of State, letters from Mr Seagrove, that the Secretary may take extracts therefrom for the purpose mentioned this day.\nThe President wishes to know if the Copies of Mr Hammond\u2019s letter which have been sent to the President were intended to be put into the hands of the Secretary of War to be transmitted by him to Mr Seagrove.\nTobias Lear.Secretary to the President of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0107", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur St. Clair, 31 March 1792\nFrom: St. Clair, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia March 31st 1792\nI have had the honor to receive your Letter of the twenty eighth instant. While I lament that Circumstances prevent an Investigation into my Conduct by a Court of Enquiry, I cannot but accquiesce in the Reasons you have assigned why it cannot take Place, And I beg leave to present my thanks for the Desire to have gratified me, had it been practicable, which you have been pleased to manifest.\nIn my Letter to you Sir, of the twenty-sixth, I expressed an Intention of retiring from the Army when the Enquiry should be over: The only Reason I had for wishing to retain my Commission until that time was, that if any misconduct should appear, in the Course of the Enquiry, I might be amenable to a Court Martial, which a Resignation would have precluded\u2014The House of Representatives Sir, have directed an Enquiry into the Causes of the failure of the last Campaign to be made by a Committee of their own Body: The same Reason that influenced me when a Court of Enquiry was contemplated, operates now with\nequal Force; and therefor it may be proper that I should still retain my Commission; but, as it will soon be requisite that some Person be at the Head of the Army who is to continue to command it, it is necessary, Sir, that I should inform You explicitly, which I now do, of my fixed Resolution to resign the Moment that Enquiry is finished should no fault be found; that any Embarrassment which may exist, with respect to providing a Successor for me, may be removed.\nBe pleased to observe Sir, that my sole Object is to give Effect to public Justice, in the usual Way by a Court Martial, should it appear that, in any manner whatsoever, the Misfortunes of the last Campaign can be attributed to me\u2014and it is the proper, and I believe the only Tribunal where military Crimes and Misconduct can be enquired into and punished; or, where an Officers Reputation, infinitely dearer than Life, can be vindicated. Should the public Service, however, require that another Officer of the same Rank with me be appointed immediately, I am ready to make the Resignation forthwith, notwithstanding that it may seem to proceed, and, at a distance, will be supposed to have arisen, from a Sense that the Volume of Calumny and Defamation, which is daily pouring from the Press into the public Ear, has too much foundation for me to meet it\u2014that I shrink from the Consequences and chuse to shelter myself in a private Station: I am ready Sir, upon this Occasion, as I ever have been upon every other, to sacrifice every private and personal Consideration to the Public Good. With every Sentiment of Respect I have the Honor to be Sir, Your most obedient Servant\nAr St Clair", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0108", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anonymous, March 1792\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[March 1792]\nI know you to be good\u2014and you are great, independent of public opinion\u2014I mean intrinsically great, if you were not possessed of that opinion. But you are possessed of it, and stand higher, beyond all comparison in the estimation of persons of every description than any man. The virtuous part of the community who have for years put everything to hazard to obtain a Government, likely to insure their happiness, woud therefore look up to you wth anxious hope, and implore your protection against the wicked artifices of a set of democratical incendiaries who are endeavouring to level the federal Edifice to the ground. They have unfortunately got the whole delegation from Virginia under their direction. For the aggrandizement of Mr Jefferson they are endeavouring to make you odious. I trust they will not succeed. If you wd exert yourself\u2014they wd shrink into insignificance. Mr Hamilton is the object of Mr Jefferson\u2019s mortal aversion. He knows his superior merit and talents, and is indefatigable in his endeavors to compass his ruin. His emissaries are constantly at work to revile all his plans, and to withdraw from him the confidence of the Public, of wch he at present is most justly possessed. Two of the most impudent and inflammatory tools of the party are Giles, and Mercer. It is said the latter is determined to plunge this Country into a quarrel wth England by insulting the British Minister. I do not believe you know that the National Gazette was established under the immediate patronage of Mr Jefferson and Mr Madison, and that Mr Freneau the Printer of it is a Clerk in the Secretary of State\u2019s Office wth a Salary as Interpreter. Examine the productions wch appear in that Gazette. Is it proper that the Secretary of State should encourage the malevolent attacks wch are continually making against the Government? Be assured Sir that those Men are at the head of a most wicked Faction, chiefly composed of Virginians, but assisted by some other restless, ambitious Men. Their objects are to destroy Mr Hamilton, by making him odious in the public Eye, to place Mr Jefferson at the head of the Government, to make Mr Madison prime Minister, to displace the Vice President at the next Election, to lay this Country prostrate at the feet of France, to affront and quarrel wth England, to take advantage\nof the cry of the ignorant multitude in favor of Democracy, and thus to establish an absolute Tyranny over the minds of the populace by the affectation of a most tender regard to the rights of Man, and a more popular Government.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0109", "content": "Title: List of Plants from John Bartram\u2019s Nursery, March 1792\nFrom: Bartram, John\nTo: Washington, George\n[March 1792]\nCatalogue of Trees, Shrubs & Plants, of Jno. Bartram.\nNos.\nPlants\nfeet high\nRhododendron maximum\ngrow from 5 to 10.\nEvergreen, large maximum rose coloured blossoms. [\u201cMountain laurel,\u201d great laurel, rosebay]\nUlex europeus\nEmbellished with sweet scented flowers, of a fine yellow colour. [Furze]\nHypericum kalmianum\nProfusely garnished with fine Gold coloured blossoms. [\u201cShrub St. John\u2019s wort\u201d]\nH[ypericum]. Angustifolium\nEvergreen; adorned with fine yellow flowers.\nTaxus procumbens\nEvergreen; of a splendid full green throughout the year\u2014red berries. [Yew]\nBuxus aureis [aureus]\nElegant, call\u2019d gilded box.\nDaphne mezerium [mezereum]\nAn early flowering sweet scented little shrub. [Mezereon, paradise plant]\nCalycanthus floridus\nOdoriferous, its blossoms scented like the Pine apple. [\u201cSweet Shrub of Carolina,\u201d Carolina allspice]\nBerberis canadensis\nBerries of a perfect coral red [barberry]\n\u00c6sculus hippocastanum\nA magnificent flowering & shady Tree. [Horse chestnut]\nEvonimus atrapurpurous\nIts fruit of a bright crimson in the Autumn (burning bush). [Euonymus atropurpureus]\nFothergilla gardeni[i]\nEarly in blossom; flowers in spikes, white & delicate. [Dwarf fothergilla, dwarf witchalder]\nFranklinia alatamaha\nFlowers large, white & fragrant\u2014native of Georgia. [Franklin tree]\nBaccharis\nIn autumn silvered over with white silky down.\nLaurus estivalis [\u00e6stivalis]\nAromatic & beautified with coral red berries. [Bay tree]\nKalmia angustifolia (with the Gaultheria [procumbens], or mountain tea [wintergreen])\nEvergreen; garnished with crimson speckled flowers. [\u201cThyme leav\u2019d Kalmia,\u201d lambkill, sheep laurel]\nIlex angustifolia\nEvergreen, new. [Holly]\nDirca palustris\nEarly in bloom; singular\u2014(call\u2019d Leather wood). [\u201cLeather Bark\u201d]\nThuja occidentalis\nA handsome evergreen Tree; beautiful foliage, & odoriferous. [American arborvitae, white cedar]\nZanthorhiza apiifolia\nSingular flowers early: its root affords a splendid transparent yellow dye (call\u2019d Yellow root, in Carola). [Xanthorhiza simplicissima]\nJeffersonia egrilla\nFoliage of deep splendid green, & embellished with a delicate plumage of white flowers (call\u2019d Iron wood.)\nMagnolia tripetala\nFoliage ample, expansive & light, plumed with large white flowers, which are succeeded by large crimson strobile. [\u201cUmbrella Tree\u201d]\nMagnolia acuminata\nErect with a pyramidal head, the dry strobile odoriferous. [\u201cCucumber Tree\u201d]\nHalesia tetraptera [or carolina]\nThe flowers abundant, white, of the shape of little bells. [Carolina silverbell]\nViburnum opulifolium\nof singular beauty in flower and fruit.\nViburnum Arboreum\nvery shewy in flower. fruit eatable.\nViburnum Alnifolium\nhandsome flowering shrub. [Viburnum lantanoides; hobble bush]\nCupressus disticha\nstature majestic, foliage most delicate, wood of a fine yellow colour, odoriferous & incorruptible. [\u201cBald Cyprus\u201d]\nSorbus sativa\nIts fruit pear & apple shaped, as large & well tasted when mellow.\nCarpinus ostrya\nhandsome form, dress becoming, fruit singular. (Hop tree). [\u201cHorn Beam\u201d]\nSorbus aucuparia\nFoliage elegant, embellished with umbells of coral red berries. [European mountain ash]\nAcer striatum\nsingularly beautiful; the younger branches inscribed with silvery lines, or scrawls, on a dark purpleish green ground. [Acer pensylvanicum; striped maple, moosewood]\nAcer glaucum\nbeautiful foliage. spreading & shady\u2014(Silver-leaf\u2019d Maple).\nAcer sacharinum\nA stately Tree, in his native forests\u2014(Sugar Maple)\nAcer platanoides\ngraceful stature, full of asscending branches, foliage & flower elegant, casts a grateful shade on the Lawn. [Norway maple]\nStewartia malachodendron\nFloriferous, the flowers large & white embellished with a large tuft of black or purple threads in their centre. [Silky stewartia or stuartia]\nClethra alnifolia\nFlowers abundant in spikes, exceedingly sweet scented. [\u201cClethra,\u201d sweet pepperbush]\nStyrax grandifolium\na most charming flowering shrub, blossoms snow white & of the most grateful scent; (called Snow-drop tree). [Snowbell, storax]\nPhiladelphus coronarius\na sweet flowering shrub, (call\u2019d Mock Orange)\nPhiladelphus inodorus\nhis robe a silvery flower\u2019d mantle.\nPinus Strobus\nMagnificent! he presides in the evergreen Groves (white pine).\nPinus communis\na stately tree, foliage of a Seagreen colour, & exhibits a good appearance whilst young. (Scotch Fir).\nPinus Larix\nelegant figure & foliage. [\u201cLarch Tree\u201d]\nThuja orientalis\nFoliage pleasing. [Oriental arborvitae]\nRobinia villosa\na gay shrub, enrobed with plumed leaves & roseat flowers. [\u201cPeach Blossom Acacia\u201d]\nPinus balsamea\na tree of pleasing figure, delicate foliage, evergreen, & affords fragrant & medicinal balsam (Balm of Gilead Fir).\nPinus abies virginiana\nA Stately evergreen Tree, his foliage of delicate appearance; the wood useful and durable, & of great value (Hemlock Spruce).\nCornus mascula [or mas]\nflowers early, the fruit oblong of the size of a plum, of a fine crimson colour, and wholsome pleasant eating. [Cornelian cherry]\nPrunus cerasus, flore roseo\nmore or less according to the stock; a very beautiful flowering tree, its blushing blossoms double\u2014(double flowering cherry).\nPrunus maritima\nflowers early, fruit of a dark purple sweet & pleasant eating. [\u201cBeach or Sea-side-Plumb\u201d]\nPrunus missisipi\nFruit of the largest size, oval; of a perfect deep crimson colour, possesses an agreeable taste, & affords an animating marmolade. [\u201cCrimson Plumb\u201d]\nPrunus chicasa\nEarly flowering, very fruitful; the fruit nearly round, cleft, red, purple, yellow, of an inticing look, most agreeable taste & wholsome. [\u201cChicasaw Plumb\u201d]\nGlycine frutescens\nA rambling florobundant climber; the blossoms in large pendant clusters, of a fine celestial blue, well adapted for covering arbors. [Wisteria frutescens; \u201cKidney Bean Tree,\u201d wisteria]\n\u00c6sculus pavia\n[Red buckeye]\n\u00c6. \u2033 \u2033 varietas\ntheir light & airy foliage, crimson & variegated flowers, present a gay & mirthful appearance; continually, whilst in bloom visited by the brilliant thundering Humingbird. The root of this Tree is esteemed preferable to soap, for scouring & cleansing woolen Cloths.\n\u00c6sculus virginica\nbeautiful foliage Flowers pale yellow. [Yellow horse chestnut]\n\u00c6sculus alba\nThe branches terminate with long erect spikes of sweet white flowers.\nJuniperus sabina\nEvergreen. [Savin]\nEvonimus americanus\nevergreen, presents a fine appearance in Autumn, with crimson fruit. [Euonymus americanus; spindle tree]\nPrunus Laurus cerasus\nA beautiful evergreen tree of Europe; its green leaves are said to possess a dangerous deleterious quality. [Prunus laurocerasus; cherry laurel, English laurel]\nYucca filamentosa\nbeautiful ornamental evergreen [Adam\u2019s needle]\nYucca gloriosa\nflowering plants. [Spanish dagger]\nMyrica gale\npossesses an highly aromatic, and very agreeable scent. [\u201cBog gale,\u201d sweet gale, bog myrtle]\nPlatanus orientalis\na famous tree celebrated for the beauty of his foliage, expansion, and grateful shade he affords. [Oriental sycamore, oriental plane]\nAmorpha fruticosa\n[Bastard indigo]\nAmorpha c\u00e6rulia [c\u0153rulea]\nFoliage light and delicately pennated, garnished with flowers of a fine [Bastard indigo]\nSalix variegata\nSilver blotched willow.\nMespilus nivea\nAn early flowering shrub, of uncommon elegance (Snowy mespilus). [Medlar]\nMesp. pubescens\nSomewhat resembling the foregoing; but of less stature & the flowers not so large, nor of so clean a white: both produce very pleasant fruit.\nMesp: pusilla\nflowers early, the blossoms white & abundant; exhibits a fine appearance.\nMesp. prunifolia\nPresents a good appearance, when all red with its clusters of berries. [Aronia prunifolia; chokeberry]\nColutia [Colutea] arborescens\nexhibits a good appearance, foliage pinnated, of a soft pleasant green, colour, interspersed with the large yellow papillionacious flowers, in succession. [Bladder senna]\nRhus Italicum\n[Sumac]\nMespilus pyracantha\na beautiful flowerg shrub, evergreen in mild seasons. [Pyracantha coccinea; firethorn]\nItea virginiana [or virginica]\na handsome flowerg shrub. [Virginia sweetspire, Virginia willow, tasselwhite]\nCornus alba\nwhite berried swamp Dogwood.\nPrunus divaricata\ndiciduous, flowers white in raumes [racemes], stems diverging & branches pendulous. [Prunus cerasifera divaricata; cherry plum]\nHydrangia [Hydrangea] arborescens\nOrnamental in shruberies, flowers white in large corymbes.\nAndromeda axil[l]aris\nEvergreen. [Bog rosemary]\nAcer pumilum\nhandsome shrub for coppices, foliage singular, younger shoots red. [Dwarf maple]\nAmygdalus persica, flore pleno\nof great splendour & amiable presence. [Prunus persica, flore pleno; double-flowered peach]\nMagnolia glauca\ncharming\u2014the milk-white roseate blossom possesses an animating fragrance. [Magnolia virginiana; \u201cRose Laurel,\u201d sweet bay, swamp magnolia]\nSambucus rubra\nearly flowering and handsome; its coral red berries in large clusters, ripe abt midsummer. [Sambucus canadensis; American elder, sweet elder]\nRubus odoratus\nfoliage beautiful; flowers of the figure, colour & fragrance of the rose. [Flowering raspberry, thimbleberry]\nRosa Pennsylvanica flor: pleno\nflowers monthly from May \u2019till Novembr [Rosa palustris; swamp rose]\nLonicera inodora\nTwine\u2019s round, & ascends trees spreading its bloom over their boughs. [Honeysuckle]\nRibes oxyacanthoides\nfruit small & smooth. [\u201cPrickly Gooseberry\u201d]\nPopulus balsamifera\nfoliage beautiful, its buds in the spring replete with an odoriferous balsam. [Balsam poplar]\nCrategus [Crat\u00e6gus] aria\nfoliage beautiful; silvered with white cottony down, underside. [Hawthorn]\nPt[e]lea trifoliata\nsingular, (call\u2019d the foil tree) [\u201cTrefoil Tree,\u201d hop tree]\nLonicera symphoricarpos\nsingular; appears well in winter when garnished with clusters of red berries. [\u201cIndian Currants\u201d]\nLaurus nobilis\nSweet Bay, a celebrated Evergreen\u2014leaves odoriferous. [\u201cRed Bay,\u201d bay laurel, sweet bay]\nRhus triphyllum\nSingular early flowering shrub. [\u201cPoison Oak,\u201d sumac]\nCitisus laburnum\nfoliage delicate, embellished with pendant clusters of splendid yellow papillionacious flowers. [Cytisus anagyroides laburnum, Laburnum anagyroides; golden-chain]\nPeriploca gr\u00e6ca\nclimbing up trees & shrubs; flowers very singular. [Silk vine]\nHibiscus coccineus\na most elegant flowering plant; flowers large, of a splendid crimson colour. [Scarlet rosemallow]\nBignonia crucigera\nA climber, mounting to the tops of trees & buildings; flowers abundant. [\u201cCross Vine,\u201d trumpet flower]\nBignonia semper virens\nA climber as famous, at least for the richness of his robe; flowers of a splendid golden yellow, & odoriferous; very proper for covering arbors &c. [\u201cYellow Jasmin\u201d]\nBetula (alnus) maritima\nsingular; retains his verdure very late in the autumn. [\u201cSea side Alder\u201d]\nAmygdalus pumila, flor: pleno\nA most elegant flowering shrub; ornimental in vases for Court yards &c. [Prunus pumila, flore pleno; sand or dwarf cherry, dwarf doubleflowering almond]\nArundo donax\nMaiden Cane.\nCallicarpa americana\nVery shewy & pleasing; the flowers of a delicate incarnate hue, & vast clusters of purple berries. [\u201cBermudas Mulberry,\u201d French mulberry, American beautyberry]\nSyringa persica\n(Persian Lilac) elegant; its flexile stems terminate with heavy panicles of purple blossoms, of animating fragrance.\nMimosa virgata\nSingularly beautiful in its plumed foliage\u2014native of Pearl Island near the Misisipi.\nPunica granatum flor. plen:\nthe figure & splendour of its flowers exceed description. [Pomegranate]\nAristolochia sipho.\nClimbs & spreads over trees & other supports, to a great height & distance: flowers of singular figure; its abundant large leaves, present it as a vine well adapted for covering arbors. [Aristolochia macrophylla; Dutchman\u2019s pipe]\nThe following letters in the margin, serve to explain the natural soil & situation of the Trees, shrubs &c.\na. rich, moist, loose or loamy soil, in shade of other trees.\nb. rich deep soil.\nc. wet moorish soil.\nd. Dry indifferent soil.\ne. A good loamy moist soil in any situation.\nf. Any soil & situation.\nE. Exoticks.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0113", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 1 April 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] April 1. 1792\nI submit two letters one from Genl Wayne and the other from Colonel Willet, and I have seen Colo. Burr relatively to the latter. In the morning when I wait upon you I will detail, the business. I have directed Capt. Trueman to be in readiness to set off on tuesday. I am Sir with perfect respect Your humble Sert\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0114", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Augustine Washington, 1 April 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, George Augustine\nLetter not found: to George Augustine Washington, 1 April 1792. GW\u2019s nephew wrote him from Mount Vernon on 8\u20139 April: \u201cYour favor of the 1st Inst. came to hand at the usual time.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0115", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 2 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] April 2. 1792.\nTh: Jefferson\u2014has the honor to return to the President the letters of Seagrove from which he has had an extract taken.\nHe incloses also the names of three gentlemen who have expressed their willingness to serve in the Mint. the President knows them personally & will judge of their fitness.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0117", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 3 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Tuesday\u2014Ten Oclock 3d April 1792\nThe President has examined the enclosed\u2014thinks it exactly conformable to the loan proposed by Mr Blodget\u2014and approves of it accordingly.\nMr Jefferson will request the Attorney General to draw (with care & caution) a Deed proper for the occasion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0118-0002", "content": "Title: I: From Henry Knox, 3 April 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department. April 3d 1792.\nAgreeably to your directions as delivered to me this day by the Attorney General, I have endeavoured to take into consideration the expediency of your giving your approbation to the Act intituled \u201cAn Act for an apportionment of Representatives among the several states according to the first enumeration,\u201d the constitutionality thereof being doubted by some persons.\nI might plead my inability to give an opinion on so important and doubtful a point, as not possessing that previous information more peculiarly resulting from a study of the Law, and from not having seen the merits of the question discussed in any of the debates of the house.\nIt is therefore with the highest diffidence I venture on the subject.\nThe point upon which the question turns is, whether the numbers of representatives shall be apportioned on the aggregate number of all the people of the United States, or on the aggregate numbers of the people of each state, notwithstanding several large fractions may exist in each state unrepresented.\nIt has been said that either construction may be deemed to be within the letter as well as the spirit of the constitution, if this opinion should be just, which I freely confess I am not qualified of myself at this time to decide, it would result that the assent of the President of the United States is to be governed by the political equity of the measure.\nIn this view of the case I find my mind less embarrassed with doubt; for although some smaller fractions may be unrepresented yet most of the large ones are comprehended\u2014In the bill eight states each having a fraction of upwards of twenty five thousand are provided with a representative; whereas in the other seven states no one of which would have more than Twelve thousand eight hundred and sixty six\u2014only one state that number, and the whole Seven states but little more than fifty thousand federal numbers unrepresented, provided all idea of virtual representation should be rejected according to the principle of the bill itself\u2014but on the contrary were the fractions of the eight states possessing the largest fractions not considered upwards of Two hundred thousand federal numbers would be unrepresented.\nAs then the Senate and house of representatives have passed this Law (by small majorities indeed) and as the constitutionality is only doubted not proved but the equity of the measure apparent, it would appear rather a delicate measure for the President to decide the question contrary to the bill as passed.\nIf precedents are to be drawn from the conduct of the King of Great Britain in similar cases of doubtful laws, it would render the propriety of the President\u2019s disapprobation still more questionable.\nI have the honour to be Sir with perfect respect Your most obedient servant\nH. Knoxsecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0118-0003", "content": "Title: II: From Alexander Hamilton, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphia April 4 1792\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President of the United States. He was informed, yesterday, by the Attorney General, that his opinion concerning the constitutionality of the Representation Bill was desired this morning. He now sends it with his reasons but more imperfectly stated than he could have wished\u2014through want of time. He has never seen the bill, but from the accounts he has had of it he takes it for granted that he cannot have misconceived its contents so as to cause any material error in the process of his reasoning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0118-0004", "content": "Title: III: From Thomas Jefferson, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Apr. 4. 1792.\nThe Constitution has declared that \u201cRepresentatives & direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers,\u201d that \u201cthe number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 30,000, but each state shall have at least one representative; & until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse 3. Massachusets &c.[\u201d]\nThe bill for apportioning representatives among the several states, without explaining any principle at all, which may shew it\u2019s conformity with the constitution, or guide future apportionments, says that New-Hampshire shall have three members, Massachusets 16. &c. we are therefore to find by experiment what has been the principle of the bill, to do which it is proper to state the federal or representable numbers of each state, and the members allotted to them by the bill. they are as follows.\nVermont\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusets\nRhode island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nKentuckey\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nIt happens that this representation, whether tried as between great & small states, or as between North & South, yeilds, in the present instance, a tolerably just result, and consequently could not be objected to on that ground, if it were obtained by the process prescribed in the Constitution. but if obtained by any process out of that, it becomes arbitrary, & inadmissible.\nThe Ist member of the clause of the constitution above cited is express that representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers. That is to say, they shall be apportioned by some common ratio. for proportion, & ratio, are equivalent words; & it is the definition of proportion among numbers, that they have a ratio common to all, or in other words a common divisor. now, trial will shew that there is no common ratio, or divisor, which, applied to the numbers of each state, will give to them the number of representatives allotted in this bill. for trying the several ratios of 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. The allotments would be as follows:\nthe bill\nVermont\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusets\nRhode-island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania.\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nKentuckey\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nThen the bill reverses the Constitutional precept, because, by it, \u201crepresentatives are not apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers.\u201d\nIt will be said that though, for taxes, there may always be found a divisor which will apportion them among the states according to numbers exactly, without leaving any remainder, yet, for representatives, there can be no such common ratio, or divisor, which, applied to the several numbers, will divide them exactly, without a remainder or fraction. I answer then, that taxes must be divided exactly, & representatives as nearly as the nearest ratio will admit; and the fractions must be neglected: because the constitution wills absolutely that there be an apportionment, or common ratio; & if any fractions result from the operation, it has left them unprovided for. in fact it could not but foresee that such fractions would result, & it meant to submit to them. it knew they would be in favor of one part of the union at one time, & of another at another, so as, in the end, to balance occasional inequalities. but instead of such a single common ratio, or uniform divisor, as prescribed by the constitution, the bill has applied two ratios, at least, to the different states; to wit that of 30,026 to the seven following R. Island, N. York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Kentuckey & Georgia, and that of 27,770 to the eight others, namely Vermont, N. Hampshire, Massachusets, Connecticut[,] N. Jersey, Delaware, N. Carolina, & S. Carolina, as follows:\ndivided by 30,026 give\n and\ndivided by 27,770 give\nR. Island\nVermont\nN. York\nN. Hampshire\nPennylvania\nMassachusets\nMaryland\nConnecticut\nVirginia\nNew Jersey\nKentuckey\nDelaware\nGeorgia\nN. Carolina\nS. Carolina\nand if two ratios may be applied, then 15 may, & the distribution become arbitrary, instead of being apportioned to numbers.\nAnother member of the clause of the constitution, which has been cited, says \u201cthe number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 30,000, but each state shall have at least one representative.\u201d this last phrase proves that it had in contemplation that all fractions or numbers below the common ratio, were to be unrepresented; & it provides specially that in the case of a state whose whole number shall be below the common ratio, one representative shall be given to it. this is the single instance where it allows representation to any smaller number than the common ratio, and by providing specially for it in this, shews it was understood that, without special provision, the smaller number would, in this case, be involved in the general principle.\nThe first phrase of the above citation, that \u201cthe number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 30,000\u201d is violated by this bill which has given to 8. states a number exceeding one for every 30,000. to wit, one for every 27,770.\nIn answer to this, it is said that this phrase may mean either the thirty thousands in each state, or the thirty thousands in the whole union, & that in the latter case it serves only to find the amount of the whole representation: which, in the present state of population, is 120 members. Suppose the phrase might bear both meanings: which will Common sense apply to it? which did the universal understanding of our country apply to it? which did the Senate & Representatives apply to it during the pendency of the first bill, & even till an advanced stage of this second bill, when an ingenious gentleman found out the doctrine of fractions, a doctrine so difficult & inobvious, as to be rejected at first sight by the very persons who afterwards became it\u2019s most zealous advocates?\u2014The phrase stands in the midst of a number of others, every one of which relates to states in their separate capacity. will not plain common sense then understand it, like the rest of it\u2019s context, to relate to states in their separate capacities?\nBut if the phrase of one for 30,000. is only meant to give the aggregate of representatives, & not at all to influence their apportionment among the states, then the 120 being once found, in order to apportion them, we must recur to the former rule which does it according to the numbers of the respective states; and we must take the nearest common divisor, as the ratio of distribution, that is to say, that divisor which, applied to every state, gives to\nthem such numbers as, added together, come nearest to 120. this nearest common ratio will be found to be 28,658. and will distribute 119 of the 120 members, leaving only a single residuary one. it will be found too to place 96,648 fractional numbers in the 8. Northernmost states, & 105,582 in the 7. Southernmost. the following table shews it:\nRatio of 28,858\nfraction\nVermont\nN. Hampshire\nMassachusets\nR. Island\nConnecticut\nN. York\nN. Jersey\nPensylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nKentuckey\nN. Carolina\nS. Carolina\n[Georgia]\nWhatever may have been the intention, the effect of rejecting the nearest divisor, (which leaves but one residuary member) And adopting a distant one (which leaves eight) is merely to take a member from New York & Pensylvania each, & give them to Vermont & New Hampshire.\nBut it will be said, \u201cthis is giving more than one for 30,000.\u201d true: but has it not been just said that the one for 30,000 is prescribed only to fix the aggregate number, and that we are not to mind it when we come to apportion them among the states? that for this we must recur to the former rule which distributes them according to the numbers in each state? besides does not the bill itself apportion among 7. of the states by the ratio of 27,770? which is much more than one for 30,000.\nWhere a phrase is susceptible of two meanings, we ought certainly to adopt that which will bring upon us the fewest inconveniencies. let us weigh those resulting from both constructions.\nFrom that giving to each state a member for every 30,000 in that state results the single inconvenience that there may be large fractions unrepresented. but, it being a mere hazard on which states this will fall, hazard will equalize it in the long run.\nFrom the other results exactly the same inconvenience. a thousand cases may be imagined to prove it. take one.\nfractions\n1st\n2d\n3d\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\n12th\n13th\n14th\n15th\nsuppose 8 of the states had 45,000 inhabitants each, and the other seven 44,999 each, that is to say each one less than each of the others. the aggregate would be 674,993. & the number of representatives at one for 30,000 of the aggregate, would be 22. then, after giving one member to each state, distribute the 7. residuary members among the 7. highest fractions, & tho\u2019 the difference of population be only an unit, the representation would be the double. here a single inhabitant the more would count as 30,000. nor is this case imaginable only: it will resemble the real one whenever the fractions happen to be pretty equal through the whole states. the numbers of our census happen by accident to give the fractions all very small, or very great, so as to produce the strongest case of inequality that could possibly have occurred, & which may never occur again. the probability is that the fractions will generally descend gradually from 29,999 to 1. the inconvenience then of large unrepresented fractions\nattends both constructions: & while the most obvious construction is liable to no other, that of the bill incurs many & grievous ones.\n1. if you permit the large fraction in one state to chuse a representative for one of the small fractions in another state, you take from the latter it\u2019s election, which constitutes real representation, and substitute a virtual representation of the disfranchised fractions: and the tendency of the doctrine of virtual representation has been too well discussed & appreciated by reasoning & resistance, on a former great occasion, to need developement now.\n2. the bill does not say that it has given the residuary representatives to the greatest fractions; tho\u2019 in fact it has done so. it seems to have avoided establishing that into a rule, lest it might not suit on another occasion. perhaps it may be found the next time more convenient to distribute them among the smaller states; at another among the larger states; at other times according to any other crotchet which ingenuity may invent, & the combinations of the day give strength to carry; or they may do it arbitrarily, by open bargain & cabal. in short this construction introduces into Congress a scramble, or a vendue, for the surplus members, it generates waste of time, hot-blood, & may at some time, when the passions are high, extend a disagreement between the two houses to the perpetual loss of the thing, as happens now in the Pensylvania assembly: whereas the other construction reduces the apportionment always to an arithmetical operation, about which no two men can ever possibly differ.\n3. it leaves in full force the violation of the precept which declares that representatives shall be apportioned among the states according to their numbers i.e. by some common ratio.\nViewing this bill either as a violation of the constitution, or as giving an inconvenient exposition to it\u2019s words, is it a case wherein the President ought to interpose his negative? I think it is.\n1. the Non-user of his negative begins already to excite a belief that no President will ever venture to use it: & consequently has begotten a desire to raise up barriers in the state legislatures against Congress throwing off the controul of the constitution.\n2. it can never be used more pleasingly to the public, than in the protection of the constitution.\n3. no invasions of the constitution are so fundamentally dangerous\nas the tricks played on their own numbers, apportionment, & other circumstances respecting themselves, & affecting their legal qualifications to legislate for the Union.\n4. The majorities by which this bill has been carried (to wit of 1. in the Senate, and 2. in the Representatives) shew how divided the opinions were there.\n5. the whole of both houses admit the constitution will bear the other exposition, whereas the minorities in both deny it will bear that of the bill.\n6. the application of any one ratio is intelligible to the people, & will therefore be approved: whereas the complex operations of this bill will never be comprehended by them, & tho\u2019 they may acquiesce, they cannot approve what they do not understand.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0118-0005", "content": "Title: IV: From Edmund Randolph, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] April 4. 1792.\nThe attorney general of the U.S. has the honor of reporting to the President of the U.S., on the representation-bill, as follows:\nThe points, which involve the question of constitutionality, are three:\n1. to ascertain the process, by which the bill fixes the total number of representatives at 120:\n2. to ascertain the process, by which the bill distributes that number among the states:\nand 3. to try both of them by the standard of the constitution.\nThe bill does not announce in terms the principle of proceeding, either in the establishment of the total number of 120, or its apportionment among the states. Some principle, however, it must have; otherwise the omission would of itself be glaringly unconstitutional, as creating a precedent for leaving the number of the house of representatives, and the distribution of that number, at the mere will of each different congress. It must therefore be sought by calculation.\n1. From calculation then it appears, that neither 30,000, the lowest constitutional limit, nor any higher number, if assumed\nas the divisor of the f\u0153deral numbers in each state, separately considered, will produce to each state such a number of representatives, as, when added together, shall amount to 120.\nWe then naturally turn to the aggregate f\u0153deral number of the U.S.; to wit, 3,615,825; and the only divisor, which can draw 120 members from that number, is 30,000.\nThis too is the only mode, by which 120 members can be obtained by any act of arithmetic.\n2. One hundred and twenty members are, in the next place, to be distributed.\nHere too we are informed by calculation, that no common divisor, applied to the f\u0153deral number in each state, will allot as many members, as the bill prescribes. Thirty thousand will fail with respect to eight out of fifteen states: a greater number how little soever above 30,000, will at least be as far from that result; and every number beyond a certain point would be farther and farther still. The other seven states have the exact number of representatives, which arises from a division of their f\u0153deral numbers by 30,000. But, as 30000, taken as the divisor of the f\u0153deral population in each state, gives 112 members; as the remainder of the 120 members is 8; and to each of the eight states, having the highest fractions, one member is added; it may be safely concluded, that congress distributed the 120 members in this form.\n3. In trying this double process by the standard of the constitution, we must first determine, whether congress were at liberty to fix the total number of representatives, by dividing the aggregate f\u0153deral population of the U.S., instead of the separate f\u0153deral population of each state.\nThe following passages in the constitution are material on this head.\n\u201cRepresentatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states, according to their respective numbers.\u201d\n\u201cThe number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 30,000; but each state shall have at least one representative, and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New-Hampshire shall be intitled to choose three\u201d &c.\nHence it is argued, that as in laying direct taxes the sum must be resolved upon, before it can be apportioned; so a number of\nrepresentatives must be established, before they can be apportioned; and this number can be procured only from the aggregate f\u0153deral population.\nIt is not doubted, that this number must be the effect of some rule; and in fact we find the constitution declaring it to be, \u201caccording to their respective numbers\u201d; that is the numbers of each state.\nLet it then be seen, how direct taxes and representatives can be in proportion to numbers; for \u201cproportion\u201d and \u201capportion\u201d may be accepted on this occasion, as synonimous. Direct taxes may be apportioned according to numbers by the rule of three thus; as the whole population is to the sum required; so is a particular population of a state to the sum, to be paid by that state. Thro\u2019 this means every individual enters into the estimate; and not a cent is lost. But it is not so with representatives. For with what propriety can it be stated with respect to representatives, in a manner analogous to direct taxes? Can it be said, as the whole f\u0153deral population is to the whole number of representatives; so is the particular number of representatives to the particular f\u0153deral population of each state? It cannot be so contended for two reasons; first, because when the inquiry itself is, what shall the whole number of representatives be, it is false reasoning to assume that number as actually known already; and secondly, because, as representation is the deputation of one man to act for many, more than one must be combined in the account, before a representative can exist. Of course the constitution looked for a ratio as to representation; whereas it computed individuals in taxes; that is, numbers shall govern in both cases; but they govern each subject, acccording to its nature; so at least as not to beget an absurdity.\nCould congress increase the house of representatives to 240 members? No. Why? Because they must not exceed one for thirty thousand. What 30,000?\u2014of the respective numbers; namely, of each state. If aggregate or collective numbers had been contemplated, how much easier would it have been, and how much more proper, to have substituted other words which were so obviously at hand? It seems to have been designed to make up the total number of representatives, just as a stock in trade is created: each state is a contributor to it; and the contributions added together,\nfurnish the whole. In this way the first house of representatives is composed under the constitution: New Hampshire is to have three &c.\nWhy are states to have any representatives, as states, if the aggregate f\u0153deral population is to decide the number? It ought rather to have been said, in the constitution, that the boundaries of the states should not be an obstacle; but that the ratio should yield a member, wherever the numbers should be found to fill up that ratio.\nThis never was intended. Are not the states distinct in their rights of election? Can the numbers of one county even in the same state assist another county in procuring a member? Is it not repugnant to the spirit of the constitution, to tack the numbers of one state to those of another, for the purpose of procuring a member? Is it not unexampled, that New-York should with its numbers contribute towards a member for New Jersey; when an elector of the former can have no fellow-interest or sympathy with the electors of the latter; and, without a freehold in the latter, would probably be debarred of a suffrage therein?\nThe fractions, it is true, are very large in many of the states; but such fractions are familiar in practice. In some states representatives are according to a certain ratio of population; but the number above one integer, and not equal to another, has always been laid aside. In the management too of the national bank, many shares between two numbers, constituting a vote, are unrespected. If the fraction of one state can raise a member for another, it may often happen, that the balance, which the states wish to preserve among themselves, may be destroyed unexpectedly by their own act. What would the sensations of South Carolina be, if her blacks should cooperate in giving a member to Connecticut?\nIt is remarkable, that most of the advocates of the bill do themselves admit, that the constitution is susceptible of the construction abovementioned, as well as of their own.\nThe argument, deduced from the amendment, proposed to the constitution on the subject of representation, might be shewn to be inapplicable, even if it were admissible. But it is inadmissible; because the amendment has not as yet become the sense of the U.S. It is inapplicable. For altho\u2019 it has been observed, that without recurring to the aggregate f\u0153deral population, it might\nhappen that three millions of persons would not give one hundred members; the answer is full as strong, to reply, that congress would not be called upon to have one hundred members, unless one hundred times 30,000 should be contained in the separate f\u0153deral populations of the several states. Indeed the amendment proves nothing either way.\nIn short, it is wonderful, that, after admitting the necessity of applying some ratio, and after perceiving, that the application of that ratio to the aggregate f\u0153deral population, will produce such a number of representatives, as cannot be distributed by any ratio whatever, the friends to the bill should not have abandoned it upon their own principles.\nHere lies the radical objection, and the violation of the constitution.\nIf it be not here, the attorney general must in candor own, that it is no where, in his opinion. For if the 120 members can be established, the subdivision cannot be executed in any other, or in any fairer manner. The ratio of 30,000 is carried thro\u2019 the particular, as well as the aggregate f\u0153deral population, as far as it can; and the remaining eight members are distributed equitably.\nThis is the best judgment therefore, which the attorney-general has been able to form without longer premeditation. Whether the reasoning on the opposite side ought to weigh against the interposition of a negative, it is not for him to decide.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0118-0006", "content": "Title: V: Tobias Lear\u2019s Notes on the Opinions of the Cabinet, c.4 April 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, c.4 April 1792]\nThe opinion of the Secretary of State\ndeclares the bill unconstitutional\u2014for it does not apportion the Representatives among the states strictly according to their numbers.\nIt provides for fractions\u2014which the Constitution never intended.\nIt leaves the dertermination of apportioning the Representatives without any fixed principle\u2014which may hereafter be productive of great evil, and admits of caballing & bargaining on the subjects.\nBill carried by a small majority\u20141 in Senate & 2 in the House.\nThe Whole of both Houses admit that the constitution will bear either to have the bill in its present state\u2014or to have one for 30,000 in each state\u2014leaving the fractions. But the minorities will not admit of the constitutionality of the present bill.\nThe Atty Genl of the U.S.\nThe Bill does not express the principle or rule by wh. the number of Representatives is ascertained\u2014it is therefore to be sought by Calculation\u2014which makes one to 30,000. taking the whole number in the U.S.\u2014But it will be found that dividing the number in each state by 30,000, & there will be found 8 states that will have each a membr less than they now have, if divided according to the numbers in the states respectively.\nThe Constitution looks for a Ratio in Representation; but it computed individuals as to taxes. The bill destroys the distinction of states; for the Ratio yields to numbers.\nThe advocates of the bill admit that the Constitution is susceptible of another construction, as well as of their\u2019s.\nA Ratio is applied to the aggregate population of the U.S. as produces a number that cannot be distributed by any ratio whatever\u2014and in this lays the unconstitutionality of the bill.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury\nhas not seen the bill; but presumes that the process, for forming the result of the bill, has been in a certain way, which he mentions.\nThinks either the division of the aggregate number in the U.S. by 30,000, or the particular number in each state by that ratio would be constitutional.\nIf a direct tax shd be imposed, the only way of apportioning it among the several States would be that which has been pursued in the bill & therefore, it is consonant to the clause in the constitution respectg Representation & taxation.\nThat there would be a residue arising upon the whole, after dividing the numbers in each state by 30,000, & that it is but right that the states having the greatest fraction should receive\nthe benefit resulting from dividing the aggregate number in the U.S. by 30,000.\nThe bill performs every requisite in the Constitution in a manner most consistent with equality.\nAltho\u2019 the Bill cannot be said to be unconstitutional, yet there may be another construction of wh. the Constitution is capable. And where it may be taken in either sense, it is best to follow the legislative opinion.\nThe Secretary of War\nIt has been said that the Construction of the bill may be deemed within the letter, as well as the spirit of the Constitution\u2014If that is the case, the assent of the President of the U.S. is to be governed by the political equity of the measure.\nHe approves the bill upon the principle of its giving a representation to the largest fractions.\nThe constitutionality of the bill being only doubted\u2014not proved\u2014it wd appear a delicate measure for the President to decide against the sense of the legislature.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0118-0007", "content": "Title: VI: To the United States House of Representatives, 5 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States House of Representatives\nUnited States [Philadelphia] April 5th 1792.\nGentlemen of the House of Representatives\nI have maturely considered the Act passed by the two Houses, intituled \u201cAn Act for an apportionment of Representatives among the several States according to the first enumeration;\u201d and I return it to your House, wherein it originated, with the following objections.\nFirst\u2014The Constitution has prescribed that representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers: and there is no one proportion or divisor which, applied to the respective numbers of the States will yield\nthe number and allotment of representatives proposed by the Bill.\nSecond\u2014The Constitution has also provided that the number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand; which restriction is, by the context, and by fair and obvious construction, to be applied to the seperate and respective numbers of the States: and the Bill has allotted to eight of the States, more than one for thirty thousand.\nGeorge Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0119", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bryan Fairfax, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Fairfax, Bryan\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nApril the 4th 1792.\nYour Favor of the 19th of March I received in due time, and have written to Mr Potts, to inform him, that no Money had been received\u2014that there had been a great Remissness in the Prosecution of the Suit\u2014that a few days before I had received Your Letter I had been speaking to a Gentleman of the Law whom I engaged last Summer to join with the one who had been before employed in the Room of one who had entirely neglected it, and that since, I had spoke to him again and had enquired at the Clerk\u2019s Office. And that all that had been done was the bringing a new Suit in the district Court vs the Executors of Dr Savage\u2019s Security.\nAnd after mentioning by way of Excuse for myself (for he\nknew that You, Sir, could not attend to it) that when a Suit was commenced a man could further it only by employing a lawyer in it, and after speaking to him from time to time, upon finding nothing done, to employ a second, and afterwards a third, I owned that as Mr Savage\u2019s heir at Law was in these parts a year or two If I had a Scire facias served upon him I was informed it would have been of Service but that it did not occur to me.\nIndeed it gives me Concern that there should be such Remissness under my Management especially as I believe & know that You depend on me to do as much in it or more than I would for myself. I might have applied to the Clerk\u2019s Office and have issued a Scire facias myself\u2014But as I was acting for another, it would seem right that the Lawyer should issue such Process as was adviseable\u2014& who could have thought that such continued acting under different hands would have followed\u2014I might also have applied to them once in two or three months instead of doing it twice in a year. On applying at the Clerk\u2019s Office the other day Mr Wagener told me Nothing had been done it in the Suit since it came from Richmond\u2014And he could let me have no Process without a transcript of the Record where by it was remanded, this I know I brot up with me\u2014but into whose hands I put it I don\u2019t remember. However as Colo. Simms says he has brot a new Suit in the district Court it will render needless any further Process from this Court. One thing which hindered my more frequent Applications to the Lawyers was my not having money at Command at all times.\nBut, Sir, as I seem to be vindicating my Conduct and it might appear that I feared your Censure, and as you might thence from your wonted kindness be induced to write to me again, I beg that You will not give yourself that trouble, because I know that You know me, & I can rest secure in Your Friendship which I have always esteemed so much the more as I have been persuaded that no Person could deprive me of it, & that nothing but my own misconduct could effect it.\nI observe that Mr Potts hints at the Money being advanced by the Trustees which is rather an unreasonable Expectation. And I cant say that I was pleased with Mrs Bomford\u2019s Proposal in her last Letter wherein she offered to relinquish half of her demand to me if I would pay the remainder which was a little Reflection\non my Integrity as If I had it in my Power to pay it\u2014Indeed the delay has been so unusual that it seems incredible, which I consider as an excuse for her.\nMrs Fairfax joins with me in our Respects to Mrs Washington\u2014We had a Marriage last Week in our Family my Daughter being married to Mr Griffith the oldest Son of Dr Griffith. I remain with great Respect & Esteem Dr Sir Yr affect. humble Servt\nBryan Fairfax.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0121", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nDr Sir\n[Philadelphia] Wednesday Morng [4 April 1792]\nHas G\u2014\u2014W\u2014\u2014ne decided yet? Has any answer been prepared for G\u2014\u2014St\u2014\u2014\u2014I am anxious to have these matters closed.\nAlso for the departure of T\u2014\u2014 and that the business with the Indians may be brought to a conclusion. Yrs always\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0123", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Arthur St. Clair, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: St. Clair, Arthur\nSir.\nUnited States [Philadelphia] April 4th 1792.\nI have read and duly considered your letter of the 31st ultimo.\nThe reasons you offer, for retaining your commission, until an opportunity should be presented, if necessary, of investigating your conduct, in every mode prescribed by law, would be conclusive with me, under any other circumstances than the present.\nBut, the establishment of the troops allows only of one major general\u2014you have manifested your intention of retiring, and the esential interests of the public require, that your successor should be immediately appointed, in order to repair to the frontiers.\nAs the house of representatives have been pleased to institute an enquiry into the causes of the failure of the late expedition, I should hope an opportunity would thereby be afforded you, of explaining your conduct, in a manner satisfactory to the public and yourself.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0124", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dick, 5 April 1792\nFrom: Dick, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBladensburgh [Md.] 5th April 1792\nYour known goodness will, I hope, excuse the trouble of this letter, which I presume to write You in order to introduce to Your notice the bearer of it Mr James Oswald; who is a Son of George Oswald Esqre of Scotstown near Glasgow, and a partner in the business which I have conducted in Virginia and Maryland\nfor many years. This Young Gentleman is Grand Nephew to Richard Oswald Esqre, the British Plenipotentiary in making the Peace of 1783. He has lately entered into the Navy, and having some time to spare, and a strong desire to see America, he has, with his Father\u2019s approbation, embraced the opportunity of coming in one of our Ships, in order to gratify it.\nThe notice which you may be pleased to take of him will be a particular obligation confered on, sir Your Most Obedient & humble Servant\nRobt Dick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0125", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 5 April 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear & honored Sir,\n[Philadelphia]Thursday Morning April 5th 1792.\nIt is my duty to releive you from suspence on the subject which you had the goodness to communicate to me yesterday, when I have no longer any hesitation in determining on it myself. Permit me, therefore, while my heart overflows with gratitude for this new instance of your kind attention to my welfare, to decline the acceptance of the appointment which you had the goodness to offer me.\nAnd let me, at the same time, beg, that you will not consider this determination as proceeding from the want of a due sense of your fr[i]endship. This additional proof of your concern for me, altho\u2019 grateful to my feelings, was not necessary to convince me of your regard, or to increase my attachment to, or veneration\nof yourself\u2014These have been long fixed, and I trust indelibly so.\nWhen you opened this business to me yesterday, I mentioned a resolution I had formed not to engage in any public employment. And in pursuance of this resolution, I should have had no hesitation to have declined at that moment the honor you intended me; but I conceived it to be a mark of respect due to your goodness to re-consider that resolution, and to reflect upon the offer you have made. I have done so\u2014and the result of my reflection is an adherence to my former determination.\nBut were I not to explain the extent of this resolution you might justly impute to me the want of the first and noblest of virtues\u2014I mean a love of my Country and mankind. When, therefore, I say, that I have resolved not to engage in any public employment, I mean that I shall not do it for the sake of providing a support for myself and those dependent upon me\u2014nor merely with a view of advancing myself to posts of honor and becoming conspicuous. But if ever my Country should call for the personal or other services of its citizens, I will venture to say that no one will be found more ready than myself to hazard or sacrifice every private & personal consideration for the public good; Or if ever an occasion should offer (of which however there seems no probability) where I could render better or more essential service to my Country than another person, I should embrace it with alacrity, and I trust I should not be found insensible to the charms of honor and glory if earned by solid services to my Country or to Mankind.\nActuated by the principles here expressed, I have paid no court to any person\u2014my mind has been independent, and I hope my sentiments, when expressed, have corresponded therewith. By this means I beleive I have offended some, and sure I am that I am less pleasing to many than I should have been, had I pursued a different course. But I hope and trust that I shall not fall in the estimation of the upright and virtuous whenever I am known to them.\nLet me, my dear & honored Sir, beg your patience for a moment longer while I observe, that, in my present situation I consider myself as rendering no small service to the public, and in a way peculiarly delightful to my feelings. For such is the importance of your life and of your services to this Country, that the\nperson who is so happy in his situation as to be able, by attention & assiduity, in any degree to alleviate the weight necessarily imposed upon you, is benefitting his Country, altho\u2019 his services do not attract the attention of the public. And if my conduct hitherto has merited your approbation my reward will be complete; for an invariable adherence to honor, integrity, disinterestedness and purity of views has insured the approbation of my own feelings. If in any instance you conceive I have not acted with propriety, I must rely upon your goodness & sincere friendship for me to point it out without reserve, and let me correct my error.\nI am afraid I have already intruded too much on your busy moments, and will only beg permission, som\u27e8e\u27e9 time hence, when you are less embarrassed with public concerns than you are at present, to converse with you respecting my future pursuits in life. With the most disinterested attachment and sincere affection I have the honor to be my dear & honored Sir Your\u2019s\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0126", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 5 April 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 5. 1792\nBoth Mr Blair and Mr Wilson are now at Trenton. I have never heard Mr Blair say a syllable upon the subject of the representation bill. Some days ago I met Mr Wilson in Sixth Street, and he stopped to ask me, whether Mr Blair had communicated to me an idea, which both of them entertained on a late law of the present session, requiring the judges of the circuit courts to hear applications of pensioners, invalids &c. I informed him, that Mr Blair had not mentioned it to me; but that it was said in town, that they meant to refuse to execute the act. Upon his making a strong remark against its constitutionality, (but by the way I suspect that in this the judges, if they persist, will be found wrong) I observed, that doubts had been entertained by some discerning and respectable men as to the constitutionality of the representation bill. To this he replied, it can never come before me, as a judge, and therefore I will say that congress appear to have\nforgotten the source, from which representation flows. We immediately separated, without exchanging another word. I have the honor sir, to be with the most affectionate attachment and respect yr mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0127", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 6 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States [Philadelphia] April 6th 1792.\nIn virtue of the last clause of \u201can Act for the relief of certain Widows, Orphans, Invalids & other persons,\u201d you will cause to be paid to Nicholas Ferdinand Westfall the sum of three hundred and thirty six Dollars out of the fund of Ten thousand Dollars appropriated for defraying the contingent charges of Government, by an Act passed on the 26th day of March 1790.\nG: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0129", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel McDowell, 6 April 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: McDowell, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Samuel McDowell, 6 April 1792. In his letter to McDowell of 20 Oct. 1792, GW mentioned \u201cYour letter of the 6th of April.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0130", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gouverneur Morris, 6 April 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir,\nLondon 6 April 1792\nI receive this Instant your favor of the twenty eighth of January and I do most sincerely thank you for the Informations which you have been so kind as to communicate. Beleive me I know how to value the friendship by which they were dictated. I have always thought that the Counsel of our Enemies is wholesome, tho bitter, if we can but turn it to good Account & In order that I may not fail to do so on the present Occasion I now promise you that Circumspection of Conduct which has hitherto I acknowlege formed no Part of my Character. And I make the Promise that my Sense of Integrity may enforce what my Sense of Propriety dictates.\nI have hitherto in my Letters communicated to you many Things which I should not willingly entrust to others, and in the Course of Events I may again possess Information which it might be well that you were acquainted with At the same Time it is I presume expected that the public Servants will correspond fully and freely with the Office of foreign Affairs. It might therefore be deemed improper, not to say all, in my Letters to that Office. I wish therefore you would give me your candid opinion on this Subject. I should be extremely sorry to offend or to give Pain, but I cannot have the same unreserved Confidence in others that I have in you and my Letter of the fourth of February will shew that Cases may occur in which I am not even Master of it.\nI was told Yesterday that Mr Dundas has said that the United States have asked for the Mediation of this Country to bring about a Peace with the Indians. He told the same Person (a Mr Osgood the new Chief Justice of the new Province of Upper Canada) that the treaty made long since by Sir William Johnson seemed to be the proper Ground on which to fix a Boundary between the United States & the Indian tribes. I learn these facts in such a Way that I am confident of the Truth, and therefore submit them without any Comment to your Consideration.\nAn Express arrived last Night brings an Account of the Assassination of the King of Sweden the twenty sixth of last Month, at a Masquerade And thus another Crown falls on the Head of a young Sovereign. Those who conceive the french Jacobins to be at the Bottom of a great King-Killing Project approach the Deaths of the Emperor the King of Sweden and the Movements making against France from whence they infer that the King of Prussia should take Care of himself and be cautious of his Cooks and Companions. Such sudden Deaths in so critical a Moment are extraordinary but I do not usually beleive in Enormities and I cannot see how a Club can persue a Path of Horrors in which Secrecy is essential to Success.\nThe young King of Hungary has made such Reply to the peremptory Demands of France as to cool a little the Extravagance of Joy manifested on his Fathers Death. I am told that he is a Disciple rather of his Uncle Joseph than of his Father if this be so he will not long remain idle. The Death of his Swedish Majesty will however make some Derangement in the Plan of Operations.\nHow all these Things will end God only knows. I am my dear Sir very sincerely and affectionately yours\nGouvr Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0131", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Lowrey, 7 April 1792\nFrom: Lowrey, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia April 7th 1792\nI feal a degree of defidence, in troubling your Excellency\u2014but beg that your impartial candor Will pardon the following observations.\nWhen a requisition from the general government to Raise troops for the protection of our fronteer brethren At the westward, my fealings being effected with their Unhappy sittuation, felt that impulse to leave my Private walks of life and step forth agreeable to The requisitions afore cited, in the capasity of a Quarter Master, in the Jersey Battallean of levies\u2014in which I endeavoured to discharg the duties of my station with fidelity to the publick and to the satisfaction of the Individuals of the Corps\u2014but the Operations of the Campaign was in a degree unfortunate\u2014by which my private business being deranged, and I still wishing to Contobute my exertion in another trial of the fortune of War\u2014did on my return from the westward signify to the secretary at war my wishes to be appointed again in the troops to be raised for that purpose.\nI therefore would wish to signify to your Excellency if you can conveniently indulge me with an appointment in said troops agreeable to the recommendations of those Gentlemen who solicited in my favour. I am your Excellencys most obedient and very humble servant\nJohn Lowrey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0132", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur St. Clair, 7 April 1792\nFrom: St. Clair, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia April 7th 1792\nI have had the honor to receive your Letter of the fourth instant.\nAlthough I was very desirous Sir, to hold my Commission of Major General until the Enquiry by the Committee of the House of Representatives should be over, for the Reasons which I assigned, and which you are pleased to think have some Weight, yet the evident necessity of the Officers being appointed who is to command the Troops, in order to his repairing to the Frontiers, is certainly pressing, and ought to silence, with me, every Wish of a mere personal Nature; I do therefor Sir, now formally resign the Appointment of Major General.\nI have never Sir, entertained a Doubt that an Enquiry into the Causes of the failure of the late Expedition, whether directed particularly to my Conduct, or to that Connected with other Causes that may have operated, in whatever way it might be conducted, would not prove honorable to me and satisfactory to the public, as far as I was connected with it; but setting, as I do, a due value upon the public Opinion, and desirous not to lose that Place in the Esteem of the virtuous and intelligent of my fellow Citizens which I have long held, You will not wonder that, under existing Circumstances, a Degree of Anxiety, not only that an Enquiry should be made, but that every thing, capable of being\nmiscontrued, should be avoided on my Part. I will Own to You Sir, that the Desire of honest Fame has ever been the strongest Passion in my Breast\u2014I have thought that I had merited it\u2014and it is all I have to compensate me for the Sacrifice of a very independant Situation, and the best Years of my Life devoted to the public Service, and the faithful Application of my Talents, such as they were, in every Situation in which I have been placed, with a Zeal bordering upon Enthusiasm. I trust Sir, I shall yet enjoy it, while those who have attempted to disturb it will be forgotten, or remembered with Indignation, and in their Bosoms, if they have feeling, Sensations may arise something similar to what Milton has described to have seized upon Satan when he discovered our first Parents in Paradise. With every Sentiment of Respect and Duty I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient Servant\nAr. St Clair", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0134", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Stuart, 8 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, David\nDear Sir,\nPhilad. April 8th 1792.\nThe letter from the Commissioners to Mr Jefferson of the  has been laid before me, and I have desired him to approve the Contract respecting the bridge over Rock-Creek: but in future, it would be more agreeable to me, after a plan, or the principles leading to the measure, is approved, not to have the details or the execution suspended for a reference to me. Because, to judge properly of the matter must (in many instances) depend upon calculation; upon accustomed modes; established prices, and usages of different places; none of which my time and avocations will allow me to investigate with promptness; consequently the business must be delayed (if I take time for examination) or I must decide in the dark, if I do not.\nThis has actually been the case with respect to the Bridge above mentioned; for if I had been called upon to say what such a bridge wou\u2019d cost, I should have guessed less than the contract price. And though the Items which form the aggregate, may contain no more materials than are indispensably necessary; and the prices of them, and rates of work, not more than usual; yet, from a want of knowledge in these matters, both appear high to me.\nNot for this reason, but because you have jealous and ill-disposed people about you, my advice to you, is to act with caution in all your contracts: and I give it with the freedom of friendship, because it has been insinuated, before the contract was made, that sufficient notice had not been given; and of course you would have no competitors for the undertaking of the Bridge.\nDid Major L\u2019Enfant assign any reason for his rejection of the compensation which had been offered him? Has any person applied for the Office of Superintendant? A Mr Blodget has been recommended by some of the Proprietors; but except being pretty deeply interested in the City\u2014having been a pretty considerable traveller in European Countries\u2014and an observant man with some taste\u2014it is said\u2014I can say nothing of his qualifications for such a trust. How far he is a man of industry\u2014arrangement, and integrity I know not\u2014having a very slight acquaintance with him personally, and less knowledge of his abilities.\nThere is such an intimate connection in political and pecuniary considerations between the federal district and the inland navigation of the Potowmac, that no exertions, in my opinion, shou\u2019d be dispensed with to accomplish the latter. For, in proportion as this advances, the City will be benefited. Public and private motives therefore combine to hasten this work. My best wishes to Mrs Stuart and the family. I am your affte hble Servant,\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0135", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Augustine Washington, 8 April 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, George Augustine\nLetter not found: to George Augustine Washington, 8 April 1792. In his letter to GW of 15\u201316 April, G. A. Washington informed his uncle: \u201cI have received Your favor of the 8th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0136", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Augustine Washington, 8\u20139 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George Augustine\nTo: Washington, George\nHonor\u2019d Uncle\nMount Vernon April 8[\u20139]th 1792\nYour favor of the 1st Inst. came to hand at the usual time. just as I had seated myself late in the evening\u2014(Sunday) and was about informing You that the Trees seeds &c. had not arrived, Capt. Cahart sent his Boat on shore with a part of the things You advised me of having shiped on bord his Vessel; the rest the Mate who came on shore (for the Vessel did not come to anchor) informed were stowed away so that they could not be come at untill they arrived at Alexandria, and that they would be sent down but on reflection not chusing to depend on it shall if the weather will permit send up in the morning a Boat if not will have them carefully brought down in a Cart\u2014what I have received is a Box containing the cutings\u20142 Tubs with trees from Batrams a small Box with seeds from Governor Pinckney\u2014the\nBundle of Mulberry trees & 3 fowl\u2019s\u2014they appear to be in good order tho\u2019 I have not yet overhaul\u2019d them\u2014the Gardner will begin grafting in the morning tho\u2019 tomorrow is a holiday (Easter), as it is now very late and he fears too late for this business as the Scion on which he is to graft are very forward many of them almost in full leaf however as I am persuaded he is very judicious I do not dispair of many of them being propigated I shall delay no time in geting the trees &c. Planted and hope as I shall be very careful to dispose of them in a manner that will be satisfactory\u2014the Ovals tho\u2019 they may be larger than it was Your intention they should be, yet I flatter myself You will not condemn me, as I have not exceed\u2019d the lines You directed me to draw, which was from the Chesnut to where the Walnut stood, and from thence to the Willow on the mound, in the formation of those Ovals as all such improvements are to please the eye I thought it proper and hope you will also be of the same opinion that the space and form of the Ground should in a great degree be the government.\nThere was as I apprehend, a mistake about the wine which I told the Capt. at the time of his landing it I was satisfied was the case, as no mention was made of it by Mr Newton in his Letter to me I had it put away carefully\u2014it was intended for Mr Norton of Winchester as I have been informed by Thompson of Alexandria to whose care it had been sent.\nI had curings of the weeping willow planted some time ago on the Mill race from the Mill untill the race enters the woods below where it is intended to take the water out of the old or present race by a new one and had last week willows planted on the cross ditch in Mill meadow on which the post and rail fence is and also had curings of the willow and Lombardy poplar planted alternately a post a part on the Bank, which the fence is upon that divides the meadow at the Ferry from field No. 2 in which the Barn is\u2014I wish the ditch You speak of ranging with the fence dividing field No. 1 from fields No. 2 & 3. at D: Run could have been done but there being so much business of that kind in the swamps that it could not be done in the fall and the severity of the winter prevented all business of that kind\u2014as I purpose Banking with the Plows for this fence it will be quickly done\u2014this method I am satisfied You will give a decided preference to, in all except swamp grounds that require absolutely ditching to\ndischarge the water. Banking is done with great dispatch as the principal labor is performed by the plow\u2014and ditching I am well satisfied will prevent the raising of hedges, as the bank is formed of such poor earth being taken from such a depth, that nothing will grow in it\u2014but in Banking, the earth which forms it is collected from both sides and so near the surface that it is formed of a much better soil; and another advantage I can clearly discover that it will become much more speedily turfed over which secures the Bank from decay.\nMr Whiting seems to be more and more an enthusiast in favor of Cedar for hedges, he not only thinks they will form a secure and formidable fence, but that they will succe\u2019d better and be less subject to injury from stock than any thing else.\nWe shall be in readiness and purpose begining to plant Corn as I mentioned in my last on Monday week the 16th Inst. but for some time past we have had as much cause to complain of too much rain as we had last spring of too little. the ground was very wet before and on Friday night we had a powerful rain which put the ground in such a situation that on Saturday in many places the Horses as they were plowing appeared to be almost up to their knees, and nothing but the season being so advanced coud justify plowing when the ground is in such a state\u2014being anxious to get in the Buckwheat designed for manure in No. 7 at Dogue Run I frequently examin the field and did shortly before this heavy rain and found it so wet that I could with difficulty ride through it and on Saturday many parts of it was entirely coverd with water, it will not, admiting that there is no more rain be in order for some time, not untill we begin Planting Corn when it will be a great interuption to the Plows as it will require 28 plows 3 days to put in the seed or rather to plow the ground as it will be harrow\u2019d in. Mr Whiting prefers replanting when it is too late to replant with Common Corn to use the early Corn, in preference to potatoes as they do not come of[f] soon enough for sowing wheat, when so late planted, and it is inconvenient geting them from the ground so dispersed as they must be\u2014I have directed and shall see that Your directions respecting the Planting of the Corn & Potatoes at D: Run in No. 2 is done in the way You wish in this field the Plows are now listing.\nThe spring being wet has operated powerfully on vegitation for 10 days past it has been as rapid and moreso I think than I\never saw it\u2014the Grass sown last fall at Dogue Run is very promising the bare spots which was in the Clover near the Overseers house and adjoining the New Ground was resown last fall and this spring again\u2014the Timothy in the swamp part of the same ground promises to grow as much as can well grow upon the ground\u2014the Timothy in the Mill meadow will be good except in some poor spots indeed I do not think much of that ground very strong\u2014the New Clover Lot at the Mansion House is coming on much better than I expected and think it now promis\u2019s to yield a good burthen\u2014I do not discover much of the seed that was sown on the Snow but this weather will I expect bring it on so that I shall be able to give some account of it shortly.\nThe New Quarter will I have no doubt be fully adequate to accomodate conveniently all the Negro\u2019s that You would wish or find necessary to be kept at the Mansion House for untill they are all brought together and under proper regulations it is in vain to attempt or at least to protect improvements.\nI have been promised to have a skillful well diger sent to me that I may have his opinion on the situation for a well and if his reasons are plausible and such as I think can be relied on and favor the probability of coming at water in any reasonable distance\u2014the situation opposite the center of the Green House will certainly be much preferable to any other.\nI will enclose the Stercorary in the Manner You direct\u2014I have left Bars at the lower end of the fence runing from the Stercorary for the purpose of geting in timber to the house where the Carpenters work while it remains there which will answer to let in Horses when it is necessary to the spring, but this I think will seldom be necessary as water may be generally had near the lime kiln from a little stream that runs down that vall\u2019y\u2014and as the situation of the present Ice House is a very unfavorable one, and it will require so much repair that You will build a new one which in the way they are generally done will require as little expence and by removing it nearer the river much labor will be dispensed with in filling it.\nI was so sure that you would approve of sowing the Lucern in broad Cast that I engaged 15 lb. of a Man near Alexa. who is in the Botanical line and wished to have got double the quantity but he had it not at this time\u2014he says he expects from France in the course of the summer 2 or 300 wt but as it is\nnot certain could wish to get abt 15 or 20 lb. more in time to sow in Augt.\nYou clearly understand the acct I have given respecting the two Whitings and least I should have erred in my representation of the business I read to Mr Washington the report I made you, and which was repeated in Your last letter, which he says was agreeable to his representation and that in his surrender of the Papers to Colo. Mercer his acct was credited for the full amount both of principal and interest of Mathew Whitings Bond of Berkley which bond was not given up to said Whiting because no part of the money was or ever has been pd and that the Bond is now in suit\u2014I see that this Bond amounted by the copy of a list surrenderd to \u00a347.15. with 5 Years Interest \u00a311.18.9. Total \u00a359.13. 9d.\nI mention\u2019d about three or four weeks ago my intention of going up for Harriet the next day which I did and brought her down.\nWe have not as yet had much success in fishing no herrings of any consequence have been caught but we are daily expecting them the weather having been very precarious has I imagine delayed their coming up.\nThe report mentions the death of Billy at Muddy hole his death I much regreted because he was a promising Boy he was taken and died in 7 days he was quite well as they inform me and was suddenly taken with a pain in his back but was not ill for 2 or three days he then became senseless and speachless\u2014I sent for the Doctr who came immediately to him but seemed to have no hopes of him but tried every thing he thought advisable\u2014he stayed all night and visited him the next day\u2014I was with him on Saturday and Whiting thought that he discoverd more sensibility than he had done but he could not be got to recieve any nourishment nor had not for several days\u2014I sent up to the Doctr to inform him his situation but he died before the Messenger returned.\nI hope when the weather gets settled that I shall experience less of my complaints. I beg my Aunt to be assured that She and the Children always have my sincerest good wishes for their health and happiness\u2014and that You will believe me to be with the most unbounded attachment Your truely affectionate Nephew\nGo. A. Washington\nP.S.\u2014Monday\u2014there fell last night a great deal of rain and the appearance of the weather to day is very unsetled.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0138", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 9 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nUnited States [Philadelphia]April the 9th 1792.\nI nominate the following persons for Appointments and Promotions in the Army of the United States.\nMajor General\nAnthony Wayne\nvice Arthur St Clair, who has resigned.\nBrigadier General\nDaniel Morgan\nVirginia.\nBrigadier General\nMarinus Willet\nNew York.\nBrigadier General\nJohn Brooks\nMassachusetts\nBrigadier General\nJames Wilkinson\nKentucky.\nAdjutant General and Inspector\nWinthrop Sargent\nNorth Westn Territory\nDeputy Quarter Master General\nJohn Belli\nKentucky.\nAppointment of six Majors, for the proposed third and fourth legionary Corps, three to each.\n\u273bThomas Butler\nPennsylvania\n\u273bHenry Gaither\nMaryland\n\u273bJohn Clark\nPennsylvania\n\u273bHenry Bedinger\nVirginia\nAlexander Trueman\nMaryland from Captn in the 1st Regt\nWilliam McMahon\nVirginia\nThe Arrangements, Promotions and Appointments of Surgeons and Mates.\nRichard Allison, promoted from the first Regiment, to be Surgeon on the General Staff.\nFor the four proposed legionary Corps.\nSurgeons\nJohn Elliott (already appointed)\nJohn Scott, promoted from Surgeon\u2019s mate.\nJohn F. Carmichael\nditto\nNathan Hayward\nditto\nSurgeon\u2019s Mates\nElijah Tisdale (already appointed)\n\u273bCharles Brown\nPennsylvania.\n\u273bJames Woodhouse\nditto\n\u273bJoseph Philips\nNew Jersey\n\u273bWilliam McCloskey\nPennsylvania\nFrederick Dalcho\nMaryland\nJames Mease\nPennsylvania\nTheophilus Elmer\nNew Jersey\nAnd for Garrisons on the Western and Southern frontiers, and for extra service.\nWilliam A. McCrea\nDelaware.\nThomas Hutchens\nPennsylvania.\nJohn Sellman\nMaryland\nGeorge Balfour\nVirginia\nJames Clayton\nDelaware.\nThomas Farley\nMassachusetts.\nPromotions in the First Regiment of Infantry.\nMajor\nErkuries Beatty\nvice Zeigler resigned 5th March 1792.\nCaptains\nWilliam Peters\nvice Strong promoted November 4th 1791.\nJacob Kingsbury\nvice Smith promoted December 28th 1791.\nEbenezer Denny\nvice Ashton promoted December 29th 1791.\nThomas Martin\nvice Rudulph promoted March 5th 1792.\nThomas Pasteur\nvice Beatty promoted March 5th 1792.\nMark McPherson\nvice Truman promoted March 5th 1792.\nLieutenants\nvice Peters promoted November 4th 1791.\nJames Clay\nvice Kingsbury promoted December 28th 1791.\nDaniel Britt\nvice Denny promoted December 29th 1791.\nHamilton Armstrong\nvice Thompson resigned January 10th 1792.\nBartholomew Schomberg\nvice Martin promoted March 5th 1792.\nBernard Gains\nvice Pasteur promoted March 5: 1792.\nJohn Wade\nvice McPherson promoted March 5th 1792.\nPromotions in the Second Regiment of Infantry.\nMajors\nDavid Strong\nvice Heart killed November 4th 1791.\nJohn Smith\nvice Trescott resigned, December 28th 1791.\nJoseph Ashton\nvice Burnham, resigned, December 29th 1791.\nCaptains\nBazaleel Howe\nvice Kirkwood, killed November 4th 1791.\nDaniel Bradley\nvice Phelon killed, November 4th 1791.\nJohn Platt\nvice Newman killed November 4th 1791.\nLieutenants\nJohn Tillinghast\nvice Howe promoted November 4th 1791.\nDaniel Tilton Junr\nvice Bradley promoted November 4th 1791.\nSamuel Andrews\nvice Platt promoted November 4th 1791.\nJohn Bird\nvice Warren, killed, November 4th 1791.\nMicah McDonough\nvice Heth, promoted March 5th 1792.\nAppointments of Ensigns to fill the Vacancies in the First and Second Regiments of Infantry.\nAndrew McClary\nNew Hampshire\nSamuel Drake\nConnecticut\nDaniel Bissell\nditto\n\u273bJohn Marschalk\nNew Jersey\n\u273bWilliam Marts\nditto\n\u273bLewis Bond\nditto\n\u273bJohn Lowrey\nditto\nRobert Hunter\nditto\nPeter Shoemaker\nPennsylvania\nWilliam Marcus Mills\nditto\nJacob Kreemer\nditto\nJohn Michael\nditto\n\u273bFelix Long\nditto\n\u273bSamuel B. Turner\nMaryland\n\u273bJohn Whistler\nditto\nIsaac Younghusband\nVirginia\nHenry Montfort\nGeorgia\nWilliam Temple Payne,\nlate of North Carolina.\nCaptains\n\u273bWilliam Powers\nPennsylvania vice Guthrie, appointed 8th March 1792, and who declines.\nWilliam Lowder\nVirginia vice Biggs, appointed 8th March 1792, and who declines.\nEnsign\nHartman Leitheizer\nPennsylvania vice Kelso, appointed 8th March 1792, and who declines.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0139", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Hannah Fairfax Washington, 9 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, Hannah Fairfax\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nVirginia Fairfield Apr: 9th 1792:\nAs soon as I receiv\u2019d the honor of Your Letter, I search\u2019d over every old paper in my possession, but cou\u2019d find nothing that cou\u2019d give any information relative to the subject required, further than the Will of Laurence Washington (Your grand father; also the grand father of my deceas\u2019d Husband) the abstracts of\nwhich You inclos\u2019d me. I found the Will of Mrs Warner, Your great grand mother, but as that did not relate to the family otherwise than the marriage of the said Laurence to Mildred Warner, her Daughter, I shall not inclose it.\nI was not willing to give over my enquiries so soon, which was the reason I did not answer Your favor last Week, but was waiting for information from an Old acquaintance of the familys, when my grand Son War: Wash: call\u2019d at Mr Herberts in his way to Philada & mention\u2019d Your request to me, when that Gent: recollected an old Book written by Your Brother Laurence (now in his possession) from which, He took several memorandoms, & inclosed them to me, which I have copied & sent You. It plainly appears from those accounts, that John, was the name of Your great, grand father, that He, & his Brother Laurence, were the two first of the Name ever in Virginia. The inclos\u2019d do not mention any where the Marriage of the first Laurence, but He certainly did marry & had a Son, (if no more) by the name of John, who was cousin German to Laurence, Yr grand Father; & twice mention\u2019d in his Will, by the name of his Cousin John, Senior, of Stafford County. I suppose Yr Brother thought it immaterial to mention the Marriages of any of the family, but the direct descendents of his grt grand Father, but You might find out from the Old records, & Wills, deposited in Westmoreland or Cumberland County, if You wish to know who He married.\nPresent my Affect: Compts & best regards, to my dear, & valuable old friend, Mrs Washington, & accept the sincere good wishes, & ardent prayers, for Your health & happiness, of Dear Sir Your most Affect: & oblig\u2019d Hble Serv:\nH: Washington\nPlease to return me the old will when perus\u2019d.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0141", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bartholomew von Heer, 10 April 1792\nFrom: Heer, Bartholomew von\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphia April 10th 1792.\nThe Memorial of Bartholomew Van Heer, formerly Captain of an independent Corps of Light Dragoons\nMost respectfully sheweth\nThat Your Memorialist, about a Year ago, took the Liberty, to apply to Your Excellency for a Captain\u2019s Commission in the light Dragoons, if any should be raised; which was not done at that time: That some time ago, when Your Memorialist understood, that some Companies of light Dragoons were to be raised, he again presented a Memorial to the Honorable the Secretary of War, in which application he hath not been, as yet, successful.\nHaving now been informed, that some of the Gentlemen, who have been appointed Captains of the Cavalry, now to be raised for the Service of the United States, have declined or are about to decline, he humbly begs Leave to renew his Application to Your Excellency under whose eyes he hath had the honor to command an independent Troop of light Dragoons, during the late War; and where, as he flatters himself, he has done his Duty as a brave and faithful Officer. He has no Calling, no Trade, whereby he could maintain himself having been brought up solely to the Use of Arms, and he hath met with various Misfortunes, which have reduced his Situation in Life: But he flatters himself to have it yet in his Power to be useful to his Country, if he should be so happy as to be employed in the Service thereof, and therefore humbly prayeth:\nThat Your Excellency will be pleased to take his Case into Consideration, and, in Case the before mentioned Vacancies should take Place, to appoint him to the Command of one of the Companies of Cavalry, to be raised for the Service of the United States. And Your Petitioner as in Duty bound shall ever pray &ca\nBartholomew Von Heer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0142", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Memorandum on a Treaty with Algiers, 10 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Apr. 10. 1792.\nIf the President should enter into a Provisional convention with the government of Algiers for a sum not exceeding 40,000 dollars, will the Senate advise & consent to it\u2019s ratification, the government of Algiers being made clearly to understand that we are not to be bound by the treaty until it shall be ratified?\nIf this sum appears too high, what lower limit would the Senate approve?\nIf the President should enter into a Provisional treaty of peace with the government of Algiers at an expence not exceeding\n dollars to be paid on the ratification, &  dollars payable annually afterwards, during it\u2019s continuance, will the Senate advise & consent to the ratification, the government of Algiers being made clearly to understand that we are not to be bound by the treaty until it shall be ratified?\nIf these sums appear too high, what lower limits would the Senate approve.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0144", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gouverneur Morris, 10 April 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear sir,\nLondon 10 April 1792\nThere is an Idea in your Letter of the Twenty eighth of January which upon second thought I find it my Duty to examine because altho it cannot now affect me yet it may perhaps have some Influence on Mr Pinckney\u2019s Mission. At any Rate I wish you to be perfectly well acquainted with the leading Features of the british Administration. The Thing I allude to is the Cause which has been assigned for the Reserve I experienced in Negotiating with this Court. One leading Point I cannot investigate because the Death of my friend Monsieur de la luzerne has seald his Lips forever. But I very seriously doubt whether he repeated what I said to him and this for the plainest Reason on Earth. He was very apprehensive lest in the derang\u2019d State of french Affairs We should call on his Court to support our application. He had made himself perfectly Master of their Sentiments respecting the Treaty and therefore told me at once that they would not give up the Posts. Knowing this therefore, it was clearly his Interest to appear unacquainted with the Demand and as to a Treaty of Commerce he knew not one syllable on the Subject. As to the Allegation of Intimacy with the opposition it is totally false. I saw none of them except Mr Fox and him but twice in my Life and one of those Times at a Ball. In fact knowing a little of the suspicious Disposition by confidential Communications which the french Embassador made to me respecting his own Situation and Transactions I purposely avoided the Oppositionists and went but rarely to see even Mr & Mrs Church from that Cause. As to the Hauteur I beleive the Complaint to be in one Sense founded. You know Sir that it was not necessary to insist that they should actually appoint a Minister before we did. Time however has shewn that in this Instance at least I judged rightly. If I would have listen\u2019d to Overtures derogatory to the Honor and Interest of my Country I should have been held very highly. And the mortal Sin was that I did not listen to such Overtures. You will recollect Sir that the Duke of Leeds offered to make his Communications\nto you thro me when I last saw him which I declin\u2019d. At that Moment therefore their Reserve had not proceeded from the Causes now assign\u2019d. Mr Burgess repeated this Offer in the End of December. At a subsequent Period they form\u2019d the Plan of getting a Minister from America whom they supposd they would gain by their Attentions and they hop\u2019d to make the stronger Impression on him by shewing that they were the Causes of his Elevation and my Depression. You have disappointed them and that will operate well.\nI have already taken up more of your Time than I expected but this Subject is important and I must pursue it. During the Armament against Spain the Marquis del Campo who valued his Place very highly and was desirous of holding it if possible preserv\u2019d a most profound Silence to every Body but this Court and we know the ridiculous Event of his Negotiations which must have been more successful if he had acted with the Sense and Spirit which the Occasion call\u2019d for. He is a great Favorite at this Court. The next Armament which Mr Pitt engaged in was against the Empress and every Art was used to coax Count Woranzow into a Conduct which might subserve Mr Pitts Views. But the firm Russian was too wise and too honest to become either Creature or Dupe. They then attempted to bully him as well as his Mistress and he treated both with Contempt. The Consequence of his Conduct was the compleat Success of his Sovereign and Mr Pitt finding him too well fix\u2019d at his own Court to be shaken by his Intrigues has again had Recourse to a complimentary and apologetical Conduct. During the Course of that Armament the enclos\u2019d Pamphlet was publish\u2019d under the Counts Inspection and Direction. You will collect from it some useful Information. The british Ministry knowing the truth of what is therein asserted, and still more of what is insinuated, shrunk from the Controversy. By the bye I was astonish\u2019d to find that they had strongly supported the King of Prussia\u2019s attempt to possess himself of Dantzig. I was not so much surprizd the other Day to find that Mr Pitt had asserted roundly in the House of Commons that he had not stimulated the Turk to War. There is not a Cabinet in Europe but what knows the contrary and many of his Hearers too. I am ever yours\nGouvr Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0145", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Allyne Otis, 10 April 1792\nFrom: Otis, Samuel Allyne\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 10th 1792\nAs my present employment is laborious in addition to the disagreeable circumstance of responsibility to numbers instead of one, I, by the advice of some friends take the liberty of soliciting the appointment to be Treasurer of the Mint; and if you think it expedient, the honor of your nomination to that office. I am Sir With profund respect Your most humble Servt\nSam. A. Otis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0146-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Extracts of the Minutes of the United States Circuit Court for New York, 5 April 1792\nFrom: United States Circuit Court Judges for New York\nTo: Washington, George\nAt a stated Circuit Court of the United States held for the District of New York at the City of New York on Thursday the fifth day of April One thousand seven hundred and ninety two, at ten of the Clock Ante Meridiem.\nPresent The Honorable John Jay Esquire Chief Justice of the United States. The Honorable William Cushing Esquire One of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.\nThe Honorable James Duane Esquire Judge of the District of New York.\nThe Court proceeded to take into consideration the following Act of the Congress of the United States\u2014Vizt\n\u201cAn Act to provide for the settlement of the claims of Widows and Orphans barred by the limitations heretofore established, and to regulate the claims to Invalid Pensions.\u201d\n(Here follows the Act, verbatim.)\nThe Court was thereupon unanimously of opinion and agreed\nThat by the Constitution of the United States the Government thereof is divided into three distinct and independent branches, and that it is the duty of each to abstain from, and to oppose encroachments on either.\nThat neither the legislative nor the executive branches, can constitutionally assign to the judicial any duties but such as are properly judicial, and to be performed in a judicial manner.\nThat the duties assigned to the Circuit Courts by this Act, are not of that description, and that the Act itself does not appear to contemplate them as such; inasmuch as it subjects the decisions of these Courts made pursuant to those duties, first to the consideration and suspension of the Secretary of War, and then to the revision of the Legislature; Whereas by the Constitution neither the Secretary at War nor any other executive Officer, nor even the Legislature are authorized to sit as a Court of Errors on the Judicial Acts or opinions of this Court.\nAs therefore the business assigned to this Court by the Act, is not judicial, nor directed to be performed judicially, the Act can only be considered as appointing Commissioners for the purposes mentioned in it, by Official instead of personal descriptions.\nThat the Judges of this Court regard themselves as being the Commissioners designated by the Act, and therefore as being at liberty to accept or to decline that Office.\nThat as the Objects of this Act are exceedingly benevolent, and do real honor to the humanity and justice of Congress; And as the Judges desire to manifest on all proper occasions, and in every proper manner their high respect for the national Legislature, they will execute this Act in the capacity of Commissioners.\nThat as the legislature have a right to extend the Session of this Court for any term which they might think proper by law to\nassign, the term of five days as directed by this act ought to be punctually observed.\nThat the Judges of this Court will as usual during the Session thereof adjourn the Court from day to day or other short periods, as circumstances may render proper, and that they will regularly between the Adjournments proceed as Commissioners to execute the business of this Act, in the same Court Room or Chamber.\nA true extract from the minutesRobt Troup, Clerk", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0147", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 11 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] April 11th 1792.\nMr Hamilton presents his respects to the President. Herewith are testimonials in favor of two Candidates for the Office of Treasurer of the Mint, Wm A. McCrea who has been mentioned by Mr Foster of the Senate, and James Abercrombie who is recommended by a number of respectable characters.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0148", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 11 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Thursday Apr. 11. [1792] Th: Jefferson has the honor to send for the perusel of the President some letters from mister Barclay received yesterday. he has received no letter from mister Short, nor any other person in France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0149", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Gordon, 12 April 1792\nFrom: Gordon, William\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Sir\nSt Neots [England] April 12. 1792.\nThough I rejoice whenever I receive a letter from You, & think myself highly honored by it; yet I would by no means call off your attention from the important business of the United States. Your excellency\u2019s safe return from the southern tour was matter of thankfulness, especially considering the danger you was once in upon the water.\nNot considering the distance & other circumstances, I viewed your letter of March as being in answer to mine of Jany, whereas I now perceive that mine was not rec\u2019d at the time of your writing. The bill you forwarded was duly paid, & the account balanced. My good wishes & prayers, for present & future happiness, you will always have, unless the decays of nature destroy my retentive faculties. There is not a day passes, but what I remember you.\nThe only intelligence I can probably communicate, is, that the methods pursuing by parliament in lowering the bounties on the shipping engaged in the whale fishery, will I apprehend prove highly injurious to that fishery, wherein it does not comprehend\nthe spermaceti fishery. A particular friend of mine, who was once in the Virginia trade, & who knows you personally, you having been on board his vessel a long while back, for he has left off the sea near upon thirty years, & who is at present concerned in the whale fishery with success, & has a vessel out upon a years voyage in the spermaceti employ, commanded by an American, & navigated much upon American conditions; assured me, that tho\u2019 he & some others had succeeded yet the trade for the capture of the common-whale had not answered at large, & that if the bounty was diminished, the trade must necessarily decline, for that it could be no other than a losing one, considered in the aggregate. I can rely upon his integrity & capacity. In looking over the terms & conditions you had declared for regulating the buildings in the city of Washington I observed that the wall of no house was to be higher than forty feet to the roof\u2014& that the eves of the houses were allowed to project over the wall into the street. It reminded me, of what was done in many of the new buildings in G. Britain. The partition wall was carried about 18 inches above the roofs on each side, that so in case of fire, the communication of it from roof to roof might be hindered. The front wall was carried about the same height above the bottom of the roof, by which means in case of fire in the lower rooms, a person might escape out of the garret window & remain in safety, by means of the wall, till a ladder could be raised to assist his coming down: or if there were houses adjoining might escape with ease into one or other of them. The wall above the eves afforded the opportunity of conveying the water off, by the aid of gutters & so down spouts, without incommoding passengers.\nYou will admit the goodness of my intention as an excuse for my mentioning these particulars. Mrs Gordon joins in most fervent regards to Self & Mrs Washington with Your Excellency\u2019s sincere & affectionate friend\nWilliam Gordon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0150", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 12 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] 12th April 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to communicate to the President a resolution of the Trustees of the Sinking Fund as of this morning. A particular piece of urgent business prevents personally waiting on the President with it. It is very much to be desired that the resolution may receive the immediate decision of the President. It is upon the same principles with the last.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0151", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hull, 12 April 1792\nFrom: Hull, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia April 12th 1792.\nIf Genl Brooks should accept, as he doubtless will, the Appointment of Brigadier General, the Office of Marshall in the\ndistrict of Massachusetts will become vacant\u2014In that case, I take the liberty to express my wish for that Appointment\u2014I am, with the highest respect, your most obedt Servt\nWilliam Hull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0152", "content": "Title: To George Washington from St. Hilaire, 12 April 1792\nFrom: St. Hilaire, Lerpaud-Tencin de\nTo: Washington, George\nMr President,\nI have made a voyage to Philadelphia expressly to have the honor of seeing you; but having learned that I cannot have an audience before tuesday, I have thought it my duty to send you a letter with which I have been charged for you. Shall I presume to beg your Excellency to have regard to the recommendation of the sister of the unfortunate Mauduit? I have not perhaps the talents which you knew in him; but I am certain I shall have the same zeal for the service of the United States if I should have the honor of being employed by them. If your Excelleny will deign to cast a favourable regard on my request, and speak a word in my favor to Mr Morris, my acknowledgement will end only with the profound respect with which I am, your Excellency\u2019s most humble & Obedt Servt\nL: D. st hilaireformerly Captain in the Regiment ofBesan\u00e7on, of the Corps of Royal Artillery.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0153", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Seagrove, 12 April 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Seagrove, James\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from James Seagrove, 12 April 1792. On 21 April, Seagrove wrote to GW from Rock Landing, Ga.: \u201cMy last letter to you was from Savannah under date of the 12th Inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0154", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 13 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 13. 1792.\nI have the honor to lay before you a communication from Mr Hammond Minister Plenipotentiary of his Britannic Majesty covering a clause of a statute of that country relative to it\u2019s commerce with this, and notifying a determination to carry it into execution henceforward. Conceiving that the determination announced could not be really meant as extensively as the words import, I asked and received an explanation from the Minister, as expressed in the letter & answer herein inclosed: and, on consideration of all circumstances, I cannot but confide in the opinion expressed by him, that it\u2019s sole object is to exclude foreign vessels from the islands of Jersey & Guernsey. the want of proportion between the motives expressed & the measure, it\u2019s magnitude & consequences, total silence as to the Proclamation on which the intercourse between the two countries has hitherto hung, & of which, in this broad sense, it would be a revocation, & the recent manifestations of the disposition of that government to concur with this in mutual offices of friendship & goodwill, support his construction. the Minister moreover assured me verbelly that he would immediately write to his court for an explanation & in the mean time is of opinion that the usual intercourse of commerce between the two countries (Jersey & Guernsey excepted) need not be suspended. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most profound respect & attachment, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0155", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 13 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nUnited States [Philadelphia]April 13th 1792.\nI nominate David Rittenhouse, of Pennsylvania, to be Director of the Mint.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0156", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 13 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia] April 13. 1792.\nGentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives:\nI have thought it proper to lay before you a communication of the 11th instant from the Minister Plenipotentiary of Great Britain, to the Secretary of State relative to the commerce of the two Countries, together with their explanatory correspondence, and the Secretary of State\u2019s letter to me on the subject.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0157", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Voigt, 13 April 1792\nFrom: Voigt, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladia April 13th 1792.\nThe Petition of Henry Voigt of the City of Philadelphia Clock and Watchmaker Humbly sheweth\nYour Petitioner begs leave to represent to Your Excellency that he is well acquainted with all the different parts for Coining of Money\u2014that he in his Younger days for several Years worked in the Mint of Saxe Gotha in Germany and has gone through all the various Branches belonging to the same\u2014that he not only knows how to use every Engine belonging to a Mint, but is able to make every one himself in all its parts Compleat (except engraving the Dies)\u2014and even has made some Improvements in the Machinery whereby a Considerable Expence was saved.\nYour Petitioner further begs leave to represent that in the late Revolution from a Zeal to serve his Country in her distress, he manufactored Gears and Gunlocks for the Army of the United States\u2014and erected and Carried on a Wire Manufactory to accomodate his Country with that Article for making Wool and Cotton Cards\u2014and introducing several useful Machines for the purpose of expediting manufactoring of Cards\u2014but that when Importation took place Your petitioner\u2019s Manufactory was ruined\nand reduced him to straightened Circumstances from a state of Contentment and easy living.\nThese Circumstances have emboldened Your Petitioner hereby to solicit Your Excellency to appoint him to an Office in the Mint of the United States.\nYour Petitioner from a Conviction of giving Satisfaction humbly solicits Your Excellency to appoint him Chief Coiner of the Mint of the United States. And as in Duty bound will ever pray &ca\nHenry Voigt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0158", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Abraham Baldwin, 14 April 1792\nFrom: Baldwin, Abraham\nTo: Washington, George\nsir\nPhiladelphia 14th April 1792\nAmong the candidates who may be offered to your notice as proper persons to be nominated to the office of Treasurer of the mint, I take the liberty of recommending Mr Joel Barlow.\nBy a letter which I have just received from him dated in London on the 13th of Jany, I am informed that he would be on his return to this country by the last of March. There can be little doubt of his arrival here in the course of a few weeks. An early and intimate acquaintance with him have given me such knowledge\nof his principles and integrity, that I wish to [be] considered as giving assurance of them which can be received from me with the greatest respect. I have the honour to be, sir your most Obedient humble servant\nAbr. Baldwin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0159", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hull, 14 April 1792\nFrom: Hull, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 14th 1792.\nPursuant to the directions of the Officers of the Massachusetts line of the late American Army, I enclosed for your information all the papers which had any relation to the object of my Agency, to Congress.\nI feel it now a duty incumbent upon me to transmit a Copy of a circular address to the Officers of the different [states], which will explain the motives which have induced me, not to attempt a Consideration of the subject the present Session, and the further Measures, which I have proposed for the Attainment of the Object of our reasonable Wishes.\nIt will be a peculiar happiness to the Officers of Massachusetts, if the Measures they are pursuing should meet with the Approbation of him, who was their illustrious leader in War, and is their great exemplar in peace. I have the honor to be with the highest respect, your most obedt and very humble Servt\nWilliam Hull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0162", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Marinus Willett, 14 April 1792\nFrom: Willett, Marinus\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 14th April 1792\nA report has reached me in a way I cannot doubt that I am on a nomination for Brigadier General. I feel myself truly sensible of the honor of this nomination. It is a fresh Instance of the estimation in which I stand with you and of course very flattering to me. The repeated Instances I have experienced of your regarde are convincing evidences of your readiness to promote my welfare. It is therefore with regret I observe myself named for an office which as things are at present circumstanced would in all probability opperate to my disadvantage. The same desire to\nserve my Country which early took place in my breast still remains there. Yet when I reflect on the situation I am in and the kind of service this appointment would require from me I am led to decline engaging in it and flatter myself this measure will not be disproved of by you.\nI am at present in the enjoyment of an office which while it lasts will be eaqual to all my wants\u2014On account of its being limited if any thing more permanent which would not detach me too much from my famaly presented itself I should be happy in the receipt of it\u2014The present offer would Introduce me into a business of a disagreeable nature. It has been my uniform opinion that the United States ought to avoid an Indian war. I have generally conceived this to be our proper virtuous and wisest pollicy\u2014The reasons assigned for the necessaty of the present Indian war have never brought conviction to my mind. From my knowledge and experience of these people I am clear it is not a difficult thing to preserve peace with them\u2014That there are bad people among them there is no doubt and that those bad men will at times do acts which deserve punishment is very clear, But I hold that to go to war is not the right and proper way to punish them.\nMost of the Indians I have had knowledge of are conceited and vain, by feeding their vanity you create their good opinion. This in time procures their esteem and affection, when this becomes the case they are susseptable of almost any impressions\u2014They are Credulous yet susspicious\u2014They think a great deal and have in general good notions of right and wrong\u2014They frequently exhibit proofs of greatfull minds\u2014Yet they are very revengfull and tho they are not free from Chicane\u2014and Intrigue\u2014If their vanity is properly humored and they are dealt Justly by it is not a difficult matter to keep them in their rational Capacities straight; and by degrees encompass every reasonably measure with them.\nThe kind of Intercourse I have had with those people, The treatment I have myself and known others to receive from them has produced in me an advocate for them.\nTo fight with them would be the last choise of my mind, and yet Sir, I declare from the experience I have had, I view them a people easy to beat when brought to action\u2014When in small parties they scatter themselves along a frontier they have always\nbeen found exceeding Injurious troublesome and Dangerous\u2014This kind of warfare is thus fast and in it they become truly tremendious\u2014But when they attempt any thing in large bodies I have found it notwithstanding their great dexterity in the wilderness and the advantage they usually have in taking positions they are easily beat.\nIn wood marches where troops are exposed to attacks from Indians much circumspection is requisite as well with respect to the mode and line of march of the troops at large\u2014as in having small parties and single men extended far on the flanks, in front and in rear\u2014But when ever a serious attack is made which usually is furious and generally severe, An Instuntanious charge with Huzaing sufficient to overcome the noise the Indians make will never fail to repell them\u2014And this stroke repeated and pursued will I am well convinced ever effect a victory, And yet victories over Indians are generally paid for, But Defeats are terrible.\nThe honor however of fighting and beating Indians is what I do not asspire after\u2014If in anyways I could be instrumental in effecting and maintaining peace with them, it would be to me an immence gratification\u2014With sentiments of the purest veneration and respect\u2014I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedient and very humble Servant\nMarinus Willett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0163", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Friderici, 15 April 1792\nFrom: Friderici, Juriaen Fran\u00e7ois de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nSurinan 15th April 1792\nThe Sieur David Nassy, a native of this place, of a family whose Ancestry were the first settlers of one part of the Colony, a man well informed, and a man who has no fault, except that of being unfortunate, if that can be called one, has begged me to have the honor of remitting by him these lines to your Excellency.\nReiterated disappointments which he has not deserved\u2014infirm health, and the desire of living in a Country where, without\nregarding the difference of Religion in Individuals, personal merit is attended to, have led him to a determination of going to reside in the United States under the government of your Excellency. If he can there find himself happy, it will give me great pleasure on account of the Interest which I take in him, and more particularly if this should be the means of obtaining the p[r]otection of your Excellency by drawing your Attention. It is at least a subject worthy of his regard that I have the honor to recommend him. I have the honor to be with as much respect as veneration Sir Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt & humble Servant\n[Friderici]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0166", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Bloomfield, 16 April 1792\nFrom: Bloomfield, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBurlington [N.J.] April 16: 1792.\nI take the liberty of Offering myself to Your notice as a candidate for the Office of Treasurer of the mint.\nWhether in the course of my services in the army, I was so fortunate as to be known, and shall now be so happy as to be recollected by You Sir, I do not know, but those services will at least be proofs of my zeal for the American cause and revolution.\nThe appointment of Attorney-General for New-Jersey where I reside, which I at this time hold, and have held for Nine Years, is in some degree an evidence of the confidence which is reposed in me by the legislature of the state. The very severe drudgery attendant upon the duties of that Office, and upon my professional pursuits, has reconciled me to the determination of relinquishing both.\nThe Members in Congress from New-Jersey, are, I presume, for the most part Acquainted with my situation, my circumstances and more particularly with my character in those respects which more immediately qualify the person for a trust of such a nature as the one in question. I have the honor to be Sir, with the most perfect respect Your most Obedt servt\nJoseph Bloomfield.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0167", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 16 April 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nWar-department, April 16th 1792.\nI have the honor to submit you a private letter from General Wilkinson, to Colonel Biddle with a view to exhibit the opinion he entertains of Hodgdon\u2014The more I reflect on the state of the quarter master\u2019s department, the more anxious I am, that a successor to Hodgdon should be immediately appointed. After the most diligent search, in quest of a suitable person for the office who is acquainted with the characters and resources of the western country together with other proper qualifications, I cannot find any one so competent in my judgment on the whole as James O\u2019Hara. I have the honor to be, Sir, with the highest respect, Your very humble Servt\nH. Knoxsecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0168", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, 16 April 1792\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n Richmond, 16 April 1792. Transmits a \u201ccopy of a letter sent to me by Colonel Arthur Campbell of the county of Washington as it may perhaps convey information useful to you.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0170", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 17 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nUnited States [Philadelphia]April 17th 1792.\nI nominate James O Hara, of Pennsylvania, to be Quarter Master General of the Army of the United States, vice Samuel Hodgdon.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0171", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 18 April 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Philadelphia] 18. April 1792\nI respectfully submit to you the speeches delivered to Colo. Pickering yesterday, which he has just sent me\u2014by which it woud appear that further hopes of obtaining (by general consent) any of their number to go to the Miami Village would be delusive\u2014Capt. Hendricks would go almost alone but one or two others of no great Importance may be persuaded to go with him. If Colo. Willet will go, Hendricks and the others may accompany him. I submit the enclosed letter to Willet\u2014If he still declines he will be silenced forever\u2014If you should please to approve I will transmit it\u2014I am Sir most respectfully yr hble Servt\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0172", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to John Rutherfurd, 18 April 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Rutherfurd, John\nSir,\nPhiladelphia April 18th 1792.\nI had the honor to lay before the President the letter which you left with me yesterday for that purpose, and to communicate to him the ideas which you expressed respecting the deed for a certain tract of land formerly purchased by Edward Snickers\u2014and have now the pleasure to convey to you the President\u2019s observations on the subject.\nWhen Colo. George Mercer (not James, as mentioned in the letter left with me) was in England he took up money there from two persons, for which he mortgaged his estate in Virginia. His brother James Mercer, having been left by George in charge of his estate, with a full power of Attorney as James supposed respecting the management of it, found it necessary, to answer some purposes relative thereto, to give a Mortgage also on the estate, not knowing what his brother had done in England.\nThe Mortgagees in England pressing him for their money\u2014George Mercer sent a power of Attorney to George Mason, George Washington and John Tayloe to sell his estate; but when it was found that there were three mortgages upon the estate, and a dispute arose whether the last that was made in England, or that made by James should have the preference, it was at length determined by consent of parties, and was so decreed by\nthe High Court of Chancery, that Washington & Tayloe (Mason having refused to act) should sell the Estate, and the money arising therefrom be made liable to the further order of the Court to be paid to those claims which might in the issue be found to have the preference, or to discharge all of them if the estate should produce enough for that purpose. The President (then Colo. Washington) and Colo. Tayloe, the Attornies of George Mercer, were authorized by the Court, as they before had been by George Mercer and his Mortgagees to sell the estate on twelve months credit. The land in Frederick County (relative to which you wish information) was divided into lots and advertised for sale in November 1774, on the Credit aforesaid, to the highest bidders, giving bond and good security. James Mercer, alledging that he was a Creditor of his brother\u2019s, became a purchaser of some of the lots by way of securing himself, and Edward Snickers (the President beleives) was likewise a purchaser. But Snickers, if he did purchase any, did not purchase from the Attornies the whole of the land mentioned in the letter left with me. James Mercer afterwards sold to Snickers some of the lots which he had purchased, which, with Snickers\u2019 purchase (if he made any in his own name) at the public sale, made up the whole quantity held by Snickers.\nAccording to the conditions of the sale the money was to be paid in November 1775\u2014and in cases where bond and approved security were not given at the sale deeds were withheld.\nIn may 1775 the President went to Philadelphia as a Delegate to Congress from Virginia\u2014from whence he went to Cambridge and took the command of the Army which it is well known so occupied his time as to leave no room for private business. He therefore wrote to Colo. Tayloe, and requested that he would take the sole management of Colo. Mercer\u2019s affairs upon himself, for situated as he was it was impossible for him to pay any further attention to them, nor would he be any longer responsible. Having thus put the management of the business altogether out of his hands, he declined, before every application that was made to him, having any agency in it. Colo. Tayloe dying, and the President not being able or willing to renew his agency in this business, a decree of the High Court of Chancery was obtained to put all the papers & matters relating to Colo. George Mercer\u2019s Estate into the hands of his brother John Mercer,\n(at present a Representative in Congress from Maryland) he giving Bonds to do & perform all those things which had been required by the former decree to be done by the Attornies aforementioned. Colo. John Mercer will, therefore be able to give any information that may be wanting relative to the business, as he has all the papers in his hands.\nThe President\u2019s memory will not permit him to say with certainty, what quantity of the land Snickers bought from the attornies, if any; or what from James Mercer. But the President recollects his having applied to him, he thinks in the year 1778 at Camp, in order to obtain deeds; but as he had long before given up the whole business to Colo. Tayloe, he declined doing any thing in it.\nThe President further adds, that, so far as his memory serves him, he does not think that Snickers ever had deeds for any part of that land. And under the present circumstances of the case, and considering the length of time since he has had any agency in the business, the President declines doing anything in this matter, unless it shall appear absolutely necessary for him to \u27e8illegible\u27e9, and, in the opinion of the best judges, that he shall not be liable to any inconvenience therefrom hereafter. Should these two points be established, the President will chearfully and with pleasure comply with your wishes.\nI have thought it necessary to enter thus fully into the matter that you might have all the information relative to it that the President possesses. You will therefore pardon the length of this letter. I have the honor to be, with great respect & esteem, Sir, Your most Obedt Servt\nTobias Lear.\nP.S. The letter which you left with me is enclosed herewith.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0173", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 18 April 1792\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nHope Park [Fairfax County, Va.] 18th April 1792\nYour favor of the 8th instant, I recieved during our meeting at G:etown last week: but the affairs of the F\u0153deral City, and Potomac Company made it so busy a week, that I had really no leasure before now, to answer it. I shall allways think myself highly honored by your friendly observations, and endeavour to profit from them\u2014Perhaps, we may have carried our caution too far, in thinking it necessary to obtain your sanction to the contract for a bridge over Rock creek. But, we were not singular in the doubts we entertained, respecting our right to dispose of the money entrusted to us, to any purposes without the limits of the City. Several of the Proprietors suggested the same to us; and it is probable, if it was not known, that you had been consulted on the subject, you would have recieved a regular complaint respecting our conduct\u2014It is certain, that even now, those whose interests lie towards the Eastern branch are much dissatisfyed with the marked preference shewn to G:etown, by the bridge & causeway. We have allways, before we entered into any contracts, made it a point to consult those who were well acquainted with the business; for which we were about to contract. In considering the costs of the bridge, you must observe, that the Undertaker is subject to frequent interruptions in the prosecution of his work, from high & unusual tides\u2014to even great risque of having his work injured, before he is properly prepared against accidents\u2014The notice was however shorter, than could have been wished. But still, Mr Herbaugh was not without two active competitors, who were anxious to have undertaken the bridge, but were discouraged by the low estimate he sent in as it appeared to them.\nInclosed is a copy of Major L\u2019Enfant\u2019s letter to us, declining our offers. The only application yet made to us, for the office of Superintendant, has been, by Mr Clarke of Annapolis\u2014His terms were ten pr Cent on the expenditures\u2014We declined his offer without entering into any explanation with him, concerning such extraordinary wages. Will it not be best, to wait till the plans of the buildings are exhibited, before we make any engagement with anyone? Mr Blodget appeared to me from my short acquaintance with him last Fall, to be an ingenious sensible\nman. He is I believe a man of taste and observation too, but I think the office of Superintendant requires something more than taste, and a general superficial knowledge of architecture. Mr Blodget cannot I expect pretend to more than this\u2014Whether he is even so far qualified as this, or not, was I will venture to say, no consideration with the Proprietors who recommended him. A great part of these gentlemen have lately speculated much in Purchases of lands in the City\u2014Their situation will not permit them to hold these long in their possession. They bought with the professed intention of selling out in a short time, for a high price, and very fiew of them look so far forward, as the ultimate success of the City, for the establishment of their fortunes. Mr Blodget being celebrated as a great Speculator, and having great acquaintance with this class of people, would answer well their selfish and temporary views\u2014Tho\u2019 he may be very well qualified in every respect, I think this is the only point of view in which those who recommended him, have considered him. My conjecture is much confirmed by an extraordinary confession of Mr Stoddert\u2019s to Mr Carroll & myself\u2014Speaking of L\u2019Enfant\u2019s dismission, he said, his only reason for wishing him to be continued a little longer, was, that he had speculated a good deal in the City, and wished to sell out to advantage\u2014that the high opinion concieved of L\u2019Enfant might enable him to do it\u2014that afterwards, he should have been well enough pleased with his dismission, having never considered him as well fitted for the execution of the business\u2014I think he must have been off his guard, in giving such an explanation of his motives, for wishing to retain L\u2019Enfant. He and his Partners, (tho\u2019 they may not allways appear) may be considered, as the prime movers of every thing which is so far matured, as to reach you. I cannot upon the whole, help thinking, that there are fiew of the Proprietors whose opinions deserve to be noticed; being the chief of them, most intent on such measures which may ensure present gain, without any consideration of their future tendency.\nThe completion of the navigation of the Potomac, is certainly a most important object. We gave directions at our late meeting, for a very considerable increase of lands. A good part of the canal at the lower Falls is walled, and Coll Gilpin thinks the whole may be done by the last of August. A call of eight pr Cent is made, to enable us to proceed with vigor. Matarials are ordered\nto be preparing for the locks. The river between the two falls, as soon as the waters have fallen sufficiently, will be attacked. It is our wish that Smith should visit the James river locks\u2014we have accordingly written to him on the subject, requesting he would\u2014I think a full meeting of the Company in August, would be desirable; when I think it would be well to make another call for money.\nAt our Election on monday last, for members to the Assembly, Coll Mason was present, and appeared quite transported at your having rejected the Representation bill. He seems now to think, every thing will go on well; and prophecies the happiest effects from this salutary check\u2014It gives equal satisfaction to all I have yet heard mention it. I am Dr Sir, with the greatest respect Your Affectionate Servt\nDd Stuart.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0175", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Otho Holland Williams, 18 April 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho Holland\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nBaltimore 18th April 1792\nIf my letter, of the 22d ultimo, has been the cause of the least displeasure to you it will prove a source of lasting regret to me. A regret which I shall feel the more sensibly as the object of my proposal was, in my own estimation, too inconsiderable to have induced the smallest risque of your disapprobation.\nYour silence, My Dear Sir, and my own reflections induce the apprehension that some impropriety may have appeared to you of which I was unconscious.\nIf my apprehension is not founded in error I wish, not that you would give yourself The trouble, or me the pain, of shewing me my fault; but that you would have the goodness to cancel the letter, and obliterate from your memory every trace of an incident which, whatever it may be, while it is remembered by you will not fail to inflict on me the severest regret and mortification.\nWith the most reverential respect and Esteem, and allow me to add, with the sincerest affection, I am, Dear Sir Your most Obedient, and Most Humble Servant\nO. H. Williams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0176", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hall, 19 April 1792\nFrom: Hall, John\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please the President\nPhilada 19 April 1792.\nBy the Law for establishing a Mint of The United States I find a Treasurer will be requisite.\nI am encouraged by Several of my friends to apply to your Excellency for that appointment and would beg leave to refer to their recommendations for my sufficiency to fullfil the duties of the office. For myself I can only promise my best exertions, diligence & fidelity, should I be so happy as to be honoured with the appointment, and am with the greatest respect, Yr Excellency\u2019s Mo. Obt hble Servt\nJno. Hall.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0181", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Abijah Hart, 21 April 1792\nFrom: Hart, Abijah\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew Haven 21st April 1792\nThe establishment of a national Mint presents me an opportunity of petitioning your Excellency for the Office of Treasurer in that Department\u2014Being disengaged from other Business, my wish will be to serve my Country, in that way, by faithfully discharging the Duties of my Station, so long as I may preserve the Confidence of the Public. My Character I submit to my friend the Hon. J. Hillhouse Esq. & shall gratefully acknowledge every public Favour. I am Sir, with the most perfect esteem your obedient and most humble Servant\nAbijah Hart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0182", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 21 April 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Philadelphia] Saturday 4 oClock P.M. 21 April [1792]\nI have the honor respectfully to submit a draft of a proposed letter to Governor Blount, of which, the clerk has just finished a copy.\nGenl Putnam left this City, this Morning, to return early in the next week. I am Sir Most respectfully Your obedient Servant\nH. Knox\nDr Allen will be in readiness to return on Monday. He is getting Clothes made and his accounts are to be settled.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0183", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Leonard Marbury, 21 April 1792\nFrom: Marbury, Leonard\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nFrederica [Saint Simons Island, Ga.] April 21st 1792\nMr Hamilton whom I sent to the upper Creeks in Jany last, has Just return\u2019d with the pleasing Accts of the friendly disposition of that Nation, and their intention to have set out the 15th Instant\nin order to run the Line, he also brings us the Certainty & Particulrs of the taking of Bowles, by the Spaniards at St Marks, I have desired him to wait on your Excellency, and give the Particulars, he is a young Man of Truth, and may be depended on.\nI take the liberty of droping a few hints, relative to the mode of managing the Southern Tribes, in Order to preserve a Peace on which in a great measure depends the existence of this State. If they should meet your Excellency\u2019s approbation, and be found useful I shall feel myself happy.\nFirst I conceive, the most essential means of Securing their Friendship, is by securing their Trade, and if Possible Wresting it out of the Hands of Pan ton Leslie & Co. who has for many Years supply\u2019d them, and has ever been invetirate Enemies to Our States, and has to my knowledge been in a great Measure the Cause of keeping the Indians at War with us, and indeed the little Trade at this time Carried on from Georgia is rather injurious, as the small Stores on our Frontiers are generally Calculated to draw down a few Hunters, which are induced to sell their Skins & Horses, they then get intoxicated and Quarrel with the Whites, and on leaving the settlements are almost sure to Steal Horses in order to Carry home whatever they may Purchase, they are generally follow\u2019d by Parties of the Whites, little, if any better than themselves, and are in Turn rob\u2019d of all they have, and indeed our People frequently begin by Stealing their Horses, in which case they are sure to make reprisals. This being the Case I think it would be better to keep the Indians and Whites as far seperate as Possible.\nWhen the Trade of those Nations were Carried on entirely from this Country, the Merchant supply\u2019d the Trader, who had, by giving Bond & Security for his Conduct, a Licence for a Particular Town, and dare not under a heavy Penalty Trade in any other, or buy a single skin in the Woods, or any where out of his Town, or dare a Mercht buy any thing of an Indian unless in a Town for which he had Licence, then the Indian was obliged to return to his home before he could dispose of his Hunt, or Horse, and of Course had no inducement to go into the settlement unless with an Intention of Stealing, which put the Inhabitans on their Guard, and any Inhabitant Trading with an Indian otherways than by a Licence as above; was subject to the Penalty of One Hundred Pounds sterling for every offence.\nIt might be good Policy to grant a priviledge to some Person\nto import Goods for that Trade, clear of duty, as no beginner can stand in Competition with a House so ever establish\u2019d, as that of Panton Leslie & Co. unless they can import on equal Ground with them; but I conceive it woud be the Int. of the Public to take the whole into their own Hands and Confine the Trade to themselves; fit out a Trader to each Town, who shall be accountable for his Conduct. And when an Indian does any Mischief, and on demandg, Satisfaction is refus\u2019d, Stop the Trade of the Town he belongs to, untill satisfaction is given. Or if hereafter the Creeks appear inclin\u2019d for War, I make no doubt, but the Chocktaws, and Chickasaws, May be induced to fall on them, which wd effectually secure us.\nAs there are a Number of White Men among the Indians of Infamous Characters, such as cannot be reclaimd & brot over to our Intt ought to be remov\u2019d by some means or other, as they are either Stealing themselves, or encouraging the Indians to Steal from Georgia & Cumberland and sending the Stolen property to West Florida. I am with due esteem your Excellencys most Humble Servant\nLeod Marbury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0184", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elizabeth Willing Powel, 21 April 1792\nFrom: Powel, Elizabeth Willing\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] April 21st 1792\nI have taken the Liberty to send you a Pamphlet which is, at this Time, a Subject of much public Animadversion, and I have done it under the Impression that, from a Consciousness of the Rectitude of your own Conduct, you will read it without Emotion, and that you wish to collect the Sentiments of Mankind with Respect to our public Measures & public Men; and, further, as I have ever thought the highest Compliment that cou\u2019d be paid to the Magnanimity of a great & good Man by a Friend was to treat him with Candor, which, according to my Ideas, cannot be done if his Friend conceals from him Strictures that, however remotely, may affect him.\nThis Pamphlet appears to have been written either by an imprudent Friend of Mr H. or by an Enemy to the Government who wishes to create Disgust between the Heads of the great Departments. If you have already perused it be so good as to return me the Pamphlet if not keep it as long as you wish. I am Sir with Sentiments of Respect & Esteem Your affectionate Friend\nEliza. Powel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0185", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Archibald Robertson, 21 April 1792\nFrom: Robertson, Archibald\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York April 21st 1792\nMr James Renwicks No. 92 William Street\nAgreeable to your desire, I have the honor to intimate that the picture for the Earl Buchan being finished, I mean to take the\nopportunity of a Ship that sails from this soon for Scotland to transmit it to his Lordship, any commands you may have for his Lordship, I shall be happy to have the honor to forward. I remain Sir with the highest respect Your Most Obdt Hble Servt\nArchibald Robertson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0187", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 21 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nUnited States [Philadelphia] April 21st 1792.\nGentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives,\nI lay before you the Copy of a Letter which I have received from the Judges of the Circuit Court of the United States held for the Pennsylvania District, relatively to the \u201cAct to provide for the settlement of the Claims of Widows and Orphans barred by the limitations heretofore established, and to regulate the claims to Invalid Pensions.\u201d\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0188", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 22 April 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n [Philadelphia, 22 April 1792]. Submits \u201cDoctor Allens report, Brandts Letter to Kirkland, and a recommendation of Genl Chapin handed to me by Mr Elsworth.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0189", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gabriel Peterson Van Horne, 22 April 1792\nFrom: Van Horne, Gabriel Peterson\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBaltimore 22nd April 1792\nSensable of the important Conerns, which Surround the President, I feel a diffidence in Offering this Address; But impression which Arise, from a regard for the General welfare, are the motives which dictate, And will I trust, plead an Appology.\nFacility, and dispatch of Public intelligence, being an Object of Considerable importance; I beg leave To Suggest the propriety of such Arrangements, as will at least Effect a more speedy, and Competant establishment On the Great soarce of Communication, between the City of Philadelphia, and Richmond.\nThe System now in practice require 5 days to Compleat a Tour\u2014the Same returning Admitts of 10 Days for Answering Letters, or dispatches\u2014Enclosd therefore, is Submitted, principles perfectly practicable, which will Accomplish the Distance in 4 Days\u2014Answers in Eight.\nObjections may Arise from the habits of indulgence with The Citizens of Philadelphia\u2014the detention of the Public Mails In that City Twenty One Hours, (and confind to a late Hour in the Morning) greatly Embarrass Expedition\u2014This Circumstance of Detention, admits Expresses to Anticipate, the intelligence of the Public Mails, to the Disadvantage of the Community; & the Injury of the Revanue, and its requisite recoursces. Permit me Sir, to Subscribe myself, Your Most Obedient, and Obliged Servt\nGabriel P. Van Horne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0190", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 23 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n [Philadelphia] 23 April 1792. Submits \u201cthe enclosed communications respecting an instance of misconduct in the Collector of Newbury Port.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0191", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Elizabeth Willing Powel, 23 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Powel, Elizabeth Willing\nDear Madam,\nPhiladelphia April 23d 1792.\nI pray you to accept my Compliments and thanks for having favored me with the perusal of the enclosed \u201cStrictures &ca\u201d\u2014\nAnd an assurance that the sentiments and charges therein contained, have not given me a moments painful sensation.\nIt is to be regretted, however, that the Author, if his object was to convey accurate information to the public mind had not devoted a little of the time and pains he appears to have employed in writing this Pamphlet in the investigation of facts. Had he done this, he would, or might have found, many of his Charges as unsupported as the \u201cbaseless fabric of a Vision.\u201d With very great esteem, regard & Affection I have the honr to be Dear Madam Your Obedt & obliged\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0193", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Darke, 25 April 1792\nFrom: Darke, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nTavern 23 Miles from Phild. on the Lancaster Road[c.25 April 1792]\nI wanted much to have Seen you before I left the City but Judging you were much ingaged in business of Grate importance,\ndid not wish to intrude I wanted to know who would Command the Army the ensuing Campain\u2014as I am informed Genl St Clear has Resigned and in Cause Judg Some other will Soon be apointed\u2014I writ to you from fort Washington about the 8th of Novr in which Letter I mentioned Captain Snoden not being Calculated for the army, I had bean informed by Some officers that his behaviour in the action, was Not as Good as was expected, and as I did not Se him during the time of the action, had Some doubts myself I have Since bean inform by Several officers that he behaved Like a Soldier and that his Refusing to Let any wounded officer Rides his horse on the Retreat, was excuseable as he Could not walk on account of a wound he had Receiv\u2019d in the Service Last war with the birtish, in Concequence of which wound he Cannot Travle on foot, but would be Glad of an apointment in the Horse. Ensign Turner who was taken by the Indions the 4th Novr is desierous of Serving in the army, I Should think his father would much Rather he Stai\u2019d at home I would be Glad to Serve the young man but perhaps it would Serve him best to Send him to his parents, who I am informed are Rich and have no other Son So that I know not what to Say for him\u2014Should you think me worthy of any apointment in the army I should want To know who I was to be Commanded by. Have the Honor to be your obt hume Servt\nWm Darke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0194", "content": "Title: Message to the Five Nations, 25 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Five Nations\n[Philadelphia, 25 April 1792]\nMy Children of the Five Nations\u2014\nYou were invited here at my request, in order that measures should be concerted with you, to impart such of the blessings of civilization, as may at present suit your condition, and give further desires to improve your own happiness.\nColonel Pickering has made the particular arrangements with you, to carry into execution these objects, all of which I hereby approve and confirm.\nAnd in order that the money necessary to defray the annual expences of the arrangements which have been made should be provided, permanently, I now ratify an article which will secure the yearly appropriation of the sum of one thousand five hundred dollars: for the use and benefit of the five nations, the Stockbridge Indians included.\nThe United States having received and provided for you as for a part of themselves will I am persuaded be strongly and gratefully impressed on your minds, and those of all your tribes.\nLet it be spread abroad, among all your villages and throughout your Land that the United States are desireous, not only of a general peace with all the Indian Tribes, but of being their friends and protectors.\nIt has been my direction, and I hope it has been executed to your satisfaction, That during your residence here you should be well fed, well lodged, and well cloathed, and that presents should be furnished for your wives and Families.\nI partake of your sorrow on account that it has pleased the great Spirit, to take from you two of your number by death, since your residence in this City. I have ordered that your tears should be wiped away according to your custom and that presents should be sent to the relations of the deceased.\nOur Lives are all in the hands of our Maker, and we must part with them whenever he shall demand them, and the survivors must submit to events they cannot prevent.\nHaving happily settled all your business and being about to return to your own Country I wish you a pleasant journey, and that you may safely return to your families after so long a journey,\nand find them all in good Health. Given under my hand at the City of Philadelphia this twenty fifth day of April 1792.\nGo. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0195", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Francis Mercer, 25 April 1792\nFrom: Mercer, John Francis\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apl 25. 1792.\n I take the liberty of presenting to your notice for an appointment which I understand is not yet filled\u2014Treasurer of the Mint\u2014Mr Andrew Skinner Ennals, Merchant of Baltimore Town\u2014a long course of years passed in the active scenes of mercantile life have established this Gentlemans reputation for exactitude & punctuality in a very uncommon degree\u2014his respectability in business is equalled by the extent of personal friendships which his merits have secur\u2019d him & a very numerous family connexion which woud give weight to most appointments that coud be confered on him, Mr Henry particularly\u2014Mr Carrol & all the Maryland Delegation & Mr Basset from Delaware will all I am persuaded feel pleasure in coroborating the representation I have made of this Gentlemans merit. with\nevery Sentiment of respect & attachment I am Sir Yr mo: Obt hble\nJohn F. Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0196", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Chace, 26 April 1792\nFrom: Chace, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nMost Dear and Respectable Sire\nProvidence April 26. 1792\nPray permit the address of your Servant who wishes every happiness to your Excellency. I Samuel Chace father in law to Majr William Blodget Son of John Chace Esqr. a Gentleman native of Barbadoes who married Honorably in Newport Anno 1713 and was a magistrate there much respected many years. A Church warden With Godfrey Malbone Esqr. the elder\u2014They together with greatest zeal and exertion had built that noble edifice the Episcopal Church in that Town. Being left at my Hon\u2019d Fathers death Anno 1738 I was kindly taken care of by my hond Uncle Danl Updike Esqr. King\u2019s attorney or attorney General for the then Colony till Anno 1742: then being twenty years old he Kindly assisted me to Credit in a good Store of goods in which being attentive I soon paid for them and went into navigation with Governor Hopkins Judge Jenckes and other respectable Characters here\u2014were concerned in upwards twenty sail of vessels, but in the French and Spanish war by various ways and means lost my property.\nWhen prosperous I entertained gratis all Gentlemen travellers passing thro\u2019 Providence\u2014In Anno 1754 I went to Philadelphia on a party of pleasure and was by good letters To Mr Franklin an invited guest at his house to dine with other Gentlemen, and I was his Deputy Post Master near ten years, and had the honor of his company to dine at my house. I have been honor\u2019d in acquaintance in New York with many first Characters there and in Boston with Governors Shirley\u2014Pownall\u2014and Hutchinson,\nand with them dined by invitation\u2014as also with very many first Merchants there where I was in good credit and trade for upwards thirty years\u2014and have dined at sixteen different Gentlemens tables in Sixteen days there\u2014Also at Portsmouth dined with the Elder Govr Wentworth and afterwards for a week with the principal Gentlemen of that Town\u2014Sed Tempora Mutantur nos mutamur in illis.\nIn Anno 1774 I was obliged to open house for boarding and had the pleasure of seeing at that time your excellency Genl of our armies at our house by invitation of Mr Blodget, and I then lodged all your life guard with pleasure gratis. When Genl Sullivan commanded here and we a garrison\u2019d Town the Marquis Fayette visited him and us often upon business of importance, and we had as visitors and many of them lodgers\u2014Genls Lee\u2014Gates\u2014Steuben\u2014Lyncoln\u2014How\u2014Bailey\u2014and Spensor\u2014with Brigadiers Huntingdon Douglas\u2014Glover\u2014The Duke de Lauson\u2014Starke\u2014Varnum and Cornal.\nI was honor\u2019d in my early days in our Episcopal Church here\u2014made a Warden anno 1743\u2014and so\u2014many times after, and ever since one of the Vestry and as a psalmodist to this day, in which I serve gratis. Mr Blodget served on our Organ for some years\u2014my son Doctr John Chace succeeded him and served gratis near twenty years\u2014he is very lately deceased to my great discomfort. When he married about 13 years since, I had with him and wife then attending the ceremony Twelve children reckoning my own and sons and daughters in law all men and women in full health rejoicing on the occasion\u2014It has pleased God to take them almost all away since save only one daughter\u2014one daughter in law\u2014with Blodget and Malcolms 2 sons in Law\u2014I have served this Colony and state as a justice of the peace from Anno 1754 to this year 1792\u2014and held Commissions under nine different Governors\u2014Being the eldest I\u2019ve served as Coroner twenty three years\u2014and as Notary Public twenty years past.\nMy house which has covered us near fifty years having suffered in trade, I was obliged to mortgage and that is now call\u2019d for, so must I be deprived of not only a covering, but being no longer a free holder must of course lose the little offices also\u2014Alas who is sufficient for such trials without the interposition of Gods great and peculiar mercy and grace!\nMay I not with the great Chaldean Job cry out pity me Oh\nmy friends, for the heavy hand of affliction by Gods permission is upon me. My children as many as his and my property all gone\u2014what can I do without some friendly assistance at seventy years of age\u2014Oh the ways of God are unsearchable and past finding out\u2014I see no way to keep up my spirits\u2014my dignity\u2014my power of doing good of which I have been formerly possessed.\nCould I be so happy as to meet your excellencys pity and compassion under these my distressed circumstances how happy should I be\u2014Oh! I beg your blessing as Esau of old begged of his father Jacob\u2014saying hast thou not reserved a blessing for me\u2014Bless me even me also O my father\u2014With prayers for Gods blessing upon your most important Person, I rest your humble faithful Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0197", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Betty Washington Lewis and Sarah Carlyle Herbert, 26 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Betty Washington,Herbert, Sarah Carlyle\nDear Sister & Dear Madam,\nPhilad. April 26th 1792.\nMr James Robardet, who has taught my two Grand children dancing, proposes going into your part of the Country to establish a School, if he should meet with sufficient encouragement, and has requested that I would give him a line of recommendation to some of my friends. Mr Robardet\u2019s attention to my grand children, and the progress which they have made under his instruction, induce me to recommend him on these accounts from my own knowledge: He has likewise kept a dancing School in this City the winter past\u2014in which I am informed he has given much satisfaction, and his conduct has been marked with decency & propriety, so far as I have heard.\nG.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0198", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Otho Holland Williams, 26 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Williams, Otho Holland\n(Private) \nDear Sir,Philadelphia April 26th 1792  \nYour letter of the 18th Instt came duly to hand, as did the one to which it alludes. To the latter I could make no reply for reasons which will (perhaps have) occurred to you. Sensible however, if you had not assured me of it, that you meant not to give me pain by the proposition therein contained, I can assure you that I feel none, and that, with the same esteem & regard I always professed to have for you, I remain Dear Sir Your Most Obedient and Affectionate Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0199", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Alexander Hamilton, 27 April 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n United States [Philadelphia] 27 April 1792. Transmits by GW\u2019s command a letter from the supervisor of the District of South Carolina requesting a three-month leave of absence from his office. \u201cThe President refers this request to the Secretary of the Treasury whose knowledge of the duties to be performed by the Supervisor will enable him to say whether it can be granted consistent with the good of the public service. If it can, the President observes, that he can have no objection to indulging the Supervisor.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0201", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Andrew Lewis, Jr., 27 April 1792\nFrom: Lewis, Andrew Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRussel County [Va.] April 27th 1792\nI see amongst the appointments for the Companys of Rifflemen to be raised on the Frontiers of Virginia that my Brother Wm Lewis is appointed to the command of a Company, and am heartily Sorry that his Situation would not allow him to accept the appointment he some time past was left a Widower with two\nsmall Children\u2014and was a few Days prior to his receiving his Instructions Married no Doubt but the long Friendship that Subsisted between your Excellency and our Deceased Father was the occasion of his meeting with the appointment\u2014I have heard of Severals refusing to take their appointments amongst whom is Mr Hawkins now in Actual Service as Lieutt in my Company rais\u2019d for the Defence Frontiers of this State that with his bad State of Health obliges him to refuse\u2014if in there rooms others are appointed I would take the Liberty of recommending Mr James Bryan of Montgomery County as Ensign a young man of an exceeding good Character & I would be answerable for his conduct as an Officer and well used to that of useing a Riffle if appointed will assure his Serving & will forever acknowledge it as a Singular Favour confered on myself, I should have been happy to have Served on that Expedition if I could have been in the Horse Service. I have Sir the Honor to be your Excellency\u2019s mo. Obedt Servt\nAndrw Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0202", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elihu Palmer, 27 April 1792\nFrom: Palmer, Elihu\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia April 27th 1792. Cherry Alley No. 13\nA person unknown to you respectfully presumes to ask your attention to what follows: In addressing a character of such known & distinguished merit, I feel a diffidence suited to my humble situation; but still I hope you will condescend to hear my prayer. Possibly you may have heard of me thro\u2019 the channel of those religious prejudices, which a disclosure of opinions has excited in this city. Be this as it may, I beg leave to observe, that by a variety of circumstances, I am now in a state of poverty & distress;\nand this, not by any fault of mine; but the effect of unavoidable events. I have a wife & one child to take care of. My object is to go into the practice of the Law in this state; but I must perish with want, if cannot obtain pecuniary assistance to support me for three or four months till I can obtain business. It is therefore with the utmost respect, that I presume upon your goodness to lay me under obligations of this kind. I do not suppose, that the extension of your beneficence to a private individual can add to the greatness of your character already established in the minds of a free & enlightened people; but the gratitude of my heart, the only compensation which I could give, would perpetuate the charitable deed. As you, Sir, are unacquainted with me, I send you enclosed my admission at the bar in Georgia, together with Judge Walton\u2019s recommendation. I am, Sir, with the greatest esteem your very humble Servt\nElihu Palmer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0203", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 28 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Saturday \u2019forenoon 28th April 1792\nIn strict confidence the President of the U.S. sends the enclosed letter for the perusal of the Secretary of State. No other person has seen, or been made acquainted with the contents. It is necessary the Secretary should be informed of the circumstances related in the letter\u2014\u2019Tis possible, these politics may\nhave contributed to the change in the Spanish Ministry. I wish Mr Short was, or soon would be, at that Court. I think also Mr Morris should be urged to embrace every favourable moment to relieve this Country from the impositions laid by France on our (Tobacco) trade &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0205", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anonymous, 30 April 1792\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Washington, George\nGeneral Washington, Sir,\nMonday \u00bd past 9 Oclock[30 April 1792]\nAmid\u2019st the more important objects which call your Philanthophy into action on a general scale, may not an individual intrude with his embarrassments stated.\nI have found it in vain to complain to trees, and to pour out where there is either a want of sentiment or ability, is equally fruitless: therefore I have resolved (perhaps improperly) to apply where there is both ability and benevolence; and if I am solicting it in a channel over confined I must put up with the disappointment. Its the first instance I ever knew in my time or by tradition of one of our family\u2019s ever solicting the aid of any Man of Station although they came as early as 1653 into this Country, and indeed its as painful to me as your Excellency may think it improper; but as the trains who depend solely (and in the supreme being) on my success in life are both numerous and helpless that silences all my pride, and further I can scarcely believe that the Author of all good, can intend that where he has implanted so great a prepenity to administer good as I have always felt that he intends I should yield to these miserable prospects which now lays before me, and are inevitable without speedy aid from some powerful Patron; miserable not on my own\naccount for I had rather dig for life and ask only one blessing from heaven that is health; than to ask a favor from mortal, but when I consider how many must be made miserable by my fall I can do any thing to prevent ruin which Justice will Warrant; and did you know how dear those where to me who will be most effected (I am confident you would pardon any improper application, for inde[e]d it would take up many sheets to point out one half the miseries which would attend my Ruin, which I fear is too certain without pecuniary aid; and on procuring some Stock, which I have not a right to make an absolute sale of, I though[t] all difficulty was over in raising money: however I am much disappointed; for the Na. Bank will not loan a shilling as I have no paper already in; nor can I find a single person here nor in N. York that will do it: so being almost brought to dispair I have taken this great liberty of troubling your Excellency with the application of effecting a loan on a deposit of Stock; and if you choose to treat it with neglect as being an unbecoming freedom, you will please to commit this Scrawl to the flames; but if there is any disposition to aid me, I can in this City get a certificate shewing how far my Relations may be credited, in case there should be a disposition to honor me with an interview: however as treating this application with entire silence may perhaps be in your Excellencey\u2019s opinion the contempt it merits, from the improper nature of it; so it will perhaps save a mortification to the person, who had the enthusuism and folly & perhaps it may not be amiss to say, the unparrelled impudence, to send a Scrawl near two Years ago, addressed to the same person, on a like subject.\nP.S. If any attention is though[t] due, to this line; you will please to send out a line to your porter, and the bearer will call in about 20 minutes; please to direct what hour I shall wait on your Excellency to have any chat on the business in case application is not thought all together improper.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0206", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Carter of Ludlow, 30 April 1792\nFrom: Carter, Charles (of Ludlow)\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Friend\nFredericksbg [Va.] April 30th 1792.\nI am told Major Jackson is about to leave you, and that you have written to yr Nephew Howell Lewis to go up. If you shou\u2019d be in want of another, give me leave to mention to you my son Chs L. Carter; he has had a good education, is well acquainted with the Greek & Latin languages, writes a good hand and very correct, as a specimen of which I have made him copy this Letter.\nThe wheel of fortune has made it necessary, for me, to endeavor, to put my sons, in a way of getting their livelihood. my Eldest Son Walker, is bound in Philadelphia, to a Mr Hunter, a Coachmaker. his master speaks well of him. my two youngst, are bound to Farmers. Colo. Meade, Mr Geo. Fitzhugh of Prince Wm and if you can take this Boy I shall be happy. If he was not my Son, I shoud say more, but depend on the word, of a sincere Friend. the Boy will please you, in any instance. Mrs Carter joins in compliments to yr good Lady & Famly. I am with every sentiment of regard yr Affe Friend & Hble St\nChs Carter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0208", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Earl of Buchan, 1 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Buchan, eleventh earl of (David Stuart Erskine; 1742-1829)\nMy Lord,\nPhiladelphia May 1st 1792.\nI should have had the honor of acknowledging sooner the receipt of your letter of the 28th of June last, had I not concluded to defer doing it \u2019till I could announce to you the transmission of my portrait, which has been just finished by Mr Robinson (of New York) who has also undertaken to forward it. The manner of the execution does no discredit, I am told, to the Artist; of whose skill favorable mention had been made to me. I was further induced to entrust the execution to Mr Robinson from his having informed me that he had drawn others for your Lordship and knew the size which would best suit your collection.\nI accept with sensibility and with satisfaction, the significant present of the Box which accompanied your Lordships letter.\nIn yielding the tribute due from every lover of mankind to the patriotic and heroic virtues, of which it is commemorative, I estimate, as I ought, the additional value, which it derives from the hand that sent it; and my obligation for the sentiments that induced the transfer.\nI will, however ask, that you will exempt me from a compliance with the request relating to its eventual destination. In an attempt to execute your wish in this particular, I should feel embarrassment from a just comparison of relative pretensions, and should fear to risk injustice by so marked a preferenc\u27e8e\u27e9. With sentiments of the truest esteem & consideration I remain, Your Lordships Most Obedient Servan\u27e8t\u27e9\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0209", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Enoch Edwards, 1 May 1792\nFrom: Edwards, Enoch\nTo: Washington, George\nPhilada May 1st 1792\nMr Clymer applied to me to procure for your Excellency a dutch Plough which I will with Pleasure immediately do, but I would wish to know whether you would prefer a Barr-Shear, or one made in the common Way, with a wooden Chip\u2014the difference between the two is that the former runs much lighter than the latter, but there is a little more difficulty it getting it new laid & sharpned. the Bar is apt to spring a little on being heated, & will not fit on again unless the Smith has the Plough sent to him as well as the Shear, But if it is to be used on a Farm where there is a Smith there will be no Inconvenience. otherwise I would recommend the kind that has a Chip fited to it.\nI also wish to know whether you would like to run after two horses or three as the Construction of it should be somewhat different.\nI would just mention to your Excellency that I have a Harrow I think superior to any yet used in this country take all advantages together I think it quite equal to the plough. I will take the Liberty to send you a Draught of one of them, & if it should please you, will at any time direct one to be made for you under my immediate Inspection.\nI am under the Necessity of going out of Town this afternoon & am therefore obliged to trouble you now for your instructions. I have the honor to be with due Respect your Excellencys obedt Srvt\nEn: Edwards", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0210", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Greenwood, 1 May 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Greenwood, John\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Greenwood, 1 May 1792. In his letter to Greenwood of 1 July GW referred to \u201cYour letter of the first of May.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0211-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Washington Genealogy, 2 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nPhiladelphia May 2d 1792\nIn the year 1657\u2014or thereabouts, and during the Usurpation of Oliver Cromwell John and Lawrence Washington\u2014Brothers Emigrated from the north of England, and settled at Bridges Creek, on Potomac River, in the County of Westmoreland. But from whom they descended the subscriber is possessed of no document to ascertain.\nJohn Washington was employed as General against the Indians in Maryland, and as a reward for his services was made a Colonel; and the Parish wherein he lived was called after him.\nHe married Ann Pope, and left issue two Sons, Lawrence and John, and one daughter Ann, who married Major Francis Wright. The time of his death the subscriber is not able to ascertain\u2014but it appears that he was Interred in a Vault which had been erected at Bridges Creek.\nLawrence Washington his eldest Son, married Mildred Warner, daughter of Coll Augustine Warner of Gloucester County, by whom he had two sons, John and Augustine, and one daughter named Mildred. He died in 1697 and was interred in the family Vault at Bridges Creek.\nJohn Washington the eldest son of Lawrence and Mildred, married Catharine Whiting of Gloucester County, where he settled, died, and was buried. He had two Sons Warner and Henry, and three daughters, Mildred, Elizabeth and Catharine, all of whom are dead.\n Warner Washington married, first\u2014Elizabeth Macon daughter of Colo. William Macon of New Kent County, by whom he had one Son, who is now living and bears the name of Warner. His second wife was Hannah, youngest daughter of the Honble William Fairfax; by whom he left two Sons and five daughters\u2014as follow\u2014viz.\u2014Mildred, Hannah, Catharine, Elizabeth, Louisa[,] Fairfax and Whiting. The three oldest of the daughters are married\u2014Mildred to\u2014\u2014Throckmorton, Hannah to\u2014\u2014[Peter Beverley] Whiting, and Catharine to\u2014\u2014Nelson. After his second marriage he removed from Gloucester and settled in Frederick County, where he died, in 1791, and was buried.\nWarner Washington his son married\u2014\u2014Whiting of Gloucester, by whom he has many Sons and daughters\u2014the eldest is called Warner and is now nearly, or quite of age.\nHenry, the other Son of John & Catharine Washington, married the daughter of Colonel Thacker of Middlesex County, and died many years ago, leaving one Son, Thacker, and two or three daughters.\nThacker Washington married the daughter of Sir John Peyton of Gloucester County & lives on the family estate, left to his Grandfather John at Machodac in the County of Westmoreland. He has several Children, but what are their Sex is not known to the Subscriber.\nMildred, daughter of John & Catharine of Gloucester was twice married, but never had a child\u2014Elizabeth never was married\u2014Catharine married Fielding Lewis by whom she had a son and daughter\u2014John, the eldest, is now living\u2014Frances died without issue.\nAugustine, son of Lawrence and Mildred Washington, married Jane Butler, the daughter of Caleb Butler of Westmoreland April 20th 1715 by whom he had three Sons\u2014Butler (who died young) Lawrence and Augustine, and one daughter Jane, who died when a child. Jane, wife of Augustine died Novr 24th 1728 and was buried in the family Vault at Bridges Creek.\nAugustine then married [Mary] Ball March 6th 1730: by whom he had issue George Now President of the United States born February 11th (old style) 1732; Betty, born June 20th 1733; Samuel, born Novr 16th 1734; John Augustine, born Jany 13th 173[6]; Charles May 1st 1738; and Mildred June 21st 1739; who died Octr 28th 1740. Augustine departed this life April\n12th 1743 Aged 49 years and was interred at Bridges Creek in the Vault of his Ancesters.\nLawrence, Son of Augustine and Jane Washington, married July 19th 1743 Ann, eldest daughter of the Honble William Fairfax of Fairfax County, by whom he had issue Jane, born Septr 27th 1744\u2014who died Jany 1745\u2014Fairfax born August 22d 1747 who died in Octr 1747\u2014Mildred, born Septr 28th 1748 who died in 1749\u2014Sarah, born Novr 7th 1750 who died in 175\u2013 \u2014\u2014In 1752 Lawrence himself died aged about 34 and was interred in a Vault which he had caused to be erected at Mount Vernon in Fairfax County where he settled after he returned from the Carthagena Expedition and died.\nAugustine, Son of Augustine and Jane Washington married Ann, daughter & Co heiress of William Aylett of Westmoreland County, by whom he had many children, all of whom died in their non-age & single except Elizabeth (who married Alexander Spotswood of Spotsylvania County, Grandson of General Spotswood Governor of Virginia, by whom she has a number of Children)\u2014Ann (who married Burdet Ashton of Westmoreland, by whom she had one or two children & died young)\u2014and William who married his cousin Jane, daughter of John Augustine Washington by whom he has four childn (names unknown to the Subscriber)\u2014Augustine lived at the ancient mansion seat in Westmoreland County where he died and was interred in the family Vault.\nGeorge eldest son of Augustine Washington by the second marriage was born in Westmoreland County, and married Jany 6th 1759 Martha Custis, widow of Danl Parke Custis and daughter of John Dandridge\u2014both of New Kent County. Has no issue.\nBetty, daughter of Augustine & Mary Washington became the second wife of Fielding Lewis, by whom she had a number of Children\u2014many of whom died young\u2014but, five sons & a daughter are yet living.\nSamuel, Son of Augustine & Mary was five times married. First to Jane, daughter of Colo. John Champe. 2d to Mildred daughter of Colo. John Thornton\u20143d Lucy daughter of Nathanl Chapman. 4th Ann daughter of Colo. Willm Steptoe and Widow of Willoughby Allerton\u20145th to a Widow Perrin. Samuel, by his second wife, Mildred, had issue one son, Thornton, who lived to be a man\u2014was twice married and left three Sons. He died in,\nor about the year  By his fourth Wife Ann he had three Sons, Ferdinand, George Steptoe, & Lawrence Augustine, and a daughter, Hariot. Ferdinand lived to be married, but died soon after leaving no issue; the other two sons, and daughter are living & single. Samuel had Children by his other wives, but they all died in their infancy. He departed this life, himself, in the year 1781 at Harewood in the County of Berkeley where he was buried.\nJohn Augustine, son of Augustine and Mary, married Hannah Bushrod, daughter of Colo. John Bushrod of Westmoreland County, by whom he has left two Sons, Bushrod and Corbin\u2014and two daughters, Jane and Mildred. he had several other Children, but they died young. Jane, his eldest child married (as has been before observed) William Washington, son of Augustine & Ann Washington and died in 1791 leaving four Children (names unknown to the Subscriber). Bushrod married in 1785 Ann Blackburn daughter of Colo. Thomas Blackburn of Prince William County\u2014but has no issue. Corbin married a daughter of the Honble Richd Henry Lee, by whom he has three Sons (names unknown). Mildred married Thomas Lee, son of the said Richard Henry Lee. John Augustine died in Feby 1787 at his estate on Nomony in Westmoreland County & was there buried. Charles Washington, son of Augustine & Mary, married Mildred Thornton, daughter of Colonel Francis Thornton of Spotsylvania County, by whom he has four Children, George Augustine, Frances, Mildred & Samuel. George Augustine married Frances Basset, daughter of Colo. Burwell Basset of New Kent by whom he has had four Children, three of whom are living\u2014viz.\u2014Anna Maria, George Fayette, & Charles Augustine. Frances, married Colo. Burgess Ball by whom she has had several children. Mildred and Samuel are unmarried.\nMildred Washington, daughter of Lawrence & Mildred\u2014& Sister to John & Augustine Washington married\u2014\u2014Gregory by whom she had three daughters, Frances, Mildred and Elizabeth, who married three brothers\u2014Colo. Francis Thornton, Colo. John Thornton, and Reuben Thornton\u2014all of Spotsylvania County. She had for her second husband Colo. Henry Willis, and by him the present Colo. Lewis Willis of Fredericksburgh.\nThe above is the best account the subscriber is able to give, at present, absent as he is, and at so great a distance from Virginia\n\u2014and under circumstances too which allows no time for enquiry, of the family of Washington from which he is lenially descended.\nThe descendants of the first named Lawrence, and the second John, are also numerous; but for the reasons before mentioned, and from not having the same knowledge of them\u2014and being moreover more remote from their places of Residence. And in truth not having enquired much into the names or connection of the lateral Branches of the family I am unable to give a Satisfactory account of them. But if it be in any degree necessary, or satisfactory to Sir Isaac Heard Garter Principal King of Arms, I will upon intimation thereof, set on foot an enquiry\u2014and will at the sametime endeavor to be more particular with respect to the births, names, ages and burials of those of the branch to which the Subscriber belongs.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0213", "content": "Title: Timothy Pickering to Tobias Lear, 3 May 1792\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir,\nPhilaa May 3d 1792.\nI inclose the information given me by Colo. Louis. The copy of the letter from his nation bears date the 24th of January. I sent to the war-office for the Original, which I found was dated\nFeby 24th. Bad travelling at the breaking up of winter and ten days sickness, Louis says have occasion so much delay in his journey. He is anxious to return. In great haste sincerely yours\nT. Pickering", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0214", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 3 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nUnited States [Philadelphia]May the 3d 1792.\nI nominate Edward Church of Georgia, heretofore appointed but not received as Consul for the United States at Bilboa, to be Consul for the United States at the Port of Lisbon in the Kingdom of Portugal, and for such other parts within the allegiance of her most Faithful Majesty as shall be nearer to the said port, than to the residence of any other Consul, or Vice-Consul of the United States within the same allegiance.\nAnd, Elias Vanderhorst of South Carolina, now resident in Great Britain, to be Consul for the United States for the port of Bristol in the Kingdom of Great Britain, and for such other parts within the allegiance of his Britannic Majesty as shall be nearer to the said Port than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice-Consul of the United States within the same allegiance.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0215", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 3 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nUnited States [Philadelphia]May the 3d 1792.\nI nominate Tristram Dalton, of Massachusetts, to be Treasurer of the Mint\u2014Aquila Giles, to be Marshal of New York District, vice Mathew Clarkson, resigned\u2014and Edward Wigglesworth, to be Collector of the Port of Newbury-Port, vice Stephen Cross, superseded.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0216", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 3 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nUnited States [Philadelphia]May the 3d 1792.\nI nominate the following persons to fill vacancies which have taken place in the late military appointments\u2014to-wit\u2014\nRank.\nNames.\nStates.\nBrigadier General\nRufus Putnam\nTerritory of the United States North West of the Ohio\u2014vice Marinus Willett, declined.\nCaptains of Cavalry\nJedediah Rodgers\nNew York\u2014vice John Craig, declined.\nHenry Bowyer\nVirginia\u2014vice Lawrence Manning, declined.\nLieutt of Infantry\nWilliam Rickard\nNorth Carolina vice Thos E. Sumner, declined.\nSurgeons Mates\nJoseph Strong\nConnecticut\u2014vice Theophilus Elmer, declined.\nJoseph Andrews\nMassachusetts\u2014vice James Mease, declined.\nJohn C. Wallace\nPennsylvania\u2014vice John Woodhouse, declined.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0217", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Andrew Hamilton, 4 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Andrew\nSir,\nPhiladelphia May 4th 1792.\nI have had the pleasure to receive your polite letter of the 12th of December, together with a copy of \u201cAn Enquiry into the Principles of taxation,[\u201d] which accompanied it, & for which I must beg your acceptance of my best thanks.\nThe subject of your book is certainly of the first importance to society; and those who undertake works of this nature upon the extensive scale that yours appears to be, are entitled to the thanks of the patriotic of every nation. In this country, where we are commencing a Government upon the experience of ages, it\ncertainly behoves us to search into the \u201cPrinciples of Taxation\u201d and to avoid as much as possible the errors of other nations on this very important head: We must therefore receive with peculiar satisfaction any lights on the subject.\nYour philanthropic wish \u201cto see the world at large encreasing in knowledge, prosperity & happiness,\u201d is no less pleasing to me as a Citizen of the World, than your expressions of personal respect are deserving the acknowledgements of Sir Your Most Obt Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0218", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 4 May 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\n United States [Philadelphia] 4 May 1792. Returns by GW\u2019s command \u201cthe Instructions to Major Genl Wayne & a letter to Mr Seagrove, both of which meet the President[\u2019s] approbation.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0219", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Lucas, 4 May 1792\nFrom: Lucas, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBoston, 4th May 1792.\nI take the liberty to communicate to you, for the purpose of perpetuating the evidence of a singular patriotic transaction of Elisha Brown, a poor man of this town, who in defence of liberty and the laws of his country, undauntedly stood alone as a barrier to our liberties, \u201cAgreeably to the Inscription, on the Monument,\u201d which I have the honor to forward to you, through the medium of General Knox, who was, at that time, in this place and, may, perhaps, confirm what I now relate. We read, that \u201ca poor wise man delivered a city; yet no man remembered that same poor wise man.\u201d Brown\u2019s case I conceive to be analogous to this. My ardent desire, that every patriotic transaction, out of the common course, relative to our struggles for the rights of man, either of the poor or the rich, the wise or heroic, may have an equal chance to be transmitted to posterity, has constrained me to present the above mentioned Monument to the President of the United States and his Successor in Office.\nThat you may long live and see your country continue to prosper under your Presidency, is the sincere prayer of, Sir, Your most obedient And very humble servant,\nJohn Lucas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0220", "content": "Title: From George Washington to S\u00e9gur, 4 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: S\u00e9gur, Louis-Philippe, comte de\nSir,\nPhiladelphia May 4th 1792.\nI received with much satisfaction the information of your having made an acquisition in this Country, & of your intentions to take up your residence among us. Your letter of the 30th of Sepr giving me this information, did not get to my hands \u2019till some time in the last month.\nThe United States opens, as it were, a new World to those who are disposed to retire from the noise & bustle of the old, & enjoy tranquility & security. And we shall always consider men of your character as among our most valuable acquisitions.\nOur connection with France, formed in a gloomy & distressful hour, must ever interest us in the happinss of that nation. We have seen, with true commiseration, those outrages, inseparable from a Revolution, which have agitated the Kingdom, and we have not ceased our most fervent wishes that their termination may be as happy as their progress have been distressing. With great esteem I am, Sir, Yr most Obt Set", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0223", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Moultrie, 5 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Moultrie, William\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia May 5th 1792.\nI have had the pleasure to receive your letter of last month, and the seeds you had the goodness to send me by Mr Pinckney. The plants & trees which arrived at Norfolk, have reached Mount Vernon in pretty good order.\nMy thanks and acknowledgements are due to you, my dear Sir, for the kind attention which you have paid to my wishes with respect to the seeds, plants &c. You must likewise accept of them for the detail which you have been so good as to give of the mode of carrying on a war against the Indians; the cloathing of the Troops employed in that service &c.\nThe first wish of the United States with respect to the Indians is, to be at peace with them all, and to cultivate a good understanding to our mutual benefit. As we have not been able to attain this without the effusion of blood, the next wish is, to pursue such measures as may terminate the hostilities in the speediest manner, & most for the honor & interest of the U.S. Observations, therefore, which are founded in experience, tending to effect this, cannot but merit the thanks and acknowledgements of those who have the management of public affairs.\nI am much pleased to hear that the picture by Colo. Trumbull, gives so much satisfaction. The merit of this Artist cannot fail to give much pleasure to those of his Countrymen who possess a taste for the fine arts: and I know of no part of the U:S. where it could be put to a stronger test than in South Carolina. With sincere regard, & best wishes for your health & happiness, Sir, Your Affte and Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0224", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Merttins Bird, 6 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Bird, Henry Merttins\nSir,\nPhiladelphia May 6th 1792.\nI request you will accept my thanks for your polite attention in sending me the copy of Genl Lloyd\u2019s work which accompanied your letter of the 4th of February.\nMrs Washington joins me in Compliments to Mrs Bird and in acknowledgements for the kind offer of your & her services. I am Sir, with esteem, Your most Obedt Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0226", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Sinclair, 6 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Sinclair, Robert\nSir,\nPhiladelphia May 6th 1792.\nI have received your letter of the 12th of December, in which you request information respecting Captain James MacKay, and likewise respecting the part of this Country which would be the most eligible for forming an establishment as a farmer or planter.\nThe only information in my power to give you on the first head is, that my acquaintance with Captain MacKay commenced in the Army in the year 1754, when I commanded the troops w[hic]h were sent to prevent the encroachments of the french upon the western boundaries of the then Colononies. Captain Mackay then commanded an Independent Company either from Georgia or So. Carolina, and was captured with me by an army of French & Indians at a place called the great Meadows. In 1755 he left the service, sold out, and went to Georgia. I heard nothing of him from that time \u2019till about 5 or 6 years ago, when he went, by water, from Georgia to Rhode Island on account of his health. On his return to Georgia, by land, he was seized either by the complaint for which he had gone to Rhode Island, or by some other disorder, and died at Alexandria (not at my house as your letter mentions). I was not informed of his being at Alexandria until after his death, which was a circumstance that I regretted much, not only on account of the regard which I had for him from our former acquaintance, but because I understood that he was then on his way to pay me a visit\u2014and\nhad expressed an anxious desire to see me before he died. I do not know whether Captain Mackay left any family or not; for from the time of his qu[i]tting the service until his death, as I observed before, I knew nothing of him. I have, however, been informed that he was possessed of a handsome property in Georgia.\nOn the second head of your enquiry I can hardly venture to give you an opinion. I do not, however, imagine that an establishment on the banks of the Mississippi would at this time be a very desireable one\u2014and even the western parts of the U.S. lying on the waters running into the Mississippi, (which is perhaps as fertile a Country as any in the World) are now disturbed by the hostilities of some of the Indian tribes bordering upon them, and from that cause are at this moment unfriendly to new settlements. This evil will, however, I trust, be shortly removed and settlers sit down there in safety. I can observe generally, that the United States, from their extent, offer a variety of climate soil & situations that no Country in Europe can afford\u2014and that in cheapness of land and in the blessings of civil & religious liberty, they stand perhaps unrivalled by any civilized nation on earth. To a person who intends to pursue the farming or planting business, and is possessed of the capital which you mention, I should think some one of the middle states, from New York to Virginia, both inclusive, would hold out the best advantages\u2014they are free from the inconveniencies peculiar to either extreme & unite most of the advantages of both\u2014they afford to the farmer a ready market for his produce\u2014the country is intersected by large & numerous Rivers, & the spirit which now prevails for improving Inland Navigation promises to secure a cheap & easy transportation from the most interior parts of the Country to the shipping ports.\nYour idea of bringing over Highlanders appears to be a good one. They are a hardy industrious people, well calculated to form new settlements\u2014and will in time become valuable citizens.\nBefore I close this subject I would observe, that many persons in Europe who have purchased land in this Country for the purpose of settling upon it themselves, have on their arrival & after examining their purchase been disappointed in their expectations respecting it. Exaggerations, if not misrepresentations are apt to be made of objects at so great a distance, and those who\nhave lands for sale will naturally give them a gloss which perhaps a purchaser would hardly find. It would therefore be much more satisfactory to the purchaser & far more creditable to the Country, if those persons who wish to purchase land here & become settlers upon it themselves, would come into the Country and purchase on the spot. They could then suit their taste in point of situation\u2014have a variety to chuse from, & see & learn with truth all the circumstances necessary for them to know to become settlers.\nWhen this method is pursued I am persuaded that every one who comes over with a view to establish himself here may do it much to his satisfaction, & if he has with him the means of purchasing, it can certainly be done on much better terms than it could be through an Agent. I am Sir Yr most Obet Sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0229", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 7 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, 7 May 1792]\nFor carrying into execution the provisions in that behalf made by the Act in titled \u201cAn Act for raising a farther sum of money for the protection of the Frontiers, and for other purposes therein mentioned,\u201d I do hereby authorise you the said Secretary of the Treasury to agree and contract with the President Directors & Company of the Bank of the United States; with any other body politic or corporate within the United States, or with any other person or persons, for a loan or loans to the United States of any sum or sums not exceeding in the whole Five hundred\nand twenty three thousand five hundred Dollars to be advanced & paid in such proportions and at such periods as you shall judge necessary for fulfilling the purposes of the said Act. Provided that the rate of interest of such loan or loans shall not exceed five per centum per annum, and that the principal thereof may be reimbursed at the pleasure of the United States. And I hereby promise to ratify what you shall lawfully do in the premises.\nIn testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my hand at the City of Philadelphia the seventh day of May in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety two.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0231", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Pinckney, 7 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] Monday 7th May 1792\nIt has been discovered that, in the Card sent Mrs Pinckney and yourself to dine with me to day, Miss Elliot was not included. Be so good as to present Mrs Washington\u2019s compliments and mine to her, and request the favor of her Company also. I am\u2014Dear Sir Your Obedient Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0232", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Frederick Folger, 8 May 1792\nFrom: Folger, Frederick\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore 8th May 1792\nSeeing some provision has been made by the Legislature of the United States for the Support of Consuls in the States of Barbary;\nA number of respectable charactors in this town Encouraged me to Apply to your Excelleny for one of those Places\u2014Should the Nomination not be filled up, & your Excelleny will pleas to notice my name as a Petitioner.\nRecommendations of my Experience knoledge & Abilities Adequate to the Discharge of Such a Trust can be forwarded from here as soon as required.\nWith the most profound respect & veneration I beg leav to Subscribe myself Your Excellency\u2019 Most Obedient & most devoted Servant\nFred. Folger", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0233", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 8 May 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department May 8th 1792\nI have the honor to submit the military nominations[.] The post is in and no letters from General Williams.\nI beg leave again to submit Joseph Howell as Accountant to the Department of War and Caleb Swan as Paymaster to reside with the Army. I have the honor to be with perfect respect Your most obedient servant.\nH. Knoxsecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0235", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 8 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nUnited States [Philadelphia]May the 8th 1792.\nI nominate the following persons for appointments and promotions in the Army of the United States.\nAppointed\nOtho H. Williams, of Maryland, to be Brigadier General, vice Morgan, declined.\nCavalry\nPromoted\nWilliam Winston to be Captain, vice Watts, declined.\nTarleton Fleming to be Lieutenant, vice Winston, promoted.\nAppointed\nJohn Webb Junr, of Virginia, to be Cornet, vice Fleming, promoted.\nThe following corrections in the names of former Appointments are requested to be made.\nMajor\nGeorge M. Bedinger instead of Henry Bedinger.\nLieutenant\nSamuel Cochran instead of Robert Cochran.\nEnsign\nAndrew Marschalk instead of John Marschalk.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0236", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 8 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\n[Philadelphia] May. 8. 1792.\nIf the President of the U.S. should conclude a Convention or treaty with the Government of Algiers for the ransom of the thirteen Americans in captivity there, for a sum not exceeding 40,000 dollars, all expences included, will the Senate approve the same? or is there any & what greater or lesser sum, which they would fix on as the limit beyond which they would not approve the ransom?\nIf the President of the U.S. should conclude a Treaty with the Government of Algiers for the establishment of peace with them at an expence not exceeding twenty five thousand dollars paid at the signature, and a like sum to be paid annually afterwards during the continuance of the treaty would the Senate approve the same? or are there any greater or lesser sums which they would fix on as the limits beyond which they would not approve of such treaty?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0239", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 9 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Department 9th May 1792.\nI have the honor to send herewith an adjustment at the Treasury concerning the quantity of Acres in Warrants for army bounty rights, which ought to be deemed an equivalent for the 214,285, Acres of land mentioned in the second enacting clause of the Act intitled \u201cAn Act authorising the grant and conveyance of certain Lands to the Ohio Company of Associates\u201d; and a Certificate of the delivery of the requisite quantity of Warrants in conformity to that adjustment.\nIt is with regret I find myself required by Law to discharge an official duty in a case in which I happen to be interested as a party, and which is capable of being regulated by different constructions.\nThus circumstanced I have conceived it proper to repose myself on the judgment of others; and having referred the matter to the accounting Officers of the Treasury, with the opinion of the Attorney General, which was previously obtained, I have governed myself by the determinations of those Officers.\nI submit it nevertheless to the President whether it will not be adviseable to require as a condition to the issuing of the Grant that the parties give bond to pay any deficiency which there may be in the quantity of Warrants delivered, if the Legislature at the ensuing Session shall decide that the construction which has been adopted is not the true one, or to surrender the Letters Patent for the Tract in question. With the highest respect, I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0240", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Barclay, 10 May 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n Gibraltar, 10 May 1792. Encloses \u201ca letter which fell into my hands some Days ago, and which I beleive is from Algiers.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0242", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Preston, 10 May 1792\nFrom: Preston, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nVirginia, Montgomery County, May 10th 1792\nSome Gentlemen who have been honored with the appointment of Captains of Volunteer Companies of Rifflemen not accepting their appointments, leaves a vacancy now to be filled.\nThough I have not the smallest acquaintance with your Excellency yet I hope soliciting an appointment of this nature will not be taken amiss.\nI am the third Son of the late Colo. William Preston, with\nwhom you formerly had an acquaintance from which acquaintance he formed an attachment for you worthy an honest mind; by whose industry with a small addition of my own, my circumstances are not only comfortable but easy, yet I have from my infancy felt a fondness for a military life, in which I have some little experience in the Indian mode of Warfare living on the Frontiers, and only lament that my youth prevented my bearing a part with your Excellency in the late glorious Revolution between England and America.\nYour Excellency I hope will pardon me for the Liberty I now take in Soliciting this appointment and at the same time referring you to the Honble John Brown and Andrew Moore Esquires for information of my abilities and integrity, and should I meet your approbation I hope I shall prove myself worthy the Appointment. I have the Honor to be Sir with Esteem your Mo. Obt Sert\nWilliam Preston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0243", "content": "Title: Proclamation, 10 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 10 May 1792]\nIn the name of the United States. To all to whom these Presents shall come.\nWhereas it hath been duly certified to me by the Secretary of the Treasury, in pursuance of the Act intituled \u201cAn Act authorising the grant and conveyance of certain lands to the Ohio Company of Associates\u201d that Rufus Putnam, Manasseh Cutler, Robert Oliver, and Griffin Green have delivered to him warrants which issued for army bounty rights, sufficient for the purposes of the grant and conveyance of two hundred and fourteen thousand two hundred and eighty five acres of land; in the second\nsection of the above recited act mentioned, according to the provision of a resolve of Congress of the twenty third day of July one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven.\nNow Know Ye, that by virtue of the above recited Act, I do hereby grant and convey to the said Rufus Putnam, Manasseh Cutler, Robert Oliver, and Griffin Green and to their heirs and assigns one tract of land containing two hundred and fourteen thousand two hundred and eighty five acres to be located within the limits of the tract of one million five hundred thousand acres described in an Indenture executed on the twenty seventh day of October in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven, between the then board of Treasury for the United States of America of the one part; and Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sergeant, as agents for the directors of the Ohio Company of Associates of the other part, and adjoining to the tract of land, described in the first section of the above recited act, and the form herein prescribed, as follows.\nBeginning on a line that has been surveyed and marked by Israel Ludlow (a plat or map whereof is filed in the Office of the Secretary of the Treasury) as for the North boundary line of one million five hundred thousand acres expressed in an Indenture executed on the twenty seventh day of October one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven between the then board of Treasury for the United States of America of the one part and Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sergeant of the other part at a point which is and shall be established to be the North West corner of a tract of one hundred thousand acres granted to the said Rufus Putnam, Manasseh Cutler, Robert Oliver, and Griffin Green by letters patent bearing even date with these presents, Thence running Westerly on the said line surveyed and marked as aforesaid to a point where the said line would intersect the West boundary line of the eleventh range of Townships if laid out agreeably to the Land ordinance passed the twentieth day of May one thousand seven hundred and eighty five, Thence running South on the said Western boundary of the said eleventh range of Townships if laid out as aforesaid till it would intersect a Westerly continuation of the North boundary line of the third Township of the seventh range of Townships surveyed by the authority of the United States of America in Congress assembled, Thence running on a further Westerly continuation of the said\nNorth boundary line of the said third Township to a point, station, or place, where the western boundary line of the sixteenth range of Townships would intersect or meet the same if laid out agreeably to the land Ordinance aforesaid, Thence running South on the said western boundary line of the sixteenth range of Townships if laid out as aforesaid to a point, station, or place, from which a line drawn due East to the West boundary line of a tract of nine hundred and thirteen thousand, eight hundred and eighty three acres granted to Rufus Putnam, Manasseh Cutler, Robert Oliver and Griffin Green by letters patent bearing even date with these presents will with the other lines of this tract as herein specified and described comprehend two hundred and fourteen thousand two hundred and eighty five acres, Thence running due East to the Western boundary line of the said tract of nine hundred and thiteen thousand eight hundred and eighty three acres, Thence running Northerly on the said Western boundary line to the Northwest corner of the said last mentioned tract, Thence running Easterly on the Northern boundary of the said last mentioned tract to the point where the same is touched or intersected by the Western boundary of the aforesaid tract of one hundred thousand acres, Thence Northerly on the said Western boundary of the said last mentioned tract to the place of beginning\u2014To have and to hold the aforesaid tract of two hundred and fourteen thousand two hundred and eighty five acres of land to the said Rufus Putnam, Manasseh Cutler, Robert Oliver, and Griffin Green and to their heirs and assigns In Trust for the persons composing the said Ohio Company of Associates according to their several rights and interests and for their heirs and assigns as tenants in common, hereby willing and directing these letters to be made patent.\nGiven under my hand and the Seal of the United States at the City of Philadelphia this tenth day of May in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety two and of Independance the sixteenth.\nBy the President\u2003Go:Washington.\nSigned\u2003Th:Jefferson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0244", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tench Coxe, 11 May 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 11th 1792\nHaving been informed by the Secretary of the Treasury, that you had been pleased to confide to me the office of the Commissioner of the Revenue, I should have deemed it my duty immediately to have waited on you for the purpose of expressing my grateful sense of the honor confered upon me, and of respectfully informing you of my chearful obedience to your commands in this and every service in my power. But your departure for Virginia, which I understood was to take place in a few minutes, and an apprehension, that a personal performance of that act of duty and respect might at such a moment prove inconvenient to you, occasioned me to adopt this mode.\nI humbly request you to believe, Sir, that I shall steadily endeavour, by an honest and assiduous exercise of the portion of ability with which providence has endowed me, to justify your confidence; and to make to you that return of usefulness in my sphere, which alone you desire from those to whom you dispense the public honors & emoluments. With unfeigned veneration for your person and exalted station\u2014I have the honor to be Sir your most obedient & most humble Servant\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0245", "content": "Title: William Pearce to Tobias Lear, 11 May 1792\nFrom: Pearce, William\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nMr Lear Sir.\nPhiladelphia May 11th 1792\nI now have my Machinery &c. at Work, and should be glad to be informed when the President of the United States and his Lady, would be pleased to Honor me with their Company, to take a look at them.\nMrs Hamilton has likewise a desire to see them, when the President and his Lady, is pleased to fix the time, I will let her know, if it is agreeable to them.\nYour answer by the bearer, if convenient will greatly oblige Sir Your obt hble Servant\nWm Pearce\nP.S. Mr Hamilton & Mr Jefferson wishes to be there at the same time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0247", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 13 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBristol [Pa.] May 13. 1792.\nI left the City of Philadelphia this Morning on my way to Newark as I mention\u2019d to you previous to your departure. Nothing new had occurred.\nMr Belli was furnished with the requisite sum for the purchase of Dragoon Horses in Kentucke, in conformity to an arrangement, which I understand [from] the Secretary at War, was made pursuant to your direction. The Quarter Master General also has had an advance commensurate with the objects he is immediately to provide for; so that every thing is in proper train as far as pecuniary supply is concerned. With the most perfect respect and truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nA: Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0248", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Leonard Marbury, 13 May 1792\nFrom: Marbury, Leonard\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nFrederica [Saint Simons Island, Ga.] 13th May 1792\nI did myself the Honor to Write your Excellency on the 21t Ult. since then we have a Report of the death of General McGillivray, shou\u2019d this prove true I think it wou\u2019d be advisable to have some Person among the Indians for a few Months in Order to prevail on the Chiefs to agree on some general Mode for the Regulation of their Conduct.\nIn my last I mention\u2019d the manner in which the trade among the Indians had been generally conducted, but Omitted to inform that there was a stated Price for every Article thro\u2019 the Whole Nations and wou\u2019d again Recommend the same Mode to be adopted in order to Prevent any imposition.\nIf the Report of McGillivrays death is well founded, I wou\u2019d more strongly than ever Recommend that the United States take the Trade into their Own hands, as they may, by Importing the proper Indian Goods and selling them to the traders on an advance only sufficient to Pay Charges, put it out of the power of any Individual to take any Part of the trade. it wou\u2019d also enable the traders in the different Towns to sell to the Indians much Cheaper than they have been able to Buy since the Commencement of the late War, and wou\u2019d most effectually secure their friendship. Shou\u2019d this plan be adopted I wou\u2019d recommend the place for carrying on the Trade to be near the Confluence of the Rivers Oconie & Oakmulga. I have the Honor to be with due Esteem Your Excellency\u2019s Most Humble Servant\nLeod Marbury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0249", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Otho Holland Williams, 13 May 1792\nFrom: Williams, Otho Holland\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore 13th May 1792\nBy a Note, received this morning from Mr Lear, I am requested to let you know \u201cif I have received the notification of my appointment to the Office of Brigadier General; and whether I accept.\u201d\nI have not, Sir, received any Official Notice of such an appointment.\nMy answer to a private letter from the secretary of War, of which the inclosed is a copy, may in some measure, account for the delay; at the same time that it adduces some of the reasons which I beg may be received as my appology for not accepting.\nA propensity to the science of War, as a necessary means of public defence, and a desire of contributing to the service of my Country, had induced the contemplation of an appointment in the Army; and I had mentioned it to my friends previous to the receipt of General Knox\u2019s private letter; But the advice of my Physicians and the intreaties of all my friends united with the consideration of very great private inconvenience to make me wish that I might not receive that honor.\nIt is with real regret, Sir, that I am forced to decline the command to which it has been your pleasure to appoint me; and I feel perhaps more than is common upon such occasions as this is the first instance, of a great many, wherein my services have been required by my Country, either in a Military or a civil capacity, in which I have not obeyed the summons with alacrity and pleasure. I have the honor to be, with the most perfect respect, Sir, Your most Obliged, and most obedient, Humble, Servant.\nO. H. Williams\nN.B. Sunday 10 o\u2019Clock. I have this moment received an Official Notification from the Secretary at War, which I will answer immediately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0250", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Betty Washington Lewis, 14 May 1792\nFrom: Lewis, Betty Washington\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Brother\nYou will receive this by Howell, who seems Very happy In the thought of becoming One of your family, I sincerely wish he may be Equal to the task you desire for him, he has Promis\u2019d me to Indeaver to Please, and by Close application to improve him self, it is with Infinite Pleasure to my self that he has a Prospect of geting in a Place where he may receive so much advantage to him self, his Fortune being very small there is little Prospect of happiness in this world without thay Can get into Busness of some sort.\nI am Extrealy Obliged to you for your kind Invitation to Mount Vernon, if it is in my Power shall do my self that Happiness if any thing should Prevent my Comeing, it would a\u2019d infinate satisfaction to me to see you and my Sister here. I am Dear Brother with sincere Love Your Affectionate Sister\nBetty Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0251", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jean Fran\u00e7ois Gergens, 15 May 1792\nFrom: Gergens, Jean Fran\u00e7ois\nTo: Washington, George\nMayence en Allemagne Sur Le Rhin le 15 de May 1792.\nExcellence Monseigneur le Pr\u00e9sident!\nLes merits, que votre Excellence S\u2019\u00e2 attir\u00e9 toujours pour le bien d\u2019humanit\u00e9, le z\u00e8le noble et infatigable, dont vous avez gagn\u00e9 le vrai bien de vos fr\u00e8res; les plusieurs heures pleins de trouble, que vous avez Sacrifi\u00e9 pour la libert\u00e9 de vos freres, et les differents dangers, que vous vous \u00e9tes expos\u00e9 pour defendre la libert\u00e9 civile, et pour eloigner tout esclavage d\u00e9shonorant l\u2019humanit\u00e9: Tous ces traits grands d\u2019une ame noble, ne preuvent que trop, que votre Excellence dans votre carriere politique ne vive pas, que pour cela qui est bon et noble; et que vous gouvernez a present en paix cela, que vos talents mititairs ont bati. C\u2019est cette humanit\u00e9, ce Zele pour la fortune humaine, qui \u00e2 pousse peut etre deja plusieurs allemands de probit\u00e9, Sous le gouvernement Sage de votre Excellence tenter ses forces pour le bien de Ses freres. Par la meme raison ose aussi un jeune medecin, qui S\u2019est assez pr\u00e9par\u00e9 pour la medecine par les \u00e9tudes de la philosophie et mathematique; qui par les etudes de la medecine, non Seulment en medecine, mais aussi en chirurgie et \u27e8e\u27e9n accouchement s\u2019est gagn\u00e9 les Sciences necessairs pour leur pratique; qu\u2019il \u00e2 prouv\u00e9 deja dans un examen, et pratiqu\u00e9 dans des hopitaux. Celui ose de S\u2019addresser a votre Excellence et a Congr\u00e9s des etats unis; de demander en tout obeisance une avis favorable; Si Sous conditions appaisants un jeune medecin, qui a deja la permission de pratiquer Ses Sciences dans Sa patrie; aussi en Philadelphia, ou dans une autre capitale des etats unis peuve exercer Ses Sciences pour le bien des hommes libres. Car vivre entre les hommes qui S\u2019aiment ensemble comme des freres, qui ne connoissent pas plus l\u2019esclavage, ces homms Servir pour leur avantage, c\u2019etoit toujours mon desir passionn\u00e9 et est aussi a present\nla cause de ma Supplique. Si peut etre quelques indignes, qui des differents causes etoint contraints de quitt\u00e9r leur patrie, un noble congr\u00e9s, digne de la plus grande ven\u00e9ration, ont deja plusieurs fois incommod\u00e9 avec des priers indiscrets, je prie, de ne me compter pas sous le meme nombre. Les lettres testimoniales d\u2019un Forster, qui avec le Capitain Kok faisoit le tour en cinglant du Monde; les lettres testimoniales d\u2019un Soemmering, Weidmann, Strack et de mes autres docteurs, dont les nommes sont assez connues dans les Universit\u00e9s d\u2019Angleterre, les lettres testimoniales de toute la facult\u00e9 medicinale, tant sur mon Conduit, que Sur mes Sciences, et le patent du Doctorat, que j\u2019ai re\u00e7u dans notre universit\u00e9, me garderont assez de ce Soup\u00e7on si jaurai le bonheure de recevoir une rescrit favorable. Avec plaisir je rendrai touttes cettes lettres testimoniales si je serois si heureux de me pouvoir rejouir de l\u2019aide d\u2019un Congres grand, et digne de la plus grande veneration.\nS\u2019il manquoit aussi dans ces provinces (qui doivent a votre Excellence tant de vrai fortune humaine) des hommes, qui par education et enseignement enrichissent le tresor publique en talents, Sciences, en eclaircissement de l\u2019esprit, en gout sain, en diligence et industri\u00e9 en passions des citoiens prudemment conduits: je connais ici un Professeur de l\u2019universit\u00e9, dont les etudes per vingt ans etoint l\u2019education selon les mellieurs principes, fond\u00e9s sur la natur humain, et qui est dans une pratique continuelle. Cet homme a fait un plan complet, Sur les ecoles civiles, tant dans la pa\u00ffs plat, que dans les villes, pour les gar\u00e7ons et pour les filles: Sur les ecoles preparativs a l\u2019universit\u00e9s, et Sur une ecole normale pour \u00ff enseigner des maitres utiles; que cet homme avec mon assistence en quelques Sciences, realisoit, S\u2019il etoit dans un etat, ou on favorisoit avec zele le bien humain, que, helas! dans notre patrie allemande et particulierrement dans un Archiepiscopat catholique (tant qu\u2019on en \u00e9crit sur l\u2019education) pourtant n\u2019en attache pas de sitot, dont devoir le demande, d\u2019ordonner l\u2019education; et ce la, tant moins a present, ou on jette le mecontentement universel qui S\u2019etende presque par toute l\u2019Europe, Seulement Sur l\u2019eclaircissment trop avanc\u00e9e; lorsque pourtant l\u2019oppression trop impito\u00ffable Seulement en est la cause. Cet humaniste Solide dont j\u2019ai fait mention, publieroit aussi des pieces convenables pour chaque classe des hommes utile. il appu\u00ffoit l\u2019imprimerie, et en generale il faisoit\ntout pour l\u2019\u00e9tat des gens de profession, qu\u2019on peut attendre dans cette egard de forces d\u2019un homme, et en effet, tout cela ave\u27e8c\u27e9 des Sentiments pleins de Sincerit\u00e9 et de tollerance.\nSi nous nous verrons si heureuse de re\u00e7evoir une reponse de votre Excellence nous trouverons peut etre des hommes en Philadelphia meme, qui ne pas moi, pourtant le dit humani\u27e8s\u27e9te connoissent bien, et en personne peuvent donner l\u2019avis a votre Excellence, Sur les talents et le caract\u00e9re de cet homme Soli\u27e8de\u27e9 Cependant je prie favorable indulgence, Si cette Suplique de couvre trop leur auteur allemande, qui n\u2019a pas jamais eu la bonheure de pouvoir exercer cette langue en france meme. En attendant une reponse favorable, je reste continnuellement a votre Excellence votre tres-humble et tr\u00e8s-obeis\u27e8sant\u27e9 Serviteur\nJean Francois GergensMedecin\nS\u2019il est permis d\u2019os\u00e9r encore une pri\u00e9re, nous demandons tres humblement; Si un cur\u00e9 catholique de Mayence qui s\u2019appelle Jean Frederic Koch, reste a present de puis un an et demi a Philadelphia. S\u2019il se trouve sous le gouvernement de votre Excellence; celui vous peut enseigner sur l\u2019\u00e9tat des Sciences, particulierrement Sur l\u2019\u00e9tat de la facult\u00e9 medicinale Sur notre Universit\u00e9.\nS\u2019il plait votre Excellence de nous faire le bonheure avec une reponse favorable: nous prions de signer votre rescrit gratieuse avec Suivante Inscription. A: Jean Fran\u00e7ois Gergens Medecin praticien a Mayence: chez Monsieur Forster conseiller de la cour, et Bibliothecaire premier de l\u2019universit\u00e9 a Mayence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0252", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 15 May 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nWar-department, May 15th 1792.\nI have the honor to inform you, that yesterday I received letters, from governor Blount, dated the 22\u2019d of April, of more pacific appearance, than the one of the 14th of April to Doctor Williamson.\nMr Shaw, and the Bloody Fellow, and other Cherokees who left this city the 19th of February, were on the 22\u2019nd, within four miles of governor Blount; all well. The said indians had generally been well treated, but sometimes alarmed by the folly and wickedness of the frontier people.\nI have the pleasure to inform you, that the bearer of Blount\u2019s letters, brought the enclosed from major Hamtramck. I trust, in God, it is the sure dawning of a general peace, north west of the Ohio.\nGeneral Putnam has not yet finished his Ohio business; but will probably to day\u2014He, General Wayne, and the quarter master general, will, I expect, all depart this week.\nThe person who delivered Hamtramck\u2019s letter, informed me, that Lieutenant Jennifer was charged with letters from brigadier general Wilkinson, but that he had halted at Hagers Town for a day or two\u2014That brigadier general Wilkinson had established Fort St Clair, placed therein a garrison, and plenty of provisions; and returned uninjured to Fort Washington. I have the honor to be, Sir, with profound respect, Your most obedient Servt\nH. KnoxSecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0253", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 16 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 16. 1792.\nThe day after your departure I received from a mister Greene, a merchant now at N. York, through a third person, the following communication \u201cthat he had had very late advices from Spain by way of the Spanish islands, to this effect, that war with France was inevitable, that troops were marching from all quarters of the kingdom to the frontiers, & that 50. sail of the line had been commissioned.\u201d this was permitted to be mentioned to me, but, for particular reasons, to no other person. I suppose the particular reasons were some mercantile speculation founded on the intelligence: perhaps it may be to buy up all our flour. we have London news to the 1st of April, and nothing of this is mentioned. I have a letter from Colo. Humphreys of March 18. which says nothing of it. I am in hopes therefore the only effect will be to get us a good price for flour or fish: this being our lookout, while the success of the speculation is that of the adventurer. you will recollect that we had learned the death of the emperor of Marocco after a battle in which he was victorious. the brother opposed to him it seems was killed in the same action, and the one, Muley Islema, who had been so long in the sanctuary, is proclaimed emperor. he was the best character of the three, and is likely to be peaceable. this information is from Colo. Humphreys. the Queen of Portugal is still in the same state. Wyllys does not pronounce her curable, tho\u2019 he says there is nothing which indicates the contrary. he has removed from her all her former physicians. mister Madison has favored me with some corrections for my letter to mister H. it is now in the hands of the Attorney general, and shall then be submitted to\nColo. Hamilton. I find that these examinations will retard the delivery of it considerably. however delay is preferable to error. mister Pinkney is engaged in going over such papers of my office as may put him in possession of whatever has passed between us & the court he is going to. I have 100. olive trees, and some caper plants arrived here from Marseilles, which I am sending on to Charleston, where mister Pinkney tells me they have already that number living of those I had before sent them. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment, Dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0254", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bouscat, 17 May 1792\nFrom: Bouscat, \u2014\u2014 (M.)\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nla goyave [Guadeloupe Island] 17th May 1792\nHe who has the honor to write to you is a young Frenchman who arrived about six months ago in the Island of Gaudeloupe. Brought up in the Romish Religion, smitten with the charmes, the morality and the truths of the Evangelists, with the excellence and dignity of Priesthood, his disposition was soon formed for a state so august & so sublime. Free to follow his vocation,\nhe prepared to receive the order which would irrevocably engage him in the service of the Alter, when the national Assembly usurped the exclusive power of putting down the Pope & the Council, and exacted an oath repugnant to the conscience of a man just, & jealous of the title of a true & faithful Catholic. By this illegal, & even tyrannical decree he was turned aside from his purpose, and saw himself thrown far away from that state after which he had so ardently sighed.\nBut, Sir, that which yet adds weight to his misfortune is the extreme indigence in which the Revolution has plunged his family. Deprived of a small Ecclesiastical Benefice, which was, however, a support & a resource to this family\u2014without estate\u2014without an income\u2014reduced to groan under the cruel lot which oppresses the authors of his being, and impatient, nevertheless, to soften their misfortune, he hastened to commit himself to the fury of the waves, to go afar from his unhappy country to seek & obtain succour for them. Vain hope!\nAn European who arrives in America (West Indies) is incapable of holding a place in the government, he must have a knowledge of agriculture & the manufacture of Sugar, and, moreover, must suffer a continual degradation, and the total loss of his Physical Powers, the effects of frequent sickness occasioned by the heat of the climate.\nA place of this description is the only one, Sir, that a young French ex-abby has been able to find & occupy; but this place, besides its trifling advantage, deprives him of the two greatest enjoyments, that of comforting his parents, and following his literary pursuits.\nBeneficience, the virtue dear & precious to your heart, is this day, Sir, invoked & laid claim to, either to see accomplished the first wish of his heart, that of succouring his family, or to be able to cultivate letters & the sciences, which have become necessary to his moral existance.\nThe Title generally odious to the French, and the quality of a stranger in the government of the United States, does not permit him, Sir, to form the smallest apprehension of the favourable reception of his demand. Yes, Illustrious President! fortified by the too cruel truth of the considerations which he has exposed to you\u2014by an enthusiasm sacred to humanity\u2014and by the spirit\nof fraternity & justice which has constantly ruled & directed your heart, the young emigrant dares to hope that his petition will obtain from you the wished for reception.\nBut whatever may be the decis[i]on with which you may please to honor it, Sir, it shall be precious to him under any form\u2014and he will be among the first to offer you the homage of profound respect & lively gratitude with which he shall have the honor to be all his life Sir, Your most humble & Obedt-Sert\nBouscat", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0255", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gimat, 18 May 1792\nFrom: Gimat, Jean-Joseph Soubad\u00e8re de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nSainte Lucie [1]8 May 1792\nThe remembrance of the kindness which your Excellency shewed me when I had the honor of serving under your orders, gives me great hope that one of my friends, a man of rare and distinguished merit, will obtain your good will & deserve Your esteem, during the stay which he proposes to make in North America, whether he goes for the re-establishment of his health, which cannot support the warm climate of the Antilles\u2014the temperate climate of the north will re-establish it without a doubt. Permit me, Sir, likewise to beg your attention for a young man, Mr de\nCourville, whose parents are my particular friends in this Colony.\nI pray your Excellency to pardon the liberty which I have taken in recommending to you M.[,] Made Raphel and M. de Courville, to whom I am very much attached. Their intention is to fix themselves in the State of Maryland where the rigour of the climate during the winter is more supportable to an inhabitant of the Antilles, than it would be more to the North.\nI perceive that I shall myself shortly have need of the same Climate. It is in that happy country where I have passed the most pleasant days of my life that I hope to restore my health which has been much injured in the scorching county which I inhabit.\nIf I should be so happy as to be able to render any service to your Excellency, whether in my own Government, or in the other french Antilles, you ought to be persuaded of the lively pleasure which I should take in convincing you of my zeal in doing whatever might be agreeable to you, and of the respectful sentiments with which I have the honour to be Your Excellency\u2019s Most humble & most Obedt Servt\nGimat.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0256", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 18 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 18. 1792\nSince I wrote you the day before yesterday, I have recieved a letter of Mar. 25. from Colo. Humphreys informing me that the Queen of Portugal was considerably better: as also mentioning the death of the emperor of Germany. what effect this last event will have on the affairs of Europe, cannot be foreseen, the character of the successor being absolutely unknown. he is 24. years of age. one would conjecture that if he has any dispositions to war, he would think a little time necessary to get his election passed in form, to see if the troubles within his dominions quieted by his father would be likely to break out or not &c. and that this would hold him back one campaign. still this event renders peace less certain, as the character of his father was so decidedly pacific, that one might count on that. there seems to have been a magnificent story current in London for the three or four last days of March, of the capture of Seringapatam, & Tippoo Saib great slaughter &c. but on the 1st of April the date of the latest paper which the vessel brings (she is from Glasgow) it had died away to a hum, raised by Stockjobbers who wanted to sell out. it did in fact raise East India stock 2. or 3. per cent. still it was not fallen into entire discredit as appears by some paragraphs and consequently cannot be decidedly pronounced untrue perhaps the contradiction of it was the counter-hum of those who wanted to buy in. I have the honour to be with great & sincere respect & attachment Dr Sir your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0257", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Sinclair, 18 May 1792\nFrom: Sinclair, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWhitehall London. 18th May 1792\nAmong the other respectable characters, to whom I take the liberty of sending the inclosed papers, it is impossible for me not to request General Washington\u2019s acceptance of a copy.\nIt would give me, Sir, particular pleasure, to understand, that they are fortunate enough to meet with your approbation.\nThe objects to which they relate, are great and important, and, I flatter myself, the plans therein recommended, will be thought intitled, to the cordial co-opperation and support, of every real friend to the interests of society. I have the honour to be, with great esteem & respect, Sir\u2014your most obedient & very humble Servant\nJohn Sinclair", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0258", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Charles Carter of Ludlow, 19 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Carter, Charles (of Ludlow)\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon, May 19th 1792.\nYour letter of the 30th ultimo was on its way to Philadelphia whilst I was on my journey to this place\u2014owing to which I did not receive it until it reverberated\u2014this must be my apology for not giving the receipt of it an earlier acknowledgment.\nIt would give me pleasure to receive your Son into my family,\nif it could be made tolerably convenient to me\u2014or if any advantage was likely to result from it to the young Gentleman himself. I was in no real want even of Howell Lewis, but understanding that he was spending his time rather idly, and at the same time very slenderly provided for by his father, I thought for the few months which remained to be accomplished of my own servitude, by taking him under my care, I might impress him with ideas, and give him a turn to some pursuit or other that might be serviceable to him hereafter; but what that will be I am at present as much at a loss to decide as you would be\u2014for as the heads of the different departments have by law the appointment of their own Clerks\u2014are responsible for the conduct of them\u2014are surrounded always with applicants\u2014and, I presume, have their own inclinations and friends to gratify: I never have, in a single instance, and I am pretty sure I shall not now begin, recommending any one to either of them.\nMy family, now Howell is admitted into it, will be more than full, and in truth more than is convenient for the House, as Mr Dandridge (a Nephew of Mrs Washington\u2019s) is already one of it. and but one room for him, Howell and another person to sleep in, all the others being appropriated to public or private uses.\nIf your Son Charles is of age, and it should be yours and his own inclination to pursue a military course\u2014I would, if any vacancy should happen (at present there is none) in one of the Regiments endeavour to place him therein. You will perceive I have made age the condition\u2014the reason is, it is established as a rule in the War Office to appoint none knowingly, that are under it. My best respects to Mrs Carter. I am &c. &c.\nGo: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0259", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 20 May 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department May 20. 1792\nI have the honor to inform you that the Pittsburg mail which arrived on friday last did not bring any information of further indian incursions.\nContrary to my expectations yesterday I received a letter from General Brooks declining his appointment.\nI have not received any answer from General Hull to the invitation given him to repair to this City in case of Brooks non acceptance. Indeed as he lives out of Town, it could not be well expected until tuesday next. I Shall again write him by Tomorrows post.\nThe Quartermaster Genl and Genl Putnam will not be in readiness to set out until tuesday or Wednesday, and General Wayne by thursday or friday.\nThe recruits by returns, and estimation amount probably to about 850. I have the honor with perfect respect to be sir Your most obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0260", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 20 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon May 20th 1792.\nAs there is a possibility if not a probability, that I shall not see you on your return home; or, if I should see you, that it may be on the Road and under circumstances which will prevent my speaking to you on the subject we last conversed upon; I take\nthe liberty of committing to paper the following thoughts, & requests.\nI have not been unmindful of the sentiments expressed by you in the conversations just alluded to: on the contrary I have again, and again revolved them, with thoughtful anxiety; but without being able to dispose my mind to a longer continuation in the Office I have now the honor to hold. I therefore still look forward to the fulfilment of my fondest and most ardent wishes to spend the remainder of my days (which I can not expect will be many) in ease & tranquility.\nNothing short of conviction that my deriliction of the Chair of Government (if it should be the desire of the people to continue me in it) would involve the Country in serious disputes respecting the chief Magestrate, & the disagreeable consequences which might result therefrom in the floating, & divided opinions which seem to prevail at present, could, in any wise, induce me to relinquish the determination I have formed: and of this I do not see how any evidence can be obtained previous to the Election. My vanity, I am sure, is not of that cast as to allow me to view the subject in this light.\nUnder these impressions then, permit me to reiterate the request I made to you at our last meeting\u2014namely\u2014to think of the proper time, and the best mode of anouncing the intention; and that you would prepare the latter. In revolving this subject myself, my judgment has always been embarrassed. On the one hand, a previous declaration to retire, not only carries with it the appearance of vanity & self importance, but it may be construed into a Man\u0153uvre to be invited to remain. And on the other hand, to say nothing, implys consent; or, at any rate, would leave the matter in doubt; and to decline afterwards might be deemed as bad, & uncandid.\nI would fain carry my request to you farther than is asked above, although I am sensible that your compliance with it must add to your trouble; but as the recess may afford you leizure, and I flatter myself you have dispositions to oblige me, I will, without apology desire (if the measure in itself should strike you as proper, & likely to produce public good, or private honor) that you would turn your thoughts to a Valadictory address from me to the public; expressing in plain & modest terms\u2014that having been honored with the Presidential Chair, and to the best of my\nabilities contributed to the Organization & Administration of the government\u2014that having arrived at a period of life when the private Walks of it, in the shade of retirement, becomes necessary, and will be most pleasing to me; and the spirit of the government may render a rotation in the Elective Officers of it more congenial with their ideas of liberty & safety, that I take my leave of them as a public man; and in bidding them adieu (retaining no other concern than such as will arise from fervent wishes for the prosperity of my Country) I take the liberty at my departure from civil, as I formerly did at my military exit, to invoke a continuation of the blessings of Providence upon it\u2014and upon all those who are the supporters of its interests, and the promoters of harmony, order & good government.\nThat to impress these things it might, among other things be observed, that we are all the Children of the same country\u2014A Country great & rich in itself\u2014capable, & promising to be, as prosperous & as happy as any the Annals of history have ever brought to our view\u2014That our interest, however deversified in local & smaller matters, is the same in all the great & essential concerns of the Nation. That the extent of our Country\u2014the diversity of our climate & soil\u2014and the various productions of the States consequent of both, are such as to make one part not only convenient, but perhaps indispensably necessary to the other part; and may render the whole (at no distant period) one of the most independant in the world. That the established government being the work of our own hands, with the seeds of amendment engrafted in the Constitution, may by wisdom, good dispositions, and mutual allowances; aided by experience, bring it as near to perfection as any human institution ever aproximated; and therefore, the only strife among us ought to be, who should be foremost in facilitating & finally accomplishing such great & desirable objects; by giving every possible support, & cement to the Union. That however necessary it may be to keep a watchful eye over public servants, & public measures, yet there ought to be limits to it; for suspicions unfounded, and jealousies too lively, are irritating to honest feelings; and oftentimes are productive of more evil than good.\nTo enumerate the various subjects which might be introduced into such an Address would require thought; and to mention them to you would be unnecessary, as your own judgment will\ncomprehend all that will be proper; whether to touch, specifically, any of the exceptionable parts of the Constitu[t]ion may be doubted. All I shall add therefore at present, is, to beg the favor of you to consider\u20141st the propriety of such an Address. 2d if approved, the several matters which ought to be contained in it\u2014and 3d the time it should appear: that is, whether at the declaration of my intention to withdraw from the service of the public\u2014or to let it be the closing Act of my Administration\u2014which, will end with the next Session of Congress (the probability being that that body will continue sitting until March,) when the House of Representatives will also dissolve.\n\u2019Though I do not wish to hurry you (the cases not pressing) in the execution of either of the publications beforementioned, yet I should be glad to hear from you generally on both\u2014and to receive them in time, if you should not come to Philadelphia until the Session commences, in the form they are finally to take. I beg leave to draw your attention also to such things as you shall conceive fit subjects for Communication on that occasion; and, noting them as they occur, that you would be so good as to furnish me with them in time to be prepared, and engrafted with others for the opening of the Session. With very sincere and Affectionate regard I am\u2014ever Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0262", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 21 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia May 21st 1792.\nI returned here yesterday from New Ark, & find that nothing material has occurred in my absence.\nThere is nothing new except what is contained in the papers, and what I doubt not has been announced to you from the War Department\u2014the Convention between Hamtramck and certain Tribes on the Wabash. With the most perfect respect and truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexr Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0263", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 21 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon, May 21st 1792.\nI have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 16t[h] inst. I sincerely hope that the intelligence which has been communicated to you of a War between France and Spain being inevitable, is not founded in truth.\nIt is my intention to commence my Journey to Philadelphia on Thursday next. I shall stop in George Town one day, and proceed on from thence without further delay, unless my horses should require rest, some of which got foundered and lame on the journey to this place. With very sincere regard, I am, Dear Sir, Your affecte & Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0264", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 21 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon, May 21st 1792.\nI have received your letters of the 12th & 15th insts. with their enclosures. From the tenor of Mr Seagrove\u2019s letter I am in hopes that the business of running the line &c. will be amicably accomplished, notwithstanding the unfavorable curcumstances which have occurred. When I passed through George Town, Mr Ellicot informed me that a letter from his brother, dated at the Rock Landing the 19th of April, gave unfavourable intelligence of the business\u2014that two Indians having been detected in Stealing horses at Green Court-House, one was killed, and the other so severely whipped as to have died in consequence of it\u2014that a party of the Cowettas (to whose tribe these Indians belonged) had taken revenge by killing two white men\u2014that the Chiefs of the Nation had sent Orders to the Rock landing for such of the Indians as might have assembled there to return home, and that a party which had arrived at that place had actually gone back\u2014and further observd, that from the appearance of things he did not beleive the line would be run.\nThe letter from Mr Seagrove being dated two days after that from Ellicot and giving a more favorable complexion to the matter than his, I am in hopes that our affairs in that quarter will yet come to an amicable & mutually agreeable conclusion.\nI am pleased with the intelligence contained in your letter of the 15th with respect to the information received from Governor Blount and from Major Hamtramck. I trust that the arrival of the Bloody fellow & other Cherokees in their nation will have been attended with good effects towards the interest of the United States.\nI most sincerely hope that the communications from Major Hamtramck may be a prelude to a general peace with the hostile Indians, and I cannot help thinking that it carries with it that appearance.\nI intend setting out for Philadelphia on Thursday next\u2014shall stop one day in George Town, and proceed on from thence as expeditiously as my horses (some of which got foundered & lame on the journey to this place & have not yet recovered) will permit me to do. With sincere regard I am Dear Sir Your Affect. & Obet St.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0268", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 23 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 23. 1792.\nI have determined to make the subject of a letter, what, for some time past, has been a subject of inquietude to my mind without having found a good occasion of disburthening itself to\nyou in conversation, during the busy scenes which occupied you here. perhaps too you may be able, in your present situation, or on the road, to give it more time & reflection than you could do here at any moment.\nWhen you first mentioned to me your purpose of retiring from the government, tho\u2019 I felt all the magnitude of the event, I was in a considerable degree silent. I knew that, to such a mind as yours, persuasion was idle & impertinent: that before forming your decision, you had weighed all the reasons for & against the measure, had made up your mind on full view of them, & that there could be little hope of changing the result. pursuing my reflections too I knew we were some day to try to walk alone, and if the essay should be made while you should be alive & looking on, we should derive confidence from that circumstance, & resource if it failed. the public mind too was then calm & confident, and therefore in a favorable state for making the experiment. had no change of circumstances supervened, I should not, with any hope of success, have now ventured to propose to you a change of purpose. but the public mind is no longer so confident and serene; and that from causes in which you are no ways personally mixed. Tho these causes have been hackneyed in the public papers in detail, it may not be amiss, in order to calculate the effect they are capable of producing, to take a view of them in the mass, giving to each the form, real or imaginary, under which they have been presented.\nIt has been urged then that a public debt, greater than we can possibly pay before other causes of adding new debt to it will occur, has been artificially created, by adding together the whole amount of the debtor & creditor sides of accounts, instead of taking only their balances, which could have been paid off in a short time: That this accumulation of debt has taken for ever out of our power those easy sources of revenue, which, applied to the ordinary necessities & exigencies of government, would have answered them habitually, and covered us from habitual murmurings against taxes & tax-gatherers, reserving extraordinary calls, for those extraordinary occasions which would animate the people to meet them: That though the calls for money have been no greater than we must generally expect, for the same or equivalent exigencies, yet we are already obliged to strain the impost till it produces clamour, and will produce evasion, & war\non our own citizens to collect it and even to resort to an Excise law, of odious character with the people, partial in it\u2019s operation, unproductive unless enforced by arbitrary & vexatious means, and committing the authority of the government in parts where resistance is most probable, & coercion least practicable. They cite propositions in Congress and suspect other projects on foot still to increase the mass of debt. They say that by borrowing at \u2154 of the interest, we might have paid off the principal in \u2154 of the time: but that from this we are precluded by it\u2019s being made irredeemable but in small portions & long terms: That this irredeemable quality was given it for the avowed purpose of inviting it\u2019s transfer to foreign countries. They predict that this transfer of the principal, when compleated, will occasion an exportation of 3. millions of dollars annually for the interest, a drain of coin, of which as there has been no example, no calculation can be made of it\u2019s consequences: That the banishment of our coin will be compleated by the creation of 10. millions of paper money, in the form of bank bills, now issuing into circulation. They think the 10. or 12. percent annual profit paid to the lenders of this paper medium are taken out of the pockets of the people, who would have had without interest the coin it is banishing: That all the capital employed in paper speculation is barren & useless, producing, like that on a gaming table, no accession to itself, and is withdrawn from commerce & agriculture where it would have produced addition to the common mass: That it nourishes in our citizens habits of vice & idleness instead of industry & morality: That it has furnished effectual means of corrupting such a portion of the legislature, as turns the balance between the honest voters which ever way it is directed: That this corrupt squadron, deciding the voice of the legislature, have manifested their dispositions to get rid of the limitations imposed by the constitution on the general legislature, limitations, on the faith of which, the states acceded to that instrument: That the ultimate object of all this is to prepare the way for a change, from the present republican form of government, to that of a monarchy of which the English constitution is to be the model. that this was contemplated in the Convention, is no secret, because it\u2019s partisans have made none of it. to effect it then was impracticable; but they are still eager after their object, and are predisposing every thing for it\u2019s ultimate attainment. so many of them\nhave got into the legislature that, aided by the corrupt squadron of paper dealers, who are at their devotion, they make a majority in both houses. the republican party, who wish to preserve the government in it\u2019s present form, are fewer in number. they are fewer even when joined by the two, three, or half dozen antifederalists, who, tho they dare not avow it, are still opposed to any general government: but being less so to a republican than a monarchical one, they naturally join those whom they think pursuing the lesser evil.\nOf all the mischiefs objected to the system of measures beforementioned, none is so afflicting, and fatal to every honest hope, as the corruption of the legislature. as it was the earliest of these measures it became the instrument for producing the rest, & will be the instrument for producing in future a king, lords & commons, or whatever else those who direct it may chuse. withdrawn such a distance from the eye of their constituents, and these so dispersed as to be inaccessible to public information, & particularly to that of the conduct of their own representatives, they will form the most corrupt government on earth, if the means of their corruption be not prevented. the only hope of safety hangs now on the numerous representation which is to come forward the ensuing year. some of the new members will probably be either in principle or interest, with the present majority. but it is expected that the great mass will form an accession to the republican party. they will not be able to undo all which the two preceding legislatures, & especially the first have done. public faith & right will oppose this. but some parts of the system may be rightfully reformed; a liberation from the rest unremittingly pursued as fast as right will permit, & the door shut in future against similar commitments of the nation. Should the next legislature take this course, it will draw upon them the whole monarchical & paper interest. but the latter I think will not go all lengths with the former, because creditors will never, of their own accord, fly off entirely from their debtors. therefore this is the alternative least likely to produce convulsion. But should the majority of the new members be still in the same principles with the present & shew that we have nothing to expect but a continuance of the same practices, it is not easy to conjecture what would be the result, nor what means would be resorted to for correction of the evil. true wisdom would direct that they should be temperate\n& peaceable. but the division of sentiment & interest happens unfortunately to be so geographical, that no mortal can say that what is most wise & temperate would prevail against what is more easy & obvious? I can scarcely contemplate a more incalculable evil than the breaking of the union into two or more parts. yet when we review the mass which opposed the original coalescence, when we consider that it lay chiefly in the Southern quarter, that the legislature have availed themselves of no occasion of allaying it, but on the contrary whenever Northern & Southern prejudices have come into conflict, the latter have been sacrificed & the former soothed; that the owers of the debt are in the Southern & the holders of it in the Northern division; that the Antifederal champions are now strengthened in argument by the fulfilment of their predictions; that this has been brought about by the Monarchical federalists themselves, who, having been for the new government merely as a stepping stone to monarchy, have themselves adopted the very constructions of the constitution, of which, when advocating it\u2019s acceptance before the tribunal of the people, they declared it insusceptible; that the republican federalists, who espoused the same government for it\u2019s intrinsic merits, are disarmed of their weapons, that which they denied as prophecy being now become true history: who can be sure that these things may not proselyte the small number which was wanting to place the majority on the other side? and this is the event at which I tremble, & to prevent which I consider your continuance at the head of affairs as of the last importance. the confidence of the whole union is centered in you. your being at the helm, will be more than an answer to every argument which can be used to alarm & lead the people in any quarter into violence or secession. North & South will hang together, if they have you to hang on: and, if the first corrective of a numerous representation should fail in it\u2019s effect, your presence will give time for trying others not inconsistent with the union & peace of the states.\nI am perfectly aware of the oppression under which your present office lays your mind, & of the ardor with which you pant for retirement to domestic life. but there is sometimes an eminence of character on which society have such peculiar claims as to controul the predilection of the individual for a particular walk\nof happiness, & restrain him to that alone arising from the present & future benedictions of mankind. this seems to be your condition, & the law imposed on you by providence in forming your character, & fashioning the events on which it was to operate: and it is to motives like these, & not to personal anxieties of mine or others who have no right to call on you for sacrifices, that I appeal from your former determination & urge a revisal of it, on the ground of change in the aspect of things. should an honest majority result from the new & enlarged representation; should those acquiesce whose principles or interests they may controul, your wishes for retirement would be gratified with less danger, as soon as that shall be manifest, without awaiting the completion of the second period of four years. one or two sessions will determine the crisis: and I cannot but hope that you can resolve to add one or two more to the many years you have already sacrificed to the good of mankind.\nThe fear of suspicion that any selfish motive of continuance in office may enter into this sollicitation on my part obliges me to declare that no such motive exists. it is a thing of mere indifference to the public whether I retain or relinquish my purpose of closing my tour with the first periodical renovation of the government. I know my own measure too well to suppose that my services contribute any thing to the public confidence, or the public utility. multitudes can fill the office in which you have been pleased to place me, as much to their advantage & satisfaction. I, therefore, have no motive to consult but my own inclination, which is bent irresistably on the tranquil enjoyment of my family, my farm, & my books. I should repose among them it is true, in far greater security, if I were to know that you remained at the watch, and I hope it will be so. to the inducements urged from a view of our domestic affairs, I will add a bare mention, of what indeed need only be mentioned, that weighty motives for your continuance are to be found in our foreign affairs. I think it probable that both the Spanish & English negociations, if not completed before your purpose is known, will be suspended from the moment it is known; & that the latter nation will then use double diligence in fomenting the Indian war. With my wishes for the future, I shall at the same time express my gratitude for the past, at least my portion in it; & beg permission to\nfollow you whether in public or private life with those sentiments of sincere attachment & respect, with which I am unalterably, Dear Sir, Your affectionate friend & humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0269", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Davies Shipley, 23 May 1792\nFrom: Shipley, William Davies\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nLlanerch Park near St Asaph [Wales] May 23d 1792\nI hope you will forgive the Liberty I take in transmitting to you my late Father\u2019s works, which I have been induced lately to publish.\nThe high Esteem & Veneration I well know the Author entertained for both your private & public Character, added to the near Relation which much of the Contents bears to that glorious Cause which had ever his warmest Wishes, And which he lived to see so nobly vindicated (principally thro\u2019 your Exertions) will I trust excuse my Presumption.\nThat you may long enjoy the Fruits of your honorable & honest Labours, & live to see your Country attain that complete State of National Prosperity & Happiness to which she seems so rapidly approaching, is the sincere Wish of, Sir, Your most faithful & Obedt humble Servt\nW. D. Shipley\nP.S: I am sorry to observe the Printing is shamefully incorrect\u2014but the mistakes are in general so glaring that the Reader will immediately rectify them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0270", "content": "Title: To George Washington from B. Francis, 25 May 1792\nFrom: Francis, B.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBoston, May 25. 1792.\nA person who has been sometime in America, takes the liberty to address you on the subject of Metals.\nThe want of Metals in a country inhabited by an ingenious and diligent people, must greatly retard their progress in manufactures, and operate as a check upon their population. The enquiry after the existence of the ores of the useful metals, in the United States has not, to my knowledge, ever been prosecuted in such a manner, and by such means, as to prove that they are, or are not, to be met with, in situations convenient for working to effect, and in such quantity as to promote their production.\nIf the analogy which is found to prevail throughout the greater parts of Nature holds good in the Continent of North-America, we may reasonably expect from its great extent; its mountains, vallies, springs of water impregnated with minerals, and the metals which without much seeking for are already found, that not only the useful metals, but fossils that are the basis of several extensive manufactures, or of so much service to agriculture, or use in medicine, maybe discovered of almost equal benefit to the States as a view of Silver or Gold. By analogy in this case, I do not mean that, because the continent of Europe produces the useful fossils, the same precisely maybe expected from the bowells of America, but I mean that the uniformity discovered to predominate in the arrangement of the strata throughout the continent\nof Europe, and on other parts of the Globe where they have been dug into, qualifies us to presume, that a similar arrangement prevails over all parts of the Earth.\nThe most natural position of the strata of our Globe, is that which the Solid parts of any mixture would take if left to subside viz. Horisontal: But the following representation will convey my idea much better. This drawing represents a section of the surface of the Earth, to the depth of five strata, their natural position; they are generally found of various thickness, and may also be distinguished by their productions. This position seldom occurs, and when it does it is not of much extent; most commonly they lie in directions similar to the following.\nIn this section the strata have been thrown out of their natural position by some immense force from beneath: this we presume, because the stratums on the opposite sides of the valley A B correspond. At C is the section of a river.\nThis section maybe considered a continuation from B in the foregoing. At D is an interruption, and the chasm is filled up with rubble: At E the strata are thrown into a position almost perpendicular. By comparing these representations with the rocks and mountains of any country, or with accurate engravings of such prospects, it will appear that the recognition of any particular stratum will be no difficult matter to a mineralist. It will hence also appear, That an acquaintance with the construction and arrangement of the external parts of the Globe, is indispensably necessary in all extensive subterraneous researches.\nMetals seem to have an origin very different to the rocks in which they are found. This appears, not only from their greater specific gravity, but also from their not being imbedded in their substance but in their fissures, or between their lamin\u00e6.\nDid my circumstances qualify me to gratify an inquisitive disposition, I should with great pleasure commence an enquiry into the arrangement, construction & produce of the strata in the United States. I am persuaded such a research would not only open a \u27e8illegible\u27e9 of new Ideas, but if properly conducted would enable the country to judge of its subterranean resources, would be a good foundation for its natural History, would promote Industry, the study of chymistry, and the prosecution of Manufactures. But as the restraints I labour under will deny my attempting it while they exist, I have presumed to address this to you,\nSir, with a tender of my services, in case Such an enquiry should appear to merit your patronage & encouragement; & am, Your most obedt Servt\nB. Francis.\nP.S. My Business will occasion my going to New-York in about fourteen days, where I shall continue sometime, and where a Letter addressed to me at the Post-Office will be sure to come into my hands.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0273", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Davidson, 28 May 1792\nFrom: Davidson, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeorge Town 28 May 1792.\nSensible of the multiplicity of important business which must necessarily occupy your attention, I would not presume to trespass thus on your time, did not events of the first importance to my own welfare and happiness, compel me however painful, to apply to you as the source from whence alone relief can flow, a knowledge of your disposition to render impartial Justice, inspires me with the confidence, to state a few facts.\nSoon after your proclamation establishing the permanent residence\nof Congress on the Potowmac appear\u2019d I became a purchaser of property in the now City of Washington to the amount of \u00a36000, to effect which purchase I have involved nearly my all, add to this, I prevailed with an only Brother in this country\u2014the father of a numerous family\u2014to become an Adventurer in that enterprize to the amount of \u00a34500. these speculations during the Administration of Major L\u2019Enfant, had promised us great advantages, in so much that during that period \u2019twas in our power to have disposed of them at a very handsome advance. It is a very melancholy fact, of very general credence, that since that unhappy Secession, the property in the city has become of little or no value, arising as I concieve from the total incompetency of the present Commissioners to a due and energetic execution of the duties of their office\u2014the individual and private character of the present Commissioners is undeniably amiable and respectable, but not having had the education and habits of men of business, they certainly are totally disqualified to conduct operations of so extensive and complex a nature, which requires not only constant and unremitted attention, but all the energy and spirit of the most active mind, to every Proprietor the fact comes home with peculiar force, that since the conducting the business has devolved on the Commissioners alone, all public confidence in the object is lost, the Proprietors retrospect its late situation in comparison with its present, with the most poignant sorrow, since they now perceive a total abatement of disposition in individuals to speculate in the property, this distressing fact from whatever cause it may arise has excited the most serious apprehensions in the mind of every friend to the business\u2014affairs thus situated and having embarked the greater part of my Property in the new City, I am alarmed for my own fate, I have been restrained from expressing my sentiments until the present moment from considerations of respect to you and in the wish and expectation that some change ere this moment would have taken place which might have cherished those hopes with which in the first instance I was inspired.\nIt is probable my character may have been pourtrayed to you in an unamiable point of view, by the tongue of malice, respecting a refusal to Mr Ellicott to cut a ditch through my land, a wish to stand justified to you induces me to detail a few particulars relative to that transaction: when Major L\u2019Enfant was here clothed\nwith authority, he requested me to dig clay in one of the Public Streets and observed it would be of service to the Public, he pointed out the spot the most proper and I accordingly at my own expence employed Men to turn it up, with an intention of building a House in the City while I was in the execution of this work and under the impression that my authority was good, I received a laconic and mandatory letter from the Commissioners replete with all the airs of the most dictatorial authority commanding me to desist and a subsequent one threatening me with most rigorous prosecution in the federal court if I did not comply, having my feelings thus wounded by the insolent manner in which I was treated I have felt myself perfectly justified in the refusal of a request from them, reasonable in itself and which on another occasion I should have chearfully acquiesed in.\nAs daily and repeated complaints are made by the Proprietors against the measures of the Commissioners, a sense of justice to their own characters as well as an anxiety for the interests of the city induces them to collect a few of the facts on which they found their complaints and which in a few days will be forwarded to you, in the most perfect confidence that as far as they can be substaintiated you will give them the attention they may deserve.\nThrowing myself on your candour to pardon the freedom I have taken in thus addressing you, I remain with sentiments of the greatest respect. Sir Your most obedt hum. Servt\nSam: Davidson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0274", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lefebvre, 28 May 1792\nFrom: Lefebvre, \u2014\u2014 (M.)\nTo: Washington, George\n\u00e0 Monsieur\nNewbury Port [Mass.] ce 28 may 1792\nSupplie humblement Dominique Damphoux Demoni\u00e9 Ecuyer Et sieur de Vachier ancien officier des troupes d\u00e8tach\u00e8es de La marine, habitant De L\u2019isle gouadeloupe Disant Monsieur qu\u2019Etant accabl\u00e9 D\u2019infirmit\u00e9s et ne pouvant Se donner Par lui m\u00eame son N\u00e9cessaire ni S\u2019habiller que par Le Secours de Ses Domestiques, Cet etat maL\u2019heureux obligea Le Suppliant De Passer \u00e0 Newbury Port Le 5 du mois de juillet Lann\u00e9e Derniere avec Deux Domestiques Esperant De trouver Du soulagement En cette contr\u00e9e. il fut tromp\u00e9 dans cette attente. & Se trouve toujours afflige De m\u00eame; Ce qui L\u2019oblige de repasser \u00e0 La gouadeloupe. et au moment de mon Embarquation mon n\u00eagre germain S\u2019est evad\u00e9, En m\u2019enlevant une petite male avec Du linge Pour Son usage\u2014Dont Pour ces m\u00eame articles je me trou\u27e8v\u27e9e Debiteur Envers un marchand de cette Ville. En outre Du tabac que j\u2019avois don\u27e8n\u27e9\u00e9 a mon autre Domestique, il veut Se prevaloir Sois Disant des privileges attach\u00e9es En cette contr\u00e9e Disant qu\u2019il Est libre par les Loix D\u2019ici mais Le Suppliant saddr\u00e8sse monsieur \u00e0 Vous pour reclamer votre justice afin que Vous Donniez Des ordres Pour que ce m\u00eame n\u00eagre soit arr\u00eat\u00e9 et Embarquer Pour La Pointe \u00e0 P\u00eetre. Parceque Le Suppliant ne croit pa\u27e8s\u27e9 que les Loix d\u2019ici puissent valloir Pour des habitants Etrangers que ne viennent que pour S\u00e9tablire & amenent des Domestiques Pour Son service. Le Suppliant Est persuade Monsieur De toute V\u00f4tre equitt\u00e9 & justice En pareil Cas Surto\u00fbt Dans L\u2019etat maL\u2019heureux ou il se trouve: & ne cessera de faire des\nVoeux au Ciel Pour La Conservation & La Prosperit\u00e9 De Votre personne Pour monsieur Damphoux demoni\u00e9\nLefebvre", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0275", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Harriot Washington, 28 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, Harriot\nTo: Washington, George\nMt Vernon May 28 1792\nI now take up my pen to write to my dear Uncle, I hope you arrived safe in Philadelphia, and at the time you exspected, If my dear Uncle finds, it convenient to give me a guittar, I will thank you if you will direct it to be made with key\u2019s and string\u2019s both, as they are easier to lear[n] to play on, and not so easy to be out of order, but if one with key\u2019s, is dearer than without, I shall be much obleiged to you for one with string\u2019s, I should not trouble you for a guttar, if I was not certain that I could learn myself, every person that I have asked say\u2019s that It is the easiest instrument to learn on that is, and any body that can turn a tune, can play on a guittar, but Mrs Bushrod Washington, has been so kind as to offer to teach me if I could not learn myself.\nIf you please to give my love to Aunt Washington Nelly and Washington. I am My dear Uncle Your affectionate Neice\nHarriot Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0276", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 30 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 30. 1792.\nIt is my duty to suggest to your attention that in the act of the late session of Congress for making certain appropriations, is a clause enacting that a sum of 50,000 D. in addition to former provision be appropriated to defray any expence which may be incurred in relation to the intercourse between the U.S. & foreign nations, and to add that the public service will be advanced by having that sum ready for your orders as speedily as may be conveniently effected. I have the honour to be with the most perfect esteem & respect Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0277", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 31 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] 31st May 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to inform the President of the Unit\u2019d States that the place of Keeper of the Light house on Thatcher\u2019s Island in the State of Massachusetts has become vacant by the death of Mr Hustin. The following persons are respectably recommended\u2014Joseph Sayword\u2014Henry White\u2014Samuel Hustin, son of the deceas\u2019d Keeper, and\u2014 Rowe. The first is strongly recommended both by the Collector of Boston and the Collector of Gloucester. The latter has also recommended Captn Rowe.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0278", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joachim Jacob Brandt, 2 June 1792\nFrom: Brandt, Joachim Jacob\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhilada, June 2d, 1792\nThe Legislature of the Union during their last sitting passed two Acts (which you were pleased to approve) for affording relief to persons disabled in the service of the United States in the War with Great Britain a defect in the first respecting its operation was the cause why a second or Act Supplementary was enacted & therefore it is that being One of the description considered in the Acts alluded as well as Numbers of others who are at present in a situation little above want; that is a state of dependance and uncertainty. that I now humbly presume to address you that you may be pleased to point out some mode by which we may hope for a speedy relief and that we may be informed thereof as\nconveniently as may be and which consistent with your Characteristic goodness and Justice will be affording relief to the distressed; and that you may continue to preside over us long and with your usual Philanthropy We humbly & sincerely pray.\nSigned in behalf of himself & divers others\nJoachim Jacob Brandt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0279", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 2 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, 2 June 1792]\nI wish more favorable explanations than I expect, from your interview with the British Minester.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0280", "content": "Title: From George Washington to B\u00e9hague, 3 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: B\u00e9hague, Jean-Pierre-Antoine, comte de\nSir,\n[Philadelphia, 3 June 1792]\nI have received the duplicate of the polite letter which you did me the honor of writing to me on the 28th of may 1791. The first has not reached my hands.\nThe obliging manner in which you express your wishes to prove the sincerity of your attachment to the United States by keeping up and encouraging the treaty of amity which unites France and America, merits the acknowledgements of the good citizens of this Country, as well as the protection which you mention to have given to the American Vessels on the coast of the Isle of Belle Isle, where you commanded in the late war.\nThe Constitution of the Society of the Cincinnati does not permit the President to decide on the qualifications for admission into that Society. He can only grant diplomas to such as may have been admitted in confo[r]mity to the general Institution. And in order to be better informed of the pretensions of foreign Officers for admission, power was given to the Count de Rochambeau, the Marquis de la Fayette and the Count d\u2019Estaing to admit such as should appear to have well-grounded pretensions, to wear the Insignia of the Order; and the Certificate of those gentlemen being transmitted to the Secretary of the Society (which office is now filled by General Knox) will entitle the person to whom it is granted to a Diploma. With sentiments of due consideration I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0281", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 3 June 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n [Philadelphia] 3 June 1792. Asks Lear \u201cto inform the President of the United States that I propose to avail myself of his permission to go to New York by the early stage tomorrow Morning, and to return on thursday or at furthest on friday evening next.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0282", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jacob Read, 3 June 1792\nFrom: Read, Jacob\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCharles Ton So. Carolina 3rd, June 1792\nMr Hugh Rose of this State will do himself the honour of paying his Respects to Your Excellency and delivering this Letter[.] I pray leave to present him to Your Excelly as a Gentleman of worth and fortune.\nAs my brother in Law and also a Cousin German by birth I\ncannot be indifferent to Mr Rose\u2019s Reception or happiness on his present tour [.] I have therefore taken the Liberty of presenting Mr Rose to you sir as my friend and a Gentleman in Whose Welfare I am particularly interested.\nMrs Rose who is my Sister will not fail of paying her Respects to Mrs Washington if they have the good fortune to find Your Excellency & family in Philadelphia.\nI pray You Sir to do me the favour to present Mrs Reads\u2019 and my own most Respectful Compliments to Mrs Washington with our Sincere acknowledgements for her politeness & Attention when in New York. With the most Respectful Esteem and Regard I am Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt Humle Servt\nJacob Read", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0283", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ann McCrea, 4 June 1792\nFrom: McCrea, Ann\nTo: Washington, George\nHounerd Sir,\nPhilada June 4th 1792\nIn my Distresed Situation I Make Bold to Call on you for a Little Help, your Houner May Rest assur\u2019d Nothing But want Induces me, the Reason of me Being in this town my Son Left me with an Intention of Coming here but was took Sick in Wilmington, me Hearing of his Sickness Came Imediately to See him a few Days after I Came there He to my Sorrow Died, Left me there friendless and Moneyless, I wish to go Home to Dumfrees, I hope your Hounerd wount think hard of me for Making So Bold, I am, with the greates Respect Your Very Humble Servt\nAnn McCrea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0285", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 4 June 1792\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nG: town 4th June 92\nI cannot but think it necessary that you should know, that Bowles\u2019s brother, John, who passed through this town last winter on his way to his Brother, returned a fiew days ago\u2014A Gentleman\nwho had some conversation with him, as he passed through here, tells me, he informed him, that he staid about a fortnight with his brother; and then went to the Bahama islands: from thence he came to Norfolk, and now intends to go to Kentucky; after staying a fiew days with his friends near Hagar\u2019s town. I am Dr Sir, with the greatest respect, Your Obt Serv.\nDd Stuart\nP:S: his rout from here, was through Baltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0287", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 6 June 1792\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nGeorge-Town 6th June 1792\nWe enclose you a Copy of a Section of our Act of the Assembly of Maryland, passed at the last session, the Treasurer, as we are informed, has about 24,000 Dollars now in Hand, we shall be obliged to you for your Order, as the late Demands has been so heavy that it is proper to lodge more Money in our Treasurers hands\u2014There is a Ballance of 5746 Maryland Currency yet to receive on the Virginia Donation for the first Year\u2014we are sir with the highest Respect Yours &c.\nTh. Johnson\nDd Stuart\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0288", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Rodolph Valltravers, 6 June 1792\nFrom: Valltravers, Johann Rodolph von (Vall-Travers)\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please Your Excellency!\nRotterdam, June 6th 1792.\nThe Packet, with instructive Materials, collected from the Academies of Berlin, Leipzig, Petersburg and Hamburg, in Aid of Mr John Churchman\u2019s, your ingenious Countryman\u2019s, Labors, towards an experimental very interesting Theory of magnetical Motions and their Variations, transmitted to Your Excellency, by Captn Bell, from Hamburg, in March 1791. having been kindly received & forwarded to that worthy Gentleman, by Tobias Lear, Esqe your Exccy\u2019s Secretary, the 10th of Septembr following, to his very great Jo\u00ff: I now take the Liberty, to have again Recourse to the same secure Channel of Your generous Protection, in conveying this new Packet of further important Materials, towards the same Doctrine; collected during a Twelvemonth\u2019s Stay in these Parts; in Behalf, not only of my indefatigable Friend, but of Navigation & philosophical useful Investigations in general, from the first Characters of the Age, in Point of solid mathematical Knowledge. A third Packet, not less valuable, shall get ready in the Course of this Summer, & be transmitted the same, with Your Excellency\u2019s kind Leave & Approbation. The present is entrusted to the special Care of my much esteemed Friend, Mr Chrn Ma\u00ffer, agent to Mr Adrn Valck of Baltimore, sailing back on Board the good Ship, Wackzamkeed, commanded by Captn Tys Van Haas, with a Cargo of about 400. Passengers, chiefly Germans, bound to Philadelphia; followed with an other Cargo of the Same, of about 300. more, shipt off to New-York, on Board the Rodolph & Elizabeth, Captn J\u00fcrgens Commander, both from this City; This Accession of industrious Emigrants is, in great Measure, owing to the patriotic Zeal & Activit\u00ff of Mr Mayer, from whose Talents your prosperous Commonwealth is likely to derive many further Benefits.\nI hope, Your Excellency has received long ago, my Letter of July 21t 1791. from this Place, along with my Manuscript Work, collected from Mr Eshelscrown\u2019s german Materials, furnished me, when at Hamburg, entitled: The present political & mercantile State of all the chief European Settlements in East India in 3. Vols. 4\u00ba. 1789\u20131790; entrusted to the Care of Captn Folger, of Baltimore, a Relation of my deceased great Friend, Dr Benjn Franklin; who, I hear, arrived safe in August following. He promised\nme, to deliver my Manuscript to Yr Exccy in Person; and to dispose of it, agreable to your kind Commands; when found of some public Utility to that important Branch of your extensive Trade & Navigation. Yr Exccy\u2019s Silence, as well as his, concerning this Object, on which I have bestowed much Time and Labor, make me anxious about its Fate. I am equally ignorant of the Fate of a 3d Letter of mine to Yr Excy conve\u00ffed by Captn Stuart of Baltimore, last \u00ffear, on the 1t of Augt inclosing Six Copies of m\u00ff german Publication and Dispersion of Dr Franklin\u2019s Instructions sent me to Vienna, from Paris, & advice to all those, who propose to Settle in N. America; which I got inserted, from Time to Time, in various Almanacks, Newspapers, and other periodical Works throughout Germany; the good Effects of which still continue to be sensibly felt. Capn Wm Dolliver of Boston, bound from this Place to Savannah, in Georgia, with his Brig, the Massachuset, took Charge of a further Letter to your Excellency, dated Novr 19th 1791; containing a Series of Objects, in which I am still ambitious to signalize my Sincere Veneration & Attachment to the Service of your confederate Union; ever since my first Acquaintance with Dr Bn Franklin, as Fellow-Member of the roial Society in London, 35. Years ago; and afterwards with yr worthy Patriot, H. Laurence Esqe yr unfortunate Predecessor in the Presidency of your States in Congress; with both whom I had the Honor to correspond, ever since.\nAll these; besides my several Letters to the learned, encouraging Societies of your Continent, with Offers of interesting literary Communications, to promote every Branch of useful Knowledge & Industry, to the utmost Stretch of m\u00ff small power and Sphere of Action; remaining unnoticed: it wd argue the highest Degree of Presumption in me, were I to flatter myself with any further Hopes of m\u00ff wellmeant Tenders having been acceptable.\nNor will the Narrowness of my present Fortune, greatly impaired by m\u00ff man\u00ff liberal Sacrifices, together with my advanced Age, permit me now, to repair to N. A. to reside there some Time, & to recieve your Commands & Instructions in Person, without some adequate Aid & Compensation: Great as my Desire is, to be an Eye-Witness of that flourishing State of public Felicity, of which Yr Excellcy has been, & please God! will long continue to be, the chief Promoter and Support.\nMr Short\u2019s Destination, as your public Minister to this Republic, having, I hear, been changed to a particular Service at the Court of Spain and good Mr Dumas\u2019s unhappy Situation at the Hague, obnoxious to the Court from his Attachmt to the french Interest, and quite Sunk by the Weight of his Sufferings in Body & Mind, having it no longer in his Power, to be of actual Service to his Principals, in this important Station, wou\u2019d willingly accept of my Assistance in his Functions, were I duely authorised to relieve him. The present general Strugle, between Liberty & Despotism, affords no indifferent Matter of Contemplation to yr happy Commonwealth, even as a peaceable Spectator of all the inhuman Horrors of so bloody a Contention.\nTho\u2019 nine Years more advanced in Age, than Your Excellence, I feel myself, as ardent as ever, to exert every Ability in m\u00ff Power, in the Execution & faithful Discharge of whatever Commands Yr Exccy shall be pleased to intimate to Your Excellence\u2019s Most sincerily devoted humble Servant\nRodolph Vall-travers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0289", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 8 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen,\nPhiladelphia June 8th 1792\nThe bearer of this, Mr James Hoben, was strongly recommended to me by Colo. Laurens and sevral other Gentlemen of So. Carolinia when I was there last year, as a person who had made architecture his study, and was well qualified not only for planning or designing buildings, but to superintend the execution of them. He informs me that he intends to produce plans of the two buildings next month agreeably to the advetisement of the Commissioners, and is now on his way to view the ground on which they are to stand. I have given him this letter of introduction in order that he might have an opportunity of communicating his views & wishes to you, or of obtaining any information necessary for completing the plans. But as I have no knowledge of the man or his talents further than the information which I recd from the Gentlemen in Carolina you must consider this letter merely as a line of introduction for the purposes mentioned. With estem & regard I am Gentlemen Yr most Obed. Se[rvan]t.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0290", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Iredell and John Sitgreaves, 8 June 1792\nFrom: Iredell, James,Sitgreaves, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNewbern, North Carolina, June 8th 1792.\nWe the Judges now attending at the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of North Carolina, conceive it our duty to lay before you some important observations which have occurred to us in the consideration of an act of Congress lately passed, entitled, \u201cAn Act to provide for the settlement of the claims of widows and Orphans barred by the limitations heretofore established, and to regulate the Claims to Invalid Pensions.\u201d\nWe beg leave to premise, that it is as much our inclination as it is our duty, to receive with all possible respect every act of the Legislature, and that we never can find ourselves in a more painful situation than to be obliged to object to the execution of any, more especially to the execution of one founded on the principles of humanity and justice, which the Act in question undoubtedly is. But however lamentable a difference in opinion really may be, or with whatever difficulty we may have formed an opinion, we are under the indispensable necessity of acting according to the best dictates of our own judgement, after duly weighing every consideration that can occur to us, which we have done on the present occasion.\nThe extreme importance of the case, and our desire of being explicit, beyond the danger of being misunderstood, will, we hope, justify us in stating our observations in a systematic manner.\nWe therefore, Sir, submit to you the following.\n1. That the Legislative, Executive and Judicial Departments are each formed in a seperate and independent manner, and that the ultimate basis of each is the Constitution only, within the limits of which each department can alone justify any act of authority.\n2. That the Legislature, among other important powers, unquestionably possess that of establishing Courts in such a manner\nas to their wisdom shall appear best, limited by the terms of the Constitution only, and to whatever extent that power may be exercised, or however severe the duty they may think proper to require, the judges, when appointed in virtue of any such establishment, owe implicit and unreserved obedience to it.\n3. That, at the same time, such Courts cannot be warranted, as we conceive, by virtue of that part of the Constitution delegating Judicial power, for the exercise of which any act of the Legislature is provided, in exercising (even under the authority of another Act) any power not in its nature Judicial, or if Judicial not provided for upon the terms the Constitution requires.\n4. That whatever doubt may be suggested, whether the power in question is properly of a judicial Nature; Yet inasmuch as the decision of the Court is not made final, but may be at least suspended in its operation by the Secretary of War if he shall have cause to suspect imposition or mistake; this subjects the decision of the Court to a mode of revision which we consider to be unwarranted by the Constitution; for tho\u2019 Congress may certainly establish, in instances not yet provided for, Courts of appellat Jurisdiction, yet such Courts must consist of Judges appointed in the manner the Constitution requires, and holding their Offices by no other tenure than that of their good behaviour, by which tenure the office of the Secretary of War is not held, and we beg leave to add, with all due difference, that no decision of any Court of the United States can, under any circumstances, in our opinion, agreeable to the Constitution, be liable to a revision or even suspension by the Legislature itself, in whom no Judicial power of any kind appears to be vested, but the important one relative to impeachments.\nThese, Sir, are our reasons for being of opinion as we are at present, that this Circuit Court in the execution of that part of the Act which requires it to exercise and report an opinion on the unfortunate cases of Officers and Soldiers disabled in the service of the United States. The part of the act requiring the Court to sit five days for the purpose of receiving applications from such persons we shall deem it our duty to comply with, for whether in our opinion such purpose can or cannot be answered, it is we conceive an indispensable duty to keep open any Court of which we have the honor to be Judges, as long as Congress shall direct.\nThe high respect we entertain for the Legislature, our feelings as men for persons whose situation requires the earliest as well as the most effectual relief, and our sincere desire to promote, whether Officially or otherwise, the just and benevolent views of Congress so conspicuous on the present as well as on many other occasions, have induced us to reflect whether we could be justified in acting under this act personally in the Character of Commissioners during the Session of a Court; and could we be satisfied that we had authority to do so we would chearfully devote such part of our time as might be necessary for the performance of the service. But we confess we have great doubts on this head. The power appears to be given to the Court only, and not to the Judges of it; and as the Secretary at War has not a discretion in all instances, but only in those where he has cause to suspect mistake or imposition, to with-hold a person recommended by the Court from being named on the Pension list; it would be necessary for us to be well persuaded we possessed such an authority before we exercised a power which might be a means of drawing money out of the public Treasury, as effectually as an express appropriation by law[.] We do not mean, however, to preclude ourselves from every deliberate consideration whether we can be warranted in executing the purposes of the Act in case an application should be made.\nNo application has yet been made to the Court or to ourselves individually, and therefore we have had some doubts as to the propriety of giving an opinion in a case which has not yet come regularly and judicially before us. None can be made more sensible than we are of the necessity of Judges being in general extremely cautious of not intimating an opinion in any case extra-judicially, because we well know how liable the best minds are, notwithstanding their utmost care, to a bias which may arise from a preconceived opinion, even unguardedly, much more deliberately given: But in the present instance, as many unfortunate and meritorious individuals whom Congress have justly thought proper objects of immediate relief, may suffer very great distress even by a short delay, and may be utterly ruined by a long one, we determined at all events to make our sentiments known as early as possible, considering this as a case which must be deemed an exception to the general rule upon every principle of humanity and justice; resolving however, that so far as we are\nconcerned individually, in case an Application should be made, we will most attentively hear it, and if we can be convinced this opinion is a wrong one we shall not hesitate to act accordingly, being as far from the weakness of supposing that there is any reproach in having committed an error, to which the purest and best men are sometimes liable, as we should be from so low a sense of duty as to think it would not be the highest and most deserved reproach that could be bestowed on any men (much more Judges) that they were capable, from any motive, of persevering against conviction in apparently maintaining an opinion which they really thought to be erroneous.\nWe take the liberty to request, Sir, that you will be pleased to lay this letter before the Legislature of the United States at their next Session\u2014and Have the honor to be &c.\nJames Iredell\u2014one of the Associate Judges of the Supreme Court of the U.S.\nJohn Sitgreaves\u2014Judge of the U.S. for the North Carolina Dist.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0291", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel and Elizabeth Willing Powel, 8 June 1792\nFrom: Powel, Samuel,Powel, Elizabeth Willing\nTo: Washington, George\nFriday 8 June 1792\nThe Speaker of the Senate of Pennsylvania will have the Honor to wait on the President of the United States and Mrs Washington on Thursday next.\nMrs Powel has the Pleasure to present her respectfull Compliments to them and to express her Regrets that she cannot have the Honor of dining with them upon that Day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0292", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 9 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 9. 92.\nTh: Jefferson, with his respects to the President, incloses him a letter from mister Rittenhouse on the subject of procuring a house for the mint. mister Rittenhouse thinks the house in 7th street can be bought for 1600.\u00a3. it is probable that none can be rented under \u00a3150. and this sum would pay the interest and sink the principal of 1600\u00a3 in 15 years. the outhouses will save the necessity of new erections, and there is a horse mill, which will save the building one for the rolling mill: so that on the whole Th: J. concurs in opinion with mister Rittenhouse that it will be better to buy this house; and submits the same to the President. a plan of the ground & buildings is inclosed.\nMr Rittenhouse thinks the appointment of a Chief coiner & Engraver (in one office) necessary to prepare the proper machines for coining copper. he thinks Voight perfectly equal to the duties of the coiner. he is no engraver himself, and it is therefore proposed that he shall consider the cost of engraving\ndies as a charge to be deducted from his salary of 1500. Doll. he has not been consulted on this point. he is willing to accept the appointment, & to retire from it of course on the arrival of any successor whom we shall import from abroad.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0293", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 9 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] Saturday June 9th 92\nI am in sentiment with you & the Director of the Mint, respecting the purchase of the Lots & Houses which are offered for Sale in preference to Renting\u2014as the latter will certainly exceed the Interest of the former.\nThat all the applications may be brought to view, & considered, for Coining &ca; Mr Lear will lay the letters and engravings before you to be Shewn to the Director of the Mint. I have no other object or wish in doing it than to obtain the best. Yrs &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0294", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur Young, 9 June 1792\nFrom: Young, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nSr\nBradfield Hall [England] June 9. 92.\nI beg leave to present your Excellency with a book I have published; &: to request that you will pass over the first half of it & read only the second. The age is so frivolous that if a work contain only a subject of importance it has but little chance of attention unless it proceed from a genius of the first class, and this circumstance induced me to publish some rubbish to tempt people to the plough.\nWhen America sees the work that is made with the corn trade in France, she may bless herself at being governed by more enlightened legislators. I have the honour to be With the Greatest Respect Your Excellency\u2019s Much obliged & Devoted St\nArthur Young", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0296", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gouverneur Morris, 10 June 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Washington, George\nprivate \nMy dear Sir,Paris 10 June 1792.\nAltho I have been above a Month in this City I have not been able untill within a Day or two to make up my Mind as to the Sentiments of the Person mentiond to you in mine of the twenty first of March, or rather I could not obtain that Certainty which was needful before I could properly mention them to you. I can now venture to assure you that by coming into Office he has not chang\u2019d his Sentiments.\nMy former Letters have mention\u2019d to you the Indiscipline of the french Armies, and the public Prints will give you such Facts on that Head as may tend to making up in your Mind a solid Judgment as to future Events[.] The first Step towards Bankruptcy has already been made by extending to seventeen hundred Millions the Sum of Assignats which may be in Circulation. A further Extension must take Place in a few Days. The Powers combin\u2019d against France have it therefore in their Choice to wear her out by a War of resources or dash into the Heart of the Country. This last will best suit with their own Situation but I do not think they will advance before the Begining of August.\nYour Letter to the King has produc\u2019d a very good effect. It is not relish\u2019d by the Democrats who particularly dislike the Term your People but it suits well the prevailing Temper which is monarchic. The jacobine Faction approaches to its Dissolution, as you may perceive by its Agonies. In fact the Deliberations are so absurd & so extravagantly wild that they daily furnish new Arms to their Enemies. You will perceive at a Glance that this is not a Moment for making commercial Treaties[.] I shall however do all which I can without seriously compromising our future Interest. I am ever most truly yours\nGouvr Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0297", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Barclay, 11 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Barclay, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 11. 1792.\nCongress having furnished me with means for procuring peace, and ransoming our captive citizens from the government of Algiers, I have thought it best, while you are engaged at Marocco, to appoint Admiral Jones to proceed to Algiers, and therefore have sent him a commission for establishing peace, another for the ransom of our captives, and a third to act there as Consul for the U.S. and full instructions are given in a letter from the Secretary of state to him, of all which papers, mister Pinkney now proceeding to London as our Minister Plenipotentiary there, is the bearer, as he is also of this letter. it is sometime however since we have heard of Admiral Jones, and as, in the event of any accident to him, it might occasion an injurious delay, were the business to await new commissions from hence, I have thought it best, in such an event, that mister Pinkney should forward to you all the papers addressed to Admiral Jones, with this letter, signed by myself, giving you authority on receipt of those papers to consider them as addressed to you, and to proceed under them in every respect as if your name stood in each of them in the place of that of John Paul Jones. you will of course finish the business of your mission to Marocco with all the dispatch practicable, and then proceed to Algiers on that hereby confided to you, where this letter with the commissions addressed to Admiral Jones, and an explanation of circumstances, will doubtless procure you credit as acting in the name & on the behalf of the United States, and more especially when you shall efficaciously prove your authority by the fact of making, on the spot, the payments you shall stipulate. With full confidence in the prudence & integrity with which you will fulfill the objects of the present\nmission, I give to this letter the effect of a commission & full powers, by hereto subscribing my name this eleventh day of June one thousand seven hundred & ninety two.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0299", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Potts, 12 June 1792\nFrom: Potts, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nsir\nFrederick Town [Md.] 12 June 1792\nFinding it very inconvenient to attend the Circuit and district Courts of the United States from this place so remote from the seats of those Courts, and considering it material to the interests of the United States That the Residence of the Attorney should be nearer the Scenes of Business, I am induced to give up my appointment as Attorney for the District of Maryland, and beg that this may be received as my resignation thereof\u2014Permit me to assure you that I entertain a just sense of the honour conferred by that trust reposed in me, and am led to this step by a sense of duty, after experiencing that I cannot discharge the duties of that station with advantage to the public, without a change of Residence that present circumstances would not justify. With Sentiments of the highest Respect I have the honour to subscribe myself Your obedt Servant\nRichard Potts", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0302", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 15 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] Friday 15. June 1792\nWhen Artizans are imported, and criticism is at Work, the inducement is greater to obtain those who are really skilful: for this reason, if Mr Pinckney should not readily meet with those who are unequivocally such; or, if there is a chance of getting better in France than in England, I think it would be well to instruct him to correspond with Mr Morris on this Subject with a view to obtain the best. I should be mortified to import men not more understanding in the business of Assaying, Engraving & Coining than those who are already among us. Yours. &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0304", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Chittenden, 16 June 1792\nFrom: Chittenden, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\u2014\nWilliston [Vt.] June 16th 1792\nThe unprovoked insult lately offered to this, and the united government by the commanding officer of a british Garrison within the jurisdiction of the united States; is so flagrant a breach of the Laws of Nations, and the late treaty with great Britain; that\nI feel myself under obligations to give you the earliest information of it. I have inclosed you sundry affidavits, to which I refer you for the particulars. Inclosed also is a copy of my Letter to the Governor of Canada of the 16th instant. As soon as I receive an answer I shall without loss of time, communicate it to you, together with such other circumstances as may hereafter come to my knowledge. I am with the greatest respect your Excellencys very humble servant\nThoms Chittenden", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0305", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 16 June 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n [Philadelphia, 16 June 1792]. Asks Lear \u201cto submit the enclosed letter from Genl Chapin, to the President of the United States. Capt. Brant will be here by tuesday, at furthest, in the judgement of the express who has just arrived.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0306", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 17 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] June 17th 1792.\nThe Attorney General will, I presume, draw the Deed for the Lot for the Mint. The purchase of it, I approve of.\nIf you can aid me in answering the queries of Mr Young, contained in his letter enclosed, I would thank you\u2014I wish to write to him by Mr Pinckney.\nIs not fish Oil one of the things that will claim the particular attention of Mr Morris? Yrs &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0307", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Alexander Hamilton, 18 June 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n United States [Philadelphia] 18 June 1792. Transmits by GW\u2019s command for Hamilton\u2019s inspection \u201ca letter from John Ritchie, Inspector of the 2d division in Maryland, to the President.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0308", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Arthur Young, 18\u201321 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Young, Arthur\nSir,\nPhiladelphia June 18 [\u201321] 1792.\nYour letter of the 18th of Jany was received about a fortnight ago. For the Annals which you have had the goodness to send me, I pray you to accept my thanks. No directions having accompanied the second sett, and presuming they were intended for the Agricultural Society in this City, I have, in your name, presented them to that body.\nAs far as it is in my power, I will endeavour to solve the doubts which are expressed in your queries, contained in the above letter. and first\u2014\u201cLabour is so slightly touched on, that I know not how to estimate it.\u201d\nThe information on this, as well as on other points of my last communication, was given in transcripts of the letters I had received in answer to certain queries, hastily submitted, to some intelligent Gentlemen of my acquaintance, in the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland & Virginia. If therefore the article of labour was not sufficiently enlarged upon, or, if there appeared too great a diversity in the price of this article, in that of land, and of other things, to be easily reconciled and understood; you must ascribe the inconsistency, or omission, to that cause; & to the habits, & value which is set on these things in the different States, and in different parts of the same State.\nSouth of Pennsylvania, hired labor is not very common, except it be at harvest, and sometimes for cutting grass. The wealthier farmers perform it with their own black Servants, whilst the poorer sort are obliged to do it themselves. That labour in this Country is higher than it is in England, I can readily conceive. The ease with which a man can obtain land, in fee, beyond the\nMountains\u2014to which most of that class of people repair, may be assigned as the primary cause of it. But high wages is not the worst evil attending the hire of white men in this Country, for being accustomed to better fare than I believe the labourers of almost any other Country, adds considerably to the expence of employing them; whilst blacks, on the contrary, are cheaper: the common food of them (even when well treated) being bread, made of the Indian Corn, Butter milk, Fish (pickled herrings) frequently, and meat now and then; with a blanket for bedding: In addition to these, ground is often allowed them for gardening, & priviledge given them to raise dung-hill fowls for their own use. With the farmer who has not more than two or three Negros, little difference is made in the manner of living between the master & the man; but far otherwise is the case with those who are owned in great numbers by the wealthy; who are not always as kind, and as attentive to their wants & usage as they ought to be; for by these, they are fed upon bread alone, which does not, on an average, cost more than seven dollars a head pr Ann. (about 32/ Sterling).\nFrom these data, in aid of my last communications, you will be able to form an idea of the cost of labour in this Country. It varies, however, in the different States as I have already observed, and sometimes in the same State; but may be said to vibrate with white men, between ten & fifteen pounds\u2014and for black men between Eight and twelve pounds sterling pr Ann., besides their board. No difficulty, I should conceive, would be found in obtaining those of either description on the terms here mentioned; but I do not advance this with certainty, not having been in the habit of hiring any, myself, for several years past. Blacks are capable of much labour, but having (I am speaking generally) no ambition to establish a good name, they are too regardless of a bad one; and of course, require more of the masters eye than the former. Formerly, I have given to skilful & careful Cradlers, a dollar a day during harvest; which was a sixth more than the usual price; but then, I knew the men, & that they would oblige themselves to cut clean, and lay well, four acres of Wheat a day (if it did not stand very heavy on the ground)\u2014or, if I prefered it, they would cut by the Acre paying them at the rate of a dollar for every four acres. There are men who will rake & bind as fast as the Cradlers will cut the grain, but to do this is\ndeemed hard work, and when done, entitles them to Cradlers wages. These people eat three times a day (once perhaps of milk) and are allowed a pint of spirits each man. A Barn floor, with straw & a blanket, serves them at harvest for lodging.\nWhen I observed in a former letter that, \u201call our labour was performed by Negros\u201d I must have alluded to the custom in Virginia\u2014the State in which I then lived, & from which I wrote; but my last communication to you, was on a more extensive Scale, comprehending the practices, & prices of Pennsylvania & Maryland, as well as different parts of Virginia; which (latter) is a state of great extent\u2014differing much in its products and culture.\nThe English Statute acre is the measure by which we have hitherto bought & sold land; and the price of land, as handed to you in my last, includes buildings, fences, arable, meadow, in short the improvements of every sort appertaining to the tract, on which they are placed. To a stranger at a distance, this aggregate mode, of estimating the value of a farm is, it must be confessed, dark, & unsatisfactory; but to the parties present, who see & examine every thing, & judge for themselves, it is quite immaterial. The Seller warrants the title, & quantity which he sells; and both form an opinion of the total worth of the premises. It rarely happens, however, that buildings & other improvements are estimated by the purchaser at near what they cost the Seller, especially on old farms which have been a good deal worked; the received opinion being, that fresh land without improvements, is more to be desired than worn, & much abused land is with such as are usually found thereon; but this is to be considered as a general, not an invariable rule; for the better & more attentive farmers keep their farms in high order, and value the improvements accordingly.\nNever having been in England, I ought not to hazard an opinion, or attempt a comparison between the Soil of that Country & this, in their virgin & unimproved State; but from what I know of the one, & have heard of the other, I should decide in favor of the latter at a distance from the Sea-board; which from the highlands of the Neversink (in East Jersey) to Florida inclusively, is flat; and with but few exceptions, sandy, and generally of mean quality. From the falls of the Rivers to the Mountains\u2014which is generally from Sixty to 100 miles\u2014and above the latter\u2014except\nthe craggy hills & mountains which lye between the Eastern & Western waters; the best lands are to be found. They are strong, and after having been used, & abused in a shameful manner, will, with a little repose, get covered with white clover. The upper Country is healthiest also.\nYou seem surprised, and no wonder, to hear that many of our farmers\u2014if they can be so called\u2014cultivate much ground for little profit; because land is cheap, and labour is high; but you will remember, that when I informed you of this fact, I reprobated at the sametime both the practice & the principle. The history however of it, is this\u2014a piece of land is cut down & kept under constant cultivation\u2014first in Tobacco & then in Indian Corn (two very exhausting plants) until it will yield scarcely anything; a second piece is cleared & treated in the same manner; then a third\u2014& so on until probably, there is but little more to clear. When this happens, the owner finds himself reduced to the choice of one of three things\u2014either to recover the land which he has ruined, to accomplish which he has perhaps neither the skill, the industry, nor the means; or to retire beyond the Mountains; or to substitute quantity for quality, in order to raise something. The latter has been generally adopted; and with the assistance of horses, he scratches over much ground, & seeds it, to very little purpose as you may suppose, & have been informed; for I presume an English farmer would bestow more labour on one acre by deep & frequent ploughings, besides the dressings he gives to the land, than the other does on five acres. It is but justice however to Pennsylvania, to declare that her husbandry (though not perfect) is much better; and her crops proportionably greater. The practice above mentioned applies more particularly to the Tobacco States which, happily, are yielding more and more every year to the growth of Wheat, and as this prevails the husbandry improves. Instances could be enumerated, and where no extraordinary dressings or management has been used, of land yielding from thirty to forty bushels of Wheat pr acre, that has been very much exhausted.\nYour mode of calculating the taxes of this Country, being unusual with us, I may not accurately understand; and as the Virginia method was, if I recollect rightly, detailed in my former accounts, I know not how to give you a more distinct idea of them than by exhibiting the items of the specific charges on every\nspecies of taxable property\u2014viz.\u2014on Land, Negros, Stock &ca. This, as it respects an estate in Virginia with which I am very well acquainted, I am enabled to do, & will do. We have a Road tax besides but it is light, and in most of the States paid by a contribution of labour, which rarely exceeds two days in the year, for each male labourer. Dutiable articles is a distinct tax, the quantum of which depends upon the consumption, and the consumption upon the disposition of the consumer: with the aid therefore of the Laws (which I sent you) every man can calculate, better than I am able to do for him, the amount of his own expenditures in this way. An additional duty, or excise, was imposed last Session; and this being now sent, will, if I am not mistaken (with what was mentioned in my former communication) bring every tax, direct, & indirect, to your view, to which property, in this Country, is subjected; either by the general government, or the laws of the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland & Virginia, to which the observations have been confined.\nBeef, & other meats; Grain of all sorts, and flour; Butter; Cheese; and other things in quantities to make them an object; are always, I conceive, in demand; and are sought after by the purchasers. The Sale of lesser articles, at a distance from market towns, may, sometimes, stick on hand; but rarely, I believe forego a Sale if they are worth the transportation.\nSheep thrive very well in the middle States, though they are not exempt from diseases\u2014and are often injured by dogs; and more so as you approach the Mountains, by Wolves. Were we to use horses less, and Oxen more, on our farms (as they do in the New England States) we should, unquestionably, find our account in it; yet, strange as it may seem, few are in the practice of the latter\u2014and none push the raising of Sheep to the extent they might, and ought to do. The fact is, we have, in a manner, every thing to learn that respects neat, and profitable husbandry.\nBakewells breed of Sheep are much celebrated, and deservedly I presume; but if entrusted to a common Bailiff (or what with us is called an Overseer) would, I should apprehend, soon degenerate for want of that care & attention, which is necessary to preserve the breed in its purity. But, the great impediment is, the British Statutes. These discourage men of delicasy in this Country from attempting what might involve the Master of a Vessel in serious consequences if detected in the breach of them.\nOthers however, less scrupulous, have attempted to import English Rams with Success, and by this means our flocks in many places are much improved\u2014mine for instance, \u2019though I never was concerned directly nor indirectly in the importation of one, farther than by buying lambs which have descended from them. the average weight of the fleeces being 5 lbs.\nOur modes, system we have none\u2014are so different from yours\u2014generally speaking, and our business being carried on so much within ourselves, so little by hiring, and still less by calculation, that I frankly confess to you, I am unable to solve your query respecting Sheepwalks\u2014or how many sheep an acre of Woodland pasture would support.\nI shall have pleasure at all times as far as I possess the means, or can command them, to give you every information that can contribute to your own satisfaction, or that of a friend; but I am so thoroughly persuaded of my inability to throw new lights upon any branch of husbandry in a Country where it is so well understood as in England; and, that anything I could write to you on that subject, would only serve to expose the defective practice of my Countrymen, & be considered as the beacon of our ignorance, that I am disenclined to see any production of mine in a work, where so much useful information is conveyed to the public, as is to be found in your Annals of Agriculture. With very great esteem I am Sir Your Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. June 21st. I have not yet received the account of taxes I promised you, and for which I had written to Virginia; but I will send it by the first conveyance after its arrival.\nThis letter goes by Mr Pinckney Minister from the U. States to the Court of London, through which channel I recommend any letters you may favor me with to pass, who being detained a day or two longer than was expected, by the Vessel in which he is to embark, has given me an opportunity of asking Mr Jefferson (who is well acquainted in the South Western parts of Virginia, near Charlotsville)\u2014and Mr Peters (one of the best farmers in the State of Pennsylvania, about Six miles from this City) to give me there sentiments on the several queries contained in your letter. These you \u27e8will find enclosd herewith in their own words. On applying to Colo. Hamilton for the statement mentioned in\nMr Peters\u2019 letter he put into my hands, together with the statement, several communications which were made to him last year by some of the most respectable farmers in this part of the Country in consequence of an application from him for information on certain points respecting Farms, And as they appeared to contain some matters worth attention I had them copied, and they are also enclosed. Mine, & each of theirs, are written without any previous consultation, & may be considered (my Estate in the Neighbd of which I am best acquainted lying about midway between theirs) as the opinions of men living, North, South, & in the centre of the District of which an acct was given to you in my communications of the 4th of Decr last.\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0309", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 19 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt June 19th 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President of the Ud States a provisional Contract entered into between the Superintendent of the Delaware Lighthouse and Abraham Hargis for sinking a well for the accomodation of that Light house; together with a report of the Commissioner of the Revenue on the subject, & some explanatory statements.\nThe Secretary has delayed this communication under an impression that the allowance was excessive, and with a hope that something better might be done: but reputable workmen who have been consulted appear to be of opinion that the charge is not unreasonable, and no other person has been found disposed\nto undertake at a lower rate. More from the latter circumstance, than a conviction that the terms are not less moderate than they ought to be, the Contract is now submitted. The approbation of it may be qualified by a reservation that if all the materials mentioned in the Estimate B are not used in the work, a proportional deduction shall be made from the sum stipulated. This, it is represented, will be agreed to by Mr Hargis.\nAlexder HamiltonSecy of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0310", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Anderson (of Scotland), 20 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Anderson, James\nSir,\nPhiladelphia June 20th 1792.\nI had the pleasure a few days ago to receive your letter of the 28t[h] of September, enclosing a letter from the Earl of Buchan, and accompanied with some seeds of the Sweedish Turnip, or Ruta Baga. At the same time I received from Mr Campbell, a bookseller in New York, six volumes of the Bee, which he informed me were transmitted by your directions. In your letter you mentioned having sent the four first volumes of the Bee, and the Earl mentions in his that he has sent me a sett. I therefore concluded that the six vols. which I have received are those mentioned\nby his Lordship, and especially, as the pamphlet on wool, by Sir John Sinclair, which you observed in your letter accompanied the books which you sent, was not with those which I received. I mention these circumstances in order, that if there is any mistake in the transmission of the books, it may be set right. I feel no less grateful, Sir, for your polite attention, whether the books which I have received be those sent by yourself or by the Earl. I must beg your acceptance of my best thanks for the Sweedish Turnip seed, and the particular account which you were so good as to give me respecting it\u27e8.\u27e9 As I have spent great part of my life (and that not the least pleas\u27e8ing)\u27e9 in rural affairs I am always obliged by receiving such communications or novelties in that way as may tend to promote the system of husbandry in this Country.\nWhen you first determined upon publishing the Bee, the Earl of Buchan had the goodness to transmit to me the plan  of the work, with which I was much pleased, and from the answe\u27e8r\u27e9 which I then gave to his Lordship\u2019s letter; I have considered myself as a subscriber to the publication, and must beg to be informed to whom or in what manner I shall cause payment to be made for it.\nI have not yet had it in my power to peruse those volumes of the Bee which I have received, but I promise myself much entertainment & information from them; for the extensive & liberal ground upon which you appear to have undertaken the work must make it interesting to the good citizens of every Country, and for your complete success in it you have my best wishes. I am Sir, with proper consideration, Your most Obed. Ser.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0311", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Earl of Buchan, 20 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Buchan, eleventh earl of (David Stuart Erskine; 1742-1829)\nMy Lord,\nPhiladelphia June 20 1792\nI presume you will, long before this reaches you, have received my letter of the first of May, in answer to the honor of your Lordships favor of the 28th of June, by Mr Robinson. In that letter, I have stated, that the reason of my having so long delayed acknowledging the receipt of it, was a wish that the portrait, which you were pleased to request, should accompany the letter.\nIt was not till the 10th instant that I had the honor to receive your Lordships second favor of the 15th of September which was enclosed in a letter from Doctr James Anderson, and accompanied with six volumes of the Bee. These were forwarded by a Bookseller at New York, who mentions his having received directions from Doctr Anderson to transmit them to me.\nI must therefore beg your Lordships acceptance of my warmest thanks for this additional testimony of your politeness. Considering myself as a subscriber to the Bee I have written to Doctor Anderson to know in what manner I shall pay the money, that it may get regularly to his hands.\nWith sincere prayers for the health & happiness of your Lordship\u2014an\u27e8d\u27e9 gratefully impressed with the many mark\u27e8s\u27e9 of attention which I have received from you\u2014I have the honor to be with Great esteem Your Lordships Most Obedient Serv\u27e8t\u27e9\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0312", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Ely, 20 June 1792\nFrom: Ely, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir\nSay Brook [Conn.] 20th June 1792\nBe Pleased to Permitt me once more Mr President, to ask your Indulgent Reflection for a Moment on the Situation of a man whose Feelings are Extreamly Injured when his Fondness for his Country Induced him to Exert every Nerve for her Releif (Perhaps to a Fault) uppon Principal as well as Duty not Doubting that Goverment would Distribute Equal Justice at the Close of the War.\nYet after 7 Years Persuit by Humble & Dutifull Petitions found my Self Disappointed. Frequent And Repeated Committes have been appointed all of which Reported that my Claim was a Just & Meritorious Claim[.] The Secretary of war also made a Very Particular Report Stateing most Clearly to Congress that my acting as a Physician to the Prisoners was Intirely Distinct from Official Duty & that I aught to be Paid as a Regimental Cirgeon Dureing the time I acted as such. Yet after all my Petition was Negativd in the Senate.\nYet sir I have this agreable Reflection that I have Contributed to the relif of the Sick & wounded Prisoners and in some measure\nhave Prevented a Very Heavy Debt which must have accrewd, & must have been Paid\u2014this Service was not only Done with Great Fategue & Resque of Life But with Great Expence for an Induvidual. without a Horse without Money Yet a Tour to be Performd, almost Every Day for the Best Part of 4 Years into 4 Differant Townships which was absolutly Performd by me sometimes on foot & Sometimes on Horseback to the Tune of 3 & 4 Dollars pr Day to Visit the Sick & wounded Officers on Long Island. and I Beg Leave Further to State that no Expence has arisen Dureing the war in Consiquence of Sickness among the Prisoners on Long Island But that I have Defrayd, Except a Small Bill of a Certain Doctr Bambridge a Refugee Physician and I Belive for One Patient Only he Charged \u00a360 which Mr Skinner Refused to Pay Since which a Suit at Law was Commincd & the Money Recoverd, with additional Expence. these Facts are made Manifest by the Testimony of Colo. Boudenott Baty & Skinner\u2014I have Therefor Only to Regrett that Ruin as to my Property has in fact Taken place in Consiquence of the accumelated Debts Contracted for the above Purpose, and my Children Drove from a Decent Patrimony and to seek an asulum in the wild of America & my self at 55 years of age Obligd, to work Double tides for Soport, this I do with Health Thank god & a Degrea of Chearfullness. I aught However to have added that Part of my Property was Burned, by the Traitor Arnold. and that it being on an Island Said to be without the Limitts of this State by which means I am Prevented from Receveing Relief by the State which has been afforded to Other Sufferers within its Limitts.\nBut Mr President it is Sugested to me that the Committee from the Senate Soposd the State of Connecticutt had made me full Compensation for my Services, to which I Beg to State that in a Settlement with the State of Connecticutt they Paid me in Paper the Prime Cost of the Medicens Only accor[d]ing to a Bill amounting to \u00a3150 S[terling] Money they also allowd me Sundry Sums for Extra Expences while on Command Previous to my Captivity (viz.) Expences to the Northern Army when Visited wt. the Small Pox &ca, But Sir I Never asked the State for nor Did I Ever receive a Farthing as a Compensation for any Service I Rendered the Prisoners while in Captivity or for Horse hire or Other Expences in Performing Sd Service. This will appear by the Testimony of Colo. Cook & Colo. Chester who were of the Committee\nwhen I Settled wt. the State Colo. Cook was soon after a Member of Congress and Presented my Petition to the same while Every matter was fresh in Memory. I Pray now to ask the President if it is not Reasonable that my Expences aught at Least to be Paid. I am wt. Great Respect Your Obt Humble Servt\nJohn Ely", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0314", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 20 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 20. 92.\nTh: Jefferson, with his respects to the President, incloses him a publication by mister Knox an Under-secretary of state in England, who seems to have been the true parent of the British system with respect to our commerce. he asks the favour of the President to read the paper No. 18\u2014page 60\u2014as it shews the expectation of what would be done on our part, & an acknolegement of the injury it would do them, could we enforce it. papers 12. & 13. are also interesting: but not so pointedly so.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0316", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 20 June 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department June 20th 1792.\nI have the honor to submit to your consideration a letter to Andrew Moore Esq. upon the appointment of some Ensigns in the Rifle Companies raising in the South Western parts of Virginia, and also a conditional appointment to Richard Chandler as an Ensign.\nThis Gentleman is well recommended to Mr Jefferson, and also in a letter from Captain Ballard Smith to me\u2014He is stated to Mr Jefferson as a person who most probably can raise a number of good rifle Men. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Your most obed. Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0318-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Madison\u2019s Draft of the Farewell Address, 20 June 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nThe period which will close the appointment with which my fellow citizens have honoured me, being not very distant, and the time actually arrived, at which their thoughts must be designating the citizen who is to administer the Executive Government of the United States during the ensuing term, it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should apprize such of my fellow citizens as may retain their partiality\ntowards me, that I am not to be numbered among those out of whom a choice is to be made.\nI beg them to be assured that the Resolution which dictates this intimation has not been taken without the strictest regard to the relation which as a dutiful citizen I bear to my country; and that in withdrawing that tender of my service, which silence in my situation might imply, I am not influenced by the smallest deficiency of zeal for its future interests, or of grateful respect for its past kindness; but by the fullest persuasion that such a step is compatible with both.\nThe impressions under which I entered on the present arduous trust were explained on the proper occasion. In discharge of this trust I can only say that I have contributed towards the organization and administration of the Government the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment was capable. For any errors which may have flowed from this source, I feel all the regret which an anxiety for the public good can excite; not without the double consolation, however, arising from a consciousness of their being involuntary, and an experience of the candor which will interpret them. If there were any circumstances that could give value to my inferior qualifications for the trust, these circumstances must have been temporary. In this light was the undertaking viewed when I ventured on it. Being, moreover still farther advanced into the decline of life, I am every day more sensible that the increasing weight of years, renders the private walks of it in the shade of retirement, as necessary as they will be acceptable to me. May I be allowed to add, that it will be among the highest as well as purest enjoyments that can sweeten the remnant of my days, to partake, in a private station in the midst of my fellow citizens, of that benign influence of good laws under a free Government, which has been the ultimate object of all our wishes, and in which I confide as the happy reward of our cares and labours. May I be allowed farther to add, as a consideration far more important, that an early example of rotation in an office of so high and delicate a nature, may equally accord with the republican spirit of our constitution, and the ideas of liberty and safety entertained by the people.\n(If a farewell address is to be added at the expiration of the term, the following paragraph may conclude the present).\nUnder these circumstances a return to my private station according to the purpose with which I quitted it, is the part which duty as well as inclination assigns me. In executing it I shall carry with me every tender recollection which gratitude to my fellow citizens can awaken; and a sensibility to the permanent happiness of my Country, which will render it the object of my unceasing vows and most fervent supplications.\n(Should no further address be intended, the preceding paragraph being omitted, the present address may go on as follows).\nIn contemplating the moment at which the curtain is to drop for ever on the public scenes of my life, my sensations anticipate and do not permit me to suspend, the deep acknowledgments required by that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved country for the many honors it has conferred on me, for the distinguished confidence it has reposed in me, and for the opportunities I have thus enjoyed of testifying my inviolable attachment by the most steadfast services which my faculties could render. All the returns I have now to make will be in those vows which I shall carry with me to my retirement and to my grave, that Heaven may continue to favor the people of the United States with the choicest tokens of its benificence; that their Union and brotherly affection may be perpetual; that the free constitution which is the work of their own hands, may be sacredly maintained; that its administration in every department, may be stamped with wisdom and with virtue; and that this character may be ensured to it by that watchfulness over public servants and public measures, which on one hand will be necessary to prevent or correct a degeneracy; and that forbearance, on the other, from unfounded or indiscriminate jealousies which would deprive the public of the best services, by depriving a conscious integrity of one of the noblest incitements to perform them; that in fine, the happiness of the people of America, under the auspices of liberty, may be made compleat, by so careful a preservation, and so prudent a use of this blessing, as will acquire them the glorious satisfaction of recommending it to the affection, the praise, and the adoption of every nation which is yet a stranger to it.\nAnd may we not dwell with well grounded hopes on this flattering prospect; when we reflect on the many ties by which the people of America are bound together, and the many proofs\nthey have given of an enlightened judgment and a magnanimous patriotism.\nWe may all be considered as the children of one common country. We have all been embarked in one common cause. We have all had our share in common sufferings and common successes. The portion of the Earth allotted for the theatre of our fortunes, fulfils our most sanguine desires. All its essential interests are the same; whilst its diversities arising from climate from soil and from other local & lesser peculiarities, will naturally form a mutual relation of the parts, that may give to the whole a more entire independence than has perhaps fallen to the lot of any other nation.\nTo confirm these motives to an affectionate and permanent Union, and to secure the great objects of it, we have established a common Government, which being free in its principles, being founded in our own choice, being intended as the guardian of our common rights and the patron of our common interests, and wisely containing within itself a provision for its own amendment, as experience may point out its errors, seems to promise every thing that can be expected from such an institution; and if supported by wise councils, by virtuous conduct, and by mutual and friendly allowances, must approach as near to perfection as any human work can aspire, and nearer than any which the annals of mankind have recorded.\nWith these wishes and hopes I shall make my exit from civil life; & I have taken the same liberty of expressing them, which I formerly used in offering the Sentiments which were suggested by my exit from military life. If, in either instance, I have presumed more than I ought, on the indulgence of my fellow citizens, they will be too generous to ascribe it to any other cause than the extreme solicitude which I am bound to feel, and which I can never cease to feel, for their liberty, their prosperity and their happiness.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0320", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Peters, 20 June 1792\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nBelmont [Pa.] June 20. 1792\nI shall be happy if I can assist in solving Mr Young\u2019s Queries; but the Time will not admit either of Accuracy or the Combinations necessary to form the Average of Labour, Building & Improvement applicable to the State at large. From Mr Y\u2019s Calculations, formed I presume upon Communications from you, I am surprized to find that the Prices of Labour & Quantity of Product are, in a great Degree, similar to those of this State; tho\u2019 You seem to have confined yourself to Virginia & Maryland. I mean the Labour & Wages of Hirelings for as to Slaves I have but a very imperfect, & you a perfect Knowledge of what concerns their Value, Expence & Labour.\n1. Our Wages for Hirelings by the Day are commonly 2/ in Winter, & 2/6, 9 Months in the Year for common Days-Work on a Farm & every Thing found as to eating & drinking\u2014The same Man will hire & find himself at 3/ & 3/6 \u214c Day\u2014For a Reaper 3/ to 3/9 & found & the same for cutting Grass\u2014Reaping by the Acre I have never had done under 5/ but the Price generally 7/6 the Labourers finding Themselves\u2014Neither Reaper or Mower will on an Average do more than \u00be an Acre. Mowers \u214c Day are allowed here a pint of Rum or other Spirits \u214c Day\u2014a vile & unnecessary Practice. Reapers have as much as they choose perhaps three half pints \u214c Day but this Practice is yearly diminishing. When I say that a Reaper or Mower will do \u00be of an Acre I mean of a common Crop for in heavy Grain or Grass, such as a good English Crop, no Labourer here will reap or mow above half an Acre. As to mowing, or what we call cradling, Grain, we pay a Man 5/ to 6/ \u214c Day & found, & the Days Work about the same with Mr Young\u2019s Statement viz. 2 or 2\u00bd A[cre]s \u214c Day. Mowing \u214c Acre 5/ to 6/ & a pint of Rum. Laboure[r]s find themselves Food.\n2. The Hire of a Waggon 4 Horses & Drivers from 15/ to 20/ \u214c Day.\n3. The yearly Hire of a good Labourer in Pennsilvania I think 60 Dollars or \u00a322, 10 Currency & found, Cloathing excepted.\n4. As to the Quantum of Labour to be commanded for Pay I know not how to answer. Many who have small Farms either on Rent or their own Property can spare a Portion of their Time to assist their Neighbours for Hire. The Class of People merely Labourers is not very numerous & by no Means Stationary or collected. The independent Situation they can place themselves in by removing to the Frontiers is the Cause of the Scarcity of Labourers in the settled Parts of the State. Nor is the Demand for Labour so regular as to detain unconnected Labourers in any Spot. Whether the considerable Improvements we are about undertaking by Roads & Canals will operate so as to attract Labourers from other States or from Europe in Hopes of constant Employment is yet problematical. If these Works employ none but our own People the Price of Labour will encrease on the Farms[.] There is no Doubt but that the Rates of Labour are & will for a long time continue to be higher than they are in England\u2014Our People live better than those of the same Rank in\nLife in any Part of the World. The Employer pays for the Habits of the Hireling who not only eats & drinks well when provided for in Addition to his Wages but out of his Wages must (if he has one) provide for his Family according to the Custom of the Country. Even an English Labourer who lives better than one in any other Part of Europe would be astonished at the Fare of one in America[.] I do not believe Mr Young much mistaken when he says that the Rate is comparatively 100 \u214c Cent higher than in England; & the Habits of living are as much the Cause of it as the Easiness of the Passage over the Mountains. I am not displeased as a Citizen at this Circumstance, tho\u2019 as a Farmer it is against my Profit. Some Things might be retrenched, but I am happy when I know that our common People are better fed & cloathed than in any other Part of the World.\n5. The Prices of Land are so extremely various that there is no fixing an Average. The Situation & Improvement always add to Value. Knowing so little as our Farmers do of the Means of renovating Land the longer they are cleared the less valuable for the most Part they are. I gave to Col. Hamilton an exact Account of the Debtor & Creditor of four Farms in my Neighbourhood taken from the Knowledge I have of the general Circumstances of this Part of the Country. The Result is very unfavourable to the Characters of our Farmers. Be pleased to ask Col. H. for it as I have not a Copy. I believe Col. H. who in some Project he had, sent for Information to all Quarters could most easily give Satisfaction in this Point. Mr Y. does not know that in Parts where there are no Slaves the Farmer & his Family do the greater Portion of the Work of their Farms within themselves. This is the Reason why they can get forward & live well. If Calculations were made of every thing being hired few Farms in Pennsilvania would clear a Farthing. A Man here saves Money by a Crop of 10 Bushells & in England he would perish under it. There he rents & hires\u2014here for the most Part the Farm is his own & he hires little or none at all.\nThe Products of Wheat can be all sold\n\u2014Barley not in great Quantities our People not being as fond as they ought to be of Beer.\n\u2014Rye\u2014may encrease in Demand by domestic Distillation\u2014at present it is no great Object\nButter\u2014Fluctuating\u2014but all may be sold now produced.\nBeef\u2014a good Article & when we know better how to cure it for Exportation will encrease in Demand.\nMutton\u2014No Sale for any great Quantities. For some Time hence this will not be a great Sheep Country. The dryness of our Seasons burn up the Pasture for a great Part of the Year\u2014we keep too many Dogs who destroy them. & our Country is much intersected with Mountains inhabited by Wolves which cannot be extirpated. It is a profitable Article so far as you can extend it but no great Capital can be employed in it & if the Bussiness was more extensively carried on the Profit would be reduced to Nothing. Our long Winters are inimical to Sheep\u2014they render the keeping expensive & subject the Animal to numberless Disorders. We can have no succulent or green Forage\u2014Turnips are out of the Question our Snows & severe Weather destroy or cover them, nor is their Culture certain\u2014I have tried the English Sheep which were degenerate & stand the Climate but badly. As to Fleece it is but scant, 3 lb. \u214c Sheep being rather an Overcalculation. Wool is now in some Demand but I have known it unsaleable. I hope Manufactures will continue to encrease the Demand but the Prospect of this is distant. Mr Y\u2019s Calculation upon Waste Land might be well enough if the Circumstances before stated as to Sheep did not forbid our going extensively into them. Sheep have most Enemies where there could be most Range for them; & they require Care as well as Range. I know none who have tried the Sheep Business that have suceeded. Folding is very well\u2014but it requires Labour & the Sheep crouded together here have often perished. I cannot ascertain how many an Acre will support for none are kept within my Knowledge but in small Numbers & as a Variety in a Farmers Stock. They are close Feeders & destroy Pasture prodigiously.\nExcuse me, Sir, for this hasty & imperfect Sketch. I should have gone more deeply into the Subject had the Time You allot permitted. Unless one could find, as it is in England, the Business carried on in different Branches systematically it is difficult to make Calculations or even Observations generally applicable. Few People here do all their Business by hiring & some scarcely hire at all. The Race of Tenantry is miserable indeed. I am with the greatest Respect Your obedt Servt\nRichard Peters\nShould you think of any particular Point I would be pleased to mention it. I will pay particular Attention to it. Mr Young\u2019s Letter would require a very extended Discussion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0321", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hazelwood, 21 June 1792\nFrom: Hazelwood, John\nTo: Washington, George\nPhila. June 21st 1792\nSir in the Year 1776 By order of your Excellency I fitted four fire ships In the City of New York, for which I never had Any Compensation. as I was sent by your self to Poughkepsie to fitt a Boom & Chain to be put a Cross the North River &c., it being too late when I returnd to Apply as our Army were retreating from Long Island & there being so much to Attend to That I thought it improper.\nI now wish to have it settled as Congress have takein Off their limitation Acts but as it will be necessary to have some proof I hope your Excellency will give me a line certifying that I fitted them which favour shall ever be Acknowledged by your most Obt & Very Humbl. Sevt\nJohn Hazelwood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0324", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edward Newenham, 22 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Newenham, Edward\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia 22d June 1792\nI have now before me your letters of the 9th of January & 12th of february, to which it will not be in my power to reply so fully as my inclination would lead me to do if I had no avocations but those of a personal nature.\nI regret exceedingly that the disputes between the Protestants and Roman Catholics should be carried to the serious and alarming heigth mentioned in your letters. Religious controversies are always productive of more acrimony and irreconcilable hatreds than those which spring from any other cause: And I was not without hopes that the enlightened and liberal policy of \u27e8the present\u27e9 age would have put an effectual stop to contentions of this Kind.\nThe present appears to be an eventful moment in Europe. The declaration of war by France against the King of Hungary will probably soon discover what part the several nations in Europe will take; but when or where those agitations which now shake that quarter of the glo[b]e will terminate is beyond the ken of human wisdom.\nNotwithstanding our local situation & political circumstances\nguard us against an interference in the contests betwe\u27e8en\u27e9 the European powers; yet we cannot be indifferent as to the issue of a business in which the happiness of so many millions of our fellow creatures is involved. We have had nothing from France since the declaration of War, but are waiting with no small degree of anxiety for further intelligence which may enable us to form some conjecture on this momentous business.\nI am happy in being able to inform you that the affairs of this country are still going on in a prosperous train. The ha[r]vest through the several States, so far as I have been able to extend my enquiries, promises to be abundant for the quantity sown, and it is said by those who are well acquainted with the subject, that there has never been a year in which so much land has been cultivated in grain, particularly Wheat, as in the present. I paid a visit to Mount Vernon immediately on the rising of Congress, and was much pleased to find the appearance of crops of my own farms much more flattering than I had known them for many years past, and the country, generally, exhibited the face of plenty. An insect, called the Hessian fly, has made its appearance and done some mischief in parts of this State, Delaware & Maryland; but the destruction occasioned by this enemy will bear but a very trifling proportion to the whole crop of the Country, and I am informed that its ravages, where it has been found this year, are far less than those committed by the same insect some years ago. An investigation of the natural history & progress of this insect is now taking place, in order to see if some effectual measures cannot be fallen upon to prevent its devastations. As it is a subject deeply interesting to every individual in the community I flatter myself that such enquiries & communications will be made respecting it as will lead to its extirpation.\nMrs Washington unites with me in sincere wishes for the health & happiness of Lady Newenham & yourself. I am, with great esteem, Dear Sir, Your most Obedt Sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0325", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Peters, 22 June 1792\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhilada June 22d 1792\nI was ashamed to send you so hasty & desultory a List of Observations on Mr Young\u2019s Letter & on Reflection I find I have not paid sufficient Attention to some material Parts of it. By the Desire I had of speedily complying with your Request I have in a great Degree defeated the Object of the Trouble you were pleased to take in making it. It will however be now too late to do anything more, as it would be of no Use to you by the present Opportunity, if indeed it would be at all useful in any Case. I will promise to be more attentive should I again be honoured with a similar or any other Request from you.\nI have found & send you a Copy of the Letter & Statement I mentioned to have sent to Col. Hamilton\u2014This Statement is not conjectural as I consulted the Owners of the Farms I made the Subject of it. They were mortified at the Result, tho\u2019 they could not find Fault with the Estimate. They consoled themselves that they could live, & that they never went into minute Calculations. They all agreed that a Farmer never counted upon Interest of Capital & that striking this out of the Account & giving\nthem their Maintenance as some Compensation for their Labour personally\u2014the Thing was well enough. I am with sincere Respect & Esteem Your obed. Servt\nRichard Peters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0326", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Smith, 22 June 1792\nFrom: Smith, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nHull, Old England. June 22. 1792\nI take the liberty of sending these few lines to you togather with my kind love hoping they will find you in a comfortable state of health & the best of happiness Sir, though I am an entire strainger to your person yet not so to your Name, caracter, & encreasing Fame, these are not confined within the bounds of America Ever since I read (in Gordon\u2019s History of the united States) of your patriotism and steadiness in the war, the honourable peace you were instrumental in procuring for the States; togather with the wholesome laws that are established among you I have found a particular affection toward your person and that part of the globe where you dwell and should be happy in coming to see you & afterwards to settle in some part of your Country\u2014But to give you a short Detail of my pedigree & employment, Sir, I am the Son of a Farmer in the west of Yorkshire a young Man, that is unmaried. I have been a short time at an Academy near Halifax and am now entering upon the work of the christain ministry, in the independant connection, which Sect prayed to God for your prosperity & sucsess in the time of the war and greatly applaud your disintrested conduct since the peace. Sir, I have a strong desire to come over to your Country, could I obtain a promise of your patronage & favour, (upon condition of my being an honest man & good citizen) it would be a very great inducement towards my leaving Britain, and my friends, to come over to America Sir, having the greatest confidence in you[r] fidelity I have sent these few lines to you in order that I might know whether my coming to America will be a prudent step and to be informed whether I can meet with incouragement,\nor not. Sir, if I meet with encouragement, I purpose coming to see you (and I shall be very happy in it) the next Summer please let me have your thoughts upon the subject, as soon, as you can. Sir, I shall be very glad to hear of your age, and the state of your health after the various fatigues you have passed through. Sir, publick affairs are going on but roughly in Britain, as Mr paine asserts, goverment is looking one way, and the people another, and this is the reason why I wish to be made a member of your commonwealth by settling in some part of it. Sir, without vanity I can say that I have a love to America, to her Soil, and to her law, but I cannot say so of Old England because I look upon it that some remarkable troubles are awaiting her and ready to burst forth. I understand that great disturbances are likely to break forth at London The Bill for the abolition of the Slave is likely to be thrown out by the House of Lords, which will be very much contrary to the voice of the nation. Indeed Sir, they are behaving towards the Dissenters in a very proud & imperious manner which I am rea\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 think in the end will produce some very \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 consiquences, because I believe they are possess\u27e8ed\u27e9 of the same spirit for liberty which their Brethren in America are possessed of and shewed themselves so active in defending in the war. Sir Mr paine has lately published his 2 volume on the rights of man which is called by the King & his ministry a nefarious work that militates against their honour. It is reported they are prosicuting the printer, as printing a libel\u2014I hope Mr paine will keep out of the British Dominions for the future if he do not, the higher powers will certainly put him to Death for they are already Drinking Damnation to paine, to his works, & his principles, whilst others greatly admire them. I am, Sir, yours affectionately\nJames Smith\nN.B. P. Direct to me\u2014at Mr Murrow\u2019s Linen Draper. Barrow\u2014Lincolnshire\u2014To be left at Mr Rodes, Stationer, Market, Hull. old England.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0330", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 26 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt June 26. 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to submit to The President of the United States a Report of the Commissioner of the Revenue on the Subject of a certain Pier\nto be erected in the River Delaware, in lieu of one previously established there which was carried away by the Ice at the breaking up of the River in the last Spring.\nAfter the best examination which the Secretary has had in his power, he submits the Contract provisionally entered into between The Superintendant of the Delaware Lighthouse &c. and Thomas Davis and Thomas Connaroe Junior, as the best thing practicable. He begs leave to add that the erection of the Pier prior to the ensueing Winter is of the most material importance to the Navigation of the River.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0331", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Augustine Washington, 26 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George Augustine\nTo: Washington, George\nHonor\u2019d Uncle\nBerkley County [Va.] 26th June 1792\nWhen I left Mount Vernon it was my intention to have returned there about this time, but three days detention on the road in consequence of bad weather, and ill health since my arrival here will procrastinate my return a week longer than I had determen\u2019d when I set out\u2014On my way up I increased my\nCold and Cough very much and a disagreeable hourseness attended it\u2014which so much disorderd and weakned me as to produce disagreeable apprehensions, but my cold for three or four days having considerably deminished and my strength increased, gives me hopes that with prudence it may pass off without any serious consequences\u2014I hope that by remaining here a week longer and paying proper attention to my health that I shall be able to return, and better than when I set out\u2014I have felt much anxiety at being absent from Mount Vernon at so busy a season, and having been informd by Fanny that my Children & several of the family have been very unwell increased my anxiety to return, but the state of my health being such as to render me incapable of business thought it advisable to continue here a little longer in the attempt to regain it\u2014My Father who is in better health than he has been for several years desire with the family to be kindly rememberd to You and my Aunt\u2014My tenderest affe\u27e8c\u27e9tions attend You both & the Children and good wishes for Mr & Mrs Lear & the family and believe me to be with the strongest attachment\u2014Your sincerely affectionate Nephew\nGo. A. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0332", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Jenkins, 27 June 1792\nFrom: Jenkins, David\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhilada, June 27th 1792\nThe subscriber who now takes the liberty to address you was in the year 1755 a Lieutenant in the 44th Regmt in the British service under the command of Gen. James Abercrombie, and in Colonel Gage\u2019s regiment; but was under the necessity of selling\nhis commission on account of bodily infirmities; and being afterwards reduced to indigent circumstances has been employed for some time past in teaching a school, Of this last source of subsistence he has lately been deprived by a severe stroke of the Palsy; he is therefore under the necessity of returning to his native country where he has a competence depending sufficient to support him and his family comfortably[.] Being therefore under the necessity of applying to the genorisity of my present countrymen I was advised, by several Gentn both in Virginia and Pennsylvania, to make my case known to your Excellency in hope of sharing that liberality which has often been exerted in relieving the unfortunate and distressed\u2014Your friendship in this respect will much oblige Sir, your Excellencies most obedient humble servant\nDavid Jenkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0334", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 28 June 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n [Philadelphia] 28 June 1792. Asks Lear to submit to GW \u201cthe enclosed letters from Governor Blount, Mr Allison and Judge McNairn, and others, by which the train of affairs with the Cherokees will be discovered.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0335", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 29 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, 29 June 1792]\nI am grieved to find that Mr Short was, on the 22d of April, without his Comn & Instructions\u2014and that Mr Morris was not then in Paris.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0336", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Powel, 29 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Powel, Samuel\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] June 29th 1792.\nI feel much obliged by your kind offer of one of the tubs of Grape Vines from Madeira. If the remaining two contain plants enough to answer your own purposes, I will accept it with thankfulness; but let me entreat you not to disoblige yourself in order to accomodate me.\nA Vessel will sail in a few days for Alexandria, by which I shall send sundry parcels to Mount Vernon.\nMrs Washington unites with me in compliments & best wishes for Mrs Powell & yourself\u2014and with grt esteem & regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr Most Obedient and Affectionate Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0337", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 29 June 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\n Letter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 29 June 1792. GW wrote to Whitting on 4 July that \u201cYour letter of the 29th Ulto came to my hands yesterday.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0338", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, 30 June 1792]\nFor carrying into execution the provisions of the third section of the Act intitled, \u201cAn Act making certain appropriations therein specified,[\u201d] passed the Eighth day of May in this present year.\nI do hereby authorise you the said Secretary of the Treasury in the name and on the credit of the United States to borrow of any body or bodies politic, person or persons whomsoever the sum of Fifty thousand Dollars; and to enter into such Agreements for the reimbursement thereof as shall be needful and proper; hereby promising to ratify whatever you shall lawfully do in the premises.\nIn testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my hand at the City of Philadelphia the thirtieth day of June in the year One thousand seven hundred and ninety two.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0339", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry\n(Private) \nDear Sir,Philadelphia 30th June 1792.\nYour favor of the 15th came duly to hand, but at a time when I was much engaged with the Secretary of State in dispatching Mr Pinckney to the Court of London\u2014and in considering other business of importance.\nI shall repeat in this letter what I have declared to you on a former occasion\u2014vizt\u2014that wishing to promote the public weal, & to make justice and impartiality the lines by which to walk, to accomplish this, every information that will enable me to work on so solid a basis, or which would enable me to investigate with more accuracy the characters of public men\u2014or the utility of public measures, cannot fail of being acceptable to me, whilst I have any thing to do with either\u2014particularly the latter.\nHaving premised these truths, I shall add, on the subject of your letter, that I can no more condemn G[eneral] K[nox] on the evidence of Colo. D[arke\u2019]s letter to you, than I am disposed to go into a full vindication of his conduct against the implications which are contained in that Letter\u2014When assertion stands against assertion, recourse must be had to collateral circumstances to come at the truth, or the preponderating weight, but these are not necessary in the instance before us, for it will not be unfair to Declare, that the conduct of Colo. D\u2014\u2014 is uncandid, and that his letter is equivocal. He acknowledges in it, that when I asked if he would serve, if you should be appointed to the chief command, that he gave no answer; but does not, in any part of his letter tell you what answer he gave G.K. to the same question; unless you take the following for one, when he was applied to, to know if he would accept of an appointment \u201cI told him I first wanted to know who would command the Army, and said something of you, and some other\u201d but are these equivocal expressions to be placed against the positive declaration of the other? especially too, when Colo. D\u2014\u2014 in relating the conversation which passed between himself & me, has mistaken both the substance and tendency of it; For you may be assured, Sir, I never mentioned your name, or the name of any man living to him as one who was in the smallest degree fixed on, for the command.\nThe Secretary at War, himself, was unacquainted with the final decision when Colo. D\u2014\u2014 left this City. The truth is, I never was more embarrassed in any appointt\u2014& the object of my conversation with the latter was to learn the public sentiment as far as it could be obtained from him, with respect to this matter; And to questions of this tendency he said he had heard Morgan, Scott and yourself mentioned on his Journey through, and from Kentucky to his own house\u2014&, if I understood the significancy of things not expressed he compd himself\u2014I took an occasion then, to observe, that I conceived few men were better qualified for such a command than you were & asked if he thought your junr Rank in the late Army would be an objection with those who had been your Seniors in it to serve under you\u2014his reply (when a little pushed by bringing the case home to himself for I wanted to draw an explicit declaration from him) was, that he believed it would be an unpleasant, or agrating thing or words to that effect\u2014but the manner, more than the expression throughout the whole of the conver[satio]n which was after dinnr and when we were alone led me to conclude that it would not be relished by him. What his real intentions might be at that time\u2014when he was speaking to G.K.\u2014or lastly to you no one but himself is master of.\nI have no hesitation in declaring to you that the biass of my inclination was strongly in your favor; but, that the result of my enquiries\u2014direct & indirect\u2014of Military, and indeed of other characters (who were well disposed to see you in nomination) was, that if you were appointed to the Command it would be vain to look for Senior Officers to act subordinately; or if they consented, it would be so grudgingly as, more than probably, the seeds of Sedition would be coeval with the formation of the Army; such being the nature of Military pride. Admitting this then One of two things would inevitably have followd either\u2014an army composed of discontented materials, or of junr characters, the first might be attended with fatal consequences\u2014the other (however excellent the Officers might be) if any disaster shoud befal the [army] it would instantly be asscribed to the inexperience of the principal Officers in stations to which they had never been accustomed; thereby drawing a weight upon my shoulders too heavy to be borne. This was my own view of the\nsubject; & the principle upon which I acted not, be assured, because G.K. was of this, or of that opinion. The fact, I sincerely believe is, that he was as much puzzled as I was, to fix on the first Officer, under the circumstances that existed.\nHow far the appointment of G[eneral] W[ayne] is a popular, or an unpopular measure is not for me to decide. It was not the determination of a moment, nor was it the effect of partiality or of influence; for no application (if that in any instance could have warped my judgment) was ever made in his behalf from any one who could have thrown the weight of a feather into his scale but because, under a full view of all circumstances he appeared most eligable\u2014To a person of your observation & intelligence, it is unnecessary to remark that an appointment which may be unpopular in one place, or with one set of men, may not be so in another place or with another set of Men and vice versa\u2014and that to attempt to please every body is the sure way to please nobody\u2014of course the attempt would be as idle as the executn wd be impracticable\u2014G.W. has many good points as an Officer\u2014and it is to be hoped that time, Reflection, good advice and above all, a due sence of the importance of the trust which is committed to him, will correct his foibles, or cast a shade over them. With estm & Regd I am &ca\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0340", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Francis Mercer, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, John Francis\nSir,\nPhiladelphia June 30th 1792.\nI little expected that I should have had occasion, at this time (after the pointed assurances you gave me more than three years ago, of discharging what was due to me, fully) to remind you that I have received only Three hundred and eighty pds of the balance; and to ask what I am to expect from you in future.\nI delayed from day to day while you were in this City (until it was too late) to apply to you on this Subject, in hope, and expectation that you would not have left town without mentioning it yourself.\nBefore I apply to the Executors of Colonels Tayloe & Thornton who were Securities for the money loaned to your deceased father, John Mercer Esqr., I will await the Receipt of your answer to this letter which I hope will be given as soon [as] you can make it convenient.\nIt has been of little avail hitherto, to inform you of the causes of my want of this money; although, in more instances than one, I have done it with the utmost truth and candour: nor should I say any thing further to you on this head now, were I not in a manner compelled to declare, that from an occurrence which did not exist before I have a call upon me for a considerable Sum, in a few months; against which it is indispensably necessary that I should be provided. I am\u2014Sir Your Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0341", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Greenwood, 1 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Greenwood, John\nSir,\nPhiladelphia July 1st 1792.\nYour letter of the first of May and the box which accompanied it came safe, and duly to hand on the eve of my departure for Virginia; which is the reason why I have not acknowledged the Receipt of them sooner.\nThe contents of the latter (with the alterations which were necessarily made) answered very well\u2014and enclosed you have, in Bank notes, twenty dollars, the sum I have usually sent you, but if it is insufficient let me know it and more shall be forwarded by Sir Yr Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0342", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 1 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia July 1st 1792.\nYour letter of the 24th Ulto came duly to hand, and I am glad to find by it that you have had some rains though not as much as has fallen in these parts\u2014and that your Crops are deriving the benefit of them. If the Corn is standing, & alive, I do not, on account of its backwardness, despair of a Crop; if you are able to keep it clean, & the ground well pulverised; which I hope will be the case.\nIt is much my wish that the swamps at both places may be got fully into Corn; if for no other reason than that of working the grd to destroy the wild growth, to pulverize, and to level it. I wish also that No. 2 at Dogue Run may have all the missing hills of both Corn & Potatoes made good; the first with early Corn, and the latter with any kind of Potatoes you may have, or can get. Without this I shall not ascertain a fact I was very desirous of knowing.\nI am very glad to receive so favorable an Account of your Wheaten prospect, although it be touched with the Rust, and not filled so well as might be wished: and I am much pleased at your beginning harvest so soon, notwithstanding the prognostic\u2019s of the Farmers around you\u2014I am satisfied there is more utility, & less danger & loss in doing it, than if it had been delayed until their ideas had made it fit for the scythe or Sickle.\nIn my last I suggested to you a wish that the Brickyard inclosure might be sown with Buck-wheat & grass seeds; and these wishes are not changed. If the Buckwheat will not kill the grass that is sown with it, it will certainly shade, protect & keep it moist at a time when the hot Sun would be very apt to injure it\u2014Turnips in my opinion will not answer well in that ground\u2014first because they will not come off in time for fall sowing of the grass\u2014and secondly, because they are considered as a very exhausting Crop when they are not fed off.\nI expect, if nothing happens more than I know of at present, to set out for Mount Vernon about the twelfth of this month: previous to my arrival, I desire you will have the Well by the Kitchen thoroughly cleaned, by some professional people; and while they are about it that they may be well attended, as you\nknow accidents frequently happen in this work, by the noxtious effluvia that sometimes arise in these places; I would not have any of my own people descend into it: The same persons, or some other skilful ones might be employed to sink the Well directly opposite to the centre of the green house, but just within the Brick yard Inclosure So as not to interfere with the Road. This well is to be walled with the Bricks that are making, and which ought to be exceedingly well burnt\u2014& none used for that purpose that are not so\u2014The diameter after it is walled should be, in the clear, five feet; for the purpose of admitting a frame at the bottom that is necessary for a new mode of drawing Water\u2014but if the Well could be sunk I would not have it Walled up (for the reason above) until I arrive. It will take about 200 bricks for every foot the Well is deep, & not less than 60 feet depth ought to be calculated upon; this would require 12,000 hard bricks; and to obtain them 15,000 ought to be made, and so disposed of in the kiln as to insure their being well burnt\u2014about 50,000 of the common Bricks will be sufficient for the purposes for which they are intended.\nThe Ferry and French\u2019s Plantations were not noticed in the last weeks Report. I am\u2014Your friend &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0343", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 2 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n [Philadelphia] 2 July 1792. Encloses \u201cthe sketch of a letter to be written by Mr Lear to Mr Langdon.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0344", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 2 July 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department 2 July 1792\nI have the honor respectfully to submit to your consideration certain principles for the formation of the four sub Legions, and for the arrangeme\u27e8nt\u27e9 of the commissioned officers thereof.\nAnd also in case of a reduction of any of the new troops that the officers should be reduced by Lot. I have the honor sir to be with perfect respect Your humble Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0345", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 3 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n [Philadelphia] 3 July 1792. Submits \u201cthe translation of a letter from Messrs Viar & Jaudenes, with the draught of an answer he proposes to them, & a letter to the Governor of Georgia. he incloses also a translation of the papers which accompanied the letter he received.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0346", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 3 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n [Philadelphia] 3 July 1792. Encloses \u201cto the President a letter just recd from Colo. Humphreys.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0347", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 3 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n [Philadelphia] 3 July 1792. Submits \u201cto the President a letter to mister Van Berckel on the subject of the infraction of the privileges of his house by a constable.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0348", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, 3 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia July 3d 1792.\nYour letter of the 20th Ulto was presented to me yesterday by Mr Williams\u2014who as a professional man\u2014may, or may not be for ought I know, a luminary of the first magnitude. But to be frank, and I hope you will not be displeased with me for being so\u2014I am so heartily tired of the attendance which from one cause or another has been given \u27e8to\u27e9 these kind of people, that it is now more than two years since I have resolved to sit no more for any of them and have adhered to it, except in instances where it has been requested by public bodies, or for a particular purpose (not of the Painters) and could not, without offence be refused.\nI have been led to make this resolution for another reason besides the irksomeness of sitting, and the time I loose by it\u2014which is, that these productions have in my estimation, been\nmade use of as a sort of tax on individuals by being engraved (and that badly) and hawked about or advertised for Sale. With very great esteem & regard I am Dear Sir Yr most Obt & Affe Servt\nG.W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0349", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Carter, Sr., 4 July 1792\nFrom: Carter, William Sr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\n[Richmond, 4 July 1792]\nWilliam Wray, a Youth of a Reputable Family, & a Nephew of mine by Marriage, having lived with me from August 1784. in Order to study Physick & Surgery, is now very desirous of entering into the Army with a View of serving his Country & improving himself in the practical Part of his Profession & wishes to be appointed a Mate under a Surgeon for that Purpose; But in Case there is no Vacancy for him in his proper Line He is desirous of being favoured with some Commission: As I wish to be his Friend as far as lies in my Power to get him into the Army, where I have Reason to think from his Assiduity to Business & Attention to his Duty he may merit Preferment\u2014He the said Will: Wray is young & healthy, of good natural Parts, & having given him a good Education: I do hereby certify that I think him capable & qualified for the above Purposes: And do now recommend him\nto the Favour and Freindship of your Excellency\u2014Given under my Hand this 4th Day of July 1792.\nWilliam Carter seniorAt Richmond\u2014And Surgeon to theContinental Hospistal in Williamsburgduring the late War\nP.S. Sir By my Desire Colo. Carrington enclosed a Copy of the above in a Letter to General Knox five or six Weeks ago: But having received no Appointment, nor the least Inteligence of any Kind from the General, He (William Wray), is very unhappy indeed. And as he is so very desirous of getting some Commission in the Army I make free to address You on the Subject in his Behalf. I am, Sir, with all due Respect & Esteem your most obedient and very humble Servant\nWilliam Carter senr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0351", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 5 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n [Philadelphia] 5 July 1792. Encloses \u201ca letter just recieved from mister Hammond, which will be difficult to answer properly.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0353", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Seagrove, 5 July 1792\nFrom: Seagrove, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRocklanding Oconee River [Ga.] July 5 1792\nThe information, which I am about to give appearing to me of importance to the United States, I hope will plead my excuse for thus intruding on your moments of retirement.\nIn my dispatch of the 14th Ulto to the Secretary of War I promised to procure what information I could respecting a Spanish Officer which General McGillivray mentions in his letter to me of the 18th of May, a Copy of which you have herewith.\nI find, on enquirey of the Indian Chiefs now with me, that this Spanish Officer is the same person that I have mentioned in my former letters as a Spanish resident or Agent, who had arrived from New Orleans and lived in a House of General McGillivray\u2019s at little Tallassie.\nIt remains no longer a doubt who this person is, and his business in the Creek Nation. His name is Olivar a Frenchman born a Captain in the Spanish Army, wears the Uniform of the Regiment of Leuiseana, sent by the immediate orders of the Barron Caron du Lette, Governor of New Orleans, as an Agent (or perhaps something more) to conduct affairs in the Creek Nation.\nIt would appear by the Stile of General McGillivrays letter to me, that this Spanish Agent had just arrived and that he was a Stranger to him or his business, this was not the case, for it is well\nknown and I can produce unquestionable proofs that he had then been several months at McGillivrays own house at little Tallassie. the general took much pains in sending for a number of Chiefs and introduced this Spaniard to them as their great friend who was come to live among them, and to do great things for them. It can also be made appear that the general was riding about the Country with this Spaniard at the time when By his engagements he ought to have been with me.\nI have not a doubt but that the arrival of this Spanish Agent was in Consequence of a preconcerted plan between McGillivray and the Spaniards on his visit last winter to their possessions and that Captain Olivar, is to be his successor in the Creek land. For you must know that the general is again gone with nearly the whole of his property into New Orleans, and I doubt whether he returns, certain it is that he hath engaged to attend the Spanish treaty, with the Indians at Pensacola in September next.\nAs soon as General McGillivray quit the nation Captain Olivar, threw of[f] all Mask, by calling meetings in the Towns, and directing what the Indians should, and should not do. He in the most public and positive manner forbids them parting with a foot of land to the United States, and also forbids their running the boundary line between them & Georgia, and positively tells the Indians not to have any thing to do with the Americans, It is said by several persons (but I cannot vouch for the truth of it) that he has gone so far in the upper Towns as to advise the Indians turning out against our people on the Western Waters, I think this not improbable, for about ten days past he had the impudence to come into the lower Towns, and give out public Talks, advising the Indians not to come near me, & on no account to run the line. This I have from persons who were present & heard him. I am happy in being able to inform you that he met a very cool receiption in the lower Towns. The Indians who had been with me had returned home and influenced their people so much in our favor that he found it convenient to make a speedy retreat to little Tallassie.\nA Brother in law of general McGillivrays (a white man) who lives at Tallassie, of the name of Weatherford, is now here who confirms what I have related of this Spanish Agent, & further says that he hath at McGillivrays house a quantity of Goods,\nwhich he distributes among the Indians\u2014that he draws orders on Government in favor of all Indians going to Orleans, who received goods and Ammunition, which they bring up in boats and that they have a Constant intercourse in this way\u2014that he has engaged in securing the Chiefs to attend the Treaty at Pensacola, that it was much talked of in the nation that one object of the Spanish Treaty would be to obtain leave to erect Forts and establish garrisons on the Creek lands.\nThose matters seem of so much moment\u2014come so direct, and I beleive unquestionably true, that I have lost no time in giving you notice thereof.\nI cannot account for this interferrence of the spaniards I some times think that Captain Olivar, cannot be supported by his Government in such doings, and that he is exceeding his instructions.\nBy the Secretary of Wars dispatch to me of the 30th of April, it would appear that a good understanding exists between the United States and Spain.\nIn consequence of the secretary of Wars directions in the dispatch alluded to above\u2014I wrote a line to the Governor of St Augustine in order to feel his pulse on the occasion, as well as to know from him, what they had done with Bowles, a Copy of our correspondance you have herewith.\nMy communications to the Secretary of War of the 24th May together with my letter to General McGillivray of the 21st of the same month, and my talks to the Indians, I must pray your perusal of.\nI find that the Spanish Agent is on very friendly terms with Bowles successor in the Nation, a Man of the name of Wellbanks.\nI cannot help expressing my fears to you, that the Spaniards are playing a double game with us on the score of Mr Bowles, My Opinion is, that they will make him useful to their views, their very kind treatment of him, since he has been among them, cannot fail to create suspicion in the breast of any one as well acquainted as I am with Spanish want of linity to actual prisoners especially such as have offended against their government. Bowles hath not been confined by them, and it is a doubt with me, but what appeared a capture of him to us, was in fact a concerted plan with him, He is sent to spain but not in confinement, why send him there\u2014sure the Governor of New Orleans or the\nCaptain general at the Havana, are possessed with powers equal to punishing or acquiring a Man of Mr Bowles character. I fear there is some dark & dangerous business in contemplation among those people. I fear General McGillivray is not faithful to the United States, and I have my su[s]picions that if any mischief is abruing he is deeply engaged in it, I never expect he will come forward as an active character in the field, he wants spirit, and this is the reason of his placing Olivar, in his stead, and of his withdrawing to the Spaniards as an asslum, Olivar is represented to me as a Man of good address, who speaks the French, Spanish and English languages equally well.\nI fear the reason of McGillivrays not meeting me, and his not forwarding the business of the Treaty made at New York, as well as his evasive conduct to all the pressing arguments made use of to him by the Secretary of War, and myself arrose from preconcerted plans with his Spanish and English friends, and not from any real opposition the Indians made thereto.\nAgreeable to my instructions I have laboured very hard to replace this ungreatful Man in the confidence of his countrymen, which he had lost from his duplicity, and want of resolution, I fear I shall be censured by the Indians who are our friends for my Zeal in his behalf, I assure you that nine out of ten of them now dispise him and seldom mention his name but with disrespect.\nI concieved it my duty to have Major Call, the commander of the Federal troops, & Mr Ellicott the surveyor present at my communications with the Indians in order that they might witness the situation of Matters and act accordingly.\nIt is truly disagreeable to me but duty to you impells me to mention, that this once valuable Officer hath resigned himself to so continual a state of intoxication with strong liquors, as to render him totally incapable of acting or even judging of what is proper in the line of his duty[.] I have already hinted this to the Secretary of War and referred him to the Officers who went from this for further information.\nNotwithstanding the untoward State the Creek nation is represented to be in by General McGillivray I think I can venture to assure you, that I shall be able to keep them from breaking with us, if not restore them to order and get all matters settled with them. I hope you will see the necessity of my having it in my\npower to supply them occasionally. you are too well acquainted with the nature of Indians for me to say more to you on this head as well as the precarious situation of those people at present.\nIn the execution of these as well as in any other matters you are pleased to commit to my care I can only say that fidelity & industry in me Shall not be wanting.\nI have left open the Secretary of Wars dispatches for your persual, Should any thing further offer of consequence I shall forward it by express. I have the honor to be &c.\nJames Seagrove", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0354", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 6 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n [Philadelphia] 6 July 1792. Submits to GW the draft of a letter from Jefferson to George Hammond.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0355", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Winthrop Sargent, 6 July 1792\nFrom: Sargent, Winthrop\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nCincinnati County of Hamilton and Territory of theUnited States North west of the River Ohio.July the 6th 1792.\nI do myself the honour to transmit by Major Vigo, a copy from the public records of the Territory of the United States, north west of the river Ohio, to the 30th of June inclusive.\nThe long absence of two of the judges from the Government, has prevented the adoption of laws for more than the six months last past, which is considered and lamented as a very great misfortune to the territory.\nSince closing my official communications sir, Major Vigo has\npresented to me the enclosed petition from the people of Vincennes which I beg leave to lay before Congress.\nObserving that the petitioners are generally in very indigent circumstances\u2014much attached to the United States, and that the whole expense of resurveying their ancient possessions, will, by an estimate of the surveyor, amount to about one thousand dollars.\nWith every sentiment of the highest respect, I have the honour to be Sir, Your most obedient, and most devoted servant,\nWinthrop Sargent", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0356", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mason Locke Weems, 6 July 1792\nFrom: Weems, Mason Locke\nTo: Washington, George\nSensible that it ever affords a heartfelt pleasure to your Excellency to promote the happiness of Mankind, and knowing how\neminently Almighty God has put it into your power to Advance the Welfare of the Citizens of these States, I take the liberty of Solicting Your excellency\u2019s Patronage to a Work which is evidently and most happily calculated to enlarge the Reign of Piety and Virtue among that Class of Citizens (I mean the Great) whose Examples have the weightiest Influence on the Manners of the Community. I am endeavoring to give the Public, a large Edition of the Celebrated Doctor Blair\u2019s Sermons, in which, Just Sentiments, a Glowing Piety, and Amiable Affections are set forth in such Elegant & harmonious Language as to be read with considerable Avidity by those very Persons who woud reject Other Discourses of equal Piety but unhappily destitute of their external Grace and Ornament. It was suggested to me that were your excellency & Some Other Leading Characters in Philadelphia to Shew a good will to this Work it might greatly Augment & Accelerate its Progress. I brought Letters to his Excellency the Governor, to Mr Morris Mr Barclay &c. &c. Some I have presented. Mr Morris not only patroniz\u2019d by Subscription, but Voluntarily Offerd his Interest with his Friends\u2014had Doctor Wm Smith or the British Consul been at home, Shd perhaps been introduced to your Excellency, as I happen to be related to those Gentlemen. Tho\u2019 I was once introduced to your Excellency by Doctor Craik. Shoud your Excellency think well to patronize & encourage this extensively Diffusive way of propogating these Valuable Discourses You will find that Mr Morris has left a Chasm Just above his Signature and for that purpose, I told Mr Morris that Doctor Craik had introduced me to your Excellency some Years ago at M. Vernon. he Observd \u201cit was unnecessary to get any further introduction.\u201d With Sentiments of the highest Veneration I remain Your excellency\u2019s Friend & Well Wisher\nMason L. Weems.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0357", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 7 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSaturday [7 July 1792]\nPray send me Mr Hammond\u2019s communications to you on thursday & your letter to him in answer; and let me see you at Eight \u2019Oclock this Morng. Yrs\nG.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0359", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Kean, 7 July 1792\nFrom: Kean, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 7th 1792.\nThe Commission with which I have this day been honored is a mark of your approbation highly grateful to me\u2014I shall endeavour by my actions to merit & preserve it.\nMy present occupation will not permit me to appropriate to the expediting this business so much of my time as I could wish & the nature of the service may require; but no exertion shall be wanting on my part so far as my time will allow to facilitate the exertions of my Colleagues to bring the business to as speedy a conclusion as the nature of the case will admit of. With sentiments\nof the most exalted esteem I have the honor to be sir Yr Obt Servt\nJohn Kean", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0360", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Augustine Washington, 7 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George Augustine\nTo: Washington, George\nHonor\u2019d Uncle\nSulpher Springs Berkley County [Va.]10 Miles from my FathersJuly 7th 1792\nI wrote You the 24th Ulto that I had contrary to my fixed resolution of returning to my Mount Vernon in a fortnight been tempted to procrastinate the time\u2014from the flattering hope of benefiting my health, which is really so precarious that I am at a loss what to say about it\u2014I am some times for three or four days tantalized with a belief that I am geting better but by the slightest cold (which with all the prudence I can use am very subject to) my indisposition is increasd\u2014not experiencing that advantage which I had flatterd myself with and anxiously wishing to return I had determind t\u27e8o\u27e9 do it but have been over rooled by the advise of a Physician in this County whose skill I have confidence in, to delay my return for a short time, and by the effects of this water which he doubted not I should find beneficial, as he did not think my disorder consumptive and if it was should the waters disagree with me I might desist in the use of it\u2014my complaints are complicated, my head which is frequently and severely disorderd is I apprehend either rheumattic or nervous, for which complaints this spring has been found very advantages\u2014I came here yesturday and unless I here some unfavorable\naccounts from Mt Vernon (which I hope will not be the case) mean to continue a fortnight if I find I am like to benefit from it\u2014I very reluctantly consente\u27e8d\u27e9 to a longer absence and nothing short of the desireable object I am in persuit of would tempt me\u2014if I can only regain a tolerable share of health I promise myself much satisfaction from Yours and my Aunts return to Mt Vernon\u2014No conveyance offering immediately to Philadelphia I forward this by a Gentleman to Frederick Town to be put in the Post Office at that place\u2014I feel a constant concern for the health and happiness of Yourself my Aunt & the Children and believe me to be with the most unbounded attachment Your truely affectionate Nephew\nGo. A. Washington\nI beg my good wishes to be offerd to Mr & Mrs Lear the Gentlemen of Your family my Cousins Geo: & L: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0361", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 8 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department July 8. 1792\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to submit to the President of the United States the inclosed Contract between the Superintendant of the Delaware Lighthouse &[c]a and Benjamin Rice, for the making of two Mooring chains for the use of the Beacon boats on the River Delaware, together with sundry papers relating thereto. The object appears to be a necessary one, & the terms comparatively good. The amount of the Expence will be Four hundred & twenty Dollars. All which is humbly submitted.\nAlex. HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0362", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 9 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] July 9th 1792.\nPray draught a proper answer to the enclosed, approving of what the Director of the Mint has done, and is about to do; and requesting an estimate of the money which will be wanted to enable him to proceed in the business of Coining agreeably to what he proposes.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0363", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Rittenhouse, 9 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Rittenhouse, David\nUnited States of America [Philadelphia, 9 July 1792]\nHaving had under consideration the letter of the Director of the mint of this day\u2019s date, I hereby declare my approbation of the purchase he has made of the house and lot for the mint. of the employment of mr Voight as Coiner, of the procuring fifteen tons of copper, & proceeding to coin the cents and half cents of\ncopper & dismes & half dismes of silver: and I leave to his discretion to have such alterations and additions made to the buildings purchased as he shall find necessary, satisfied that under his orders no expence will be incurred which reason & necessity will not justify: and I desire that he will make out an estimate of the sums of money which will be wanting for these purposes & of the times at which they will be wanting, in order to enable the treasury to make arrangements for furnishing them with convenience. given under my hand this 9th day of July 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0364", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Stuart, 9 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, David\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia July 9th 1792.\nAlthough I did not acknowledge the receipt of the letter you wrote to me some time ago respecting Bowl[e]s, I was not unmindful of the contents: but upon consulting some Professional Gentlemen I was informed that his being brother to the noted Bowls was not, without some overt act of his own, sufft to lay hold of him.\nIf nothing more happens than I am aware of at present, I shall leave this City on thursday, with Mrs Washington and the Children for Mount Vernon; and if the weather is tolerable, and ourselves and horses keep up, I shall be, I expect, at George town on Monday or tuesday of the week following.\nI shall bring with me, or send on if I am likely to be delayed, the plans for the public buildings which were sent (I believe) by the Commissioners, to Mr Jefferson; but, if none more elegant\nthan these should appear on, or before the 16th instt the exhibition of Architecture will be a very dull one indeed. My best wishes to Mrs Stuart & the family\u2014& I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr Obedt & Affecte Hble Servt\nG.W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0365", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 10 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] 10th July 1792.\nEstimate of immediate Expenditures for the Mint.\nDollars.\nPrice of the House & Lot, to be paid on executing the Conveyance\n15 Tons of Copper, suppose 16 Cents \u214c lb.\nRepairs of the Buildings, Workmen\u2019s wages &c.\nDollars\nDavid Rittenhouse\nUnited States [Philadelphia] 10th July 1792\nThe Secretary of the Treasury will cause to be paid to the Director of the Mint, Ten thousand Dollars for the purposes above specified.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0367", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 10 July 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\nUnited States [Philadelphia] July 10th 1792\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of War the enclosed letters from Governors Lee & Telfair which have been submitted to the President, and to inform the Secretary that the President requests that any answer to these letters which may require his inspection, may be submitted to him by twelve o\u2019clock tomorrow, as he intends setting out for Virginia in the afternoon.\nTobias LearSecretary to the President of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0368", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Francis Mercer, 10 July 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Mercer, John Francis\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Francis Mercer, 10 July 1792. In his letter to Mercer of 23 July, GW referred to \u201cYour favor of the 10th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0369", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Spotswood, 10 July 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Spotswood, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Alexander Spotswood, 10 July 1792. On 23 July, GW wrote Spotswood a letter in which he mentioned \u201cyour favor of the 10th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0370", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 11 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 11 July 1792]\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President sends him a letter to received by which he will perceive that mister Blodget has deposited with the two Boston banks 10,000 Doll. subject to the draught of the Commissioners.\nalso two proof sheets of the city: recd from Boston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0371", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 11 July 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] July 11t[h] 1792\nThe President of the U.S. informs the Secretary of State that he has retained one of the proof Sheets of the federal City, and returns the others with the letter from Mr Blodget, which the President thinks had better be sent to the Commissioners by the mail, which will certainly reach G. Town on Monday. The President\u2019s Cavalry are in such order that he cannot say with any precision when he shall reach that place; he however, wishes the Secretary to mention to the Commissioners that he sat out this afternoon; but being incumbered with lame and sick horses it is uncertain when he will be at George-Town.\nThe President observes that the soundings of the River & Branch are not noted either in this or the other proof sheet, which he thinks would be very satisfactory & advantageous to have done.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0372", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James McHenry, 11 July 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McHenry, James\n Letter not found: to James McHenry, c.11 July 1792. McHenry wrote GW on 17 July that he had received GW\u2019s letter, noting: \u201cIt has the Philadelphia post mark of the 11th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0373", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Churchman, 14 July 1792\nFrom: Churchman, John\nTo: Washington, George\nBank Street Baltimore July 14th 1792.\nJ. Churchman presents his compliments to the President of the united States, having lately received several Letters from Baron Vall-Travers, in which one is mentioned to be sent by Captain Folgier, which has not come to hand, Understanding that Captain Folgier delivered some Letters last Spring to the President from the Baron, J.C. would be very glad to know, in anyway the least troublesome, whether any one came for him at that time, he could never think of troubling the President on this occasi\u27e8on\u27e9 if the Baron had not heretofore written to him under cover directed to the Presiden\u27e8t\u27e9 he begs leave to add that he informed Vall-Travers what he had in charge.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0374", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 14 July 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar Department, July 14th 1792.\nThe last post which left Pittsburgh on the 6th instant, brings information of entire tranquility on the frontiers.\nGeneral Wayne has desired to know what conduct he is to pursue relative to the Small pox\u2014that disorder being at Pittsburgh.\nI have informed him that it would be improper to innoculate at this time as well on account of the warm season of the year, as the crisis of affairs.\nThe Returns of additional Recruits are enclosed. I have the honor to be with the most perfect Respect Your hume servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0375", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 15 July 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York July 15th 1792\nI have the honor to inform you that we arrivd here last evening after a pleasant journey from Phila. and shall sail for Providence in about an hour. I have thought it best, & upon the whole most \u0153conomical to take a water carriage to Providence.\nThe principal object in troubling you with a letter at this time is to mention that while I was on board the Packet this morning engaging a passage I met with Colo. Stevens of this place & in the course of conversation upon general subjects he made enquiry respecting the federal City, and from thence took occasion to observe that he had been applied to to superinte[n]d the new manufacturing town to be built in Jersey, but he did not think the compensation offered (2000 dols./ per Annum) a sufficient object to induce him to leave his business in this place; and at the same time observed that a business of this kind was peculiarly suited to his genius & inclination & that he should not have hesitated one moment about accepting the offer made him if the compensation p\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 equalled his p[r]esent business. He asked if a person was engaged to superintend the public works to be carried on at the city, in the place of Major L\u2019Enfant, I told him I did not know of any one who was absolutely engaged.\nI have just mentioned this conversation, Sir, that if a person of\nColo. Stevens\u2019 character shoud be wanted for the purpose of superintending the works at the City, your thoughts might thereby be called to him, as otherwise he might not occur\u2014His fitness you are able to judge of from your Knowledge of him during the war.\nMrs Lear & our little boy are in good health and unite with me in respec[t], gratitude, and Sincere prayers for the health & happines of yourself, Mrs Washington & the family. With truth & sincerity I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt & grateful Servt\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0376", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Newenham, 15 July 1792\nFrom: Newenham, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nBellchampe [Ireland] 15 July 1792\nPermit me, in the warmest manner, to Introduce to yr Excellency, Mr Anderson, who, together with all his Family have been my most Zealous friends upon all occasions.\nEncouraged by the rising Prosperity of the United States, joined with the Principles of its Government, he has turned a good part of his Property into ready money, & intends to settle, with his Children, in some one of the States; he goes first to Philadelphia,\n& will there have the Honor of paying you his respects, in order personaly to see the MAN, whom he always admired.\nHe is not fixed, whether he will enter into the Mercantile Line, or become a purchaser of Land; that depends on the advice he gets; he has neither Connections or Acquaintance in America, & Since, the Death of my Ever respected & Dear Freind Doctor Franklin, I have none, but your Excellencey to recommend him to, which I take the Liberty of doing it\u2014He is of a respectable Private Family here & has always maintaind the best of Characters.\nLady Newenham joins me in Sincere Respects, & fervent wishes for yours & Mrs Washingtons health & happiness. I have the Honor, to be, with perfect Respect & Esteem your Excellencys most obt & most Hble Servt\nEdward Newenham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0377", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Giuseppe Ceracchi, 16 July 1792\nFrom: Ceracchi, Giuseppe\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAmsterdam 16 July 1792\nNo man is happier then I\u2019m in this moment, for I rely feel a tru satisfactory honor in addressing the President of the Unit. Stat\u2019s.\nI shall communicate this sensetion to my Cildren, they shall learn to pronounce General Washingtons\u2019 name with the highst admiration, and shall, inspire the desire to addresse personaly the Hero of America universily admired trowout the world.\nMy worth being to little, I have nothing to offer but the greatfull sentiments end veneretion with which I\u2019m Sir your most obt end most Humble Servt\nJoseph Ceracchi", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0378", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Chittenden, 16 July 1792\nFrom: Chittenden, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nVermont Williston July 16th 1792\nBefore this time I conclude you have recived my Letter of the 16th of June Incloling Sundry affidavits relaletive to the abuses lately offred this as well as the united Stats by the officers & Soldiers Stationed at Point au farr togeather with a Copy of my Letter to Leiut. Governor Clarke upon the Subject.\nI now have the Honor to Transmit to your Excellency a Copy of Governor Clarke\u2019s answer to me I shall make no Commints upon the equivocal and evasive manner in which it is written.\nas I was Sensible that the Conduct of this garrison might Involve questions of national Importance and desarve a national discursion I took the earliest oppertunity of transmiting to your Excellency the Information I had recived upon the Subject, but as the Injury was more immediately felt by the Citizens of this State I Consider my Self Justifiable in requsting of the Commanding officer at Quebec an Explanation of So new and unprecedented abuses from that Quarter Imprest with the Idea that what had been don was without his order or approbation. I Submit to your Excellency how fair I have acted prudant in this Bisness or what futher or differant measures I Should have taken.\nI thint it my duty further to observe that Alburgh is a tongue of land Seperate from the main land Canted Point a fer by the waters of Lake Champlain. Containing abought Sixteen Thousand acres and is from three to Ten mils distant from the garrison it contains between Sixty & Seventy heads of famileys Including abought five Hundred Souls.\nA part of the Settlers possessed the Land as an old french Seignory the other part as a grant under the authority of the State of Vermont. the formor Settlers finding their Title Invalid and wishing to avail themselvs of a Title under Vermont in order to Secure to them Selvs the reward of their toils Assimbled with the other Inhabitance and Easily in the munth of June organized as\na Town agreeably to the Laws of this State and took the Necessary oaths to Intitle them Selvs to the privilege of free men and citizenship, within this State\u2014and are\u2014(a few only excepted) Solicitous not only to be protected but Governed by the Laws of this & the united Stats at the Last Session of the legislature in this State Two Justises ware appointed residunt at Alburgh who ware Soon after Sworn in to office. previos to their appointment the Inhabitance had not been the Subjects of any civil Government but the place had been too much a randizvous for outlaws and fugitives from Justice as their views are now meritorious it is to be hoped that every attempt to defeat them will meet its deserved recompence. I have the Honour to be your Excellencys very Hbl. Servt\nT.C.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0379", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 16 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia July 16. 1792.\nI have the honor to enclose a Resolution of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund of the 16th inst:, for your consideration and approbation.\nMy absence from Town and hurry after my return, prevented the making of the arrangement before you left this place. I shall hope to receive your determination previous to the day which limits the receiving of proposals, as the purchases must be made within the month. Nothing else new has occurred since your departure.\nWith perfect respect & the truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nA: Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0380", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Gibbon, 17 July 1792\nFrom: Gibbon, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPetersburg, Virga July 17th 1792\nColl Carrington as Supervisor of the district of Virginia having been obliging enough to suggest to me the resignation of Coll Newton as Inspector of the th4 Suvey and that twas his intention to recommend me to succeed him\u2014I have taken the liberty, in aid of his good offices in my behalf to trouble you with my own application[.] Having already acted under the Supervisors orders it is left for him to say how far I may be Entitled to yr favour in this case.\nThe office of Surveyor of the port I have held with a hope that some compensation adequate to its duties wou\u2019d have offerd in \u27e8illegible\u27e9 tho I\u2019ve heretofore been disappointed in this I\u2019m not altogether without hope that a proper representation will yet effect it.\nAs the duties of Inspector of the th4 Suvey and that of Surveyor of the customs are in a great degree combin\u2019d and I belive in no instance incompatible so I shall feel myself happy if you Sir shou\u2019d think proper to combine them in the instance of him who is with very great respect Yr Oblig\u2019d Humb. Servt\nJ. Gibbon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0381", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 17 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGeorge Town July 17th 1792\nI am extremely sorry to find by the enclosed letter that the affairs of France put on so disagreeable an aspect.\nAs I know it is your intention to proceed immediately on, I will not ask you to call at Mt Vernon now but hope it is unnecessary to say that I shall be glad to see you on your way going or Returning. I am sincerely & Affecy Yrs\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0382", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Carl Heinrich Kreppelin, 17 July 1792\nFrom: Kreppelin, Carl Heinrich\nTo: Washington, George\n Amsterdam, 17 July 1792. Encloses a letter from Professor Kilsberger of Mainz, who wishes GW to send him news of his brother through Kreppelin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0383", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James McHenry, 17 July 1792\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nFayetteville [Md.] 17 July 1792.\nThe letter you did me the honor to write which I had not received when I had the honor to see you was handed me the day after. It has the Philadelphia post mark of the 11th and was they\ntell me overlooked by the post-master here or rather his assistant when my letters were called for. I thought it proper to mention this particular to you that the cause of its detention might not be misunderstood.\nI have now to request of my dear General, that he will on his return devote one day to Baltimore town, and that sometime before, you will be so kind as to let me know the day we may look for you. The merchants who have a sincere love and attachment for you wish very much to give you a public dinner, which might perhaps be contrived without occasioning much delay, if you could arrange your stages so as to reach us early in the forenoon.\nMrs McHenry begs to be presented to Mrs Washington. We both hope that the remainder of your journey was without accident and wish you that repose and happiness in your favorite Mount Vernon, to which you are so well intitled. I have the honor to be Sir, sincerely & affectionately Yours\nJames McHenry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0385", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 19 July 1792\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nsir\nGeorge-Town 19th July 1792\nYesterday the Commissrs Contracted with Mr Hoben for his services by the year at 300 Guineas, his Draft and Attention may, be confined to the Palace or extended to other objects they may chuse. Doctor Stewart\u2019s uneasiness at the State of his Family occasioned his leaving us as soon as the most material of our Business was finished\u2014This morning we went with Mr Hoben to the Seite of the Palace that he might lay out the foundation, the Plan, being much less than Majr L\u2019Enfant\u2019s Design will not fill up to the diverging Points marked by the Stakes\u2014This will necessarily occassion a Division of the Excess, on the two sides, or to recede the whole distance on one only, it does not seem, to create so much Embarrasment as might be expected, but as the work may go on without any waste of Labour till you will be here again we have left the Choice open to be made by yourself, on the Spot\u2014Hobens Affairs requires his absence about a Month his return is expected to be as soon as he will be much wanted\u2014After Docter Stewart left us we received a Letter and Draft from Judge Turner, there is something in it striking and agreeable to us, we send it for your Consideration\u2014Lamphier\u2019s Plan is given up as impracticable, we have written to Ballet inviting him down to attempt Improvements, Mr Turners too seems very capable\nof it\u2014We still hope a little time may give you an Oppertunity of making a Choice to your Satisfaction\u2014We are &c.\nTh. Johnson\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0386", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Lewis, 20 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, John\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 20th July 92\nI was in hopes the letter wch was written to you at my request, by my Nepw G. A: Washington\u2014dated the 25th of March\u2014wd have rendered a further application from me to you, on that subjt unnecessary\u2014but as he says, you have made no reply to it\u2014as I Am informed that my power of attorney to you, was regularly recorded in Gates County No. Carolina & That Mr Cowper is making great improvement upon the land (which is an evidence that the bargain with him is closed & of course the money paid, as that was the condition of it) and, as you are upon the point of removing to Kentucky. I must, and do insist positively upon receiving my moiety of the money, which has been paid by Mr Cowper or any person in his behalf before you go\u2014and to know how the ballance stands.\nYou must be sensible, Sir, it was my opinion at the time you proposed to make sale of this land that the moment was not favorable for it\u2014but, as the Affairs of your fathers Estate pressed,\nand my own want of money was great, I consented to its being done; but I cannot nor will not consent to lye out of my moiety of the Money that has been receid in payment. I am Dr Sir Yr obedt Hble Servt\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0388", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 21 July 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire, July 21st 1792.\nI have the honor to inform you that we arrived here yesterday, and had the pleasure to find all our friends in good health. Our passage from New York to Providence was a very pleasant one,\nand performed in about 36 hours. We met with no accident during the journey, and were highly favored in the weather.\nAgreeably to your directions I called upon Mr Morris before I left Philadelphia, and observed to him, that as you understood the house in which you lived was only engaged for two years, which term would expire on the first day of October next, you had ordered me to see him upon the subject, and to learn from him whether he expected to remove into the house himself at the end of that time, or whether it was his intention that the President should occupy it until his present term of service expired. Mr Morris replied that no other idea had ever entered his mind, but that you should occupy the house as long as you might find it convenient or agreeable\u2014that the reason of the term being limited to two years was from the full expectation that an house would, within that time, be provided by the State of Pennsylvania for the residence of the President; but as he found that the government house was not likely to be completed so soon as was expected, he was making alterations, for his better accommodation, in the house where he now lives. I further observed to him, that if he had any desire to return to his former dwelling, and the house which he now inhabits would be rented, you would readily give up the one which you now hold, and take the other; or if that was not to be rented, you would get the best accommodation you could elsewhere. He answered, that when the alterations now carrying on should be completed the house would be as convenient for him as the other, and even if that should not have been the case, he should never have entertained an idea of returning to his former residence so long as it might be agreeable to the President to occupy it.\nAs in the conversation with Mr Morris, I made use of the expression \u201cuntil the President\u2019s present term of service expires\u201d\u2014he asked me if it was expected that any other more suitable house would be provided by that time, as he was confident the goverment house would not then be fit to occupy. I told him I did not know that any other would be; but that you had no occasion to look forward beyond the time for which you were elected, for accommodations of this nature. He then asked me if you had determined not to continue at the head of the government after the expiration of the present term. I told him I did not know\nthat you had come to any determination on the subject; but that I knew full well if you followed your own wishes & inclination they would lead you to retire. He observed, that he knew himself that to be the case; but he hoped to God that the love of your Country & of mankind which had heretofore overcome in you every personal & private consideration, would still prevail, and that you would not give up the government & the Country to that fate which he clearly foresaw awaited them if you should determine to retire from the Chair. He thought the reasons for your continuing were, if possible, more strong than those which first induced your acceptance of the Office.\nSo far as I have had an opportunity of hearing any sentiment expressed on this subject it has uniformly agreed with the above. The rout by which I came hither and the little stop which I made in the several places th[r]ough which I passed afforded but little opportunity of hearing the opinion of many persons on this or other topics; but I found an eagerness of inquiry on this head, mixed with an apprehension of what might be the consequences of your retiring, which convinced me that it was considered as a matter of the first importance. The general idea seemed to be, to say nothing of the fatal effects expected from divisions & parties, that most of the important things hitherto done under this government, being, as it were, matters of experiment, had not yet been long enough in operation to give satisfactory proof whether they are beneficial or not, and that they could not under any other administration have the fair experiment which they would have under that which first introduced them.\nI had the honor of writing a few lines from New York, and shall not fail to write as often as anything may occur worth giving you the trouble of perusing it.\nI was a little surprized to find that the Indian War is extremely unpopular in New England. I have not heard it mentioned by a single person who did not consider it as arising rather from a wish on the part of the United States to obtain lands to which they have no just claim, than as a war of necessity, as it really is. Whenever I have heard this subject introduced I have not failed to set the matter in its true light, and I flatter myself that I have convinced those with whom I have conversed on this head that the U.S. neither want nor have ever claimed an inch of land from\nthe Indians which they have not obtained by fair treaty and honorable purchase. I was astonished to find that they had taken so little pains to make themselves masters of the subject before they condemned it\u2014an idea had obtained that the war was unjust without any one having inquired into the matter far enough to give a single reason why it was unjust.\nSo far as I have had an opportunity of learning, I find the people this way very much in favor of the establishment of the Federal City. A report has been propagated, that it was on the decline & that some circumstances had retarded its progress and would probably totally defeat it; but I was pleased to find, that this report was very little regarded.\nThe crops of grain & grass are good, and the prospect of Indian Corn (which is 3 or 4 weeks more forward here than in Virginia) remarkably fine\u2014The Country appears flourishing and the people prosperous & happy. In this town they are doing business to more advantage than they have ever done before since the revolution.\nMrs Lear & our little boy are well & less fatigued with the journy than could have been expected. Mrs Lear will have the honor of writing to Mrs Washington as soon as she gets a little settled from the confusion of the journey\u2014and in the mean time she unites with me in sentiments of gratitude & respect for yourself & Mrs Washington, love to the Children & best regards to Major Washington & his lady and to Messrs Dandridge & Lewis.\nWith the most sincere & affectionate attachment & perfect respect I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedient Servant\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0390", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Reuben Rowzee, 22 July 1792\nFrom: Rowzee, Reuben\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWinchester [Va.] 22d July 1792\nThe Petition, which I had the honor to transmit you, by Mr R. Lewis about this time last year, signed by many worthy Gentleman, in the vicinity where I resided, on the subject of my deplorable situation, has never yet been finally answered. The Gentleman who was pleased to convey the memorial to you has never yet had it in his power, I have learned, to afford me those Communications, which could only palliate the miseries I have so long suffered through the wicked artifices of a man who I wished to serve. I hope in Heaven by this time you have considered the documents which I took the Liberty to send you; and that I may as soon as public convenience, and private leisure, will permit, receive an answer that will be decisive. Believe me Sir, candid, when I declare, that I cannot satisfy the claim, or even a part of it, without being incapable of answering for a violence, to my pitiless family, before a just and almighty God, from whose mercy only, I look and hope for a glorious, and happy immortality. If I were a single man, I could not hesitate one moment to part with my little all, to satisfy the debt, but such has not been the will of providence, and even under my present woful circumstances, I derive happiness, on the occasional interviews, I have with my children, in the surly walls of a loathsome prison. In the Course of human affairs, my residence in this world can not be very long, and rather would I consume the remaining span of my day in Captive misery, than for my poor children after I am cold in the Ground, to be obliged to beg the little, which nature does want, from door to door. Pardon, good Sir, this warm l[ett]r, it is the overflowings of a heart, of an old grey headed, affectionate Father. I will only pray your answer, as soon, as your absence from the necessary avocations of busy life will admit, and when your private business may be not importunate for your attention. I am with submissive Respect, Sir, Yr mo: obt Hble: s\u27e8illegible\u27e9\nReuben Rowzee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0391", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 23 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen,\nMount Vernon July 23d 179[2]\nYour favor of the 19th, accompanying Judge Turner\u2019s plan for a Capitol, I have duly received; and have no hesitation in declaring that I am more agreeably struck with the appearance of it than with any that has been presented to you. I return it without delay, because (among other reasons for doing it) Mr Turner wishes to receive it, in any event, immediately.\nThere is the same defect, however, in this plan as there is in all the plans which have been presented to you\u2014namely\u2014the want of an Executive apartment: wch ought, if possible, to be obtained. The Dome, which is suggested as an addition to the center of the edifice, would, in my opinion, give beauty & granduer to the pile; and might be useful for the reception of a Clock\u2014Bell, &ca. The Pilastrade too, in my Judgement, ought (if the plan is adopted) to be carried around the simicircular projections at the ends; but whether it is necessary to have the elevation of the upper Storey 41 feet is questionable; unless it be to preserve exactness in the proportion of the several parts of the building; in that case, the smaller Rooms in that Storey would be elivated sufficiently if cut in two, & would be the better for it in the interior provided they can be lighted. This would add to the number of Committee Rooms of which there appears to be a dificiency: And quere, would not the section B in the North division of plan No. 2 be more usefully applied as a library than for the purpose it is designated?\nCould such a plan as Judge Turner\u2019s be surrounded with Columns, and a colonade like that which was presented to you by Monsr Hallet (the Roof of Hallet\u2019s I must confess does not hit my taste)\u2014without departing from the principles of Architecture\u2014and would not be too expensive for our means, it would, in my judgement, be a noble & desireable Structure. But, I would have it understood in this instance, and always, when I am hazarding a sentiment on these buildings, that I profess to have no knowledge in Architecture, and think we should (to avoid criticisms)\nbe governed by the established Rules which are laid down by the professors of this Art.\nI think you have engaged Mr Hoben upon advantageous terms; and hope if his industry and honesty are of a piece with the specimen he has given of his abilities, he will prove a useful man & a considerable acquisition. The enclosed Is handed to you, merely because it is my wish that you should be possessed of every information of the kind that comes to my knowledge. The person therein mentioned (Stevens) was a Lieutt Colonel of Artillery during the War, and was (and for aught I know to the contrary, is) a Sober, honest & good tempered man\u2014Very industrious\u2014Fertile in invention & resources\u2014and great at execution. He was, as I have been informed, bred a house Carpenter; but how well acquainted he may be with that business, or how far he may be able to carry on work in a masterly manner upon a grand scale, I have no data to decide upon. He is a native of Boston, but since the War has lived in New York, where he carries on the business of a lumber Merchant to (I believe) a considerable extent. With great esteem & regard I remain Gentlemen Yr most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0393", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 23 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon July 23d 1792\nThe friday after you left this place I received the enclosed dispatches from Governor Chittendon, of the State of Vermont.\nIf you conceive it to be necessary, undr the circumstances which exist, to write again to that Gentleman before he replies to your former letter on the subject in dispute, you will, of course, take such measures thereupon as shall appear proper under a full view of all circumstances. With great esteem & regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Your Obedt & Affecte Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0394", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Francis Mercer, 23 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, John Francis\nSir,\nMount Vernon July 23d 1792\nYour favor of the 10th did not get to my hands until Saturday last, although I sent to the Post Office regularly, every Post day since I came to this place for the lettrs wch I expected.\nYour letter conveys no specific assurance of the time, or manner of discharging the bal[anc]e which is due to me. I am placed on no better, indeed on worse ground\u2014than I stood years ago with respect to this debt; and you cannot have forgotten that these were my apprehensions, which I expressed to you upon more occasions than one. Why then should I be told at this late day after every endeavor on my part to accomodate matters to your convenience of your intention of offering all your property for sale when part of it ought to have been applied to my use years since? or to what purpose (for me I mean) is it that you should offer property for sale if the price set thereon will admit no purchasers, or if sold that the money is to be converted to other uses than for my benefit? The latter you must be sensible I know to have been the case and the other, as it respects negros which you offered to me formerly, & from other circumstances, I have no reason to disbelieve.\nIt is not from inclination, that I become acquainted with any Gentlemans circumstances, and far is it from my practice to investigate what he owes; but you must excuse me when I tell you, that I have heard enough of yours to give me some uneasiness, as well on your Acct as on mine. To two facts I shall glance. A Gentn in Phila., witht having the least Suspicion (I believe) how matters stood between you & me, was enquiring into the value of your Marlborough Estate; & through another channel I understd the reason was, that your debt to him was considerable; &\nthat, that was the mean by which he was to be securd. The other, is the Agency of Mr Montague who I know is determined to push the settlement of that business. Others I have also heard of: but nothing, I beg you to be persuaded, Sir, but my own interest in the case, would have induced me to mention them to you. Hard indeed then would it be upon me if after twenty odd years endulgence & receiving any thing, and driblets as they were offered which dissipated (being unequal to my objects) as insensibly as the morning dew that I should be still postponed or put off with vague promises until perhaps, you & your property may have parted.\nThere can be no difficulty in settg this, or any other Acct where the debits & credits are regular, & the intentions of the parties are fair; and I am persuaded if you will be at the trouble of riding to this place, a few hours will ascertain the bal. which is due to me\u2014or in case disagreement should arise on any point, it might be so stated as that an impartial Umpire might decide it for us witht trouble or lawsuits besides, I have at this place a number of letters, Papers, and the Mill Books, which might throw light upon things which to you may seem to want explanation, & cannot be had elsewhere\u2014Other matters also might be more clearly explained, & better understd by oral conversation than is practicable by letter. I know of nothing (at present) that will call me from home soon, unless I should go to the New City the first day of next month; of which I gave the Commrs some, but no positive intimation. However, if you are inclined to comply with this request, & will name the precise day you will be here, I will not be from home.\nI beg you to be assured, that it will be extremely irksome & painful to me to go into a Court of Justice for the recovery of what is due to me, & for which I have with very great inconvenien[ce] & disadvantage to myself waited so long; but it must be the case unless it can be averted by some measure wch possibly, may be adopted at the meeting wch is now proposed, & which it may be well for you to think on, previous thereto.\nI have not yet been called upon legally to answer the complaint of Henshaw; but shall be ready to do it whenever it shall be found necessary or expedient & for that purpose shall keep the Bill, & the answer which you have drawn until I either see you, or hear from you again. The answer as drawn misstated a\nfact with respect to the power vested in Mr Lund Washington\u2014The truth of that matter stands thus\u2014The Sale as you have recited, was made in Novr 1774 on 12 months credit. In May following I went to the second Congress as a member thereof witht givg Lund Washn then or at any time thereafter powers fully expecting to return as soon as the business of the Session should close; but, being chosen to commd the Army, I proceeded to Cambridge and from thence\u2014as soon as it became apparent to me that my absence from home was likely to be of much longer continuance than I had calculated upon\u2014I wrote to Colo. Tayloe informing him thereof, & desiring him to take the sole management of the trust which had been commitd to us jointly upon himself, as my situation would no longer permit me to pay any further attention to it\u2014& because I should not consider myself responsible for any transaction subsequent to the Sale. previous to which he had thrown the whole burthen upon me & nothing remained for him to do but to appoint a Collector (if he did not chuse to be at the trouble himself [)], & he submit the money to the decision of the Court agreeably to the decretal Order. What he did\u2014or rather what he neglected to do, would be tedious to relate, & I presume can compose no part of my answer. and with respect to the particular instance of depreciation as stated in the answer, my memory is not furnished with the circumstance at prest. I am\u2014Sir Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nG.W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0395", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Morris, 23 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Morris, Robert\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon July 23d 1792.\nThis letter will be presented to you by Mr Jno. Augo. Spotswood, Son of General Spotswood. The enclosure, communicates the ideas of the father, and the wishes of the Son as fully as it is in my power to make them known to you; and when compared with the former letters from Genl Spotswood to me, which you have seen, leaves nothing more for me to add on this subject than to say that your good Offices in behalf of the young Gentleman will oblige the father, the Son & myself.\nI have no knowledge of the young man, nor have I the least reason to distrust the character given of him by his father\u2014but it is a fathers account\u2014and you, better than I will know whether any, & what allowances are to be made for it.\nMrs Washington joins with me in a tender of best wishes for Mrs Morris yourself & the rest of the family. With very great esteem & regard I am\u2014Dr Sir\u2014Yr Most Obedt and Affect. Hble Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0396", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Spotswood, 23 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Spotswood, Alexander\n[Mount Vernon, 23 July 1792]\nMr Spotswood delivered me your favor of the 10th, on Friday last and I have given him a letter to Mr Morris of Philadelphia,\nwho, I persuade myself, will render him any service, which it may be in his power to do consistently. At all times, when you can make it convenient, I should be happy to see you at this place; & with my love to Mrs Spotswood, in which Mrs Washington joins me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0397", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 26 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt July 26. 1792.\nSamuel Hobart, third Mate of the Cutter on the New Hampshire Station, has tendered his resignation and sent forward his Commission which I retain \u2019till your return not to encumber you with it at Mount Vernon. This occasions two vacancies, as to that Cutter, of first & third Mate. The Collector of Portsmouth recommends the second Mate, John Adams, for first Mate, and a Benjamin Gunnison, who has been a Master of a Vessel, as second Mate. From a conversation which I had with Mr Langdon, while here I believe the recommendation of the Collector well founded.\nThe Captain of the Cutter, on the New York Station, informs that Mr Morris the first Mate has accepted an advantageous offer on board of an India-Ship. This leaves the Cutter without any other Officer than the Master, who, and the Collector of New York recommend Capt: Ashur Cook as first Mate, and one John Fenley as second Mate. Captn Dennis also mentions a son of the present Surveyor of New York for third Mate.\nThe keeping up in the Cutters their due complement of Officers and Men is now become interesting to the public service. As it will not be easy to obtain better lights, I am induced to submit as they stand the recommendations respecting the first and second Mates of each Cutter. As to the third Mate for the New York Cutter some further enquiry is necessary.\nShould you approve, and be without blank Commissions, it is\nstill desireable that I should be able as early as convenient to notify your determination. The persons will enter into service upon that notification and then Commissions can be antedated. With the most perfect respect and truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton\nP.S. May I be permitted to remind you of the vacancies in the Maryland Cutter, about which you intended to enquire on your way?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0399", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., 27 July 1792\nFrom: Trumbull, Jonathan Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nLebanon [Conn.] 27th July 1792\nI have the honor to inclose, for your information, the Copy of a Letter which I have this day received from Mr Barclay\u2014covering a Petition from the American Prisoners, now in Captivity at Algiers, a Copy of which is also transmitted herewith.\nThis communication I beg leave to make to you Sir! as the only mean in my power, during the recess of Congress, which can afford me the hope of contributing to the relief of our suffering fellow Citizens, whose unhappy situation is so well pictured in their Petition. With the most perfect Respect & Regard I have the honor to be sir! Your most Obet & most hu. Servt\nJona; Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0402", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 30 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Department July 30. 1792.\nI have the honor to transmit herewith sundry papers relative to an arrangement, which has been concerted between the Commissioner\nof the Revenue and myself, on the subject of compensation to the Officers of Inspection, in consequence of additional latitude given to The President of the United States by the Act of the last Session entitled, An Act concerning the duties on spirits distilled within the United States. This arrangement, founded on the best lights hitherto in the possession of the Department, is respectfully submitted to your consideration & disposal.\nMore adequate compensations than those heretofore allowed (and which from necessity were restricted within narrower limits than were originally deemed proper) are essential to the effectual execution of the law. Many Officers wait the issue of a new arrangement to decide their continuance or non-continuance in Office.\nThe additions now proposed will, it is not doubted, leave the aggregate expence within the limits prescribed by law; the contingent items having been estimated largely for greater caution.\nIntimations have been received that the non-execution of the Law in certain scenes begins to produce discontent in neighbouring ones, in which a perfect acquiescence had taken place. This is natural, and implies a danger of a serious nature, if not timely obviated. The inadequateness of compensation, by preventing the acceptance of Offices, where the Law is least popular, is one of the causes of that non-execution. It is interesting that this cause be removed as a preliminary to the vigorous enforcing of the law in the delinquent scenes; which makes it desireable that a more competent arrangement of compensations should be adopted as speedily as shall consist with due consideration and your convenience. With the highest respect and the truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexder Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0403", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 30 July\u20133 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 30th [\u20133 August] 1792\nI received the most sincere pleasure at finding in our last conversation, that there was some relaxation in the disposition you had before discovered to decline a reelection. Since your departure, I have lost no opportunity of sounding the opinions of persons, whose opinions were worth knowing, on these two points\u20141st the effect of your declining upon the public affairs, and upon your own reputation\u20142dly the effect of your continuing, in reference to the declarations you have made of your disinclination to public life\u2014And I can truly say, that I have not found the least difference of sentiment, on either point. The impression is uniform\u2014that your declining would be to be deplored as the greatest evil, that could befall the country at the present juncture, and as critically hazardous to your own reputation\u2014that your continuance will be justified in the mind of every friend to his country by the evident necessity for it. Tis clear, says every one, with whom I have conversed, that the affairs of the national government are not yet firmly established\u2014that its enemies, generally speaking, are as inveterate as ever\u2014that their enmity has been sharpened by its success and by all the resentments which flow from disappointed predictions and mortified vanity\u2014that a general and strenuous effort is making in every state to place the administration of it in the hands of its enemies, as if they were its safest guardians\u2014that the period of the next house of representatives is likely to prove the crisis of its permanent character\u2014that if you continue in office nothing materially mischievous is to be apprehended\u2014if you quit much is to be dreaded\u2014that the same motives which induced you to accept originally ought to decide you to continue till matters have assumed a more determinate aspect\u2014that indeed it would have been better, as it regards your own character, that you had never consented to come forward, than now to leave the business unfinished and in danger of being undone\u2014that in the event of storms arising there would be an imputation either of want of foresight or want of firmness\u2014and, in fine, that on public and personal accounts, on patriotic and prudential considerations, the clear path to be pursued by you will be again to obey the voice of your country; which it is not doubted will be as earnest and as unanimous as ever.\nOn this last point, I have some suspicion that it will be insinuated to you, and perhaps (God forgive me, if I judge hardly) with design to place before you a motive for declining\u2014that there is danger of a division among the electors and of less unanimity in their suffrages than heretofore. My view of this matter is as follows:\nWhile your first election was depending I had no doubt, that there would be characters among the electors, who if they durst follow their inclinations, would have voted against you; but that in all probability they would be restrained by an apprehension of public resentment\u2014that nevertheless it was possible a few straggling votes might be found in opposition, from some headstrong and fanatical individuals\u2014that a circumstance of this kind would be in fact, and ought to be estimated by you, as of no importance\u2014since their would be sufficient unanimity to witness the general confidence and attachment towards you.\nMy view of the future accords exactly with what was my view of the past. I believe the same motives will operate to produce the same result. The dread of public indignation will be likely to restrain the indisposed few. If they can calculate at all, they will naturally reflect that they could not give a severer blow to their cause than by giving a proof of hostility to you. But if a solitary vote or two should appear wanting to perfect unanimity, of what moment can it be? Will not the fewness of the exceptions be a confirmation of the devotion of the community to a character, which has so generally united its suffrages, after an administration of four years at the head of a new government, opposed in its first establishment by a large proportion of its citizens and obliged to run counter to many prejudices in devising the arduous arrangements, requisite to public Credit and public Order? Will not those, who may be the authors of any such exceptions, manifest more their own perverseness and malevolence\u2014than any diminution of the affection and confidence of the Nation? I am persuaded, that both these questions ought to be answered in the affirmative; and that there is nothing to be looked for, on the score of diversity of sentiment which ought to weigh for a moment.\nI trust, Sir, and I pray God that you will determine to make a further sacrifice of your tranquillity and happiness to the public good. I trust that it need not continue above a year or two more. And I think that it will be more eligibible to retire from office\nbefore the expiration of the term of an election, than to decline a reelection.\nThe sentiments I have delivered upon this occasion, I can truly say, proceed exclusively from an anxious concern for the public welfare and an affectionate personal attachment[.] These dispositions must continue to govern in every vicissitude one who has the honor to be very truly and respectfully Sir Your most Obedt & hum. serv.\nA. Hamilton\nAugust 3d\u2003Since writing the foregoing I am favoured with your interesting letter of the 29th of July. An answer to the points raised is not difficult & shall as soon as possible be forwarded.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0405", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 30 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n\u27e8De\u27e9ar Sir,\nMount Vernon July 30th 1792.\nYour letter from New York came duly to hand, and I was glad to find you had got that far in safety. I wish the remainder of your journey may prove equally pleasant and prosperous. My journey was not of this sort, for after I had parted with the Coach horses I was plagued with those which succeeded them, the following day; and the sick mare, by a dose of Physic which had been administered the night I reached Chester, was so weakened, & failed so much, that she was unable to carry Austin any farther than Susquehanna: from thence she was led to Hartford and left\u2014and two days afterwards gave up the ghost.\nI found the face of the Country here, and on the Road this side Baltimore, much, very much indeed, parched by a severe drought; and the Corn in miserable plight; but the day & night we reached home there fell a most delightful & refreshing Rain, and the weather since has been as seasonable as the most sanguine\nfarmer could wish; & if continued to us may make our Indian Corn crop midling\u2014great it is hardly possible to be\u2014so much was it in arrears when the Rains set in.\nGreat complaints were heard of the Hessian fly, and of the Rust or Mildew, as I travelled on; and in some places I believe the damage has been great; but I conceive more is said than ought to be, on this subject; and, that the Crop upon the whole will be abundent of Wheat: mine in quantity (and the quality is good) will, I expect, greatly exceed any I have made these several years past.\nI found at George town many well conceived, & ingenious plans for the Public buildings in the New City: it was a pleasure indeed, to find\u2014in an infant Country\u2014such a display of Architectural abilities. The Plan of Mr Hoben, who was introduced to me by Doctr Tucker, from Charleston, & who appears to be a very judicious man, was made choice of for the President\u2019s House; and the Commissioners have agreed with him to superintend the building of it\u2014& that of the Capitol also, if they should, hereafter, be disposed to put both under one management. He has been engaged in some of the first buildings in Dublin\u2014appears a master workman\u2014and has a great many hands of his own. He has laid out the foundation which is now digging & will be back in a month to enter heartily upon the work. The Plan for the Capitol was not fixed on when I left George Town\u2014two or three very elegant ones (among a great many others of less merit) had been presented\u2014but the draughtsmen, not being there, a postponement became necessary to receive explanations. The Bridge will be accomplished (it is said) by the time Specified in the Contract; and every thing that could be put in motion before the Plans for the public buildings were fixed on, is in as much forwardness as could be expected\u2014& will now, I have no doubt, advance rapidly.\nAs you did not mention your having spoke to Mr Morris about the house, I am under some apprehension that you omitted to do it; which will be unlucky. Give me an Acct of what I suggested to you as a matter for indirect enquiry. All here are well, except the Major, whose situation I think is unpromising & precarious\u2014growing worse\u2014they all join me in best wishes for Mrs Lear, yourself & the Child. I am Dr Sir Yr Affecte friend\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0407", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 1 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon, August 1st 1792\nI learn with pleasure from the War Office, by the Secretary\u2019s last dispatches, that our Northwestern frontier is in a state of tranquility: it may be construed into an indication that some of the messages which have been sent by Government have reached the hostile Tribes, and have occasioned them to deliberate thereon. Devoutly is it to be wished that the result may be favorable, both for themselves and the Ud States.\nNo expectation of this, however, ought to suspend, or in the smallest degree relax the preparations for War; but as War under any circumstances is expensive, and with such a long & rugged land transportation as the one by which we have to convey the supplies for the Army must, for the quantum of them, be extremely so. It behoves us to be as precise in all our arrangements\u2014as \u0153conomical in our provisions\u2014as strict in our issues, and as correct in accounting for them to the War or Treasury Departments (as the case may happen to be) as possible. That I may know under what regulations these matters are, I have, by this days Post, written to the Secretary of War desiring him to report to me the mode which is pursued by his direction from thence, for providing, transporting, issueing & accounting for them. If the Treasury Department has an agency in any of these matters, I require a similar Report from thence also.\nMr Kean by a Letter which I have received from him, accepts his renewed Commission for settling the Accounts between the United States, & the individual States; which, please to say to him, gives me pleasure\u2014and add, that any efforts he can make to bring this business to a speedy & happy issue, I shall consider as rendering an important service to the Union; because I view\nthe closing of these Accots speedily as extremely essential to it\u2019s interest & tranquility. Let me know if Mr Langdon (the Commissioner) is returned to his duty? and, in that case, when? I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0408", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 1 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir,\nMount Vernon Augt 1st 1792.\nYour dispatches of the 14th & 21st Ult. came duly to hand, and it is probable the Servt who carries this letter to the Post Office, will bring me a third of this weeks date.\nI did not acknowledge the receipt of the first letter at an earlier date, because there was nothing contained in it which required a reply. And I am too little acquainted with the Authority under which Colo. Henry Karr detached Lt Colo. Philips\u2014the cause\u2014or the object of that detachment, to form so good an opinion of the propriety of the measure as it is easy for me to predict the probable consequences of it. I hope Major Gaither has before this, embarked for that quarter, strongly impressed with the views of the general Government, & the disposition of it to preserve peace (if it can be done upon just & honorable ground).\nThe tranquility, which (by your last accts handed to me) prevails on our No. Western frontiers gives me much satisfaction and affords a pleasing prospect that the exertions of government to bring the hostile Indian tribes into a pacific mood will not have been exercised in vain. This, however, is not to relax any preparation for a contrary event. Proceed as if war was inevitable: but do it, I entreat you, with all the \u0153conomy which can result from system & good regulations. Our finances call for it, & if these did not, our reputation does. The supplies of an Army\nthrough so long, & rugged a land transport[at]ion must, under the best management, be expensive & our attention therefore ought to be proportionate\u2014and that I may form some ideas of the former I desire you would Report to me the Regulations which you have adopted for providing, forwarding, & issuing of them, and the mode of having them accounted for to the depart. of War. I have written to the Secretary of the Treasury for similar information on these points so far as any of them may come within the purview of his department.\nReiterate, in your letters to Genl Wayne, the necessity of employing the prest calm in disciplining, & training the troops under his command for the peculiar service for which they are destined\u2014He is not to be sparing of Powder & lead (in proper & reasonable quantities) to make the Soldiers marksmen.\nThere is no propriety that I can perceive in giving the Rank of Brigr to Majr Sergant\u2014nor do I conceive that Genl Wilkenson would, or indeed ought, to relinquish his present commd. I have turned this mattr in my thoughts but as yet have not been able to hit upon a character to my mind for the Office of Adjutant General. I will think again, & again on the subject, & will inform you of the result.\nSo long as the vice of drunkenness exists in the Army so long I hope, Ejections of those Officers who are found guilty of it will continue; for that and gaming will debilitate & render unfit for active Service any Army whatsoever. I am Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt\nG.W.\nP.S. Would Majr Fish accept the Appointment of Adjutt General with the Rank of Lieutt Colo.? He strikes me as an eligable character. Colo. Posey also (who wants to be employed) might if ready at his pen make a good one, for in other respects (& I do not know that he is deficient in this) he is said to be an excellent Officer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0409", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 3 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt 3d Augt 1792\nI have the honor to enclose a letter from the Commissioner of the Revenue of the 25th of July, on the subject of a provisional Contract for the supply of the Lighthouse in New Hampshire; together with the Contract for your consideration & decision. I agree in the opinion expressed by the Commissioner of the Revenue. With the most perfect respect and truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton.\nP.S. Inclosed you will be pleased to receive the Copy of a letter of 31st May, just received from our Commissioners at Amsterdam. It announces a further Loan of 3,000,000, of florins at 4 \u214c Cent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0410", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 4 August 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department August 4th 1792\nBy the letters of the 28th from General Wayne all was quiet on the frontiers.\nCaptain Hendricks left Buffaloe Creek on the 18th of June and others of the five Nations were to accompany him.\nA Mr McConnell a man of Credit has been in this city and left it without my seeing him, he left Fort Washington the first of July, he says the Indian prisoners, who were sent by the way of the Wabash to the hostile Indians had returned, and brought favorable reports of the disposition of the Indians for peace, excepting the Shawanese\u2014and that Genl Wilkinson had written me fully upon the subject, but which I have not received.\nThe accounts of the Recruits are not materially different from the last Return. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Your most obedt servant\nH. Knoxsecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0412", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 5 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon, Augt 5. 1792.\nSince the date of my last dispatch to you of the 1st instant, I have received your Letters of the 26. & 30 ulto, and have affixed my signature to the arrangement of Compensations to the Officers of Inspection in consequence of additional latitude given to The President of the United States by the Act of the last Session, intitled \u201cAn Act concerning the duties on spirits distilled within the United States.\u201d\nI have done this on full conviction that the best information the nature of the case would admit, has been obtained at the Treasury to keep the aggregate within the limitations of the Law, & to proportion the Compensations to the services of the respective Officers; presuming also that it appeared essential (from a full view of circumstances, and the benefits likely to be derived from the measure, to the public) that an increase of the Officers\nof Revenue was really necessary; for I should be unwilling to add to the former establishment, unless the propriety of it was apparent. Unless the Attorney General should be of opinion that The President of the United States has power under the Act of March 1791. or the subsequent one of last Session, to appoint (in the recess of the Senate) an Inspector of the Survey newly constituted in Maryland, it must remain, as is proposed, under the immediate direction of the Supervisor.\nIf, after these regulations are in operation, opposition to the due exercise of the collection is still experienced, & peaceable proceedure is no longer effectual, the public interest & my duty will make it necessary to enforce the Laws respecting this matter; & however disagreeable this would be to me, it must nevertheless take place.\nThe Collector was not at Baltimore when I passed through that place; but from the Naval Officer I learnt that the service wou\u2019d sustain no loss by the resignation of the Master of the Maryland Revenue Cutter\u2014that the first Mate was a more competent character, and that the general expectation was that he would be appointed to command it. That I might know how far the sentiments of others accorded with those of the Naval Officer, I requested the Supervisor (Mr Gale) to make enquiry & to inform me of the result; but not having heard from him since, the first Mate (his name I do not recollect) may be notified by you, of my intention to commission him Master so soon as I am provided with Commissions for that purpose\u2014at present I have none. The same may be given to John Adams as first, & Benjamin Gunnison as second Mate of the Revenue Cutter in New Hampshire: and to Ashur Cook first and John Fenley second Mate of the New York Cutter. The third Mate for the latter may remain for further enquiry & consideration.\nIf your information with respect to the proposed characters for the Cutter in New Hampshire is not such as you can entirely rely upon, Mr Lear who is on the spot might afford you some aid in the investigation of them, or others. I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington\nP.S. As I have neither time nor inclination to copy the enclosed, I would thank you for having a transcript of it made & sent to me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0414", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 5 August 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department Sunday 5th August 1792.\nYesterday afternoon Mr Vigo arrived here from Fort Washington, and brought dispatches from Brigadiers General Putnam and Wilkinson to the 9th of July, as will appear by the abstracts of Brigadr Wilkinson\u2019s letter of 9th July herein enclosed.\nI have the honor to enclose for your consideration General Putnams letter giving his opinion of the operations proper to be\npursued\u2014On this letter, I shall, by the next post, submit to your view some observations.\nThe fate of poor Trueman is but too probably sealed and perhaps that of Hardin too.\nGeneral Putnam, in his letter of the 5th of July, which principally contains the same information as that mentioned in Wilkinsons letters, states it as his opinion that a treaty ought to be concluded as soon as possible with the Wabash Indians and presents be made\u2014Being firmly persuaded of the soundness of this opinion I shall direct the measure. It is more especially necessary as Mr Vigo informs me that the said Indians would not come even to Fort Washington much less to Philadelphia.\nBrigadier Wilkinsons attention to all parts of his duty and his activity render him a great acquisition to the public.\nA Banditti without any fixed residence consisting of about ten Cherokees thirty Creeks and fourteen Shawanese\u2014Outcasts\u2014from their respective tribes are perpetually committing depredations on the Cumberland settlements they have lately attacked a military station near Nashville and carried it twenty one men were killed or taken\u2014But the friendly Cherokees compelled the said banditti to deliver up their prisoners amounting to Six\u2014these are the same rascals probably who attacked Major Doughty in the Year 1789. I have this information from Mr Vigo.\nThe necessity of the case will justify the measure of empowering Governor Blount to call out Sixty or one hundred mounted Riflemen to cut off if possible the said Banditti\u2014He has that number at present in service. And as he has been empowered to retain in service as many as he shall judge proper; there can be no doubt but he will keep them up as long as necessary. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your most obed. servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0415", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 5 August 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPortsmouth [N.H.] August 5th 1792.\nSince I had the honor of writing to you on the 21 ultimo nothing of a public nature has occurred in this quarter of sufficient\nimportance to trouble you with an account of it. And being desireous of gaining all the knowledge of the sentiments of the people hereabouts respecting our public affairs, that I could obtain either personally or from the best information, I have delayed writing \u2019till this time in order that my account might be more full and accurate.\nI have been careful to catch the observations of those who are considered men of information and influence in their respective States, with whom I have had an opportunity of being: and tho\u2019 they are various & sometimes opposite; yet I have found them generally concurring in these points\u2014That more good has been felt in New England from the operations of the general government than its most strenuous supporters had promised\u2014that none of those evils which its enemies foretold had come to pass\u2014and that the people were happy and contented under it. But these observations were generally closed with remarking, that it was yet a government of experiment, and that it would be highly proper to see the certain effects of the Systems hitherto pursued, rather than change them for others which have not yet been tried. And that it might be well to stop, for a while at least, at the point where we now are, and not push further any matters which may now be disgusting to a part of the community until that which is done shall establish its utility beyond contradiction, or until circumstances may arise to render a further advance in those measures absolutely necessary.\nThis town has lately been visited by many strangers from different parts of the U.S. particularly from Massachusetts, and as I have been much with them in companies, I have had frequent opportunities of hearing their opinions, and what they said they conceived to be the opinion of their State or States upon several political points. Governor Hancock has been here for these ten days past accompanied by several respectable persons of his State, among whom were Mr Attorney General Sullivan and Colo. Orne, an influential Character in the politics of Massachusetts. Mr Gore, the Attorney for that District was also in town, tho\u2019 not of the Governor\u2019s party. From the political character & consideration of these Gentlemen it appears very likely that they express the sentiments of the several parties in that commonwealth with respect to the general Government. I have likewise\nmet here Captn Spry of the British navy, Judge Burke & Mr Hazelhurst of South Carolina, Mr Hare of Philadelphia and Dr Cutting.\nOn the subject of the ensuing election of President and Vice-President (which now begins to be much talked of) it seems to be generally beleived that Mr Adams will have nearly all the votes of the New England States for the office which he now holds. With respect to the Chief Magistrate but one idea prevails, but one sentiment is expressed. I have not even heard the question started\u2014Whom shall we have if the present Chief Magistrate cannot be again prevailed upon to accept the Chair? For so strongly does the necessity of his continuance appear to be impressed on the mind of everyone that no other person seems ever to have been contemplated for that office.\nI mentioned in my last that the people in this quarter were perfectly satisfied with the operations of the general government, and that the good effects of it were every day becoming more & more conspicuous. I am now happy in being able to confirm this account from my own observations, so far as they have extended & from concurrent information. Ship-building, which is the principal employment of the Mechanicks in and about this place, and a primary object in Massachusetts, has encreased exceedingly within these two years, and the demand for Vessels is, notwithstanding, much greater at this moment than the supply. This is very justly imputed to the advantage which the laws give to our own ships over those of foreign nations: and I am told there has scarcely been a cargo brought into New England for these twelve months past but what has been brought in American Vessels. Some, however, who are largely concerned in Navigation, still wish for a further extension of the laws with respect to foreign vessels; but those who are not immediately interested in that business, and are therefore perhaps better judges of the matter, think such an extension would be carrying the point too far & probably injure instead of benefit our Shipping. The other mechanic Arts keep pace with ship-building\u2014Agriculture is not behind-hand in its extension and improvements\u2014and a spirit of enterprize with respect to inland navigation\u2014Roads\u2014bridges &c.\u2014seems to pervade this part of the Country. A circulating medium sufficient to give vigor & promptitude to all kinds of business adds new life to every pursuit. But some are\napprehensive that the multiplication of Banks, for which there seems to be an insatiable rage, will ultimately throw such a quantity of paper into circulation as to produce much greater evils than would arise from the want of a sufficient medium: And many are of opinion that the issuing of bills from those Banks established under the authority of individual States militates with that clause of the Constitution of the United States which expressly restrains a State from issuing paper money.\nA few days ago the Skipper of a fishing vessel belonging to this port came to me and begged leave to relate a circumstance which happened to him and a number of other fishing vessels on the coast of Nova Scotia, which he conceived amounted to an infraction of the treaty on the part of the British. He said the reason of his wishing to relate it to me was, that being informed that it would be proper to make the matter known to the President of the United States, and understanding that I was in this town he had called to communicate it to the President through me. I told him he had not chosen the proper Channel of communication for matters of this kind\u2014that if he intended to bring it forward he must state the circumstances minutely in writing, supported by such testimony as might be proper to establish the fact, and transmit the same to the Secretary of State at Philadelphia. He thanked me for putting him in the right way and promised to pursue it: but at the same time requested I would hear the story, which he related as follows.\n[\u201c]That on his last fishing voyage, he, with a number of other fishing Vessels, went into the bay of Annapolis on the coast of Nova Scotia, to take with their seins some small fish for bait, a thing which they had always done since the Revolution (as well as before) without molestation, and conformably to the treaty; that they had scarcely come to anchor & got out their seins before a British Cutter came in\u2014fired several shot at them, and ordered every vessel to get under sail and go out of the bay within ten minutes or she would sink them, and declaring that if ever they returned to that or any other of the bays on that Coast they should certainly be destroyed. This order they were obliged to comply with instantaniously, and by that means were prevented from obtaining bait, and consequently much injured in their Voyage.\u201d\nI am emboldened, Sir, to make these communications to you\ntouching our public affairs, because you expressed a wish that I should do so, and to comply with your wishes or to be in any degree serviceable to you will always constitute one of the most pleasurable duties of my life.\nI have been endeavouring to learn if a respectable and well qualified person can be obtained in this part of the Country to open a private School in Philadelphia, provided a sufficient number of scholars (not exceeding 12 or 15) should be found to make it an object worthy the attention of a suitable Character; and I have reason to hope I shall find such an one. Colo. Hamilton seemed to have it much at heart to establish such a school, and several other gentlemen favored the idea\u2014and sure I am that unless Washington can be placed at such a seminary or changed from that tract in which he has hitherto been in Philadelphia, he & his friends will have cause to regret it as long as he lives.\nWe intend leaving this place for Philadelphia the beginning of next month, and if we meet with no special delay shall probably reach that City about the 20th.\nI must beg the favor of being presented to Mrs Washington in terms of the highest respect & gratitude: to the Major & his Lady and the Gentlemen I tender my best wishes, and my love to the Children. In these Mrs Lear joins me, and begs your acceptance of her best respects. With the highest respect, & most sincere Attachment, I have the honor to be Sir, Your grateful & Obedt Servt\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0417", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 5 August 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir\nPhiladelphia August 5. 1792.\nI have persuaded myself, that this letter, tho\u2019 unconnected with any official relation, and upon a subject, to the decision of which you alone are competent, will be received in the spirit, with which it is written. The Union, for the sake of which I have encountered various embarrassments, not wholly unknown to\nyou, and sacrificed some opinions, which, but for its jeopardy, I should never have surrendered, seems to me to be now at the eve of a crisis. It is feared by those, who take a serious interest in the affairs of the U.S., that you will refuse the chair of government at the approaching election. If such an event must happen, indulge me at least in the liberty of opening to you a course of thought, which a calm attention to the federal government has suggested, and no bias of party has influenced.\nIt cannot have escaped you, that divisions are formed in our politics, as systematic as those, which prevail in Great Britain. Such, as opposed the constitution from a hatred to the Union, can never be conciliated by any overture or atonement. By others it is meditated to push the construction of f\u0153deral powers to every tenable extreme. A third class, republican in principle, and thus far, in my judgment, happy in their discernment of our welfare, have notwithstanding mingled with their doctrines a fatal error, that the state-assemblies are to be resorted to, as the Engines of correction to the f\u0153deral administration. The honors, belonging to the chief-magistracy are objects of no common solicitude to a few, who compose a fourth denomination.\nThe ferment, which might be naturally expected from these ingredients, does actually exist. The original enemies not only affect to see a completion of their malignant prophecies; but are ready to improve every calumny, to the disgrace of the government. To their corps are, or will be added in a great measure the mistaken friends of republicanism; while the favourers of the high tone are strenuous in the prosecution of their views.\nThe real temper, however, of the people, is, I believe, strictly right at this moment. Their passions have been tried in every possible shape. After the first tumult, excited by the discussion of the constitution, had abated, several acts of congress became the theme of abuse. But they have not yet felt oppression; and they love order too much, to be roused into a deliberate commotion, without the intervention of the most wicked artifices. They will, it is true, be told at the meeting of every state-legislature, that congress have usurped. But this, if unfounded, will be ascribed to the violence of those, who wish to establish a belief, that they alone can save the individual states from the general vortex, by being elected into the f\u0153deral councils.\nIt is much to be regretted, that the judiciary, in spite of their\napparent firmness in Annulling the pension-law, are not, what some time hence they will be, a resource against the infractions of the constitution, On the one hand, and a Steady asserter of the f\u0153deral rights, on the other. So crude is our judiciary System, so jealous are state-judges of their authority, so ambiguous is the language of the constitution, that the most probable quarter, from which an alarming discontent may proceed, is the rivalship of those two orders of judges. The main superiority of talents in the f\u0153deral judges, (if indeed it were admitted) cannot be presumed to counterbalance the real talents, and full popularity of their competitors. At this instant too, it is possible, that the f\u0153deral judges may not be so forgetful of their connection with the state-governments, as to be indifferent about the continuance of their old interest there. This, I suspect, has on some occasions produced an abandonment of the true authorities of the government Besides; many severe experiments, the result of which upon the public mind, cannot be foreseen, await the judiciary. States are brought into court, as defendants to the claims of land companies, and of individuals: british debts rankle deeply in the hearts of one part of the U.S: and the precedent, fixed by the condemnation of the pension-law, if not reduced to its precise principles, may justify every constable in thwarting the laws.\nIn this threatening posture of our affairs, we must gain time, for the purpose of attracting confidence in the government by an experience of its benefits, and that man alone, whose patronage secured the adoption of the constitution, can check the assaults, which it will sustain at the two next sessions of congress.\nThe fiscal arrangements will have various degrees and kinds of ill-humour to encounter. Objectionable as they were at first to myself in many respects; yet am I assured, that they cannot now be changed without a convulsion to public credit. Can any new project be suggested, free from blemish? Have not the clamors of the people concerning the assumption Subsided? Can any tax be substituted for the excise, without rekindling those very complaints, which the excise has generated, but which have now almost died away? If any thing can prevent machinations, like these, it will be a reverance for your official character; if any thing can crush them, it will be your negative.\nAnother of the efforts, meditated against the public debt, is to\ndestroy its irredeemability. I sincerely wish, that this quality had never been given to it. But how can we tread back the ground, on which the European money-holders have been led into our funds? The injury to the U.S. can never amount to more, than the difference between the interest, which we pay, and some lower rate, at which perhaps we might borrow to discharge the debt. Borrow we must for such an object; since the sum, which we are free to wipe off according to our stipulation, is equal to our own present ability. And is this chance of advantage a sufficient temptation, on which to hazard our halffledged reputation? What would you say, Sir, if for this purpose a land-tax should be laid, by Congress which shall not take effect, unless the states should neglect to raise the money by their own laws? I think, it would soon be discovered, that such a measure would insensibly restore requisitions. These evils are also within the scope of your controul. It will be a great point gained, that the judiciary Topics should be rendered as mild as possible. Such of them, as are likely to be most obnoxious, will in four years more be finished. The judges will be more cautious, with the eye of an independent executive, upon them. States and individuals will acquiesce in their judgments with more complacency, when they cordially believe that the existing executive watches over the public safety with impartiality.\nThe fuel, which has been already gathered for combustion, wants no addition. But how awfully might it be increased, were the violence, which is now suspended by an universal submission to your pretensions, let loose by your resignation. Those f\u0153deralists, who can espouse Mr Clinton against Mr Adams, as Vice-President, will not hesitate at a more formidable game. Permit me, then, in the fervor of a dutiful and affectionate attachment to you, to beseech you to penetrate the consequences of a dereliction of the reins. The constitution would never have been adopted, but from a knowledge, that you had once sanctified it, and an expectation, that you would execute it. It is in a state of probation. The most inauspicious struggles are past; but the public deliberations need stability. You alone can give them stability. You suffered yourself to yield, when the voice of your country summoned you to the administration. Should a civil war arise, you cannot stay at home. And how much easier will it be, to disperse the factions, which are rushing to this catastrophe,\nthan to Subdue them, after they shall appear in arms? It is the fixed opinion of the world, that you surrender nothing incomplete.\nI am not unapprized of many disagreeable sensations, which have laboured in your breast. But let them Spring from any cause whatsoever, of one thing I am sure, (and I speak this from a satisfactory inquiry, lately made.) tho if a second opportunity shall be given to the people of shewing the\u27e8ir\u27e9 gratitude, they will not be less unanimous than before. I have the honor to be, dear Sir, with the most respectful affection Yr obliged ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0418", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Salamon Coen Bacri, 6 August 1792\nFrom: Bacri, Salamon Coen\nTo: Washington, George\n Livorno [Tuscany], 6 Aug. 1792. Suggests that his family, because of its influence over and ties to the court of the Dey of Algiers, could assist in restoring peace between the United States and the Dey and in effecting the release of the American mariners held captive at Algiers. Bacri offers to advise the American plenipotentiary about how best to conduct\nhis negotiations with the Dey so as to bring their discussions to a mutually satisfactory conclusion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0419", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Chichester, 6 August 1792\nFrom: Chichester, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nNewington [Va.] 6th Augt 1792.\nRichard Chichester\u2019s Respectful Compliments to his Excellency George Washington Esqr., President of the United States of America, humbly Requesting his favour of Permission to hunt that Small Skirt of woods Just around the Tenement whereon William Gray lives, as his lameness &c. Renders it Impracticable to Amuse himself in that line, only, where there\u2019s a Road to Drive in A chair to the Stands\u2014Which, if Permitted, Shall be Done without Injury to any Person Whatever.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0420", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Muter, 6 August 1792\nFrom: Muter, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nKentucky, Woodford County Augt 6th 1792.\nI have served seven years, as chief Justice for the District of Kentucky, and I beleive I have given general satisfaction: but, in\nthe appointments for the court of Appeals for our new state, I have been left out, & appointed for the court of Oyer & Terminer, which, if it continues agreeable to it\u2019s present establishment, will be of little consequence, and the judges will have little to do. The reason assigned for my being left out is, that, it would be improper the court of Appeals should consist of the judges of the former supreme court, on account of the appeals which may arise from that court to the present court of Appeals; but, as one of the former judges, is now a judge of the court of Appeals, & the other judges taken from the bar of the former court, & it is probable that, there will be but very few appeals, this is thought by some, not to be the true reason of my being left out.\nAs I wish to serve my country for a few years longer, and would in the present state of our affairs, prefer serving the united States, I am induced to offer you my services as judge of the F\u0153deral court, in this state, if mr Innes should resign, which it is probable he will do, as he is appointed the chief Justice of the court of Appeals.\nShould you think proper to appoint me judge of the F\u0153deral court, you may depend on my executing the duties of my office, with assiduity & integrity. I have the honour to be Sir Your most hle servant\nGeorge Muter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0421", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 7 August 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department August 7th 1792\nI have just been honored with yours of the first instant.\nThe papers which you have been pleased to require shall be transmitted by the post of Monday next.\nThe communications last received from Fort Washington were such, that I thought it proper Major General Wayne should be possessed thereof by express in order to enable him to form a proper judgment of the measures to be pursued.\nI have the honor to enclose you copies of my letters of this date to Generals Wayne and Putnam.\nAny observations which you shall please to make thereon will be respectfully received.\nI have also the honor to enclose you copies of Israel Chapins letters of the 18 of July\u2014He appears to have conducted with great propriety and zeal.\nI am inclined to believe Major Fish would not accept the Office of Adjutant General\u2014I am not well informed how Coll Posey would answer for that office; but if his industry and talents at arrangements are equal to his character for bravery\u2014he would be an acquisition to the service.\nMajor Gaither will sail on Thursday or Friday\u2014he has been detained for a vessel\u2014his instructions will be pointed as to the preservation of the peace. I have the honor to be Sir Your obedient Servant.\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0422", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Richard Chichester, 8 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Chichester, Richard\nSir,\nMount Vernon Augt 8th 1792\nOn my return home I found your note of the 6th & Mr Whiting shewed me the letter you had written to him on the same subject the next day.\nWhen the first came to this place I was from home, & when the second was presented to me I was too much engaged to write myself, but desired Mr Whiting to inform you of my objections as I should do as soon [as] I had leisure.\nI should feel no dis-inclination, Sir, to comply with your request could I be of opinion that any other than my domestic deer were to be found in the skirt of Wood you wish to drive\u2014or that the probability of finding one of these did not greatly exceed that of rousing any other. I have about a dozen deer (some of which are of the common sort) which are no longer confined in the Paddock which was made for them, but range in all my woods, & often pass my exterior fence.\nIt is true I have scarcely a hope of preserving them long, although they come up almost every day, but I am unwilling by any act of my own to facilitate their destruction; for being as much affraid of Hounds (on which acct I parted with all mine) as the wild deer are\u2014and no man living being able (as they have no collars on) to distinguish them whilst they are running from the wild deer, I might, & assuredly should have them killed by this means. For this reason as it can be no object since Mr Fairfax, I am informed, is unwilling to have his Woods at Belvoir hunted, I am desirous of preserving mine. I am\u2014Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0423", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Francis Deakins and Benjamin Jones, 8 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Deakins, Francis,Jones, Benjamin\nGentlemen,\nMount Vernon Augt 8th 1792.\nYou are requested to fix a valuation on that part of Woodstock Manor in Montgomery County which shall be assigned as the part of Mrs Sophia Mercer, as soon as convenient to you; & should there be no division take place within three months from this date between the Legatees of the late Mr Thos Sprigg, you are requested to form your Estimate on the average value of the whole tract\u2014in affixing a price you will estimate what the Land wou\u2019d now sell for in ready money, & should you differ in your opinions, you are requested to choose some third person who may determine as an umpire\u2014in doing which you will much oblige Gentn yr hble Servants\nGeorge Washington\nJohn Fs Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0424", "content": "Title: Bartholomew Dandridge to Robert Lewis, 8 August 1792\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew\nTo: Lewis, Robert\nSir,\nMount Vernon 8th Augt 1792\nBeing in Richmond last week Mr P. Lyons jur, who does business for John Hopkins, Esqr. put into my hands for the President U:S. some public paper which had been funded by you some considerable time ago. He has requested of the Prest a rect which was given you at the time, for the Certificates; & the President, supposing it must be in your possession, directs me to desire you will forward it to him by the first safe conveyance that it may be returned to Mr Hopkins. I am Sir Yr mo: Obt Servt\nBw Dandridge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0425", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Supreme Court Justices, 9 August 1792\nFrom: Supreme Court Justices\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia 9th August 1792.\nYour official connection with the Legislature and the consideration that applications from us to them, cannot be made in any manner so respectful to Government as through the President, induce us to request your attention to the enclosed representation and that you will be pleased to lay it before the Congress.\nWe really, Sir, find the burthens laid upon us so excessive that we cannot forbear representing them in strong and explicit terms.\nOn extraordinary occasions we shall always be ready, as good Citizens, to make extraordinary exertions; but while our Country enjoys prosperity, and nothing occurs to require or justify such severities, we cannot reconcile ourselves to the idea of existing in exile from our families, and of being subjected to a kind of life, on which we cannot reflect, without experiencing sensations and emotions, more easy to conceive than proper for us to express. With the most perfect respect, esteem, and Attachment,\nwe have the honor to be, Sir, Your most Obedient and most humble Servants,\nJohn Jay\nWilliam Cushing\nJames Wilson\nJohn Blair\nJames Iredell\nThomas Johnson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0427", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 10 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt Augt 10th 1792.\nI have been duly honored with your Letters of the 1st and 5th instant. A copy of the latter is enclosed according to your desire.\nYou may depend upon it, Sir, that nothing shall be wanting in this Department to furnish all requisite supplies for the Army with efficiency & \u0153conomy, and to bring to exact account all persons concerned in them as far as shall consist with the powers of the Department. Hitherto monies have been furnished to the War department, as they have been called for, for procuring all\nthose articles which had not been objects of direct Contract with the Treasury. And I learn from the Secretary of War that every thing is in great maturity.\nUnder the former system, provisions and clothing were the only Articles which the Treasury had the charge of procuring; the receiving, issueing, & inspecting their quality belonged to the Department of War by usage.\nThe Act of the last Session, entitled \u201cAn Act making alterations in the Treasury and War Departments\u201d prescribes that all purchases and Contracts for all Supplies for the use of the Department of War, be made by or under the direction of the Treasury Department.\nAs much progress had been made in preparations for the Campaign, prior to the passing of this Act, by the Secretary at War, I thought it best to continue the business under his immediate care for some time\u2014\u2019till in fact all the arrangements begun should be compleated. It is now, however, determined that on the first of September the business of procuring all supplies will be begun under the immediate direction of the Treasury, upon Estimates and Requisitions from time to time furnished and made by the Department of War.\nThe arrangement which is contemplated for this purpose is the following\u2014Provisions and Clothing will be provided as heretofore by Contracts made by the Secretary of the Treasury, pursuant to previous Advertisements. Articles in the Quarter Master\u2019s Department will be to be procured by him or his Agents or Deputies; for which purpose advances of money will be made to him directly, to be accounted for to the Treasury by him. Ordnance stores, Indian Goods and all contingent supplies will be procured by an Agent who will be constituted for the purpose with an allowance of Eight hundred Dollars a year in lieu of Commission. Accounts for his purchases in every case in which it can conveniently be done (which will comprehend the greatest number of cases) will be settled immediately with the Treasury and the money paid directly to the Individuals. In other cases, advances on Account will be made to the Agent, to be accounted for directly to the Treasury.\nA leading object of this arrangment is to exempt the Officers, both of the War and Treasury Departments, from the ill-natured suspicions which are incident to the actual handling and disbursment\nof Public Money. None of the interior officers of either department, except the Treasurer, will have any concern with it.\nThe supplies of every kind will be delivered to the order of the Department of War. The issuing of them & the accounting for the issues (except as to provisions which are directly issued by the Contractors to the Troops & which are proved to the Treasury upon vouchers prescribed for the purpose) appertain to the Department of War. The Regulations, which have been adopted for the purpose, will no doubt be early reported to you by the Secretary at War; as well as those which have been concerted with the Treasury respecting the paying & accounting for the pay of the Troops.\nI beg leave to assure you that in the application of the general arrangement which you have adopted respecting the execution of the Act concerning distilled Spirits, the greatest attention will be paid to \u0153conomy as far as the precautions of the Treasury can ensure it.\nI presume it to have been your intention that the opinion of the Attorney General should be taken as to the Power of the President to appoint the supplementary Officers contemplated during the recess of the Senate; which shall accordingly be done.\nIt affords me much satisfaction to observe that your mind has anticipated the decision to enforce the Law, in case a refractory spirit should continue to render the ordinary & more desirable means ineffectual. My most deliberate reflections have led me to conclude, that the time for acting with decision is at hand: and it is with pleasure, I can add, that an encreasing acquiescence is likely to render this course the less difficult in the cases in which an uncomplying temper may finally prevail.\nI shall without delay execute your directions respecting the Officers of Cutters. With the highest respect and the truest attachment I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0428", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 11 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 11. 1792\nI have already written to you to go by this Post. This is barely to inform you, that I have made the communication you desired to Mr Kean, who promises every possible exertion\u2014and that Mr Langdon has been here about a fortnight. With perfect respect & attachment I have the honor to be Sir Your obedient servant\nA. Hamilton\nP.S. I have made progress in certain answers; but shall scarcely be ready to send them before next Monday\u2019s Post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0430", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 12 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMonticello [Va.] Aug. 12. 1792.\nI have the honor to inclose you two letters lately recieved from mister Barclay. under another cover also I send to the Commissioners, open for your examination, a plan for a Capitol from mister Blodget, which came by the last post. you will see, by that, the use of the paper of which I presented you a few sheets, Blodget\u2019s plan being on a sheet I had given him. it renders the use of a scale & dividers unnecessary.\nI had thought my self secure of a weekly conveyance of letters, by the establishment of a private post here, till the public one could get into motion. but of 4. post-days since my return, he has missed three. mister Davies is however endeavoring to procure a public rider. we have had abundant rains since my return, which were necessary to bring on our corn. some appearances of weavil give us apprehensions for our wheat, and increase the wishes for a machine which would enable us to get it out within the months of July & August. I have the honor to be with perfect respect and attachment Dr Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0431", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Deakins, Jr., 13 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Deakins, William Jr.\nSir,\nMount Vernon Augt 13th 1792.\nThe letter herewith enclosed is left open for your private perusal, and transmission. Two motives prompt me to this measure\u2014the first is, the christian name of a Mr Jones, high sheriff of Montgomery County, the person intended to be associated with your brother in the business referred to them in the said letter, was unknown to Colo. Mercer and myself: the second, that before his name should be inserted, I might be ascertained from some person in whom I could place confidence\u2014that Mr Jones is a gentleman of good character\u2014not interested in fixing the price at more than the land would actually sell at for ready money; & who will decide impartially between Colo. Mercer & myself; for it is to be considered by these Gentlemen, that it is to all intents & purposes a ready money bargain.\nI made choice of your brother Colo. Francis Deakins, to say what the Cash price of the Land shall be. Mr Jones was the choice of Colo. Mercer, but his name by consent was to be withheld for the reasons above mentioned, as I had never heard of the Gentleman until he was brought forward on this occasion.\nI do not wish to delay the insertion of his name until I hear from you: on the contrary, if in your opinion Mr Jones comes under the description I have required, I pray you to add his name to that of your Brother\u2019s, in the enclosed Letter, then seal, direct & forward it to the latter, that the business may be brought to a close as soon as it can be with convenience. I am, Sir, &c. &c.\nG: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0433", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 13 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Augt 13th 1792.\nSince my last to you dated the 23d of July, I have received the second epistle of Govr Chittendon, enclosing a copy of the Lieutt Governor of Canada\u2019s letter to him; but as he does not in that letter acknowledge the receipt of the One which went to him from the Secretary of State\u2019s Office the motives which suspended an answer to his first letter still exist, unless he has given the information required of him immediately to yourself; however, that you may have the whole matter before you, to answer when you are possessed of all the facts which relate to the Subject, I forward the Governors last letter to me, as I also do that from Colo. Humphreys to you, covered by yours of the 30th Ulto. I am Dear Sir Yr Affecte\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0434", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 13 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n Monticello [Va.] 13 Aug. 1792. Sends \u201cthe inclosed letters which the tardy movement of the Post did not bring to him till yesterday evening, a day later than he should have arrived.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-10-02-0437", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 13 August 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Edmund Randolph, 13 Aug. 1792. On 26 Aug., GW wrote Randolph \u201cto acknowledge the receipt of your favors of the 5th & 13th instt.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 16 August 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department August 16th 1792\nI have the honor to submit a copy of a Letter from Brigadier General Putnam of the 14th Ultimo, & another of the same date from Brigadier General Wilkinson containing enclosures. and I shall transmit copies of the several papers which have been received, to Major General Wayne, as I conceive it highly proper for him to be informed of every thing relative to the objects of his command.\nI confess I think the accuracy of the information of the prisoners to be questioned\u2014their sphere of observation must have been very small indeed\u2014I think however there cannot be a doubt about Trueman.\nWe may expect to hear of the reception of Captain Hendricks daily, as he probably arrived at the Miami River of Lake Erie about the latter end of June.\nThat the Shawanese and some others are inveterate, I have no doubt, but I think if they have fairly explained to them the ample message sent by Trueman, that the mass of the hostile Indians will probably accede to a Treaty\u2014But in any event the Executive of the United States will be considered by all impartial and moderate men as having taken every rational expedient to bring matters to an amicable termination.\nI intimated to General Wayne some time since that the lateness of the Season would probably render it inexpedient to employ any Chickesaws or Choctaws this year.\nI have the honor to transmit a copy of my letter to Governor Blount of the 15th instant.\nThe affairs in the South Western quarter are in a very ill position if Colonel Arthur Campbells letter is to be entirely credited\u2014I have the honor to enclose a copy of his Letter to Lieut. Governor Wood who transmitted it to me.\nThe Governor of Virginia set out on the 25th Ultimo for the South Western frontier.\nSince writing the above I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your favour of the 13th instant\u2014the letter of General Putnam relative to the post on the Muskingum and the Fish\n    error.  TJM-->\nCarriers Speech are now enclosed. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your most obedt servt\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0002", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James McHenry, 16 August 1792\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nFayetteville [Md.] 16 Augt 1792.\nI had the honor to recieve your letter of the 13th yesterday.\nThe business of the maritime court as you remark requires that the district attorney should be a resident of Baltimore. With respect to Mr Tilghman and Hammond both stand extremely fair\nin politics, and would either settle here would be acceptable. The former will sooner yield to transient circumstances than the latter who as far as I have known him seems to possess a fixedness of thinking in the discharge of public trusts that renders him in my eyes a valuable man. I have more than once endeavoured to persuade Mr Craike to settle in Baltimore where I beleive he would soon acquire practice. I have promised him such interest as I can exert. If he would remove thither I think him qualified, tho\u2019 not in a higher degree than either Mr Smith or Mr Hollingsworth. As to these gentlemen the public opinion would be in favor of Mr Smith. He is more steady, cautious, industrious and painstaking than Mr Hollingsworth, and has obtained a character of perhaps greater probity in his profession. Mr Hollingsworth is more of a wit and not less of a lawyer. Marriage has corrected some of his levities and study must make him a much superior lawyer to Mr Smith, whose medeocrity of talents will for ever preclude from eminence at the bar. But all things considered (if a resident of Baltimore is preferr\u2019d) political opinions character, connexions and present qualifications Mr Smith seems to me the most eligible. This being the case and you wishing to know whether if appointed he would accept I fell in with him yesterday evening. I mentioned to him what was true, that I had been told Mr Hollingsworth was desirous of having the appointment, and might call on me for a recommendation; that I therefore wished to know whether he would accept if appointed in which case I should sign nothing that could stand in his way. He told me he would accept and confirmed it this morning.\nIt is to be lamented that the best qualified man in the State is the last person who merits this appointment. I mean Mr Luther Martin. Very few of his description have so far altered their principles as to be safely trusted with power.\nMr Paca told me the other day that Col. Lloyd and he intended to pay you a visit about the 1st Septr Col. Lloyd you know is a good man of some influence and vast property. If he makes the visit it will afford you the occasion to speak of the necessity of gentlemen like him using their opportunities to remove any misrepresentations respecting the laws which may be made to the people to answer electioneering or other purposes. I think you can produce it by a happy effect upon him while it may serve as an admonition to Mr Paca not to interfere in Mr Mercers election, who is if possible more desperately mischievous than when the\nopen decided and declared enemy of the constitution, and for whom Mr Paca may perhaps retain some regard.\nMay god bless you and long preserve you in your present station. I am my ever Dear Sir most sincerely and truely your affectionate\nJames McHenry\nPerhaps it would be proper to destroy this communication?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0003", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 17 August 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department August 17th 1792\nI have received a letter from General Wayne of the 10th instant of which the enclosed is a copy.\nEvery thing he has requested has been forwarded excepting a full supply of blankets & shoes for the old regiments and clothing for about one company of the old troops, which number is deficient as not standing the rigid inspection which has been made.\nThe powder he requests is a fine grained powder, which, in his opinion, will prime the musket from within, on the cartridge being rammed down and the touch hole being enlarged.\nI have complied with his request, reluctantly, so far as to order forty quarter barrells\u2014The Powder sent him has been brought from West Point and is as good as ever was made, or used\u2014I have had every barrell proved. The grain of the Rifle Powder is sufficiently fine, but not quite so fine as General Wayne requires.\nI shall set off for New York in the Morning to be absent a few days. I have the honor to be with perfect respect Your most obedt Servant\nH. Knox secy of war", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0004", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 18 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 18. 1792\nI am happy to be able, at length, to send you, answers to the objections, which were communicated in your letter of the 29th of July.\nThey have unavoidably been drawn in haste, too much so, to do perfect justice to the subject, and have been copied just as they flowed from my heart and pen, without revision or correction. You will observe, that here and there some severity appears\u2014I have not fortitude enough always to hear with calmness, calumnies, which necessarily include me, as a principal Agent in the measures censured, of the falsehood of which, I have the most unqualified consciousness. I trust that I shall always be able to bear, as I ought, imputations of errors of Judgment; but I acknowledge that I cannot be entirely patient under\ncharges, which impeach the integrity of my public motives or conduct. I feel, that I merit them in no degree: and expressions of indignation sometimes escape me, in spite of every effort to suppress them\u27e8.\u27e9 I rely on your goodness for the proper allowance. With high respect and the most affectionate attachment, I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedient & humble servant\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0005", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 19 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nMonticello Aug. 19. 1792.\nI was yesterday honored with your\u2019s of the 13th inst. covering the Governor of Vermont\u2019s of July 16. I presume it cannot now be long before I shall receive his answer to the two letters I wrote him from Philadelphia on the same subject. I now inclose letters received by yesterday\u2019s post from mister Hammond, mister William Knox, and mister Paleske, with answers to the two latter. should these meet your approbation, you will be so good as to seal and let them go on under the cover to mister Taylor, who will have them co\u27e8nvey\u27e9ed according to their address. should you wish an alteration of them, it shall be made on their being returned. the Prussian treaty is, I believe, within four years of it\u2019s expiration. I suspect that personal motives alone induce mister Palaske to press for a convention which could hardly be formed & ratified before it would expire; and that his court cannot lay much stress on it. mister Hammond\u2019s former explanations of his notification of the 12th of April, having been laid before Congress,\nmay perhaps make it proper to communicate to them also his sovereign\u2019s approbation of them. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment, Sir, your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0006", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 19 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir\nMount Vernon Augt 19th 1792\nIn my letter of the 15th I promised you my sentiments on Mr Seagroves communications; and though I am not enabled to do it so fully as I could wish, I shall nevertheless give them as fully as I can.\nHis letters, and the enclosures there in contained, with the evidence in support, go to points, which may be classed under six heads.\n1st\u2014Spanish interference, to prevent the treaty between the United States & the Creek Nation from being carried into effect\u2014To accomplish which, these Indians, together with the Cherokees, chicasaws & Chactaws, are envited to a grand Council at Pensacola; where, if they will attend, it is intimated to them, they shall be furnished with Arms, Ammunition, & goods of all sorts. An Agent of Spain, (a Captn Oliver) who is established at little Tallassee in the Creek Nation, & supposed to be acting in concert with McGillivray, has forbid their running the line that was established by treaty with these people; promising them the support of Spain against any measures which may be pursued by the U. States, in case of their refusal\u2014and in a word, aided by McGillivray & Panton, is stimulating all the Southern Indians to acts of hostilities against the United States; to facilitate which\nhe is distributing goods, & holding talks with the chiefs. Three things, it is said, will be attempted at the proposed meeting in Pensacola\u20141st to established Posts in the Indian Country\u20142d To fix three Agents amongst them, of whom McGillivray is to be the principal; & 3d to exclude the Citizens of the United States from having any trade with these Indians\u2014To carry the whole of this plan into effect, it is further said that five Regimts of about 600 men each & a large quantity of Ordnance & Stores are actually arrived from old Spain, & the like number of Troops are expected from the Havanna; and suspns are alive, that the Capture of Bowles, was a preconcerted scheme between the Spanh Govt & himself.\n2d\u2014The turbulant disposition of the settlers on the Western frontier of Georgia\u2014and their endeavors (as appear by the declaration of Colo. Alexander\u2014and others which could be adduced)\u2014to oppose the measures of the General Government; and to bring on a War between the United States and the Creek Nation, with the nefarious means practiced by them to accomplish this project and the effect it has had upon the latter; who are affraid, though generally well disposed towards the U. States and in all their public talks have given strong assurances of their intention to execute the treaty, to meet at the Rock landing on the Oconee in the vicinity of these characters.\n3d\u2014His conditional engagement to meet the lower Creeks on the head of St Marys River in November next\u2014His opinion that with more extensive powers, and a larger field to display in, he should be able, not only to counteract the unprovoked interference of the Spaniards by keeping the Indians in our Interest, but could even engage them to Act for us, if circumstances should make it desirable\u2014but to do this he must be furnished with goods, and be authorised to distribute them as occasions should require. That but for his endeavors to support the authority of McGillivray, & to reinstate him in the good opinion of his Nation who began to see into his views, and nine tenths of it to dispise him, this might have been in a more progressive state, than it is at present.\n4th\u2014The necessity of restricting the licenses of Traders\u2014and passes to people of other descriptions; who, under various pretences (but oftentimes with bad intentions) go into the Indian\nVillages\u2014And of the expediency, & the advantages which would result, from having proper forms for both, with checks, to prevent counterfeits and impositions on the Indians.\n5th\u2014The probable consequence of a severe drought, to the Indians\u2014and the policy of relieving them from impending famine.\n6th\u2014The intemperence of Major Call\u2014His improper conduct in raising three troops of horse with promise of paymt from the Genl Government\u2014leaving a party on the So. Western frontier of Georgia without an Officer, or even a Sergeant\u2014And the Agents opinion of the necessity of a respectable force on the So. Western frontier of that State & the little use of them in their present Stations.\nThese heads, as well as I can recollect, contain the substance of Mr Seagroves communication, on which I give the following sentiments & observations.\n1st\u2014The conduct of Spain in this business is so unprovoked (by any event that has come to my knowledge)\u2014so misterious\u2014and so hostile in appearance, that although the evidence is strong, and corroborated by a variety of information through a variety of channels, and even confirmed by McGillivray himself, yet the mind can scarcely realise a proceedure so base & inhuman as the encouraging (not only without the exhibition of complaint, but under professions of good neighbourhood & friendship towards us) a war which must expose helpless women & children to the relentless fury of Savages, & to the cruelties of the Tomahawk & Scalping knife. But the evidence of their intreigues to set aside the treaty, & to exclude the U. States from having trade or intercourse with the Southern Indians, will scarcely admit of a doubt; and there is but too much reason to suspect that McGillivray has an agency in promoting these measures.\nMy opinion therefore is, that the Commissioners of Spain, in Philadelphia, shd be informed, delicately, & perhaps informally (until matters can be more fully investigated, or developed) that though we are ready to acquit the Spanish government of measures so unfriendly to the U. States, yet that the evidence of these proceedings in some of its Officers, is too strong to admit of a doubt, & of too important a nature to pass over in silence. That it creates serious alarm in the minds of our Citizens in the Southern quarter, and gives much trouble to the Government of the\nU. States; which has no views incompatible with good faith towards Spain, and with justice and honor towards the Indns.\nSomething to this effect was written, or spoken to these Gentlemen by the Secretary of State on the first representation of this matter from the Southern Agent for Indian Affairs, but what notice was taken of it by them, or whether any, I do not recollect to have been informed. Enquiry, however, should be made\u2014but whether the documents respecting it are to be found in his Office, or are deposited among the private transactions in his own keeping, is uncertain: in the latter case no information can be obtained in time.\n2d\u2014My opinion on this head is, that Governor Tellfair should be written to, and informed in delicate, but in firm & unequivocal terms\u2014That the United States from a concatination of causes, are so delicately circumstanced as to render Peace in the Southern quarter indispensably necessary, if it be possible to preserve it upon just, & honorable terms. That Government has received information unequivocal in its nature, of designs in some of the frontier Inhabitants of Georgia, not only to impede, but absolutely to oppose running the line which was agreed upon as a boundary between that State & the Creeks; and, of conduct in some of them, tending to provoke war, rather than to promote peace with these Indians\u2014That it was (and subsequent events have proved it) with great difficulty that the boundary then agreed on could be obtained\u2014That now it has become a law of the Land; and if the Indians can be prevailed on to carry it into execution it must be enforced\u2014And lastly, to exhort him, by every motive to peace & good order, that he would use his influence & address to repress all turbulent & illegal proceedings in this behalf, as the consequences cannot fail to be distressing from a contrary conduct.\n3d\u2014Although the opinions, and propositions of the Southern Agent ought, in this case, to be received with a due degree of caution, inasmuch as he is removing the theatre of action from the Rock landing to his own (or brothers store) at the head of St Marys\u2014covering thereby that frontier, where his interest is more immediately affected\u2014building his own consequence upon the ruins of another as occasion & circumstances may require\u2014Acquiring a power to distribute goods (which, tho\u2019 limited, & issued under certn restrictions, may nevertheless be\nabused)\u2014Investing him with more ample power to act from the circumstances of the moment\u2014I say, notwithstanding the liability of abuse in some, or all of these cases; I am of opinion from the circumstances which exist, & press, and from the delay which would result from references at the distance He is from the Seat of the Government, that he ought, as far as I have power to give them, to be instructed To\u2014hold a meeting with the Indian Chiefs at the time & place mentiond in his letter of the 27th ulto\u2014and\u2014That he should\u2014under defined restrictions\u2014have authority given him\u2014to distribute goods as circumstances, & his own judgment shall dictate. That he ought to counteract the nefarious schemes of Spain by all the influence & address he is master of. That if, upon further, & more unequivocal proof, McGillivrays duplicity & treachery should appear more evident; that he is, in that case, to destroy, as far as it is in his power, the consequence of that man in the Creek nation; and, as the most effectual step towards it, & serving the U: States, to take, if he can, his place in the Nation.\n4th\u2014The propriety of this restrictive proposition is apparent\u2014but to draw the line is difficult. To vest it solely (which I believe wd be the least evil) with the Indian Agents, wd encrease their consequence amazingly, & would, in a man[ne]r, give them, if they are indirectly engaged in Trade, a monopoly thereof; and all other intercourse with the Indians: and in the instance before us, would create much Jealousy & disgust in the Executive of the State of Georgia. Under this impression of my sentiments, decide as shall appear best, upon a full view of the case.\nThe idea of an engraving with the proposed check, to prevent counterfeit passes & impositions, is a good thought, and merits adoption.\n5th\u2014If the Indians should be reduced to the deplorable State which is apprehended, by an Act of Providence which human foresight is unable to avert; It is my opinion that we ought, if they exhibit signs of good dispositions towards us, as well from motives of policy as those of humanity, to afford them relief. But the power of the Executive to do this\u2014the state of the treasury\u2014the extent of the evil\u2014& the consequences of giving to one Nation & not to all, if it should be asked\u2014are matters to be considered before any explicit assurance is given, that Supplies will be granted.\n6th\u2014There can be no doubt of the propriety of bringing Major\nCall before a Genl Court Martial for his intemperate conduct\u2014for authorising the raising of three troops of Horse at the expence of the Union (unless as commanding officer he was instructed, or empowered to do it; of which I have no recollection)\u2014and for leaving a party of Soldiers on the So. Westn frontier without an Officer, or even a sergeant to comd & provide for them.\nAs to the necessity of having a respectable force on the South western frontier of Georgia, and of the little use of those on the more western part of the State no reasons are assigned for either, by which a judgment can be formed; & havg no accurate map of that Country with me, I am unable to give any other sentimt on either of these points, than that (for the reason which has been given under another hd) this measure should be decided on with caut[ion].\nI do not give these opinions, or any one of them as decisive, or as directions to be implicitly followed; because that would render deliberation, & the request contained in my letter of the 15th, nugatory. They are given as crude & indigested first thoughts, only; to be closely examined, & compared & combined with other information which may be found in the public Offices, and the letters & Instructions, draughted accordingly.\nLet these (except the communication if any to the Comrs of Spain) pass through my hands unsealed\u2014I am persuaded there will be no delay on acct of disapprobation, & consequent alterations. The Express not expecting (as he says) to have proceeded further than Mount Vernon, will want a supply of money to take him back\u2014to be accounted for with the Indian Agent. He has already received two guineas from me.\nI presume Mr Seagrove would wish to be placed upon some more permanent establishment with respect to his pay; but if there be any doubt of my power to fix this, & to render his Office more stable, matters (with assurances that his Services will neither pass unnoticed, or unrewarded) must remain as they are until the meeting of Congress: And as he appears to have acted with zeal and intelligence, he ought to be informed of the satisfaction his conduct has given; & to be requested in a particular, & pointed manner, to have someone or more persons in whom entire confidence can be placed (as well in their abilities, as fidelity) to attend the meeting at Pensacola\u2014to watch the motions of Oliver\u2014and to be informed precisely\u2014and accurately\u2014of\nthe Spanish movements in both East and West Florida. Money (reasonably bestowed) must not be spared to accomplish these objects.\nWhat is become of the Surveyor\u2014Ellicot\u2014& what is proper to be done with him? he ought not to be retained in that Country at a certain expence, awaiting a very uncertain event.\nI did not think of it when I was writing my letter of the 15th but now request that the Attorney General may be called on to aid with his sentiments in the several matters which are referred for your consideration and decision.\nNot having thought of any character more eligable for Adjutant General than Majr Fish, I request that he may be sounded, or even directly applied to. Should he be indisposed to the Office, some other must be appointed without delay. With esteem & regard I am Affectly Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0007", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 22 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon 22d Augt 1792.\nThis will merely inform you that your letter of the 10th with it\u2019s enclosure\u2014and that of the 11th Inst: have been duly received; and that if the Regulations of your Department, mentioned in\nthe former, are carried strictly into execution, the most happy consequences, it is to be hoped, will result from them. I am sir &c.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0008", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 22 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Augt 22 1792\nIn my letter of the 15th I acknowledged the receipt of yours of the 11th; since which your dispatches of the 16th are come to hand, and convey but a gloomy prospect of peace with the Indians, in either hemisphere; but shew the necessity of preparing more vigorously if possible for the dernier resort. That the Western Indians are stimulated to acts of hostility on one side, and every mean which can be devised to set aside the treaties wch exist between the Southern Indians and the U. States, & to encourage the former to break with us on the other admits of no doubt in my mind; and that it may be a concerted plan between certn Powers to check the growth of this rising Country, is far from improbable\u2014diabolical as it may seem.\n  The enclosure of Genl Putnams letter of 9th of July, enables me (which I could not do before) to form some idea of his proposition to establish a Post on the Muskingham; and \u2018though I shall give no decided opinion on this particular case, my sentiments, generally, with respect to Posts, are not changed\u2014and are shortly these. that except for the preservation of Stores, and the security of convoys upon a communi[catio]n they are of no use but to protect the people within them\u2014for unless the Garrison is of such strength, & can detach in such force, as to bid defiance to the enemy it is always cooped up. Except for the purposes I have mentioned, of what advantage are Forts Hamilton, St Clair & Jefferson? The strength of Stationary parties are soon discovered by the Indians and when discovered, are liable to be cut off, unless they confine themselves solely to the defence of the Post\u2014& of what avail would this be on the Muskingham or elsewhere? Posts can be insulted, or avoided at the option of the enemy in a covered Country\u2014but the best vigilence of the most cautious Ene[my] cannot prevent scouting parties falling on their trail. Besides, we shall never be respectable at any point if\nthe Troops are divided, & subdivided for the quietude of particular settlements or neighbourhoods: nor will they ever be disciplined, and under due subordination whilst they are scattered over the Country in small parties under Subaltern Officers; except when they are employed in ranging, which is an essential part of their Military educatn in the Service for which they are designed.\nIf all the measures which have been pursued by Governmt to convince the hostile Indians of the just & honorable intentions of the U. States towards them should prove ineffectual we may certainly calculate upon a powerful opposition from their Combind force; in which case, we shall not only be unprepared to penetrate their Country, this Year, but there appears to me to be very little prospect of doing it early in the next; unless there can be some stimulus to the recruiting Service; and the Officers absolutely restrained from enlisting improper men\u2014for I am told, notwithstanding the pointed instructions which have been issued to them on this head, that boys in many instances, and the worst miscreants in others are received: to the last of which may be attributed the number of desertions that are reported to the War Office. Under this view of the matter, your intimation to Genl Wayne respecting the Chicasaws and Choctaws was prudent & proper; but I conceive, nevertheless, if a few of each Southern Nation say a Six or 8 respectable characters was to visit & remain with the Army as long as should be agreeable to themselves\u2014Be well fed & cloathed\u2014& in all respects treated with attention & kindness, it would be an effectual inducement to the coming of the number that might be required next year?\nI perceive by Mr Belli\u2019s letter that the difference between supplying the Troops with their Rations by Contract, and by a purchasing Commy must be very great indeed, although he has not given the Wages, & other charges of the latter gentry. I am of opinion that the difference in favor of the latter will be found from the nature of things much greater on the exterior than it would be in the interior Country\u2014and as the public pay for all lost provisions (by the enemy) is at the expence of Stores Guards &ca it is a matter worthy of serious investigation & consequent decision\u2014Consult therefore with the Secretary of the treasury, & act as the result shall appear best.\nThe hair must have stood on Major S\u2014\u2014head, & a stake full in\nhis view, when his letter of the 8th of July was writing to Genl Wilkinson, or the style of it would certainly have been varied. With esteem & regard I am Dr Sir Yrs &ca\nG.W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0009", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 23 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n(Private) \nMy dear Sir,Mount Vernon Augt 23d 1792.   \nYour letters of the 12th & 13th came duly to hand\u2014as did that enclosing Mr Blodgets plan of a Capitol. The latter I forwarded to the Commissioners, and the enclosures of the two first are now returned to you.\nI believe we are never to hear from Mr Carmichael; nor of him but through the medium of a third person. His\u2014\u2014I realy do not know with what epithet to fill the blank, is, to me, amongst the most unaccountable of all the unaccountable things! I wish much to hear of the arrival of Mr Short at Madrid, and the result of their joint negotiations at that Court, as we have fresh, and much stronger Representations from Mr Seagrove of the extraordinary interference of the Spaniards in West Florida, to prevent running the boundary line which had been established by treaty between the United States & the Creeks\u2014of their promising them support in case of their refusal\u2014and of their endeavouring to disaffect the four Southern tribes of Indians towards\nthis Country. In the execution of these projects Seagrove is convinced McGillivray & his partner Panton are embarked, & have become principal Agents and there are suspicions entertained, he adds, that the Capture of Bowles was a preconcerted measure between the said Bowles & the Spaniard\u27e8s\u27e9\u2014That the former is gone to Spain (& to Madrid I think) is certain. That McGillivray has removed from little Tellassee to a place he has within, or bordering on the Spanish line. That a Captn Oliver, [(]a Frenchman, but) an Officer in a Spanish Regiment at New Orleans has taken his place at Tellassee and is holding talks with the Chiefs of the several Towns in the Nation. And that every exertion is making by the Governor of West Florida to obtain a full & general meeting of the Southern Tribes at Pensicola, are facts that admit of no doubt. It is also affirmed that five Regiments of about 600 men each, and a large quantity of Ordnance & Stores arrived lately at New Orleans, and that the like number of Regiments (but this can only be from report) was expected at the same place from the Havanna. Recent accts from Arthur Campbell (I hope without much foundation) speak of very hostile dispositions in the lower Cherokees, and of great apprehension for the safety of Govr Blount & Genl Pickens who had set out for the proposed meeting with the Chicasaws & Choctaws at Nashville\u2014& for the Goods which were going down the Tenessee by Water, for that Meeting.\nOur accounts from the Western Indns are not more favourable than those just mentioned. No doubt remains of their having put to death Majr Trueman & Colo. Hardin; & the Harbingers of their mission. The report from their grand Council is, that War was, or soon would be, decided on; and that they will admit no Flags. The meeting was numerous & not yet dissolved that we have been informed of. What influence our Indn Agents may have at it, remains to be known. Hendricks left Buffaloe Creek between the 18th & 20th of June, accompanied by two or three of the Six Nations; some of the Chiefs of those Nations were to follow in a few days\u2014only waiting, it was said, for the Caughnawaga Indians from Canada. And Captn Brandt would not be long after them. If these attempts to disclose the just & pacific disposition of the United States to these people, should also fail, there remains no alternative but the Sword, to decide the difference; & recruiting goes on heavily.\nIf Spain is really intrieguing with the Southern Indians as represented\nby Mr Seagrove, I shall entertain strong suspicions that there is a very clear understanding in all this business between the Courts of London and Madrid; & that it is calculated to check, as far as they can, the rapid encrease, extension & consequence of this Country; for there cannot be a doubt of the wishes of the former (if we may judge from the conduct of its Officers) to impede any eclaircissment of ours with the Western Indians, and to embarrass our negotiations with them, any more than there is of their Traders & some others who are subject to their Government, aiding and abetting them in acts of hostilities.\nHow unfortunate, and how much is it to be regretted then, that whilst we are encompassed on all sides with avowed enemies & insidious friends, that internal dissentions should be harrowing & tearing our vitals. The last, to me, is the most serious\u2014the most alarming\u2014and the most afflicting of the two. And without more charity for the opinions & acts of one another in Governmental matters\u2014or some more infalible criterion by which the truth of speculative opinions, before they have undergone the test of experience, are to be forejudged than has yet fallen to the lot of fallibility, I believe it will be difficult, if not impracticable, to manage the Reins of Government or to keep the parts of it together: for if, instead of laying our shoulders to the machine after measures are decided on, one pulls this way & another that, before the utility of the thing is fairly tried, it must, inevitably, be torn asunder\u2014And, in my opinion the fairest prospect of happiness & prosperity that ever was presented to man, will be lost\u2014perhaps for ever!\nMy earnest wish, and my fondest hope therefore is, that instead of wounding suspicions, & irritable charges, there may be liberal allowances\u2014mutual forbearances\u2014and temporising yieldings on all sides. Under the exercise of these, matters will go on smoothly, and, if possible, more prosperously. Without them every thing must rub\u2014the Wheels of Government will clog\u2014our enemies will triumph\u2014& by threwing their weight into the disaffected Scale, may accomplish the ruin of the goodly fabric we have been erecting.\nI do not mean to apply these observations, or this advice to any particular person, or character\u2014I have given them in the same general terms to other Officers of the Government\u2014because the disagreements which have arisen from difference of opinions\u2014and\nthe Attacks wch have been made upon almost all the measures of government, & most of its Executive Officers, have, for a long time past, filled me with painful sensations; and cannot fail I think, of producing unhappy consequences at home & abroad.\nThe nature of Mr Seagroves communications was such, and the evidence in support of them so strongly corroborative, that I gave it as my sentiment to Genl Knox that the Commissioners of Spain ought to have the matter brought before them again in the manner it was before, but in stronger (though not in committing) language; as the Government was embarrassed, and its Citizens in the Southern States made uneasy by such proceedings, however unauthorised they might be by their Court.\nI pray you to note down, or rather to frame into paragraphs or sections such matters as may occur to you as fit & proper for general communication at the opening of the next Session of Congress\u2014not only in the department of State, but on any other subject applicable to the occasion, that I may, in due time, have every thing before me. With sincere esteem & friendship I am, always, Your Affectionate\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0010", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 23 August 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew-York 23d August 1792\nThe express, with your letter of the 15th instant and Mr Seagroves and Major Calls dispatches, arrived at the War office about the hour of twelve on the 21st instant, and I received the letters by express yesterday in this City.\nI shall return to Philadelphia either to day or tomorrow, and will immediately take up the subjects of Mr Seagroves communications, in conjunction with the secretary of the treasury, and submit the result sir to you.\nMajor Gaither has probably arrived and will soon be on the\nfrontiers of Georgia. The Mr Rosecrantz of whom you are pleased to inquire appears to have been an agent of Gen. Waynes, employed through Capt. Cass at Fort Franklin, to obtain information of the movements of the Senekas.\nThe dangerous situation of Major Washington is greatly to be regretted, I sincerely pray he may recover and again comfort his friends, by his virtues and amiable qualities. I have the honor to be sir with the highest respect Your obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0011", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Deakins, Jr., 24 August 1792\nFrom: Deakins, William Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBath [Va.] August 24th 1792\nYour much Esteem\u2019d favor of the 13th Instant (Covering a Letter for my Brother & Mr Jones) came safe to hand yesterday. My Brother is now here. I have Enquired of him, respecting Mr Benja. Jones, he thinks him an honest reasonable Man, & will Act with him to Value Mr Mercers Land agreeable to your request.\nDoctr James Stewart who holds one third of the same Tract with Mr Mercer, is now here, he has (I believe,[)] received letters from Mr Mercer, he leaves this tomorrow, & will call in his way home, to see the Land, and give Orders for a Division to take place.\nI hope whenever I can be usefull to your Excellency, you will freely command me, Assuring Yourself it gives me the Utmost pleasure to execute any of your commands. With every Sentiment of Respect & Esteem\u2014I am Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obt Servt\nWill. Deakins Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0012", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Citizens of Marseilles, 24 August 1792\nFrom: Citizens of Marseilles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nMarseilles, 24th August 1792,the 4th Year of Liberty\nFree Nations are always in alliance, and are alike interested in affording mutual aid and assistance to each other.\nA common interest has already united the inhabitants of the American States to the interests of regenerated France. Their three-coloured flags are unfurled upon every sea, proclaiming that the free Americans and French are brethren. The name of Washington is as much revered here as at Philadelphia. It is to Washington that we address ourselves in order to convey the Sentiments of our fellow citizens to a nation for whom he has done and suffered so much.\nCommerce is one of the first ties in the fraternity of mankind, and engaged as we are in the destructive trade of war, which unfortunately\nhas become necessary in order to establish the cause of Liberty, free citizens ought nevertheless to leave no possible means untried to extend their commercial intercourse, and ensure the means of subsistence.\nThe time will arrive, and doubtless it is not far off, when the genius of liberty, having crossed the ocean, and hovered over France will kindle over the whole earth that sacred fire which now animates our breasts. The demons of discord will then be chained up forever, the sword will be rendered useless, and the great bond of nations will be confidence and brotherly affection.\nWe have therefore to propose to our American brethren to form more extensive commercial connexions with us than heretofore. Above all, we present to their view an object of speculation, which while it supplies our wants, offers emoluments to the adventurer by no means contemptible. The article of provisions, for which we have contracted, cannot be supplied during the present year, on account of the indifferent crops, which are disproportionate to the quantities that Marseilles annually lays up either for the use of her own citizens, for the southern districts of France, or for a part of Spain and Italy.\nSuch being our situation, we have petitioned the National Assem\u27e8bly\u27e9 to grant a premium of fifty Sous per quintal/mark weight of grain that shall be imported from abroad into the southern Districts of France: and we have every reason to believe that our patriotic legislators will comply with our request.\nBut this is not the only Step we will take in favour of our American brethren. We will petition the executive council that the American flag be protected by the French cruising vessels of w\u27e8ar\u27e9 and we have every reason to believe that our solicitations on this subject will not be fruitless.\nExert your influence then, Sir, to engage our American brethren to export to us the superfluity of their crops. Be pleased to inform them that in exchange for their produce they will be supplied in our port with oils and wines, besides other articles and commodities which may suit their market. Inform them, Sir, that the citizens of Marseilles will do every thing in their power to encourage the American trade, and that in this instance in particular they will consider a compliance with their wishes as a proof of the fraternal friendship that exists between the two nations.\nIt is worthy of your character, Sir, to cherish such sentiments,\nthe dissemination of which will constitute the happiness of your nation. You have toiled for the liberty of your country, and by meriting the universal esteem of all nations, you have gained that, in particular, of the mayor, municipal officers, and public attorney for the community of Marseilles.\nMourraille, mayor\nhere follow also the signature of the other officers of the municipality of Marseilles.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0014", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the National Assembly of France, 26 August 1792\nFrom: National Assembly of France\nTo: Washington, George\nl\u2019assembl\u00e9e Nationale consid\u00e9rant que les hommes qui par leurs Ecrits et par leur Courage ont Servi la Cause de la libert\u00e9 et prepar\u00e9 l\u2019affranchissement des peuples ne peuvent Etre Regard\u00e9s Comme Etrangers par une Nation que Ses lumi\u00e9res et Son Courage ont Rendue libre,\nConsiderant que Si cinq ans de domicile en France Suffisent pour obtenir \u00e0 un Etranger le titre de Citoyen fran\u00e7ais ce titre est bien plus Justement du \u00e0 Ceux qui, quelque soit le Sol qu\u2019ils habitent, ont consacr\u00e9 leurs Bras et leurs Veilles \u00e0 Deffendre la Cause des peuples contre le Despotisme des Rois, \u00e0 Bannir les pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s de la terre, et \u00e0 Reculer les Bornes des connaissances humaines,\nConsid\u00e9rant que S\u2019il n\u2019est pas permis D\u2019Esp\u00e9rer que les hommes ne forment un jour devant la loi comme devant la Nature qu\u2019une Seule famille, une Seule association, les amis de la libert\u00e9 de la fraternit\u00e9 universelles n\u2019en doivent pas etre moins chers \u00e0 une Nation qui a proclam\u00e9 Sa Renonciation a toutes conquetes et Son desir de fraterniser avec tous les peuples,\nConsiderant Enfin qu\u2019au moment ou une Convention Nationale Va fixer les Destinees de la France, et preparer peut-Etre Celles du genre humain, il appartient a un peuple g\u00e9n\u00e9reux et libre D\u2019appeller toutes les lumi\u00e9res et de D\u00e9f\u00e9rer le droit de concourir \u00e0 ce grand acte de Raison \u00e0 des hommes qui par leurs Sentimens, leurs Ecrits et leur Courage S\u2019en Sont Montr\u00e9s Si Eminement Dignes.\nD\u00e9clare D\u00e9f\u00e9rer le titre de Citoyen fran\u00e7ais au Docteur Joseph Prietsley, \u00e0 Thomas payne, a J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Bentham \u00e0 William Wilberforce, \u00e0 Thomas Clarkson, \u00e0 Jacques Makinstosh, \u00e0 David Williams, \u00e0 N Gorani, \u00e0 Anacharsis Cloots, \u00e0 Corneille Paw. \u00e0 Joachim-henry Campe, \u00e0 N pestalozzi, \u00e0 George Washington \u00e0 Jean hamilton, \u00e0 N Maddison, \u00e0 H Klopstack, et \u00e0 Thad\u00e9e Kociusko.\nGuadet Rapporteur", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0016", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 26 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir,\nMot Vernon 26. Augt 1792\nI have recd your Letter of the 17th inst; with it\u2019s enclosure from Genl Wayne.\nWhatever Genl Wayne may require towards the equipmt of his troops for the service for wch they are designed, provided a compliance therewith be authorised by Law, I think had better be granted. powder in particular, precisely such as he desires, I would furnish him with in order that there may be no room for complaint here after on that score; At the same time I must confess that I am no friend to his proposal with respect to enlarging the touch holes\u2014for part of the force of the powder must be expended that way, & when the musket gets a little foul, may not communicate with the pan\u2014it would certainly be better to employ a little more time in loading, where every shot ought to be well & deliberately aimed.\nOrders or Advertisements which are intended to be put in the public Gazettes, ought to be well weighed & digested before they are inserted, as they will not only appear in all parts of Europe,\nbut may be handed to the enemy. To publish beyond the limits of the army, or the vicinity of it, the dastardly behaviour of one\u2019s own troops, is not a very pleasant thing.\nConcerning his idea of having a Brand, I have great doubts both as to the legality & policy of the measure; the bad impression it may make in the country, may considerably outweigh the good effects it may produce in the army.\nPrinted blank Descriptions is, to me, an Irishism; for the true meaning of wch I am at a loss, & which requires an explanation. I am Sir Yr mo: hble Servt\nG.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0017", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 26 August 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia 26th August 1792\nI had the honor in New York, on the 23d, to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 15th instant with the dispatches from Georgia. Having returned to this city the last evening I found your favor of the 19th, which was received here on the 23d instant.\nTomorrow I will lay before the secretary of the treasury, and the attorney Genl, the Georgia papers and your ideas thereon; and the result shall be submitted to you as early as possible.\nI have now the honor to submit Copies of General Waynes letter of the 17th, Capt. Jo. Cass\u2019s of the 6 instant, and Genl Putnams of the 22d July.\nThe conduct of the Waggoners mentioned by Genl Wayne, in leaving the stores upon the road shall be inquired into and remedied immediately, and proper prosecutions take place.\nThe conduct of Genl Putnam appears to have been judicious, and an anticipation of his instructions lately transmitted.\nBy the next post I shall have the honor of making further communication of such circumstances as may be necessary to be submitted to your view. I have the honor sir to be with perfect respect Your Obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0018", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 26 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\n(Private) \nMy dear Sir,Mount Vernon Augt 26th 1792    \nThe purpose of this letter is merely to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of the 5th & 13th instt, and to thank you for the information contained in both without entering into the details of either.\nWith respect, however, to the interesting subject treated on in that of the 5th, I can express but one sentiment at this time, and that is a wish\u2014a devout one\u2014that whatever my ultimate determination shall be, it may be for the best. The subject never recurs to my mind but with additional poignancy; and from the declining State in the health of my Nephew, to whom my concerns of a domestic & private nature are entrusted it comes with aggrivated force\u2014But as the allwise disposer of events has hitherto watched over my steps, I trust that in the important one I may soon be called upon to take, he will mark the course so plainly, as that I cannot mistake the way. In full hope of this, I will take no measure, yet awhile, that will not leave me at liberty to decide from circumstances, & the best lights, I can obtain on the subject.\nI should be happy in the mean time to see a cessation of the abuses of public Officers\u2014and of those attacks upon almost every measure of government with which some of the Gazettes are so strongly impregnated; & which cannot fail, if persevered in with the malignancy they now team, of rending the Union asunder. The Seeds of discontent\u2014distrust & irritations which are so plentifully sown\u2014can scarcely fail to produce this effect and to Mar that prospect of happiness which perhaps never beamed with more effulgence upon any people under the Sun\u2014and this too at a time when all Europe are gazing with admiration at the brightness of our prospects. and for what is all this? Among other things, to afford Nuts for our transatlantic\u2014what shall I call them? Foes!\nIn a word if the Government and the Officers of it are to be the constant theme for News-paper abuse, and this too without condescending to investigate the motives or the facts, it will be impossible, I conceive, for any man living to manage the helm,\nor to keep the machine together\u2014But I am running from my text, and therefore will only add assurances of the Affecte esteem & regard with which I am always\u2014Yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0019", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 26 August 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia August 26. 1792.\nMr Bordley, who wrote the inclosed pamphlet, thought it too unimportant to present it to you with form. He therefore requested me, if an opportunity offered, to send it to Mount Vernon.\nSince I had the honor of writing to you last, nothing has occurred, worthy of a special mention. The arrivals from Europe have brought nothing; and no incidents in the political line attract any notice, except those, which relate to the supposed temper of Virginia, & the measures, projected at the next session. Of these you must have heard; and therefore I omit them.\nThe mail, which was due yesterday, has not yet arrived. (12 o\u2019-clock)\nMr Fraunces informs me, that every thing is well; and indeed I should judge it to be the case from appearances. I am dear sir with affte attachment yr obliged hbl. serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0020", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 27 August 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt Augt 27.1792.\nBy the Act of the last Session entitled \u201cAn Act supplementary to the Act making provision for the Debt of the United States,\u201d authority is given to discharge the debts due to foreign Officers out of the monies which the President is authorised to borrow by the Act making provision for the Debt of the United States.\nThe sum authorised to be borrowed by the last mentioned Act is 12.000.000. of Dollars. The whole amount of the foreign debt, exclusive of that due to foreign Officers, was 11.710.378 Dollars & 62 cents. The difference is 289.621. Dollars & 38 cents, which is greater than the sum due to foreign Officers being about 230.000 Dollars. This debt being payable in Paris and bearing an interest of six per Cent, it is for the advantage of the United States to discharge it as soon as possible. The last loan will be a convenient fund for the purpose, and if approved by the President a part of it will be so applied.\nShould it appear to the President adviseable to direct this payment\u2014a second question arises, namely whether it shall be made in Assignats, or in a mode which shall exempt the parties from the loss which would attend the depreciation of those securities\u2014without however occasioning loss to the United States. The last appears best to accord with the justice & reputation of the Government. With the highest respect and the truest attachment I have the honor to be &c.\nA: Hamilton\nP.S. Your Letter of the 13. instant & the Contract concerning the N. Hampshire Lighthouse were duly received.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0021", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 27 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nMonticello [Va.] Aug. 27. 1792.\nTh: Jefferson, with his dutiful respects to the President of the United States, has the honor to inclose him under an open cover to mister Taylor two letters to M. de Ternant, the one containing an Exequatur for his signature (the commission whereon it is grounded being under the same open cover to mister Taylor) the other an answer to a formal notification of the declaration of war by France against the king of Hungary, which if the President approves he will be so good as to let go on under the cover to mister Taylor, sticking a wafer in it as well as in the cover, but leaving still open the letter containing the Exequatur that mister Taylor may put the great seal to it before he seals the letter. he hopes the President and mistress Washington are in perfect health.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0022", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 28 August 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department August 28. 1792\nI have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 22d instant after the departure of the post on Monday Morning the 27th.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, the Attorney General and myself have had two separate meetings, yesterday and to day upon the subject of the Georgia dispatches. We have, in substance, adopted the ideas, you were pleased to communicate in your favor of the 19th instant\u2014The details will be prepared and submitted to your consideration as soon as possible.\nColonel Fish is upon a tour of reviewing the Militia, which will require a considerable time to finish\u2014I will immediately in your name offer him the appointment of the office of Adjutant General; and in order to secure an answer it shall be forwarded from New York by Express.\nA Lieutenant Schuylers resignation, of the Artillery, has been received. He was accused of a long course of intoxication and was ordered either to take his trial or resign\u2014The vacancy has long been expected and was eagerly desired by Colonel Burr for a Mr Peter Van Allen a young Gentleman of the State of New York of liberal education, bred to the Law and of good Character\u2014Mr Burr has pledged himself for his fitness for the Office\u2014his name was brought forward, on the augmentation of the troops, as a Captain\u2014but the local arrangements rendered that grade unattainable\u2014If it should meet your approbation, I request leave to notify Mr Van Allen of the vacancy and offer it to him. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Your obedient servant.\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0023", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry, Count de Nassau, 28 August 1792\nFrom: Nassau, Henry, count de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir!\nLondon August 28th 1792\nI never am unmindful of those I think so well of as Yourself; their Number is not So great as to Confound ones Memory.\nInclosed printed Extracts from the Public Advertiser. Shews Your Excellency a little what I have suffered for the brave Americans Since the Battle of Bunkershill. I was since that time persecuted and have suffered much, and more as You Could think but my good Conscience and Providence have never left me Comfortless. at last my Book Memoires Campaigns and Travels in 4 Volumes large Octavo will be printed after so manny strugles. the First Volume will be published about Easter next Year and every 6 months another Volume. I shall have the Honour through the american ambassador send one for Your Excellency Since these few days I was very Ill a severe Coald has troubled me much that I can scarcely write a few Lines. I was 18 Years in the late King of Prussias Service, I left him 1767. made a Tour through Saxony, Bohemia, Austria Hungaria and was 4 days at Belgrad: 1768. I came home again but had the misfortune to be shipwrecked in Yoarmouth Roads where I lost all my Monney Equipage &c. this was a Very hard Trial for me but God had never forsaken me The late King of Prussia Frederick the Great holds me about 40,000\u00a3. Sterling 5 months past I wrote a Letter to the present King of Prussia and Demanded my money the Answer was I myself must Come to Berlin to wait upon the King himself I Should have the money due to me but I must not mention any things about this in my Book. Kings like their secrets not to be published.\nNow I prepare me to go to Holland Brunswick Potsdam and Berlin to receive the monney due to me, and to see my Old good\nFriends and whenn my Book is finished in about 2 Years time. I hope to have the Honour to give Your Excellency a Visit in America. my Book Contains manny Excillent Anecdotes Concerning the late War in America.\nIn the Public advertiser August the 4th this month I have published an Essay on Duelling as a Warning to my Brother Officers in the Navy and Army.\nThe late accounts from France are very melancholic. I have heard Preach that famous Dr [Joseph] Priestley 3 times he is a man of Sense, a true Philosopher and I believe an honest man, but Veritas odium parit. his appeal is excellent Soon after Easter next year I hope to retourn from Berlin. I wish Your Excellency good Health and all Happiness here below. and so all the Inhabitans of America, Success to Trade and Commerce. Peace Unity and Concord. I wish to see America again before I Die. my Head ach permits me no more to Write. I have the Honour with the greatest Esteem to be Your Excellencys most humble servant\nHenry, Count de Nassauthe Old Neglected Captain in the Royal Navy\nN.B. it is to day exactly 10 years when the Royal George of 100. Guns was overset at Portsmouth. brave Admiral Kampenfeld and So many 100. about 920 Souls were lost. And N.B. I saved my Life so wunderfull all is minutly explained in my Memoires &c:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0025", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Margaret Hay, 30 August 1792\nFrom: Hay, Margaret\nTo: Washington, George\n  Fort George, N.Y., 30 Aug. 1792. Writes GW in hopes of a \u201cvindacation of my injured Charecter.\u201d She says that an earlier letter to GW asking for \u201cpecuniary assistance\u201d elicited no reply, even though GW had received the letter and initially was inclined to assist her, \u201cbut after that you wrote a Gentelman in Albany who give me such a Charecter that you thought me unworthy of even pity. . . . I am sorry to think that. . . worthy Citizens will let an innocent woman suffer all that art and malice can invent and beleive evry falshood that a subtle unnatureal enemy [her husband] has spared no expence or truble to get circulated rether then Give them selves the truble to bring the truth to light.\u201d Her husband\u2019s \u201cnext step,\u201d she says, \u201cis to sue for a devorce in vermount I am now very ill in consequence of his treatment when he was last hear he offered me a paper relative to his intended devorce as I did not know that my acceptence of it would be proper I refused it . . . and when I a second time refused it he draged me into a dark room how he treated me I can not tell for my fright had deprived me of Reson . . . but he left convincing proofs of his brutaliaty for my side remained black for several weeks where he had trampt or kicked me the pain of it now is allmost intolorable had he put an end to my Life that would have been an act of mercy\u2014he has got leave to go on so long with impunity I have no doubt he will close the guilty scene in that way if he is not prevented by the interposition of devine providence.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0028", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James McHenry, 31 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McHenry, James\n(Private) \nDear Sir,Mount Vernon Augt 31st 1792    \nThe characters given of Messrs Smith & Hollingsworth by you, comports very much with those I have received from others, and therefore of the two, the preference is given to the former. But as neither stand upon such high grounds as Mr Tilghman or Mr Hammond, and as it is my duty as well as inclination to fill Offices with the most suitable characters I pray you to make all the indirect enquiry you can whether either of the last named Gentlemen would accept; and, as the nature of the case seems to require, would make Baltimore the place of Residence.\nIf the result is unfavourable, be so good as to cause the enclosed to be delivered. This case requires a little delicasy in the management and I am persuaded it will receive it from you. I am with sincere esteem and regard\u2014Your Obedt & Affecte\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0029", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 1 September 1792\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeorge-town 1st Septr 1792\nEsteeming it necessary to have your written order for Sales in the City we have enclosed a Draft, a Copy of that given last year, to be Signed against the approaching public Sales\u2014An Idea has been pretty generally entertained, that it would be prudent to Sink a part of the price on condition of Speedy Improvement, and we have presumed to enclose the Draft of an Order calculated for that End, which we only wish to be Signed on its meeting your fullest approbation\u2014We are Sir, with the greatest Respect &c.\nTh. Johnson\nDd Stuart\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0031", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 1 September 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department September 1st 1792\nI have the honor to submit you a copy of Major General Waynes letter of the 24th Ultimo, containing his ideas of the war, in case of the failure of the pacific overtures.\nI have written him this day, of which the enclosed is a copy.\nThe propriety of the expedition to the St Joseph\u2019s river at present, may be justly questioned\u2014After we shall be well established at the Miami village, with proper posts of communication with the head and down the Wabash, and down the Miami of Lake Erie, the hostile Indians on St Josephs will either submit, or remove to a greater distance.\nWe shall soon know with certainty, whether any Indians will remain on the Miami of Lake Erie the ensuing winter\u2014If they should not, the establishments may be effected as far as the field of action of the 4. of November and perhaps at the Miami village during the Winter or early in the spring, [(]before the Indians can assemble) either without loss or opposition\u2014if so, our great points would be gained.\nThe Magazines therefore of forage, and provisions at the advanced posts will be proper and important.\nThe morning report made to Genl Wayne of the 24th of August I have the honor to enclose\u2014I believe some of his detachments which had arrived are not inserted.\nI have the honor also to transmit enclosed the returns of recruits to this day\u2014It is painful to reflect upon its small encrease and difficult to conjecture a remedy, excepting by increasing the pay which cannot be effected without the orders of Congress. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Your most obed. Servant\nH. Knoxsecy of war", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0032", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 3 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir,\nMount Vernon Sepr 3d 1792\nSince my last to you\u2014dated the 26th of Augt\u2014I have received your dispatches of the 23d; 26th; & 28th; of the same month; and it is probable, the Messenger who will carry this & other letters to the Post Office, will bring me the result of your deliberations on the communications from Georgia.\nI am exceedingly glad to find by the copy of Genl Putnams letter to you, that he had resolved to proceed from Fort Washington to Post Vincennes, even if no other good should result from it, than to shew that nothing in the compass of the Executive has been unessayed to convince the hostile Indians of the pacific and equitable measures & intentions of the Government of the Union towards them. I shd have been unwilling (as I mentioned to you in my letter of the [13] of Augt) to have entrusted so important a negotiation to Majr Hamtrackt although the business might have been transacted with zeal & ability by that Officer.\nI hope the party of Seneca Indians when their services were dispensed with by Lieutt Jeffers were rewarded, & went off well satisfied. This, as far as it can be accomplished by reasonable attentions & proper compensation, ought always to be the case.\nThe conduct of the Waggoners, in dropping the public stores with the transportation of which they are charged, along the\nRoad to Pittsburgh, ought to undergo the strictest scrutiny; & in cases of culpability, to meet with severe punishment by way of example to others.\nI have no objection to Peter Van Allans filling the Vacancy which has been occasioned by the resignation of Lieutt Schuyler and shd be glad to know the determination of Major Fish as soon as he has formed and you are made acquainted with it. With esteem and regard I am\u2014Yours &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0033", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 3 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\n(Private) \nMy dear Sir,Mount Vernon Sep. 3d 1792.    \nI thank you sincerely for the medicine you were so obliging as to send for my Nephew, and for the sympathetic feeling you express for his situation. Poor fellow! neither, I believe will be of any avail. Present appearances indicate a speedy dissolution. He has not been able to leave his bed except for a few moments to set in an Arm Chair since the 14th or 15th of last Month. The paroxysm of the disorder seems to be upon him and death or a favourable turn to it must soon follow.\nI pray you to turn your thoughts to the communications which may be necessary for me to refer to from the War Department at the opening of the next Session; that such documents as shall be adjudged proper for the occasion may be prepared by that time for both houses of Congress; and if any thing else of a general nature should occur to you I would thank you for noting it for consideration that nothing proper may escape communication.\nI learn through the medium of a letter from the Auditor to his father in law, Doctr Craik, that Colo. Hamilton has it in contemplation to visit this part of the Country in the course of this, or the beginning of next month. Should this event take place and you could make it convenient to be of the party it will be unnecessary I hope for me to say that I should be very glad to see you under this roof. It is fair, however, to add, that this part of the Country has experienced more sickness this summer than is recollected to have happened for many years\u2014first with the flux, and then with intermittant & remittant fevers. happily few deaths have been the consequence of either. The former is now over\u2014but the latter is still prevalent. Both the French and British Ministers talked of coming this way. Should they still continue in the same mind I should be glad if by indirect enquiries you could ascertain & let me know the time, or times (if they come seperately) they may be expected. My present intention, if the peculiar\nsituation into which my affairs are thrown by the illness of my Nephew will not necessarily delay it, is to take the Sale of Lots in the Federal City in my way to Philadelphia\u2014and this Sale is appointed to be on the 8th of October. I am &ca\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0034", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John J. Pringle, 3 September 1792\nFrom: Pringle, John J.\nTo: Washington, George\n  Charleston, S.C., 3 Sept. 1792. Resigns as U.S. attorney for the District of South Carolina because his \u201cbusiness and avocations\u201d do not permit him enough time to perform properly the duties of this office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0037", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Seagrove, 4 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Seagrove, James\nSir,\nMount Vernon Sep. 4th 1792.\nIt was necessary for the Express that brought your dispatches to me to proceed to the War Office with my sentimt thereupon\u2014Enclosed you have the result. To these I have nothing to add\nbut my entire approbation of the zeal and intelligence with which you have conducted matters with the Creek Indians\u2014My good wishes for the perfect restoration of your health\u2014and my hope that it may comport with your Inclination and views to superintended that business, agreeably to the Plan suggested by the Secretary of War.\nAs I do not perceive that any mention is made of it in the letter from the Secretary of War to you, it may not be amiss to inform you that One hundred Dollars has been advanced to Mr Jas Jordon to defray the expences of his journey; for which he must acct to you. With esteem I am Sir Yr Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0038", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Churchman, 5 September 1792\nFrom: Churchman, John\nTo: Washington, George\nBaltimore September 5th 1792.\nHaving waited with patience for several Years, in hopes the National Legislature would do something towards fitting out one or two vessels on a Voyage of experiment, yet notwithstanding the report of the Committee of Congress was adopted last Session, & a Bill brought in and read the second time, it did not pass into a Law.\nNow agreeable with the advice of some of my Friends, I have proposed to go to Europe in the Ship Friendship Captain Smith who is to leave this port for London the 10th day of the present month. Before my departure I had a desire of coming to Mount Vernon, but was afraid of interfereing with a croud of other Visitors,\nand it was with difficulty I could prevail upon myself to be the Occasion of so much trouble as the present Farewell Letter, but as I go to prove the principles of the Magnetic Atlas, from the favourable reception this little work has met with, I humbly hope to be pardoned. In order to bring these principles to the test, I have been engaged in making an extensive set of Tables, to reduce them to practice, without the trouble of measuring angles, or making calculations by the marriner. on this account I wish to make a number of observations, on the western coast of Europe, this business I percieve must be very expensive.\nAs the different Governments of Europe have thought subjects of this kind worthy of their encouragement, it may be useful for me to keep up a correspondence at some of the Courts abroad, for this reason it might be highly useful for me to get into the good graces of the American Ministers residing at London and Paris. I shall therefore be happy to be the bearer of a line to each or either of them, as by these means my well meant endeavours may be promoted in part without any additional expence to the public. & if any good should arise from the present scheme, with Justice will it be said that it came by & through the President of the United States, but I dare not solicit any letter to the Marquis de la Fayette the Washington of France.\nShould I be favoured with any commands at this time, they will come safe to the care of James Clark Merchant in this Town, in whose Ship I am to sail.\nIndeed the Secretary of the Treasury has kindly written to both of the said American Ministers at London & Paris on my behalf. yet if some thing further is now added this kindness will ever be remembered by me with gratitude. Its true I have also many other Letters to & from certain Scientific Characters. among which is one from the good Bishop White to his Friend in London. Judge Johnson has obligingly written to his Brother the Consul General in the same City in my favour. &c.\nI take the Liberty to mention that I have furnished myself with a number of copies of a Map & description of the Federal City of Washington, which was engraved for the Magazine, all of which I hope to put in such hands on the other side of the Ocean, as to place that new City in a favourable light, & as a larger Map of the same is expected soon to be finished & published I expect also to procure some of that impression for the same purpose. With the\ngreatest sentiments of respect, I hope to be permitted to make an humble offering of my service & esteem\nJohn Churchman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0039", "content": "Title: Memorandum on a Statement by James Craik, 7 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Mount Vernon, 7 September 1792]\nAgreeably to your request, I shewed Mr Campbells letter, to you, to the P. of the U:S: who appeared to be exceedingly surprised at the contents, and at the liberty which had been taken in making declarations for him which he had never made for himself. He added, that to the best of his recollection, he never exchanged a word with Bushrod Washington on the subject of Colo. Mercers Election, much less to have given a decided opinion of his fitness or unfitness to represent the district for which he is a Candidate. That such a measure would have been inconsistent with the rule he has prescribed to himself, and which he has invariably observed of not interfering directly, nor indirectly with the suffrages of the people in the choice of their Representatives. And said he wished that Bushrod Washington might be called upon to certify what, or whether any conversation of the kind ever passed between them on this subject as it was his desire that every thing might stand upon it\u2019s proper foundation.\nThe above, is what Doctr Craik was authorised to say, or write to Mr Fendal, on the subject of a letter from Mr Campbell to him signifying that Colo. Mercer or some of his friends were reporting\nthat I had to B[ushrod]. W[ashington]: declard that he was the best Representative in Congress & that it was my earnest wish that he should be re-chosen by the State of Maryland.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0042", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Marshall, 7 September 1792\nFrom: Marshall, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nSeptr 7th 1792\nI take the liberty of writing by Capt. Obannon and in a few words mean to give you the names and rank of the Gentlemen who are most likely to Influence government & give a tone to the politics of this State. Isaac Shelby Esqr. Governor. Harry Innes Esqr. (present Judge of the federal Court) first Judge of the high Court of appeals. John Brown Esqr. Senator to Congress. James Brown Esqr. Secretary. George Nicholas Esqr. Attorney General for that and almost every post of power or proffit in the state fill\u2019d by their friends and adherants. From this you may judge of my situation who have formerly offended some of them & can never make concessions without violating my own conscience. It is true I want nothing which they have to bestow; yet they can by missrepresentation vex me, by rendering me obnoxious to the people.\nColo. Muter, who can never be forgiven for suffering the publication of Mr Browns letter, has pretty severely felt the rod of power. He has been by the choice of the Assembly of Virginia, for seven years past first judge of the supreme Court of the District of Kentucky, with a Salary of \u00a3300 pr Annum & is without\nany fault alleged against him turned down to the Court of Oyer & terminer where the Salary it is thought will be very trifling\u2014for the Salary of the judges are not yet fixed.\nI have recieved a letter from Colo. Richard C. Anderson requesting my recommendation of him to fill the office of Commissioner of loans if such an office should be necessary in this State. To recommend a Gentleman to fill any office is a liberty I have never yet taken, nor do I think my self by any means authorised to do so, but as I have had a long acquantance with Colo. Anderson both in the Army & since it was discharged, & have the highest opinion of his merit as an officer & a Gentleman, I hope you will pardon me for being the means of his wishes having come to your knowledge. I have the honor to be with the most cordial wishes for a long continuance of your health & prosperity Sir Your most obedient humble Servant\nT. Marshall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0043", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John V. Weylie, 7 September 1792\nFrom: Weylie, John V.\nTo: Washington, George\nHonoured Sir,\nAlex[andri]a [Va.] Sept. 7th 1792\nNotwithstanding the inestimable Favour you have conferred upon me in paying for my Education, yet I have made bold (though with great reluctance) to beg another particular Kindness.\nThrough your unexampled Bounty, I have made a considerable Progress in the Latin Tongue, and at the Return of the Revd Mr McWhir from Georgia, I am to begin Greek. My Father bought several Latin Authors for me, and others I borrowed. But being at present unable to purchase me what Greek Books I shall want, and they being more scarse than the Latin, my only Resource is in your well known Generosity. Without your kind Interposition and Assistance, I am afraid my Education will be rendered altogether imperfect. Had I continued to learn English, I might by this time, have made myself perfect Master of my Mother Tongue. But having exchanged that for the Study of the Classics, and being, very much charmed with it, I am very loath to forsake so very agreeable a Study; as a thirsty Traveller having found a cool, refreshing Brook in his way, is very unwilling to leave it till he perfectly allayst his Thirst. Whether the Greek Language may please me as much as the Latin, is a matter I am as yet uncertain of; however I am very desirous to try. I entreat\nyou Sir, as your unparalled Liberality has conducted me thus far, not to forsake me at the very moment I am upon the point of obtaining my Desires. I might here enlarge upon my manifold Obligations to you, but as merit is alway disgusted at its own Praises, I choose to be silent. But depend upon (illustrious Benefactor) you have my most ardent and sincere wishes for your temporal and eternal Welfare.\nThe principal Books necessary for learning the Greek Language are the five following, Moor\u2019s Greek Grammar, Testament, Lucian\u2019s Dialogues, Homer\u2019s Iliad and a Lexicon. Though they are but few, yet my Father\u2019s Circumstances incapacitate him to procure them for me. I therefore, hope, noble Sir, you will assist me, and thus complete the Benefits already heaped upon Your Excellency\u2019s most devoted Humble Srt\nJohn V. Weylie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0044", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 8 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt 8th Septr 1792.\nI have to acknowledge the honor of your Letter of the 31st of August.\nLetters from the Supervisor of North Carolina confirm the\nrepresentation contained in the letter from the Inspector of the 5th Survey to you. My letter which accompanies this suggests the measure which, on mature reflection, has appeared most proper to be taken upon the whole subject of the opposition to the Law. If the idea is approved by you, I believe it will be adviseable to transmit a copy of the Proclamation to the Governor of each of the States of South Carolina North Carolina & Pennsylvania, calling their attention in a proper manner to the state of affairs within their respective Governments.\nI am taking arrangements to cary into execution the payment of the Debt due to foreign officers, agreeably to the authorisation in the close of your Letter. With the highest respect and the truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nAlex. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0045", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 8 September 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear sir\nPhiladelphia Septr 8 1792\nI have the pleasure to acknowledge Your favor of the 3d instant. It really gives me great pain to learn the deplorable situation of your amiable Nephew. Although the tax of death be inevitable, so premature a demand, while it afflicts, perplexes and\nconfounds us as to the arrangement upon this subject by the great author of our natures.\nPoor Mrs Smith, paid this debt, to the inexpressible anguish of her friends. She died last night.\nI will have prepared, such Communications as shall occur to me relatively to the war department and also upon other general subjects.\nColonel Hamilton will not have the leisure he promised himself in order to visit Mount Vernon. and it would also be inconvenient for me to be absent, as I experien[c]ed in my jaunt to New York. which however I shall be constrained again to revisit in the course of this month, for three days. But I shall endevor to do it without prejudice to my public duty.\nI have called twice upon the french Minister in order to sound him indirectly on his intention of paying you his respects at Mount Vernon, but he was not at home. I will as early as possible ascertain it and communicate the result\u2014Mr Hammond has not yet returned from his eastern excursion, nor can I learn that he is soon expected. With sincere respects to Mrs Washington I am my dear Sir with the highest attachment Your most Obedient Servant\nH. Knox\nP.S. poor france seems destined to drink deeply of the Cup of Misery. The King, and M. Fayette seem to play the parts of heroes\u2014and probably the blood of both of them will seal their principles.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0046", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 8 September 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department September 8th 1792\nI have the honor respectfully to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 3rd instant.\nUpon examination it appears that no stores have been unreasonably detained by the Waggoners upon the road, as the receipts for all at Pittsburg which could have arrived have been received by Mr Hodgdon.\nI have the honor to submit enclosed the copy of General Wayne\u2019s letter of the 31st of August and my answer thereto.\nI also enclose the copy of Captain Brant\u2019s letter of the 26th of July and of the Chiefs of the Six Nations dated at Buffaloe Creek the first of August.\nThese two letters pretty amply confirm the idea of a new boundary line being desired by the English. The opinions of Brant and the Chiefs may be regarded as the opinion of the British\u2014and not as the opinion of the Wyandots and Delawares.\nThe time which Brant intimates as necessary, is of great importance to us in order to complete the Legion\u2014But it is my serious apprehension that the Indians will be influenced to demand a boundary which we cannot honorably grant, and probably the idea of it\u2019s being guaranteed by the British will be brought forward.\nI also submit to your consideration a letter of Governor Mifflin to the County Lieutenant of Allegany. and in order that you may have the subject fully before you, I transmit the correspondence between the Governor and me to which he alludes.\nI shall lay these papers before the Attorney General and request his opinion whether the Conduct of the Governor in calling out the Militia without any previous communication thereof to the Executive of the United States be consistent with the Constitution? and I shall submit to you the result\u2014I have the honor to be with the highest respect Your most obedt servant\nH. Knox secy of war\nP.S. Since writing the above I have received a letter from Brigadier General Wilkinson dated 6. Ultimo, a copy of which I have the honor to inclose.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0047", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 9 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia September 9 1792.\nI have the pleasure of your private letter of the 26th of August.\nThe feelings and views which are manifested in that letter are such as I expected would exist. And I most sincerely regret the cause of the uneasy sensations you experience. It is my most anxious wish, as far as may depend upon me, to smooth the path of your administration, and to render it prosperous and happy. And if any prospect shall open of healing or terminating the differences which exist, I shall most chearfully embrace it; though I consider myself as the deeply injured party. The recommendation of such a spirit is worthy of the moderation and wisdom\nwhich dictated it; and if your endeavours should prove unsuccessful, I do not hesitate to say that in my opinion the period is not remote when the public good will require substitutes for the differing members of your administration. The continuance of a division there must destroy the energy of Government, which will be little enough with the strictest Union\u2014On my part there will be a most chearful acquiescence in such a result.\nI trust, Sir, that the greatest frankness has always marked and will always mark every step of my conduct towards you. In this disposition, I cannot conceal from you that I have had some instrumentality of late in the retaliations which have fallen upon certain public characters and that I find myself placed in a situation not to be able to recede for the present.\nI considered myself as compelled to this conduct by reasons public as well as personal of the most cogent nature\u2014I know that I have been an object of uniform opposition from Mr Jefferson, from the first moment of his coming to the City of New York to enter upon his present office\u2014I know, from the most authentic sources, that I have been the present subject of the most unkind whispers and insinuation, from the same quarter\u2014I have long seen a formed party in the Legislature, under his auspices, bent upon my subversion\u2014I cannot doubt, from the evidence I possess, that the National Gazette was instituted by him for political purposes and that one leading object of it has been to render me and all the measures connected with my department as odious as possible.\nNevertheless I can truly say, that, except explanations to confidential friends, I never directly or indirectly retaliated or countenanced retaliation till very lately\u2014I can even assure you, that I was instrumental in preventing a very severe and systematic attack upon Mr Jefferson, by an association of two or three individuals, in consequence of the persecution, which he brought upon the Vice President, by his indiscreet and light letter to the Printer, transmitting Paine\u2019s pamphlet.\nAs long as I saw no danger to the Government, from the machinations which were going on, I resolved to be a silent sufferer of the injuries which were done me\u2014I determined to avoid giving occasion to any thing which could manifest to the world dissentions among the principal characters of the government; a thing which can never happen without weakening its hands, and in some degree throwing a stigma upon it.\nBut when I no longer doubted, that there was a formed party deliberately bent upon the subversion of measures, which in its consequences would subvert the Government\u2014when I saw, that the undoing of the funding system in particular (which, whatever may be the original merits of that system, would prostrate the credit and the honor of the Nation, and bring the Government into contempt with that description of Men, who are in every society the only firm supporters of government)\u2014was an avowed object of the party; and that all possible pains were taking to produce that effect by rendering it odious to the body of the people\u2014I considered it as a duty, to endeavour to resist the torrent, and as an essential mean to this end, to draw aside the veil from the principal Actors. To thi\u27e8s\u27e9 strong impulse, to this decided conviction, I have yielded\u2014And I think events will prove that I have judged rightly.\nNevertheless I pledge my honor to you Sir, that if you shall hereafter form a plan to reunite the members of your administration, upon some steady principle of cooperation, I will faithfully concur in executing it during my continuance in office. And I will not directly or indirectly say or do a thing, that shall endanger a feud.\nI have had it very much at heart to make an excursion to Mount Vernon, by way of the F\u0153deral City in the course of this Month\u2014and have been more than once on the point of asking your permission for it. But I now despair of being able to effect it. I am nevertheless equally obliged by your kind invitation.\nThe subject mentioned in the Postcript of your letter shall with great pleasure be carefully attended to\u2014With the most faithful and affectionate attachment I have the honor to remain Sir Your most Obed. & humble servant\nA. Hamilton\nP.S. I had written you two letters on public business, one of which will go with this; but the other will be witheld, in consequence of a slight indisposition of the Attorney General, to be sent by express\u2014sometime in the course of tomorrow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0048", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 9 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt Septr 9th 1792.\nI had the honor of writing to you by the post of Monday last, and then transmitted Sundry papers respecting a Meeting at Pittsburg on the 21st of August, and other proceedings of a disorderly nature, in opposition to the Laws laying a duty on distilled spirits; and I added my opinion, that it was adviseable for the Government to take measures for suppressing these disorders, & enforcing the laws with vigour & decision.\nThe result of further & mature deliberation is, that it will be expedient for the President to issue a Proclamation, adverting in general terms to the irregular proceedings, which have taken place, warning all persons to desist from similar proceedings\n& manifesting an intention to put the Laws in force against Offenders.\nThe inducements to this measure are;\n1st. That it is a usual course in like cases; and seems, all circumstances considered, requisite to the justification of the Executive Department. It is now more than fourteen months since the duty in question began to operate. In the four Western Counties of Pennsylvania and in a great part of North Carolina it has never been in any degree submitted to. And the late Meeting at Pittsburg is in substance a repetition of what happened last year in the same scene. The disorders in that quarter acquire additional consequence from their being acted in the State which is the immediate Seat of the Government. Hence the occasion appears to be sufficiently serious & of sufficient importance to call for such a proceedure.\nII. An accommodating and temporising conduct having been hitherto pursued, a Proclamation seems to be the natural prelude to a different course of conduct.\nIII. There is considerable danger, that before measures can be matured for making a public impression by the prosecution of offenders, the spirit of opposition may extend & break out in other quarters; and by it\u2019s extension become much more difficult to be over come. There is reason to hope that a Proclamation will arrest it, and give time for more effectual measures.\nIV. It may even prevent the necessity of ulterior coertion. The character of the President will naturally induce a conclusion that he means to treat the matter seriously. This idea will be impressive on the most refractory\u2014it will restrain the timid & wavering, and it will encourage the well disposed. The appearance of the President in the business will awaken the attention of a great number of persons of the last description to the evil tendency of the conduct reprehended, who have not yet viewed it with due seriousness. And from the cooperation of these circumstances, good may reasonably be expected.\nIn either view therefore, of the propriety of conduct, or the effects to be hoped for, the measure seems to be an adviseable one. I beg leave to add that, in my judgment, it is not only adviseable, but necessary.\nBesides the state of things in the Western parts of North Carolina which is known to you, a letter has just been received from\nthe Supervisor of South Carolina, mentioning that a spirit of discontent and opposition had been revived in two of the Counties of that State bordering on North Carolina, in which it had been before apparently suppressed. This shews the necessity of some immediate step of a general aspect; while things are preparing, if unhappily it should become necessary, to act with decision in the Western Counties of Pennsylvania, where the Government, from several obvious considerations will be left in condition to do it. Decision successfully exerted in one place will, it is presumeable, be efficacious every where.\nThe Secretary at War and the Attorney General agree with me in opinion on the expediency of a Proclamation. The draft of one now submitted has been framed in concert with the latter; except as to one or two particulars which are noted in the margin of the rough draft in my hand writing, herewith also transmitted. In respect to these, the objections of that Gentleman did not appear to me founded, and would, I think, unnecessarily diminish the force of the instrument. With the highest respect and the truest attachment, I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexr Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0049", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 9 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMonticello [Va.] Sep. 9. 1792.\nI received on the 2d inst. the letter of Aug. 23. which you did me the honor to write me; but the immediate return of our post, contrary to his custom, prevented my answer by that occasion. the\nproceedings of Spain mentioned in your letter are really of a complexion to excite uneasiness, & a suspicion that their friendly overtures about the Missisipi have been merely to lull us while they should be strengthening their holds on that river. mister Carmichael\u2019s silence has been long my astonishment: and however it might have justified something very different from a new appointment, yet the public interest certainly called for his junction with mister Short as it is impossible but that his knolege of the ground of negotiation, of persons & characters must be useful & even necessary to the success of the mission. that Spain & Gr. Britain may understand one another on our frontiers is very possible; for however opposite their interests or dispositions may be in the affairs of Europe, yet while these do not call them into opposite action, they may concur as against us. I consider their keeping an agent in the Indian country as a circumstance which requires serious interference on our part: and I submit to your decision whether it does not furnish a proper occasion to us to send an additional instruction to messrs Carmichael & Short to insist on a mutual & formal stipulation to forbear employing agents or pensioning any persons within each others limits: and if this be refused, to propose the contrary stipulation, to wit, that each party may freely keep agents within the Indian territories of the other, in which case we might soon sicken them of the license.\nI now take the liberty of proceeding to that part of your letter wherein you notice the internal dissentions which have taken place within our government, & their disagreeable effect on it\u2019s movements. that such dissentions have taken place is certain, & even among those who are nearest to you in the administration. to no one have they given deeper concern than myself; to no one equal mortification at being myself a part of them. tho\u2019 I take to myself no more than my share of the general observations of your letter, yet I am so desirous ever that you should know the whole truth, & believe no more than the truth. that I am glad to seize every occasion of developing to you whatever I do or think relative to the government; & shall therefore ask permission to be more lengthy now than the occasion particularly calls for, or would otherwise perhaps justify.\nWhen I embarked in the government, it was with a determination to intermeddle not at all with the legislature, & as little as\npossible with my co-departments. the first and only instance of variance from the former part of my resolution, I was duped into by the Secretary of the treasury and made a tool for forwarding his schemes, not then sufficiently understood by me; and of all the errors of my political life this has occasioned me the deepest regret. it has ever been my purpose to explain this to you, when, from being actors on the scene, we shall have become uninterested spectators only. the second part of my resolution has been religiously observed with the war department; & as to that of the Treasury, has never been farther swerved from than by the mere enunciation of my sentiments in conversation, and chiefly among those who, expressing the same sentiments, drew mine from me. if it has been supposed that I ever intrigued among the members of the legislature to defeat the plans of the Secretary of the Treasury, it is contrary to all truth, as I never had the desire to influence the members, so neither had I any other means than my friendships, which I valued too highly to risk by usurpations on their freedom of judgment, & the conscientious pursuit of their own sense of duty. that I have utterly, in my private conversations, disapproved of the system of the Secretary of the treasury, I acknolege & avow: and this was not merely a speculative difference. his system flowed from principles adverse to liberty, & was calculated to undermine and demolish the republic, by creating an influence of his department over the members of the legislature. I saw this influence actually produced, & it\u2019s first fruits to be the establishment of the great outlines of his project by the votes of the very persons who, having swallowed his bait were laying themselves out to profit by his plans: & that had these persons withdrawn, as those interested in a question ever should, the vote of the disinterested majority was clearly the reverse of what they made it. these were no longer the votes then of the representatives of the people, but of deserters from the rights & interests of the people: & it was impossible to consider their decisions, which had nothing in view but to enrich themselves, as the measures of the fair majority which ought always to be respected. if what was actually doing begat uneasiness in those who wished for virtuous government, what was further proposed was not less threatening to the friends of the constitution. for, in a Report on the subject of manufactures, (still to be acted on) it was expressly assumed that the general government has a right\nto exercise all powers which may be for the general welfare, that is to say, all the legitimate powers of government: since no government has a legitimate right to do what is not for the welfare of the governed. there was indeed a sham-limitation of the universality of this power to cases where money is to be employed. but about what is it that money cannot be employed? thus the object of these plans taken together is to draw all the powers of government into the hands of the general legislature, to establish means for corrupting a sufficient corps in that legislature to divide the honest votes & preponderate, by their own, the scale which suit\u27e8ed\u27e9, & to have that corps under the command of the Secretary of the Treasury for the purpose of subverting step by step the principles of the constitution, which he has so often declared to be a thing of nothing which must be changed. such views might have justified something more than mere expressions of dissent, beyond which, nevertheless, I never went. has abstinence from the department committed to me been equally observed by him? to say nothing of other interferences equally known, in the case of the two nations with which we have the most intimate connections, France & England, my system was to give some satisfactory distinctions to the former, of little cost to us, in return for the solid advantages yeilded us by them; & to have met the English with some restrictions which might induce them to abate their severities against our commerce. I have always supposed this coincided with your sentiments. yet the Secretary of the treasury, by his cabals with members of the legislature, & by hightoned declamation on other occasions, has forced down his own system, which was exactly the reverse. he undertook, of his own authority, the conferences with the ministers of these two nations, & was, on every consultation, provided with some report of a conversation with the one or the other of them, adapted to his views. these views thus made to prevail, their execution fell of course to me; & I can safely appeal to you, who have seen all my letters & proceedings, whether I have not carried them into execution as sincerely as if they had been my own, tho\u2019 I ever considered them as inconsistent with the honor & interest of our country. that they have been inconsistent with our interest is but too fatally proved by the stab to our navigation given by the French. so that if the question be By whose fault is it that Colo. Hamilton & myself have not drawn together? the answer will depend\non that to two other questions; Whose Principles of administration best justify, by their purity, conscientious adherence? and Which of us has, notwithstanding, stepped farthest into the controul of the department of the other?\n  To this justification of opinions, expressed in the way of conversation, against the views of Colo. Hamilton, I beg leave to add some notice of his late charges against me in Fenno\u2019s gazette: for neither the stile, matter, nor venom of the pieces alluded to can leave a doubt of their author. spelling my name & character at full length to the public, while he conceals his own under the signature of \u2018an American\u2019 he charges me 1. with having written letters from Europe to my friends to oppose the present constitution while depending. 2. with a desire of not paying the public debt. 3. with setting up a paper to decry & slander the government. 1. the first charge is most false. no man in the U.S., I suppose, approved of every tittle in the constitution: no one, I believe approved more of it than I did: and more of it was certainly disapproved by my accuser than by me, and of it\u2019s parts most vitally republican. of this the few letters I wrote on the subject (not half a dozen I believe) will be a proof: & for my own satisfaction & justification, I must tax you with the reading of them when I return to where they are. you will there see that my objection to the constitution was that it wanted a bill of rights securing freedom of religion, freedom of the press, freedom from standing armies trial by jury, & a constant Habeas corpus act. Colo. Hamilton\u2019s was that it wanted a king and house of lords. the sense of America has approved my objection & added the bill of rights, not the king and lords. I also thought a longer term of service, insusceptible of renewal, would have made a President more independant. my country has thought otherwise, & I have acquiesced implicitly. he wished the general government should have power to make laws binding the states in all cases whatsoever. our country has thought otherwise: has he acquiesced? notwithstanding my wish for a bill of rights, my letters strongly urged the adoption of the constitution, by nine states at least, to secure the good it contained. I at first thought that the best method of securing the bill of rights would be for four states to hold off till such a bill should be agreed to. but the moment I saw mister Hancock\u2019s proposition to pass the constitution as it stood, and give perpetual instructions to the representatives of every state\nto insist on a bill of rights, I acknoleged the superiority of his plan, & advocated universal adoption. 2. the second charge is equally untrue. my whole correspondence while in France, & every word, letter, & act on the subject since my return, prove that no man is more ardently intent to see the public debt soon & sacredly paid off than I am. this exactly marks the difference between Colo. Hamilton\u2019s views & mine, that I would wish the debt paid tomorrow; he wishes it never to be paid, but always to be a thing wherewith to corrupt & manage the legislature. 3. I have never enquired what number of sons, relations & friends of Senators, representatives, printers or other useful partisans Colo. Hamilton has provided for among the hundred clerks of his department, the thousand excisemen, customhouse officers, loan officers &c. &c. &c. appointed by him, or at his nod, and spread over the Union, nor could ever have imagined that the man who has the shuffling of millions backwards & forwards from paper into money & money into paper, from Europe to America, & America to Europe, the dealing out of Treasury secrets among his friends in what time & measure he pleases, and who never slips an occasion of making friends with his means, that such an one I say would have brought forward a charge against me for having appointed the poet Freneau translating clerk to my office, with a salary of 250. dollars a year. that fact stands thus. while the government was at New York I was applied to on behalf of Freneau to know if there was any place within my department to which he could be appointed. I answered there were but four clerkships, all of which I found full, and continued without any change. when we removed to Philadelphia, mister Pintard the translating clerk, did not chuse to remove with us. his office then became vacant. I was again applied to there for Freneau, & had no hesitation to promise the clerkship for him. I cannot recollect whether it was at the same time, or afterwards, that I was told he had a thought of setting up a newspaper there. but whether then or afterwards, I considered it as a circumstance of some value, as it might enable me to do, what I had long wished to have done, that is, to have the material parts of the Leyden gazette brought under your eye & that of the public, in order to possess yourself & them of a juster view of the affairs of Europe than could be obtained from any other public source. this I had ineffectually attempted through the press of mister\nFenno while in New York, selecting & translating passages myself at first, then having it done by mister Pintard the translating clerk. but they found their way too slowly into mister Fenno\u2019s papers. mister Bache essayed it for me in Philadelphia; but his being a dayly paper, did not circulate sufficiently in the other states. he even tried at my request the plan of a weekly paper of recapitulation from his daily paper, in hopes that that might go into the other states, but in this too we failed. Freneau, as translating clerk, & the printer of a periodical paper likely to circulate thro\u2019 the states (uniting in one person the parts of Pintard & Fenno) revived my hopes that the thing could at length be affected. on the establishment of his paper therefore, I furnished him with the Leyden gazettes, with an expression of my wish that he would always translate & publish the material intelligence they contained; & have continued to furnish them from time to time, as regularly as I recieved them. but as to any other direction or indication of my wish how his press should be conducted, what sort of intelligence he should give, what essays encourage, I can protest in the presence of heaven, that I never did by myself, or any other, directly or indirectly, say a syllable, nor attempt any kind of influence. I can further protest, in the same awful presence, that I never did by myself or any other, directly or indirectly, write, dictate or procure any one sentence or sentiment to be inserted in his, or any other gazette, to which my name was not affixed, or that of my office. I surely need not except here a thing so foreign to the present subject as a little paragraph about our Algerine captives, which I put once into Fenno\u2019s paper. Freneau\u2019s proposition to publish a paper, having been about the time that the writings of Publicola, & the discourses on Davila had a good deal excited the public attention, I took for granted from Freneau\u2019s character, which had been marked as that of a good whig, that he would give free place to pieces written against the aristocratical & monarchical principles these papers had inculcated. this having been in my mind, it is likely enough I may have expressed it in conversation with others; tho\u2019 I do not recollect that I did. to Freneau I think I could not, because I had still seen him but once, & that was at a public table, at breakfast, at mistress Elsworth\u2019s, as I passed thro\u2019 New York the last year. and I can safely declare that my expectations looked only to the chastisement of the aristocratical & monarchical writers, & not to any\n    criticisms on the proceedings of the government. Colo. Hamilton can see no motive for any appointment but that of making a convenient partisan. but you Sir, who have recieved from me recommendations of a Rittenhouse, Barlow, Paine, will believe that talents & science are sufficient motives with me in appointments to which they are fitted: & that Freneau, as a man of genius, might find a preference in my eye to be a translating clerk, & make good title moreover to the little aids I could give him as the editor of a gazette, by procuring subscriptions to his paper, as I did, some, before it appeared, & as I have with pleasure done for the labours of other men of genius. I hold it to be one of the distinguishing excellencies of elective over hereditary successions, that the talents, which nature has provided in sufficient proportion, should be selected by the society for the government of their affairs, rather than that this should be transmitted through the loins of knaves & fools passing from the debauches of the table to those of the bed. Colo. Hamilton, alias \u2018Plain facts\u2019 says that Freneau\u2019s salary began before he resided in Philadelphia. I do not know what quibble he may have in reserve on the word \u2018residence\u2019. he may mean to include under that idea the removal of his family; for I believe he removed, himself, before his family did, to Philadelphia but no act of mine gave commencement to his salary before he so far took up his abode in Philadelphia as to be sufficiently in readiness for the duties of the office. As to the merits or demerits of his paper, they certainly concern me not. he & Fenno are rivals for the public favor. the one courts them by flattery, the other by censure: & I believe it will be admitted that the one has been as servile, as the other severe. but is not the dignity, & even decency of government committed, when one of it\u2019s principal ministers enlists himself as an anonymous writer or paragraphist for either the one or the other of them? no government ought to be without censors: & where the press is free, no one ever will. if virtuous, it need not fear the fair operation of attack & defence: nature has given to man no other means of sifting out the truth either in religion, law, or politics. I think it as honorable to the government neither to know nor notice it\u2019s sycophants or censors, as it would be undignified & criminal to pamper the former & persecute the latter. So much for the past. a word now of the future.\nWhen I came into this office, it was with a resolution to retire\nfrom it as soon as I could with decency. it pretty early appeared to me that the proper moment would be the first of those epochs at which the constitution seems to have contemplated a periodical change or renewal of the public servants. in this I was confirmed by your resolution respecting the same period; from which however I am happy in hoping you have departed. I look to that period with the longing of a wave-worn mariner, who has at length the land in view, & shall count the days & hours which still lie between me & it. in the mean while my main object will be to wind up the business of my office avoiding as much as possible all new enterprize. with the affairs of the legislature, as I never did intermeddle, so I certainly shall not now begin. I am more desirous to predispose every thing for the repose to which I am withdrawing, than expose it to be disturbed by newspaper contests. if these however cannot be avoided altogether, yet a regard for your quiet will be a sufficient motive for deferring it till I become merely a private citizen, when the propriety or impropriety of what I may say or do may fall on myself alone. I may then too avoid the charge of misapplying that time which now belonging to those who employ me, should be wholly devoted to their service. if my own justification, or the interests of the republic shall require it, I reserve to myself the right of then appealing to my country, subscribing my name to whatever I write, & using with freedom & truth the facts & names necessary to place the cause in it\u2019s just form before that tribunal. to a thorough disregard of the honors & emoluments of office, I join as great a value for the esteem of my countrymen; & conscious of having merited it by an integrity which cannot be reproached, & by an enthusiastic devotion to their rights & liberty, I will not suffer my retirement to be clouded by the slanders of a man whose history, from the moment at which history can stoop to notice him, is a tissue of machinations against the liberty of the country which has not only recieved and given him bread, but heaped it\u2019s honors on his head. still however I repeat the hope that it will not be necessary to make such an appeal. though little known to the people of America, I believe that, as far as I am known, it is not as an enemy to the Republic, nor an intriguer against it; nor a waster of it\u2019s revenue, nor prostitutor of it to the purposes of corruption, as the American represents me: and I confide that yourself are satisfied that, as to dissensions in the newspapers, not\na syllable of them has ever proceeded from me; & that no cabals or intrigues of mine have produced those in the legislature, & I hope I may promise, both to you & myself, that none will recieve aliment from me during the short space I have to remain in office, which will find ample employment in closing the present business of the department.\nObserving that letters written at Mount Vernon on the Monday, & arriving at Richmond on the Wednesday, reach me on Saturday, I have now the honor to mention that the 22d instant will be the last of our post-days that I shall be here, & consequently that no letter from you after the 17th will find me here, soon after that I shall have the honor of receiving at Mount Vernon your orders for Philadelphia, & of there also delivering you the little matter which occurs to me as proper for the opening of Congress, exclusive of what has been recommended in former speeches & not yet acted on. in the mean time & ever I am with great and sincere affection & respect, dear Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0050", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 10 September 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Sepr 10. 1792.\nWhen I had the honor of receiving your favor of the third instant, I was too much indisposed by a fever to answer it by the return of the mail.\nThe movements, said to be meditated at the next session of the Virginia assembly, are the disfranchisement of the excise-officers, by taking from them the right of suffrage, and also the establishment of a state-bank, in opposition to the Branch Bank. Since I\nwrote to you last, Mr Andrews, the delegate for Williamsburg has been here; and contradicted most of the hostile reports, which had come from the mouth of Mr Corbin. Still, however, it seems probable, that the legislature will so far oppose the Branch-bank, as to refuse to permit a higher interest than five per cent: to be received, or to repeal the act, which prohibits the circulation of bank notes. It surprizes me, I confess, that these should be considered as obstacles; since no-body means to dispute, according to my information, the validity of the law itself, now that it is passed, and is in operation. At a late court in Chester County, in this state several persons were indicted for an assault on an excise officer. Notwithstanding a strong defence, they were convicted and fined; the jury having said to the attorney-general, that it was not a question with them, whether the law was good, or bad; but that they would never countenance an opposition to laws in such a form. This event, which I shall endeavour to have published with all its circumstances, will increase the abhorrence, which several of the very party, who are associated with Gallatin and Smilie, feel themselves compelled to express, in order to avoid the imputation of a love of anarchy. The probability is, that the proceedings at Pittsburg will contribute to defeat the ticket, which has been proposed by that party. I have the honor, dear sir, to be with the most affectionate attachment yr obliged & obedient serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0051", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 11 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sepr 11. 1792\nHerewith is an official letter submitting the draft of a Proclamation. I reserve some observations as most proper for a private letter.\nIn the case of a former proclamation I observe it was under the seal of the U. States and countersigned by the Secretary of State. If the precedent was now to be formed I should express a doubt whether it was such an instrument as ought to be under the seal of the U. States; and I believe usage as well in this Country under the state Government as in Great Britain would be found against it; but the practice having been begun there are many reasons which in this instance recommend an adherence to it\u2014and the form of the attestation is adapted to this idea.\nBut still if the Secretary of State should be at so great a distance or if an uncertainty of his being in the way should involve the probability of considerable delay it will be well to consider if the precedent ought not to be departed from. In this case the Attestation\nwould require to be varied so as to omit from the words \u201cIn testimony\u201d to the words \u201cmy hand\u201d inclusively\u2014and to substitute the word \u201cGiven\u201d to \u201cDone\u201d and it may be adviseable to direct the Atty General to countersign it.\nEvery day\u2019s delay will render the Act less impressive & defeat a part of its object.\nThe propriety of issuing the proclamation depends of course upon a resolution to act in conformity to it and put in force all the powers and means with which the Executive is possessed as occasion shall require\u2014My own mind is made up fully to this issue and on this my suggestion of the measure is founded\u2014Your letter by the last Post, confirming former intimations, assures me that you view the matter in the same light.\nThe words in the Proclamation \u201cdictated by weighty reasons of public exigency and policy\u201d are not essential to the general scope of it\u2014They amount to an additional commitment of the President on the question of the merits of the law and will require to be well considered.\nThat the Proclamation both as to manner and matter will be criticised cannot be matter of surprise if it should happen, to any one who is aware of the lengths to which a certain party is prepared to go\u2014It ought to be anticipated as probable.\nIn a step so delicate & so full of responsibility, I thought it my duty to make these observations; though I was sure they would of themselves occur.\nIt is satisfactory to know that a Jury in Chester County in this state convicted a person who was guilty of assaulting an Officer of Inspection. On being interrogated they answered that they had found him guilty upon the Count in the Indictment which charged him with assaulting the Officer in the execution of his duty\u2014that the law was a constitutional act of Government and was not to be resisted by violence\u2014I have directed Mr Coxe to collect & publish the particulars. The symptom is a good one. With the most faithful & affectionate attachment I have the honor to remain Sir Yr obedt & hum. Srvt\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0052", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 11 September 1792\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nHope Park [Va.] 11th Sept. 92\nI have recieved so much pleasure and instruction from the inclosed observations, that I could wish the author would in some shape fan on the Public with them. I am satisfyed more than ever, that fiew even of those who presume most on their talents, and are most clamorous and illiberal against the funding System, have a true understanding of it. But allowing that they have, and are activated in their opposition to it, by improper motives, so plain a development of its principles, and superiority to the Systems which have been opposed to it, would deprive them of the reason of misleading those who are well intentioned\u2014The high opinion entertained of Mr Maddison\u2019s abilities, and Jefferson\u2019s, have induced most of us I suspect to nourish the prejudices we have against it\u2014As talents for finance, are of a particular nature, and not often combined with considerable abilities in other respects, it is a question with me whether even they understand it well\u2014It is clear, at least to me at present, that their Systems would have been equally mischievous, indeed more so, in fostering speculation, while it would have been defective as to it\u2019s object\u2014It is essential at thi\u27e8s\u27e9 m\u27e8o\u27e9ment th\u27e8at\u27e9 the people s\u27e8hould\u27e9 be well informed; but such is the chain of misrepresentations about the funding System, and bank, that fiew who wish well to the government, are able to detect them fully particularly when resting on great State authorities. I am Dr Sir, with great respect Your Affecte Servt\nDd Stuart.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0054", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ferdinand Bayard, 15 September 1792\nFrom: Bayard, Ferdinand\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore September 15 92.\nto the desire of being useful, both to America & France, this intrusion of mine is to be accounted for, & your tryed love to the rights of Man, Keeps alive the hope, that the generous & honorable project of forming a corps of American volunteers, to join the french, will be approved & supported by you.\nas it has been publickly circulated, I doubt not but you are acquainted with that wish of many of your countrymen; & as their attachement to you is adequate to the services you paid your country, an expression of your desire, to see it realized, would bring to existence what may be now, but an effusion of gratitude & virtue.\nthe benefits the two people would gather from it, are reciprocal & obvious, & lest I should be thought wanting confidence in the generosity of the american, I will pass those to their share unnoticed.\nfew men added to the numbers of the French may be considered as of litle or no service to their Cause, with them who would appreciate the gift, with arithmetical rules\u2014but with men who rely on the moral strenght, it will appear that those few will add energy, their good discipline have a salutary influence & that it may be an inducement to the friends of liberty scatered through Europe, to do the same. and as it is not so much the number of men, as their character, which determines their value, I may say without flattery, that the american corps should be worth reckoning.\nthe cause is a glorious one\u2014the old world is interested in the strugle; for universal freedom or slavery must be the consequence.\nthe American corps of Volunteers, may be raised by individuals, to save government some inconveniences which may result from its interfering & that way would be the most expedite as well as the most brotherly.\nyour exertions, Sir, have exalted you above the reach of the most extravagant \u27e8de\u27e9sires of pride & selfishness; but virtue you are indebted for it, like its parent, Knows no limits\u2014why George Washington should not be as active for the liberty of Europe, as he has been for that of America? & while I think, that it was not so much the enjoyings of political & civil blessings which endared it to you, as the consciousness of its being the only mode, wherein, man can reach again his state of native dignity, I rest assured of your good will & support. may heaven bless the old world with your exertions, as \u27e8it\u27e9 did the new, is the daily prayer, Sir of your admirer\nFerdinand Bayard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0056", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 15 September 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department September 15th 1792\nI have had the honor to receive yours of the 7th instant and I have transmitted a copy of it to Major General Wayne.\nI have the honor to enclose you a copy of his last letter of the 7th instant. No. 1. and my answer thereto No. 2. From every account, I learn that he is indefatigable in disciplining his troops.\nMoney to the amount of Forty five thousand six hundred and thirty seven dollars and thirty three Cents to complete the pay to the first of August left this town yesterday under the charge of two careful men\u2014I had previously desired General Wayne to have an escort at Bedford by the 20th for the purpose of escorting the money from that place to Pittsburg\u2014and at the request of the Secretary of the Treasury I wrote to the Officer the enclosed Note No. 3 and to General Wayne No. 4. both of which I hope will meet your approbation.\nAs soon as the Waters of the Ohio will permit, General Wayne will forward a respectable detachment from Pittsburgh including those rifle Companies raised on the South Western frontiers of Virginia, to Fort Washington.\nAll our pacific overtures to the Indians have been marked with misfortune excepting Captain Hendricks they have all miscarried whether conducted by Whites or Indians\u2014The enclosed letter which I have this moment received from General Chapin\nNo. 5. gives the account of the death of Good Peter and the sickness of Captain Brant, besides the death of others of our friends.\nThe enclosed letter No. 6 from Governor Lee however will show that affairs are more tranquil on the South western frontier than they were expected to be by him.\nThe Messieurs Dunn and Jones who are recommended by General Wayne were early applicants for commissions, but upon the failure of their applications they both joined as Sergeants in the dragoons on the hope of promotion conditioned on their good behaviour\u2014there will be vacancies to be filled and they may upon further trial be promoted\u2014Joseph Richardson mentioned by Mr Spriggs in his letter to you will be in the same predicament.\nI am inclined to the opinion that the orders to General Wayne for the ulterior disposition of his troops for winter may be delayed sometime without any injury\u2014perhaps until your arrival here\u2014but the preparations may be making of the materials for barracks.\nIt was not until yesterday that all evidences in behalf of General St Clair against Ensign Morgan were delivered to this office\u2014Until the evidences were forwarded, I conceived it unnecessary to order him on to the Army to undergo his trial\u2014But as the case is now circumstanced I think no further delay should be permitted. It is probable however he will attempt to evade or disobey the order unless it is given explicitly in your name\u2014This opinion is founded on a conversation which took place between his father and Major Stagg a few days ago. The father said his Son intended to present a memorial to you requesting that he might have his trial in this City, saying it was a matter of great importance in the minds of the people at large, and that he should prefer its being held during the session of Congress.\nIf after receiving your ultimate orders he should disobey them, he will place himself in a new and more critical situation\u2014and in this event it will become a consideration what steps shall be taken upon the subject.\nWhether to add this new charge to those made by General St Clair and use force to convey him to Pittsburg or whether to dismiss him the service without further process\u2014Although in the event contemplated, no doubt could be entertained of the abstract\npropriety of compelling Ensign Morgan to take his trial according to law, yet considering the clamour that such a strong measure might excite, together with the probable severity of his punishment, it may be perhaps be politically expedient to adopt the second alternative.\nColonel Fish has declined the office of Adjutant General as by his letter will appear No. 7. Colonel Sproat has signified his desire of that office. Colonel Posey has also been mentioned[.] It seems necessary that it should be filled immediately. I have the honor sir to be with the highest respect Your obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0058", "content": "Title: Proclamation, 15 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[15 September 1792]\nBy the Presdent of the United States. A Proclamation.\nWhereas certain violent and unwarrantable proceedings have lately taken place, tending to obstruct the operation of the laws of the United States for raising a revenue upon Spirits distilled within the same, enacted pursuant to express authority delegated in the Constitution of the United States; which proceedings are subversive of good order, contrary to the duty that every Citizen\nowes to his Country and to the laws, and of a nature dangerous to the very being of Government: And whereas such proceedings are the more unwarrantable, by reason of the moderation which has been heretofore shewn on the part of the Government, and of the disposition which has been manifested by the Legislature (who alone have authority to suspend the operation of laws) to obviate causes of objection, and to render the laws as acceptable as possible. and whereas it is the particular duty of the Executive \u201cto take care that the laws be faithfully executed,\u201d and not only that duty, but the permanent interests and happiness of the people require, that every legal and necessary step should be pursued as well to prevent such violent and unwarrantable proceedings, as to bring to justice the infractors of the laws and secure obedience thereto.\nNow therefore I George Washington, President of the United States, do by these presents most earnestly admonish and exhort all persons whom it may concern, to refrain and desist from all unlawful combinations and proceedings whatsoever, having for object or tending to obstruct the operation of the laws aforesaid; inasmuch as all lawful ways and means will be strictly put in execution, for bringing to justice the infractors thereof and securing obedience thereto.\nAnd I do moreover charge and require all Courts, Magistrates and Officers whom it may concern, according to the duties of their several Offices, to exert the powers in them respectively vested by law for the purposes aforesaid, hereby also enjoining and requiring all persons whomsoever, as they tender the welfare of their Country, the just and due authority of Government and the preservation of the public peace, to be aiding and assisting therein, according to law.\nIn Testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done this fifteenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety two, and of the independence of the United States the seventeenth.\nGeo. Washington\nBy the PresidentTh. Jefferson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0059", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 16 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir,\nMt Vernon Sepr 16th 1792\nYour letter of the 8th, with its enclosures, came duly to hand; & requires but little in reply to it, as your answer to Genl Waynes communications contain every direction which is necessary for his governmt at this time.\nWhatever may be the Attorney General\u2019s opinion with respect to the legality of calling out Militia by the Governor of Pennsylvania\u2014for supplying the place of the Rangers\u2014it is not an easy matter, under the circumstances which now do and have existed during the summer, to discover any necessaty for the measure; especially if the order was subsequent to your solution of his queries.\nCaptn Brants letter, and the Speech of the Chiefs of the Six Nations to Genl Chapin, is no more than a continuation of the Evidence, which, long since, has established a fact, & left no doubt in my mind, of the causes to which all our difficulties with the Western Indians are to be ascribed; and I am equally clear that the period is not very distant when this business will assume a less disguised appearance.\nHave you received any answer yet from Major Fish respecting the offer that was made him of the Office of Adjutant General? This matter has been too long suspended\u2014With esteem & regd I am Sir, Yr Hble Servt\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0060", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 17 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon Septr 17th 1792.\nYour Letters of the 8 and 9. inst: are received. The latter came to me on Saturday morning by Express, from the Post Office in Alexandria. I gave the Proclamation my signature and forwarded it in the afternoon of the same day, by a special messenger, to the Secretary of State for his countersign. If no unforeseen delay happens, the return of it may be in time for Friday\u2019s Post, so as to be with you the Tuesday following.\nIt is much to be regretted that occurrences of a nature so repugnant to order and good Government, should not only afford the occasion, but render such an interference of the Executive indispensably necessary. When these happen, and lenient & temporizing means have been used, and serve only to increase the disorder; longer forbearance would become unjustifiable remissness, and a neglect of that duty which is enjoined on the President. I can have no hesitation therefore, under this view of the case, to adopt such legal measures to check the disorderly opposition which is given to the execution of the Laws laying a duty on distilled spirits, as the Constitution has invested the executive with; and however painful the measure would be, if the Proclamation should fail to produce the effect desired, ulterior arrangements must be made to support the Laws, & to prevent the prostration of Government.\nWere it not for the peculiar circumstances of my family, I would return to the Seat of Government immediately; at any rate I hope to do it in the early part of next month, or before the middle thereof. With esteem & regard, I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0061", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 17 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n(Private) \nMy dear Sir,Mount Vernon Sepr 17th 1792   \nYour private letter of the 11th, accompanying an Official one of the 9th came safe\u2014as did your other private letter of the 9th. I feel myself obliged by the observations contained in the first, respecting the Proclamation.\nAs the former Proclamations, on similar occasions, have been Countersigned by the Secretary of State, I have, for that reason, and for another which has some weight in my mind, thought best not to depart, in this instance, from the Precedent that has been set; and therefore, as it cannot (unless unforeseen delays happen) be with-held from you more than six days longer than if it had been returned by this days Post, I dispatched by express the Proclamation to Mr Jefferson for the purpose abovementioned.\nI have no doubt but that the Proclamation will undergo many strictures\u2014and, as the effect proposed may not be answered by it; it will be necessary to look forward in time to ulterior arrangements. and here, not only the Constitution & Laws must strictly govern\u2014but the employing of the regular Troops avoided, if it be possible to effect order without their aid; otherwise, there would be a cry at once \u201cThe cat is let out; We now see for what purpose an Army was raised\u201d\u2014Yet, if no other means will effectually answer, and the Constitution & Laws will authorise these, they must be used, in the dernier resort.\nIf you remain in opinion that it would be advisable for the President to transmit the Proclamation to the Governors of North & South Carolina\u2014and the Governor of Pennsylvania, I pray you to draught such letters to them, to be forwarded from hence (with the Proclamations which must also be sent to me) as you may think best calculated to produce the effect proposed. I am always Your Affectionate\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0062", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 17 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt 17th Septr 1792.\nRepresentations have been made by the Collector of the Customs at Edenton, and the Inspector of the Revenue for the third Survey of North Carolina, that Thomas Davis Freeman Surveyor of the Port of Plymouth and Inspector of the Revenue for the same, has been absent from that Port since February last. As it is stated in those representations, that it is not known whither that Officer has gone, and that it is not believed he will ever return, there is great probability that the public service will continue to suffer, unless the President on a knowledge of the circumstances, shall think proper to appoint some other suitable person to perform the duties of those offices. The name of Mr Jno. Armistead having been mentioned by the Collector & Inspector, with a reference to the Honorable Mr Johnston of the Senate of the United States, of which Gentleman enquiry has been made: He represents Mr Armistead as bred to Navigation and acquainted with business\u2014as an old Inhabitant of the place, of good character & competent property. In regard to qualifications he spoke of him not only as a suitable person for the offices to be filled, but the most so of any Inhabitant of Plymouth. I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexr Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0064", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Isaac Mansfield, 19 September 1792\nFrom: Mansfield, Isaac\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please your Excellency,\nMarblehead [Mass.]Sepr 19. 1792\nI had the Honour of serving as a Chaplain in the late Army of the United States under your Command\u2014I was introduced to the Regiment under the Command of Genl Thomas in October 1775.\nThe same Regiment commanded by Coll J. Bailey after Jan. 1. 1776 (which Coll J. Bailey had been Commandant under Genl Thomas) I was continued with, till they moved on from Roxbury to New York in March 1776.\nDirections were given in your general Orders in December 1775 that no Return was to be made of a Chaplain till further Orders; because, it having been proposed to Congress that each Chaplain should have the Charge of two Regiments with \u00a310 pr Month they, the Congress had not advised you thereon.\nOn Feb. 7. 1776 Directions were given in your general Orders in the Words following\u2014\u201cThe Continental Congress have been pleased to order & direct that there shall be but one Chaplain to two Regiments, and that the Pay to each Chaplain shall be 33\u2153 Dollars pr Calendar Month.\u201d Having never received my Pay, Application has been made to Congress; & after having laid before them the two last Sessions\u2014the Settlement seems now to be referred to the Pay Master.\nNotwithstanding a Commission from you with which I was honoured dated Apr. 1. 1776 & appointing me Chaplain to two Regiments speaks for itself, the Matter labours on this account I perceive; the Pay Master does not observe by any Resolve of Congress that the pay of Chaplains was augmented or their Service increased by an additional Regiment till July 1776.\nThe Design of my addressing your Excellency at present is to\nrequest a Copy of the Directions in your general Orders beforementioned attested by your Secretary or authenticated in the usual way, which Copy I presume will answer as a sufficient Document.\nI have apprehended that there is an Arrearage in respect of Rations, but I perceive that the Pay Master is of Opinion that no Allowance is to be made on that account notwithstanding I have candidly pointed him to a Receit I once gave for some R\u27e8a\u27e9tion Money; if not too troublesome shall \u27e8be\u27e9 very much obliged by your Advice thereon likewise.\nIn the Close of 1776 Sir, I retired f\u27e8rom\u27e9 the more public Service of our Country & settled in the Ministry at Exeter in [New] Hampshire; having left that place b\u27e8y\u27e9 mutual Agreement I became an Inhabitant of this Town with a purpose, under the Direction of my late Father who was for many years before & since the Revolution a Practitioner at Law, to qualify myself for usefulness in the civil Line. I should now esteem it a very great Favour to be on, the List of Candidates for any Appointment within your own Direction; & hope if honoured by any Appointment I should be able to recommend myself by Fidelity in the Discharge of its Duties.\nWishing you the continued Care of that kind Providence which has guided & so eminently protected you thro\u2019 Life thus far, I conclude Your\u2019s with great Respect\nIsaac Mansfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0065", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Vaughan, 19 September 1792\nFrom: Vaughan, John\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphia 19. Sep. 1792\nMr Vaughan has the honor of transmitting to his Excellency President Washington a letter he received under Cover from England\u2014The accounts from france are later than what are probably contained in the letter, & Not So Satisfactory as those Mr Vaughan recd by the same opportunity.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0066", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Fraunces, 21 September 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fraunces, Samuel\n Letter not found: to Samuel Fraunces, 21 Sept. 1792. GW wrote Tobias Lear on 21 Sept. from Mount Vernon: \u201cNot knowing what delays you may have met with on the Road, I have directed Mr Francis in a letter of this date, to engage Mr Page\u2019s Coach to be here, to accomodate our journey to Philadelphia.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0067", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Gale, 21 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Gale, George\n(Private) \nDear Sir,Mount Vernon Sep. 21st 1792  \nYour letter of the 4th Instt came duly to hand, but previous to the receipt of it I had been under the necessity of giving the Secy of the Treasury some direction for the Commd of the Revenue Cutter of Maryland, I am not less obliged however by the trouble you have been at to obtain the information you gave me on this point.\nI would thank you for relating, in as precise terms as you can recollect, what you told me (as I passed through Baltimore) Colo. Mercer had said of my Sentiments respecting his Speeches opinions & Conduct in Congress\u2014and the manner in which he had come at or had understood them to be mine. With much esteem I am\u2014Dr Sir Yr Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0070", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Lewis, 21 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, John\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon Septr 21st 1792.\nI have sent your brother Howell to Fredericksburgh to receive from you my moiety of the money which has been paid to you by Mr Cooper for the Land in Gates County No. Carolina. I expect it will be fully paid; and a statement of the Accots rendered, by\nwhich I can here after settle with, and receive whatever may be due for my part, from Mr Cooper, without giving you any further trouble in the receipt of it. An exact statement of the Agreement, and of the account with him, therefore, becomes necessary in order to enable me to do this. I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0071", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James McHenry, 21 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McHenry, James\n(Private) \nDear Sir,Mount Vernon Septr 21st [1792].  \nFearing some accident may have prevented my last (enclosing a letter for Mr Robt Smith) from reaching your hands, I take the liberty of giving you the trouble to receive this, requesting to be informed if this be the fact\u2014and if not, what has been the result of your enquiries in the business Committed to you.\nI have had many applications in favor of Mr Hollingsworth as a fit character for the Attorney, and lately, one from the District Judge in his behalf. No answer has been given to any of them, awaiting to hear from you first. With Sincere esteem & regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr Affecte & Obedt Servt\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0076", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Aiguillon, 24 September 1792\nFrom: Aiguillon, Armand-D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Duplessis-Richelieu d\u2019Agenois, duc d\u2019\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nZurich\u2014[24 7bre 1792]the 4th year of french liberty\nPermit a Frenchman, who loves liberty, and is forced to quit his Country\u2014a prey to factions, to offer his homage to the respectable man who has given a free Constitution to America. Perhaps my name may have reached you. Perhaps you have sometimes heard me spoken of as the friend of Lafayette\u2014faithful, like him, to the cause which he cherished\u2014and like him prosecuted by those who would substitute for despotism the horrors of Anarchy.\nI thought it my duty to quit my Country when all the oaths which attached me to it were violated. See the motives which decided me. You will find them with this which I have the honor to address to you. It will be sweet for me to obtain your suffrage\u2014and to know that my conduct is approved by you. the esteem of Washington will console me in my retreat, under the prosecutions which I have suffered & the misfortunes which surround me. I pray you accept the homage of my veneration & attachment\nRichelieu [d]\u2019Aiguillon\nP.S. I set out for London. Perhaps circumstances may conduct me to the land of liberty where you dwell. If you do me the honor to answer this, will you have the goodness to address your letter to London\u2014to be left in the Post Office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0077", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 24 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir,\nMount Vernon Sepr 24th 1792\nYour letter of the 15th instt, with its enclosures, came duly to hand.\nIt is exceedingly to be regretted that all the attempts of Government\nto bring the hostile Indians acquainted with the real designs of it\u2014(so far as it respects the disputes with them)\u2014should be so pointedly marked with misfortune, disappoint or delay. Captn Brants illness, and the sickness & delays of the other Chiefs of the Six Nations, are inauspicious of a favourable result; for much is not to be expected from the single attempt of Captn Hendricks however zealously he may labour in the Cause of humanity & Peace; and as prest appearances are so ominous of a continuation of the War, no pains, nor no expence within the bounds of moderation ought to go unessayed to ascertain the nature, extent and strength of the Confederation against which we are to contend; that our measures may be regulated accordingly. Without a competent knowledge of these facts we shall grope in the dark; and may meet disaster when danger is not expected. To this end General Wayne should be particularly instructed\u2014and the Indian Agents also\u2014Nor would it be amiss if some expedient could be devis\u2019d to obtain intelligence from Detroit, that the British accts of these matters might be likewise known. From the nature, & circumstances of this War good information is scarcely to be obtained, at least not to be relied on, but from a comparison of the intelligence which is obtained through different channels.\nIn your letter to Genl Wayne of the 7th instt, Copy of which is among the enclosures you have forwarded to me, he is informed, that you will \u201cimmediately write to the President of the U. States & request his orders on certain conditional Statements relatively to the proportion of Troops which may probably be necessary to retain in the upper parts of the Ohio.\u201d No such statement is yet come to my hands\u2014of course I am unprovided with the means by which to form a judgment on this head; but under my present view of the matter, & the uncertainty in which we seem to be of the final & positive result of the grand Council of the Indians, holden at the Miami, the longer the decision is with-held the better; provided sufficient time is allowed the Troops to cover themselves comfortably for the Winter. And here, while it occurs, let me ask why the same kind of Huts, & mode of covering that was adopted by the army last War may not be again practiced, except permanent Barracks, for sufficient Garrisons, at the established Posts. If Scantling, Brick, &ca are to be provided by the Qr Master it will be attended with considerable expence, and if for\na temporary purpose only will be thought injudiciously incurred; and besides, how can this be done, conveniently, before the dispos[it]ion of the Troops is resolved on?\nI am in sentiment with you, that Sub-Legionary Pay masters, and Sub-legionary Adjutants (the latter aided by the Sergeant Majors) are competent to their respective duties without Battalion Officers of this description\u2014at any rate I conceive that the experiment ought to be made with the latter in the 1st inste. My observation on every employment in life is, that wherever, and whenever one person is found adequate to the discharge of a duty by close application thereto it is worse executed by two persons\u2014and scarcely done at all if three or more are employed therein, besides, as you have very properly observed, the danger of money is encreased in proportion to the number of hands into which it is committed.\nAs Major Fish declines the Office of Adjutant General, & Colo. Sproat who (I believe) is on the Spot, is willing to accept it, I have no objection to his entering on the duties; provided it is known that he is a man of liberal education and correct in his writings\u2014doubts of these qualifications in Colo. Posey are the only obstacles to my giving him a preference to any other.\nI have no objections to Sergeants Dunn & Jones filling vacant Ensigncies if they have given sufficient evidence of their fitness; but as there have been some impositions already in people of this Class I recommend strict caution in future\u2014Richardson Should be mentioned to Genl Wayne, that his behaviour may be noticed. A likely young man in Alexandria of the name of Turner, has been strongly recommended to me for an Ensigncy\u2014It is said (among other things in his favor) that a number of young, country born men would enlist under him. I have answered, let him \u201cascertain that fact, and then apply with the list of them.\u201d\nIf the Evidence in the case of Ensign Morgan is all given in, it becomes proper he should be ordered to the Army for his trial\u2014& if it is necessary in this case, & will not be establishing an unusual, & bad precedent to do it in the name of the President, I have no objection to the measure. If discretion was a trait of this Officers character or fairness the view of his Advisers, I should hope he would abandon the idea of presenting a Memorial to be tried in Philadelphia or that he wd hesitate a moment to go where he is ordered; if, however, the latter should happen, it would be\nwell, before it is reported to me to have him & his friends admonished in a friendly way of the consequences that must follow disobedience; for neither the Military or Civil government shall be trampled upon with impunity whilst I have the honor to be at the head of them. I have no objections to his being tried at Pittsburg, and if their is no reasons opposed to it (unknown to me) I wd advise it. That it cannot happen in Philadelphia is certain\u2014military Propriety, the public Service[,] convenience, & the precedent such a measure would establish are so strongly opposed to it that it is wonderful, he should ever have sufferd the idea to enter into his mind. Why might not another Officer, if endulgence was granted in this instance, apply for a similar one\u2014nay, why not to be carried to Boston, or Charleston as inclination on the expectation of benefits to be derived from it, might prompt.\nI perceive in the copy of General Wayne\u2019s letter to you beforementioned, that there has been some remissness on the part of the Contractors at Pittsburgh. This ought not to be suffered in the smallest degree, for one neglect or omission, is too apt to beget another, to the discontentment of the Troops & injury of the Service; whereas a rigid exac\u27e8tion\u27e9 in every case checks a departure on their par\u27e8t\u27e9 from the Contract in any and no indulgence is ever allowed by them to the p\u27e8ublic\u27e9. In a former letter led thereto by the observations of Mr Belli I requested that some consideration might be besto\u27e8wed\u27e9 on the mode suggested by him of supplying the Troops by means of a Commissary; but I have heard nothing from you on the Subject since.\nThe Orders given to the Officer who commanded the Escort of money, and to Genl Wayne, respecting the Supervisor appear to have resulted from necessary precaution, and if war\u27e8r\u27e9anted by the Constitution & Laws, were undoubtedly proper; and of course are approved. With esteem I am &ca\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0078", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 24 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\n(Private) \nMy dear Sir,Mount Vernon Septr 24 92  \nI thank you for the information contained in your private letters of the 16th & 18th instt\u2014From the contents of the last, it is probable Mr Hammond will be here to day, or tomorrow before Noon.\nI perceive by the Papers that Mr Penn & lady are arrived\u2014and with them, Mr Andrew Hamilton & family. What, pray, has been the reception of the last mentioned Gentleman by the Officers of the State Government (particularly the Govr)\u2014Mr Morris &ca? I wish to be pretty accurately informed of this before my arrival; because, as he is considered as one of the obnoxious characters\nof the State of Pennsylvania, a little circumspection on the part of the President of the U. States may be necessary.\nI hope Mrs Knox & your family were well when you last heard from them. My poor Nephew though a little better is scarcely able to walk\u2014If he should recover strength enough to bear the ride it is recommended to him to spend the Winter in the lower parts of the State where the Weather is more temperate than it is at Mount Vernon. But the chances are much against this.\nI still hold to my resolution of leaving this for Philadelphia about the 8th or 9th of next month, if the Situation of my family & Servants does not absolutely prevent it; for, never since I have lived at this place has the remitting fever been so prevalent as it has this year. Sincerely & Affectionately I am always Yours\nGo: Washington\nP.S. Since writing the foregoing, Messrs Hammond & Smith are arrived at this place.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0079", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Betty Washington Lewis, 25 September 1792\nFrom: Lewis, Betty Washington\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Brother\nSepbr 25th 1792\nMy Indisposition for some time Past prevented my writing to you when Howell did, finding my self better to day, I shall endeavour to answer your request of my takeing Harriot to stay with me this winter. I shall have no objection to her being with me, if she comes well cloath\u2019d or Provided to get them, that she may appear tolerable for I can assure you it was not so while with me before, by which means she was prevented frequently from appearing in publick\u2014when it would have been my wish she should.\nA Little money laid out in cloaths at this time may be an advantage\u2014I am sorry it will not be in my Power to advance any, haveing at this time three of my Grandchildren to support, and god knows from every Account but I may expect as many more shortly, [(]Fieldings is so distrest that his Childrer would go naked if it was not for the assistance I give him) I am happy to hear by Howell that you and my Sister keep in good health, I sincerely\nwish a continuance of it, I never had a more Sickly family in my life, than I have had this fall. I shall set out in a few day\u2019s to see my Daughter Carter in Albermarl, I think the change of air may be of service[.] I shall return in a few weeks, when I shall be glad to see Harriot Present my Love to my Sister and the rest of the family, and Except the sincere good wishis of your Affe\u27e8c\u27e9et. Sister\nBetty Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0081", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 26 September 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt Septr 26th 1792.\nThe Post of yesterday brought me your letter of the 21st instant, with the Proclamation enclosed, which was immediately published through the Secretary of State\u2019s Office, in Brown\u2019s Federal Gazette; and means will be taken to accelerate a general circulation of it. I have the honor to be with the highest respect & truest attachment, Sir, Your most Obedient and humble servant\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0083", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Francis Mercer, 26 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, John Francis\nSir,\nMount Vernon Septr 26. 1792.\nYour Letter of the 15th inst: was presented to me by Mr Corbin, on his return from Philada.\nAs my object in taking your Land near Monocasy (in payment of the Debt due from the Estate of your deceased Father to me) is to convert it into Cash as soon as possible without loss, I can have no other objection to an advantageous partition of the Tract than what might result from the uncertainty of the price that may be affixed to it, and the consequent possibility that the amount of a moiety may exceed the sum which is due to me by the last settlement of the Accots\u2014thereby occasioning a payment of money, instead of receiving it. If these difficulties were removed, I have none other to your proposal of dividing the Tract into two equal parts, & fixing the property therein by lot. A mean of doing this, I will suggest. It is\u2014if you have not heard the sentiments of the Gentlemen, or either of them, who were chosen to affix a ready money price on the Land (& I give you my honor I have not, and moreover that I have never exchanged a word on the subject with any one, except what I told you was Colo. Wm Deakins\u2019s opinion of it\u2019s worth)\u2014I will allow you seven Dollars pr acre for a moiety; to be ascertained in the manner before mentioned. I name seven dollars for the following reasons\u20141st because I have been assured by the above Gentleman (who professes to be well acquainted with the Land) that, in his judgment, it would not sell for more than six Dollars Cash, or seven dollars on credit; & 2d because you have set it at Eight Dollars your self, without being able to obtain that price. Five hundred & fifty acres (if the tract contains 1100) would then be within the compass of my claim; & the surplus, if any, I would receive in young Cows, or full grown heifers from Marlborough at three pounds a head, if more agreeable to you than to pay the Cash\u2014Your answer to this proposal, soon, would be convenient to me, as I shall be on my return to Philada in a short time.\nI come now to another part of your Letter, and in touching\nupon it, do not scruple to declare to you that I was not a little displeased to find by a letter from Captn Campbell, to a Gentleman in this neighbourhood, that my name had been freely used by you, or your friends, for electioneering purposes, when I had never associated your name & the Election together; and when there had been the most scrupulous & pointed caution observed on my part, not to express a sentiment respecting the fitness, or unfitness of any Candidate for representation, that could be construed, by the most violent torture of the words, into an interference in favor of one, or to the prejudice of another. Conceiving that the exercise of an influence (if I really possessed any) however remote, would be highly improper; as the people ought to be entirely at liberty to chuse whom they pleased to represent them in Congress. Having pursued this line of conduct steadily\u2014my surprise, and consequent declaration can be a matter of no wonder. when I read the following words in the letter above alluded to\u2014\u201cI arrived yesterday from Philadelphia, since which I find Colo. Mercer has openly declared, that Mr Richd Sprigg junr informed him, that Bushrod Washington told him that the President in his presence declared, that he hoped Colo. Mercer would not be left out of the next representation in Congress; and added that he thought him the best representative that now goes, or ever did go to that Body from this State.\u201d\nI instantly declared to the person who shewed me the letter, \u201cthat to the best of my recollection, I never had exchanged a word to, or before Bushrod Washington on the subject of your Election\u2014much less to have given such a decided opinion. That such a measure would have been incompatible with the rule I had prescrib\u2019d to myself, & which I had invariably observed\u2014of not interfering directly or indirectly with the suffrages of the People, in the choice of their representatives: and added, that I wished B. Washington might be called upon to certify what, or whether any conversation had ever passed between us on this subject, as it was my desire that every thing should stand upon it\u2019s proper foundation.\u201d Other sentiments have been reported as mine, that are equally erroneous.\nWhether you have, upon any occasion, expressed your self in disrespectful terms of me, I know not: it has never been the subject of my enquiry. If nothing impeaching my honor, or honesty, is said, I care little for the rest. I have pursued one uniform course\nfor three score years, and am happy in believing that the world have thought it a right one\u2014if its being so, I am so well satisfied myself, that I shall not depart from it by turning either to the right or to the left, until I arrive at the end of my Pilgrimage. I am, Sir, Your very hble Servt\nG.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0084", "content": "Title: From George Washington to unknown recipient, 27 September 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Unknown\nLetter not found: to unknown recipient, 27 Sept. 1792. Sold by Leavitt, Strebeigh & Co., New York, item 501, 15\u201317 Mar. 1869. Listed as \u201cA.L.S, \u2018G. W\u2014\u2014n,\u2019 1 p. 4to, Mount Vernon.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0086", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Newton, Jr., 28 September 1792\nFrom: Newton, Thomas Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNorfolk [Va.] Sept. 28th 1792\nBy request of Tench Coxe Esqr. I beg leave to inform you of the persons who, have offerd as keepers of the Light house[.] Capt. William Lewis of Fredricksburg, Capt. Leml Cornick of Princess Ann, Mr James of the same place & a Mr Thos Herbert are all that I have known. Capt. Lewis & Capt. Cornick are men that I am well acquainted with and proper persons to take charge of so great a trust. Capt. Lewis I beleive you are acquainted, with, his character. Capt. Cornick is a man of repute & property & has conducted himself with great propriety as commissr of Wrecks, is well acquainted with the Coast & vessels & I have no doubt but either of these wou\u2019d give general satisfaction. Mr James is reputed an honest man but I beleive not able to make such observations as may be necessary. Mr Herbert I cannot recommend as a fit person. Mr Coxe mentiond a Mr Jno. W. Johnson, I am totally unacquainted with the Gentleman, but think seafaring men are the most proper for the service. The situation of the Light house is dreary & disagreeable, the Sea & bay on one side & a desart on the other & when the wind blows fresh the sand drifts in such a manner that one is almost blinded by it, no inhabitant within four five miles of the Light house no garden Spot near it & no comforts, but in the fishing seasons, deer are plenty in the desart but hard to get at. Under these circumstances I am of opinion that four hundred Dollars is not too great a compensation for a good man to keep it. Mr Coxe mentiond if the keeper was a man of decernment he might be able to check illicit practices, the situation is such, that a man well acquainted with vessels & their customs, might probably give such information, as woud be highly useful to the Revenue officers & be a means of detecting frauds. I expect this night the Light house will be finished & ready to be lit up, but judge some public information shou\u2019d be given before a permanent light is fixed. I have prepared the minds of the Seamen that is nearly done & that a light might be soon expected in it. I inclose a letter to Mr Coxe wherein I have\ngiven every information that I am acquainted of & have only to observe that Mr McComb merits much in executing the work & running a wall to secure the Light & Dwelling houses, the price of which he leaves to be determind by you, the season was so far advanced that there was no time to be lost in executing it & if it had been left to another year it woud have cost double the sum to have done it. I am respectfully Yr Obt Servt\nThos Newton Jr\nSince writing the above Capt. Robt Baron a good man has also proposed himself for a keeper & I have heard that Mr Johson is a serious steady man.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0087", "content": "Title: Circular to the Governors of North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina, 29 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Governors of North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina\nSir,\nUnited States, September 29th 1792.\nInclosed you will find the Copy of a Proclamation, which I have thought proper to issue, in consequence of certain irregular and refractory proceedings which have taken place in particular parts of some of the States, contravening the Laws therein mentioned.\nI feel an entire confidence, that the weight and influence of the Executive of North Carolina, will be chearfully exerted, in every proper way, to further the object of this measure, and to promote on every occasion, a due obedience to the constitutional laws of the Union. With respect, I am Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s Obt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0089", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 29 September 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department September 29th 1792\nI have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 24th instant.\nI have agreeably to your orders written to General Wayne in strong terms to take immediate measures to obtain a knowledge of the numbers and designs of the hostile Indians. I believe the Wabash is the principal channel through which this can be obtained\u2014There is a person in this town lately from Niagara, from whom I am promised some information\u2014this will be however british reports.\nI did not submit to you my statement for the ulterior disposition of the troops, as I conceive that some existing circumstances of the frontiers might render it expedient to wait your return.\nThe idea of hutting the troops has been suggested to General Wayne.\nHis last letter, of the 21st instant, mentions nothing material;\nhe had given orders for an additional quantity of forage\u2014and suggests an additional Officer to each company; the consideration of which will be deferred until your arrival.\nColonel Sproat does not possess the requisite of a liberal education. He was considered a good Inspector of a division under the Baron Steuben. I submit a letter of his for your inspection.\nIn order to show the improper conduct of Mr Morgan I enclose a copy of a letter of his written on the twentieth instant, to which I have given no answer.\nAs I am persuaded that he will consider the intimation of his memorial to you, a reason for his not obeying immediately any order I may give him, perhaps it will be best to suspend the ultimate order for him to repair to Pittsburgh until your arrival.\nI have the honor to submit a letter from General Pickens and another from Governor Blount since their return\u2014Mr Allison has not arrived.\nIt seems absolutely necessary that some person should be actually in the Creek Nation in order to prevent by persuasion and bribes the horse stealing and other depredations complained of\u2014A War with the Creeks would generate all sorts of Monsters\u2014It may be an easy matter to light it up but almost impossible to suppress it. I have the honor to be sir with the highest respect Your obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0090", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Newenham, 29 September 1792\nFrom: Newenham, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Sir\n[Ireland] 29 Sepr 1792.\nA Ship having announced her Departure in two or three Days, I have sent to Dublin to muster up Some of the Last Papers, as Every hour is pregnant with Important News.\nKnowing those Virtuous Principles that adorn your Character, & which Justly render you the First Character of the Age, I venture to give my opinion\u2014I was a Zealous & ostensible Supporter of the Revolution in France as settled in 1789, but that of the 10th of August, appears to me, as the most dreadfull Scene of Murder, Anarchy & Confusion, that Ever occurred in the annals of Ancient or Modern History\u2014our Noble & Virtuous Freind Marquiss de La Fayette, has acted a Noble Part\u2014if possible, he has Added to his Fame; I think, the Prussian & Austrian Generals, had no right to withhold him, as he travelld as a Stranger, & not as Deserter or an Emigrant\u2014The Cheifs of the Reigning Power in France have amassed Vast fortunes, as they have purloind the Revenues\u2014the amount of the Church Plate\u2014the rent of the Absentees, the Profits of the Royal Forests\u2014& the best Part of the forfeitures\u2014My fourth son, whom you will probably be acquainted with, has just arrived here; he was Captain in the National Guards untill the 10th of August; he left Marsailles on the 11th; bought a Coach, & Luckily arrived Safe here, as the Mob were so furious, that it was Expected Every Englishman would be Massacred, for Reports were Spread that the English Fleet were saild to attack Brist\u2014these Kinds of reports are dayly Spread, as serving to Inflame & Keep alive the fury of the Mob & not leave them a moment for Recollections.\nI fear this Ship will sail before we get the Papers of the 11th from Paris; we have now 5 Pacquets, to the 16th Instant due, & I think, when they arrive, that we must have some very Important News; If the whole of what is stated (350000) to Compose the \u27e8d\u27e9ifferent Armies of France, is Collected & armed, an Enthusiastic\nSpirit may give them a Victory over the Combind Royal Armies, which are not more than 122000 Effective Men\u2014it is thought, that the Russians will soon arrive to join them, & that the Kings of Spain & Sardinia will not any longer preserve a Neutrality.\nThe Papists here, are Exerting Every Nerve to obtain the Elective Franchise\u2014they are upwards of 3 & \u00bd to 1, & consequently if they obtain the Elective Franchise, they will return Every County Member, & also the Representatives for all Free Cities & open Boroughs, consequently the Elective Franchise would be useless to the Protestants\u2014they have committed a most Barbarous Murder on a Protestant Farmer for declaring his sentiments; & I fear, that in the Course of next Session of Parliament, the Metropolis will Experience dreadfull Convulsions unless the Protestants take some strong & Decisive Measures to protect themselves\u2014In America they are so few, that they cannot Change your Constitution or Interrupt your Happiness\u2014I assure you, we go to Bed with fears of a Nightly rising, not a Protestant, but what is Doubly Armed\u2014they have so Contrived Matters, that our Popish Servants report Every word that passes at our Table to their Committees.\nThis moment I recived the Enclosed Paper, & as an Extract of your Letter has been published by Mr Frost the Companion of Mr Paine, I Enclose it in this Letter; the Custom House officers have made a daring Breach of the Constitution, in opening Letters; this affair will undergoe a Very Serious Investigation.\nLady Newenham joins me in most Sincere & Respectfull regards to Mrs Washington & you\u2014I have the Honor, to be, with the greatest respect\u2014Dear Sir your Excellency\u2019s most obt & affte Humble Sert\nEdward Newenham\nI did not Know of the sailing of this ship (the Cardiff) untill this Morning, or I should have Collected more papers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0092", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Pinckney, 30 September 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nCharleston [S.C.], September 30th 1792.\nI have the honor to enclose you copies of Letters from General Pickens and Colonel Anderson on the subject of Indian Affairs\u2014To me I confess their intelligence is unexpected, for I thought the justice and friendship the United States had treated the Creeks and Cherokees with, had entirely secured their confidence and respect; and that notwithstanding the attempts of the northern and western Indians, the Spaniards, and perhaps the British, the Southern States would have been free from their hostility. To the enclosed Letters I refer you for a full statement\nof their situation, and as the opinions of General Pickens and Colonel Anderson on Indian Affairs are much more to be depended upon than any others I must submit to your better judgment the measures necessary to be pursued in this emergency, assuring you that while I continue in office no exertions of mine shall be wanting to carry your directions fully into execution. In answer to that part of Colonel Anderson\u2019s letter which seems to wish my authorizing an expedition immediately into the Indian country, I have said, that having been always determined to make the federal Constitution my guide, and the individual States being very properly restrained from commencing or undertaking a war without the authority of the Union, I should not feel myself by any means justified in sanctioning a measure of that kind, even from its necessity, because however properly it might be done in this case, yet still if a precedent was once established no doubt instances would frequently occur where the Union might be involved in the most serious expenditures of blood and treasure by the unjustifiable or perhaps unprovoked and precipitate measures of interested States or individuals\u2014I informed him I would however immediately submit the intelligence and opinions of General Pickens and himself to you, and I had no doubt but proper measures would be adopted by the general government to support our Citizens and protect their rights\u2014In the interim I have ordered the frontiers of this Country to be put in the best state of defence the situation of the militia will admit, and have sent and mean to send them up such supplies of ammunition as the commanding Officer requires, and have directed Block houses to be built for the protection of the most exposed inhabitants of the frontier\u2014The Regiments of Militia I have ordered to hold themselves in readiness are some of them on, others near, and none of them more than eighty miles distant from the frontier\u2014they consist of about 8000 men altogether, of which I hope a sufficient number may be summoned if they have notice to protect it, as I have desired them to raise a corps of militia horse to each Regiment as soon as possible\u2014I have also requested General Pickens and Colonel Anderson to send me their opinions on the subject and if they concur with me, I shall endeavour to have a deposit of ammunition &c. established in a situation sufficiently near to supply them with ease and at the same time so distant as to be free from surprize\u2014Our upper Counties being covered in some degree by the more distant and\nextensive frontier of Georgia and North Carolina I am hopeful the measures I have pursued may be sufficient to protect them until some general system is adopted by the Union with respect to the War which I assure you I am apprehensive will be much more serious than the northern one as the southern States are not numerous, the frontiers extensive and exposed, the scene of action at a great distance from the seat of the federal government and the hostile tribes strong and well supplied with arms and ammunition\u2014Georgia will be the most severe sufferer\u2014for if a general Creek war takes place which from these accounts seems unquestionable, I have very little doubt the greatest part of that Country will soon be overrun by them\u2014I shall write you again in a few days by Mr Barnwell, and remain with the highest respect & attachment\u2014Dear sir, Yours truly\nCharles Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0093", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Donaldson, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Donaldson, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore 1st Octobr 1792\nAfter a labour of thirty years in this Country I am reduced to distress\u2014My first place of residence was Fredericksburg\u2014I removed from thence to York in Pennsylvania and acquired by industry\na fortune\u2014I came to Baltimore and by giving too extensive credit I lost my all, during the War my services in York County were not unprofitable to the cause of Liberty, I exerted myself in sending out men and my House and Purse were ever open to the friends of America.\nI am now poor\u2014a Wife and six children look to me for support\u2014I am unable to give it My request to you Sir is to mention my name for any place which is or may become vacant in this Town the profits of which may maintain my family and gratitude will ever exist in the breast of\nJoseph Donaldson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0094", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon Octobr 1st 1792.\nYour letter of the 22d ulto, with it\u2019s enclosures, came duly to hand.\nLest any material disadvantage should result from delay; I have signed the Act which has been drawn by the Commissioner of the Revenue & approved by you, for arranging allowances to the Supervisors &c.\u2014and now forward it; but I would rather, if this is not likely to be the case, have it retained in your hands until my arrival in Philadelphia, as I wish for some explanations, which I have not the means of obtaining from the want of the former Act of the 4th of August; a copy of which I requested might be returned to me, but from a misconception of my meaning, a copy of my letter was sent in lieu thereof. I now request a copy of the Act of the 4th of Augt & of the present one also.\nBefore any nomination, or appointment of a Keeper of the Lighthouse on Cape Henry takes place, it would be proper to examine the List of Applicants (& I think there are several) who have applied to me for this Office, & is to be found among my papers by Mr Lear. If the person recommended by Colo. Parker is intemperate in drinking, it is immaterial, whether you can recollect his name or not; for, with me, this would be an insuperable\nobjection, let his pretensions & promises of reformation be what they may. I have been once taken in by the fair promises of Major Call to refrain, & the strong assurances of his friends that he would do it; but will not, knowingly, trust again to the like from any one.\nI have, by this Post, directed the Attorney General to attend the Circuit Court in York Town, & see that the Indictments are legally prosecuted & properly supported. I am &ca\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0095", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Conversation with Washington, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nBladensbg [Md.] Oct. 1. [1792]\nThis morning at Mt Vernon I had the following conversation with the President. he opened it by expressing his regret at the resolution in which I appeared so fixed in the letter I had written him of retiring from public affairs. he said that he should be extremely sorry that I should do it as long as he was in office. and that he could not see where he should find another character to fill my office, that as yet he was quite undecided whether to retire in March or not. his inclinations led him strongly to do it. nobody disliked more the ceremonies of his office, and he had not the least taste or gratification in the execution of it\u2019s function. that he was happy at home alone, and that his presence there was now peculiarly called for by the situation of Majr Washington whom he thought irrecoverable & should he get well he would remove into another part of the country which might better agree with him. that he did not believe his presence necessary:\nthat there were other characters who would do the business as well or better. still however if his aid was thought necessary to save the cause to which he had devoted his life principally he would make the sacrifice of a longer continuance. that he therefore reserved himself for future decision, as his declaration would be in time if made a month before the day of election. he had desired mister Lear to find out from conversations, without appearing to make the enquiry, whether any other person would be desired by any body. he had informed him he judged from conversations that it was the universal desire he should continue, & the expectation that those who expressed a doubt of his continuance did it in the language of apprehension, and not of desire. but this, says he, is only from the North, it may be very different in the South. I thought this meant as an opening to me to say \u27e8w\u27e9hat was the sentiment in the South from which quarter I came. I told him that as far as I knew there was but one voice there which was for his continuance. that as to myself I had ever preferred the pursuits of private life to those of public, which had nothing in them agreeable to me. I explained to him the circumstances of the war which had first called me into public life, and those following the war which had called me from a retirement on which I had determd. that I had constantly kept my eye on my own home, and could no longer refrain from returning to it, to as to himself his presence was important, that he was the only man in the U.S. who possessed the confidence of the whole, that government was founded in opinion & confidence, and that the longer he remained, the stronger would become the habits of the people in submitting to the government & in thinking it a thing to be maintained. that there was no other person who would be thought any thing more than the head of a party. he then expressed his concern at the difference which he found to subsist between the Sec. of the Treasury & myself, of which he said he had not been aware. he knew indeed that there was a marked difference in our political sentiments, but he had never suspected it had gone so far in producing a personal difference, and he wished he could be the Mediator to put an end to it. that he thought it important to preserve the check of my opinions in the administration in order to keep them in their proper channel & prevent them from going too far. that as to the idea of transforming this government into a monarchy he did not believe\nthere were ten men in the U.S. whose opinions were worth attention who entertained such a thought[.] I told him there were many more than he imagined. I recalled to his memory a dispute at his own table a little before we left Philadelphia, between Genl Schuyler on one side & Pinkney & myself on the other, wherein the former maintained the position that hereditary descent was as likely to produce good magistrates as election. I told him that tho\u2019 the people were sound, there was a numerous sect who had monarchy in contemplation. that the Secy of the Treasury was one of these. that I had heard him say that this constitution was a shilly shally thing of mere milk & water, which could not last, & was only good as a step to something better. that when we reflected that he had endeavored in the Convention to make an English constitution of it, and when failing in that we saw all his measures tending to bring it to the same thing[.] it was natural for us be jealous: and particular when we saw that these measures had established corruption in the legislature, where there was a squadron devoted to the nod of the treasury, & doing whatever he had dir[e]cted & ready to do what he should direct. that if the equilibrium of the three great bodies Legislature, Executive & Judiciary could be preserved, if the Legislature could be kept independant, I should never fear the result of such a government but that I could not but be uneasy when I saw that the Executive had swallowed up the legislative branch. he said that as to that interested spirit in the legislature, it was what could not be avoided in any government, unless we were to exclude particular descriptions of men, such as the holders of the funds from all office. I told him there was great difference between the little accidental schemes of self interest which would take place in every body of men & influence their votes, and a regular system for forming a corps of interested persons who should be steadily at the orders of the Treasury. he touched on the merits of the funding system, observed that was a difference of opinion about it some thinking it very bad, others very good. that experience was the only criterion of right which he knew & this alone would decide which opinion was right. that for himself he had seen our affairs desperate & our credit lost, and that this was in a sudden & extraordinary degree raised to the highest pitch. I told him all that was ever necessary to establish our credit, was an efficient government & an honest one declaring\nit would sacredly pay our debts, laying taxes for this purpose & applying them to it. I avoided going further into the subject. he finished by another exhortation to me not to decide too positively on retirement, & here we were called to breakfast.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0096", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon. Octr 1st 1792\nExpecting this letter will find you in Philadelphia\u2014I wish you wd begin in time to compare all my Speeches in Congress with the subsequent Acts of that body; that I may see what parts of them have passed altogether unnoticed, or which have been only partially noticed; thereby enabling me to judge whether any, and what parts of them should be brought forward again. It is my request also, that you would note everything that may occur to you as fit subjects of information, or for recommendation at the opening of the Session\u2014and such other matters as result from the Laws with wch it is proper to make the Legislature or the Senate acquainted. I want to have all the materials collected for my Communications previous to my arrival, that when the whole are before me I may select & digest into order, such as will be proper for my Speech.\nIt is my present intention to commence my journey to Philadelphia on this day week; & to spend that, and part of the following day in George Town; but whether I shall be able to do it is not absolutely certain, as yet. William and Richard have both been confined to their rooms, and mostly to their beds for ten or twelve days with intermittant fevers; which, never before yesterday, was moderate enough to admit the Bark which makes it doubtful at this moment whether they will be in condition to undertake the journey if they keep well, & a return of the fever I am sure will prevent it. As to poor George I shall say nothing\u2014His fate is unquestionably fixed, and Fanny\u2019s, from prest appearances, is very unpromisg probably terminating in the same disorder. These occurrances throws my private Affairs into considerable embarrassment; But as they, especially the Major, is not likely to get better, and if they do will spend the winter at her fathers, I must leave them in it, as there is no remedy at present.\nThe light house on Cape Henry, in this State, will soon want a Keeper, & if my memory serves me many have offered. Pray examine the characters and have them ready to be decided on by the time I arrive.\nMrs Washington went up this Morning to bid Mrs Stuart (who has lately added a Son to the family) farewell\u2014My best wishes attend Mrs Lear yourself and the Child and I am\u2014Dear Sir Your sincere friend and Affecte Servant\nGo: Washingt\u27e8on\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0097", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nSir,\nMount Vernn Octr 1st 1792.\nIt is highly important that the proceedings in the Indictments of those who have opposed themselves, unwarrantably, to the Laws laying a duty on distilled spirits, should be placed on legal ground & prosecuted properly; it is my desire therefore that you will attend the Circuit Court at York Town, to be holden the  of this Month and see that, that business is conducted in a manner to which no exception can with propriety be taken: and for the further purpose also of giving to this measure of Government a more solemn & serious countenance aspect. I am &ca\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0098", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Lewis, 3 October 1792\nFrom: Lewis, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nInclosd I send you a Coppy of Mr Cowpers Accot according to the payments that were to have been made He has never paid (without it has been within a very few weeks past) more than between three & four hundred pounds. His bonds I have parted with except the one I send you wch was in part of the last payment.\nI had every reason to believe I shoud have been able by Howell to have sent you the full amount of the money due you (wth Cowpers Bond) But have been disappointed particularly in a Sum promissd me by Coll Fontain. yet have every reason to believe I shall get it shortly. On Saturday next I shall Certainly recd \u00a350. I expected to have sent that sum more than I send you. Your or Maj: Washingtons order for that sum shall be paid on demand [.] It shall be but a few weeks sir you shall recd the full amount of the debt. Howell Brings you \u00a3212:6:5\u00bd I shoud esteme it a favor you\u2019d inform Majr Washington I did not know (till Howel Informed me) he had not recd the bond of \u00a350 promissd by Doctr French. If is not paid in Ten days I can furnish him one of \u00a357. which I hope will answer his purpose. I am Dr Sir Your most Obdt Hum: Servt\nJohn Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0100", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James McHenry, 4 October 1792\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nNear Baltimore 4th Octbr 1792.\nI do myself the honor to inclose you Mr Tilghmans determination which I received only to-day. I had informed him that you had intimated to me a desire to appoint him to the vacant office of District Attorney if it could be ascertained that he would remove to Baltimore which the nature of the business made necessary. After visiting this Town to examine and investigate prospects in the way of his profession he told me he was satisfied that it would be to his interest to remove; but requested to have an opportunity to consult with his father whom he did not wish to disoblige. I said any delay would be embarrassing to me as the information you had required had been procrastinated already too long; however as my indisposition had chiefly occasioned it, the time he asked for might be placed to that account. I inclose you also Mr Hammonds answer. In every point of view either of these gentlemen would have been an acquisition to Baltimore. The law characters here who may still be unfriendly to the constitution are not sufficiently balanced by those we have of a different description. Hollingsworth belongs yet neither to one nor other or rather to both as the case may be.\nI shall send Mr Smith his commission to-morrow. His brother the Col. and Mr Charles Ridgley are competitors for Congress. I hear Colonel Smith will succeed by a considerable majority, but that both Town and County seem to shew by their tardiness to vote no very strong inclination for either. One half of the Town, and this is the last day, have not voted and not one fourth of the County. Mercers election on tuesday night was not in a very favorable train.\nI have been only once in Town since my getting better. I am still very weak. With sincere prayers for your health so essential to us all I am Dr Sir most affectionately and truely Your Obt servt\nJames McHenry.\nGen. Williams has been very ill at Hagers Town, but is better.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0102", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 5 October 1792\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nPhiladelphia, 5th Octr 1792.\nI have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency\u2019s letter, inclosing a copy of a Proclamation, that you have issued, in consequence of certain irregular and refractory proceedings, which have taken place, in particular parts of some of the States, contravening the laws for raising a revenue upon Spirits, distilled within The United States: And it affords me the sincerest satisfaction to find, that you repose a just confidence in the exertions of the Executive of Pennsylvania, to further, in every proper way, the particular object of the measure, which you have, at this time, adopted, as well as, on every other occasion, to promote a due obedience to the constitutional laws of The Union.\nPreviously to the publishing of your Proclamation, certain Rioters, of the county of Chester, who, in opposing the collection of the revenue upon Spirits, had committed an assault and battery on the officer, were indicted, convicted, and fined; and, I am informed, that the regular process had, likewise, issued against the perpetrators of a similar offence, in the county of Allegheny. Every other necessary step, which the law permits to be taken, I will cheerfully pursue, in order to prevent, or punish, the repetition of delinquencies, so hostile to the peace and happiness\nof the Community; for, independent of an earnest desire to contribute to the tranquility and honour of your administration, I am sensible, that the prosperity of every individual State, depends upon the prosperity of The Union; which can only be effected by a strict and faithful attention to our Federal obligations.\nUnder these impressions, I have thought it proper to address a letter (a copy of which I take the liberty to inclose) to the Judges of the Supreme Court, and the Presidents of the courts of Common Pleas, requesting that they will inculcate the indispensable duty of obedience to the laws of The Union; and, particularly, as far as their jurisdiction extends, that they will charge the Grand Inquest convened in the several counties, to enquire into, and present, offences of the nature, to which your Proclamation refers. I have the Honour to be, Sir, With perfect respect, Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt Hble Servt\nThomas Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0103", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Citizens of Vincennes, 5 October 1792\nFrom: Citizens of Vincennes\nTo: Washington, George\nAu Poste Vin\u00e7enne le 5 8bre 1792.\nA Son Excellen\u00e7e George Washinton Ecuier premier President des Etats unis de l\u2019Amerique du nord. &c. suplie humblement.\nLes habitants de ce district qui ont l\u2019honneur de vous Exposer que vu les mauva\u27e8ises\u27e9 Guerres qu\u2019ils onts E\u00fces a soutenir pendant plusieurs Ann\u00e9es avec les Nations Indiennes de Ces Contr\u00e9es, ce qui a Caus\u00e9e la perte generale de touts les Cito\u00efens jusqu\u2019a leurs tu\u00e9s femmes Enfants et Animaux domestiques et les reduire dans la derniere Indigen\u00e7e.\nactuellement que le trait\u00e9 de paix a Et\u00e9 fait avec ces m\u00eames nations l\u2019on veut nous Imposer des droits sur toutes les marchandises Ce qui nous les fait pa\u00efer un prix Exorbitant et nous Emp\u00eache de pouvoir Entretenir nos familles; nous ne pretendons pas Cependant oppriner les Loix; mais l\u2019Indigen\u00e7e actuelle ou nous sommes nous obligent Connoissant votre Bont\u00e9 d\u2019y avoir Recours et nous vous supplions de rechef de Jetter un Regard favorable sur de pauvres Infortun\u00e9s Cito\u00efens qui ne desirent que le bien de l\u2019etat et qui ne C\u00easseront de prier dieu pour la Conservation & vos grandeurs.\nMalgr\u00e9 notre pauvret\u00e9 ont ne veut pas nous permettre de faire aucunes ventes ni traite qu\u2019en pa\u00efant des sommes Immenses et Il nous Est Impossible de pouvoir y Resister mais S\u2019il nous Etoit possible d\u2019avoir un Commer\u00e7e libre pendant quelques Ann\u00e9e\u27e8s\u27e9 que les Etrangers ou autres purent nous apporter nos besoins nous pourions par la suite revenir a notre premier Etat et soutenir l\u2019Endroit dans la paix et l\u2019union Comme nous avons fait Ci devant, C\u2019est ce que nous Attendons de vos Bont\u00e9s ainsi que de Croire que nous sommes et seronts toujours vos tres humbles et obeissants serviteurs et Zel\u00e9s Cito\u00efens\nP[ierre] Billet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0104", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Citizens of Vincennes, 6 October 1792\nFrom: Citizens of Vincennes\nTo: Washington, George\n[Vincennes, 6 October 1792]\nTo George Washington. President of The United States of America.\nThe Supplication of Laurence Bazadone, John Darguilleur, John Toulon, and Peter Troussereau; residing at Postvincents in the County of Knox. Most Humbly Sheweth.\nThat your Suppliants being reduced to the most Indigent circumstances, by the greatest stretch of usurped Power, conceive their only remedy to depend on your Patronage.\nTheir Case being unparalleled, they beg your attention to the following recital, in which they will state Facts.\nYour Suppliants all born subjects to France, came from New-orleans with divers Merchandise in 1783. to this place, where the Ancient Inhabitants received them with their usual Humanity. And where they had every reason to be satisfied with their reception and prospects. In October 1786. a Body of armed men under\nthe command of General George Clarke from Kentuck penetrated into this country in search of Indians, who having come to a conference eluded the Fury of those ravagers. Under pretence of preventing the Incursions of the natives to the settlements on the south side of the Ohio, General Clarke embodied a number of his followers, and stationed them at this place under the command of a John Holder; and compelling the Inhabitants to supply them with Provisions and Fuel; assuring them that the levy was made by the Authority of the Executive of the State of Virginia, and that their disbursements would be paid. But they did not stop here. Your Suppliants were arrested, and imprisoned on the 17th of October and their Effects seized by the said General George Clarke, John Holder and other officers, who at a Court-martial tried and condemned your Suppliants; forfeited their Effects to the United States and appropriated the whole as they thought most proper. This they termed the right of retaliation on the subjects of Spain for real or supposed instances of the same nature, committed on one of the Citizens of the United States on the Mississippi. It would be too much to trouble you with an enumeration of all the Indignities with which those Tyrants treated your Suppliants. The loss of all their Property rated at the current prices amounts to near Seventy Thousand Livres money of France; and has reduced your Suppliants to the greatest Misery. Sensible of the rights of every citizen your Suppliants have been encouraged to borrow Money to support an Action in the District of Kentuck, against the said Offenders who have hitherto rendered abortive the efforts of your Suppliants in the Courts of Justice. And having no further support nor the means of obtaining that Justice which we expect is due to the unfortunate, tho\u2019 indigent sufferer; Your Suppliants have taken the resolution to address themselves to you, to pray you would consider their Case, become their Patron and obtain for them from the United States such Relief as they in their Wisdom may find equitable.\nYour Suppliants rely entirely on your Patronage and Bounty; and they expect the happy period of their Misfortunes will be the consequence of your Intercession to the United States in their behalf.\nThe extreme Poverty to which their misfortune has reduced your Suppliants compels them to the necessity of applying to the\nChief of the Kaskaskias Indian Tribe to present you this their Supplication. In hopes of your approveing of their resolution, and of your obtaining from the United States the relief they stand so much in want of, they beg leave to subscribe their names, and marks in presence of Witness\u2019s. at Postvincents the 6th day of October 1792.\n            Paul Gamelin\n            Laurence X Bazadone\n            Pierre Gamelin\n            Jhon Darguilleur\n            John X Toulon\n            Peter X Troussereau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0105", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 7 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n  Mount Vernon, 7 Oct. 1792. Forwards to Philadelphia Jefferson\u2019s papers that were \u201cfound in the Road\u201d by one of GW\u2019s neighbors, except for a letter to Daniel Carroll of Rock Creek, Md., which has been sent to the Alexandria post office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0106", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 7 October 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia October 7th 1792\nI arrived in this place this morning when I was honored with your kind letters of the 21st of September and 1st of October, which were put into my hands by Mr Fraunces. I was detained in Portsmouth ten days longer than I expected to have been when I had the hononor of writing to you last from that place, in order to settle some affairs for my mother which I happily accomplished in a satisfactory manner. Our journey to this city has been very favorable both as to weather and other circumstances, Mrs Lear, our little son and myself have returned in perfect health\u2014we met with no accident, not even the breaking of a strap, from the time of our departure \u2018till our return to Philadelphia.\nI am happy to inform you that I found a person who is recommended by General Lincoln & several other respectable Characte[r]s as being completely qualified in every respect to take charge of and superintend the education of a small number of boys, and who is ready to come on here & engage in that business as soon as he shall be informed that his services are desired. I wrote to Colo. Hamilton on the subject before I left New England desiring him to inform me of the number of boys that might be calculated upon to form a School and the sum that an instructor might expect annually for his services\u2014his answer (which I received in Boston) mentioned the number of twelve boys, and that six hundred dollars per Annum would be given in full for all services &c. &c.\u2014This was communicated to the\nGentleman who had been recommended to fill the place and was accepted by him; and he now holds himself in readiness to come on here as soon as he is desired, which will be by the next post.\nI shall be particularly attentive to your directions respecting the speeches &c. and trust those matters which you desire will be in readiness by your arrival here.\nI was very glad to be informed by Mr Page that he had sent his Coach off on the 3d instant so that it will in all probability be in season at Mount Vernon; and I sincerely hope that you will not be prevented from commencing your journey at the time you propose by the cause which you apprehend may delay you.\nI am truly greived by the account which you give of the poor Major\u2019s situation, and the unfavorable appearances which you mention in his amiable partner render the account still more distressing. On these occasions I feel with poignancy but I cannot express my feelings. I am sorry to hear of the general unhealthiness of the season in your quarter, and am glad that the same cause of complaint does not exist here nor in that part of the Country from whence I have lately come. The small pox had rendered Boston an hospital at the time of our passing through it; but the disorder was not uncommonly malignant\u2014near nine thousand persons had been inoculated in that town, and not more than seventy had died with the small pox including those who had taken it the natural way.\nI found every thing in good order at the house and was informed, much to my satisfaction, that peace & good order had prevailed in it since my departure. I shall this week take measures for securing our wood, hay & Oats for the winter.\nI have been just informed that a Ship has now arrived in the River in 35 days from Ostend which brings most disasterous accounts of the French affair such as that the Marquis de la Fayette was taken by some Pesants, with eight other officers all in disguise, or rather without their Uniforms, supposed to be on their way to Ostend to embark for London, and were carried prisoners to Antwarp where they were delivered to the Austrians\u2014that Count Dillon with 30 other Officers had deserted to the Enemy, and that the army lately commanded by the Marquis was in so mutinous & distracted a state that they must either fall a sacrifice to the combined Armies or do irreparable mischiefs to their own Country. The Ship which brings this account is called\nthe Patsy Rutledge and belongs to Mr Ross of this City who was out of town when she arrived and the letters which she brought were sent out to him so that no further particulars could be yet collected.\nMrs Lear unites with me in grateful & affectionate respects for Mrs Washington and yourself\u2014in love and sincere regards for the Children and the family with earnest prayers that it may please God to restore the health of my good fri[e]nd the Major and make him a continued blessing to his family and friends. With sentiments of the truest and most respectful attachment, I have the honor to be Sir, Your grateful & Obedt Sert\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0107", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Betty Washington Lewis, 7 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Betty Washington\nMy dear Sister,\nMount Vernon Octr 7th 1792.\nAs Mrs Washington and myself expect to set out to morrow for Philadelpa and the Majr & Fanny the day after if the Vessel which is to carry him to Colo. Bassets arrives in time, I have taken the advantage of the good opportunity afforded by Mr Robt Lewis of sending Harriot to Fredericksburg. It is done at this time (notwithstanding your proposed visit to Albemarle) 1st because it would be improper to leave her here after we are all gone; 2d because there would be no person to accompany her down afterwards; and 3d because it might be inconvenient for her to travel alone.\nShe comes\u2014as Mrs Washington informs me\u2014very well provided with every thing proper for a girl in her situation: this much I know, that she costs me enough to place her in it. I do not, however, want you (or any one else) to do more by her than merely to admit her into your family whilst this House is uninhabited by a female white Woman, and thereby rendered an unfit place for her to remain at\u2014I shall continue to do for her what I have already done for Seven years past & that is to furnish her with such reasonable & proper necessaries as she may stand in need of, notwithstanding I have had both her brothers upon my hands and been obliged to pay several hundred pounds out of my own Pocket for the board, Schooling & Cloathing &ca of them for more than the period above mentioned; their fathers Estate being unable to discharge the Executions as fast as they issued against it.\nHarriot has sense enough, but no disposition to industry nor to be careful of her Cloaths. Your example and admonition may,\nwith proper restraints, overcome the two last\u2014and to that end I wish you would examine her Cloaths and direct her in the use and application of them\u2014for without this they will be (I am told) dabbed about in every hole & corner\u2014& her best things always in use. Fanny was too easy, too much of her own indolent turn, and had too little authority to cause, either by precept or example, any change in this for the better & Mrs Washington[\u2019s] absence has been injurious to her in many respects\u2014but she is young and with good advice, may yet make a fine woman.\nIf, notwithstanding the supposition that she is well provided with every thing (except a Cloak which was not to be had in Alexandria and may be got at Fredericksburg) a deficiency is found, & you will supply it, there need be no occasion for your laying in advance more than ten days, as I could at any time remit a bank note (in a letter) to you in four days after I was made acquainted with the amount. I do not mean by this to launch into expensiveness\u2014She has no pretensions to it, nor would the state of my finances enable me to endulge her in them if she had.\nMrs Washington joins me in best wishes for the perfect restoration of your health & every other blessing and I am, &ca\nGo: W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0108", "content": "Title: Broadside: Sale of Lots in the Federal City, 8 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[8 October 1792]\nTERMS AND CONDITIONS declared by the PRESIDENT of the UNITED STATES, this seventeenth day of October, seventeen hundred and ninety-one, for regulating the Materials and Manner of the Buildings and Improvements on the LOTS in the CITY of WASHINGTON.\n1st. THAT the outer and party-walls of all houses within the said City shall be built of brick or stone.\n2nd. That all buildings on the streets shall be parallel thereto, and may be advanced to the line \u27e8of th\u27e9e street, or withdrawn therefrom, at the plea\u27e8sure\u27e9 of the improver: But where any such build\u27e8ing is\u27e9 about to be erected, neither the foundation or party-wall shall be begun without first applying to the person or persons appointed by the Commissioners to superintend the buildings within the city, who will ascertain the lines of the walls to correspond with these regulations.\n3d. The wall of no house to be higher than forty feet to the roof in any part of the city; nor shall any be lower than thirty-five feet on any of the avenues.\n4th. That the Person or persons appointed by the Commissioners to superintend the buildings may enter on the land of any person to set out the foundation and regulate the walls to be built between party and party, as to the breadth and thickness thereof. Which foundation shall be laid equally upon the lands of the persons between whom such party-walls are to be built, and shall be of the breadth and thickness determined by such person proper; and the first builder shall be reimbursed one moiety of the charge of such party-wall, or so much thereof as the next builder shall have occasion to make use of, before such next builder shall any ways use or break into the wall\u2014The charge or value thereof to be set by the person or persons so appointed by the Commissioners.\n5th. As temporary conveniencies will be proper for lodging workmen and securing materials for building, it is to be understood that such may be erected with the approbation of the Commissioners: But they may be removed or discontinued by the special order of the Commissioners.\n6th. The way into the squares being designed in a special manner for the common use and convenience of the occupiers of the respective squares\u2014The property in the same is reserved to the public, so that there may be an immediate interference on any abuse of the use thereof by any individual, to the nuisance or obstruction of others. The proprietors of the Lots adjoining the entrance into the squares, on arching over the entrance, and fixing gates in the manner the Commissioners shall approve, shall be intitled to divide the space over the arching and build it up with the range of that line in the square.\n7th. No vaults shall be permitted under the streets, nor any encroachments on the foot-way above the steps, stoops, porches,\ncellar doors, windows, ditches or leaning walls; nor shall there be any projection over the street, other than the eves of the house, without the consent of the Commissioners.\n8th. These regulations are the terms and conditions under and upon which conveyances are to be made, according to the deeds in trust of the lands within the city.\nGeorge Washington.\nTERMS of SALE of LOTS in the CITY of WASHINGTON, the Eighth Day of October, 1792.\nALL Lands purchased at this Sale, are to be subject to the Terms and Conditions declared by the President, pursuant to the Deeds in Trust.\nThe purchaser is immediately to pay one fourth part of the purchase money; the residue is to be paid in three equal annual payments, with yearly interest of six per cent. on the whole principal unpaid: If any payment is not made at the day, the payments-made are to be forfeited, or the whole principal and interest unpaid may be recovered on one suit and execution, in the option of the Commissioners.\nThe purchaser is to be entitled to a conveyance, on the whole purchase money and interest being paid, and not before. No bid under Three dollars to be received.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0110", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Merchants of Charleston, South Carolina, 8 October 1792\nFrom: Merchants of Charleston, South Carolina\nTo: Washington, George\nCharleston So. Carolina 8th October 1792.\nTo The Honorable President & Members of the Senate of the united States in congress assemble\u2019d\nThe Petition of the Subscribers, Merchants residing in Charleston, in the State of South Carolina, humbly sheweth,\nThat by an act pass\u2019d at the third Session of Congress, to regulate processes, in the Courts of the United States, \u201cIt is enacted that the same mode of proceedings shall be had, & the same fees exacted in each State respectively as are now us\u2019d, or allow\u2019d in the supreme courts of the same[\u201d]; whereby your petitioners are subjected to the same enormous fees & obnoxious mode of proceedings in the court of Admiralty of the United States, in this State, as were practis\u2019d & receiv\u2019d in a Court of similar jurisdiction before the revolution; The Legislature of this State having never made any regulations or alterations therein; Your petitioners have annex\u2019d hereto, a bill of costs in the said court as tax\u2019d by the Judge, a reference to which by your honorable house, they presume, will render it unnecessary for them to use any arguments to induce a reduction of such excessive costs.\nYour petitioners feel themselves bound to make honorable mention of the most numerous & respectable practitioners at the bar, in this city, who have invariably, when in their power, refus\u2019d to practice in a court, become obnoxious to all reasonable men, by the great & enormous costs to which Litigants there are made liable.\nYour petitioners beg leave further to shew, that by an act pass\u2019d\nat the Second Session of Congress, to regulate Seamen in the Merchants service, Ships or Vessells & their appurtenences are made Liable to actions of trivial amount, whereby it often happens that your petitioners are compell\u2019d to submit to the most unreasonable demands as a Lesser injury, rather than suffer the detention of their Vessells; an evil which your petitioners apprehend may be remov\u2019d without injury or Loss to any one, by giving power to the Judge of the Court, to accept of other sufficient security where the sum in action does not exceed One hundred & Fifty dollars.\nYour petitioners therefore pray that your honorable house, will be pleas\u2019d to pass a Law, restraining the proceedings & reducing the fees in the Court of Admiralty of the United States in this State, & admitting of other security being taken to the satisfaction of the Judge of the Court, in small & trivial causes brought by seamen or others against Vessells in the Merchants service, & Your petitioners, as in duty bound will ever pray.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0112", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 9 October 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar-department, 9th October 1792\nI have the mortification to submit you, the copy of a Letter this day received by express from Governor Blount\u2014The enclosures he mentions are too lengthy to be copied this day, but are such as to leave no doubt of the authenticity of the information.\nI have consulted with the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury on this disagreeable affair. Our unanimous opinion is, That as Governor Blount has been furnished heretofore with the most ample powers, to draw for the Militia of his government for its defensive protection\u2014that all measures of an offensive nature be restrained until the meeting of Congress, to whom belong the powers of war.\nIt is to be exceedingly apprehended, that this unfortunate event may light up a pretty general Indian war to the southward. Under this impression, it will be of the highest importance that it should, if constrained by sad necessity, be a constitutional and legislative act.\nI have the honor to transmit you the copies of the Letters I have written to Governors Blount & Lee on this occasion\u2014With the highest respect I have the honor to be sir, Your most Obed. servt\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0113", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Leven Powell, 10\u201311 October 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Powell, Leven\nLetter not found: to Leven Powell, c.10\u201311 Oct. 1792. GW wrote Robert Townsend Hooe on 29 May 1793 from Philadelphia that \u201con my way to this City last October I wrote a letter to Colo. Powell,\u201d and Powell wrote GW on 15 June 1793: \u201cOn my return home from the [Virginia] Assembly\nabout the first of December last, I found your favor from Baltimore.\u201d While traveling from Mount Vernon to Philadelphia in October 1792, GW spent the night of 10 Oct. at Daniel Grant\u2019s Fountain Inn in Baltimore (see James McHenry to GW, 25 Sept. 1792, n.3).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0114", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Isaac Huger, 12 October 1792\nFrom: Huger, Isaac\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nCharleston S. Carolina Octr 12th 1792.\nFrom the confidential hints given to me of the many essential services rendered by Mr John Clark (formerly of Pennsylvania) to the late Colo. John Laurens, who commanded the Light Troops in the late American Southern Army, some months before the British evacuated this City, who\u2019s services were afterwards explained to me by the Late Genl Greene, induces me from Justice and Gratitude to recommend the said Mr John Clark to your Excellency\u2019s particular notice. I had the Satisfaction of knowing him several years in this City; during which he has been employed in public Offices of the highest importance to this State; and for three years past he has had the principal management of the Late Shff\u2019s Office for Charlestown Distt; and has always in these employments conducted himself with Strict probity\u2014these Services will, I presume incline your Excellency to view him favorably\u2014And pardon the Liberty I have taken to Address you on the Occasion. I am Sir, with respect yr obdt and very hble sert\nIsc Huger.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0115", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 13 October 1792\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nGeorge-town 13th October\u20141792\nInclosed we send you a list of our Sales, which were closed yesterday. Tho\u2019 the average price is not entirely equal to that of the first sales, yet, when it is considered, that the Company assembled, was by no means such, as might have been expected, from the unlucky intervention of several circumstances; and allso, that it was the Public opinion, that the first sales were too high; and that they would be considerably less this year, we think we have much reason to be satisfyed\u2014It was evident, that many who had the strongest reliance on this opinion, were much surprised, if not disappointed; as they did not make a bid, tho\u2019 it was known they had come with intentions of purchasing\u2014We observe with pleasure now, a contrary opinion gaining ground fast, that they will not sell so cheap hereafter. Several of our Mechanics were among the purchasors; who will probably be among the first improvers\u2014You will observe, that in two instances, we set up a square for sale\u2014It was contrary to our opinion, to sell by the square, in the vicinity of such situations as either the Capitol, or President\u2019s house\u2014To gratify some, who declared a strong wish to buy by the square, near the Capitol, and to gratify the Proprietors allso at that quarter, we accordingly set up one\u2014It was not our intention to have gone further in this mode; but Mr Davidson talked directly of our partiality to the other end of the City, and insisted on a square near the President\u2019s house being allso set up; which to remove all foundation for such charges was done the next day\u2014The result, will we hope teach them to confide a little more in the judgement of the Commissioners in future\u2014From the deep stake which Mr Blodget has in the city, we have thought it our duty to communicate freely with him. We accordingly instructed him not to let the squares go at an under value\u2014In consequence of this, the square near the Capitol tho\u2019\nbought by him, still rests with us\u2014But as it will not be proper, that this circumstance should be known, or even suspected (tho\u2019 generally practiced at all sales) we shall make some arrangements with Mr Blodget for disposing of them on his own. From their very advantageous situation, he gives us much room to think, they will command, (as they certainly ought) a much superior price.\nHe has some propositions to make to us, respecting the employment of an agent, to pass through the different States for the purpose of disposing of lotts in the course of next summer; which we have desired him to communicate to you when matured\u2014Not only from the conversation we have had with him on this subject, but from similar ideas having been frequently suggested to us by gentlemen, who have come from a distance, we are induced at present, to concieve a very favourable opinion of such a plan. A Mr Ford from Philadelphia, who purchased pretty freely last year, made us an offer of 35\u00a3 a lot for 500 lots\u2014But, as it was done without any specification of the lots he would fix on, we came to nothing conclusive\u2014He was informed generally, that it was much below what had ever been contemplated for lots in any eligible situation\u2014As it is probable, he may have been employed by some moneyed people from Philadelphia, who did not chuse themselves to appear in such a speculation, we hope our conversation with him, will lead to a more just opinion of the value of the lots\u2014It was strongly wished by several strangers, who did not however purchase, that there might be a sale in the Spring or early in the Summer\u2014As we are entirely of the same opinion, we have given them every reason to believe there will be one\u2014We are Sir, with the greatest respect, Your most Obt Servts\nDd Stuart.\nDanl Carroll\nP:S: Our great hurry would not permit us to have a copy taken of this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0117", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 14 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Oct. 14. 1792.\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President & incloses him some letters for his perusal. those from G. Morris & mister Short require immediate notice, because there are vessels about to sail by which answers should be sent. the President will see by mister Remsen\u2019s letter the peculiar misfortune of the dispatches to Carmichael & Short, of which, from their particular delicacy, it was thought best not to risk duplicates, because being put on board a vessel bound directly to Amsterdam, they seemed to run no other danger than of the sea. but it so turns out as to bring on them what is tantamount to a loss by the sea, and the possibility of their getting into other hands. this loss was not ascertained till yesterday. the clerks are now all employed in copying the dispatches over again to go by a vessel which sails for Amsterdam on Wednesday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0118", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 14 October 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia 14 October 1792\nI have the honor with great diffidence to submit hints of points in the War department which appear necessary to be mentioned to the Legislature at their approaching session.\nArsenals are exceedingly wanted in the middle and southern states for the well ordering of the military stores\u2014But as this is a ticklish subject it is omitted for the present.\nI have also the honor to submit a letter from Governor Lee of the 4th instant, with the draft of an answer thereto, which if it should receive your approbation may be transmitted by tomorrows post.\nI propose to set out early tomorrow Morning for the Eastward. I hope from circumstances to meet my family and return by Sunday\nor monday of the next week. I have the honor sir to be with perfect Respect Your Obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0119", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Pinckney, 14 October 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\n(Private) \nDear Sir.Charleston [S.C.] October 14: 1792  \nI have the honour to inclose you copies of my dispatches by Captain Burroughs lest any accident should have happened to him\u2014not having recieved any Express since the first, I am not able to add to my former communications on that subject.\nAs the four years for which I have been appointed to the office I hold will expire in December, and as by our Constitution I am ineligible and disqualified from serving for four years to come I embrace this opportunity of returning you my thanks for the polite attention I have recieved from you in my official situation and to assure you I shall ever retain a grateful sense of them. at the same time permit me to add that as my Education and pursuits have been entirely adapted to a public life, that whenever you may think proper to honour me with any appointment under the federal Government which I can with propriety accept considering the different situations I Have been in I shall with pleasure\naccept it\u2014Emoluments of Office are not, nor have ever been my aim, but I confess it always gives me pleasure to serve the Public\u2014when I can do it with honour and with respect to the Appointments I have already held. If the entire confidence and approbation of my public conduct of the state I live in, may be a recommendation I think I may venture to say and I believe you know I fully possess it\u2014I have said this much to you, because I am told you expect on occasions of this kind to be previously informed of the wishes of those whose situations or inclinations may lead or entitle them to look up to public appointments\u2014but whether any proper Opportunity may offer or you should be disposed or not to gratify my wishes I hope your friendship will induce you to consider this communication as entirely confidential\u2014I should not have made it, but I have been told that although my friend Colonel Laurens has mentioned me to you, & I believe some others have likewise done so, yet upon these occasions it is considered as more respectful that the parties themselves should signify their inclinations. I am with Respect & Attachment Yours truly\nCharles Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0120", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 14 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\n[Philadelphia] Oct. 14th 1792.\nI arrived in this City yesterday afternoon, without encountering any accident except what you are acquainted with by the return of the Mare from George Town; and the indisposition of\nRichard; who, with difficulty, was able to travel from Baltimore to this place, on acct of the fever wch returnd on him.\nRecollecting that it was my desire that you should send the Reports to the Post Office every Wednesday afternoon, & receive at the sametime my communications from thence; I shall now, to avoid the delay of a week, mention such things as have occurred to me since I left home, and were not communicated to you; or, if mentioned at all, were but slightly touched upon; from the hurried situation into which I had been thrown.\nHaving left the disposition of the Mansion House people to you, I wish to know how they are arranged; and think the sooner they are distributed to their permanent abodes the better. Those which I alloted to the Gardener, are neither to be idle themselves, nor to support him in idleness; but are to enable him to carry certain plans of mine into effect with more promptness; and in a better manner (under his immediate superintendance) than it otherwise could be, without withdrawing your attention more than it ought to be from matters of greater magnitude. The things which I want him to do with these people (aided by the Mansn Ho. Cart) are to complete the upper garden Walk, with gravel, taken from the nearest Pit wch is hid from view; & this I think may be found in a gully in the Clover lot, in front of the M: House. The gravel to pass through a wooden sieve, to take out Stones of too large a size. To gravel the Walks in the Pine labyrinths, on both sides of the Lawn West of the House. To plant fresh clumps as soon as the trees can be removed; in the Buck Wheat Lot; the two clover lots; &ca; & of the best, & most ornamental trees\u2014quick in their growth. These clumps are not to be placed with regularity as they respect one another\u2014nor the trees in each, individually. Nor are the clumps to cover (individually) half the ground those did which were planted out last fall, Winter, & Spring. In a word, the trees are to be so close together in each Clump as for the tops, in a little while, to appear as if they proceeded from one trunk. they can always be thinned if found too thick. Those clumps wch are already planted (if alive) may be thickened in the manner I have described, and with the same kind of trees; provided they do not stand in too formal a point of view, one to the other. The ever-greens must be removed when they can be taken up with a compact & solid body of frozen earth to the Roots, otherwise the labour will be lost, and another year\nwill pass away without accomplishing my design; as abundant experience has incontestibly proved. The flowering ever-green Ivy, I want them to plant thick around the Ice house upper side\u2014not of the tallest kind, but of an even height: this should be taken up as above; & to insure its thriving, as well as barely living, there ought, I conceive, to be a bed of its natural soil prepared two or three feet deep, & as wide as the transplantation (six or eight feet at least) is intended. The like at the No. East of the same lawn, by the other Wall. and if beyond that Hah! Hah!\u2014between it and the Path leading from the Barn to the wild Cherry tree in the Hollow, was pretty thickly strewed with them (of the lower sort) & intermixed freely with the bush honey suckle of the Woods, it would, in my opinion, have a pleasing effect. Besides these things, & keeping the Gardens (my small, as well as the others)\u2014lawns\u2014Shrubberies, and Ovals clean & free from Weeds and grass, I would have what is called the Vineyard Inclosure cleansed of all the trash that is in it, and got in perfect order for fruit trees\u2014Kitchen vegitables of various kinds\u2014experimental grasses\u2014& for other purposes. Perhaps after the trash & grubs are taken out, a good plowing with a strong team where there is nothing growing may be an essential preparatory operation for the work that is to follow. The old ditch & bank which splits this inclosure in two is to be levelled, & the trees, except here & there one, taken away; in these I do not comprehend fruit trees; After these things are accomplished\u2014or in weather when they cannot be employed usefully in either of the works before enumerated, these (Negro) hands may be employed in cutting wood, or in other work with the Mansion House Gang.\nI would have the Gardener also, with these people, if the Autumn is a proper Season for it, if not, without fail in the Spring, plant cuttings of the Weeping Willow, yellow willow, or Lombardy Poplar prefering the first & last mentioned, at the distance of a foot, or 18 Inches apart from the Smiths shop, quite as the Post & Rail fence runs, around both these inclosures; and the Vine yard inclosure; also that lately sown in Lucern from the Stercorary to the river fence: that by entwining them as they grow up I may have a substitute for the fences that are now there. To do this, is of the utmost importance to my interest; as it also is in a more essential degree, to supply by hedges of this, or some\nother kind all my other fences; as well the exterior ones as those which seperate the different fields from one another. I have laboured to effect this latter point for years. I have pressed it, & pressed it again\u2014but, strange to tell! the Season has either been suffered to pass away before it is set about; or it has either been set about improperly; or, no care has been taken afterwards to preserve & nourish the young plants so as to fit them for the purpose they were intended. Let me therefore in the strongest terms possible, call your attention to this business, as one, than which nothing is nearer, both to my interest and wishes; first, because it is indispensably necessary to save timber & labour; and secondly, because it is ornamental to the Farm, & reputable to the Farmer. If you want Honey locust seed, or any thing else from hence to enable you to effect these I will send them. About the Mansion House (and indeed in other cross fences; where Hogs cannot come) I think the Weeping Willow & lombardy poplar, which are quick of growth, is to be preferred. Save much of the Cedar Berries, and (after washing, & rubbing off the glutinous coating around the Seed) sow them in every place where you think they can be established to advantage. This might be done even, where you put the cuttings above mentioned (at the Plantations) as a more permanent fence than the other; which may yield, as the Cedars grow up, and are plashed.\nLet the hands at the Mansion House Grub well, & perfectly prepare the old clover lot at the Mansion House for whatever you may incline to put into it, preparatory for grass, with which it is to be laid down. When I say grub well, I mean that every thing wch is not to remain as trees should be taken up by the roots; so as that the Plow may meet with no interruption, and the field lye perfectly smooth for the Scythe. Let this, I earnestly request, be received as a general, & positive direction; for I seriously assure you, that I had rather have one Acre cleared in this manner, than four in the common mode; especially in all grounds designed for grass; & for the reasons which I have often mentioned to you. It is a great, & very disagreeable eye-sore to me, as well as a real injury in the loss of labour & the Crop (ultimately) and the destruction of Scythes, to have foul meadows. After this is done by the Mansion House people, let them begin at the Wharf, or rather at what is called hell hole, and Grub as has been cleared\n    error.  TJM-->\nall the under-growth, trimming the large from that place to the cross fence which runs down from the spring to the River fence, that I may, when the wet spots are made dry, & without plowing or breaking the ground more than a harrow would do, lay it down in grass\u2014And when these two objects are accomplished, if nothing else more desirable should occur, to set them about, they might be employed in grubbing & preparing the ground I once (as you know) contemplated as a Corn field for the Muddy hole people at the Mansion House.\nIt is my wish that no hogs may be put up for Porke that is not of sufficient size and age. I had rather have a little Porke that is good, than much bad.\nI am persuaded your exertion, to get out your Wheat, will be commensurate to the necessity; that gathering of Corn (as soon as it can be with safety) may follow before the frosts may render it pernicious to run Carts over the Wheat, that is amongst it. Delay no time in getting up\u2014threshing out\u2014and measuring your Buck Wheat that I may know what is made. Nor in digging up the Potatoes at Dogue-Run. And I am persuaded you will begin your Autumn plowing as soon as circumstances will permit\u2014remember that the season is now approaching fast when frosts will put a stop to this business.\nThe second Visto which I mentioned to you is but a secondary object, and yet I am anxious to know over what ground it will pass; but this may be done by a line of stakes in an avenue not more than Six feet wide.\nThe Sooner the old Quarter is pulled down the better. Davis may then do up the Wall, and he ought, in time, to do the other Jobs I mentioned to you\u2014to wit\u2014the Chimney in the Neck\u2014the Chimney at French\u2019s\u2014& that at Bishops house[.] the Vault (burying place) also wants repair. After these he will, as late as the Weather will permit, proceed in painting; first finishing the Quarter\u2014then the four Garden houses\u2014then the Smoke house & Store\u2014then the old Spinning house, Wash house, & Coach house with red roofs as the others have\u2014After doing this work\u2014or when obliged to quit it he will join the Carpenters. This Nuclus may do immediately; or as soon as all the Cedars, locusts, and other valuable Wood where Sam has been clearing, can be stripped of its limbs & brought to, & secured in, or at the Barn.\nAs it is proposed that the hands at Muddy hole should obtain their Corn ground at Dogue run, parts of it that now are, or probably will be wet in the Spring, ought without loss of time to be ditched; that they may be thoroughly grubbed this fall, or in the Winter; and the middle meadow there are two places, I conceive, that will want main ditches, besides smaller cross ditches, viz.\u2014the arm of the swamp running up towards the Spring\u2014& the other arm leading to the outer fence. What Ditching may be wanting in the Mill swamp, above the present Corn field therein, I know not; one main ditch, however, will certainly be necessary, & more than probably one or two cross ones. But in this case, as in every other, it is my express desire that no more may be attempted than what can be compleatly, & effectually executed.\nAs I have already furnished you with a memorandum of the work marked out for the Carpenters, I need not, at this time, add any thing on that head; except a wish that the Well may be compleated agreeably to the model, that I may know whether it will answer or not. And, if it was not mentioned in my last, that the Qr may be taken down.\nEndeavor to provide Oyster Shells in the course of this Winter, that, in case I should resolve on it, there may be no let, or delay in building a Barn, or treading floor at Dogue-run to be in readiness for the next Wheaten Crop. I met with a Nephew of mine\u2014Colo. Willm Augustine Washington\u2014at George Town, who promised to engage some persons, if he could, to carry shells to Mount Vernon for me; if this should happen but do not depend upon it you must take what are brought, although you may have entered into other engagements; as it will be on my acct he sends them; they must be paid for on delivery; I do not suppose they will exceed 16/8 or 18/. the hundred bushels, but if they are engaged for me they must be taken if they do exceed this price.\nAs I can get Iron as cheap, if not cheaper here than it is obtained from Alexandria, send me the sizes of the Bars, plates, &ca which you would have to compose a Tonn, and I will send it from hence before the frost sets in.\nMrs Washington requested the Gardeners Wife\u2014& she readily undertook it\u2014to superintend, under your general direction, the care of the Spinners. This will also lessen the minuti\u00e6 of your business, & enable you to attend closer to the great, & important parts of it. Put her in a good & regular mode, & keep her to the\nexercise of it. An allowance will be made her for the trouble this business will occasion. Tell the Gardener, it is my desire that he should raise Chesnut trees from the Nuts of those which grow on the front Lawn.\nAlthough it is last mentioned, it is foremost in my thoughts, to desire you will be particularly attentive to my Negros in their sickness; and to order every Overseer positively to be so likewise; for I am sorry to observe that the generality of them, view these poor creatures in scarcely any other light than they do a draught horse or Ox; neglecting them as much when they are unable to work; instead of comforting & nursing them when they lye on a sick bed. I lost more Negros last Winter, than I had done in 12 or 15 years before, put them altogether. If their disorders are not common, and the mode of treating them plain, simple & well understood, send for Doctr Craik in time. In the last stage of the complaint it is unavailing to do it. It is incurring an expence for nothing.\nI shall now briefly say, that the trust I have reposed in you is great, & my confidence that you will faithfully discharge it, is commensurate thereto. I am persuaded of your abilities, industry & integrity; cautioning you only, against undertaking more than you can execute well, under almost any circumstances; and against (but this I have no cause to suspect) being absent from your business; as example, be it good or bad, will be followed by all those who look up to you. Keep every one in their places, & to their duty; relaxation from, or neglects in small matters, lead to like attempts in matters of greater magnitude; and are often trials in the under Overseers to see how far they durst go. Have all the Tools collected from the scattered situation in which they are, and all that are not in use, put securely away; the loss, or abuse of Tools, though nothing to the Overseers\u2014when they can ask more and obtain them, is a very heavy expence to those who have them to furnish & are to be at the expence of providing them.\nI beseech you to be very attentive to the fires, keeping none in the yard except the one in your own room and another in the Kitchen\u2014the latter to be under the particular care of Frank & his wife. Let the Gates be locked\u2014The gravel may be dropped at the back door of the Garden, as in any event, I believe, it must be wheeled in hand barrows. the same may, possibly be done by\nthe gravel for the Pine labyrinths\u2014that is, come in on the back side of them. I remain Your friend &ca\nGo: Washington\nP.S. Let me know when the Major left Mt Vernon, and how he was at the time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0121", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Samuel Hodgdon, 16 October 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hodgdon, Samuel\nSir,\n[Philadelphia] October 16th 1792\nI have had the honor of laying before the President the enclosed extract of a letter which you put into my hands for that purpose, and he has directed me to request that you would let\nhim know the number & state of the arms & accoutrements which are under your care in this place, that he may be able to form a judgement whether it would be proper to spare the num[b]er wanted out of the public stores.\nThe President does not wish a formal return, but merely the number & their situation. with much respect & esteem I am Sir, Your most Obedt Servt\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0124", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 17 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 17. 1792.\nIn a letter from Monticello I took the liberty of saying that as soon as I should return here, where my letter books were, I would take the liberty of troubling you with the perusal of such parts of my correspondence from France as would shew my genuine sentiments of the new constitution. when I arrived in Philadelphia, the 5th inst. I found that many of my letters had been already put into the papers, by the gentlemen possessed of the originals, as I presume, for not a word of it had ever been communicated to me, and the copies I had retained were under a lock of which I had the key. these publications are genuine, and render it unnecessary to give you any further trouble than to see extracts from two or three other letters which have not been published, and the genuine letter for the payment of the French debt. pardon my adding this to so many troubles as you have. I think it necessary you should know my real opinions that you may know how to make use of me, and it is essential to my tranquillity not to be mis-known to you. I hope it is the last time I shall feel a necessity of asking your attention to a disagreeable subject, being with sincere wishes for your tranquility & happiness, & with perfect respect, Sir your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0126", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 18 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n(Private) \nMy dear SirPhila. Octobr 18th 1792.  \nI did not require the evidence of the extracts which you enclosed me, to convince me of your attachment to the Constitution of the United States, or of your disposition to promote the general Welfare of this Country. But I regret\u2014deeply regret\u2014the difference in opinions which have arisen, and divided you and another principal Officer of the Government; and wish, devoutly, there could be an accomodation of them by mutual yieldings.\nA Measure of this sort would produce harmony, and consequent good in our public Councils; the contrary will, inevitably, introduce confusion, & serious mischiefs\u2014and for what?\u2014because mankind cannot think alike, but would adopt different\nmeans to attain the same end. For I will frankly, & solemnly declare that, I believe the views of both of you are pure, and well meant; and that experience alone will decide with respect to the salubrity of the measures wch are the subjects of dispute.\nWhy then, when some of the best Citizens in the United States\u2014Men of discernment\u2014Uniform and tried Patriots, who have no sinister views to promote, but are chaste in their ways of thinking and acting are to be found, some on one side, and some on the other of the questions which have caused these agitations, shd either of you be so tenacious of your opinions as to make no allowances for those of the other?\nI could, and indeed was about to add more on this interesting subject; but will forbear, at least for the present; after expressing a wish that the cup wch has been presented, may not be snatched from our lips by a discordance of action when I am persuaded there is no discordance in your views. I have a great\u2014a sincere esteem & regard for you both, and ardently wish that some line could be marked out by which both of you could walk. I am always\u2014Yr Affecte\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0127", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur Campbell, 20 October 1792\nFrom: Campbell, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nSire\nWashington [County] V[a]. Octo. 20th 1792\nAn unexpected and important event has taken place, the late agression of the Creek and Cherokee Indians.\nNotwithstanding all that has happened, I cannot subscribe to the Plan, of immediately dispossessing them of their Country, and making sale of their lands. This may accord with the views of Georgia Purchasers; and their friends, but promises but little towards restoring peace, and a future good understanding: It would tend to affirm the declarations of Spanish Agents to the Indians.\nThe better way seems to be, for to religiously adhere to the stipulations of the Treatys of New-York and Holstein: and that the hostile acts of the Indians, be considered as an insurrection, and as much as possible, that the punishment fall on the leaders, and guilty individuals. To effect this, a force will be necessary, to move into the Indian Country, the ensuing Winter or early in the Spring. The Militia may do this service; but their leader ought to be a Man, whom the Indians already venerate that they may more readily submit, after receiving chastisement. This idea naturally leads me to think of General Pickens, as the most proper Man.\nTo reap the fruits of victory, it will be necessary to establish two or more Posts, on the banks of the Tennesee, below the Cumberland Mounta\u27e8ins.\u27e9 The mouth of Duck-river, and near Nicojac seems the most eligible spots, the first to be convenient to keep up an intercourse with the Chickasaws, and the other to awe the lower Cherokees, and upper Creek Towns.\nRegular Troops will be necessary to Garrison these Forts.\nYou will excuse, Sir, my thus offering sentiments when assured, that it proceeds from an ardent desire, to promote the welfare of the United-States. I have the honor to be, with the greatest resp\u27e8ect,\u27e9 Sir, Your most Obedient servant\nArthur Campbell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0128", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Andrew Ellicott, 20 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ellicott, Andrew\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Oct. 20th 1792.\nThe Honble Mr Cushing one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the U. States has some thought of passing through the Federal City in the Circuit he is about to make. Should this happen, I shall be obliged to you for shewing him such parts of it as he may incline to view. I am Sir Your very Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0129", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 20 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] October 20th 1792.\nThe letters of Gouvr Morris give a gloomy picture of the Affairs of France. I fear with too much truth.\nIf the order of Senate, dated the 7th of last May, is compleated, it must be with all Offices except the Judges.\nThe Post Office (as a branch of Revenue) was annexed to the Treasury in the time of Mr Osgood\u2014and when Colo. Pickering was appointed thereto, he was informed, as I find by my letter to him dated the 29th of August 1791, that he was to consider it in that light.\nIf from relationship, or usage in similar cases (for I have made no enquiry into the matter, having been closely employed since you mentioned the thing to me, in reading papers from the War Office) the Mint does not appertain to the Department of the Treasury I am more inclined to add it to that of state than to multiply the duties of the other. I am always Yours\nGo: Washington\nP.S. The letters of Mr Seagrove to Genl Knox are a contin[uatio]n of the evidence of Spanish interference with the Southern Indians.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0131", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Gouverneur Morris, 20 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\n(Private) \nMy dear Sir,Philadelphia Octr 20th 1792.  \nAlthough your letter of the 10th of June, which I have received, did not paint the prospects of France in the most pleasing colours; yet the events which have since taken place give a more gloomy aspect to the public Affairs of that Kingdom than your letter gave reason to apprehend.\nA thousand circumstances, besides our distance from the Theatre of Action, make it improbable that we should have, in this\nCountry, a fair statement of facts & causes through the medium of the public prints; and I have received no other accounts than what have come in that channel. But taking up the most favorable of these\u2014gloomy indeed appears the situation of France at this Juncture. But it is hardly probable that even you, who are on the spot, can say with any precision how these things will terminate; much less can we, at this distance, pretend to augur the event. We can only repeat the sincere wish that much happiness may arise to the French Nation & to Mankind in general out of the severe evils which are inseperable from so important a Revolution.\nIn the present State of things we cannot expect that any Commercial Treaty can now be formed with France; but I have no doubt of your embracing the proper moment of arrangement & of doing whatever may be in your power for the substantial interest of our Country.\nThe Affairs of the U. States go on well. There are some few Clouds in our political Hemisphere but I trust that the bright sun of our prosperity will disperse them.\nThe Indians on our Western & Southern frontiers are still troublesome, but such measures are taken as will, I presume, prevent any serious mischiefs from them; I confess, however, that I do not believe these tribes will ever be brought to a quiescent state so long as they may be under an influence which is hostile to the rising greatness of these States.\nFrom the complexion of some of our News-papers Foreigners would be led to believe that inveterate political dissentions existed among us, and that we are on the very verge of disunion; but the fact is otherwise\u2014the great body of the people now feel the advantages of the General Government, and would not, I am persuaded, do any thing that should destroy it; but this kind of representations is an evil wch must be placed in opposition to the infinite benefits resulting from a free Press\u2014and I am sure you need not be told that in this Country a personal difference in political sentiments is often made to take the garb of general dissensions.\nFrom the Department of State you are, I am informed, furnished with such papers & documents, from time to time, as will keep you more particularly informed of the state of our affairs; I\nshall therefore add nothing further to this letter than assurances of being always & sincerely Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0132", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edward Newenham, 20 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Newenham, Edward\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia 20th October 1792\nWhere your Letter of the 21st of december last has been travelling since it left you, I cannot tell; but it did not get to my hands \u2018till within a few weeks past, when I likewise received yours of the 15th of July introducing Mr Anderson.\nI was sorry to see the gloomy picture which you drew of the affairs of your country in your letter of december; but I hope events have not turned out so badly as you then apprehended. Of all the animosities which have existed among mankind those which are caused by a difference of sentiment in Religion appear to be the most inveterate and distressing and ought most to be deprecated. I was in hopes that the enlightened & liberal policy which has marked the present age would at least have reconciled Christians of every denomination so far that we should never again see their religious disputes carried to such a pitch as to endanger the peace of Society.\nThe affairs of this Country still wear a prosperous aspect. our agriculture, commerce & navigation are in a flourishing state. In some parts of the Country the crops of Indian corn (Maiz) have been injured by the drought in summer and early frosts in Autumn. We have, however, a happiness which is scarcely known in\nany other Country; for such is the extent of the U.S. and so great a variety of climate and soil do they embrace, that we never need apprehend an universal failure of our crops and a consequent famine.\nI have spent part of the summer at Mount Vernon, & have but just returned to the seat of government, where I am so much engaged in attending to business which has accumulated during my absence\u2014and in preparing such business as will be necessary to lay before the Legislature at their meeting early in next month, that I have but little time to attend to any affairs of a private or personal nature; I am therefore persuaded you will to these causes impute the shortness of this letter. Mrs Washington unites with me in respects & best wishes for Lady Newenham & yourself. I am Dear Sir with great esteem Your most Obedt Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0133", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Davies Shipley, 20 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Shipley, William Davies\n  Philadelphia, 20 Oct. 1792. Acknowledged receipt of Shipley\u2019s letter of 23 May 1792, \u201ctogether with the works of your late Right Reverend father, Lord Bishop of St Asaph,\u201d for whose \u201ccharacter & sentiments . . . I entertained the most perfect esteem; and have a sincere respect for his memory, now he is no more.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0134", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Sinclair, 20 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Sinclair, John\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Octr 20th 1792\nI have received your letter of the 18th of May, enclosing the Pamphlet & papers which you had the goodness to send me.\nWhile I beg your acceptance of my acknowledgments for the polite mark of attention in transmitting these things to me, I flatter\nmyself you will be assured that I consider the subject therein recommended as highly important to Society, whose best interests I hope will be promoted by a proper investigation of them, and the happiness of mankind advanced thereby.\nI have to regret that the duties of my public station do not allow me to pay that attention to Agriculture and the objects attached to it (which have ever been my favourite pursuit) that I could wish; but I will put your queries respecting Sheep into the hands of such Gentlemen as I think most likely to attend to them, and answer them satisfactorily; I must, however, observe that no important information on the subject can be expected from this Country where we have been so little in the habit of attending either to the breed or improvement of our Stock. With great respect & esteem I have the honor to be Sir Your Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0137", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Alexandria, Virginia, Inspectors of Tobacco, 21 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Alexandria, Virginia, Inspectors of Tobacco\nGentn\nPhiladelphia Octr 21st 1792.\nIn 1790 I had 13 Hhds of Tobo Inspected at the Warehouses in Alexandria\u2014and in 1791, 12 more were also Inspected at the same place.\nNot meeting a price which I was disposed to take, they remain there still. My Nephew Majr Washington either before, or since your care of those Warehouses was allowed to stow them in a secure place, therein; but as it is now more than a year since this happened, and a good deal of Tobacco may, possibly, have been recd and delivered in that period, they may have been displaced\u2014I have on the presumption of this directed Mr Whiting, my Manager, at such time as you shall please to appoint, to take some hands with him and again collect & well secure them. I do not mean that they should be reinspected at this time; but to be placed only in a state of security. Before delivery, it will be necessary I presume to have the condition of the Tobo examined\u2014or if the Law requires\u2014or if any advantage would result from it, I have no objection to its being done now. I recollect to have been informed that the Tobo was put up dry, and that it was of a good sort & of superior quality; if so it will not have suffered from its age. I am\u2014Gentn Your\u2019s &ca\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0139", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 21 October 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\n\tLetter not found: to Anthony Whitting, 21 Oct. 1792. Whitting wrote GW on 31 Oct., acknowledging receipt of GW\u2019s letter \u201cwith the Bill of Scantling & List of plants from Norfolk.\u201d An ALS of this letter was offered for sale in 1926 in James F. Drake, A Catalogue of Autograph Letters and Manuscripts, number 177, item 357. According to the catalog entry, which provides the date of 21 Oct., this letter \u201cgives explicit directions about how some plants are to be taken care of, some rare ones received from Jamaica, etc.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0140", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Earl of Buchan, 22 October 1792\nFrom: Buchan, eleventh earl of (David Stuart Erskine; 1742-1829)\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nDryburgh Abbey [Scotland] October 22. 1792.\nI had the honour and pleasure of receiving your Excellency\u2019s Letter of the 20th of September having been forwarded to me on the 12th of that month by Mr Rutledge, but I have been so unfortunate as not to have received the letter of the first of May which yr Excellency mentions in your last but still entertain some hope of its coming safely tho so long a time has elapsed. If it were not too much trouble I would wish in case a copy was kept to have a duplicate in case of accident for I shall ever value what shall mark the intercourse of esteem that has taken place between us and shall be proud to preserve it not on account of yr celebrity so much as of your virtues.\nYou have made an industrious honest man happy in countenancing the Bee the tendency of which is commendable & useful in our Scotland.\nDr Anderson informs me that he is about to do himself the honour of addressing yr Excellency with the Ships and the sequel of yr volumes. He has expressd to me a wish to be chosen a correspondent member of yr Phil. Soc. at Philadelphia, and I think\nhim worthy of that honour and that he may be useful to the institution by promoting agricultural and mechanical correspondence between the two Nations.\nI wish your America to be like a thriving happy Young family and to be little heard of in the great world of Politics and nothing seems so likely to produce this prosperity & happiness as agricultural & mechanical improvements accompanied by moderate desires and virtuous affectations enlightened and cherished by the dissemination of Science and literature in the mass of the people\u27e8.\u27e9 I have taken a pleasing interest in what concerns the States of America from their first institution and I loved the Country long before its political connection with Britain was dissolved because my great grand father Henry Lord Cardross was banished to America during the reign of Charles the II. of England and settled himself with a colony of his people from Perthshire & West Lothian in Carolina near Charles Town and was thrown out by the Spaniards when he was kindly assisted by many of the colonists.\nMy Cousin Lord Fairfax too on whose district yr excellency resides gave my family an old connection with Virginia thro\u2019 the Colepeppers and I have enjoyed the friendship of Franklin and the correspondence of the Adams, Cushings and other men of probity and merit who have so much contributed to the happy state of yr Country and Nation which I sincerely pray long to continue & to be finally established on the Basis of republican Virtue and Publick credit. I have the honour to be with great Esteem yr Excellency\u2019s most obedt humble Servant\nBuchan.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0142", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Stoddert, 24 October 1792\nFrom: Stoddert, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeo. Town 24 October 1792\nI should apoligize for taking the liberty of addressing this letter to you, but the best apoligy I can make is to trespass as little as possible on your time; and though I have no doubt every person interested in the City of Washington would chearfully Join in the observations I shall make, I write alone considering it most respectful, as it will be less irksome to pass unnoticed the trifling opinions of an individual, than of many persons combined.\nI beg leave to premise, that I have not the slightest enmity to either of the Commissioners\u2014on the contrary, I esteem them all\u2014and wanting neither contracts, nor employment under them and of course not being disappointed it affords me no pleasure to remark that the business of the City might certainly be better managed. I know of but few things under their direction which go on so well as they might do\u2014the Comrs who I am well satisfied have every disposition to do right, meet too seldom, & remain too short a time together, to obtain that kind of information, & intimate knowledge of the affairs of the City, so requisite to be possessed by those who have not only the general superintend\u27e8e\u27e9ncy, but the direction of the execution of every part of a business, requiring undivided & unremitted attention. Many facts could be adduced to shew the Justice of my observations, I will mention only one, & that, not as a charge against the Comrs, for I have no desire to be their accuser, particularly their secret accuser, but merely to prove that there is something wrong in the present system of management. and I believe would so continue, let who would be Comrs, until the gentlemen either reside on the spot, & each takes his particular department of the business, or\nuntil some person of Industry & talents is employed under their direction, to superintend in their absence & to bring before them at their stated meetings the proper objects, whose duty it should be to see, & to know every thing about the City. Something like this opinion, as to a superintendent, the Comrs took up at their last meeting, & in consequence wrote a letter to you Sir by Mr Blodget who was willing to be employed in this Character\u2014they do not go into particulars, but refer to Mr Blodget, who from motives of delicacy I have reason to think will not go into the communications so freely as they expected\u2014It is on that acct only, that I have taken the freedom to write this letter.\nThe instance of mismanagement I mean to adduce respects the Bridge over Rock creek\u2014It might have been completed by Novr\u2014It will not be completed till the Spring. The Comrs preferred the plan of a single Arch because it appeared cheapest\u2014after some progress had been made in the work\u2014too much to admit of correcting the Error without delaying the completion of the Bridge, & incurring some additional expence, it was apprehended a single Arch would not vent the water of the Creek, & two more were in consequence agreed for\u2014the mistake arose from the Comrs not Judging for themselves, from an accurate knowledge of the place where the Bridge was to be thrown over & all the attending circumstances\u2014Whatever errors they have committed have proceeded from the same cause, want of sufficient attention to acquire the proper information\u2014the fact is, that the Bridge of three arches with its appendages, is actually cheaper than one of one arch, with its appendages would be, and this either of the Gentlemen would have known, had it been only his duty to have known it. The money lost by getting right at last instead of at first, is not worth a thought\u2014the delay occasioned, is in many accts of more importance.\nI beg to be permitted to add, that \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 Public sales interested but very few persons who were not be\u27e8mutilated\u27e9ested in the fate of the City\u2014and afforded no evidence of that diffusion of confidence so much to be wished for\u2014Mr Blodget having authority from the Comrs sold 12 or 14 Public lots at private sale, during the few days he remained here, to four or five people from Phila. & the Eastward, one of whom, a man of property will move his Family here in the spring from Boston\u2014and from Mr Blodgets General acquaintance, it is the opinion here he would be\nable to sell more lots in a few months, than the Comrs would in a year. I have communicated with Mr Deakins, who is the warm Friend of the Comrs & their officer; whose sentiments accord with mine\u2014this I mention to remove from myself the suspicion of being actuated in what I have said, by any improper motive. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect & esteem sir Yr most Obed. Servt\nBen. Stoddert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0144", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Major Swiney, 25 October 1792\nFrom: Swiney, Major\nTo: Washington, George\n  Harrisburg, Pa., 25 Oct. 1792. Writes that he left Ireland \u201cto participate in the asylum your laudable and ever memorable conflict with the arbitrary enemy prepaired for us in America.\u201d He named his oldest son George Washington Swiney \u201cin full hopes that some day . . . when he\narrives at such an age as to be able to contemplate the character of the man he was named for, it will at least inspire him with a courage becoming a good Soldier; his situation in life will preclude him from emulating your Excellency in any other line.\u201d His two younger sons are named \u201cMontgomery, & Frankland.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0145", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 26 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] 26. October 1792\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President, and encloses him a letter received yesterday from the Supervisor of New York. The Secretary will have the honor of reminding the President of the subject when he has that of waiting upon him next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0146", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 26 October 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States [Philadelphia], October 26th 1792.\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to inform the Secy of State, that the President desires Commissions to be made out for the following persons\u2014and to bear the dates annexed thereto\u2014viz.\nJohn Adams, the first, and Benjamin Gunnison, second mate in the New Hampshire Cutter\u2014June 30th 1792.\nJohn Finley, second Mate in the New York Cutter\u2014July 17: 1792.\nDavid Porter, Master of the Maryland Cutter\u2014Augt 5: 1792.\nWilliam Cooke, Master of the North Carolina Cutter, has lost his Commission by accident, the date of which was April 5th, 1791.\nJohn Armistead, Surveyor of the Port of Plymouth in No. Carolina, and Inspector of the Revenue, for the said Port\u2014vice Thos Davis Freeman (superseded)\u2014Septr 24th 1792.\nThomas Parker, Attorney for the United States in the South Carolina District; vice John J. Pringle\u2014(resigned) October 25th 1792.\nTobias Lear.Secretary to the President of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0147", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 26 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Oct. 26. 92.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to send for the perusal of the President the inclosed letters just received from mister Barclay.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0149", "content": "Title: To George Washington from B. Francis, 27 October 1792\nFrom: Francis, B.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York, Oct. 27: 1792.\nAn inquiry into the mineral productions of this country, appeared to me an object of so much importance, that I was induced to take the liberty of writing to you on the business from Boston, I think in June, and had the honour of receiving your reply in this City. The motives that occasioned my former letter (& the only excuse I can plead for taking this freedom) were similar to what dictate the present, viz. The advancement of the public-Good.\nThe advantages to a country, of inland water-carriage, have been demonstrated by so many happy experiments in England, and other parts of Europe, that new canals are projected almost daily; and so dextrous are they become in the execution of them in Great-Britain, having surveyors and workmen accustomed to the business, that an interruption or disappointment in the work is hardly ever known. In England they are enabled to execute these extensive designs with so much facility and correctness, by having at hand the best workmen for the purpose in the world, viz. Miners. The wages they give (but they generally agree with them at so much per yard, or fathom) are always something more than these men can earn in their mines, which soon procures as many as can, in almost any of those works, be conveniently employed. These Miners are from their childhood accustomed to\nlabour in the earth, to handle the mattock, blast rocks asunder, &c. &c. and their early introduction, and perseverence in this rude occupation, disqualifies them for any other pursuit whatever: But \u2018tis to such hardy, untutord Men the British-Canals owe their stability.\nThe having, at call, workmen enow of the above description to execute that in a few months, which without such an advantage would require several years to perform, must have a very material effect not only on the expences of conducting such a work, but on the benefit expected to flow from it when compleated.\nTo undertake an extensive work of this kind, without having at hand the number of workmen proportionable, may produce expence & disappointment, but can hardly be expected to produce a navagable canal. When the channel of a canal is unoccupied by Water for any length of time, as it necessarily must when there are but few hands and much to be done, its banks exposed to the sun & rain fall in, and its course, in particular soils, is soon obliterated; for it appears, as well from the nature of the case, as from experience, that the preservation of the channel of a canal depends on its being constantly filled with water.\nThe scarcity of labourers in this country, is not the only difficulty that occurs in this business: perhaps a sufficient number might, by very extraordinary encouragement, be collected, but whether their services might be depended upon, and whether they could be kept together, and at their duty, in places remote from domestic accommodation, appears to me a matter of doubt. But the liberal wages given by individuals to industry, all over the country, will, I apprehend, keep sober steady labourers from list\u2019ning to any proposals that may lead them from their homes.\nThat neither the country, nor those directly interested in these public-works may lose those years in the delay of their accomplishment, which seems unavoidable from the common mode of conducting them, and the scarcity of workmen, I beg leave to offer to your consideration, and if you think proper the consideration of Congress, a means whereby these or any works of the like nature may be facilitated, without being subjected to those obstructions which frequently arise from employing, and depending on, promiscuous hands.\nThere are in many parts of Europe remains of works (once of great importance) performed by the Roman Soldiers, the accounts of which have several times furnished me with hints how the Soldiers of this day might, in times of quiet, be usefully employed. The present circumstances of this country, and the magnitude of the public Designs, suggest very forcibly the utility of adopting in these States the practice of the Romans, and employing soldiers in the civil service of the community.\nA Corps of Artificers might be of service to the Country in a Moral view. The licencious disposition that most commonly leads the illiterate to prefer a military life, would be most naturally & effectually corrected by labour and good discipline. I am, with the greatest Respect, Sir, Your most obedt & humb. Servt\nB. Francis: Post-Office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0150", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 27 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Oct. 27. 92.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inform the President that in a Madrid gazette of Sep. 14. is an article of Namur Aug. 23. which states circumstantially the capture of M. de la Fayette, and that he was carried from the place to Antwerp. it says that his intention had been to pass in the rear of the Austrian army, but ran foul of a picquet near Rochfort. there were 17 or 18. officers altogether. Longwy had surrendered with a garrison of 2600 men on being invested by the Austrians.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0151", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 27 October 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDr sir,\n[Philadelphia] 27 October 1792.\nThe statement relatively to the Cherokees shall be made tomorrow, or next day at furthest\u2014The intelligence received, this afternoon from Governor Blount renders alterations necessary. I submit this intelligence to the President in Governor Blounts Letter of the 7th instant, received at 3 oClock P.M., together with certain Letters which I have written in consequence, to the Governors of South Carolina & Georgia\u2014and to Mr Seagrove & Major Gaither\u2014Two Vessels sail in the morning\u2014One for Charleston and the other for St Marys.\nIf the President should direct any alterations or additions to the said Letters, I shall be glad to have them as early as possible.\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0153", "content": "Title: To George Washington from \u201cA True Republican\u201d, 27 October 1792\nFrom: \u201cA True Republican\u201d\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhilada 27th October 1792.\nBy an Act of Congress passed 23d January last\u2014the Powers of the Board of Commissioners, for settling the Accounts between the United States, and individual States, were prolonged, until the first day of July 1793\u2014now, Sir, why the Claims of those, who, escaped the Jaws of Death from the flying Camp, should be rejected is a thing that I cannot comprehend\u2014certainly they formed a part of our Army\u2014our Army was paid, why not pay them? I think, Sir, you would do honor to your Country, and releive the distresses of many of our poor Brethern; if you were to cause the law to be put in force, that these (few existing)\nCreatures might be releived. I have the honor to be Sir your most obedient humble Sert\nA true Republican", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0154", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 28 October 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia October 28. 1792\nOn revolving the subjects, with which I am officially connected, I discover none, deserving the notice of congress, except those, which are comprehended in the necessity of reforming our judicial system. The detail of them would be almost infinite; and certainly too minute for a communication from the executive: Nor can the congress forget the admonitions, which they have already received on this head. And yet I am so deeply impressed with the dangers to which the government is exposed from this quarter, that it would be a happy circumstance, if they could be stimulated to the discussion.\nWere I to indulge myself in a general review of our political situation, I should probably repeat without use topics, which have presented themselves to your own mind, or which have been suggested more accurately by others, to whose departments they belong. I confess indeed, that I feel at the present crisis these strong solicitudes: that the public be assured of stability in the existing fiscal arrangements; that the redemption of the public debt be commenced at no distant day; that the land office, if the hostility of the Indians will permit, be employed, as one of the instruments\nof redemption; that the state-governments be prohibited from intermeddling with the Indian tribes, to the utmost limit of the constitution; that some temporary mode be provided for the relief of many crippled soldiers, who must beg or starve, until the schism between the legislative and judiciary shall be adjusted; and that the violence of the sanguine states, which may be disappointed on the final settlement of their accounts with the United States may in some manner or other be softened.\nI cannot undertake to say, that these hints are capable of being carried into practice, or are intitled to your attention. But I submit them, according to your instructions, without a comment; as you will best know, how to appreciate them. I have the honor, sir, to be with the highest respect yr mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0155-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 28 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting\nPhiladelphia Oct. 28th 1792.\nBy yesterdays Post I received a letter from you without date, but suppose from the contents it must have left Mount Vernon on Wednesday last.\nThe letter to Mrs Fanny Washington must be sent to me, because the purpose of it cannot be answered by sending it to her below.\nThe Mansion house surplus hands, may be disposed of as you shall, upon a full view of all circumstances, conceive best; and the Mule Cart (instead of the Oxe Cart) may be retained, with the single horse Cart also at that place. Sinah may also remain there until her Mother gets up again, although it is my intention to substitute Anna in her place, as an assistent to Kitty. Sinah &\nPatt may strengthen the Plantation which stands in most need of their aid.\nThe scarcity of Timber in the Neck for fences, & the distance it is to draw at other places, are evils I have long foreseen, and have endeavoured to guard against; but for reasons which I mentioned to you in one of my late letters it never has been accomplished\u2014I hope, however, as I have, in as strong terms as I know how to use, impressed the necessity of raising live Hedges upon you, that I shall no longer have cause to complain of neglect on this score\u2014Any thing, in the shape of a live hedge is desirable; and almost anything for partition fences (where there are no hogs) will suffice. Mr Bartram, the Botanist whom I have seen since my return to this City, is of opinion that it was the Spring & Summer droughts that prevented the Cedar berries from vegitating; and that they may yet be expected; do not therefore let the ground where they were sown be disturbed without accurately examining the Berries to see if there be any hopes of their coming up. He also says that when Cedars are planted & laid down, that if the limbs next the ground are covered properly they will take root & send out a number of new shoots\u2014this will be worth trying, if upon examination of the Cedar hedge rows in the Neck, you should think it advisable to lay them down.\nIt is not to be wondered that the field No. 7 at the River Plantation should want a New Post & Rail fence when it is seen what kind my people make (in spite of all I can do to prevent it) that is, Posts when Morticed that a strong man would break across his knee\u2014& rails so long, & so weak, as to warp, & be unable to bear the weight of a child in getting over them\u2014This custom I hope you will get the better of.\nThe two Meadows at Dogue Run, that is, the middle & upper one, contain by actual measurement 51\u00be Acres\u2014the middle one 31\u00bc\u2014and the Wood between, if opened by a strait line from one Indenture of the field to the other, will add 8\u00bc Acres thereto but to do this ought not to be attempted until the present open ground is compleatly grubbed\u2014ditched (where necessary [)] & put into perfect order for the Plow & smooth laying for grass\u2014for I repeat it again, that I had rather have one acre in this order, than five in a slovenly way; which is not only disadvantageous in many points of view, but is a very great eye-sore to me.\nI suppose it was owing to the hurry & distress in which Mrs Fanny Washington was at the time she left Mount Vernon that a little Wine &ca was not left out for extraordinary occasions; because I know it was intended\u2014but not for sick Negros, unless it might be in particular cases which rendered it indispensably necessary; for Docr Craik never practiced any thing of this kind when Mrs Washington & my self were at home, or ever suggested it as necessary: Nor was it my intention to leave it for the purpose of entertaining travellers\u2014because there is a striking impropriety in travellers making use of it as a house of convenience, knowing as they certainly must do, that neither my family, nor the Majors is there; & when it is far removed from the Post, or any other public Road. And if people were led there by curiosity as soon as that was satisfied, they would retire; without expecting, under the circumstances just mentioned, to be invited to lodge, dine, or spend their time there. However, as it may happen that characters to whom one would wish to shew civility\u2014and others, that may have a line from me (as was the case the other day with the Honble Judge Cushing) may call there. I shall, by a Vessel which will leave this according to the Master\u2019s Acct on thursday next, send you a little Wine, Tea & Coffee, along with the Iron & somethings which will accompany it. When I recommended care of and attention to, my Negros in sickness, it was that the first stage of, & the whole progress through the disorders with which they might be siezed (if more than a slight indisposition) should be closely watched, & timely applications, & remedies be administered; especially in Pleurisies, & all inflamatory fevers accompanied with pain when a few days neglect, or want of bleeding, might render the ailment incurable. In such cases sweeten\u2019d Teas\u2014broths\u2014and, (according to the nature of the complaint, & the Doctrs prescription) sometimes a little wine may be necessary to nourish & restore the patient; and these I am perfectly willing to allow when it is really requisite. My fear is, as I expressed to you in a former letter, that the under overseers are so unfeeling\u2014in short viewing the Negros in no other light than as a better kind of Cattle, the moment they cease to work, they cease their care of them.\nI am very glad to hear that you think your young & soft Corn is out of danger; and wish upon further trial this may prove to be\nthe fact, as I have been apprehensive of considerable loss from the backwardness of it.\nYou say in your letter, that the Ferry People have got out all their Wheat\u2014and yet, by the Report of last week only 59\u00bd bushls was sent to Mill; and by the Report of the preceeding week 182; If these two quantities with what was got out for seed, is all the crop that No. 1 at French\u2019s yielded, it is (if I recollect rightly what that was) a miserable turn out indeed\u2014far short of the lower calculation that had been made of it. I wish you would, always, when the contents of a field is known enter it in the weekly report & let it come on\u2014that I may be early advised.\nI perceive by the Report that you have been hauling the Buck Wheat from Mansion House to Muddy hole. I had no conception of this\u2014but supposed you would have drawn it to the Brick yard, or some other naked piece of ground & there threshed & cleared it\u2014putting the grain in the Green Ho. loft, & retaining the straw for litter. I wish to know the quantity of the grain it has yielded\u2014& what the appearence of grass is where the Buck Wheat grew.\nI wish you would make old Jack and Frank, at their leizure hours, especially the latter, who I think must have many of them, open all the Springs that lye under the Hill, from the Bog (inclusive) by the Spring House onwards to the Wharf and let them, & the usual Spring, be thrown into one currt or channel and carried on a level or as nearly so as for the Water to run, along the Hill side until it is brought into that line which I was opening from the East front of the House (in a line with the Doors) to the River. If any aid from the Ditchers is wanting to accomplish this, it may be given\u2014but I do not mean that any other ditch should be dug, where it can be avoided, than such as are used for side land meadows, and these you know are simple & small indeed.\nI shall make enquiry after linnen, and if I can get what is wanting upon reasonable terms, will send it by Captn Cahart; who, as I have before said talks of Sailing on thursday next. If I should not do this you will be informed thereof by the next Post.\nI have resolved to build a Barn & treading floor at Dogue Run Plantation, & to do it as soon as other more pressing work will permit; at any rate for the Wheat of next harvest. In my last, I sent you a Bill of such Scantling as I proposed to buy. Now I give you a general Bill\u2014and a Plan of the building\u2014with such\nexplanations and directions as I think Thos Green (to whom after you have perused it, it must be given) can be at no loss in the execution; and therefore shall add nothing more in this letter than to desire you will engage the Scantling marked to be purchased\u2014provide Shells & the number of Shingles which may be deficient which, cannot be many as (for want of calculation) 10,000 were got for the Piaza and, I believe, less than 4,000 used\u2014this small demand might, I should suppose be easily procured at Alexandria\u2014In general I shall depend upon you to provide what is wanted and to see that every thing is carried on properly. I am Your friend & well wisher\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0155-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Washington\u2019s Plan for a Barn, 28 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[28 October 1792]\nThe Plan of the building, as exhibited on the other Side; The manner in which it is connected with the B: Yard; the possition of the outer door wch is to be 8 ft wide into the upper floor from the B. Yard & the entrance from thence into the Octogan or inner building between the braces after passing over the open or treading floor\u2014The situation of the door into the floor below to be 4 ft\u2014and in short every other thing necessary for information is so expressly & clearly explained in the details wch are given that it is scarcely necessary to give any further direction for the execution. But that there may be no mistake on the part of Thos Green in laying the Work off\u2014nor no unnecessary labour in digging the foundation I shall drop a few hints for his governmt and desire he will attend to them\u2014viz.\u2014first to lay of the\n    error.  TJM-->\nBarn yard as described wch if I mistake not was originally intended to be 100 feet sqr.\u2014But, if I am wrong in this let it run as far back from the So. Wt & So. Et Corners of the Corn houses as it is from one of the said Corners to the other & ranging with the outer sides of both of them. Then half way along the line O,O in the Plat, fix the angle, & center of the Barn door as at C & Q\u2014next from Q and the Center of the Barn Yard gate at P. and runs in a line with the two objects, fix a stake 26 feet from the Angle at C & Q for the Center of the Octagon, & of Course of the Barn. From this Center form a Circle by a line or Rod as more certain 26 feet long, which will give the Diameter of the Barn\u2014viz.\u201452. feet from out to out\u2014then let the foundation be sunk by this circular line until the highest part of the ground above, & within the circle, is brought to the level of the lowest part of it below & also within it. By this means there will be no unnecessary digging, and when the Wall comes to be built which it must be of 16 equal sides 10 f. 3 Inchs each at the outer angle or as near this as may \u27e8illegible\u27e9 to be tried \u27e8illegible\u27e9 there need be but one face of it worked by plumb & line, & that the inner one, until it rises with in two courses of Bricks of the Cill of the Window frame as all up to that will be raised and sloped off with the earth that is taken out and must hereafter be paved; or turfed so as that the water may run off freely, & not by settling against the wall keep the lower floor damp. The Inner Circle, or Octagon must be struck from the same Center by a line, or rod 14. feet in length. & will have eight Pillars equal to form eight equal sides\u2014one of wch is to be parrallel with the line O.O. It will readily be perceived that the Door from the B. Yard must enter at the Angle C.Q. in order that it may open opposite to the interval between the braces. otherwise the entrance into the Octagon would have a very aukward look nor will the door at this place look badly\u2014but have advantages from the cover tht will be over it\u27e8.\u27e9 All the bricks for this building must be hard & good it would be well therefore to have those that are on the spot assorted & counted in time that if there be not a sufficiency of them. the best clay from under the Barn may be laid aside for making the difficiency early in the Spring. 30,820 I calculate a sufft number but this supposes all to be good\u2014perhaps 35, or even 40,000 wd not be too many to provide.\nSleepers for the whole of the lower floorsTo rest on 9 Inchs brick Wall\n            * 88. [joists] fourteen feet long\n            * 2000 feet of 1\u00bd Inch plank for the whole of the lower floor.\n            \u200716 Cills for the Windows 9 ft long\n            \u20071 Middle Post\u2014supporter 9\n            Upper Floor\n            \u20078 Cills for the inter or octagon\u201414 long\n            \u200716 Do for the extr or skid\u201412\n            * Treadg floor 420 ps. Wh. Oak runng progressively from 12 to 20 ft long\n            * 600 [square feet] 2\u00bd Inch Plk middle floor\n            Body of the House.\n            \u20071 cross ps. for the King Post 28 long\n            \u20072 [do] 14. feet long to cross do\n            \u20071 King Post\u201412 long below shin[gle]s\n            * 86 Rafters 20 long 6 by 3 at one end & 4 by three at the other end\nLaths for 3 feet Shingles.\n7000 three ft shingles includg what are on hand\nThe Scantling marked thus (*) to be bought\nThe rest to be got by my own People.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0156", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 29 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Oct. 29. 1792.\nThe Secretary of State has had under consideration the Report of the proceedings of the Secretary of the Territory of the U.S. North West of the Ohio in the absence of the Governor from January the 1st to June 30th 1792. and\nReports to the President of the United States that there is nothing contained therein which requires any thing to be done on the part of the President of the United States.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0159", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 31 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt Octr 31st 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to communicate to the President an authenticated copy of the Contract for the last Loan made in Holland, for three millions of florins, bearing date the 9th of August 1792, at a rate of four per cent interest, of which Contract a ratification of the President as heretofore, is required.\nAlexander Hamilton Secy of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0160", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 31 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Wednesday Morning 31st Octr 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the president of the U: States, encloses the arrangement for retrospective compensations to officers of the revenue, which, agreeably to the intimation of the president, has been retained. Mr Hamilton will wait on the President between 12 & one to give the explanations desired.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0161", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 31 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Oct. 31. 92.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President some letters just arrived by the Pigou.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0163", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 31 October 1792\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nHonrd Sir\nMount Vernon Octor 31st 1792\nYour Letter of the 21st I had the Honor to receive on Wednesday last with the Bill of Scantling & List of plants from Norfolk these the Gardener had plac\u2019d in the Green House, The Sugar Maple seed (not knowing the time for sowing it) I persuaded the Gardener to sow a part of it imediately & keep the Other \u2018till Spring The bill of Scantling I took to Alexa. on Friday and inform\u2019d You the price & time it could be deliver\u2019d if I could Get Your Answer this Week which occasioned my writing from thence The White Oak cannot be engag\u2019d there, nor I believe in this Neighborhood I do not perfectly understand the progression mentioned in the Bill 425 ps. of White Oak runing progressively from 12. feet to 20 in length. I Guess may mean an equal Number 12 feet 13\u201314\u201315\u201316 and so on to 20 if it should not be so Should be Glad to be inform\u2019d These as I before mentioned I think must be sawed here McIvir & McKenzie have engaged to deliver the pine Scantling & plank if you Sir approve of the price & time\u2014Boatswain & Charlotte have both had the flux but Charlotte very lightly Boatswain has been bad I sent for Docr Craik last Saturday who gave them Medecine which seemd to relieve them The Docr Orderd them Rice Water but I can find none in the House Charlotte had a sore throat he order\u2019d her Honey & Vinegar of the former there is none likewise, He Scolded said medecine would not cure them if they had not things proper for them likewise He wish\u2019d me to buy a Quantity of Rice says the people in Sickness Ought always to have of it of this I must wait Your direction a Gallon of Honey likewise he says is necessary\u2014He informs me the Major took what honey there was in the House with him it being very proper for his complaint.\nWe have several Old Horses that are not Worth keeping thro Winter One at Ferry has not done one days work these 18 months 2 at Muddy hole one a horse with the Pole evil which I think will neve Get well the Other an Old Mare was not Capable of work last summer Likewise the Horses calld Old Chatham and the\nLame Horse that used to go in the Waggon now in a one horse Cart, If any thing could be Got for them it might be well but they are not worth keeping after Christmas.\nI dont find any of our fields of Wheat turnd out equal to N. 6. frenchs, not even Dogue Run N. 6 (which I thought was an excellent field of Wheat) will not be equal to the above.\nI have enclosed the Quantity of Clover seed wanting at the different plants. River plantation & I think Dogue run may be well worth sowing but as to the Others I dont expect much will come from them only the introducing it in the Grounds, Of this You Will please to Consider & let me know Clover seed is very expensive & none can with propriety be sav\u2019d in this part of the Country we have of What was sent last season abt 2\u00bd or 3 bushs. and Shall have (Growing last summer) as much Timothy seed as will be wanted. I am Honrd Sir Your Obdt Servt\nA. Whitting\nP.S. By the Capn of the Norfolk packet I am informd Major Washington arriv\u2019d at Colo. Bassetts on Wednesday Evening following the Sunday they left Mount Vernon he Continued very well during the passage and in Good Spirits.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0165", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 1 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] 1st Novr 1792\nThe enclosed places matters on their true rounds; and in my opinion on a proper footing.\nG.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0166", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 1 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Nov. 1. 1792.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to return the inclosed to the President. the following are the only alterations he supposes might be proper.\npa. 4. line 2. & 3. he thinks it better to omit the passage marked with a pencil.\nsame page. three bottom lines. he sees no objection to the passage marked.\npage 6. & 7. the six lines marked he thinks would be better omitted.\npage. 11. line 16. perhaps the expression \u2018just state of our credit\u2019 would be better than \u2018high state of our credit.\u2019 our efforts & our circumstances authorize us to say that we are justly entitled to the credit in which we stand.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0168", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Meredith, 1 November 1792\nFrom: Meredith, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Philadelphia] Thursday Morng Novr 1st 1792\nThe bearer will deliver agreeably to Mr Lears request 100 White Mulberry Trees taken out of Aspinwalls Nursery, they are untrimmed, as the other parts may be cut off when planted & stuck in the ground to produce Trees as well as the Main Standards, he will likewise deliver half of the Double eared Wheat recd from the Agricultural Society. I have the honor to be with Proper Respect Your Most humble Servt\nSaml Meredith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0169", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Wilkinson, 1 November 1792\nFrom: Wilkinson, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nFort Washington [Northwest Territory] Novr 1st 1792\nConceiving that the novelty of the thing may render it acceptable; I have presumed to offer to you, by the Hands of Capt. Prior, two Kegs of Salted Fish, which were taken in the Big Miami\nRiver. And, with the most dutiful attachment to your Person, & the highest veneration for your exalted Station I have the Honor to be Your obliged & faithful Soldier & Servant\nJa. Wilkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0170", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 2 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Nov: 2. 1792.\nI have the honor to inclose you copies of a letter I have received from the Governor of Virginia and of sundry papers which it covered on the subject of that part of the boundary between that State and the territory of the United States south of the Ohio, which has never yet been authoritatively settled, and to observe that an extension of the same line will form the boundary between the same territory and the State of Kentucky. There being then three parties interested in the establishment of this line, it will rest with the wisdom of the Legislature to take such measures as they shall think best for establishing it by common consent or otherwise for instituting judiciary proceedings for it\u2019s establishment, according to the provision made in the constitution. As the papers herewith transmitted will fully explain the case in question, I need not recapitulate their contents. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect and attachment, Sir Your most obedient, and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0171", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 2 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia November 2d 1792.\nThe letter of October 29th from messieurs Viar & Jaudenes, not expressing the principle on which their government interests\nitself between the United States and the Creeks, I thought it of importance to have it ascertained. I therefore, called on those Gentlemen, and entered into explanations with them. They assured me, in our conversation, that, supposing all question of boundary to be out of the case, they did not imagine their government would think themselves authorized to take under their protection any nation of Indians, living within limits confessed to be ours; and they presumed that any interference of theirs, with respect to the Creeks, could only arise out of the question of disputed territory, now existing between us; that, on this account, some part of our treaty with the Creeks had given dissatisfaction. They said, however, that they were speaking from their own sentiments only, having no instructions which would authorize them to declare those of their Court: but that they expected an answer to their letters covering mine of July 9th (erroneously cited by them as of the 11th) from which they would probably know the Sentiments of their Court. They accorded entirely in the opinion that it would be better that the two nations should mutually endeavor to preserve each the peace of the other, as well as their own, with the neighboring Tribes of Indians.\nI shall avail myself of the opportunity, by a vessel which is to sail in a few days, of sending proper information and instructions to our Commissioners on the subject of the late, as well as of future interferences of the Spanish officers, to our prejudice with the Indians, and for the establishment of common rules of conduct for the two nations. I have the honor to be, with the most perfect respect and attachment, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0173", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Anderson (of Scotland), 3 November 1792\nFrom: Anderson, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nEdinburgh [Scotland] 3d Novr 1792\nI had the honour to receive your obliging favour of the 20th June last some time ago\u2014since which time I have had no opportunities of sending any parcels from hence, which is the reason I have not sooner acknowledged that favour\u2014I am highly flattered with the kind reception you have given to my little work The Bee the 7th, 8th, 9th\u201410th & 11th Volumes of which will accompany this. The former volumes were sent by the way of New york, to the care of Mr Samuel Campbell bookseller there, and I hope have come safe to hand[.] Along with these I send a copy of the pamphlet on wool, which had been formerly mis sent, and have the satisfaction of assuring you that the reasoning in that pamphlet has been fully confirmed by our experience since it was published\u2014In consequence of selecting fine breeds of sheep we have been able to make broad cloth of the first quality entirely of our own wool\u2014tho\u2019 it has been certain that for many years past it has been made altogether of Spanish wool without the smallest admixture of our own. The wool of this year is still finer than the last\u2014And there can be no doubt, that with proper attention we shall be able to have finer wool than any that hath hitherto been brought to market in Europe.\nI make no apology for stating these matters to you As I know your wishes for the prosperity of nations is not confined to one\u2014I shall equally rejoice at hearing of the happiness and prosperity of America as of Britain. Indeed my sole aim in the little work I have attempted is to promote a friendly intercourse among all nations, and to augment the welfare of mankind, without any exception, as much as is in my power. Were my abilities equal to my inclination, this would be conspicuous in every page of the\nbook\u2014I hope you will find if ever you should honour any part of it with a reading that this is its general tendency.\nWe are distracted in this country at present by an excess of prosperity. From the imperfection of human nature this can in no case be born\u2014and some wild spirits, under the pretexts of promoting, freedom, are, I am afraid preparing the seeds of slavery\u2014I hope I shall not live to see the time, but without some reverse of fortune it will approach. I observe by the gazette of the united states that on your side of the Atlantic sensible people are not without the same apprehensions. That these evils may be averted, and that your valuable life may be long preserved for a blessing to that country is the sincere prayer of Sir Your most obedient and Most Hue Servt\nJas: Anderson\nI am not able to send any articles of importance respecting agriculture by this packet\u2014Indeed I have rather avoided entering on that subject, tho\u2019 it has been my favourite pursuit all my life, fearing it might prove disagreeable to many of my readers\u2014Dr Coventry, professor of Agriculture here, and myself\u2014have it in contemplation to begin a small periodical work calculated to promote enquiries on that important subject alone\u2014but we have not yet finally determined upon it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0174", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Novr 3d 1792.\nIn order to enable you to lay before Congress the account required by law of the application of the monies appropriated to\nforeign purposes through the Agency of the Department of State, I have now the honor to transmit you the two statements No. 1. & 2. herein enclosed, comprehending the period of Two Years preceding the 1st day of July last.\nThe first statement is of the sums paid from the Treasury under the act allowing the annual fund of 40,000 Dollars for the purposes of foreign intercourse, as also under the acts of March 3. 1791. c. 16 and May [8] 1792. c. 41. \u00a7. 3. allowing other sums for special purposes. By this it will appear, that, except the sum of 500 Dollars paid to Colonel Humphreys on his departure, the rest has been all received in Bills of Exchange, which identical Bills have been immediately remitted to Europe either to those to whom they were due for services, or to the Bankers of the United States in Amsterdam to be paid out by them to persons performing services abroad. This general view has been given in order to transfer the debit of these sums from the Department of State to those to whom they have been delivered.\nBut, in order to give to Congress a view of the specific application of these monies, the particular accounts rendered by those who have received them, have been analysed, and the payments made to them have been reduced under general Heads, so as to show at one view the amount of the sums which each has received for every distinct species of service or disbursement, as well as their several totals. This is the statement No. 2. and it respects the annual fund of 40,000 Dollars only, the special funds of the acts of 1791. & 1792. having been not yet so far administered as to admit of any statement.\nI had presented to the auditor the Statement No. 1. with the Vouchers, and also the special accounts rendered by the several persons who have received these monies, but, on consideration, he thought himself not authorized, by any law, to proceed to their examination. I am, therefore, to hope, Sir, that authority may be given to the Auditor, or some other person to examine the general account and Vouchers of the Department of State, as well as to raise special accounts against the persons into whose hands the monies pass, and to settle the same from time to time on behalf of the public. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of the most perfect respect and attachment, Sir, Your most obedient, and Most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0175", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 3 November 1792]\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President three sets of the papers relative to the Spanish interference for the President & the two houses.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0178", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Christian Ehlers, 4 November 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ehlers, John Christian\nLetter not found: to John Christian Ehlers, 4 Nov. 1792. GW wrote Anthony Whitting on this date: \u201cI have written, as you will see by the enclosed, long letters, both to Thos Green and the Gardner. . . . The letters are left open for your perusal & delivery.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0180", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 4 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nsunday evening [Philadelphia] Novr 4th 1792\nThe President requests, that if Mr Jefferson intends writing to Mr Pinckney by the British Packet (the mail for which is to be\nclosed at New York on Wednesday) he will be so good as to transmit the enclosed letters to his care.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0181", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Robertson, 4 November 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Robertson, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Alexander Robertson, 4 Nov. 1792. Tobias Lear wrote Robertson on 16 Dec. 1792: \u201cYour Letter to the President of the United States dated the 4th of November, did not get to his hands \u2018till a few days ago.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0182", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 4 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia Novr 4th 1792.\nI was very glad to receive your letter of the 31st ulto because I was affraid, from the account given me of your spitting blood, by my Nephews George & Lawrence Washington, that you would hardly have been able to have written at all. And it is my request that you will not, by attempting more than you are able to undergo, with safety & convenience, injure your self; & thereby render me a disservice. for if this should happen under present circumstances, my affairs in the absence of both the Major & myself, will be thrown into a disagreeable situation\u2014I had rather therefore hear that you had nursed, than exposed your self. And the things which I sent from this place (I mean the Wine, Tea, Coffee & Sugar) & such other matters as you may lay in by the Doctrs directions for the use of the Sick, I desire you will make use of, as your own personal occasions, may require.\nI have written, as you will see by the enclosed, long letters, both to Thos Green and the Gardner; in hopes to impress them with the necessity, & to stimulate them to the practice of proper exertions during mine, & the absence of my Nephew. The letters are left open for your perusal & delivery; it is unnecessary therefore for me, in this letter, to repeat the contents of either of the others.\nBy the Plan of the Barn & treading floor for Dogue run, which I sent you in one of my last letters, you will readily perceive by the mode in which the treading floor of 2\u00bd Inchs square stuff is laid, what I meant by progressive lengths from 12 to 20 feet. The inner part of the double Sections, next the Octagon, is 12 feet only\u2014the outer part is 20; consequently, every piece increases in length as it approaches the exterior line in a progressive ratio.\nThe old horses may be disposed of as you shall Judge best for my interest. I am well aware that an old horse adds more to the expence than to the profit of a Farm.\nI am very sorry to find that my prospect of a Wheaten Crop is lessening. I shall be anxious to learn the final result of its yield. and wish to hear how the Corn turns out upon being stripped of the shuck; and how your Potatoes yield; as I perceive you have been digging the latter, & husking the former? As it is proposed to cultivate field No. 4 at Dogue Run next year in Potatoes, would it not have been better if the Crop of this Root which grows there, could be well secured against damage & thefts, to let them remain at that place? for I question if many more will be made than what will be required for that field. Eight bushels, or thereabouts, is usually allowed to an Acre when planted in drills 3 feet apart\u2014of course 74 acres will take near 600 bushels.\nI am told by some of the Farmers in the vicinity of this City, that if the Apricot Potatoes are planted early, they will come off in time for Wheat; if so, and the ground be well worked during the growth of them, it must be in excellent preparation for the Seed.\nI send you under cover with this letter, a little of the double eared Wheat. Plant it in drills as soon as you get it, some where in the Vineyard, where the soil is, or can readily be made, good. It is worth trying what it can be brought to.\nLet the Gardener put all the Seeds of the Sugar Maple in the ground this Fall; but not to cover them more than very slightly indeed, with Earth. What kind of preparation, and what kind of a Crop Do you mean to put the clover lot (front of the house) into, in order to prepare it for Grass? Potatoes would be the best, but I do not expect you will have enough for Dogue Run & this place too. Let me again request that every thing that is not intended to remain, & live in that enclosure may be effectually eradicated; for reasons wch I have often enumerated. When this enclosure is prepared for Grass, let all the Brick bats in the Road which formerly\nled through it, be picked up & brought off. and let that part of it, towards the decline of the Hill, which is naked & bare, be broke up, improved, & sown, to give it a better appearance as the house is approached\u27e8.\u27e9 And it would be a pleasing thing to me if this entire Inclosure\u2014from the present mowing ground on the height quite down to the Marsh, & wet ground of H\u2014\u2014Hole; from the Mouth up to Richards house, could be most effectually grubbed & cleared (except such clumps or single trees, as one would wish to leave for Ornament [)]. What the quantity of it may be, I am unable to say; but if you conceive that the House gang, with such aids as you can derive from River Plantation, where I think the people, during Winter, can have very little to do, and from the Ferry & French\u2019s, where they cannot have much, I should be glad to have it undertaken; since the idea of clearing for Corn, for Muddy hole, without the Gates at Mansion house is relinquished. As the home house people (the industrious part of them at least) might want ground for their truck patches, they might, for this purpose, cultivate what would be cleared. But I would have the ground from the cross fence by the Spring, quite round by the Wharf, first grubbed, before the (above mentioned) is attempted.\nIt would be difficult for me, if I was ever so well disposed, to procure the full quantity of Clover seed mentioned in your memm; as it is (from such information as I have received) both scarce & dear in these parts. but while I am on this subject, I beg that whatever you do sow (if covered at all) may be very slightly covered\u2014Harrowing Clover Seed in, in the vicinity of this City is quite dis-used, and I never Saw better Clover any where than is about it\u2014Five or Six lbs. of Seed, if they can depend upon its goodness, is all they allow to an Acre, and in no case more than 10 lbs., or as many pints. I mention these things for your government; & that, from experience they find no better Season for Sowing than towards the last of Winter, or opening of the Spring, on Winter grain\u2014lea[v]ing it to the Snow, or Frosts to bury the Seeds.\nI do not discover by your letters, or the Reports that your Porkers are yet up. It is high time this was done, and I desire that no Hogs, except such as are of sufficient age, & size may be fattened\u2014I had rather have a little good, than much bad-Porke.\nBy your last Weeks Report, I perceive 80 Bushels of Wheat was sent from River Plantation to the Mill and 79 only received at it. detect, always, these differences as soon as they happen, & it will explain mistakes, and check many abuses which otherwise would be committed. And I am sorry to find that scarcely any report comes to hand without mentioning the death of several Sheep. If the Overseers begin thus early to report deaths, what may I not expect to receive between this & May?\nI think you had better turn Sam & George over to the Gardener\u2014that their work may appear in his Report. And Davis & Nuclus in like manner to Green\u2014Sims also if you think he had better remain with the Carpenters. This will simplify the Mansion house report greatly, and let me see more clearly what that gang are employed in. At present that head of the Report is swelled greatly and nothing hardly appears to be done by the people comprehended under it. If Peter does any work at all it is in the Gardening line\u2014He therefore had better be turned over to him\u2014though I believe he will do nothing that he can avoid\u2014of labour.\nSupply Green & the Gardener with Paper that they may have no excuse for not giving in their Reports & see that they accompany your own every week. I am Your friend and Servant\nGo: Washington\nP.S. Doll at the Ferry must be taught to Knit, and made to do a sufficient days work of it\u2014otherwise (if suffered to be idle) many more will walk in her steps. Lame Peter if no body else will, must teach her\u2014and she must be brought to the house for that purpose.\nTell house Frank I expect he will lay up a more plentious store of the black common Walnut than he usually does\u2014Nor ought he to spend his time wholly in idleness.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0183", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Barbier de La Serre, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Barbier de La Serre, Nicolas-Marie-Charles\nTo: Washington, George\n  Baltimore, 5 Nov. 1792. Seeks employment in the U.S. military service, having decided to leave his native France. He cites his attendance at the French military school at Doua\u00ef, his eight years of experience in the French artillery, and his knowledge of fortification and the moving of convoys. Although he has forgotten the English that he once knew, he says that he will strenuously apply himself to relearning the language.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0184", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Jackson, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Jackson, William\nTo: Washington, George\n  Philadelphia, 5 Nov. 1792: Declines \u201cthe honor of your nomination to the important office of Adjutant General of the Army of the United States.\u201d Jackson assured GW \u201cthat no other consideration but an engagement of the heart, involving the happiness of a most amiable Woman, who is, as she ought to be, peculiarly dear to me, could prevent\u201d acceptance of this position.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0185", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Nov. 5. 1792.\nTh: Jefferson having had the honor at different times heretofore of giving to the President conjectural estimates of the expences of our foreign establishment, has that of now laying before him in page. 1. of the inclosed paper, a statement of the whole amount of the foreign fund from the commencement to the expiration of the act which will be on the 3d of March next, with the actual expences to the 1st of July last, & the conjectural ones from thence through the remaining 8. months, and the balance which will probably remain.\nPage 2. shews the probable annual expence of our present establishment, & it\u2019s excess above the funds allowed; and in another column the reduced establishment, necessary & most proper to bring it within the limits of the fund, supposing it should be continued.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0187", "content": "Title: Ratification Statement, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 5 November 1792]\nTo all whom it may concern\u2014Greeting\nWhereas the Legislature of the United States of America, by their Acts passed on the fourth and twelfth days of August one thousand seven hundred and ninety, authorized the President of the United States to borrow on their behalf certain sums of money therein named, or any lesser sums, for the purposes therein stated, and to make Contracts respecting the foreign debt of the United States, and the President thereupon gave to\nAlexander Hamilton Esquire, Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, full powers by himself, or any person appointed by him, to carry the purposes of the said Acts into execution, and the said Alexander Hamilton in pursuance of the said powers having authorized William Short Esquire Minister Resident of the United States of America at the Hague in that behalf, the said William Short hath accordingly entered into Contract with certain persons therein named for the loan of three millions of Guilders, Dutch Current money, which Contract was executed at Amsterdam in the United Netherlands on the nineth day of August in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety two, and is in the words following, to wit,\n(Here insert it)\nNow know ye, that the President of the United States of America having seen and considered the said Contract, hath ratified and confirmed, and by these presents doth ratify and confirm the same and every article thereof.\nIn Testimony whereof he has caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with his hand. Done at the City of Philadelphia the fifth day of November in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety two, and of the Independence of the United States of America the Seventeenth.\nGo. Washington.\nBy the PresidentTh: Jefferson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0188", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nGe town 5th Novr 1792\nI recieved your letter of the 21st ulmo a few days ago, but deferred answering it, \u2018till I could again see Mr Bayly, & Mr [Daniel] Carroll of Duddington, my informants respecting Coll Mercer\u2019s speech\u2014Inclosed, I send you Mr Bayly\u2019s certificate of what passed\u2014Mr Carroll tho\u2019 he agrees with Mr Bayly, that Coll Mercer expressed himself as stated, has I know not for what reasons declined sending me his certificate, as he promised. The conversation happened at dinner at Marlborough, in the presence of many and I have heard it spoke of by many since, and with but little variation\u2014Mr Samuel Hanson among others, informed me as I passed through Alexa., that his Brother Coll Thomas Hanson, who heard Coll Mercer, at the same time with Mr Bayly, had given him the same idea of Coll Hamilton\u2019s having offered Coll Mercer a bribe, as is certifyed by Mr Bayly\u2014From my acquaintance with Mr Bayly, and his general character, I think him as much to be depended on, as any man in the State of Maryland\u2014And, if it is thought proper to investigate the charge, I am satisfied, Mr Bayly\u2019s certificate can never be done away. I am Dr Sir, with the greatest respect Your most Obt Servt\nDd Stuart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0189", "content": "Title: Address to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 6 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nUnited States [Philadelphia] November the 6th 1792.\nFellow-Citizens of the Senate, and House of Representatives.\nIt is some abatement of the satisfaction, with which I meet you on the present occasion, that in felicitating you on a continuance of the National prosperity generally, I am not able to add to it information that the Indian hostilities, which have, for some time past, distressed our North Western frontier, have terminated.\nYou will, I am persuaded, learn with no less concern than I communicate it, that reiterated endeavours, towards effecting\na pacification, have hitherto issued only in new and outrageous proofs of persevering hostility on the part of the tribes with whom we are in contest. An earnest desire to procure tranquillity to the Frontier\u2014to stop the further effusion of blood\u2014to arrest the progress of expense\u2014to forward the prevalent wish of the Nation, for peace, has led to strenuous efforts, through various channels, to accomplish these desireable purposes: In making which efforts, I consulted less my own anticipations of the event, or the scruples which some considerations were calculated to inspire, than the wish to find the object attainable; or if not attainable to ascertain unequivocally that such is the case.\nA detail of the measures which have been pursued, and of their consequences, which will be laid before you, while it will confirm to you the want of success, thus far, will, I trust, evince that means as proper and as efficacious as could have been devised, have been employed. The issue of some of them, indeed, is still depending; but a favourable one, though not to be despaired of, is not promised by anything that has yet happened.\nIn the course of the attempts which have been made, some valuable citizens have fallen victims to their zeal for the public service. A sanction commonly respected even among Savages, has been found, in this instance, insufficient to protect from massacre the emissaries of peace. It will, I presume, be duly considered whether the occasion does not call for an exercise of liberality towards the families of the deceased.\nIt must add to your concern, to be informed, that besides the continuation of hostile appearances among the Tribes North of the Ohio, some threatening symptoms have of late been revived among some of those south of it.\nA part of the Cherokees, known by the name of Chickamagas, inhabiting five villages on the Tenessee River, have long been in the practice of committing depredations on the neighbouring settlements.\nIt was hoped that the treaty of Holston made with the Cherokee Nation in July 1791, would have prevented a repetition of such depredations. But the event has not answered this hope. The Chiccamagas, aided by some Banditti of another tribe, in their vicinity, have recently perpetrated wanton, and unprovoked hostilities upon the citizens of the United States in that quarter. The information which has been received on this subject will be\nlaid before you. Hitherto defensive precautions only have been strictly enjoined, and observed.\nIt is not understood that any breach of treaty, or aggression whatso[e]ver, on the part of the United States, or their Citizens, is even alledged as a pretext for the spirit of hostility in this quarter.\nI have reason to beleive that every practicable exertion has been made (pursuant to the provision by law for that purpose) to be prepared for the alternative of a prosecution of the war, in the event of a failure of pacific overtures. A large proportion of the troops authorized to be raised, have been recruited, though the number is still incomplete. And pains have been taken to discipline, and put them in condition for the particular kind of service to be performed. A delay of operations (besides being dictated by the measures which were pursuing towards a pacific termination of the war) has been in itself deemed preferable to immature efforts. A statement, from the proper department, with regard to the number of troops raised, and some other points which have been suggested, will afford more precise information, as a guide to the legislative consultations; and among other things will enable Congress to judge whether some additional stimulus to the recruiting service may not be adviseable.\nIn looking forward to the future expence of the operations, which may be found inevitable, I derive consolation from the information, I receive, that the product of the Revenues for the present year is likely to supersede the necessity of additional burthens on the Community, for the service of the ensuing year. This, however, will be better ascertained in the course of the Session; and it is proper to add, that the information alluded to proceeds upon the supposition of no material extension of the spirit of hostility.\nI cannot dismiss the subject of Indian Affairs, without again recommending to your consideration the expediency of more adequate provision for giving energy to the laws throughout our interior frontier; and for restraining the commission of outrages upon the Indians; without which all pacific plans must prove nugatory. To enable, by competent rewards, the employment of qualified and trusty persons to reside among them, as agents, would also contribute to the preservation of peace and good neighbourhood. If in addition to these expedients, an eligible plan could be divised for promoting civilization among the\nfriendly tribes, and for carrying on trade with them, upon a scale equal to their wants, and under regulations calculated to protect them from imposition and extortion, it\u2019s influence in cementing their interests with our\u2019s could not but be considerable.\nThe prosperous state of our Revenue has been intimated. This would be still more the case, were it not for the impediments, which in some places continue to embarrass the collection of the duties on spirits distilled within the United States. These impediments have lessened, and are lessening in local extent; and as applied to the community at large, the contentment with the law appears to be progressive.\nBut symptoms of increased opposition having lately manifested themselves in certain quarters; I judged a special interposition on my part, proper and adviseable, and, under this impression, have issued a proclamation, warning against all unlawful combinations and proceedings, having for their object or tending to obstruct the operation of the law in question, and announcing that all lawful ways and means would be strictly put in execution for bringing to justice the infractors thereof and securing obedience thereto.\nMeasures have also been taken for the prosecution of Offenders: And Congress may be assured, that nothing within constitutional and legal limits, which may depend on me, shall be wanting to assert and maintain the just authority of the laws. In fulfilling this trust, I shall count intirely upon the full co-operation of the other departments of the Government, and upon the zealous support of all good Citizens.\nI cannot forbear to bring again into the view of the Legislature the subject of a Revision of the Judiciary System. A representation from the Judges of the Supreme Court, which will be laid before you, points out some of the inconveniencies that are experienced. In the course of the execution of the laws, considerations arise out of the structure of that system, which, in some cases, tend to relax their efficacy. As connected with this subject, provisions to facilitate the taking of bail upon processes out of the Courts of the United States, and a supplementary definition of Offences against the Constitution and laws of the Union, and of the punishment for such Offences, will, it is presumed, be found worthy of particular attention.\nObservations on the value of peace with other nations are unnecessary. It would be wise however, by timely provisions, to\nguard against those Acts of our own Citizens, which might tend to disturb it, and to put ourselves in a condition to give that satisfaction to foreign nations which we may sometimes have occasion to require from them. I particularly recommend to your consideration the means of preventing those aggressions by our Citizens on the territory of other Nations, and other infractions of the law of Nations, which, furnishing just subject of complaint, might endanger our peace with them. And, in general, the maintenance of a friendly intercourse with foreign powers will be presented to your attention by the expiration of the law for that purpose, which takes place, if not renewed, at the close of the present Session.\nIn execution of the authority given by the Legislature, measures have been taken for engaging some artists from abroad to aid in the establishment of our Mint; others have been employed at home. Provision has been made of the requisite buildings, and these are now putting into proper condition for the purposes of the establishment. There has also been a small beginning in the coinage of half-dismes; the want of small coins in circulation calling the first attention to them.\nThe regulation of foreign Coins, in correspondency with the principles of our national Coinage, as being essential to their due operation, and to order in our money concerns, will, I doubt not, be resumed and completed.\nIt is represented that some provisions in the law, which establishes the Post-Office, operate, in experiment, against the transmission of News-papers to distant parts of the Country. Should this, upon due inquiry, be found to be the fact, a full conviction of the importance of facilitating the circulation of political intelligence and information, will, I doubt not, lead to the application of a remedy.\nThe adoption of a Constitution for the State of Kentucky has been notified to me. The legislature will share with me in the satisfaction which arises from an event interesting to the happiness of the part of the Nation, to which it relates, and conducive to the general order.\nIt is proper likewise to inform you, that since my last communication on the subject, and in further execution of the Acts severally making provision for the public debt, and for the reduction thereof, three new loans have been effected, each for three\nmillions of florins\u2014One at Antwerp, at the annual interest of four and one half per Cent, with an allowance of four per Cent in lieu of all charges, and the other two at Amsterdam, at the annual interest of four per Cent, with an allowance of five and one half per Cent in one case, and of five per Cent in the other, in lieu of all charges. The rates of these loans, and the circumstances under which they have been made, are confirmations of the high state of our Credit abroad.\nAmong the Objects to which these funds have been directed to be applied, the payment of the debts due to certain foreign Officers, according to the provision made during the last Session, has been embraced.\nGentlemen of the House of Representatives.\nI entertain a strong hope that the state of the national finances is now sufficiently matured to enable you to enter upon a systematic and effectual arrangement for the regular redemption and discharge of the public debt, according to the right which has been reserved to the Government. No measure can be more desireable, whether viewed with an eye to its intrinsic importance, or to the general sentiment and wish of the Nation.\nProvision is likewise requisite for the reimbursement of the loan which has been made of the Bank of the United States, pursuant to the eleventh section of the act by which it is incorporated. In fulfilling the public stipulations in this particular, it is expected a valuable saving will be made.\nAppropriations for the current service of the ensuing year, and for such extraordinaries as may require provision, will demand, and I doubt not, will engage your early attention.\nGentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives.\nI content myself with recalling your attention, generally, to such objects, not particularized in my present, as have been suggested in my former communications to you.\nVarious temporary laws will expire during the present Session. Among these, that which regulates trade and intercourse with the Indian Tribes, will merit particular notice.\nThe results of your common deliberations hitherto, will, I trust, be productive of solid and durable advantages to our Constituents; such as, by conciliating more and more their ultimate suffrage, will tend to strengthen and confirm their attachment to\nthat Constitution of Government, upon which, under Divine Providence, materially depend their Union, their safety and their happiness.\nStill further to promote and secure these inestimable ends, there is nothing which can have a more powerful tendency, than the careful cultivation of harmony, combined with a due regard to stability in the public Councils.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0191", "content": "Title: Directive to John Christian Ehlers, 7 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ehlers, John Christian\n[Philadelphia] Novr 7th 1792.\nList of Trees, Shrubs &c. had of Jno. Bartram to supply the place of those of his Catalogue of Mar: 92. which failed.\n            E. d. 2 Ulex europeus\n            embellished with sweet scented flowers of a fine yellow colour. [Furze]\n            a. 3. Hypericum kalmianum\n            profusely garnished with fine gold coloured blossoms 2 plants. [\u201cShrub St. John\u2019s wort\u201d]\n            4. Hyperi: Angustifolium\n            Evergreen, adorned with fine yellow flowers.\n            e. 5. Taxus procumbens\n            Evergreen\u2014of a splendid full green throughout the year\u2014red berries. [Yew]\n            E 6. Buxus aureus\n            Elegant, called gilded box.\n            E. 7. Daphne mezerium [mezereum]\n            an early flowering sweet scented little shrub. [Mezereon, paradise plant]\n            8. Calycanthus floridus\n            Odoriferous, it\u2019s blossoms scented like the Pine Apple. [\u201cSweet Shrub of Carolina,\u201d Carolina allspice]\n            E. 10. \u00c6sculus hippocastanum.\n            a magnificent flowering and shady tree. [Horse chestnut]\n            11. Euonimus atrapurpurius.\n            It\u2019s fruit of a bright crimson in the autumn (burning bush) 3 plants. [Euonymus atropurpureus]\n            13. Franklinia [alatamaha].\n            flowers large, white and fragrant. Native of Georgia. [Franklin tree]\n            16. Kalmia angustifolia.\n            Evergreen. garnished with crimson speckled flowers. 4 plants. [\u201cThyme leav\u2019d Kalmia,\u201d lambkill, sheep laurel]\n            24. Halesia tetraptera [or carolina].\n            flowers abundant. white, of the shape of little bells. [Carolina silverbell]\n            25. Viburnum opulifolium.\n            of singular beauty in flower & fruit\n            27. Viburnum alnifolium\u2014\n            handsome flowering Shrub. [Viburnum lantanoides; hobble bush]\n            E. 29. Sorbus Sativa\n            It\u2019s fruit pear & apple shaped, as large & well tasted when mellow.\n            31. Sorbus aucuparia.\n            foliage elegant: embellished with umbells of coral red berries. [European mountain ash]\n            e. 36. Stewartia malachodendron\n            floriferous. the flowers large and white, embellished with a large tuft of black or purple threads in their centre. [Silky stewartia or stuartia]\n            38. Styrax grandifolium.\n            a most charming flowering shrub blossoms snow white, & of the most grateful scent. (call\u2019d Snow-drop tree.) [Snowbell, storax]\n            E 39. Philadelphus coronarius\n            a sweet flowering shrub (called mock Orange).\n            40. Philadelphus inodorus\n            his robe a silver flowered mantle.\n            e. 41. Pinus Strobus\n            magnificent! he presides in the ever green Groves. (White Pine)\u20144 Plants.\n            *E 42. Pinus communis\n            a stately tree, foliage of a Seagreen colour; and exhibits a good appearance whilst young.\n            Elegant figure & foliage. [\u201cLarch Tree\u201d]\n            45. Robinia villosa.\n            a gay shrub enrobed with plum\u2019d leaves and roseat flowers. 3 Plants. [\u201cPeach Blossom Acacia\u201d]\n            52. Prunus chicasa.\n            Early flowering, very fruitful; the fruit nearly round, cleft, red, purple, yellow of an inticing look, most agreeable taste & wholesome (chicasaw Plum.).\n            The branches terminate with long erect spikes of sweet white flowers.\n            E 58. Juniperus sabina.\n            Evergreen. [Savin]\n            54. \u00c6sculus pavia.\n            It\u2019s light and airy foliage crimson & variegated flowers, present a gay and mirthful appearance; continually, whilst in bloom, visited by the brilliant thundering Huming-bird. The root of the tree is esteemed preferable to Soap, for scouring & cleaning woolen clothes. (2 plants) [Red buckeye]\n            possesses an highly aromatic, and very agreeable scent. (3 Plants). [\u201cBog gale,\u201d sweet gale, bog myrtle]\n            69. Mespilus pubescens\n            an early flowering shrub of great elegance, produces very pleasant fruit. (2 Plants)\n            E. f. 72. Colutia [Colutea] arborescens\n            Exhibits a good appearance; foliage pinnated, of a soft pleasant green colour, interspers\u2019d with large yellow papillionacious flowers in succession. [Bladder senna]\n            77. Prunus Divaricata\n            diciduous, flowers white in raumes [racemes], stems diverging & branches pendulous. [Prunus cerasifera divaricata; cherry plum]\n            78. Hydrangia [Hydrangea] arborescens\n            Ornamental in shruberies flowers white in large corymbes:\n            79. Andromeda exilaris [axillaris].\n            Evergreen. [Bog rosemary]\n            80. Acer pumilum; s, montanum.\n            handsome shrub for coppices. foliage singular, younger shoots, red. [Dwarf maple]\n            84. Rubus odoratus\n            foliage beautiful; flowers of the figure, colour & fragrance of the rose. [Flowering raspberry, thimbleberry]\n            E 92. Laurus nobilis\n            Sweet bay; a celebrated evergreen\u2014leaves odoriferous. [\u201cRed Bay,\u201d bay laurel, sweet bay]\n            Maiden Cane.\n            In addition to the above,\n            No. 1. Mespilus pyracantha. Evergreen Thorn. a very beautiful flowering shrub; in flower & fruit. evergreen in moderate climates, and not to be exceeded in usefulness, for hedges Fences &ca. [Pyracantha coccinea; firethorn]\nOctober 30th 1792.\nThe following Letters in the margin serve to explain the natural soil & situation of the Trees, Shrubs, &c.\na\u2003rich, moist, loose or loamy soil, in shade of other trees.\nb.\u2003rich deep soil.\nc\u2003wet moorish soil.\nd\u2003Dry indifferent soil.\ne\u2003A good loamy moist soil in any situation.\nf\u2003Any soil and situation.\nE.\u2003Exoticks.\nDirections for disposing of the Trees, Shrubs&ca, mentioned in the aforegoing list.\nThe intention of giving the heights to which they may grow, is, that except in the centre of the Six Ovals in the West Lawn; and at each end of the two large Ovals; none of the tall, or lofty growing trees (ever-greens) are to be planted. But this I would have done in all of them, whether any thing occupies these particular spots, or not: removing them if they do, to some other parts of the aforesaid Ovals. \u27e8A\u27e9t each end of the 4 Smaller Ovals, trees of midling growth (for instance those which rise to 15, 20, or even to thirty feet) may be planted. My meaning is, that in the Centre of every Oval (if it is not already there) one of the lofty growing trees should be planted; and the same done at each end of the two large Ovals; and at the ends of the 4 Smaller ones, trees of lesser size to be planted. The other parts of all of them to receive the Shrubs\u2014putting the tallest, always, nearest the middle, letting them decline more into dwarfs towards the outer parts. This was my intention when they were planted in the Ovals\nlast Spring\u2014but I either did not express my self clearly\u2014or the directions were not attended to. I now hope they will be understood, and attended to both. The two trees marked thus (*) in the Margin, I would have planted by the Garden gates opposite to the Spruce Pines. I believe common pine are now in the places where I intend these, but they may be removed, being placed there merely to fill up the space. If any of these tall growing trees are now in any other part of the Ovals, except those here mentioned (and that you may be enabled better to ascertain this, I send you a list of what went from Bartrams Garden last Spring) I would have them removed, so as to conform to these directions; and if there be more with what are now sent, than are sufficient to comply with these directions, there may be one on each side of the two large Ovals making five in each. You will observe that the Pinus Strobus (or white Pines) are the loftiest of all the Tall trees which now are, or have been sent; and that it is these which are to form your centre trees\u2014and the end trees of the two large Ovals.\nI must request also, that except the large trees for the Centre & sides no regularity may be observed in planting the others in the Ovals\u2014This I particularly desired last Spring, but found when I got home it was not attended to.\nWhen you have disposed of all the trees & Shrubs agreeably to these directions return this Paper, and the general list which accompanies it, back again to me; as I may have occasion for them in procuring plants in future.\nNote\u2014If there are now growing in the Ovals, as many as 4 of the Hemlock Spruce (sent last Spring) let them be taken up when the ground is hard & deep frozen in the Winter, & placed on the sides of the two large Ovals instead of the White Pines, wch you might have put there in consequence of the aforegoing directions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0193", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 7 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nUnited States [Philadelphia] November 7th 1792.\nGentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives,    \nI lay before you copies of certain papers relative to the Spanish interference, in the execution of the Treaty entered into, in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety, between the United States and the Creek nation of Indians together with a letter from the Secretary of State to the President of the United States, on the same subject.\nGo. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0194", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 7 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nUnited States [Philadelphia] November 7th 1792.\nGentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives:    \nIn pursuance of the law, I now lay before you a statement of the administration of the funds appropriated to certain foreign purposes, together with a letter from the Secretary of State, explaining the same.\nI also lay before you\nA Copy of a letter and representation from the Chief Justice and Associate Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, stating the difficulties and inconveniencies which attend the discharge of their duties according to the present Judiciary System.\nA Copy of a letter from the Judges attending the Circuit Court of the United States for the North Carolina District in June last, containing their observations on an act passed during the last Session of Congress, entitled \u201cAn Act to provide for the settlement of the claims of Widows and Orphans, barred by the limitations heretofore established, and to regulate the claims to Invalid Pensions\u201d\u2014and\nA Copy of the Constitution formed for the State of Kentucky.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0197", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lebrun, 8 November 1792\nFrom: Lebrun, Pierre-Henri-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne-Marie\nTo: Washington, George\nTranslation,\nParis the 8\u27e8th\u27e9 November 1792. The first year of the Republic. \nP. Le Brun, Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Republic of France, to George Washington, President of the United States of America. Health, Peace and Liberty.  \nThe return of Colo. Smith to the free Country of North America, furnishes me with an opportunity of presenting to George Washington the homage of my esteem, and my veneration for his civic virtues. I thank Heaven for it.\nWhen the French helped to free your happy Country from the yoke which threatened to oppress it, they were themselves slaves; but the principles of liberty were in their hearts: they have since developped themselves; and the French are free\u2014they are Republicans. These new Relations cannot but draw closer the bands which have for a long time united them with the American People. Let me be permitted to renew the assurances of the friendship & fraternity of the French. These sentiments will undoubtedly become more durable. May they extend themselves to all the people of both hemisphers! May the sacred principles of liberty & equality become the happy lot of all the world, as it is already of the people of America & France!\nColo. Smith is charged to communicate to George Washington plans worthy of his great Love. The Government of the Republic of France will be pleased that the Colonel should be charged with our Report as well as with your answer, your approbation\u2014and the means of execution which you shall judge in your wisdom to be more convenient.\nThe Minister of Foreign Affairs Le Brun", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0198", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lovell and Urquhart, 8 November 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Lovell & Urquhart\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Lovell and Urquhart, 8 Nov. 1792. Tobias Lear, in his letter to Lovell and Urquhart of 16 Dec., referred to \u201cyour letter to him [GW] of the 8th of Novr.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0199", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the United States Senate, 8 November 1792\nFrom: United States Senate\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] November the 8th 1792.\nTo the President of the United States\u2014    \nAccept, Sir, our grateful acknowledgments for your address at the opening of the present Session. We participate with you in the satisfaction arising from the continuance of the general prosperity of the nation, but it is not without the most sincere concern that we are informed, that the reiterated efforts which have been made to establish peace with the hostile Indians have hitherto failed to accomplish that desired object: hoping that the measures still depending may prove more successful than those which have preceded them, we shall, nevertheless concur\nin every necessary preparation for the alternative; and should the Indians on either side of the Ohio persist in their hostilities, fidelity to the Union, as well as affection to our fellow citizens on the frontiers will insure our decided co-operation in every measure, which shall be deemed requisite for their protection and safety.\nAt the same time that we avow the obligation of the Government to afford its protection to every part of the Union, we cannot refrain from expressing our regret that even a small portion of our fellow Citizens in any quarter of it should have combined to oppose the operation of the law for the collection of duties on spirits distilled within the United States\u2014a law repeatedly sanctioned by the authority of the Nation, and at this juncture materially connected with the safety and protection of those who oppose it\u2014should the means already adopted, fail of securing obedience to this law, such further measures as may be thought necessary to carry the same into complet operation cannot fail to receive the approbation of the Legislature, and the support of every patriotic Citizen.\nIt yields us particular pleasure to learn that the productiveness of the Revenue of the present year, will probably supersede the necessity of any additional tax for the service of the next.\nThe organization of the Government of the State of Kentucky being an event peculiarly interesting to a part of our fellow Citizens and conducive to the general order affords us particular satisfaction.\nWe are happy to learn that the high state of our Credit abroad has been evinced by the terms on which the new loans have been negociated.\nIn the course of the Session we shall proceed to take into consideration the several objects which you have been pleased to recommend to our Attention; and Keeping in view the importance of Union and Stability in the public Councils, we shall labor to render our decisions conducive to the safety and happiness of our Country.\nWe repeat with pleasure our assurances of confidence in your administration, and our ardent wish, that your unabated zeal for the public good may be rewarded by the durable prosperity of the Nation and every ingredient of personal happiness.\nJohn Langdon, President, pro tempore, of the Senate", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0200", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Dayton, 9 November 1792\nFrom: Dayton, Jonathan\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Novr 9th 1792\nHaving delivered to the Secretary of the Treasury, pursuant to the 2nd Section of the Act of Congress entitled \u201cAn Act authorizing the grant & conveyance of certain lands to John Cleves Symmes & his associates,\u201d military warrants sufficient to pay for One hundred & six thousand eight hundred & fifty seven acres of land, I am prepared, as Agent for, & the associate of, said Symmes to carry into effect the Act before mentioned, as well as the one previously passed, entitled \u201cAn Act for ascertaining the bounds of a tract of land purchased by John Cleves Symmes,\u201d so far as the same depends on me.\nAs Mr Ludlow, the surveyor of the Ohio company and Miami purchases is now in town on his way to the western territory, & as his aid will be very useful, if not necessary, in defining the lines of boundary, I submit it to your consideration sir, whether it would not be adviseable to have him detained a few days for that purpose. I have the honor to be sir with the greatest respect & attachment Your most obedt servt\nJona: Dayton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0201", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Jonathan Dayton, 9 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Dayton, Jonathan\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Novr 9th 1792\nIn reply to your letter of this date, the President of the United States directs me to inform you, that he is ready to do, at any time, whatever may depend on him towards completing the \u201cgrant and conveyance of certain lands to John Cleves Symmes and his associates,\u201d in conformity to An Act of the Legislature passed during\nthe last session of Congress. But as the President understands that there are certain things in that business which may require legal investigation, he thinks it proper that it should come to him through the Attorney General of the United States. I have the honor to be very respectfully Sir, Your most Obedt Servt\nTobias Lear.Secretary to the President of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0202", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 9 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nUnited States [Philadelphia] November 9th 1792.\nGentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives;    \nI now lay before you, a letter from the Secretary of State, covering the copy of one from the Governor of Virginia, with the\nseveral papers therein referred to, on the subject of the boundary between that State, and the territory of the United States, south of the river Ohio. It will remain with the Legislature to take such measures, as it shall think best, for settling the said boundary with that State, and at the same time, if it thinks proper, for extending the settlement to the State of Kentucky, between which and the same territory, the boundary is, as yet, undetermined.\nGeorge Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0204", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the United States House of Representatives, 10 November 1792\nFrom: United States House of Representatives\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\n[Philadelphia] Saturday the 10th of November, 1792.\nThe House of Representatives, who always feel a satisfaction in meeting you, are much concerned that the occasion for mutual felicitation, afforded by the circumstances favorable to the national prosperity, should be abated by a continuance of the hostile spirit of many of the Indian tribes; and particularly, that the reiterated efforts for effecting a general pacification with them, should have issued in new proofs of persevering enmity, and the barbarous sacrifice of citizens who, as the messengers of peace, were distinguishing themselves by their zeal for the public service. In our deliberations on this important department of our affairs, we shall be disposed to pursue every measure that may be dictated by the sincerest desire, on one hand, of cultivating peace, and manifesting by every practicable regulation, our benevolent regard for the welfare of those misguided people: and\nby the duty we feel, on the other, to provide effectually for the safety and protection of our fellow citizens.\nWhile with regret we learn, that symptoms of opposition to the law imposing duties on spirits distilled within the United States, have manifested themselves, we reflect, with consolation, that they are confined to a small portion of our fellow-citizens. It is not more essential to the preservation of true liberty, that a government should be always ready to listen to the representations of its constituents, and to accommodate its measures to the sentiments and wishes of every part of them, as far as will consist with the good of the whole, than it is, that the just authority of the laws should be steadfastly maintained. Under this impression, every department of the Government and all good Citizens must approve the measures you have taken, and the purpose you have formed, to execute this part of your trust with firmness and energy; and be assured, Sir, of every constitutional aid and cooperation which may become requisite on our part. And we hope, that while the progress of contentment under the law in question, is as obvious as it is rational, no particular part of the community may be permitted to withdraw from the general burthens of the Country, by a conduct as irreconcileable to national justice as it is inconsistent with public decency.\nThe productive state of the public revenue, and the confirmation of the Credit of the United States abroad, evinced by the loans at Antwerp and Amsterdam, are communications the more gratifying, as they enforce the obligation to enter on systematic and effectual arrangements for discharging the public debt, as fast as the conditions of it will permit; and we take pleasure in the opportunity to assure you of our entire concurrence in the opinion, that no measure can be more desireable, whether viewed with any eye to the urgent wish of the community, or the intrensic importance of promoting so happy a change in our situation.\nThe adoption of a Constitution for the State of Kentucky, is an event, on which we join in all the satisfaction you have expressed. It may be considered as particularly interesting; since, besides the immediate benefits resulting from it, it is another auspicious demonstration of the facility and success with which an enlightened people is capable of providing, by free and deliberate plans of government, for their own safety and happiness.\nThe operation of the law establishing the Post-Office, as it relates\nto the transmission of news-papers, will merit our particular enquiry and attention; the circulation of political intelligence through these vehicles, being justly reaconed among the surest means of preventing the degeneracy of a free government, as well as of recommending every salutary public measure to the confidence and co-operation of all virtuous Citizens.\nThe several other matters which you have communicated and recommended, will, in their order, receive the attention due to them. And our discussions will in all cases, we trust, be guided by a proper respect for harmony and stability in the public councils, and a desire to conciliate, more and more, the attachment of our Constituents to the Constitution, by measures accommodated to the true ends for which it was established. Signed by Order, and in behalf of the House\nJona. Trumbull, Speaker.\nAttest. John Beckley, Clk", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0207", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 12 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Nov. 12. 92.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the Presidt a letter from mister Pinckney. he will have that of waiting on him to-day to know what to say to the Commrs of the Federal seat about the order for money on Virginia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0208", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 12 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Nov. 12. 92.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President Judge Turner\u2019s answer. his office has been thoroughly searched, and no copy exists there of the act of Virginia giving money for the federal buildings: that of Maryland only is there. he is in hopes it may be among the President\u2019s papers.\nDr Barton, a learned & very ingenious gentleman of this city, mentioning to Th: J. that he had never had the honour of being presented to the President, asked to be presented. if the President has no objections Th: J. will take that liberty tomorrow at three aclock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0209", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Rodolph Vall-travers, 12 November 1792\nFrom: Vall-travers, Rodolph (Rodolf)\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please Yr Excellence! Sir!\nRotterdam, Haring\u2019s-Vliet, 9ber\u201412th 1792.boarding at Mrs Anna Hamilton\u2019s.\nAn official Letter, dated the 2d of April, recieved but a few Weeks ago, from Thos Jefferson, Esqe Secretary of State for your united american Republics, in answer to Part of the Contents of four of m\u00ff Letters to Yr Excellence, claims my humble and thankful Acknowledgments. I hope a fifth Letter of mine, dated the 10th of June last; transmitted, with a new Supply of instructive Materials for my worthy, ingenious and laborious Friend, John Churchman, the american Geographer; and entrusted to the special Care of Mr C. Ma\u00ffer, Agent of Adrian Valck Esqe of Baltimore, sailing from this City to Baltimore, on Board the Wachtsamkeit, freighted with 400. german Emigrants; came likewise safe to Hand: which I shall be glad to hear.\nIt is with Joy I observe; considering the Multiplicity of political Objects, which so gloriously engross Yr Exc.\u2019s chief Cares; that my humbly tendered Services, of an \u0153conomical, philosophical and literary Nature, have been, most judiciously, referred to the peculiar Attention of the illustrious American Academical Society for promoting useful Arts & Sciences. The very great Honor conferred on me by my ensued Adoption into that learned Body of american Worthies, adds a new Spur to my strenuous Exertion of my poor Abilities, in promoting their beneficent Pursuits, to the utmost Extent, not of m\u00ff man\u00fffold Opportunities, but of m\u00ff too limited Powers.\nAs a true American Fellow-Citizen, not only by my universal Philanthropy, and peculiar Esteem and Attachment to the happiest, wisest, freeest & most respectable Nation on Earth; but even by several Grants of Land made me, whilst in England, in Georgia, Carolina, and Newengland: ma\u00ff I presume to offer Yr Excellence some Services also in the political Line, which may occasionally occurr on this Continent?\nThe ten Provinces of the austrian Netherlands, together with the Bishopric of Liege; now invaded by the french Assertors of civil & religious Liberty, very likely soon rescued from the grasping Claws of the twoheaded Monster of the imperial Eagle, and restored to their antient Liberties & Independence will, undoubtedly be happy, to enter into a close Alliance of Friendship, Protection & Commerce with your united States, on the same Principles, as France and Holland, their contiguous Sister-Republics. The Ports of Ostend & Antwerp will readily recieve, on moderate reciprocal Duties, yr Rice, Tobacco, Furs, newbuilt Ships, Irons, Sugar, dried & Salt Fish, Bee\u2019s Wax & Spermaceti\u2014Candles, dried Fruits of all Sorts, Timber &c. and you may recieve in Return all Sorts of Linnen, Sail-Cloths, Cordage, Threads, Hosier\u00ff-Goods, Hardwares &c. with a large Ballance of Cash. So beneficial & mutually desirable a Connection I shall be proud to bring about, with the powerful Influence of my Friends at Brusselles, Antwerp, and Ostende, as soon, as duly authorised thereto. In that Case, I wou\u2019d shift my Residence from this Place to Brusselles, to act, first, as your Consul, or, as \u00ffr Resident, with an adequate Power & Salary.\n  Shou\u2019d the U.S. have Occasion for an\u00ff further Supplies of ready Money, for their public Services, those very Netherlands, especially the wealthy Clergy thereof, wou\u2019d, I am sure, be ready to lend almost any Sum, especially at this Juncture, on your public Security; even at 5. pr Ct with an additional 3. pr Ct annually, as a sinking Fund for the total Extinction of the whole Capital and Interest, in less than thirty Years. Shares of a hundred Dollars each, cou\u2019d be sold at Bruxelles, at Antwerp, at Liege, and at Amsterdam, and halfyearly Interests paid, by the most capital Bankers: Mess[r]s Fred: Romberg & Son, at Brusselles & Ostende; Mess[r]s Earlborn [F. E. van Ertborn] & Co: At Antwerp; Mess[r]s Pankouke [Panckoucke] & Co. at Liege; and Mess[r]s Staphorst & Hubbard, at Amsterdam, \u00ffr Agents; allowing them 1. pr 1,000. for their Commissions. Even So, Millions of Dollars wd soon be subscribed for. Mess[r]s Fontain & Van Dooren, merchants of this City, with a corresponding Part of their House at Amsterdam, offer likewise their Services, in similar Operations, as Co-Agents to the United States; whose Solidity, credit, and Reputation, will give full Satisfaction on an impartial and fair Enquiry.\nGive me Leave, most worthy Sir, to Subscribe myself, with infinite Veneration of your eminent public and private Virtues\u2014Your Excellence\u2019s Most sincerily devoted humble Servant:\nJ. Rodolph Vall-travers.\nP.S. The News, just now recd from Flanders import: that DuMourier, the french General, after having gained an obstinate Battle, and taken Mons, has capitulated with the Austrian Commander in chief, the Duke of Saxe-Teschen, Governor of the austrian Netherlands, & granted the following Articles. 1st) The whole german Army to evacuate all the Netherlands, with their Arms, a Fieldpiece to each Regimt & their Bagage[.] 2nd) to declare all the A. Netherlands, free & independent, under the Protection of the Republic of France, and at full Liberty, to chuse their own Form of Government.\nRoterdam, 9ber 12th at Night.\nP.S. DuMou\u27e8r\u27e9ier is said, to have written \u27e8a\u27e9 peremtory Letter to their h\u27e8i\u27e9gh mightenesses, the States of the Seven united Provinces of this Republic, insisting:\n1st) That all the french Emigrants shou\u2019d be banished from their Territories.\n2.) That the Republic of Fran\u27e8ce\u27e9 shall be avowed & acknowledged, as an independed State.\n3.) That the Treaty of Friendship & Alliance made with their former King, shall be confirmed & ratified with the present french R\u00e9public.\n4.) That all the Magistrates established since the Revolution, by a prussian Army, shall be deposed, and the former magistrates, antecedent to the said Revolution, be restored to their former Places;\n5.) And all the exiled Dutch Patriots recalled.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0210", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Jaquelin Ambler, 13 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ambler, Jaquelin (Jacquelin)\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 13. 1792.\nBe pleased to pay to Messrs Johnson, Stuart & Carrol Commissioners of the Federal buildings on the Patowmac, or to their order, or by the order of any two of them, the second instalment of the monies granted by the state of Virginia towards the said buildings.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0211", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 13 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen,Philadelphia Novr 13th 1792.    \nI have duly received your letter of the 13th of October, enclosing a list of the sale of lots in the federal City; with the prices of which I am more gratified than I am by the number which have been disposed of. I am pleased to find that several of your Mechanics were among the purchasers of lots, as they will not only, in all probability, be among the first improvers of them, but will be valuable citizens.\nI agree with you in opinion that the ground in such eligible places as about the Capitol and the President\u2019s House, should not be sold in squares; unless there are some great and apparent advantages to be derived from specified buildings\u2014immediate improvement\u2014or something which will have a tendency to promote the advancement of the City.\nThe circumstances under which Mr Blodget bid off the square near the Capitol, were such as occur at almost every public sale, and in that instance, his having done so, appeared very proper for the interest of the public: I agree, however, with you, that it would be best for the circumstance not to be generally known.\nHow far the idea which Mr Blodget suggests of having an Agent to pass through the several States, to dispose of lots, might be beneficial or not, I am unable to say; but it appears to me, that if a respectable and responsible Character, in the principal town of each State, could be authorized to dispose of the public lots, as purchasers might appear; provided the matter could be so arranged\nthat no confusion or inconvenience should arise from the same lot being disposed of by two or more agents, (which might possibly be done by monthly returns being made from the several Agents to the Commissioners, ascertaining the day\u2014and even hour of each sale, to be by them confirmed previous to any payment: a small per Centum to be allowed the Vender\u2014and all private sales to cease a month before every public sale) it would be a means of accommodating persons in different parts of the Union, and would expedite the sale of the lots. But this, as well as Mr Blodgets suggestion (which rather appears to me to be hawking the lots about) must be weighed and determined upon according to your best judgement and information.\nI think that a further public sale in the spring, or early in the summer, would be advantageous. For it is desireable that every opportunity which could be made convenient, on account of the season and other circumstances, to dispose of lots in this way, should be embraced.\nIn proportion as numbers become interested in the federal City, and the public works advance, a constant attendance at the spot will be more and more requisite on the part of those who superintend or direct the business thereof; and I am of opinion it will be found necessary, as neither of the Commissioners reside there, that some active and competent character, vested with proper authority by them, should be constantly on the ground to superintend the business carrying on there. But who this person shall be, is altogether with yourselves to chuse\u2014and the various and essential qualifications requisite in him will readily occur to you. With great esteem, I am, Gentlemen, Your most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0212", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 13 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTuesday [Philadelphia, 13 November 1792]\nI am glad the detention of the Ship gives you an opportunity of forwarding the enclosed. Yours\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0213", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 14 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\nUnited States [Philadelphia] Novr 14th 1792\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of War the dispatches from Mr Seagrove, which were submitted to the president yesterday.\nThe President thinks there are some parts of these communications which should be laid before Congress, and requests that the Secretary will select such as may be proper & have them communicated accordingly.\nTobias LearSecretary to the president of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0216", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Stoddert, 14 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stoddert, Benjamin\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Novr 14th 1792\nYour favor of the 24 Ulto came duly to hand, but the variety of important matters which pressed between the receipt of it, and the meeting of Congress, allowed me no time to give it an earlier acknowledgment: and now, I pray you to consider what I am about to say, as coming from me in my private capacity.\nIt has always been my opinion, & still is so, that the Administration of the Affairs of the Federal City ought to be under the immediate direction of a judicious & skilful superintendant, appointed by, & subject to the orders of the Commissioners (who, in the eye of the law, are the responsible characters)\u2014One in\nwhom is united knowledge of Men & things\u2014industry, integrity impartiality and firmness. And, that this person should reside on the Spot. This, I believe, is also the opinion of the Commissioners. and if they think Mr Blodget possesses these qualifications (I know very little of him myself, and after what has happened shall be cautious in recommending) or, that he is the most competent character that presents who is willing to undertake, & ready to enter upon the duties of such an Office; their appointment of him will meet my entire approbation.\nI can readily conceive, Sir, that the motives to your communication were pure & laudable, & shall give you credit for them accordingly\u2014On my part, permit me to add, that I have a mind open to information, and a disposition always to correct abuses (that shall come properly before me) as far as I am able; but I am sure it is unnecessary to remark to a person of your observation, that from the two great interests which divide the Federal City, & the lesser ones into which these are branched, it will be found difficult if not impossible for any set of Commissioners whatsoever to steer clear of censure. One wants this thing\u2014another wants that thing\u2014and all, or most of them perhaps want things which our resources are incompetent to the accomplishment of. You will excuse my candour therefore, my good Sir, for observing that there is in my judgt but one line of conduct proper for these Gentlemen to pursue & that is to take a comprehensive view of the trust reposed in them\u2014the general expectation of the community at large\u2014and the means to effect it\u2014form their plans agreeably thereto upon sound and just principles; & see that they are carried into effect by whomsoever they shall employ in the Execution thereof. without regard to any local concern or interest whatsoever. Such a conduct will meet general approbation, and of none, I am persuaded more than your own. With esteem I am Sir\u2014Yr Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0217", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 14 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia Novr 14th 1792\nYour letter of the 9th came to my hands last night, and though I am much hurried, will briefly observe, that I had rather repair my Seins, and fish myself, than hire the landing with the Negros. If a good price could be obtained for the Landing without the Negros, and an express prohibition of Waggons coming thither, I should like, & would prefer that. But at any rate repair, & keep the Seins dry and out of the way of Mice, that you may have an alternative. In the mean while, give it out, and make it as public as you can, that the landing alone, or landing and Boat, (with the prohibition above) is to be Rented; but that the Person renting is to furnish me with a certain quantity of Shad & Herring, to be specified, in the early part of the Season. Or if the Boat is reserved, I could easily catch what fish I should want at the landing by Bishops House; which used to be, and no doubt still is, a good fishery. If after giving this notice, and enquiring what Colo. Mason used to receive for his best landing, and what others, on both sides of the River get for theirs, you should have an Offer from a person of good character, & in whom confidence could be placed, similar to what is given for the best\u2014I would advise you to take it. and either secure the fish wanted for my own use from them\u2014or reserve the Boat, & catch for yourself at the Mansion House.\nIt will no doubt occur to you, when you are making enquiry into the Rent received by Colo. Mason & others, whether the Landings are furnished with convenient & secure houses, as mine is, for securing and preserving the Fish; and make the difference in the price if they are not, which these are entitled to.\nIt is not in my power to fix a Rent or hire for the Landing, because I do not know the usual price of the best, with the conveniences mine have; and this I must take, or not Rent. Take care, if you should hire it, to stipulate that the person hiring shall have\nnothing to do with the Shore after the Shad & Herring Season is over\u2014nor with the Houses beyond a limited time; otherwise, I might sustain unexpected inconveniences.\nI presume, it would be better for me to take \u00a325 for the Stallion than have him to Winter & therefore consent to its being done.\nAmong other reasons for not hiring my hands with the Shore is, that I do not want to take them so long from the ground I wish to get in prime order in, and between the Old Clover lot and H\u2014\u2014Hole. I am Your friend & well wisher\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0219", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 15 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Thursday Eveng 15th Novr 1792\nThe letter enclosed, intended for Govr Blount, appears to me to be very proper.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0220", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Thomas Jefferson, 15 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 15 November 1792]\n  Department of State, to wit:\nThe requisites of the Law having been complied with on the part of the Ship Canton fitted out from the port of Philadelphia, on a voyage to India, Hugh Alexander Makee Master thereof became entitled to a passport in the usual form, which was this day granted.\n(N.B. The above passport is one of the six which were signed by the President previous to his departure for the southward.)\nCertified to the President of the United States this 15 day of November 1792.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0224", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 16 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Nov. 16. 92.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to submit to the inspection of the President a set of copper promisory notes, & coins, made by Boulton, the superiority of which over any thing we can do here, will fully justify our wish to set our mint agoing on that plan. they are obscured by the sea-air.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0225", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elizabeth Willing Powel, 17 November 1792\nFrom: Powel, Elizabeth Willing\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\n[Philadelphia] November 17th 1792\nAfter I had parted with you on Thursday, my Mind was thrown into a Train of Reflections in Consequence of the Sentiments that you had confided to me. For tho\u2019 they were not new, yet I had flattered myself that a nearer View of the Consequences that would probably ensue upon your quitting a Trust, upon the proper Execution of which the Repose of Millions might be eventually depending, would have pointed out to you the Impropriety, or to use a stronger Word, the Impracticability of carrying your Intentions into Effect\u2014Regard for you and Anxiety for the Wellfare of our common Country, have determined me to submit to your Consideration the Thoughts which have occured to me on this Subject, and which, I think, it would be inconsistent with my Friendship for you to withold. That you have obtained the Love, Respect and Confidence of the Citizens of the United States is a Fact as well substantiated as any that we are in Possession of; and, be assured, that I am as superior to the Meanness of Adulation as you are incapable of receiving it with Pleasure. Your honest Mind is not a Soil for it to take Root in, nor are your Ears attuned to listen, with Delight to the Syren Song of Flattery; nor, on the other Hand, do I mean to give you Pain by wounding your feelings. I well know your invincible Diffidence, and your Sensibility with respect to public Opinion; on the last therefore I must lay some Stress. Be assured that a great Deal of the well earned Popularity that you are now in Possession of will be torn from you by the Envious and Malignant should you follow the bent of your Inclinations. You know human Nature too well not to believe that you may have Enemies. Merit & Virtue, when placed on an Eminence, will as certainly attract Envy as the Magnet does the Needle. Your Resignation wou\u2019d elate the Enemies of good Government and cause lasting Regret to the Friends of humanity. The mistaken and prejudiced Part of Mankind, that see thro\u2019 the Medium of bad Minds, would ascribe your Conduct to unworthy Motives. They would say that you were actuated by Principles of self-Love alone\u2014that you saw the Post was not tenable with any Prospect of adding to your Fame. The Antifederalist would use it as an Argument for dissolving the Union, and would urge that you, from Experience, had found the present\nSystem a bad one, and had, artfully, withdrawn from it that you might not be crushed under its Ruins\u2014that, in this, you had acted a politic Part. That a Concurrence of unparralelled fortunate Circumstances had attended you\u2014That Ambition had been the moving spring of all your Actions\u2014that the Enthusiasm of your Country had gratified your darling Passion to the Extent of its Ability, and that, as they had nothing more to give, you would run no farther Risque for them\u2014that as Nature had not closed the Scene while your Carreer was glorious you had, with profound Address, withdrawn yourself from a Station that promised nothing to your Ambition, and that might eventually involve your Popularity. The Federalists consider you as their own and glory in the Possession. They gave what a great and generous People might offer with Dignity and a noble Mind receive with Delicacy. They made no Oblation on the Altar of Idolatry or Vanity; their Offering was the Effect of Gratitude, Respect, Affection and Confidence to the Man that had, materially, assisted them in rearing and establishing the glorious Fabric of Liberty. Will you withdraw your Aid from a Structure that certainly wants your Assistance to support it? Can you, with Fortitude, see it crumble to decay? or, what is still worse behold the Monster Licentiousness, with all his horrid Attendants, exalted on its Ruins? I know you cannot you will not. But you will say that there are Abilities and Virtues in other Characters equall to the Task; admitting the Fact, it does not prove the Expediency of the Inference you have drawn from it, If there is not a Confidence in those Abilities and that Integrity they cannot be beneficially applied. I will venture to assert that, at this Time, you are the only Man in America that dares to do right on all public Occasions. You are called to watch over the Welfare of a great People at a Period of Life when Man is capable of sustaining the Weight of Government. You have shewn that you are not to be intoxicated by Power or misled by Flattery. You have a feeling Heart, and the long Necessity of behaving with Circumspection must have tempered that native Benevolence which otherwise might make you too compliant, the Soundness of your Judgement has been evinced on many and trying Occasions, and you have frequently demonstrated that you possess an Empire over yourself. For Gods sake do not yield that Empire to a Love of Ease, Retirement, rural Pursuits, or a false Diffidence of Abilities which those that best know you so justly appreciate; nay your very Figure is\ncalculated to inspire Respect and Confidence in the People, whose simple good Sense associates the noblest qualities of Mind with the heroic Form when it is embellished by such remarkable Tenets of Mildness and calm Benevolance\u2014and such I believe was the first Intention of Nature. You love philosophic Retirement; convince the World then that you are a practical Philosopher, and that your native Philanthropy has induced you to relinquish an Object so essential to your Happiness. To do this I am certain that you need only give free Exercise to those Sentiments of patriotism and Benevolence which are congenial to your Bosom. Attend to their Verdict\u2014Let your Heart judge of its Truth\u2014Its Decrees will be confirmed by Posterity. That you are not indifferent to the Plaudits of the World I must conclude when I believe that the love of honest Fame has and ever will be predominant in the best the noblest and most capable Natures. Nor is the Approbation of Mankind to be disregarded with Impunity even by you. But, admitting that you could retire in a Manner exactly conformable to your own Wishes and possessed of the Benediction of Mankind, are you sure that such a Step would promote your Happiness? Have you not often experienced that your Judgement was fallible with Respect to the Means of Happiness? Have you not, on some Occasions, found the Consummation of your Wishes the Source of the keenest of your Sufferings? God grant that your Mind may be so enlightened that you may, on this Occasion, form a true Judgement and may the eternal Disposer of human Events watch over your welfare. May the Remnant of your Days be happily and actively employed in the Discharge of those Duties which elevate and fortify the Soul. And may you, till the extremest old age, enjoy the pure Felicity of having employed your whole Faculties for the Prosperity of the People for whose Happiness you are responsible, for to you their Happiness is intrusted. Adieu believe me as I ever am Your sincere affectionate Friend\nEliza. Powel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0228", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 18 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia 18th Novr 1792\nYour letters of the 9th & 14th instt came duly to hand. To the first I hastily replied the morning after it was received, and shall add nothing further on that subject, in this letter, respecting the Fishery.\nIf the Mansn house people are permanently distributed to the plantations, to which they are destined; or, as soon as they are so; let all the Overseers know that they are no longer to look to the House gang for any assistance: on the contrary, that the work of every sort & kind whatsoever, is to [be] performed by the hands which are entrusted to them; Ditching alone excepted\u2014and even this, when it is accompanied with a Post fence, they are to dig the holes for those Posts with their own people; for so long as they derive this extra assistance, and are helped out of every difficulty, they never will exert their own force to the best advantage; and the case invariably will be, that the House gang will be little more than an encouragement to their idleness instead of performing some settled work of their own, which will count, and tell something. I am sure, that every plantation is abundantly stocked with hands, fully adequate to all the purposes of it; except ditching; which they could not perform to advantage, although their force might be competent to it. There is but one case in which I can see any propriety in aiding of them; and that is, in work that can only be done at a particular season, or under particular circumstances, whe\u27e8n\u27e9 their own strength cannot effect it in the time limited by that season; or by those circumstances. For instance, clearing, or breaking up, a piece of ground which cannot be touched after it is absorbed with water: which reminds me to tell you, that if those spots in the Mill meadow, which could not be got into corn last Summer, is not broke up before the ground gets too wet this fall, you will not reclaim it in the course of next year; which will be a real injury to that lot, & a grievous eye-sore to every one that looks into it. This also is the case with the lot below it, and is the reason why I earnestly desire that no more may ever be attempted than can be compleatly accomplished; for I repeat, and repeat again; that I should be better satisfied in having one acre of Corn land, or meadow ground, well prepared & cultivated, than two Acres imperfectly done\u2014In a word, these things are never really done if they are not well done.\nAfter having given you these ideas so fully, & so strongly, it is hardly necessary to add, as my desire, that what will remain as the House gang, properly, may be kept steadily to work at that place; under Will, or some other, if he cannot keep them to their business. The work to be done there, has been pointed out in more letters than one; and as there is a good deal of wood to be taken\noff the ground proposed to be cleared; and which may serve for Coal wood, fire wood, &ca; and is very convenient. I have no doubt but your Axe-men belonging to the place I mean will all be employed therein, instead of going into the great-Wood, & generally, as far out of sight as they can get, to cut Wood for the House.\nAll the young Cedars between the fence by the Spring, & the Wharf, that are of a size to be removed with safety, may, at a proper time, be taken up, & form a fence from the style (leading to the Spring) along the Post and Railing of the Lucern Inclosure; and from the Corner of the Vineyard inclosure downwards, and parallel to the last. But my opinion is, that to insure there living, they ought not to be remov\u2019d until the ground is hard froze, when they can be taken up with a large block of frozen earth adhering to their Roots. The efficacy of this I have proved most clearly. You did well to desire the Gardiner to preserve the Damson [s]cions, if there be enough of them to form one side of the fence to the vineyard Inclosure; otherwise it would have too much the appearance of patch work to insert them there at all: And as that enclosure will contain fruit principally, which is subject to great depridations; I have thought that the best live fence for that, except the side marked above for Cedar, and I hesitate even there too, had better be of the Honey locust; the seed of which not to be put more than Six Inches apart; that when they get to any size they may be so close, stubborn, & formidable, as to prevent an escalade[;] indeed I know of nothing that will so effectually, & at so small an expence, preserve what is within the Inclosure, as this plant.\nThe Gardener, I presume, ought to be acquainted with the proper Seasons for taking off, & setting out, the cuttings of the Lombardy Poplar, & those of the Weeping, & yellow Willow. If therefore you both agree that this is a proper one, I would have it set about fully, & compleatly; as there is nothing I have so much at heart as to introduce live fences around every Inclosure where Hogs are not Suffered to be: and this is the case of all the inner Inclosures at the Mansion house, and division fences at the Plantations. One Inclosure, may be fenced with the cuttings of one thing, and another with another, according to your means; and the ground which seems best adapted to this, or that kind of\nTree. Let me know what qty of the honey locust seed you have on hand\u2014& take care to secure all those which may be on the Trees which grow by Johnstons Spring, at the River Plantation. Let the ground wherein these cuttings or Seeds are to be deposited, be well prepared for the reception of them; for they were absolutely thrown away last year; and the labour, whatever it might be, has turned to no account. I do not perceive by any of the Reports that you have got any Cedar Berries, to (manage &) Sow as I directed. I fear it is now too late; as they were falling (and in the greatest abundance) about the time I left Mount Vernon.\nYou have entirely mistaken my idea respecting the conducting of the Water from the present Spring, and those I desired might be opened (to see what a body of it I could collect). Instead of carrying it to the Wharf, my intention was to carry the whole, as high up the side of the Hill as the level of it would admit when the whole should be united at, or below the Spring (according as the level would allow) until it was brought as far, & right opposite to, the River front of the Mansion House (that is to the Vista in a line with the two doors which I had opened whilst I was at home, by stakes which I suppose may be standing there yet.) I wanted to see how high up the side of that hill I could carry the water, and what advantage I might hereafter turn it to: it was for this reason I wanted the Springs opened when they were low; and gums or half (old) barrels put into them; that a judgment might be formed of the quantity, &ca\u2014and it was for this reason also I added, that the Ditchers might assist in conducting it. There will be some difficulty, I am sensible, in taking it over the sunken place East of the Spring House; but a trough would remove it: after which, the water would go on a level, as in the case of Sideland Meadows to the place I have in view\u2014What banks there are to cut through between the Spring house, & the most westerly Spring that would be worth opening, at, or beyond the Hound kennel; or whether they lye as high as the Spring that is now used, if the level was traced, my memory is unable to inform me; but Water by cutting through, or winding round banks, may always be conducted to its own level\u2014This, & carrying the aggregate quantity of what could be obtained, to the front of the House, was the objects I had in view.\nI had like to have forgot to tell you that the Lombardy Poplars,\n& Weeping Willows in the Serpentine Walks, may, as well as any others, be stripped to furnish you with cuttings, if necessary.\nIf the French furze is a fit thing for Hedging, and you have reason to believe the seed is good, I am very glad you bought it. Whether it is best to sow the Seed where it is intended to remain, or in beds to transplant, you must decide for yourself; but that you may not be deceived by bad Seed, try a certain number of Seeds in a hot bed, or any other method which will force them, to see what proportion of them will come up: do the same by the Clover seed you have, that I may know what dependence to place on its goodness.\nThere is a plant or two which went from Bartrams Garden last Spring, which he recommended in strong terms as valuable for hedging. make the most you can of the one you say is living.\nI am very glad to hear that your growing Wheat has a good appearance. Will the first Sowed, & thin Wheat, ever appear thick enough, especially in No. 7 in the Neck? It was not the getting of Fodder, generally, that injured the Corn: Stripping the blade I believe did, and said so at the time; but the great evil proceeded from its backwardness (occasioned by the long drought in Summer) and want of heat after the rains fell, to mature it.\nHave you taken measures to save what Turnip Seed you may want next year? The purchase of these things ought, by all means to be avoided.\nInform me in your next how many Hogs you have up for Porke, at each place. The Robberies which all your letters relate, must be stopped by some means or another; or the consequences will inevitably be those I have mentioned in my last. It is growing worse & worse every day; and if a good deal of pains is not taken to discover the thieves, and the receivers, there is no telling where the evil will end. I am willing to be at the expence of Sheep-bells, but this will prove but a partial remedy: the evil must be probed deeper than that.\nThe dificiency of Stockings is another instance of the villainy of those I have about me; for, as you justly observe, it is impossible that lame peter & Sarah\u2019s work could amount to no more than 60 pair\u2014The Gardeners Wife must now see that there is a just return of all that is given out & taken in\u2014and when the work is handed over by her, to you, I am persuaded it will be safe. Let the Gardeners wife give work to, & receive it from, lame Peter as well\nas others; & then the whole will come under one head. Their reports ought to be dated.\nWhat painting has Tom Davis done; and what paints have you now on hand?\nMrs Washington desires you will order the ashes to be taken care of, that there may be no want of Soap.\nThe note, at the foot of the last River plantation return, is by no means such as I expected, or would wish to see again; because it gives no idea of the real state of facts, as it respects the increase, & decrease of the Stock. My idea of this business is, that every change that takes place in the Stock in the course of the week, should be reported; that is\u2014every lamb that falls, and every one that dies, ought to be accurately reported; how else am I to form any opinion of the care taken of these, & other things; or to form any tolerable opinion of my business, if the reports are not from the actual state of things, but from what they may be, according to contingencies.\nFrom the present appearance of things, I think it highly probable that in the course of the Winter, or Spring, Flour will bear a good price. I would have none of mine therefore sold without directions from me\u2014but it might not be amiss, now and then, for you to give me some account of the Alexandria price of this Article, least the disposal of it should escape m\u27e8e\u27e9. In the meanwhile, if you should want money for any particular purpose, & have it not, advise me thereof, and it shall be sent to you. The price of Tobacco, and for the same reason, may also be mentioned to me. I am\u2014Your friend & well wisher\nGo: Washington\nP.S. As occasions may occur when Tea & other Spoons (better than Pewter) may be wanted in the absence of my family & the Majors at Mount Vernon\u2014I do by this conveyance, send half a dozen of each; The hurry, & distress in which Mrs Fanny Washington left Mount Vernon, occasioned omissions of many things, which otherwise would not have been the case.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0230", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia 19th Novr 1792.\nI have run over the four numbers of Genl Green\u2019s letters to Congress\u2014herewith returned\u2014and find nothing contained in them, unmarked by you, which ought, in my opinion, to be withheld from the Public. Even those of the 3d of Novr 1780\u2014tho\u2019 quite unnecessary, might pass with an explanatory note on the then value of our paper currency.\nIt probably is best to [leave] out the scored part of No. 1, page 14, although, I am persuaded, it is no more than a statement of a fact, and not an unimportant one. In No. 4, latter part of page 57. nearly the same sentiment as that erased is conveyed. I am always Yrs &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0231", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Skene Keith, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Keith, George Skene\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nKeith-hall by Aberdeen [Scotland] 19th Novr 1792\nI had the Honour of your Excellencys Letter of the 22d of June, which I shall carefully preserve for the sake of the subscription. I received at the same time your Secretary\u2019s Letter of the 7th of May; both Letters bearing the Edinburgh Post mark of the 12th of September.\nThe best return I can make for the distinguishing honour of a Letter from your own Hand is [t]o send you some information on the Subject of Weights and Measures, an Uniformity of which as you justly observe, would be attended with the most beneficial effects to Commerce.\nThere are two things, either of which may be done by the Legislators of America\u2014They may either establish such a standard as the nations of Europe will probably adopt; or they may concert with the different Courts of Europe, about establishing a connexion between some of the principal weights and measures presently in use, and a Standard taken from nature. I beg leave to send you two papers, which I have compressed into as little Room as possible\u2014One of them contains some Observations on the Report of the Committee of Senate of the United States on this subject; and the other has sketched out the Outlines of a proposed application from the United States to the different Courts of Europe about establishing an Uniformity of Weights & Measures. They have cost me some labour in drawing up and compressing them\u27e8.\u27e9 And I have no view in sending them but to be useful to mankind.\nTherefore I make no Apology to your Excellency for the form in which they are drawn up, excepting this that they would have been much longer in describing, and going round about every little circumstance, than by exhibiting them in the form a corrected report of the Committee of your Senate, and of an application from the States of America to the Courts of Europe.\nTo one of your elevated Mind Compl\u27e8i\u27e9ments are empty and Apologies unnecessary\u2014I therefore request your Excellencys attention to the two first and the last pages of the Observations on the Report of the Committee of Senate, and to the first and last pages of the Outlines of the proposed application to the Courts of Europe\u2014The mathematical information in other parts of these papers you can submit to those who have particularly studied the Subject.\nI have only to request your forgiveness for the Liberty I take in writing your Excellency, and for sending my papers to be forwarded by your Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of London, that they may not be so long, as my last communication was in reaching America.\nMay God Almighty prolong your useful and valuable Life to a very remote period, for the good of those States, among whom your important services, your abilities and your virtues, give you a greater and a better influence, than may ever fall to the Lot of any of your Successers.\nI beg offer of my best acknowledgements for your goodness in sending my Letter to my Aunt Mrs [Rachel] Barclay. I have the honour to be with the highest Esteem and Veneration for your Character, independent of the Respect due to your Rank Sir Your Excellencys most Obedient and most Humble Servant\nGeo: Skene Keith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0232", "content": "Title: To George Washington from J. R. Robinson, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Robinson, J. R.\nTo: Washington, George\n  [c.19] Nov. [1792]. Petitions for a military appointment, citing his experience as \u201can officer in the Sarvice of the united Stat\u27e8es\u27e9\u201d during the Revolutionary War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0233", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate\nUnited States [Philadelphia]November 19th 1792\nI nominate the following persons to fill the Offices annexed to their names respectively, to which they have been appointed during the recess of the Senate.\nZebulon Hollingsworth to be Attorney for the United States in the Maryland District; vice Richard Potts, resigned.\nCopland Parker, to be Surveyor of the Port of Smithfield in Virginia; vice James Wells, resigned.\nJames Gibbon, to be Inspector of Survey No. 4. in Virginia; vice Thomas Newton Junr resigned.\nJohn Armistead, to be Surveyor of the Port of Plymouth in North Carolina; vice Thomas Davis Freeman, superseded.\nThomas Parker, to be Attorney for the United States in the South Carolina District; vice John J. Pringle, resigned.\nI likewise nominate\nThomas Moffat, to be Surveyor of the Port of Fredericksburg in Virginia; vice William Lewis, who is appointed Keeper of the Light House lately erected on Cape Henry\u2014and\u2014\nBenjamin Joy of Massachusetts, to be Consul for the United States of America at Calcutta, and other Ports and places on the coast of India in Asia.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0234", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate\nUnited States [Philadelphia]November 19th 1792\nThe following appointments have been made in the Army of the United States, during the recess of the Senate; and I now nominate the following persons to fill the Offices annexed to their names respectively.\n            Artillery\n            Peter L. Van Alen to be Lieutenant; vice [Dirck] Schuyler, resigned; to take rank from 6th Septr 1792.\n            Infantry\n            Alexander Gibson to be Captain vice William Lewis declined.\n            Howell Lewis to be Captain vice [Hugh] Caperton declined.\n            William Preston to be Captain vice [William] Lowder declined.\n            John Cummin[g]s to be Captain vice [William] Powers declined.\n            Jonathan Taylor to be Ensign vice [Baker] Davidson declined.\n            Andrew Shanklin to be Ensign vice [James] Hawkins declined.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0236", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 21 November 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 21 Nov. 1792. GW wrote Whitting on 25 Nov.: \u201cYour letter of the 21st instant enclosing the Reports of the preceeding week was received yesterday.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0237", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Mulryne, 22 November 1792\nFrom: Mulryne, James\nTo: Washington, George\nWorthy Sir,\nGeorgia November 22nd 1792\nIf I err by writing to the great it is not by wanton forwardness\u2014but purely from a sincere wish for the welfare of my country\u2014The ignorant per chance may utter a stroke of wisdom\u2014which when cultivated by the wise may become permanent\u2014therefore sir I humbly offer you my simple opinion on so important a Subject as concerns the peace of America (Georgia particularly) with the indians.\nGreat sums of money are yearly expended in presents to those tribes at large. they are like us Some from indolence and other\nexcuses omit attending at the place of distribution and such are not apt to impute their folly but the disappointment adds rancour and jelousy which causes altercation among themselves until the p\u27e8h\u27e9ilonium dies in oblivion as if no such gift ever existed for the nature of an indian is such no longer He enjoys the present no longer will he acknowledge the favor.\nBritain on our northward line makes it an object to encourage their merchants to establish a commerce with those people\u2014the merchant finds it to his account to do so[.] Spain on our South line (tho\u2019 contrary to her common policy) sees it necessary to give the firm of Panthon Leslie & Co. all the protection in her power and this house finds it to their advantage to supply those people therefore these powers act by a political principle and the individual encouraged from interest.\nAt this time none but America makes presents (united States) and at this day none are under such contentions it is equally demonstrated to me with a certainty all this may be put an end to without risque of life by arms or even expend the enormous sums of money that is yearly exhibited.\nIf Merchants (of us) are encouraged to establish Stores for the conveniency of those people we then will be no better off than British or Spaniard as they will have equal power to attract\u2014but let us extend on a more liberal principle. let Stores be established by Government for the indians with Such as may be necessary and those entrusted to be considered as mere agents by certain directions under penal Bonds & Security for their performance\u2014those Goods to be dealt out at 20 \u214c cent on the cost or so much as will answer the exportation to those Stores &c. in payment take the indians furr skins &c. by this means you please the idea atracts the indian and in time he becomes naturalized.\nPermit me sir, to offer the following Questions and answers which naturally occurs\u2014will the British and Spanish import Goods from Europe risque his life and property in a desolate wilderness and sell those Goods at 20 percent\u2014will an Indian purchase, be friends or attach himself to any but those he finds it his interest to be so with\u2014does America want any profit from this political adventure or wish any thing at present from the indians but peace\u2014and will the British or Spanish Merchant encourage a trade of this nature or under any other idea but his 2 & 3 Ct \u214c Ct on the cost of his Goods exclusive of his \u214c Ct on\nthe returns of his furrs &c. the[se] and many more can be answered truly in the negative.\nCan we offer more to the indian for his furrs, Skins &c. than the foreign merchant will not these furrs, Skins &c. circulate in our Country add to its wealth and manufactures\u2014will not this mode of trade put a Stop to the petty traders who flew from the fangs of our laws by his transgression from some part of our dominion Settled among these people who are the instruments of our disputes by encouraging the Stealing of our Negroes and horses on both Sides\u2014will not then America have the whole trade to herself obtain every end that can possibly be expected in that point of view\u2014loose no lives, Sink no money if She makes none these and many others can be as easy answered in the affirmative.\nIn this case it would be political to advise a continuance of our usual poll tax 2/4 Sterling, this Year \u00bd Georgians will pay the former without demur\u2014for it is natural to ask who would on such liberal principles when the reversion is offered by proclamation to the importer of Emigrants for the redemption of their passage that may come to our Country for the terror of bondage to the Stranger is horrid and the idea of this alone prevents the poor of other Countries (who would Cultivate ours) from Coming, if such modes as these are adopted in Six or Seven years our frontiers will be compleatly Settled by which means our monies withdrawn from this kind of commerce (if deemed necessary to our treasury[)]\u2014and the indian must resign upon such terms as may be proposed for the idea of defence by arms to him would be vague.\nIf what I say can be of no use pardon me Great Sir for taking up so much of your time\u2014to my weak head the idea is forcible and probable\u2014the offer may be serviceable and if I should be honored with Call in consequence of this information\u2014for the Georgia department\u2014I will chearfully resign my own commerce Situated on my own plantation at South Newport in Liberty County to negociate so important a scheme for the interest of my Country and as to integrity and security for the performance of such business I believe I may be found equal to the demand. I am Great Sir with sincere obedience Your very Humble servant\nJames Mulryne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0239", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 22 November 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 22 Nov. 1792. GW wrote Whitting on 2 Dec. acknowledging \u201cYour letter of the 22d of Novr enclosing the Sheriffs account.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0240", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 23 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States [Philadelphia] November 23d 1792\nT. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of State the Commissions which were sent to the President for his signature, which they have received.\nT. Lear begs leave to observe that in the Commission of Mr Joy, it is expressed: \u201cHe demanding and receiving no Fees or Perquisites\u201d\u2014which appears to be contrary to the fourth Section of the Act passed during the last Session of Congress, entitled, \u201cAn Act concerning Consuls and Vice Consuls.\u201d If the matter should strike the Secretary in the same light as it does T. Lear, it will undoubtedly be rectified.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0242-0001", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 23 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\nUnited States [Philadelphia] November 2[3]d. [1]792\nT. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of War the two letters from Major General Wayne, with their enclosures, which have been submitted to the President, whose remarks thereon are herewith enclosed.\nTobias Lear.Secretary to the president of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0242-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Washington\u2019s Observations on General Wayne\u2019s Letters, 23 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia] Novr 23d [1792]\nObservations\nOn Majr Genl Waynes letter of the 14th Instt\nIt is unfortunate, & very extraordinary, that he should have suspended h\u27e8is\u27e9 opinion with respect to the disposition of the Army for the Winter, from a vague report of Mr H\u2014\u27e8s\u27e9\u2014declaration concerning the Western Posts. If this had been founded, he oug\u27e8ht\u27e9 to have looked for it from a better source, \u27e8or\u27e9 to have disregarded it altogether.\nNow, I presume, it is too late to worry what would\u2014(had he not been unde\u27e8r\u27e9 false impressions) have been his plan into execution. But I think he ought to be cha\u27e8r\u27e9ged in strong, & explicit terms, to run \u27e8the\u27e9 public to no more expence in the Barrack\u27e8s\u27e9 he is about to build, than what is indispensably necessary to cover & secure the Officers & Soldiers from the weather\u2014avoiding all decorations, and as much as possible all conveniencies\u2014considering themselves, as it were, under marching orders, to remove during Winter or in the Spring according to events & circumstances.\nOn the letter from D[itt]o dated 16th Novr\nThe difficulty, and as He (G.W.) calls it, the impracticability of providing Flour after the 15th of June, is New information, which if it had been given before, might have induced the authorisation of a larger Magazine of this Article: and now, if it does not militate with the arrangement made with the Secretary of the Treasury I should have no disinclination towards increasing the quantity. Of the Meat kind, after a sufficient quantity of that which is salted, is stored; the dependence ought surely to be on live Cattle\u2014Stalled or Grass fed; As the expence of transportation in Carriages, or on Pack horses, would be immense\u2014As\nflour must always be carried, there may, & I think ought to be exertion used to get it forward in the best mode & time that can be embraced to the advanced Posts\u2014for reasons which are too obvious to be mentioned.\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0243", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Warner Mifflin, 23 November 1792\nFrom: Mifflin, Warner\nTo: Washington, George\nPhilada 23d 11 Mon[th]: 1792\nTo the President, Senate and House of Representatives of the United States\u2014\n\u201cHe that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God\u201d\u20142d Sam: 23.3.\nHaving for a long time felt my mind impressed with a religious engagement on your account, and a belief that if measures are not taken to redress the wrongs, and alleviate the sufferings and oppression of the African race in these states, the Almighty will manifest his displeasure in a more conspicuous manner than has yet appeared: The consideration whereof excites me in his fear, earnestly to sollicit and solemnly to warn you, to exert your power and influence, that right and justice may be done in this important case.\nI have been also affected with the following declaration of the prophet, Vizt Ezek. 3.20. \u201cWhen a righteous man doth turn from his righteousness, and commit iniquity, and I lay a stumbling block before him, he shall die; because thou hast not given him warning, he shall die in his sins, and his righteousness which he hath done shall not be remembred; but his blood will I require at thine hand.[\u201d]\n21. \u201cNevertheless if thou warn the righteous man, that the righteous sin not, and he doth not sin, he shall surely live, because he is warned; also thou hast delivered thy soul.\u201d\nNow, I cannot view the declaration made by the first Congress, in substance to amount to any thing short of a solemn covenant, entered into with the God of Heaven and the whole earth; Vizt We hold these truths self evident, that all men were created equal, that they were endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, among which are life, liberty &ca; and which remains obligatory on the present Congress so to consider\u2014How then have those rights become alienated, that Americans shall be permitted to continue to ravage the coast of Africa, thereby promoting murder, pillaging, plundering and burning its towns, and inslaving its inhabitants; and in the United States, while some of those very men, who perhaps with their own hands subscribed the aforesaid declaration, remain in the Supreme Legislature, that avaricious men shall be permitted to pass through the country, steal, buy, traffick, barter and exchange the blacks, as though they were indeed brute beasts, separating husband from wife, parents from children, even mothers from infant babes; yea, from all that is dear to men in this world except life, and indeed that also, as there are divers instances of their being murthered; others in iron fetters, huddled into jails till the number wanted is collected, then stowed into vessels for transportation to foreign parts, and sold into perpetual slavery; not permitting a parting leave between the nearest ties of nature. My soul now revolts at the infernal crime committed against innocent persons without provocation. Oh! let me now beseech you, not to think it too much degradation for you to reflect, was this the lot of one of your beloved, delicate wives, your tender babes, or near relatives, how then would you feel?\nDo not you with me believe that there is a God of Justice, who will finally recompence unto all men according to the fruit of\ntheir doings, and that he doth at one view, by his all-penetrating eye, behold the actions of men over the face of the globe; if so, how do we think he will look on the rulers of this land, when he beholds many of them faring sumptuously every day, living in ease and fulness, at the very time that they are inventing unto themselves instruments of music, and spending their precious time in vain theatrical and other amusements, and remember not the afflictions of their suffering African brethren; who in this country may be loaded with irons, under all the pangs of sorrow the human heart can be capable of enduring, for no crime whatever, but because it pleased God to suffer them to come into the world with a black skin; will not this make him your enemy, who is a God that is no respecter of persons.\nI crave your serious attention to this important subject, and that while you may feel an animated warmth to fill your minds, when engaged respecting the natives of this land, you suffer a turn of thought respecting the conduct of Americans in Africa, and in this country also, towards Africans; and see if any savage cruelty of the natives, can exceed that of the white people towards the Africans, considering our superior advantage of civilization under the Light of the Gospel. Let us consider we are informed that the measure we meet to others is to be meted to us; and likewise that we may so conduct as never to feel the effects (in the full extent) of the declaration of the Almighty formerly delivered to a highly favoured people, in failure of complying with their covenants and engagements, Vizt\u201434.17. \u201cBehold, I proclaim a liberty for you, saith the Lord, to the sword, to the famine, and to the pestilence.\u201d Is there not reason to acknowledge that we have seen in some measure fulfilled a part of the first; are there not traces of the second, and do we not acknowledge that all three are subservient to Almighty Power; and has not our nation falsified its covenant? Oh! my countrymen and fellow-citizens, be serious on this subject, and allow me the liberty of a free expostulation with you; I feel for the welfare of my country, and my fellow-citizens; every one of whom I love; and believing myself every way equally interested with the largest part of your body in the welfare of my country, I hoped you would allow me freely, thus far to relieve my pained heart, who feel so much on account of the barbarous cruelties exercised on an unoffending people, which I am persuaded you generally have not\na full conception of, that under an apprehension of duty I have attempted in this manner to address you. Being with sincere desires for your welfare Your real friend\nWarner Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0244", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander White, 23 November 1792\nFrom: White, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Nov. 23d 1792.\nA. White having received the enclosed from his Friend General Wood, could devise no method so effectual to inform the President of General Martins wishes and merits as by communicating the letter of General Wood.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0245", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 24 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Nov. 24. 92.\nTh: Jefferson returns to the President mister Cooper\u2019s pamphlet which he has perused with much satisfaction, & is thankful for the opportunity of perusing it, furnished him by the kindness of the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0246", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 24 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\nUnited States [Philadelphia] Novr 24th [1]792\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of War the letter to Govrnor Lee\u2014to Thomas Wilson Esq. & others\u2014and the Copy of a letter to Genl Wayne, which have been submitted to the President & to inform the Secretary that their contents meet the ideas of the President.\nT.L.S.P.U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0247", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John C. Ogden, 24 November 1792\nFrom: Ogden, John C.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPortsmouth [N.H.] Novr 24th 1792\nDuring times of war it is the duty of every individual to send that intelligence to head quarters, which may concern the honor or safety of the country. Such I conclude is the duty of citizens in days of peace. and that the President of the United States ought to be informed of every thing, in every part of the country, which concerns their religious or civil interests.\nDeeply impressed with these ideas, which are collected from long observation, and undoubtedly are founded in the policy of government to know and attend to\u2014I am led to transmit this, which more immediately is connected with my profession, and a trust reposed in me as a member of, and Secretary to a body, who have the care of a very valuable and extensive Church property.\nYour Excellency is no Stranger, to the grant of the former British administration, of certain lands in many towns in New Hampshire and Vermont, to the Church of England and Society for propagating the Gospel, for supporting religious worship and instruction in those settlements which are more immediately on and near the banks of Connecticut river. The Society in England about four years since, quit-claimed their title in said Land to certain Gentlemen in this State and Massachusetts, as trustees for carrying the original design into effect.\nVarious frauds have been committed, and injuries done to this property, by which the original purpose is injured wantonly from the missdoings of the dissenting party. Trespassers have entered, and settled upon them, and many sources of controversy, and causes of action before civil courts aris\u27e8e.\u27e9 We once appealed to the Legislature for an act of incorporation, of our Trustees\u2014but, from the violent opposition of The Honble John Langdon Esqr. then President of the State, and his council, we were oblidged to withdraw our petition\u2014no one appeared as our friend but The Honble Mr Pickering, the present worthy Chief Justice of the Superior Court. The Lower house of assembly were in our favor. No time since has presented that favorable opportunity,\nwhen we might renew our application. Under this embarrassment we have no present remidy, but as Attorneys for the Society in England, by an appeal to the Federal Courts. The indisposition of my countrys friend, Judge Sullivan, and the expectation of Mr Woodbury Langdons friend\u27e8s\u27e9 that he will succeed to the place of District Judge alarm our cares, and awake a solicitude, for the interest of the Church, which is necessary. The cause of this is, Mr Woodbury Langdon, has unjustly entered upon, and keeps possession of a valuable property, belonging to the Church in Portsmouth, which his brother and every other man in the State, say he has no honest equitable title to. He once attempted with others to obtain a seizure or forfeiture of the whole of these Church Lands, on the Grants (so called) into the treasury of The State, this failing they endeavored to lead the College to apply for a gift of this property to that institution, but without success. A few weeks since I was informed that a plan once had been concerted by individuals, to prevail on the State to seize those Lands for vacant, and sell them to individuals, to enrich the Treasury. This was the plan of the dissenting party, at which those Mr Langdons are at the head.\nMr John Langdon, had even wished to divide them among the dissenting meetings by act of government.\nFor a Clergyman to say any thing on the subject of civil appointments, may in general be improper. but when the rights and property of his religion are concerned, he will be excused for giving information relating to those particulars.\nMany leading Churchmen press me to inform your Excellency on the subject\u2014that we may shew our county\u2014the Church and Posterity, that we have attempted to ward off dangers in a prudent and quiet manner.\nWhat will further evince, not only the mad policy, but intolerant injustice of seizing the Church Land is\u2014that they are appropriated to the teaching of religion in a county newly settled, by hardy industrious emigrants, from Towns, where they enjoyed the public worship of their maker\u2014and schools for their children. Great numbers of these emigrant\u27e8s\u27e9 were american soldiers\u2014who after the peace, & the loss of their final settlement securities, obtained deeds on mort[g]age of lots, built huts\u2014married wives\u2014have cleared farms\u2014and now have large families (in a prolific country), of fine promising children. They mourn\nthe want of means to instruct them in religion and useful knowledge. The first settlers have sold generaly the school right of three hundred acres which was intended as a perpetual fund. To that six hundred acres only remain in most of those Towns, and these are church property\u2014Many of these settlers are actualy Churchmen\u2014They have paid road, town, and other taxes, during their residence, have virtuously submited to many hardships with the hope of doing good for their families and yet enjoying their religion. I have visited them, have eat, drank, and lodged in their houses during the summer past. I have heard their complaints\u2014know their wants, and find a resentment raising against those who would deprive them of the benefit, which the Church, would long since have afforded them by sending Clergymen, among them\u2014(Could we obtain an act of in corporation for our trustees)\u2014This has been hither to prevented by the party under the influence of The Mr Langdons connections in New Hampshire. This State of facts is also known by the Bishops and Clergy, as well as by leading Lay-Churchmen through the States\u2014It was my duty to inform them.\nThe nature of this letter will not require an answer\u2014far be it from me to lead your Excellency into a correspondence on ecclesiastical subjects.\nAltho I have seen a great want of due caution on the part of Dissenters, as to the religious rights of Churchmen, I wish not to draw Churchmen into any thing which is not just\u2014peaceable prudent & proper. I remain Sir Your Excellencys devoted Servant\nJohn Cosens Ogden Rectorof St Johns Church in Portsmouth\u2014N: Hampshire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0252", "content": "Title: Clement Biddle to Tobias Lear, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDr Sir\n[Philadelphia] Nov: 26. 92.\nThe prices of Stocks for Cash in this City on the 1st August last were for\n            deferred\nthese I find by reference to my books & they may be called the same on this day with difference of one penny less on 6 \u214c Cts being now 21/3. I am with great regard Dr Sir Yr ms. Obed. Serv.\nClement Biddle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0253", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Andrew Ellicott, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Ellicott, Andrew\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nCity of Washington Novr 26th 1792\nWith this you will receive an Almanac for the year 1793, which I calculated, and compiled, during my sickness last September. The astronomical part is adapted to the latitude, and meridian of the City of Washington.\nMy design in this work, was merely to assist other (laudable) endeavours, in bringing the City of Washington into Public notice: and if it should be so fortunate as to meet your approbation, I shall think myself amply rewarded. I am Sir your Hbl. Servt\nAndw Ellicott", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0254", "content": "Title: Benjamin Hawkins to Tobias Lear, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Hawkins, Benjamin\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nN. Carolina 26 novr 1792    \nOn the same day you applied to me, I had a conference wth Mr Johnston and the representatives from N. Carolina the result of which this day is that Thomas Overton of More County or Henry Waters of [New] Hanover is equal to the appointment contemplated by the President.\nOverton was I believe of the rank of Major in the line of the late Army, and of the State of Virginia, he removed into N. Carolina since the termination of the War, and has resided in the County where he now is in the district of Fayette, he is Lt Colo. Commandant of the cavalry of that district, and has been a member of the Legislature, and has supported a very fair and upright character.\nMr Waters is a native of North Carolina, of respectable connections, he is a young man of probity, the only advantage he has over Mr Overton is his being a native, but perhaps that is more than counterbalanced by the others being publickly known, and for some years respected in that part of the Country. I am with sincere regard sir, yr.ob. servt\nBenjamin Hawkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0256", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Vicomte de Rochambeau, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Rochambeau, Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\n[le] Cap [Saint Domingue]26th 9ber 1792. 4th year of Liberti.\nI have the honour to informe your Excellency that I have been invested the Governement of St Domingo. The desire to Serve a second time the noble cause of Liberty has imposed to me the Duty to Cross the Atlantic Ocean again, and to Vow the rest of my Life, to the Service of my own Country. The pleasure to be nearer the seat of the glory of your Excellency, and to be in measure in my Correspondance to assure him of my everlasting respect, Was also among the reasons Which determined me to accept this dangorous Commission, in the very odd Circumstances under Which we Lie in Europe.\nCapne Keating w[h]o will deliver this Letter goes to north\namerica to recoverer his health: I recommend this officer to your Excellency. I have the honour to be Sir, of your Excellency\u2014the most humble and obedient Servant\nthe Governor g[ener]al of Sainto DomingoDtn Rochambeau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0257", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 27 November 1792\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhilada Nov: 27. 1792.\nMr Randolph communicated to me your Orders that I should in person serve the process on the two men indicted for a riot in Washington County.\nA Sense of Duty and earnest desire to execute it in such manner as would be most conformable to your desire, would make me undertake the Service in person but I am apprehensive that I may be lay\u2019d up in the Attempt, as I have not only had repeated attacks of the Gout for several months past, but have been Afflicted with another Complaint which has prevented me from riding any distance on horseback.\nFrom these Considerations I had prevailed on Captain Jonas Simonds formerly an Officer of Artillery and at present of the Customs, a man of respectability on whose firmness and prudence I could rely, to undertake the business and he was preparing to set off whenever I should be called on for the purpose.\nIf you should not, under these Circumstances, approve of this Arrangement I will however attempt to execute the business in person. I have the honour to be, with the greatest respect, Your most Obedient and very humble Servant\nClement BiddleMarshall in & for the Pennsylvania District", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0258", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Thomas Jefferson, 28 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nGentlemen of the Senate [and] H. of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, 28 November 1792]\nI now lay before you, for your further information, some additional advices, lately received, on the subject of the hostilities committed by the Chuckamogga towns, or under their name and guidance.\nThe importance of preventing this hostile spirit from spreading to other tribes, or other parts of the same tribe of Indians, a considerable military force actually embodied in their neighborhood, and the advanced state of the season, are circumstances which render it interesting that this subject should obtain your earliest attention.\nThe Question of War, being placed by the Constitution with the legislature alone, respect to that made it my duty to restrain the operations of our militia to those merely defensive: & considerations involving the public satisfaction, & peculiarly my own, require that the decision of that Question, whichever way it be, should be pron\u27e8o\u27e9unced definitely by the legislature themselves.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0259", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 28 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 28. 1792.\nThe rise in the price of copper, & difficulty of obtaining it from other quarters, has induced the Director of the Mint (as I had the honor of mentioning to you yesterday) to turn his attention to Sweden, as the country from which according to his information it may be obtained on the best terms. he wishes that some means could be adopted of importing some on the public account. there is so little direct commerce between this country & Sweden that we shall be obliged to resort to some intermediate\nport, & I have imagined that (our resident in Holland being absent) our Minister in London would be the best person to confide the business to for the present occasion. you will see by mister Rittenhouse\u2019s letter inclosed that he proposes an importation of 30. or 40. tons from Sweden at present. the former quantity, by his estimate will cost between nine & ten thousand dollars. if you approve of this mode & quantum of supply, a bill from the Treasury of 10,000 Doll. on our Holland bankers payable to mister Pinckney, would be convenient for the Director of the mint, and mister Pinckney shall be desired to adopt the best means he can of having 30. tons of copper shipped from Sweden for the Mint. I also inclose the Director\u2019s letter of yesterday asking a supply of 5000. D. for the current purposes of the mint, & have the honor to be with the most perfect respect & attachmt Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0260", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 28 November 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 28 Nov. 1792. GW wrote Whitting on 9 Dec.: \u201cYour letter of the 28th of Novr . . . did not arrive until the 4th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0261", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 29 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Thursday Nov: 29th 1792\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the president; has the honor to transmit for his consideration the draft of a report pursuant to two references of the House of Representatives, concerning which he will wait upon the President on Saturday, being desireous of sending in a Report on Monday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0262", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the United States House of Representatives, 29 November 1792\nFrom: United States House of Representatives\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nUnited States [Philadelphia] the 29th of Novr 1792.\nIn obedience to the Order of the House of Representatives, I do myself the honor to transmit to you, their Resolution of this date, on the subject of an assay of foreign Coins. With the most perfect consideration, I am Sir, Your most obedient, and very humble Servant\nJona: Trumbull Speaker.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0263", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Peters, 30 November 1792\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nR. Peters\u2019s respectful Compliments to The President & returns the Pamplet on the Foo\u27e8t\u27e9 Plough with Thanks for the Perusal. R.P. thinks there are many good & useful Observations in the Book, but he cannot prefer the Plough to the Bar Share Plough in Use among good Farmers here. The Idea of accomodating one Plough to many & different Operations may be well executed. But he would rather have different Ploughs for different Works. No Chip Share Plough can be kept in Order with the same Expence or Facility with the Bar Shares. The Friction is greater & the Weight encreased by the Dirt they carry with them. The Mode of fixing the Draft is good but not uncommon & that of altering the Plough so as to take more or less Land is better than commonly\npractised but similar in a great Degree to the Mode used in the Dutch Plough\u2014The Length in the Ground including the Spit & Share may make it run steady, but it seems to R.P. too long. The Plan of altering the Mould Board & the Cutter is ingenious but he fears our common Plough Men would soon disorder it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0264", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Stuart, 30 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, David\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia Novr 30th 1792\nKnowing that tomorrow is the time appointed for the monthly meeting of the Commissioners at George Town, I had intended to have written you a line or two on a particular subject by Wednesday\u2019s Post; but one thing or another put it out of mind until it was too late. I now set down to do it, as the letter in the common course of the Post will reach George Town on Monday\u2014probably, before you shall have left that place.\nYou will consider what I am now about to say as a private communication; the object of which is only to express more freely than I did in my last letter to the Commissioners, the idea that is entertained of the necessity of appointing a Superintendant of the execution of the plans & measures wch shall be resolved upon by the Commissioners of the federal City. one who shall always reside there. and being a man of skill & judgment\u2014of industry & integrity, would, from having a view of the business constantly before his eyes, be enabled to conduct it to greater advantage than the Commissioners can possibly do unless they were to devote their whole time to it. Instances of this are adduced by some of the Proprietors; particularly in the alteration which has taken place in the Bridge, the delay consequent thereof\u2014&ca. It is remarked by some of (the best disposed of)\nthem, that although you meet monthly\u2014spend much time together\u2014and are truly anxious to forward this great object; yet, from the nature of the thing, you cannot acquire at those meetings the minute information which a proper character always on the spot would do; and which is indispensably necessary to do in order to avoid mistakes, and to give vigor to the undertaking. And besides, add they, a man of fertile genius, & comprehensive ideas, would, by having the business always before him, seeing, shewing to, & conversing with Gentlemen who may be led, either by curiosity or an inclination to become adventurers therein, to view the City, obtain many useful hints, by means of which, and his own reflections, might suggest many useful projects to the consideration of the Commissioners at their stated (say) quarterly meetings, or at such occasional ones as he might, in cases of importance and immergency, be empowered to call.\nBut where, you may ask, is the character to be found who possesses these qualifications? I frankly answer I know not! Major L\u2019Enfant (who it is said is performing wonders at the new town of Patterson) if he could have been restrained within proper bounds, and his temper was less untoward, is the only person with whose turn to matters of this sort I am acquainted, that I think fit for it. Th\u27e8ere\u27e9 may, notwithstanding, be many others although they are unknown to me, equally so.\nMr Blodget seems to be the person on whom many eyes are turned, & among others who look that way, are some of the Proprietors. He has travelled, I am told, a good deal in Europe; & has turned his attention (according to his own Account) to Architecture & matters of this kind. He has staked much on the issue of the Law establishing the permanent residence; and is certainly a projecting genius, with a pretty general acquaintance. To which may be added, if he has any influence in this Country, it must be in a quarter where it is most needed; and where, indeed, an antitode is necessary to the poison which Mr F\u2014\u2014s C\u2014\u2014t is spreading; by insinuations, that the accomplishment of the Plan is no more to be expected than the fabric of a vision, & will vanish in like manner. But whether with these qualifications, Mr Blodget is a man of industry & steadiness, & whether (as soon as it is necessary) he would take up a settled abode there, are points I am unable to resolve. As an Architect, Mr Jefferson has a high opinion of Mr Hallet, but whether Mr Hallet has qualities, & is\nsufficiently known to fit him for general superintendancy I cannot pretend even to give an opinion upon. If Mr B\u27e8l\u27e9odget is contemplated for this office would it not be well to be on or off with him at once. [I] hear he is held in suspence on this head.\nHave you yet decided on a Plan for the Capitol? Mr Carroll talked of their being sent hither\u2014Is any thing done towards the foundation of the Presidents house? What number of lots are bona fide sold? In what squares do they lye? Let your Clerk send me a list. Do you receive offers to purchase at private Sale? If you have fixed on a time for another public Sale, ought not notice thereof to be immediately given; & measures adopted to make the thing known in Europe as well as in this Country; Inserting advertisements in the Gazettes of the latter at intervals between this & the Sale, by way of remembrancer. A little expence in these would be profitably incurred. How does [Andrew] Ellicot[t] go on? I am always, & Affectly Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0267", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 1 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] 1st Decemr 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President has the honor to submit to him the enclosed communications concerning which he will wait upon The President on Monday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0269-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 1 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Sat. Dec. 1. 92.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to submit to the President the inclosed draught of a clause which he has thought of proposing to the committee to whom the President\u2019s letter with the accounts of the Department of state are referred. he will have the honor of waiting on the President at one aclock, as well to explain any parts of it as to take his pleasure on the whole matter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0269-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Memorandum from Thomas Jefferson, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n  To the bill which shall be brought in for continuing the act of July 1. 1790. c.22. \u2018providing the means of intercourse between the U.S. and foreign nations\u2019 it is proposed to add the following clause.\nAnd be it further enacted that where monies have issued, or shall issue, from the Treasury, for the purposes of intercourse or treaty with foreign nations, under the authority of the said act, or of the present or any preceding act, the President shall be authorized to refer the settlement & delivery of Vouchers, for all such parts thereof as in his judgment may be made public to the Auditor of the U.S., and for all other parts, to such person as he shall appoint, presenting for their government such rules as the nature of the case shall in his opinion require.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0270", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 1 December 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nMy dear Sir\n[Philadelphia] 1 Decr 1792\nBe pleased to submit the enclosed letter to the President of the United States from Colonel Willet which I have just received. Yours sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0271", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 1 December 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear sir.\n[Philadelphia] 1 Decr 1792\nBe pleased to submit to the President of the United states, the enclosed from Genl Wayne. Yours sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0272", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to William Hilton, 2 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hilton, William\nSir,\nPhilada 2d December 1792.\nThe President of the United States has received at his seat in Virginia, a number of plants from the Island of Jamaica, which were accompanied with a particular description of the plants sent, and a catalogue of the plants in the Jamaica public Garden.\nAs there was no Letter received with the plants, the President would not have known to whose politeness he was indebted for this mark of attention, nor where to have made his acknowledgements, had not the Memo[randu]m accompanying the plants & Catalogue pointed out the name of Mr Hilton: he has therefore directed me to beg your acceptance of his best thanks for the plants as well as for the polite offer to supply him with any others he might name, which are contained in the Catalogue. I have the honor to be &c.\nT. Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0273", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 2 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nPhiladelphia Decr 2d 1792\nMr Whiting,\nYour letter of the 22d of Novr enclosing the Sheriffs account has been duly received; but no letter nor Report was receivd from you yesterday, as usual; which makes me fear that you are sick, or that some accident has happened; as I have never missed before, receiving on Saturday the letter and reports which you send to Alexandria on Wednesday. I am always anxious to hear\nonce a week from home; & to be informed by the letter & Reports how my people are, and how my business is going on; & I am more desirous of it now when it remains to be told what the Crops of Wheat, Corn, & other things will turn out, than common.\nYou were perfectly right in discharging Jones. He always appeared to me to be incapable of the management of a Plantation from his want of capacity; but for his in\u27e8d\u27e9olent or wilful neglects there can be no excuse; and he would meet with no more than his deserts if he was made to pay for the damage my Wheat fields have sustained: for he had sufficient warning from myself, before I left home, to guard him against this evil. It is to such inattention, & want of exertion, together with the opportunities that are given to my Negros, that Robberies have got to the height they are. If some of the Nights in which these Overseers are frolicking, at the expence of my business, & to the destruction of my horses, were spent in watching the Barns\u2014visiting the Negro quarters at unexpected hours\u2014waylaying the Roads\u2014or contriving some devise by which the receivers of Stolen goods might be entrapped & the facts proved upon them; it would be no more than the performance of a duty which I have a right to expect for the wages they draw from me; and it wd redound much more to their own credit and reputation as good & faithful Overseers than runng about. I wish, however, that the Season may not be too far advanced for you to get a person to supply the place of Jones that will, in any wise, be competent to such a trust as must devolve on him, in the management of so important a Plantation.\nI thought you had made it the particular duty of Old Matt to attend to the Fences?\nBy Post of the 18th Ulto, I sent you Tea & other Spoons for the use of the house; & expected that they, the Tea, Coffee, Sugar & Wine would have been at Mount Vernon before the day on which you say judge Cushing called at that place.\nWheat & flour are rising fast, & must bear a high price during the Winter & Spring; I again desire, therefore, that none of mine may be sold without particular directions from me; but keep me advised of the Alexandria prices of the Superfine, fine &ca that I may be able to decide on the time for disposal. In the meanwhile, let the Miller exert himself to get all the Wheat Manufactured as soon as he can, that it may be ready when a price shall\noffer that would induce me to part with it. Wheat is now at 8/4, & flour forty odd shillings, & rising. In the Mill Reports, the weight of the Wheat ought always to be mentioned as well as the quantity received there; without this there can be no accurate acct of this business kept with the Miller\u2014and that he should receive no more Toll Wheat & Corn than what is mentioned in the weekly returns, is really unaccountable. The Toll of my own Corn, which is ground there, amounts to nearly the whole of his credit: and of Wheat, rarely more than a bushel or two is brought to the credit of the Mill.\nI have seen no account in any of the Reports, of the number of Bricks at Dogue run. I desired in a letter sometime ago that these might be counted, & assorted; that if they fell short of what were wanting for the Barn intended to be built at that place, the earth might be taken from the foundation of it this fall, to ameliorate by the Spring. That you may never forget directions that are given, it would be well to extract them from my letters, and place them in a pocket Memorandum book, that they may be easily & frequently resorted to; without this they may, when a letter is laid by go out of your mind, to my disappointment\u2014and I would have nothing left undone which is required to be done, without being informed of it, & the reasons assigned; that I may judge of their weight. The Springs under the hill, which I requested should be opened, that I might, whilst they were at their lowest, see what water could be collected from the whole of them, cannot be done well when the weather is cold and freezing; nor will it ascertain the fact I wanted to know, after the Autumn and Winter Rains have filled the earth with water; for then, Springs may appear that would be entirely dry in the Summer; & that is the Season I should want the Water. Speaking of this, I had rather the water from these Springs should be carried round any little risings wch may be between the most westerly ones (which are worth opening) and that by the Dairy, than to have a deep ditch cut through them. In short, I want the water carried on its level to the front of the Mansion house, as it is done in Watered Meadows; that I may, if I should hereafter want to water any, or all of that ground, or to make a pond on the level, directly in front, along the Visto that was opened in a line between the two doors, that so much of the work may be done to my hands. Before I left home, I desired you to mark out another Visto on the West front\nof the Mansion house, merely to see over what ground it would go, that I might thereby be enabled to decide, whether to open it or not; but as you have mentioned nothing of it in any of your letters, I suppose it is not yet done.\nAs I keep no copies of letters wch I write to you & always write in great haste (one thing or another always pressing upon me) it is more than probable I often repeat things over & over agn to you; but this I have preferred doing to remaining in Suspence of having done it at all\u2014especially as you will consider it as a strong evidence that things so repeated are such as I am anxious about. In one of my last letters, I think I desired (I know I intended to do it) that you would, after you had finally designated the Mansion house gang, keep them steadily at work at that place\u2014suffering them on no occasion, (unless very immergent ones) to be sent to any of the Plantations to work; for besides loosing much time in marching & counter marching, it weakens the exertion, & destroys the ambition of the different Overseers to excel one another in the good condition of their respective Plantations, when by extranious force they are relieved from difficulties which, more than probable, their own idleness has been the cause of. I can conceive nothing, except Ditching (which is a kind of trade) that the hands of every plantation are not competent to, & should be made to execute. Hedging\u2014setting out cuttings for it\u2014Planting, or sowing the Seeds according to the nature of them\u2014&ca &ca as well as other things is to be done by them; under (where skill, & attention is necessary) the immediate eye of the Overseers. And as I have often, & often declared, this business of hedging must not be considered in the light of a secondary, or trifling, or an occasional thing; but on the contrary, as one of the first magnitude, & to be entered upon with as much serious intention to execute it well, as to prepare for planting Corn, or sowing Wheat\u2014and the wheat I am more anxious to accomplish.\nI now send you Mr Lamberts Pamphlet, with the observations of Mr Peters upon it, to whom it was lent, & who I think one of the most judicious farmers in this part of the Country. If there are any hints in the Pamphlet worth improving on, you will not, I am persuaded, suffer them to escape you. Sinking the point of the beam below the parrallel line of the spit, or share, is a very material deviation from the common mode of setting a plough;\nand certainly ought to be tried by the rules & principle he has laid down. And this I conceive may be done with one of the bar shear plows which are now in use, as well as by a plow in all respects like the plate. I am Your friend and well wisher\nGo: Washington\nP.S. Perhaps you may not know, that if the Thursdays Post (which leaves Alexanda before day) is missed, no letter if sent to the Office even half an hour afterwards, will reach this place before Tuesday afternoon. Tuesdays Post from that place reaches this on Thursdays\u2014Thursdays come in on Saturdays\u2014and Saturdays not till Tuesdays, on account of Sundays intervening. You will see by this the necessity of sending up your Reports in time always on Wednesdays. It is more convenient for me to receive them on Saturdays than any other day; because between that & the departure of the Post on Monday, which gets into Alexandria on Wednesdays I can write with less interruption than at any other time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0274", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Arthur Young, 2 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Young, Arthur\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Decr 2d 1792.\nI must begin this letter with an apology\u2014no apology ought to be so satisfactory as the truth\u2014and the truth is\u2014that not receiving the account of the taxes of a Virginia Estate for which I had written (before I left this City during the recess of Congress) as mentioned in my letter to you of the 18th of June, the promise I then made of forwarding it to you in my next, had escaped me altogether, until I was reminded of it, lately, by a circumstance too trivial to mention.\nA copy of the account is now annexed\u2014the name of the Proprietor of the Estate is not inserted\u2014but on the authenticity of it you may rely. That you may understand the principle on which the Land tax in Virginia is founded, it will be necessary to inform you, that by a law of that State, the Inhabitants of it are thrown into districts\u2014say Parishes\u2014in each of which, or for two, or more of them united, Commissioners are appointed to assess the value of each man\u2019s land that lies within it\u2014on which a certain per centum is uniformly paid.\nNo Negros under twelve years of age are taxed\u2014nor are any under Sixteen subjected to the payment of County, or Parish levies. Horses, at present, are the only species of Stock, in that State, which pays a tax. Carriages were, when I left Virginia, and I believe still are, subject to a tax by the Wheel. It was then if I recollect rightly, about five dollars each wheel\u2014but whether it is more or less now; or whether there be any at all, is more than I am able with certainty to inform you. With very great esteem & regard I am\u2014Sir Your most Obedt & much obliged Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0275", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 3 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt 3d Decr 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President a communication of the 30th of Novemr relating to some additional objects which have been executed towards the completion of the Lighthouse Establishment on Cape Henry.\nThe Secretary, according to the best information in his possession, considers them as necessary objects, and respectfully submits it as his opinion that it will be advisable to confirm the Contracts which have been entered into by Mr Newton, in the first instance.\nThe Secretary, from experience, entertains a confidence in the discretion & judgment of that Gentleman which induces a reliance on the view taken by him of the subject on the spot, with the advantage of a knowledge of local, which cannot be possessed by any person here. A submission to arbitration might not be altogether free from hazard of an increased allowance and it is so apparent that the whole work has been accomplished upon such moderate terms, & so probable that it may not even have afforded\na due degree of benefit to the Undertaker, as to create a claim on the liberality of the Government in regard to collateral Contracts. All which is humbly submitted\nAlexander Hamilton Secy of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0276", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Harwood, 3 December 1792\nFrom: Harwood, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAnnapolis December 3d 1792\nThomas Harwood Esquire the present Commissioner of Loans of this State having resigned, I beg leave to Offer myself for that appointment, having acted with him in that Office from it\u2019s commencement, I flatter myself I am qualified to fill that Station, not being personally known to you, I am favor\u2019d with Letters upon the subject in my behalf, shou\u2019d I meet your approbation to the appointment, it shall be my constant study not to forfeit the confidence and trust reposed in me. Sir I have the honor to be with great respect your obt Servt\nBenjamin Harwood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0278", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Small, 4 December 1792\nFrom: Small, John\nTo: Washington, George\n[4 December 1792]\nThe Petition of John Small  Humbly sheweth, that your Petitioner is a native of the State of Virginia, and born in the County of Princess Ann, and from the Port of Norfolk served a regular Apprentiship to the Seas, which calling, as Commander of a Vessel, he has since followed: but from an unavoidable accident, on board the Ship Governor Livingston, (in which he acted as first Lieutenant) on her Passage from France with warlike Stores, for the State of Virginia, in having three of his Ribs, his Thigh and Coller Bones broken, he is rendered too infirm and lame to pursue that laborius occupation for the maintenance of himself and numerous family. And as the Gentleman who was appointed Manager of the Light-House on Cape Henry in this State is since dead, your Petitioner, convinced of the willingness of your honourable Body, to assist those who in the support of our Rights and Liberties have been rendered unable to support themselves and families, is induced to offer himself a Candidate to fill that important Office\u2014And from his long services in the American War, in which he suffered greatly, as well as a particular attention to the management of Light-Houses, many of which your Petitioner has often frequented, and an acquaintance with Governor Johnson, to whom your Petitioner begs leave to refer your honours for his Character he humbly hopes that you will be pleased to honour him with that appointment and should he meet with your Approbation, he assures your honours, that the greatest assiduity and strictest attention shall be used, to merit your approbation, and fully to accomplish the laudable purposes for which the said Light-House was erected, And your Petitioner as in duty bound shall ever pray &c. &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0279", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the United States House of Representatives, 4 December 1792\nFrom: United States House of Representatives\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nUnited States [Philadelphia]the 4th of december, 1792.\nIn obedience to the Order of the House of Representatives, of this date, I have the honor to inclose your their Resolution respecting certain estimates from the department of War, for the year one thousand, seven hundred and ninety three. With the most perfect respect I am, Sir, Your most obedient, and very humble Servant\nJona. Trumbull,Speaker of the House of Representatives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0280", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Matthew Flannery, 5 December 1792\nFrom: Flannery, Matthew\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 5 December 1792]\nThe Memorial of Matthew Flannery Humbly sheweth; that your Memorialist came to this Country in expectation to get employed as Clerk in a Compting House or in a Publick Office, and during three Months residence in the City of Philadelphia, he has not met with the least encouragement, his Money being now expended, and being no longer able to support himself out of Business, being destitute of Friends who may lend him the least Assistance, and having no other resource whatsoever, obliges him with the greatest submission, to take the liberty of soliciting your Excellency for some Employment suitable to his Abilities\u27e8.\u27e9 He hopes from your Benevolent disposition towards the Distressed, that your Excellency will take his Case into consideration, and extricate him out of his present distressed situation by puting him into some Employ, as he can provide the most unblemished Character. And your Excellency will confer an everlasting favor on your Memorialist who will be during life in duty bound to pray &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0281", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 5 December 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 5 Dec. 1792. GW wrote Whitting on 9 Dec. that his letter \u201cof the 5th came yesterday.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0283", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 6 December 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\n[Philadelphia] Dec: 6th 1792\nPlease to submit to the President of the United States, the enclosed letters, from Brigadier General Wilkinson and John Belli deputy quarter master\u2014dated Oct: 4th and 8th 1792; which I have just received. Yours sincerely,\nH. Knox secy of war", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0285", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 6 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nGentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives.\nUnited States [Philadelphia] December the 6th 1792.\nThe several measures which have been pursued to induce the hostile Indian Tribes, North of the Ohio, to enter into a conference or treaty with the United States, at which all causes of difference might be fully understood, and justly and amicably arranged, have already been submitted to both Houses of Congress.\nThe Papers herewith sent will inform you of the result.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0286", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 7 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nGentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives.\nUnited States [Philadelphia] December 7th 1792\nI lay before you two letters with their enclosures, from the Governor of the south western territory, and an extract of a letter to him from the department of War.\nThese, and a letter of the ninth of October last, which has been already communicated to you from the same department, to the Governor, will shew, in what manner, the first section of the Act of the last Session, which provides for the calling out the militia, for the repelling of Indian invasions, has been executed. It remains to be considered by Congress, whether, in the present situation of the United States, it be adviseable, or not, to pursue any farther or other measures, than those which have already been adopted. The nature of the subject does, of itself, call for your immediate attention to it; and I must add, that, upon the result of your deliberations, the future conduct of the Executive will, on this occasion, materially depend.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0287", "content": "Title: George Washington and John Francis Mercer to Francis Deakins and Benjamin W. Jones, 8 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George,Mercer, John Francis\nTo: Deakins, Francis,Jones, Benjamin W.\nGentlemen,\nPhilada 8th Decembr 1792.\nSince the Letter which we addressed to you, requesting your valuation of a certain tract of Land in Montgomery County, another arrangement has taken place with regard thereto. It is now\nagreed that the price of seven dollars per acre shall be fixed & the whole tract divided into two equal parts, with respect to quantity, quality & value. In giving effect to this agreement, we must still rely on your good offices to make the necessary division, which when certified to us will enable us to determine by Lot the possession. Your attention to this request, as early as your conveniency will permit, will greatly oblige, Gentlemen, Your mo: obt hble Servts\nG: Washington\nJohn F: Mercer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0288", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 8 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Dec. 8. 1792.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a letter from the Commissioners of Washington.\nAlso begs leave to add to the list of candidates for the light house of Cape Henry, the name of John Waller Johnson, who has hitherto served in the Customs under Colo. Heath. he is recommended as a person of worth by a mister Waller Lewis of Spotsylvania, who is himself a man of worth. he has been a voyage or two to sea coastwise, which is all the knowlege he has of the distresses of that element.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0289", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 8 December 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nWar-Office [Philadelphia] Dec: 8. 1792\nGeneral Knox presents his compliments to Mr Lear, and begs the favor that he will submit to the President of the United States, the enclosed letters just received from the Governor of Georgia and Major Gaither.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0290", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Charles Carroll (of Carrollton), 9 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Carroll, Charles (of Carrollton)\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia Decr 9th 1792\nIn acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 1st inst. and expressing my sincere wishes that your personal happiness may be promoted by the election you have made to continue in your State Legislature, I cannot but regret the loss of your services to the United States in your Senatorial Capacity. I am persuaded, however, that your endeavours to serve your Country will be no less exercised in the station which you have chosen to hold, than they have been heretofore in that which you have relinquished.\nIt gives me pleasure to find that Mr Benj\u2019n Harwood has accompanied his application for the appointment to the Loan Office with those respectable & strong recommendations which have been forwarded in his behalf\u2014as I find a great relief in discharging this part of my duty (which is not the least embarrassing)\nwhen the opinions of respectable & worthy Characters unite in testifying to the merits, integrity & ability of the Candidate.\nMrs Washington unites in best wishes for your health & happiness with Dear Sir Your most Obedt Sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0298", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 11 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\nUnited States [Philadelphia] Decr 11th 1792\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of War the Speeches to the Chiefs of the Six Nations\nand to the hostile Indians which have been submitted to the President, and to inform the Secretary that their contents embrace the President\u2019s ideas on that subject. The President observes that the Secretary will write to General Wayne respecting Corn Planter, and to Genl Chapin respecting Red Jacket as he intended.\nTobias Lear.Secretary to the president of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0300", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 12 December 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n\tLetter not found: from Thomas Jefferson, 12 Dec. 1792. An ALS, sold by Anderson Galleries, Howard K. Sanderson Sale, lot 471, 1\u20133 May 1916. According to the catalog entry, this letter asks GW to call at Jefferson\u2019s house, when riding out, to see Samuel Mulliken\u2019s model of a machine for sawing stone.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0301", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Warner Mifflin, 12 December 1792\nFrom: Mifflin, Warner\nTo: Washington, George\nRespected Friend,\nKent [County, Del.]the 12th Day of 12 mo. 1792\nI trust it will not be accepted by thee as flattery, when I mention what may in some respect appear like a repetition tho with some addition to what I communicated to thee both Verbally and in writeing heretofore; when I say from my heart, That I have real sincear respect for thy person and station.\nAnd that on serious reflection in my mind this day, I tryed the subject fully and found clearly I could in truth from the Heart say, I know of no man in the world, that I could wish to be put in thy place, And if it lay to me entirely to Elect a president, and I took such a matter on me thou art the Man I should Elect.\nThis revived many feelings, I have at diferent times had respecting thee, and such freedom would arise that I thought if I knew thee to do wrong and I found it my duty I could tell thee of it as soon as any other man, & this felt pleasant to me\u2014Now I will just Venture to hint to thee what revived in my mind on my way from the City I thought of ahabs expression to Jehoshuphat when 400 Prophets had prophecied, King Jehoshuphat asked if\nthere was no other prophet of the Lord they might enquire of Ahab answer\u2019d there is Micajah but I hate him for he doth not prophecy good concerning me but evil.\nI wished no disposition like this might ever get possession of the Presidents mind against me nor my friends For our plainess of expression at any time, I thought it felt that evening we were with him as if he was a little hurt by somthing; I concluded it might be in part oweing to some anonimous publications respecting the Indian war that he might think our address to the general goverment might rather strengthen; and which I did endeavoure to do away in some measure then, I was at that time much hurt on account of our Not accompanying that address to thee, it was my mind At first we should, that would have given thee an oppertunity of opening thy mind to us, and our giving thee our reasons, divers of our Committee were sorry after, and I hope thou wilt accept it that we did not intend any blame on thee or reflection on thy Conduct, But I was much pleased with the freedom thou used with us, it gave me much satisfaction, and I believe has been of use to many since my return home, as it gave an oppertunity for me to satisfy divers respecting the intentions of goverment, who had mistaken Idies on this subject of the war, and the intentions of Goverment relative thereto\u2014For altho I am fully satisfy\u2019d the Natives have been greviously imposed on, and unjustly dealt by\u2014Yet it affords great satisfaction to find our rulers so generally disposed to favour them\u2014and I have all along had much expectation from thee in this business relying on thy certain Knowledge off them, and disposition toward them\u2014which induces me to hope somthing permanent may be fixed on; can thou but devise means to keep in order the Lawless whites.\nI hope thou will not view our proceedings as improper medling, I believe it proceeded from a real religious concern, and to manifest we were willing to do what we could consistant with our principles for the aid of our Country, and the promotion of peace and good will towards all men\u2014And wherein I have no doubt this Country will find some day we are right let southern blasts storm as they may and insinuate what they will respecting the Affricans, I remain of the very same sentiment made known to thee hereto-fore.\nAnd therefore have again to request which I think but a reasonable\none that if our proceedings in a society or Individual Capacity at any time give thee uneasiness that thou wilt be so kind as to communicate the same to us, that thou may understand fully the ground we move on, for I may tell thee truly as far as I know and that is pretty generally the Sentiments of our members are favourable toward thee, and that I consider it an Offence against our dicipline if any of our members should be guilty of publishing under Anonimous signatures tending to the prejudice of rulers, I believe it unbecoming the Christian\u2014\u201cThou shalt not speak evil of the ruler of thy people\u201d Acts 23:3.\nAnd yet I can say I wish with all my heart that thou wert not a slave holder this does hurt the feelings of some of thy best friends, even such as are so, without any desire for either post Or pension from goverment\u2014This is certainly somthing of a spech.\nHowever my craveings for thee are that the Almighty may be mercifully pleased to afford thee such a portion of his divine Grace as may enable thee to go in and out before this so great People, and Hear them amidst the adverse winds in such manner as may be pleasing to him who rules in the army of Heaven, and amongst the Nations of the Earth who can turn and overturn Kingdoms and empires at his pleasure, set up and put down whom he will\u2014May the a[s]piration of thy soul be to him, day and Night, That thou may be thereby continu\u2019d a bles\u27e8si\u27e9ng in his holy hand to this Nation to the latest period \u27e8of\u27e9 thy life and at the final close with thee on this se\u27e8a of\u27e9 glass, thou might be fitted and prepared for a Cro\u27e8wn\u27e9 immortal in that State of existance that I believe unchangable and Eternal, in the Mansions of rest & peace, with the spirrits of Just men made perfect \u27e8is\u27e9 the Unfeigned desire for thee, of thy sincear Friend\nWarner Mifflin Kent 10th of 12 mo. 1793\nP:S. since I wrote the Above I have been in Philadelphia and passing the street met an Acquaintance, who stopt me and qu\u27e8e\u27e9ried about the debates in Congress respecting my address respecting the Affricans\u2014Ah said he you deserve no better, you were very fond of addressing the President, and shew\u2019d so much being wrapt up in the President and goverment that you deserved no better, This was a person who had a right of membership, at the time we prepared an Address to thee or just before,\nbut he was one of the regimental kind of Quakers\u2014finding his disposition I said little to him\u2014and I now mention this to thee, that if any such information comes to thee through another chanel thou may understand he is none of us, he may say as much before some who may take him to be a Quaker.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0302", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Vans Murray, 12 December 1792\nFrom: Vans Murray, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\n81 South 3d [Philadelphia] 12 Decr 1792.\nAs an Inspector of the Eastern Shore Survey of Maryland is, I am informed, speedily to take place I beg leave as the only representative of that Shore now in Congress to place the names of Colonel William Richardson of Caroline county & of Colonel John Eccleston of Dorchester county, before you\u2014Either of these gentlemen whether considered in point of weight of character\u27e8,\u27e9 merit of past services, centrality of situation or official qualifications would probably be found superior to most who could be brought to view. They are both much respected\u2014men of firmness & very decided character\u2014& who could in any situation to which their the official duties might be Placed act with a very deciding influence. I have the honour to be Sir with great deference & respect Yr mo. obt sert\nW. V. Murray.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0303", "content": "Title: Proclamation on Recent Crimes against the Cherokees, 12 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 12 December 1792]\nWHEREAS I have received authentic information, that certain lawless and wicked persons, of the western frontier, in the state of Georgia, did lately invade, burn and destroy, a town belonging to the Cherokee nation, altho\u2019 in amity with the United States, and put to death several Indians of that nation; and whereas such outrageous conduct, not only violates the rights of humanity, but also endangers the public peace; and it highly becomes the honor and good faith of the United States to pursue all legal means for the punishment of those atrocious offenders; I have therefore thought fit to issue this my proclamation, hereby exhorting\nall the citizens of the United States, and requiring all officers thereof, according to their respective stations, to use their utmost endeavours, to apprehend and bring those offenders to justice. And I do moreover offer a reward of Five Hundred Dollars, for each and every of the above named persons, who shall be so apprehended and brought to justice, and shall be proved to have assumed and exercised any command or authority among the perpetrators of the crimes aforesaid, at the time of committing the same.\nIn testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done at the city of Philadelphia, the twelfth day of December, in the year of our Lord, one thousand, seven hundred and ninety-two, and of the Independence of the United States the seventeenth.\nGo. Washington.\nBy the President,Th. Jefferson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0304", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Seagrove, 12 December 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Seagrove, James\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from James Seagrove, 12 Dec. 1792. Seagrove wrote GW on 17 Mar. 1793: \u201cWhen I had the honor of addressing you on the 12th of December from Savannah, I considred all matters between the United States, and the Creek people on a favourable footing.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0305", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 12 December 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 12 Dec. 1792. GW wrote Whitting on 16 Dec.: \u201cYour letter of the 12th with its enclosures came duly to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0308", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Decr 14. 92\nMr Madison presents his respectful compliments to the President, and informs him that Mr Johnson\u27e8,\u27e9 the candidate for the light-house appointment, having left the City yesterday morning, it cannot now be ascertained how far he is apprised of the limited provision annexed to the place.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0309", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ezekiel Scott, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Scott, Ezekiel\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 14 December 1792]\nProposition by Ezekiel Scott of Farmington Connecticut that for the purpose of obtaining and Commeunicating Intelligence from time to time to the Executive of the United States, of the temper & designs of the Indians and of the plans & measures of the British Connected with them, as they may respect the United States a seuitable person be stationed at Detroit a man in w[h]om the United States can place entier confidence in, and who at the Same time is well known to and respected by the British officers and Agents &C. and that to Conceal his real object, he assume the character of an Indian trader and take with him a proper assortment of goods, that he be a person who has heretofore acted in that capasity and formerly an Indian trader in Detroit, So as to have formed acquaintance & connections there & with the western Indians, it will better premote the design. that if found expedent, that he purchase a house lot thare, and in due time take his family with him. that he employ two Confidential persons as a Clark & Servant, by whom or by him-self, all important intelligance may be personally conveyed to Executive of the United States that these Stocks of goods be taken on his own accomst and from time to time the proceuring of goods and Supplies will furnish a reason for making jurnies to the United Stats or at least to Niagara from Whence the Communication would be easy to the Superintendant of Indian affairs at Canandarqua the amarican prisners that may be another object interesting to humanity and especially beneficeal to the United States, the preposer begs leve to add that he r[e]ceided in detroit as an Indian trader part of the time from 1767 to Septer 1774 and with the Indians west, and had oppertunity of contracting and Did Contract acquaintance & connections with both indians and white people, and if in ether respect he Shall be Judged a fit person to be employed in the preposed plan he would undertake it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0310", "content": "Title: Alexander Hamilton to Tobias Lear, 15 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDr Sir,\n[Philadelphia] 15th Decr 1792.\nThe Supervisor of Massachusetts is desirous of permission to come to Philadelphia on urgent private business. I believe the permission may be given him without injury to the service. Will you mention the matter to the President and inform me by a line whether permission may be notified to him or not. Your\u2019s &ca\nA: Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0311", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 15 December 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nDecember 15th 1792\nI submit certain papers relative to a Capt. Scott. I have conversed with Colonel Wadsworth concerning him; the result of\nwhich is that Scotts discretion for the object proposed cannot be depended upon\u2014As he however has mentioned that he had an audience of you I have thought it my duty to submit the papers. I also submit Genl Waynes letter. I am with perfect respect Your humble servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0312", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Lovell and Urquhart, 16 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Lovell & Urquhart\nGentlemen,\nPhilada 16th Decr 1792.\nIn reply to your Letter of the 10th inst: to the President of the United States, I have to inform you, that upon receipt of your letter to him of the 8th of Novr, the sum of \u00a325\u201310\u2014Virginia Currency was paid to Messrs John Field & son agreeably to your desire expressed in said Letter\u2014and their receipt therefor, dated the 16th of Novr is taken upon the Letter.\nAs it was presumed that Messrs Field & son would have advised you of this payment having been made, it was not thought necessary to do it on the part of The President. I am Gentlemen &c.\nT. Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0313", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Debby Morris, 16 December 1792\nFrom: Morris, Debby\nTo: Washington, George\nRespected Sir\nGarlick Hall Myomensing township [Pa.]Decbr 16th 1792\nIn the Memorable Contest between America and Great Britain\u2014My Father\u2014Anthony Cadwallader Morris\u2014had the honor of serving as Volunteer in the Cause of the former\u2014in the year 1777\u2014he untill that time possessed an handsome independency in the township of Haverford where he resided\u2014but which by a train of Misfortunes attendant on his great republican Spirit\u2014he was obliged to part with\u2014having previously lost a large Stock\u2014and every house-hold article\u2014Except tables and chairs\u2014that he possessed by his inhuman Enemies\u2014I was at that time an infant\nin arms\u2014and am therefore unable\u2014from my own knowledge to Sketch our Misfortunes\u2014but a repitition of the sad tale from my dear unfortunate parents enables me to perform the disagreable task\u2014for Events so Strikingly wretched are too apt to dwell on Sensible Minds.\nMy father had the honor of being desired by yourself to attend a reconnoitreing party\u2014to within a few miles of home\u2014the Enemy approaching he desired his Companions to fly and leave him to his fate\u2014for his horse, through fatigue or infirmities being unable to proceed fast\u2014they did so. he was immediatly attacked by two of the Enemy\u2014but dismounting and fixing his back against the horse\u2014resolved to defend himself as became an American\u2014but finding himself overpow[er]ed by numbers, he yielded himself a prisoner, and desired to be treated as a Gentleman\u2014at that instant their inhuman Commander\u2014a Major Carew\u2014came up and with Many Excorations\u2014My Soul recoils at the Idea\u2014ordered him to be Split down\u2014blows from his own hand\u2014followed his words\u2014and my Father fell under Eight and twenty wounds\u2014a victim to british insatiate Cruelty\u2014the cause of this Excessive inveteracy\u2014was the resort of Numbers of our principal officers to our house\u2014Some of whom had made it their head quarters\u2014and which was by the British calld the rebel house\u2014and my Father was particularly distinguished by the title of rebel\u2014think my respected Sir\u2014What Must have been the feelings\u2014the Sufferings\u2014of my poor Mother\u2014who had been tenderly Educated under an indulgent Father\u2014at the sight of her Husband in a small open house where he had crept after the barbarous treatment he received\u2014four Small children crying for bread\u2014and not even a bed to repose them on\u2014Straw being the only Substitute for them and my wounded Father for Several Weeks in the coldest Season\u2014indeed I believe few Suffered as much\u2014Either in mind\u2014person\u2014or property\u2014as my afflicted parents\u2014I find my pen inadequate to the descriptive task\u2014and will no longer trouble you with the recital of woes which perhaps never reached your ears\u2014all I have further to Say is to solicit an office for a person who thinks the honor of Serving his country a sufficient recompence for all his sufferings\u2014pardon me\u2014my dear Father\u2014your child cannot think So\u2014or She would not without your knowledge address our beloved President in your behalf.\nwe are now on a farm\u2014the property of my Mothers truly respectable Father\u2014but I observe with regret\u2014a State of dependency but ill agrees as with an independent Mind\u2014and with due deference to the opinion of our honored president\u2014and my dear Father\u2014I think something ought to be done\u2014remember my dear respected Sir\u2014it is not the parent\u2014it is the child\u2014the daughter\u2014that solicits for\u2014without the knowledge of her Father\u2014my Mother approves of my proceeding\u2014nay pressd me to address you as my Heart Should dictate for an aged parent\u2014it wounds her peace of Mind to See my Father uneasy in dependence\u2014we appeal to the humanity we rely on the goodness of the President\u2014for the object is deserving\u2014it may appear strange that I should write thus\u2014without the approbation of my Father\u2014and indeed\u2014I could not reconcile the undertaking to myself\u2014if I did not think the happiness of Seeing him independent\u2014would Compensate for his Momentary Displeasure\u2014being a young petitioner and unhackneyed in the ways of the world\u2014I Scarcely know the form of a petition\u2014but have adhered to Simple truth in reciting our troubles\u2014I can with propriety say\u2014in the School of adversity was I Educated together with Six Sisters and one Brother\u2014Without any of those advantages derived from a knowledge of the polit world\u2014as a child would address her Father\u2014I address the President\u2014and beg that the imperfections of my Stile may be imputed to the want of proper knowledge\u2014and not to the overforwardness of youth to age\u2014I remain with respect your Sincere Well wisher\nDebby Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0314", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Alexander Robertson, 16 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Robertson, Alexander\nSir,\nPhilada 16th December 1792.\nYour Letter to the President of the United States dated the 4th of November, did not get to his hands \u2018till a few days ago; and in reply thereto the President commands me to inform you, that it is not at present in his power to give a decided answer to the request which you make for him to employ your brother in the management of one of his farms. Even if he was in immediate want of such a person as you describe your brother to be, it would be necessary to have certain points settled previous to his giving him encouragement to come over\u2014such as, complete evidence of his being well qualified to manage the affairs of a farm in this Country, which is different from the management of a farm in England, & especially where the labour is performed by blacks: and a knowledge of the terms upon which your brother would be willing to engage in this business. But as the President has not immediate occasion for the services of such a person he can only observe, that the usual mode of engaging overseers of farms & plantations in Virginia where his Estate lays, is to give them a share of the Crop as a compensation for their services\u2014for instance, if there should be on a plantation ten working hands\u2014the crop is divided into eleven shares, one of which belongs to the Overseer: if a greater or less number of hands is employed, the Overseer\u2019s share is in proportion thereto. But the President having deviated from the common mode of cultivation practiced in that part of the Country, has been under the necessity of paying his overseers annual wages instead of giving them a share of the Crop; and the wages given to those whom he employs, as well as by other gentlemen in his vicinity who give annual wages instead of a share to the Overseer, vary from 80 to 130 Dollar \u214c year, according to the extent of the farm to be superintended, & the skill of the person in managing the business of it. to these wages are added, a comfortable dwelling House on the farm, and a stipulated quantity of provisions, adequate to the support of the Overseer. In mentioning these terms, it must be observed\nthat the President speaks only of his own Estate, & those in it\u2019s neighbourhood where he has had an opportunity of knowing the terms upon which Overseers are engaged on them. What may be given in other parts of the Country he cannot tell; & as the skill which you say your brother possesses in gardening & surveying, would not be likely to be called into exercise in overlooking such farms as the President\u2019s, they could not be taken into the account in making a compensation for his services as an Overseer; but if they were found useful to a person who might employ him, in conjunction with his duties as Overseer or Manager, an extra compensation wou\u2019d undoubtedly be made for them. I am Sir &c.\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0316", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Frederick A. Muhlenberg and Other Citizens of Pennsylvania, 17 December 1792\nFrom: Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus Conrad,Citizens of Pennsylvania\nTo: Washington, George\nReading Berks County [Pa.] Decr 17th 1792\nWe the Subscribers being well acquainted with John Witman junior of the Borough of Reading in the State of Pennsylvania recommend him to your Excellency as a man of Integrity whose Capacity activity and Attention to Business point him out as a fit Person to execute the Office of an Inspector of the Revenue for this District\u2014He was formerly the Excise Officer for Berks County and is at present the Collector of the Revenue\u2014\ntherein under a Deputation from the Supervisor of Pennsylvania in which Trusts having supported the Character of an independent and upright Officer We have every Reason to conclude that shoud he be honored by your Excellency\u2019s Appointment the Revenue Law as far as is within his Reach will be ably and faithfully executed.\n            Fredk A Muhlenberg\n            P: Muhlenberg\n            Jos. Hiester\n            Thos FitzSimons\n            Peter Filbert\n            Thos Hartley\n            Gabriel Hiester\n            Charles Shoemaker\n            Balser Geehr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0317", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 18 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen (Private)\nPhiladelphia Decembr 18th 1792.\nYour letter to the Secretary of State, dated if I recollect rightly, the 5th instant, intimating among other things, that you had failed in an attempt which had been made to import workmen\nfrom Scotland, equally with that for obtaining them from Holland, fills me with real concern: for I am very apprehensive if your next campaign in the Federal City is not marked with vigor, it will cast such a cloud over this business, and will so arm the enemies of the measure, as to enable them to give it (if not its death blow) a wound from which it will not easily recover. No means therefore, in my opinion, should be left unassayed to facilitate the operations of next year. Every thing, in a manner depends upon the celerity with which the public buildings are then carried on. Sale of Lots\u2014private buildings\u2014good or evil reports\u2014all, all will be regulated thereby; nothing therefore short of the absolute want of money ought to retard the work.\nThe more I consider the subject the more I am convinced of the expediency of importing a number of workmen from Europe to be employed in the Federal City. The measure has not only \u0153conomy to recommend it, but is important by placing the quantity of labour which may be performed by such persons upon a certainty for the term for which they shall be engaged.\nUpon more minute enquiry, I am informed that neither the Merchan\u27e8ts\u27e9 here nor in Holland will undertake to procure Redemptioners from Germany; and that the most eligable & certain mode of obtaining from thence such Mechanic\u27e8s\u27e9 & labourers as may be thought advisable to procure from that quarter, will be to engage some person, a German, to go from hence into Germany where he is acquainted, to procure the requisite number of men and bring them to the Shipping port, which is generally Amsterdam or Rotterdam, and that any Merchant here (who is engaged in Shipping trading to Holland) will engage to have a Vessel ready to take them on board at a time which shall be fixed, and bring them to any Port of the United States that may be specified, and receive the amount of their passage on delivery of them. The person who may be employed to go over to Germany will expect, it is said, an advance of one guinea per head for the number wanted, to enable him to pay the expences of such as may not be able to bear their own from the place where he procures them to the Shipping Port, & this advance is accounted for and taken into consideration at the time of paying for their passage when they arrive here. The customary passage it seems, is eleven guineas per head\u2014and the compensation of the person employed to procure them is either one guinea a head for as\nmany as he may deliver, part of which is paid by those who employ him to go over, & part by the Merchant who furnishes the Vessel to bring them, as he receives a benefit by the freight\u2014or the person employed keeps an account of his necessary expences while on this business, which is paid by his employers, and a consideration for his services is made him according to a previous agreement.\nThe term of time for which these people are bound to serve, depends much, it is added, upon their age or ability as labourers, or their skill as Mechanics\u2014the former generally serve three or four years, and the latter (if good workmen at their trades) two. But in this case, that it would be bes\u27e8t\u27e9 for the person employed to get them to have them indented at the time of engaging them, specifying the number of years they are to serve to commence at the time of their landing in the U.S.\u2014and that he ought to be furnished with the necessary forms of Indentures and particular instructions on this head before he goes over\u2014and if Mechanics of a particular description are most essential it would be well, in order to secure their services beyond the term for which they might be engaged for their passage, to stipulate at the time of engaging them, that they should serve one, two or three years over and above that time @ \u00a3  per year. And as it may happen, that some good Mechanics may be willing to come over who are able to pay their own passage, might it not be well to empower the person sent to engage them @  per year for (say) four years? In all cases to provide, that if those who engage as Mechanics should be found incompetent to the business for which they engage, from a want of skill or knowledge in it, and shall appear to have used imposition in engaging themselves as such, they shall be obliged to serve the time of common labourers.\nShould you be of opinion that it would be expedient to import a number of workmen, and the mode here pointed out meet your ideas, no time should be lost in carrying it into effect; and if you have not contemplated a proper character for this business & will inform me thereof I will endeavour to obtain one in this City to go over to Germany, and a Merchant also to furnish the Vessel at the time & place which shall be agreed on between them.\nIt is not, however, my wish that the idea of importing workmen should be confined solely to Germany\u2014I think it ought to be extended to other places, particularly Scotland from whe\u27e8nce\u27e9\nmany good & useful Mechanics may undoubtedly to be had. I have been more particular in respect to Germany because they may probably be obtained from thence on better terms than from other quarters and they are known to be a steady laborious people. It will be necessary, if you should determine upon an importation from Germany, to state the Number of Mechanics you would wish in each trade, to be brought from thence, as well as the number of labourers.\nMr George Walker who is in th\u27e8is\u27e9 City, informs me, that he shall Sail for Scotland about the first of January, & says, if he could render service in this business he would willingly do it. To get workmen is part of the business which carries him over but how far after the part he has acted with respect to yourselves you may chuse to confide in him, is fitter for you than it is for me to decide\u2014especially as I know no more of his private character & circumstances than I do of the terms on which he would undertake to render the Service.\nA thought has also occurred to me, and though crude & almost in embrio, I will nevertheless mention it. It is, if the character of Mr Hallet (from the knowledge you have acquired of it) is such as to have impr\u27e8es\u27e9sed you with confidence in his abilities & activity, whether in the unsettled state of things in France he might not be employed this winter in ingaging from that Country & bringing over in the Spring such workmen, and on such terms as might be agreed upon.\nBoston too has been mentioned as a place from whence many, & good workmen might be had but the reasons which have been assigned for the failure here are not within my recollection if I ever heard them.\nUpon the whole, it will readily be perceived in what a serious light I consider delay, in the progress of the public buildings; & how anxious I am to have them pushed forward\u2014In a word the next is the year that will give the tone to the City\u2014if marked with energy, Individuals will be inspirited\u2014the Sales will be enhanced\u2014confidence diffused\u2014& emulation created\u2014without it, I should not be surprized to find the lots unsaleable, & every thing at a stand. With great & sincere regard & esteem I am Gentn Your Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0318", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 18 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States [Philadelphia] 18th Decr 1792.\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to request that the Secretary of State will have Commissions made out for the following persons;\nSamuel Odiorne, third mate of the New-Hampshire Revenue Cutter; to be dated 18th December 1792.\nEbenezer Perkins, third mate of the Connecticut Cutter; to be dated 18th Decr 1792.\nWilliam Loring, first mate of the New York Cutter; to be dated Novemr 15th 1792.\nCaleb Stacey, third mate of the New York Cutter, to be dated Novemr 6th 1792.\nWilliam Dunton, third mate of the Pennsylvania Cutter; to be dated 22d June 1792.\nT. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary twenty Commissions which have been returned to the Secretary of the Treasury from Officers of the Revenue Cutters and were yesterday sent to the President by the Secretary of the Treasury. Some of these Commissions have been resigned, & others returned on account of their tenure being limited to the end of the next Session of the Senate: those of the latter description have been replaced by others in the proper form.\nT. Lear has the honor also to transmit two Commissions, from Jno. Baker, Surveyor of Bennett\u2019s Creek in No. Carolina\u2014one from Wm Wynn Surveyor of the port of Wynton\u2014one from the Supervisor of the Georgia District (a Duplicate)\u2014& one from the Inspector of Survey No. 1 in North Carolina.\nTobias Lear. S.P.U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0319", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 18 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Dec. 18. 92.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to send the President 2 Cents made on Voigt\u2019s plan, by putting a silver plug worth \u00be of a cent into a copper worth \u00bc of a cent. Mr Rittenhouse is about to make a few by mixing the same plug by fusion with the same\nquantity of copper. he will then make of copper alone of the same size, and lastly he will make the real cent, as ordered by Congress, four times as big. specimens of these several ways of making the cent will be delivered to the Committee of Congress now having that subject before them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0320", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 18 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\nU.S. [Philadelphia] Decr 18th 1792\nBy the President\u2019s commd T.L. has the honor to return to the Secy of War the letters from Genl Wilkinson wh. have been submitted to the Presidt\u2014and to say that if there be any thing in these letters wh. in the Secy\u2019s opinion should be communicated to Congress the President wishes it might be done.\nT.L.S.P.U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0321", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Ministers and Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, 19 December 1792\nFrom: Ministers and Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Fayette County, Pennsylvania\nTo: Washington, George\nPennsylvania, Fayatte County December 19. 1792\nTo the President and Rulers of the united states of America.\nFrom the strongest impressions, and deepest sense of our obligations, and submission to our superior, so far as the act consistant to the law of God, and a good conscience, enacting laws to defend vertue and oppose vice.\nWe the Ministers and Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church residing in the western country, think it our duty to give you a true transcript of our hearts and wishs respecting the excise law, which met with such unreasonable opposition, in these parts. We are informed it has been reported to the legislators, that all the people on this side the aleghany are opposed to the excise law, which report we unanimously declare to be without foundation, and can asure you there are at least above one thousand persons in connection with us, together with a large majority of the Quakers, who not only never consented to the opposition\nthat law met with, but earnestly wish it may be received immediately and without reluctance, and shall esteem it our duty to encourage Men to comply with it throughout our several spheres of action. Signed in behalf of our community\nThornton Fleming\nValentine Cooke\nWilliam McLenahan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0323", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 19 December 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nWar-department, December 19th 1792.\nIn consequence of your directions, I have the honor to submit the draft of a letter to Governor Martin. I have conversed with Mr Hawkins upon the subject, who is of opinion, that scouts are all that would be requisite. I have the honor to be, Sir, with profound respect, Your most obedt Servt\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0325", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 19 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting\nPhiladelphia Decr 19th 1792\nThe bearer Mr James Butler is the person I mentioned to you in my last as an Overlooker of the home house concern; and enclosed is the agreement I have entered into with him for that purpose.\nI am in great hopes, from the character given of him to me, that he may be found serviceable, keep him however to his duty, and whenever he is found difficient in it let both him & me know it. I am Your friend &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0326", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 19 December 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 19 Dec. 1792. GW wrote Whitting on 23 Dec.: \u201cYour letter of the 19th instant, enclosing the weekly reports, has been duly received.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0327", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Francis Deakins and Benjamin W. Jones, 20 December 1792\nFrom: Deakins, Francis,Jones, Benjamin W.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nMontgomery County [Md.] 20 Decr 1792\nWe now enclose you our Valuation of Mrs Sophia Mercers part of Woodstock Manor\u27e8,\u27e9 which we should have done before this had we not waited the time you Limited for a division to take place\u2014the Sales & Quality of Other Lands in this Neighbourhood has been duly considered in our Valuation of this tract. We have the Honor to be Sir your Mt Obedt Servt\nFrancis Deakins\nBenjn W. Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0328", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 20 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Decr 20th 1792\nBy the President\u2019s command, T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of State the letter from the Treasurer of Virginia, which has been submitted to him\u2014and to request that the Secretary would inform the President where he can obtain a copy of the New Impressions of the Federal City? The President wishes to know if it would not be adviseable, in the Secretary\u2019s Opinion, to have a number of the plans of the City sent to our Ministers abroad, in order that the object may become more particularly know[n] abroad than it is at present.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0329", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 21 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt 21st Decr 1792\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to submit to the President of the United States, two Contracts between the Superintendant of the Lighthouse at New London, and Daniel Harris & Nathaniel Richards, together with a letter from the Commissioner of the Revenue; from the date of which it will be seen that these papers have been overlooked for some time, a casualty from which however the service has received no injury.\nThe Contract with Danl Harris is for his compensation as Keeper of the Lighthouse, and that with Nathaniel Richards for supplying it with oil and other necessaries. The terms of both of the objects appear to the Secretary reasonable. All which is humbly submitted\nAlex. HamiltonSecy of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0330", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 21 December 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 21 Dec. 1792. GW wrote Whitting on 30 Dec.: \u201cI have duly received your letters of the 21st & 26th instt.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0331", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Francis Deakins and Benjamin Jones, 22 December 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Deakins, Francis,Jones, Benjamin\n Letter not found: to Francis Deakins and Benjamin Jones, c.22 Dec. 1792. Tobias Lear wrote to William Deakins, Jr., on this date: \u201cThe President of the United States directs me to transmit the enclosed letter to you, and beg the favor of your forwarding it to your brother Colo. Frs Deakins and Mr Jones, by the first safe opportunity that may offer after it gets to your hands\u201d (DLC:GW).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0333", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 22 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] December 22d 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President. The name of the person who was employed in superintending the erecting of the Lighthouse by mister Newton is Lemuel Cornick. The compensation to the Keeper of the Delaware Lighthouse is 266 Dollars and \u2154 of a Dollar.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0334", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 22 December 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department December 22d 1792\nI have the honor to submit to you a letter from the Governor of Georgia dated the 5 instant with the deposition of Owen Bowen relatively to the murder of eight white persons. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Your most obed. servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0335-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Lewis, 23 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Robert\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia, Decr 23d 1792\nI wish you would, as soon as the enclosed letter gets to your hand\u27e8s\u27e9, call upon Major Harrison and endeavor to purchase from him the land therein mentioned, & for the reason therein assigned.\nIf you can get it for a sum not exceeding forty shillings (virga curry) per Acre (wch is a great deal more than it is worth) close the bargain with him at once, provided, as is mentioned in the letter, the title is good, and it is not under the incumbrance of a lease\u2014for in either of these cases I would not be concerned with the land unless I could obtain it on very low terms.\nYou might, after a short introduction of the subject to Major Harrison, shew him the enclosed letter\u2014byway of bringing matters to a speedy explanation; but if you find his ideas of the value exceed 40/ pr Acre know what is the lowest terms he would sell on\u2014the quantity of land he holds\u2014and all the circumstances attending it, and give me notice thereof as early as you can, engaging him to wait a certain time for you to make the communication of them to me, & to receive my answer. Draw from him his lowest terms before you make any disclosure of what you would give, on my behalf.\nWhen you was at Mount Vernon you expressed a wish to be possessed of the stud horse that was there. If he is not sold (for it was so intended when I left home) I make you a present of him. I am Your Affecte Uncle\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0335-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: To Robert Lewis, 23 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Robert\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia Decr 23d: 1792\nI have been informed within these few days that Major Harrison of Loudoun County who owns a piece of land adjoining my tract in Fairfax, is disposed to sell it, and to convert the money to more useful purposes.\nI am led from the rascally set of Tenants who occupy that land\u2014& by no other consideration whatsoever to become the purchaser of it, that I may be relieved by that means from the villainies which the livers thereon are frequently committing on my property\u2014in the practice of which, their art & cunning is too great for detection. I have said my only motive to this purchase is to get rid of this pest of society and in saying so I have declared the honest truth; for the land would not answer for a farm being without timber, and too poor for cultivation\u2014nor would it be profitable in Tenements because men who intended a livelihood by honest industry would give little or no Rent for it. & my inducement to buy is to get rid of those of a \u27e8contrary\u27e9 description.\nMajor Harrison must be sensible that no one can be better acquainted with the land than I am\u2014It would be unnecessary therefore (if he has any inclination to sell it) to ask a price which it will not bear\u2014but if he is disposed to take a reasonable price and will act the par\u27e8t\u27e9 of a frank & candid man in fixing it I would not have you higgle (which I dislike) in making a bargain\u2014I will \u27e8pay\u27e9 ready money if we can agree\u2014but it must be on two conditions\u2014first\u2014that the title is good\u2014and secondly that it is not\nunde\u27e8r\u27e9 the incumbrance (any part of it) of a lease for that would defeat the sole end I should propose by the purchase\u2014namely to purge the neighbourhood of these impure charac\u27e8ters.\u27e9\nUnder this view of my ideas, the knowledge you have of my sentimen\u27e8ts\u27e9 respecting the land any bargain you shall make in my behalf with Major Harrison shall be binding with me. Your Aunt unites with me in best regards for yourself and Mrs Lewis, and I am Your Affecte Uncle\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0336", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 23 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia Decr 23d 1792.\nYour letter of the 19th instant, enclosing the weekly reports, has been duly received.\nBy Mr James Butler who left this City on friday last, I wrote you a few lines enclosing the agreement I had entered into with him. I request that the Smiths Book may be put into his hands, and a regular account taken every night of what they have done in the day; and that he will see they do as much as they ought. Let an Account be raised in that Book or some other, for each Plantation, and every thing done for it as regularly charged to it, as if it had been done for one of the neighbours who was to pay therefor. A practice of this sort answers too purposes\u2014first, to see that the Smiths do their duty; and secondly, as a check upon the Plantations; who ought to account for what is received from thence, as well as for every thing else, that is furnished them in the course of the year, as soon as it shall have expired. It is my desire also that Mr Butler will pay some attention to the conduct of the Gardener & the hands who are at work with him; so far as to see that they are not idle; for, though I will not charge them with idleness, I cannot forbear saying, and I wish you to tell the Gardener so (provided you shall think there is cause for it) that the matters entrusted to him appear to me to progress amazingly slow. I had no conception that there were grubs enough in the Vineyard enclosure to have employed them as many days as are reported;\n& sure I am that levelling the Bank ought to have taken a very little time. If it is found that the hands with the Gardener are not usefully (I mean industriously) employed, I shall withdraw them; as I did not give them to him for parade, to be idle, or to keep him in idleness.\nMr Butler says he has been much accustomed to Hedging. I have told him how extremely anxious I am on this head; and I request you will aid him all in your power to rear them speedily. He is very fond of the French furze\u2014and has no doubt of succeeding with the thorn\u2014if, therefore, the berries of these are still on the trees, let them be gathered; & with every thing else that can be thought of, tried without more loss of time than is required for the proper season.\nAnthony\u2019s Toe should be examined and if it requires it something should be done to it, otherwise, as usual, it will serve him as a pretence to be in the house half the Winter. I have no objection to Sinah\u2019s remaining as part of the Mansion House gang; but I have strong ones for the reasons mentioned in a late letter, to her being employed in, or about the Dairy. The reason which you assign however for retaining her there, has no weight with me; for it is not my intention, hence forward, that any of the House gang shall be employed in Fencing at the Plantations\u2014there is no more propriety in employing them in the Post and Rail fences at Dogue run or the Ferry, than there would be in any other Sort of Fencing: Let every Plantation do their own work\u2014they are sufficiently strong for it\u2014and have no right to look for more aid than is to be derived from the Ditchers in that article. It would seem to me as if the progress in getting & securing the Corn at the River Plantation was extremely slow. One would not judge from this circumstance that the Crop of this Grain would prove so very short.\nIf you could, by means of Mr [William] Hartshorn, or any of the Merchants in Alexandria who have dealings in Loudoun, procure the deficient quantity of BuckWheat at 3/ or even 3/6 delivered at Mount Vernon, I would have you do it. Otherwise you must apply what you have to the best purposes your own judgment shall direct, for I could send none from hence at the highest of those prices.\nIt certainly wd be to my advantage to buy Majr Harrisons Land adjoining mine if it could be had on reasonable terms; but for no\nother reason than that which you have mentioned; but from the appearance of the new buildings which I saw on the land when I was last at home, I suspect that reason will not apply\u2014that is\u2014from this circumstance I apprehend he has given lease on the land, in wch case I should not be relieved from my present inconvenience by the purchase; as the riddance of bad neighbours would be the only object I could have in view. If you can, by indirect enquiries (so conducted as not to alarm the Pools) ascertain this fact & let me know the result, it would enable me to judge better of this matter.\nThe Peach stones which were sent to you are from Georgia\u2014desire the Gardener to pay proper attention to them.\nI do not regard the temporary fall in the prices of Wheat & flour; as there is no radical cause for it\u2014but, on the other hand the calls which occasioned the rise are still existing the prices, I will engage, will be up again; and more than probable be higher than ever before March. All the flour therefore that you can get safely stored (before the Navigation is closed) in Alexandria, will be ready for the first exports in the Spring.\nIt is observed, by the weekly reports, that the Sowers make only Six shirts a week, and the last week Caroline (without being sick) made only five; Mrs Washington says their usual task was to make nine with Shoulder straps, & good sewing: tell them therefore from me, that what has been done, shall be done by fair or foul means; & they had better make choice of the first, for their own reputation, & for the sake of peace & quietness. otherwise they will be sent to the several Plantations, & be placed as common laborers under the Overseers thereat\u27e8.\u27e9 Their work ought to be well examined, or it will be most shamefully executed, whether little or much of it be done\u2014And it is said, the same attention ought to be given to Peter (& I suppose to Sarah likewise) or the Stockings will be knit too small for those for whom they are intended; such being the idleness, & deceit of those people. I am your friend and well wisher\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0340", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 26 December 1792\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Philadelphia] 5 oClock 26 Decr 1792\nI have the honor to submit two letters from Brigr Genl Wilkinson with their enclosures. These were received by express, who left Fort Washington the 1st of Decr. I have the honor to be respectfully Your obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0341", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 26 December 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 26 Dec. 1792. GW wrote Whitting on 30 Dec.: \u201cI have duly received your letters of the 21st & 26th instt.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0342", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Barclay, 27 December 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCadiz [Spain] 27th Decr 1792\nI received on the 24th of this Month, through Mr Pinckney, your Excellencys Commands of the 11th of June, to which all deference and attention possible will be shewn. Mr Jefferson will naturally inform you of what I have written to him by this opportunity, and therefore I shall take up no more of your time than to assure you of the respect wherewith I am, Sir, Your Most Obedient Most humble serv:\nThos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0343", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Conversation with Washington, 27 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 27 December 1792]\nThursday Dec. 27. 92. I waited on the President on some current business. after this was over, he observed to me he thought it was time to endeavor to effect a stricter connection with France & that G. Morris should be written to on this subject. he went into the circumstances of dissatisfaction between Spain, Gr. Brit. & us, & observed there was no nation on whom we could rely at all times but France, and that if we did not prepare in time some support in the event of rupture with Spain & England we might be charged with a criminal negligence. (I was much pleased with the tone of these observations. it was the very doctrine which had\nbeen my polar star, and I did not need the successes of the Republican arms in France lately announced to us, to bring me to these sentiments. for it is to be noted that on Saturday last (the 22d) I received mister Short\u2019s letters of Oct. 9. & 12. with the Leyden gazettes to Oct. 13. giving us the first news of the retreat of the D. of Brunswic, and the capture of Spires & Worms by Custine, and that of Nice by Anselme.) I therefore expressed to the President my cordial approbation of these ideas: told him I had meant on that day (as an opportunity of writing by the British packet would occur immediately) to take his orders for removing the suspension of paiments to France which had been imposed by my last letter to G. Morris, but was meant as I supposed only for the interval between the abolition of the late constitution by the dethronement of the king and the meeting of some other body invested by the will of the nation with powers to transact their affairs. that I considered the national convention then assembled as such a body, and that therefore we ought to go on with the paiments to them or to any government they should establish. that however I had learned last night that some clause in the bill for providing reimbursement of the loan made by the bank to the U.S. had given rise to a question before the house of representatives yesterday which might affect these paiments; a clause in that bill proposing that the money formerly borrowed in Amsterdam to pay the French debt & appropriated by law (1790. Aug. 4. c.34.s.2.) to that purpose, lying dead as was suggested, should be taken to pay the bank, and the Presidt be authorized to borrow 2. millions of Dol. more out of which it should be replaced, and if this should be done the removal of our suspension of paiment as I had been about to propose, would be premature. he expressed his disapprobation of the clause abovementioned, thought it highly improper in the legislature to change an appropriation once made, and added that no one could tell in what that would end. I concurred, but observed that on a division of the house the ayes for striking out the clause were 27. the noes 26. whereon the Speaker gave his vote against striking out, which dividing the house, the clause for the disappropriation remained of course. I mentd suspicions that the whole of this was a trick to serve the bank under a great existing embarrasment. that the debt to the bank was to be repaid by instalments, that the 1st instalment was of 200,000 D. only, or rather 160,000 D. (because 40,000 of the 200,000 would be\nthe U. States\u2019 own dividend of the instalment) yet here were 2,000,000 to be paid them at once, & to be taken from a purpose of gratitude & honor to which it had been appropriated.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0345", "content": "Title: David Rittenhouse to Tobias Lear, 27 December 1792\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nSir\n[Philadelphia] Thursday Decemr 27th 1792\nWe have begun to Assay some of the European Coins, and shall proceed tomorrow, at the Mint, if it will be convenient for the President to attend about 12 oClock. Should any accident happen before that time to occasion delay, I will give you notice. I am, Sir, your most obedient humble Servant\nDavd Rittenhouse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0346", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the United States House of Representatives, 27 December 1792\nFrom: United States House of Representatives\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nUnited States [Philadelphia]27th of Decr 1792.\nIn obedience to the order of the House of Representatives, I have the honor to enclose you their Resolution of this date. With the most perfect respect, I am sir, Your mot Obedt & very hble Servant.\nJonathan Trumbull, speaker of the Ho: of Representatives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0347", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry B. Baker, 28 December 1792\nFrom: Baker, Henry B.\nTo: Washington, George\nHonord Sir,\nPhilada Decr 28th 1792\nYou will observe by the enclosd Papers the unhappy Situation that I now labour under, and a recommendation from Colo. Henry Hollingsworth Major Edward Oldham Major Thomas M. Forman & other reputable Characters of Cecil County\u2014I hope your honour will pardon the liberty I take, being urgd by the\ngreatest necessity & a confidance of recieving a Small pecuniary assistance from your generous hand that was always ready to render relieve to a distressd Soldier\u2014My inability Please your honor denies me the opportunity of doing any thing in an active way towards the support of my distressd family to whom I must return nearly disconsalate\u2014Should it not be in my Power to Procure an under Clerks place in some of the Public Offices in Town\u2014I flater myself if your honor would be so kind as to oblige me with a line or two to Genl Knox and Colo. Hamilton, I should succeed in the application this circumstance Honord Sir, (as it is my last effort to support my dear Wife & suffering little Ones) would be recorded by kind Providance, a\u27e8s\u27e9 a fresh instance of your unlimited humanity for unhappy mortals who sufferd in the service of thier Country. In Duty bound Honord Sir, With Humble Submission I shall ever remain your most Obedt most Humb. Servt\nHenry b. Baker\nP.S. I hope your honor will oblige me with an answer by the Bearer Mr Sanders. H.b.B.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0348", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Daniel Bowen, 28 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Bowen, Daniel\n[Philadelphia] Decr 28th [1]792\nMr Lear presents his Compliments to Mr Bowen & will thank him to send by the Bearer the six framed pictures which Mr B. bid off yesterday for the President\u2014Whenever Mr Bowen has\nleisure to draw off the Acct of the Prints &c. bo[ugh]t by him for the President Mr Lear will immediately pay it\u2014and it would be pleasing to the President if he could know what would be a compensation to Mr Bowen for the trouble he has had & the politeness with which he has executed this business.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0352", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 29 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\nU.S. [Philadelphia] Decr 29th 1792.\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secy of War the Speechs of Hendricks wh. have been submittd\u2014likewise a letter from Mr Hoge to the Secy of War & the Secy\u2019s answer, wh. expresses in its conclusion the President\u2019s idea on the subject.\nT.L.S.P.U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0353", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Provisional Executive Council of France, 30 December 1792\nFrom: Provisional Executive Council of France\nTo: Washington, George\n[Paris, 30 December 1792]\nIn the name of the French Republic\nIn virtue of the law of the 15th of Aug. last which attributes to the Provisory Executive council all the functions of the Executive\npower & of the decree of the National convention of the 20. of Sep. following which maintains the public authorities which were in activity at this last epoch.\nWe the citizens forming the Provisory Executive council of the Republic to the US. of N. America.\nVery dear, great friends & allies. The desire which the citizen Ternant has witnessed to us of returning into the military line, & of continuing to serve the Republic, has determine\u27e8d\u27e9 us to recall him, & to enjoin on him to take leave of you. We are persuaded that he will give to the Republic a new proof of his zeal in fulfilling his last functions of Minister Plenipotentiary near you by assurances the most expressive of sentiments of the most constant friendship & sincerest fraternity which it bears to the US. as of it\u2019s prayers for their prosperity & for the most perfect union between the two people.\nWritten at Paris the 30th of Dec. 1792. the 1st year of the French republi\u27e8c\u27e9.\nThe citizens forming the Provisory Executive council of the republic\nsigned Le Brun. Claviere. Garat. Roland. Pache. Monge.By the Provisory Executive councilsigned Grouvelle.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0355", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 30 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia Decr 30th 1792\nI have duly received your letters of the 21st & 26th instt, and am a little surprized to find by the last that Mr James Butler had\nnot reached Mount Vernon before the date of it\u2014He left this City on the 21st and according to the usual course, & time required for the Stages to run, he ought to have been in Alexandria on Monday last, the 24th of this month.\nNotwithstanding the reduced number of hands at Mansion house, if Mr Butler answers the description which is given of him, he may be useful to me on many accounts; & may ease you a good deal of the particular attention which, otherwise, you would find it necessary to give to the various concerns about it. Amongst which, none I think call louder for it than the Smiths; who, from a variety of instances wch fell within my own observation whilst I was at home, I take to be two very idle fellows. A daily account (which ought regularly to be) taken of their work, would, alone, go a great way towards checking their idleness; but besides this, being always about the House (except at Haymaking & Harvest) & not far from them, he might have a pretty constant eye both to them, and to the people who are at work with the Gardener; some of whom I know to be as lazy and as deceitful as any in the world (Sam particularly)\u2014My horses too (in the management of which he professes to have skill) might derive much benefit from a careful attention to them; not only to those which work, but to the young ones, and to the breeding mares: for I have long suspected that Peter, under pretence of riding about the Plantations to look after the Mares, Mules, &ca is in pursuit of other objects; either of traffic or amusement, more advancive of his own pleasures than my benefit. It is not, otherwise to be conceived, that with the number of mares I have, five & twenty of which were bought for the express purpose of breeding, though now considerably reduced from that purpose, alone; should produce not more than Six or eight Colts a year. This I say will hardly be believed by any person who has ever been in a similar practice. The evil stands much in need of a remedy, & I request, if Mr Butler should ever reach you, that he may be told it is my desire he would endeavour to apply one. I moreover conceive (being an experimental farmer) that he will be better able to carry your directions into effect, (especially in Hay-making, Hedging and the like, in his own way) than one of the common Overseers of the Country: and in addition to these, as he writes a tolerable good hand & has a tolerable knowledge of Accts, you\nmight derive aid from him in that way; when I was able to look after my own business it was a custom to keep as regular accounts with each of my Plantations as if the Articles delivered from the Store, from the Smiths Shop, done by the Carpenters, &ca, &ca, had gone to, or had been done for, Mr Peak or any other from whom the value was to be received. This under your general Superintendence (without aid) I know would not be in your power to render without neglecting other parts of your duty of more consequence; and therefore I never required it in the extent above mentioned; nor expected it. But if Butler comes to you, and merits the character given of him, an essay towards it may be made\u2014My great fear respecting him, is, that he will be found difficient in point of activity. But as I have, in a former letter desired that admonition, or something else, may be administered to the first, and to every neglect, it is needless to repeat it in this place. He is to have his Victuals cooked for him; and as he is a man who (from the accounts given of him) has seen better days than his present appearance indicates, I should suppose, if you find his deportment & behaviour decent & proper, there can be no objection to his eating with you: but in this, do what is most agreeable to your own inclination, as it is not my intention to impose any one upon you, in this way contrary thereto.\nAll such work as you have enumerated, I think is the duty of every Overseer to render; and if he is a man of an industrious turn he will do it, whether he is compelled by articles, or not; On the other hand, if he is of an indolent cast\u2014(such as Jones was\u2014) all the Articles in the world would not enforce the measure longer than he, himself, was under the observation of an Overlooker, and probably, to avoid working himself, (the Negros knowing it to be his duty to do so by agreement) he would suffer them to be idle, to bribe them against a discovery of his own idleness. For these reasons I have always had doubts (where there is a large gang of hands to Overlook) of the propriety of attempting to compell by Articles an overseer to do more work than his own inclination would naturally prompt him to do, voluntarily. Indeed where there are a number of hands, his time, probably, wd be better employed in seeing them well engaged than in working himself, especially if all are not within his full view at the time.\nI have not a proper recollection of the ground between the\nSpring house and the Oozey ground about the place where the hound kennel stood, or, you still mistake my design; & I am led to the latter opinion, by your having begun to drain by, or from the Spring house. My intention was to have begun the drain from the lowest Spring at the foot of the Bank most westerly; that is\u2014nearest the Wharf, & to have carried the water along that, on its level to the front of the Mansion house, as hath been described in former letters; and to let the higher ones into that drain, as may be seen by the rough sketch enclosed. I always expected, & you will find it so mentioned in one of my letters, that the Water so united, would be to be conveyed across the sunken spot (East of, &) by the Spring before you could get it to the avenue in front of the house; but I had no idea of there being other hollows west of the spring house as difficult as you represent them to be; for as to cutting through banks which are liable to Cave in, I had no idea. After this explanation of my meaning if the difficulties which you represent should still oppose themselves, I wd have the work suspended until I come home; which I presume to hope, will be in the Spring.\nAscertain as near as you can how much red led (ground in Oil) it will take to complete the painting the roofs of the Old Spinning house\u2014Salt House, Smoke house, Wash house & Coach house (adjoining) together with the four Garden houses (if not already done)\u2014also white led to finish what was begun, and not compleated; and Oil for the whole; informing me thereof; that I may be enabled to decide whether I shall send them or not. Let me know also whether the Roof of the Piaza leaks since the New shingling has been put on. You speak of the quantity of Lime which it has taken to repair the Overseers house in the Neck\u2014It is occasioned in a great measure by the profuse use of it by [Tom] davis, & the unnecessary strength which he gives to the mortar; in which he ought to be corrected. Of Stone lime, & the lime made from Oyster shells, the quantity differs, but the proportions of each are well ascertained for different kinds of work; for here again, Morter is made stronger, or weaker, according to the Nature of it. Rules for all these might easily be obtained, and observed. Another bad practice which he is in ought to be corrected, and that is, laying his Mortar too thick in the joints. This hurts the look of a building\u2014rather diminishes, than adds to the strength of it\u2014and consumes much lime.\nIf, as you suppose is the case, the Miller spends more time than he ought to do in his dwelling house, it is justice due to me, to inform him of it; and to add, that if the practice is continued your duty will require that I should be informed of it. The slow progress made by him in Manufacturing my wheat in such an open & mild fall and Winter as we have had, is, if there was Water, the strongest evidence that can be given of his indolence, and the bad use that he has made of so favorable a Season.\nThis mild and open weather has been a great relief to the Corn & fodder\u2014advantage I hope has been taken of it to Husband both. But the last Report speaks of an amazing consumption (in a short time) of soft Corn at the River Plantation. I wish to hear that all your Overseers are fixed, & well in their Giers.\nI did not expect that the Plow which went from this place would be employed otherwise than in breaking up ground in the fall of the year; I am affraid this work is backward, if but now you are beginning to plow for the 1st time the old Clover lot at the Mansion house; When the Brick yard & Lucern lots are also to plow, & when the former of them ought to be sown in the early part of the Spring; as well for the advantage of the Clover, as for that of the Oats with which it is Sown.\nSpeaking of Sowing Clover, let me request that such a machine as is described in Mr Bordleys pamphlet, be prepared, and the clover Seed sown therewith. My Clover Seed has never been regularly, or well sown, notwithstanding it has been lavished upon the ground; some parts of which having none, and other parts Surcharged. Less, if distributed over the ground, will do; in some of my letters I have given you the quantities bestowed on an Acre in the vicinity of this City where it is as thick as the best Farmer would requir\u27e8e\u27e9 it to be.\nHas Doll at the Ferry mixed her work with that of the out-hands? If not what does she employ herself in? I have no report on this head\u2014If she knits or Sows, her work ought to be noticed in that line, & care taken that she renders a sufficiency of it. Let the stud horse be delivered to Mr Robt Lewis\u2019s Order, as Mr Hartshorn did not comply with his agreement. I am Your friend and Well wisher\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0356", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] Monday 31st [December 1792]\nIf you have not closed your letter to Mr Pinckney I wish you would desire him to be very attentive to the embarkation of Troops for America\u2014especially Quebec\u2014& to give the earliest advice of the measure\u2014& of the numbers\u2014Yours &ca\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0357", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPrivate \nDear Sir[Philadelphia] Decr 31st 1792    \nI do not recollect perfectly what your sentiments were respecting the application of Mr De la Forest\u2014and being to give an answer to the Secretary of the Treasury on this occasion I should be glad to receive them previously thereto.\nThe difficulty of the case you well know arises from the unauthorised request, and the hazard of advancing monies without it. I am Yours sincerely\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0358", "content": "Title: Timothy Pickering to Tobias Lear, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\nGeneral Post Office [Philadelphia] Decr 31. 1792.\nCan you inform me of any of the facts or representations communicated to the president relative to news-papers, which led him to notice them in his speech, at the opening of the present session of Congress? It seemed generally to be understood to imply that obstructions to their transmission had arisen from the post office law. Were not the obstructions to the papers which\nshould have passed from Richmond to Staunton a principal subject of complaint?\nThe Committee of the House on that part of the President\u2019s speech have desired me to furnish them with such observations as occurred to me generally relative to the post office law, & the parts in which it admitted of amendment. The article of newspapers is peculiarly interesting. As I am this evening or tomorrow morning to report to the Committee, an answer this forenoon will greatly oblige. Dear Sir Your most obedt servt\nTimothy Pickering", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0359", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 1792 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nLetter not found: to Henry Knox, 1792. ALS, sold by Goodspeed\u2019s, no. 129, item 2073, 1919. GW marked this letter \u201cPrivate,\u201d and according to the catalog entry, this letter is \u201con matters concerning the army organization.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0158", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Henry Lee, 1 January 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lee, Henry\nMy Dear SirPhiladelphia Jany. 1st 1792\nI have received your\u2019s of the 22d Dec, and am sincerely sorry that I cannot be as instrumental on the occasion stated in it as My respect for the wishes of the Mr. Marshall\u2019s and particularly for your\u2019s, by which they are seconded, would make me anxious to be. The truth is I am not on any footing of personal acquaintance with Mr. Hammond which would justify me in asking the favor of him in his private character\u2014and I could not of course make such a request from his public character, without enabling him by explanations your letter does not contain, to decide for himself how far the nature and importance of Mr. Marshall\u2019s business could claim a patronage of that sort.\nYou already know the fate of the apportionment Bill\u2014the subject was revived in the Senate, but I understand has been suspended in order to give an opportunity to the house of Reps. to precede in a second Bill if it pleases. Nothing however has been done in it, and it is difficult to say when or in what form the business will be resumed. The subject most immediately on hand in the House of Reps. is the Post Office Bill, which has consumed much time and is still in an unfinished State. You see in the Newspapers historical sketches of its progress.\nThe Senate have of late been much occupied by the nominations of the President for foreign Courts\u2014that is, Mr. Thomas Pinkney for London\u2014Govr. Morris, for Paris, & Short for the Hague. A considerable diversity of opinion is said to prevail, and to be the cause of delay in coming to a decision.\nThe disturbances in Hispaniola continue without abatement, and tis certain that the contagion is reaching Jamaica.\nThe plan for retreiving our Western affairs is not yet before the Legislature.\nI enclose the report of the Secy. of the Treasury on Manufactures. What think you of the commentary (pages 36 & 37) on the terms \u201cgeneral welfare\u201d? The federal Govt. has been hitherto limited to the Specified powers, by the greatest Champions for Latitude in expounding those powers. If not only the means, but the objects are unlimited, the parchment had better be thrown into the fire at once.\nI sent you by Mr. Brackenridge a number of surveys for our freind Baron Steuben, and have acquainted him with a state of the business as far as I could collect it. Whenever you can supply any further information I shall be ready to aid in forwarding it to him. With the sincerest affection Yrs always\nJs Madison jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0159", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Daniel Carroll, 1 January 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Carroll, Daniel\nLetter not found. 1 January 1792. Acknowledged in Carroll to JM, 5 and 8 Jan. 1792. Discusses pending action in Congress on the questions of representation and the residence act.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0160", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Hurt, 4 January 1792\nFrom: Hurt, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirColo. Marshalls near LexingtonJan 4th. 1792\nThe enclosed papers I intended to have copied & sent to the President\u2014but for want of paper, the being much indisposed & not expecting to have another opportunity by whom I should chuse to trust them; I send them to you in the careless manner you find them.\nIf on a perusal of them you think they contain any thing worth his seeing please to make the proper apology & lay them before him\u2014but if on the contrary you should not think them of any utility, I must request the favor of you to commit them to the fire without shewing them to any other person on earth. I beg leave to introduce Capt. Trueman to you as a worthy man & a good Soldier. I am Dear Sir with much respect Your Most humble Servant\nJohn Hurt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0161", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Carroll, 5 January 1792\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,George Town Jany 5th. 1792\nYr. favor of the 1st Instant is come to hand. It will I presume be necessary to come to some con[c]lusion this session about the Representation. I wish it well over\u2014much irritation on so capital a point must be disagreable, may be injurious. If an attempt is made respecting the Residence Law from a respectable quarter, I shall be certain that not that object, but some other damnable design is brewing. I hope for the best\u2014in this and other matters, but cannot help having my apprehensions of the spirit of our Constitution being gratually sap\u2019d by new principles being introducd, which a variety of causes combine to make palatable.\nMr Johnson Docr Stuart & myself are now here, & hope to enter fully into the business of the Commsrs. before we part\u2014& am glad likewise Mr Johnson will be in Pha. himself abt the beginning of next Month.\nAs I know how much you are oppressd by correspondence &ca. I am the more sensible of yr. kindness & attention to Dr Sr. Yr. very Affte friend & Servt.\nDanl Carroll\nP. S. I hope my good friends with you will not atribute to indifference my Silence about them. Indeed I can say sincerely that I often think of them with sentiments of great esteem & regard.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0165", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Moore, 9 January 1792\nFrom: Moore, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir.Carlisle Janury 9th. 1792.\nI embrace this opportunity by Mr. MCAlister the gentleman with whom I lodge, to inform you that I am under the necessity of calling on you for pecuniary aid, which my Father informed me he intended to lodge in your hands for my support while I remained at College, & also directed me to draw on you whenever my necessities required it, but not having a convenient opportunity on which I could rely with safety, I thought it most proper to postpone it untill the present, but should have written to you before this had it not been owing to the circumstance abovementioned; my demand for money is very great & has been so for a considerable time past & will still continue to be so untill I get supplied from you, as I have no other resource to make application to, & hope should it be convenient to you, that you will let Mr. MCAlister have about four half joes, as my exigencies will require about that sum at present. Sir your complying with the above request will oblige your most obedient humble servt\nJohn Moore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0166", "content": "Title: Low Postage for Newspapers, [9 January] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[9 January 1792]\n   On 9 January the post office bill was read a third time. Murray moved to recommit and amend it by reducing the postage on newspapers from one to one-half cent. It was objected that a motion to recommit the entire bill for the purpose of amending a particular section was out of order.\nMr. Madison supposed that so small an amend\u27e8ment\u27e9 might be made by the genera! consent of the House; \u27e8but\u27e9 he would be sorry to re-commit the whole bill, alth\u27e8ough\u27e9 he thought the amendment proposed by Mr. Murr\u27e8ay of\u27e9 the greatest importance; as to rate the postage of ne\u27e8ws-pa\u27e9pers above half a cent, amounted to a prohibition in \u27e8effect\u27e9 of the distribution of knowledge and information thr\u27e8ough\u27e9out the Union.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0167", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 12 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh: J. to J. M.Thursday morning. Jany. 12. 1792\nI received the inclosed late last night, and it is not in my power to see mr. H. this morning. If you can with satisfaction to yourself broach to him what Monroe proposes, well. If not, it must take it\u2019s chance.\n[Enclosure]\nDear SirThursday 9-oclock. [11] Jany. 1792\nYou will have heard that upon the discussion of G. M.\u2019s merits, the foreign business was postponed untill tomorrow, nothing having been done respecting the Hague. The order of proceeding required that a similar question shod. have been taken respecting that court that had been as to the others. But owing I presume to the friends of the gentn. in nomination for it, being in opposition to the system, it was impossible it shod. proceed from them\u2014and the friends of the others being gratified in opening the door for them, were regardless of any other object. Tis important for Mr. S. that the question shod. be previously taken, and I can devise no means of accomplishing it, so effecatious as your communicating it to Mr. Hawkins, either personally or thro Mr. Madison & as soon as possible.\nThe communication respecting the missisippi, after adjournment, led to a conversation, introduced by Mr. Izard countenanced by my colleague & supported by Cabot, wherein the policy of opening it was strongly reprehended. The arguments in its favor were those of a quondam party; but the ill-success of the military operations have given them new force. As I presume you have heard what passed in the other business & shall omit any thing farther at present. Yrs. affectionately\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0168", "content": "Title: Memorandum on Specie, post 12 January 1792 (Abstract)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nAbstract. Post 12 January 1792. Calculates the standard alloy and pure silver content of the dollar as proposed by the Senate and incorporated in the Mint Act of 1792. \u201cThe vote of the Senate reduces the dollar from 375.64 gs pure metal to 371.25.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0171", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Carroll, 18 January 1792\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,George Town Jany. 18th. 1792.\nYour favor of the 10th came to hand. I see by the papers that Mr. Benson has brought forward the Subject on representation. May it be discus\u2019d with temper, & concluded to general satisfaction. Have you look\u2019d forward to a time to be the period of yr. session? You seem to me to have progressd but a little way, considerring how much yr. predecessors had clear\u2019d it for you.\nMy Comps. to Mr Carroll from whom I expect to hear soon. Soon after the Commsrs adjournd last week Mr. Roberdeau proceeded to work contrary to their orders. Mr Johnson who had only left us but a few days, returnd yesterday from home & we expect Docr Stuart to day.\nI found on comeing to Town a most infamous slander had been handed about in small circles for some time, & had just bursted forth that Mr George Brent had information given him of the extent of the Commissioners orders, for the purchase of his quarries, and it was understood (tho\u2019 not as vet I can learn by name) thro\u2019 me. I have allready traced this matter some way, & shall take such measures as may be proper. I can with truth say that I was never on any occasion more satisfied with my conduct than on this\u2014indeed I have been scrupulously nice. This to you I know to be equal to an oath. Satisfaction in my own mind is my first wish\u2014it is agreable however to have it in my power to confound, & I hope to punish the Slanderers. Yrs. Dr Sr. Affy\nDanl Carroll\nP. S. My character is dear to me, use the above information respecting myself as may appear to you to be proper.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0172", "content": "Title: For the National Gazette, 18 January 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nCharters.\nIn Europe, charters of liberty have been granted by power. America has set the example and France has followed it, of charters of power granted by liberty. This revolution in the practice of the world, may, with an honest praise, be pronounced the most triumphant epoch of its history, and the most consoling presage of its happiness. We look back, already, with astonishment, at the daring outrages committed by despotism, on the reason and the rights of man; We look forward with joy, to the period, when it shall be despoiled of all its usurpations, and bound for ever in the chains, with which it had loaded its miserable victims.\nIn proportion to the value of this revolution; in proportion to the importance of instruments, every word of which decides a question between power and liberty; in proportion to the solemnity of acts, proclaiming the will, and authenticated by the seal of the people, the only earthly source of authority, ought to be the vigilance with which they are guarded by every citizen in private life, and the circumspection with which they are executed by every citizen in public trust.\nAs compacts, charters of government are superior in obligation to all others, because they give effect to all others. As trusts, none can be more sacred, because they are bound on the conscience by the religious sanctions of an oath. As metes and bounds of government, they transcend all other land-marks, because every public usurpation is an encroachment on the private right, not of one, but of all.\nThe citizens of the United States have peculiar motives to support the energy of their constitutional charters.\nHaving originated the experiment, their merit will be estimated by its success.\nThe complicated form of their political system, arising from the partition of government between the states and the union, and from the separations and subdivisions of the several departments in each, requires a more than common reverence for the authority which is to preserve order thro\u2019 the whole.\nBeing republicans, they must be anxious to establish the efficacy of popular charters, in defending liberty against power, and power against licentiousness: and in keeping every portion of power within its proper limits; by this means discomfiting the partizans of anti-republican contrivances for the purpose.\nAll power has been traced up to opinion. The stability of all governments and security of all rights may be traced to the same source. The most arbitrary government is controuled where the public opinion is fixed. The despot of Constantinople dares not lay a new tax, because every slave thinks he ought not. The most systematic governments are turned by the slightest impulse from their regular path, when the public opinion no longer holds them in it. We see at this moment the executive magistrate of Great-Britain, exercising under the authority of the representatives of the people, a legislative power over the West-India commerce.\nHow devoutly is it to be wished, then, that the public opinion of the United States should be enlightened; that it should attach itself to their governments as delineated in the great charters, derived not from the usurped power of kings, but from the legitimate authority of the people; and that it should guarantee, with a holy zeal, these political scriptures from every attempt to add to or diminish from them. Liberty and order will never be perfectly safe, until a trespass on the constitutional provisions for either, shall be felt with the same keenness that resents an invasion of the dearest rights; until every citizen shall be an Argus to espy, and an \u00c6geon to avenge, the unhallowed deed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0173", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Henry Lee, 21 January 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lee, Henry\nMy dear Sir,Philada. Jany. 21st. 1792\nOn the receipt of your favour of the 9th. I communicated to Mr. Freneau the complaint of his subscribers. He answers me that the papers have been punctually sent under the best precautions allowed by the present mode of conveyance. The post Office bill now depending aims at an admission of newspapers into the mail, which will increase the expense somewhat of the subscribers, but will alone secure their papers agt. the casualties to which they are now exposed.\nYou ask how the clause in our answer to the President\u2019s speech came to be so reported by a committee in which my name stands first. You should have considered that one member can never be responsible for an act in which he is associated with two others, & it may be readily conceived from some ingredients in the Report, that if my palate alone had been consulted, the cookery would not have been precisely as it was. But have I not a still better justification? The terms \u201cin the degree &c\u201d qualify, & were meant by myself, at least, to qualify the reverberation of the Speech. And is it not true that the U. S. tho\u2019 enjoying less prosperity than is usually represented, owe their prosperity in a degree, tho\u2019 by no means in the extravagant degree pretended by interested sycophants, to the establishment & influence of the Genl. Govt. That our situation is not as good as it might & ought, & I hope will yet be made, is admitted; but that it is better in many respects than it would have been under the old system will hardly be denied. The restraints imposed by the constitution on certain abuses of State Legislation & the uniformity & stability substituted by the regulations of commerce, in place of the fickle & interfering laws of the States, would alone give rational meaning to the expressions which are (here follows a word which I cannot make out. It is written as nearly as I can represent it thus\u2014) criticised. With respect to the general spirit of the administration you already know how far my ideas square with yours. You know also how extremely offensive some particular measures have been; & I will frankly own, (though the remark is for yourself alone at present) that if they should be followed by the usurpation of power recommended in the report on manufactures, I shall consider the fundamental & characteristic principle of the Govt. as subverted. It will no longer be a Govert. possessing special powers taken from the General Mass, but one possessing the genl. mass with special powers reserved out of it. And this change will take place in defiance of the true & universal construction, & of the sense in which the instrument is known to have been proposed, advocated & ratified. Whether the people of this country will submit to a constitution not established by themselves, but imposed on them by their rulers, is a problem to be solved by the event alone. It must unquestionably be the wish of all who are friendly to their rights, that their situation should be understood by them, & that they should have as fair an opportunity as possible of judging for themselves.\nThe House of Reps. have been engaged for several days with shut doors on the communications from the President relating to the Western frontier. There is a general disposition to make the protection effectual, but nothing like unanimity as to the means. It is probable that much will be left to the judt. of the President\u2014at the same time that the military Command will be made of more consequence than heretofore. Tell me freely, for it shall be in due confidence, what, in case your name should be in consideration, ought to be the language of your friends with regard to your inclinations. Whilst I ask this question it is proper to observe it is the mere suggestion of my own mind, & that the supposition to which it relates is to myself a pure contingency. I wish it to be also understood, that in asking the question I mean not to insinuate any decided opinion or bias as to the answer it may receive. I am deeply impressed with the magnitude of the trust alluded to, but I am not less so with that of the one you now hold. The latter has doubtless its unimportant aspects. It has others, however, which make it extremely desirable that it should be in good hands. One is particularly presented by the interior improvements of the State which are promised by your auspices & energy, & I have contemplated them with equal pleasure & hope, from the moment your election was announced. I cannot yet say when the session will end nor where I shall pass the summer\u2014most probably in Orange. Yours always & affecly.\nJames Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0174", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, 21 January 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\nDear SirPhilada. Jany. 21. 1792\nI have delayed for some time writing in the daily expectation that I should be able to resume the subject of the Representation-bill the progress & fate of which were mentioned in my last. A motion for reviving it in another form has been some days on the table and is now the order of the day, but has been kept back partly by a general torpor resulting from the critical loss of the bill and partly by the interference of other business. The motion alluded to proposes, as compensation for the present inequality of fractions, a repetition of the Census in 4 or 5 years, which will have not only the effect of shortening the term of the fractions complaind of, but of preventing the accumulation of much greater inequalities within a period of ten years. This expedient is relished generally by the Southern States, & by N. York & Vermont which are growing States. It will be equally unpalatable to Massts. Connt. &c. which are very willing to take the benefit of the future operation of an apportionment for ten years, altho\u2019 they raise so great an outcry agst. the little fractional advantage accruing to other States from the ratio of 1 for 30,000.\nThe House of Reps. has been occupied for some days with shut doors on the communications of the President relating to the Western Frontiers. There is a pretty general disposition to make the protection effectual; but a great want of unanimity as to the best means. It is probable that much will be left to the Judgment of the President; and it is to be hoped that the lessons of past experience will not be without effect.\nI have reserved for you a copy of the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on Manufactures for which I hoped to have found before this a private conveyance, it being rather bulky for the mail. Having not yet succeeded in hitting on an opportunity, I send you a part of it in a newspaper which broaches a new constitutional doctrine of vast consequence and demanding the serious attention of the public, I consider it myself as subverting the fundamental and characteristic principle of the Government, as contrary to the true & fair, as well as the received construction, and as bidding defiance to the sense in which the Constitution is known to have been proposed, advocated and adopted. If Congress can do whatever in their discretion can be done by money, and will promote the general welfare, the Government is no longer a limited one possessing enumerated powers, but an indefinite one subject to particular exceptions. It is to be remarked that the phrase out of which this doctrine is elaborated, is copied from the old articles of Confederation, where it was always understood as nothing more than a general caption to the specified powers, and it is a fact that it was preferred in the new instrument for that very reason as less liable than any other to misconstruction. Remaining always & most Affecly yours\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0175", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Townes, 21 January 1792\nFrom: Townes, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,Easton 21th. Jany 1792\nFrom your publick exertions in behalf of the late continential Officers for their losses sustained, in the final settlements made with Congress and at the Conclusion of piece\u2014prompts me as a Countreyman of yours & an officer of that State (Virginia) on that and a Semiler circumstance and beg you will please honr. me with your advice and oppinion on the same (But first, I will do myself the honr. to inform you that I had the pleasure to be introduced to, and dined with you and Colo. Grayson at Mrs Houses in 1781. immedeatily after my being Exchanged from Captivity. I was taken at the Seige of Charlstown).\nI was an Officer in Colo. Morgans Regiment of Rifelmen and appointed in Virginia (Amelia) County in 1776 and serv\u2019d in the armey untill March 1782; When I found from certain imbarresments Occaisioned by the badness of the Continential money and my haveing been better then a year a prisoner of war I was Oblig\u2019d to resign.\nI then applyed to the Continential Commissioners then setting in Philadelphia for a settlement which was soon done and paid in the then Currancy (a Certificate) for three or four hundred pounds which I kept till necessity Oblig\u2019d me to part with it\u2014for which I only got thirty pounds from the then broker to the financere (One Hame Solomons) which then appear\u2019d to be the price Currant for our labours. I then applyed to the State of Virginia for settlement, and Obtained another of \u00a3435.15.6. Virga. currancy signed By H: Randolph & Jno. Pendleton which I kept untill Grim necessity Oblig\u2019d me to let that go, for the price currant, & one Solomon Lions now in Phia. got it for a \u00a3100. pennsa mony.\nSo that for near a thousand pounds for my services I only got one hundred and thirty. But sir my princpal motive for entrudeing on your godness and patiance; is to no if I can get the milatary lands to each Officer by a petition to Congress as I am informed that in consquenc\u27e8e\u27e9 of my resigning before the armey was disbanded I am excluded from that trifling considerration. I beg you will please honr. me with a few lines on the above requests\u2014pray if any act of congress or of Virga. has passed since 1783 in favor of the Virga Officers please let me know. And for your labours in Congress In behalf of the late Officers of the American\u2014I beg you will please except of my sinceare and unfeigned thanks and good wishes for your noble exertions to releive the injured and distresed part of your fellow Citizens. I have the honr. to be sir with much respect & Esteem your most Obdt. & Very Humb st\nJohn Townes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0176", "content": "Title: For the National Gazette, [ca. 23 January] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[ca. 23 January 1792]\nParties.\nIn every political society, parties are unavoidable. A difference of interests, real or supposed, is the most natural and fruitful source of them. The great object should be to combat the evil: 1. By establishing a political equality among all. 2. By withholding unnecessary opportunities from a few, to increase the inequality of property, by an immoderate, and especially an unmerited, accumulation of riches. 3. By the silent operation of laws, which, without violating the rights of property, reduce extreme wealth towards a state of mediocrity, and raise extreme indigence towards a state of comfort. 4. By abstaining from measures which operate differently on different interests, and particularly such as favor one interest at the expence of another. 5. By making one party a check on the other, so far as the existence of parties cannot be prevented, nor their views accommodated. If this is not the language of reason, it is that of republicanism.\nIn all political societies, different interests and parties arise out of the nature of things, and the great art of politicians lies in making them checks and balances to each other. Let us then increase these natural distinctions by favoring an inequality of property; and let us add to them artificial distinctions, by establishing kings, and nobles, and plebeians. We shall then have the more checks to oppose to each other: we shall then have the more scales and the more weights to perfect and maintain the equilibrium. This is as little the voice of reason, as it is that of republicanism.\nFrom the expediency, in politics, of making natural parties, mutual checks on each other, to infer the propriety of creating artificial parties, in order to form them into mutual checks, is not less absurd than it would be in ethics, to say, that new vices ought to be promoted, where they would counteract each other, because this use may be made of existing vices.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0177", "content": "Title: Proportional Representation, [24 January] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[24 January 1792]\n   The Committee of the Whole considered a resolution to break the impasse with the Senate over apportionment by providing for a second census and reapportioning the House in 1797. An amendment was proposed allowing no lower ratio of representation than 1:30,000. \u201cMr. Madison observed, that as the final decision of the question must be made by a majority of the house, it was immaterial, whether it was made the subject of present or of future discussion; but since the house found so great difficulty in filling up the blank, he thought it improper that a select committee should have the power of doing it: even if they did fill it up, their decision would not be conclusive, though it might tend to embarrass the house: he wished therefore, either that the ratio should be previously fixed, or the committee directed to report it blank\u201d (Dunlap\u2019s Am. Daily Advertiser, 26 Jan. 1792). Gerry said his colleagues took one side or another \u201cand wished to vary the ratio, as would best suit particular states.\u201d The amended resolution was passed by the committee and taken up by the House.\nMr. Madison insisted on the propriety of providing beforehand for the census which is next to take place, in such manner, as to render it impossible for local calculations to intrude on the business. If the principle of equality was of one tenth part of the importance that some gentlemen contended for, surely some precautions ought to be taken to guard against those inequalities that will every day take place, and will by far exceed those which have already agitated the house so much: If it be an evil that one state should have greater unrepresented fractions than another, it would be a much greater evil, that any one state should be deprived of perhaps three or four members, to whom she has a right. Gentlemen seemed to think that the larger states would not suffer so much from those inequalities, as the smaller ones; but he would ask, whether the people in every part of the United States were not to be considered as equal on the floor of Congress: ten or twenty thousand citizens of New-York, North-Carolina, or Virginia, when considered in relation to the house, were of as much consequence, as the same number in Rhode-Island or Delaware; it is not to be considered, whether such a surplus rises from ten Representatives or from a single one.\nHe could see no objection to the measure but the expense attending it: but he did not think the expense ought to be put in competition with the advantages that would result from it: he thought even that there would be a considerable saving of expense, in settling the matter beforehand, when much less time will be spent in debate: had the question been determined at the last session, it would not have cost the community one tenth part of what it has cost them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0180", "content": "Title: For the National Gazette, 28 January 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nBritish Government.\nThe boasted equilibrium of this government, (so far as it is a reality) is maintained less by the distribution of its powers, than by the force of public opinion. If the nation were in favour of absolute monarchy, the public liberty would soon be surrendered by their representatives. If a republican form of government were preferred, how could the monarch resist the national will? Were the public opinion neutral only, and the public voice silent, ambition in the House of commons could wrest from him his prerogatives, or the avarice of its members, might sell to him its privileges.\nThe provision required for the civil list, at every accession of a king, shews at once his dependence on the representative branch, and its dependence on the public opinion. Were this establishment to be made from year to year, instead of being made for life (a change within the legislative power) the monarchy, unless maintained by corruption, would dwindle into a name. In the present temper of the nation, however, they would obstruct such a change, by taking side with their king, against their representatives.\nThose who ascribe the preservation of the British government to the form in which its powers are distributed and balanced, forget the revolutions which it has undergone. Compare its primitive with its present form.\nA king at the head of 7 or 800 barons, sitting together in their own right, or (admitting another hypothesis) some in their own right, others as representatives of a few lesser barons, but still sitting together as a single House; and the judges holding their offices during the pleasure of the king; such was the British government at one period.\nAt present a king is seen at the head of a legislature, consisting of two Houses, each jealous of the other, one sitting in their own right, the other representing the people; and the judges forming a distinct and independent department.\nIn the first case the judiciary is annexed to the executive, and the legislature not even formed into separate branches: In the second, the legislative, executive and judiciary are distinct; and the legislative subdivided into rival branches.\nWhat a contrast in these forms? If the latter be self balanced, the former could have no balance at all. Yet the former subsisted as well as the latter, and lasted longer than the latter, dating it from 1688, has been tried.\nThe former was supported by the opinion and circumstances of the times, like many of the intermediate variations, through which the government has passed; and as will be supported, the future forms through which it probably remains to be conducted, by the progress of reason, and change of circumstances.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0181", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Henry Lee, 29 January 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lee, Henry\nMy Dear sirPhila. Jan. 29th 1792\nMr. Marshall called last evening with your favor of the 17th. but not being at home, I have not yet seen him.\nOur weather here corresponds with that you describe, except perhaps we have less snow and more cold. The snow is 7 or 8 Inches only. Farther North, as well as South, it is said to be much deeper. The Subject of Western defence is not yet over. In relation to it, I have nothing to add to the communications in my last. You will see in Freneau\u2019s paper of tomorrow morning the justifying Memorial of the Executive against the charge of neglecting the requisite pacific measures.\nYour ideas of reformation in the Western System appear to me to be just in every point on which I can presume to judge. I wish they may occur to those who can give them due effect. Yrs always Most Sincerely\nJs Madison jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0182", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 29 January 1792\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sirRichmond Jany 29 1792\nI received last night your letter of the 21st. On reference to the post office the subscribers to Frenaus gazette found their respective papers generally.\nI have read with attention your remarks to my observations on the first clause in the reply of your house to the presidential speech & while I acknowledge the commercial advantages enjoyed by the states since the adoption of the present Govt. and confess my discovery of various qualifications in the reply which my mind had attributed to your pen, yet I am not convinced of the inapplicability of my observations as they respect yourself. It seems to me that a mal administration never can be corrected by palliatives: open positive opposition alone can effect a change in measures. For the commercial advantages we are indebted to the constitution alone, which forbids partial regulations; our former distresses in that line resulted from this source, & our present good flows from its opposite. But we pay highly for this boon by an impost on importation. Then I conceive it is fair to assert that the people of the U. States have as yet tasted only the promised felicity and that too very scantily.\nI admire the constitution, I reverence the principles on which it is founded & love affectionately the objects which it contemplated. All that grieves me is, the perverseness of its administration. The effects heretofore produced are spurious, but have been so successful as to render in my judgement a change of constitution in operation certain altho there will be no change for a long time in names. The longer is procrastinated the attempt of men like yourself to force administration into due obedience to the constitution, the more difficult & doubtful will the work be, and all acknowledgements in favor of the adopted measure form additional obstacles. To this opinion you must attribute the freedom of my letter of the 9h. inst.\nThe latter part of your letter affects my mind very sensibly, as indeed you will presume. There are very few to whom I could say a word on this subject, but there is no question you can propound to me which will not receive a frank & full answer.\nWas I called upon by the president to command the next campaign, my respect for him would induce me to disregard every triffling obstruction which might oppose my acceptance of the office; such as my own repose the care of my three children & the happiness I enjoy in attention to their welfard [sic], and in the execution of the dutys of my present station.\nAs a citizen I hold myself bound to obey the will of my country in taking any part her interests may demand from me.\nTherefore am I upon this occasion under a biass in favor of obedience to any claim which may be made on me.\nYet I profess I should require some essential stipulations; stipulations only to secure a favorable issue to the campaign.\nThe enemy are formidable, in my judgement the warfare is difficult in the extreme from causes belonging to the war itself.\nThen I should reckon on having to contend against a gallant desperate people who understand the use of their arms perfectly and who are fighting pro aris & focis with a variety of difficultys interwoven in the nature & manner of the war.\nOf course I could not engage in a fruitless effort, & I should consider the effort vain, unless the composition of the army was fitted for the war, the officers suitable, & the supplys abundant. A change in the arms & discipline of the troops I should require and as far as I now can judge in the route. These tho are particulars that would no doubt be granted if on full consideration my suggestions merit approbation.\nOne objection I should only have (the above conditions being acceded to) and that is the abandoning my native country to whose goodness I am so much indebted\u2014no circumstance on earth could induce me to act a part however gratifying to me, which could be construed into disregard or forgetfulness of this C Wealth.\nNor can I think that a change of the sort now spoken of could justify any imputiations of ingratitude or impropriety. If you find me seriously thought on in this new character, I hope to receive your sentiments on this last point, and should be obliged to you for your farther information, that I might in my domestic affairs prepare for a change which if it comes, will come suddenly.\nThe campaign must open in July at farthest, or our prospects of success will be gloomy. Your aff friend\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0184", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 30 January 1792\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirJany. 30. 1792.\nI forget whether the deed of the Mk. land was made to you singly, or to us jointly, or severally. To the former a rect. specifying the object will do. In the latter case in either instance a conveyance will be necessary\u2014as you are informed will you shape it & give it me for signature. I have no documents here of the State of our account. From memory I mention the following\u2014you paid me in 1786. in this town 100 dolrs. & in Richmd. to Mr. Jones the same sum\u2014the balance to the man in N. Yk. for the furniture in part\u2014the deficiency between that sum & the price of the furniture I became in consequenc\u27e8e\u27e9 indebted to you. Afterwards I think you informed me Genl. Pinckney for majr Pinckney paid you here during the convention the sum of 100 dolrs. for me\u2014accuracy in any respect I possess no\u27e8t\u27e9 here. If you have any difficulty abt. drawing the deed & will inform me of facts I will with pleasure execut\u27e8e\u27e9 it. I am with esteem yr. fnd. & servt\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0185", "content": "Title: For the National Gazette, 31 January 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nPhiladelphia, January 31, 1792.\nUniversal Peace.\nAmong the various reforms which have been offered to the world, the projects for universal peace have done the greatest honor to the hearts, though they seem to have done very little to the heads of their authors. Rousseau, the most distinguished of these philanthropists, has recommended a confederation of sovereigns, under a council of deputies, for the double purpose of arbitrating external controversies among nations, and of guaranteeing their respective governments against internal revolutions. He was aware, neither of the impossibility of executing his pacific plan among governments which feel so many allurements to war, nor, what is more extraordinary, of the tendency of his plan to perpetuate arbitrary power wherever it existed; and, by extinguishing the hope of one day seeing an end of oppression, to cut off the only source of consolation remaining to the oppressed.\nA universal and perpetual peace, it is to be feared, is in the catalogue of events, which will never exist but in the imaginations of visionary philosophers, or in the breasts of benevolent enthusiasts. It is still however true, that war contains so much folly, as well as wickedness, that much is to be hoped from the progress of reason; and if any thing is to be hoped, every thing ought to be tried.\nWars may be divided into two classes; one flowing from the mere will of the government, the other according with the will of the society itself.\nThose of the first class can no otherwise be prevented than by such a reformation of the government, as may identify its will with the will of the society. The project of Rousseau was, consequently, as preposterous as it was impotent. Instead of beginning with an external application, and even precluding internal remedies, he ought to have commenced with, and chiefly relied on the latter prescription.\nHe should have said, whilst war is to depend on those whose ambition, whose revenge, whose avidity, or whose caprice may contradict the sentiment of the community, and yet be uncontrouled by it; whilst war is to be declared by those who are to spend the public money, not by those who are to pay it; by those who are to direct the public forces, not by those who are to support them; by those whose power is to be raised, not by those whose chains may be riveted the disease must continue to be hereditary like the government of which it is the offspring. A\u27e8s\u27e9 the first step towards a cure, the government itself must be regenerated. Its will must be made subordinate to, or rather the same with, the will of the community.\nHad Rousseau lived to see the constitutions of the United States and of France, his judgment might have escaped the censure to which his project has exposed it.\nThe other class of wars, corresponding with the public will, are less susceptible of remedy. There are antidotes, nevertheless, which may not be without their efficacy. As wars of the first class were to be prevented by subjecting the will of the government to the will of the society, those of the second, can only be controuled by subjecting the will of the society to the reason of the society; by establishing permanent and constitutional maxims of conduct, which may prevail over occasional impressions, and inconsiderate pursuits.\nHere our republican philosopher might have proposed as a model to lawgivers, that war should not only be declared by the authority of the people, whose toils and treasures are to support its burdens, instead of the government which is to reap its fruits: but that each generation should be made to bear the burden of its own wars, instead of carrying them on, at the expence of other generations. And to give the fullest energy to his plan, he might have added, that each generation should not only bear its own burdens, but that the taxes composing them, should include a due proportion of such as by their direct operation keep the people awake, along with those, which being wrapped up in other payments, may leave them asleep, to misapplications of their money.\nTo the objection, if started, that where the benefits of war descend to succeeding generations, the burdens ought also to descend, he might have answered: that the exceptions could not be easily made; that, if attempted, they must be made by one only of the parties interested; that in the alternative of sacrificing exceptions to general rules, or of converting exceptions into general rules, the former is the lesser evil; that the expense of necessary wars, will never exceed the resources of an entire generation; that, in fine, the objection vanishes before the fact, that in every nation which has drawn on posterity for the support of its wars, the accumulated interest of its perpetual debts, has soon become more than a sufficient principal, for all its exigencies.\nWere a nation to impose such restraints on itself, avarice would be sure to calculate the expences of ambition; in the equipoise of these passions, reason would be free to decide for the public good; and an ample reward would accrue to the state, first, from the avoidance of all its wars of folly, secondly, from the vigor of its unwasted resources for wars of necessity and defence. Were all nations to follow the example, the reward would be doubled to each; and the temple of Janus might be shut, never to be opened more.\nHad Rousseau lived to see the rapid progress of reason and reformation, which the present day exhibits, the philanthropy which dictated his project would find a rich enjoyment in the scene before him: And after tracing the past frequency of wars to a will in the government independent of the will of the people; to the practice by each generation of taxing the principal of its debts on future generations; and to the facility with which each generation is seduced into assumptions of the interest, by the deceptive species of taxes which pay it; he would contemplate, in a reform of every government subjecting its will to that of the people, in a subjection of each generation to the payment of its own debts, and in a substitution of a more palpable, in place of an imperceptible mode of paying them, the only hope of universal and perpetual peace.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0186", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Return Jonathan Meigs, 1 February 1792\nFrom: Meigs, Return Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir.Marietta 1st. February 1792.\nI recollect that in the late session of Congress, You strongly urged the propriety of making a discrimination between the adventitious holders of Public securities & the original proprietors: but speculation prevailed\u2014which has fixed thousands in a state of wretchedness without hope of recovery\u2014Unless\u2014some able independant characters will exert thier ability for thier relief. The Cincinnatis of New York, it was said, declared, that they did not wish a discrimination to be made. The declaration of a small number of Officers of one of the smallest lines of the old Army ought not to have had any effect on the deliberations of Congress in a matter of the greatest moment to the numerous objects that were to [be] affected by the determination of that matter: nor did they mean or intend to express thier Sentiment as to the right which the Army had to a compensation for the loss they sustained by the mode of the payment of their wages. Had the Sentiments of the Country been liberal or Just towards the Army at the close of the War, all dispute about discrimination, & all the evils which have followed from the depreciation of Public securities had never existed. The loss of seven Eighths of these securities has fallen upon the old Army & other Public Creditors and has been effected by Designing characters who artfully raised the populour Clamour to effect particular purposes foreign to thier then Ostensible views. The Citizens of the United States are therefore in Justice and equity bound to redress this evil. I know it will be objected, Shall we pay a great part of this Debt twice. I answer Yes. If by thier ungenerous conduct they destroyed Public Credit while these securities were in the hands of those to whom they were Justly due, & after they were by Craft & Speculation got into other hands for a song, agreed to pay thier nominal & Just value in specie, they ought to provide Funds to relieve those who have been ruined by thier own acts, and not continue a moment under the execrations of those, through whose instrumentality we are in great measure indebted for our Independance & happy Constitution. Some may (perhaps) say that the Men that composed the old Army are many of them Dead, many more too indigent & dependant to have any Influence, & the whole so dispersed as not to be able to make any efforts for redress. This is in part true. And if it is true\u2014will the Legislature of the United States avail itself of these circumstances to seal down so many meritorious Citizens, thier Widows & Orphans to inextricable dependance & suffering. Heaven forbid it. Will not the Fathers of our Country devise & carry into effect some means of relief. When I observe our Newspaper Declamation on the Excellency of our Constitution\u2014the happy administration of Gove[r]nment &c. &c. My feelings are extremely hurt\u2014while I am an Eyewitness to the wretched State of so large a Class of Citizens who have a claim on this Boasted Government\u2014for what\u2014not for Charity: but for Justice. And shall they be denyed. If a remedy cannot be found that will reach every particular case, some general principle may be adopted in the application of the means in the hands of Government that would wipe the Tear from the Eye of unmerited Distress. Should the evil here complained of remain forever unredressed; it will be set down in the catalogue of errors, & may have its opperation at a future period in a premature dissolution of our most excellent form of Government.\nI am sensible sir that by this time your patience may be tired, & One observation more shall close the disagreeable subject. The old Officer & the old Soldier who sold thier pay for two shillings & Six pence on the pound, are now taxed to pay the remaining Seventeen Shillings & Six pence, together with the Interest thereon arising\u2014no matter whether this tax be direct, or indirect, no matter what name it bears\u2014every yard of Cloth & every pound of Tea is charged with something to pay the seventeen Shillings & Six pence.\nCalculating too much on my own public securities at the close of the war induced me to enter into business, which, involved me in Debt, & to prevent my being treated as I might possibly have been; with severity on account of Debts contracted with honorable Views & intentions, & if possible to recover my circumstances I came four Years ago to this Country. To you sir I am a Stranger & probably you will never know Me: but to a liberal Mind I hope it will be a sufficient appolegy that you are a Representative of the Free Citizens of America, & that I am a Citizen. With very great Respect & Esteem I have the honour to be your most Obedt. & humble servant\nR. J. Meigs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0187", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Nicholas, 1 February 1792\nFrom: Nicholas, George\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,Feby. 1st. 1792.\nYour favor of the 24th. of Novr. I have received, but the one which it mentions as having been sent from Orange has miscarried.\nIf Congress have the exclusive right by the constitution of passing military laws; their not having exercised that right cannot give a power to the State legislatures to pass laws on that Subject or give efficacy to their old laws. The adoption of those laws by implication, is at least a dangerous idea. Nothing should in my opinion be more cautiously guarded against than the adoption of principles which tho\u2019 they may answer the purpose of the moment innocently, may afterward be applied to sanctify very different ends and which when traced up to their source would destroy all the barriers fixed by the constitution.\nI cannot think the excise equal, and therefore am still of opinion it is not uniform.\nThe impost on foreign rum ought not to have been considered; that was laid on it as an article of luxury of foreign manufacture. This impost could no more justify and make necessary a tax on home made spirits than the five per cent on cloth would justify a similar tax on the manufacture of Connecticut.\nConsidering the tax on foreign rum then in that light, every view that we can take of the excise must prove it to be unequal. Indeed I cannot see why foreign rum was introduced into the bill at all unless it was to give it that appearance of equality which it did not possess in reality.\nImposts as far as they are practicable are unquestionably the best taxes, when they fail the deficiency should be made up either by taxes on property which are equal, or by excises which will operate equally throughout the union. If such cannot be imposed it is a sufficient objection against the mode altogether. A government ought never to be afraid of doing what is right.\nThe opposition to the representation as proposed convinces me that it is not the wish of some that the government should be as republican as it ought to be.\nThe weight and utility of the house of representatives must both be increased by an increase of it\u2019s numbers; on them depends the public security; those cannot be real friends to their country who would wish to see their proper influence diminished or kept below it\u2019s due standard.\nThe constitution of France proves that it was dictated more by the heart than the head. Their national assembly will be every thing, their King nobody. They have referred too much in the mode of electing the members to that assembly; they certainly ought to be chosen immediately by the people. Without this there cannot be a due degree of responsibility or confidence. A single assembly with such powers will always end in a tyranny. If John Adams instead of contending for a hereditary monarch and nobility had said that there could be no good government unless the powers of it were lodged in three branches appointed by the people through different channels, and independent of each other, I think his principle could not have been controverted. As it is he erred in supposing or wishing to make the world believe that this desirable end could only be attained by very exceptionable means. As far as reason can decide on the subject, and the experiment has never been fairly made, I can see no cause to doubt but that all the useful purposes of a monarch and a nobility may be better obtained by an executive officer and a senate properly chosen for limited periods either directly or indirectly by the people.\nThe business of St. Clair\u2019s campaign is disagreeable both to think and write about. But as it must always be of use to have matters of such consequence placed in difft. points of view: and as if nothing is said about it, it may be taken for granted that the plan and execution were both judicious tho unfortunate I will shortly give you my idea of them.\nThe plan was materially defective in enlisting the men for so short a period that allowing for accidents, distance &c. it was almost reduced to a certainty that they would not be in the field long enough to effect the object of government. If these things were not foreseen at first, yet after the delays &c. had actually taken place it ought to have struck everyone.\nBy the delays in the execution all possible chance of success was given up. These delays are attributed to the quarter Master and Contractor. As long as men who are strangers to the country in which they are to act are appointed from motives of friendship &c. the business will have a similar end.\nI have a great respect for Genl. St. Clair but his infirmities render him totally unfit for such a command wh. would require a man of the greatest activity both of body and mind.\nHis movement from fort Jefferson can be justified on no principle whatever. The time of part of the levies was expired; a few days would liberate many more and a very few weeks the whole: he had not twenty days provisions for his army. Thus circumstanced if he had got to the object of his destination unmolested he could not have continued there, but must have immediately returned to fort Jefferson, for the want of provisions and men to establish a garrison there. Enquire into his numbers and you will find that if he had not lost a single man after the levies and the militia were discharged that it would have been impossible with his number of regulars to have garrisoned the three forts and kept up the necessary communications.\nThen in marching from fort Jefferson he hazarded all and lost all when he had not the prospect of any one advantage if he had succeeded. Going to the spot would have answered no purpose. Harmer had been there the year before and the Indians had had sufficient notice to move every thing to a place of security.\nThe detaching the first regiment back from fort Jefferson when they were confessedly the last troops in the army cannot be justified. He was surprised in his camp tho\u2019 he knew the Indians were about him in great numbers, without having made any previous arrangements for their reception or chg. his position for their proper reception after he was attacked. The army was cut off when they were remaining totally passive for the want of proper arrangements.\nGreat as the misfortune was in itself, it has been much increased by the misconduct of some of the public servants towards the levies.\nTheir time of service was fixed to six months. At the end of that period they had a right to expect their pay and to be discharged in such a manner as would enable them to return home in safety and comfort. Instead of this some were discharged sixty miles in the enemy\u2019s country witht. a gun to protect themselves to fort Washington, those who were discharged at fort Washington without provisions to bring them to our settlements, the whole of them naked in consequence of having lost their cloathes in the action, and without a shilling of pay.\nAt the same time that they were discharged in this manner, money was advanced to the regular officers to pay them their bounty if they would reenlist and cloathes carried into the action (where they were all taken) to induce them to do so.\nThus these American soldiers after having faithfully served their time out, were discharged eight hundred miles from home, naked, without the pay which was due to them, and without as much provisions as would carry them to the next inhabitants where they were to depend on charity for a subsistence. The fact is that many have died in consequence of this treatment and that almost all have been obliged to part with their discharges for the most trifling considerations.\nWhat makes it the more distressing is that government has provided in the most proper and liberal manner for their accommodation and discharge. The plan they adopted was wise and generous if it had been carried into execution.\nBut Mr. Swann who was charged with the necessary money and orders did not arrive at fort Washington until some time in January a day posterior to that on which the last of them had a right to their discharge. How this happened when it was known that they must have been discharged before remains to be accounted for by those who were entrusted with the management of the business.\nAll that we know is that they have given a deadly blow to the honor of the government, and we fear to all attempts to raise men for their service.\nIn every communication of this kind I intend what I say for your own information only, or of those to whom you think it may be communicated for the public good.\nIn a letter to Mr. Randolph soon after St. Clair\u2019s defeat I mentioned what appeared to me to be the only practicable mode of attacking the Indians to advantage. Further reflection and the opinions of those here who are best acquainted with the subject have confirmed me in thinking what was then suggested, was right. If you wish it he will shew you that letter.\nBe pleased to say to my sister that we are all well. With the greatest respect and esteem I am Dr. Sir, Yr. most oddt. hum: Servt.\nG: Nicholas.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0189", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Maury, 3 February 1792\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDr SirLiverpool 3 Feby 1792\nI am much obliged to you for the papers & pamphlet you sent me by the Grange, wch. have afforded me much Entertainment. I am happy to see the malicious predictions of the lying prophet so completely counteracted by the prosperity of the Country he took so much pleasure in debasing & vilifying by Invective.\nWhenever any Thing here presents that promises Entertainment to you in that way, I shall hand it.\nI note what you say of Mr Jorre. I wished to have diverted him from his purpose of going to America; but could not\u2014at length he extorted from me the cold Letter he delivered you\u2014what I said of him I believe is true\u2014but as to his Capacities for high Departments in Office, I concieved he over-rated them\u2014perhaps somewhat like his Countryman of Normandy quoted in paine\u2019s rights of Men.\nInclosed are sundry Accts Sales with Account Current for your perusal. If you continue a shipper to this place I continue my recommendation of a greater proportion of Stemed\u2014unless indeed when your Leaf be particularly fine\u2014so, it will answer your purpose as well.\nIt has occurred to me that possibly in Building the public Offices &c in the F\u0153deral City some materials from this Country may be wanted\u2014under the Event & convenient, I will be much obliged by your naming your Humble Servant.\nI am very anxious to hear farther of the Troops under General Sinclair. The Accounts hitherto recieved are most unpleasant to those who are interested in that Country.\nThe French Affairs go on well enough. Altho\u2019 their Assignats have been gradually depreciating\u2014The Louis d\u2019or (naturally worth 24 Livres tournais) last week was worth 35\u00bd Livres in Assignats.\nI am rather curious (tho\u2019 have a better Motive) for knowing the Tone & Manner the British Consuls in the U. S. use in their Applications to the Various Boards on Matters relating to their Ships & Countrymen say Mariners particularly\u2014also the Degree of early Attention to such Representations\u2014presuming such Things must occur, I pray you, if convenient, to procure & forward me a Copy of some of them. I am with great Esteem your friend & Sert\nJames Maury\n[Enclosure]\nLiverpool 31st Decr. 1791.\nThe Honorable James Madison Esqr. Junr. in accot. Currt. with James Maury\n  D\u2019r\n  Sep:\n  To Insurance on 6 hhds Tobo. \u214c Cyrus\n  Octr.\n  \" Your draft on me\n  Decr.\n  \" Insurance on 3 hhds Tobo. \u214c Venus\n  Sep:\n  \" Tax on 6 hhds Tobo. \u214c Venus\n  Novr.\n  \" Insurance on\u2014Do.\n  Decr.\n  \" Your draft on me\n  Aug:\n  \" Duty on your Tobo. \u214c Venus\n  \" Insurance on\u2014Do.\n  Nov:\n  \" Charges in Virga. on 1 hhd Tobo. \u214c Success\n  Dec:\n  \" your dft on me\n  \" Balance\n  Feb:\n  By Balance as \u214c a/c rendered\n  Aug:\n  \" nt. proceeds of 6 hhds Tobo. \u214c Cyrus\n  Octr\n  \" nt. proceeds of 6 hhds Tobo. \u214c Venus\n  \" nt. proceeds of 3 hhds Tobo. \u214c Venus\n  \" nt proceeds of 1 hhd Tobo. \u214c Success\n  Dec\n  By Balance\n  2 hhds \u214c Venus sales not finished\n  Errors Excepted\nJames Maury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0190", "content": "Title: For the National Gazette, 4 February 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nGovernment of the United States\nPower being found by universal experience liable to abuses, a distribution of it into separate departments, has become a first principle of free governments. By this contrivance, the portion entrusted to the same hands being less, there is less room to abuse what is granted; and the different hands being interested, each in maintaining its own, there is less opportunity to usurp what is not granted. Hence the merited praise of governments modelled on a partition of their powers into legislative, executive, and judiciary, and a repartition of the legislative into different houses.\nThe political system of the United States claims still higher praise. The power delegated by the people is first divided between the general government and the state governments; each of which is then subdivided into legislative, executive, and judiciary departments. And as in a single government these departments are to be kept separate and safe, by a defensive armour for each; so, it is to be hoped, do the two governments possess each the means of preventing or correcting unconstitutional encroachments of the other.\nShould this improvement on the theory of free government not be marred in the execution, it may prove the best legacy ever left by lawgivers to their country, and the best lesson ever given to the world by its benefactors. If a security against power lies in the division of it into parts mutually controuling each other, the security must increase with the increase of the parts into which the whole can be conveniently formed.\nIt must not be denied that the task of forming and maintaining a division of power between different governments, is greater than among different departments of the same government; because it may be more easy (though sufficiently difficult) to separate, by proper definitions, the legislative, executive, and judiciary powers, which are more distinct in their nature, than to discriminate, by precise enumerations, one class of legislative powers from another class, one class of executive from another class, and one class of judiciary from another class; where the powers being of a more kindred nature, their boundaries are more obscure and run more into each other.\nIf the task be difficult, however, it must by no means be abandoned. Those who would pronounce it impossible, offer no alternative to their country but schism, or consolidation; both of them bad, but the latter the worst, since it is the high road to monarchy, than which nothing worse, in the eye of republicans, could result from the anarchy implied in the former.\nThose who love their country, its repose, and its republicanism, will therefore study to avoid the alternative, by elucidating and guarding the limits which define the two governments; by inculcating moderation in the exercise of the powers of both, and particularly a mutual abstinence from such as might nurse present jealousies, or engender greater.\nIn bestowing the eulogies due to the partitions and internal checks of power, it ought not the less to be remembered, that they are neither the sole nor the chief palladium of constitutional liberty. The people who are the authors of this blessing, must also be its guardians. Their eyes must be ever ready to mark, their voice to pronounce, and their arm to repel or repair aggressions on the authority of their constitutions; the highest authority next to their own, because the immediate work of their own, and the most sacred part of their property, as recognising and recording the title to every other.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0191", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 6 February 1792\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sirRichmond 6h. Feby. 92\nI have your letter of the 29h. Frenau\u2019s Gazette you mention has not reached me, nor indeed have I for two mails got any papers from him. This precariousness in the reception of his paper will cramp the circulation of it. For which I am exceedingly sorry as it is rising fast into reputation.\nInnes is so pleased with the attention of the editor to political matters and to the independence evidenced in his selection of home information that he has desired me to procure for him the gazette and to request that all the papers from the beginning be forwarded.\nThis you will please to do & give Innes[\u2019]s address & residence.\nI intend to urge Davies the public printer here to re-publish Caius & such other political writers as serve to inform the people.\nI cannot submit to the principle which governed your first Congress of entrenching on the rights of their successors, which they did do in the most daring manner when they mortgaged for twenty years certain revenues. A mortgage for two years came up to their constitutional right; for it is to be presumed that their successors would be as well affected to the public good & as capable of promoting the same as themselves. The funding act is grounded on this principle and falls with it: this is the only ground to attack it on, as appears to my Jugdgement.\nThe meaning of frequent elections & the object of them is in some degree perverted and violated by the establishment of the principle above mentioned, for the succeeding Congress must submit to the undue stretch of power in their predecessors or violate law. Of course they are unnecessarily plunged between two evils\u2014which in ordinary matters ought never to happen: where the safety of the people require the interposition of extraordinary means then & then only is a resort to the principle allowable.\nThis cannot be contended to have been the case in the present instance.\nYou are too slow in your deliberations relative to the military measures to be adopted for the next campaign. Delay in Feby. will be felt in August: and the campaign if not disastrous, will be inglorious. Yours affy.\nH: L", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0192", "content": "Title: Bounty Payments for Cod Fisheries, [6 February] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[6 February 1792]\n   On 3 February 1792 the Committee of the Whole began consideration of the bill for encouragement of the cod fisheries. As passed by the Senate, the first section of the bill replaced the existing drawback (of the import duty on salt) to exporters of salted fish with a new one based on tonnage to owners of fishing vessels. Debate on 6 February centered on the advantage which the bill bestowed on New England and stressed the importance of the fisheries as a source of trained sailors in case of war.\nMr. Madison. In the conflict I feel between my disposition, on one hand, to afford every constitutional encouragement to the fisheries, and my dislike, on the other, of the consequences apprehended from some clauses in the bill, I should have forborne to enter into this discussion, if I had not found, that, over and above such arguments as appear to be natural and pertinent to the subject, others have been introduced, which are, in my judgment, contrary to the true meaning, and even strike at the characteristic principles of the constitution. Let me premise, however, to the remarks which I shall briefly offer, on the doctrine maintained by these gentlemen, that I make a material distinction in the present case, between an allowance as a mere commutation and modification of a drawback, and an allowance in the nature of a real and positive bounty. I make a distinction also, as a subject of fair consideration at least, between a bounty granted under the particular terms in the constitution, \u201ca power to regulate trade,\u201d and one granted under the indefinite terms which have been cited as authority on this occasion. I think, however, that the term \u201cbounty\u201d is in every point of view improper as it is here applied, not only because it may be offensive to some, and, in the opinion of others, carries a dangerous implication; but also because it does not express the true intention of the bill as avowed and advocated by its patrons themselves. For if, in the allowance, nothing more is proposed, than a mere reimbursement of a sum advanced, it is only paying a debt; and when we pay a debt, we ought not to claim the merit of granting a bounty.\nIt is supposed by some gentlemen, that Congress have authority not only to grant bounties in the sense here used, merely as a commutation for drawbacks, but even to grant them under a power by virtue of which they may do anything which they may think conducive to the \u201cgeneral welfare.\u201d This, sir, in my mind, raises the important and fundamental question, whether the general terms which had been cited, are to be considered as a sort of caption or general description of the specified powers, and as having no further meaning, and giving no further power, than what is found in that specification, or as an abstract and indefinite delegation of power extending to all cases whatever; to all such at least, as will admit the application of money, which is giving as much latitude as any government could well desire.\nI, sir, have always conceived\u2014I believe those who proposed the constitution conceived; it is still more fully known, and more material to observe, those who ratified the constitution conceived, that this is not an indefinite government deriving its powers from the general terms prefixed to the specified powers\u2014but, a limited government tied down to the specified powers, which explain and define the general terms.\nThe gentlemen who contend for a contrary doctrine are surely not aware of the consequences which flow from it, and which they must either admit, or give up their doctrine.\nIt will follow, in the first place, that if the terms be taken in the broad sense they maintain, the particular powers, afterwards so carefully and distinctly enumerated, would be without meaning, and must go for nothing. It would be absurd to say, first, that Congress may do what they please; and then, that they may do this or that particular thing. After giving Congress power to raise money, and apply it to all purposes which they may pronounce necessary to the general welfare, it would be absurd, to say the least, to superadd a power to raise armies, to provide fleets, &c. In fact, the meaning of the general terms in question must either be sought in the subsequent enumerations which limits and details them, or they convert the government from one limited as hitherto supposed, to the enumerated powers, into a government without any limits at all.\nIt is to be recollected, that the terms \u201ccommon defence and general welfare,\u201d as here used, are not novel terms first introduced into this constitution. They are terms familiar in their construction, and well known to the people of America. They are repeatedly found in the old articles of confederation, where, although they are susceptible of as great latitude as can be given them by the context here, it was never supposed or pretended that they conveyed any such powers as is now assigned to them. On the Contrary, it was always considered as clear and certain, that the old Congress was limited to the enumerated powers; and that the enumeration limited and explained the general terms. I ask the gentlemen themselves, whether it ever was supposed or suspected, that the old Congress could give away the money of the states in bounties to encourage agriculture or for any other purpose they pleased. If such a power had been possessed by that body, it would have been much less impotent, or have borne a very different character from that universally ascribed to it.\nThe novel idea now annexed to those terms, and never before entertained by the friends or enemies of the government, will have a further consequence which cannot have been taken into the view of the gentlemen. Their construction would not only give Congress the complete legislative power I have stated; it would do more; it would supercede all the restrictions understood at present to lie on their power with respect to a judiciary. It would put it in the power of Congress to establish Courts throughout the United States, with cognizance of suits between citizen and citizen, and in all cases whatsoever. This sir, seems to be demonstrable: For if the clause in question really authorizes Congress to do whatever they think fit, provided it be for the general welfare, of which they are to judge, and money can be applied to it, Congress must have power to create and support a judiciary establishment, with a jurisdiction extending to all cases, favorable, in their opinion, to the general welfare, in the same manner as they have power to pass laws and apply money providing in any other way for the general welfare. I shall be reminded, perhaps, that according to the terms of the constitution, the judicial power is to extend to certain cases only, not to all cases. But this circumstance can have no effect in the argument, it being presupposed by the gentlemen, that the specification of certain objects does not limit the import of the general terms. Taking these terms as an abstract and indefinite grant of power, they comprise all the objects of legislative regulation, as well such as fall under the judiciary article in the constitution, as those falling immediately under the legislative article; and if the partial enumeration of objects in the legislative article does not, as these gentlemen contend, limit the general power, neither will it be limited by the partial enumeration of objects in the judiciary article.\nThere are consequences, sir, still more extensive which as they follow clearly from the doctrine combated, must either be admitted, or the doctrine must be given up. If Congress can apply money indefinitely to the general welfare, and are the sole and supreme judges of the general welfare, they may take the care of religion into their own hands; they may establish teachers in every state, county, and parish, and pay them out of the public treasury; they may take into their own hands the education of children, establishing in like manner schools throughout the union; they may assume the provision for the poor; they may undertake the regulation of all roads other than post roads; in short, every thing, from the highest object of state legislation, down to the most minute object of police, would be thrown under the power of Congress; for every object I have mentioned would admit the application of money, and might be called, if Congress pleased, provisions for the general welfare.\nThe language held in various discussions of this house, is a proof that the doctrine in question was never entertained by this body. Arguments, wherever the subject would permit, have constantly been drawn from the peculiar nature of this government as limited to certain enumerated powers, instead of extending, like other governments to all cases not particularly excepted. In a very late instance, I mean the debate on the representation bill, it must be remembered that an argument much used, particularly by a gentleman from Massachusetts, against the ratio of one for 30,000, was that this government was unlike the state governments, which had an indefinite variety of objects within their power, that it had a small number of objects only to attend to, & therefore that a smaller number of representatives would be sufficient to administer it.\nArguments have been advanced, to shew, that because, in the regulation of trade, indirect and eventual encouragement is given to manufactures, therefore congress have power to give money in direct bounties, or to grant it in any other way that would answer the same purpose. But surely, Sir, there is a great and obvious difference, which it cannot be necessary to enlarge upon; a duty laid on imported implements of husbandry, would in its operation be an indirect tax on exported produce: but will any one say that by virtue of a mere power to lay duties on imports, Congress might go directly to the produce or implements of agriculture, or to the articles exported? It is true, duties on exports are expressly prohibited; but if there were no article forbidding them, a power directly to tax exports could never be deduced from a power to tax imports, although such a power might indirectly and incidentally affect exports.\nIn short, sir, without going further into the subject, which I should not have here touched on at all, but for the reasons already mentioned, I venture to declare it as my opinion, that were the power of Congress to be established in the latitude contended for, it would subvert the very foundation, and transmute the very nature of the limited government established by the people of America: and what inferences might be drawn or what consequences ensue from such a step, it is incumbent on us all well to consider.\nWith respect to the question before the house for striking out the clause, it is immaterial whether it be struck out, or so amended as to rest on the avowed principle of a commutation for the drawback, but as a clause has been drawn up by one of my colleagues, in order to be substituted, I shall concur in a vote for striking out, reserving to myself a freedom to be governed in my final vote by the modification which may prevail.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0194", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Carey, 8 February 1792\nFrom: Carey, John\nTo: Madison, James\nWednesday February 8. [1792]\nJohn Carey presents his humble respects to the honble. Mr. Madison, & requests, that, if he has preserved any notes of his speech of Monday last, on the Fishery Bill, he will be so obliging, as to give him leave to copy them for publication. At the same time he begs leave to remark, that this favor, if conferred, will not be strained by him into a precedent for troubling Mr. Madison with similar requests, on future occasions: the case, at present, is simply this: on reviewing his notes of Friday\u2019s debate, Carey thought he might venture to publish: he hazarded the attempt, though, with what degree of accuracy, he cannot say, as he has not consulted any of the gentlemen who spoke: thus embarked in the business, & having given many of the arguments on one side of the question, he cannot drop the subject, without a manifest violation of candor & justice. Having however been very unsuccessful in taking down the debate of monday & Tuesday, he is reduced to the necessity of requesting assistance, not from Mr. Madison only, but also from other gentlemen on both sides of the question; with a resolution, however, that, if he can once fairly extricate himself from his present disagreeable dilemma, he will\u2014(& prudential reasons tell him that he ought)\u2014during the remainder of the present session, wholly refrain from attempting to publish the debates, & confine himself to a bare minute of the proceedings.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0197", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Jones, 10 February 1792\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sr.Fredericksburg 10th. Febry. 1792.\nThe receipt of your letter of the 29th. ult. gave me a sensible pleasure as it recommences a correspondence too long intermitted between friends in which predicament I am very certain we very sincerely hold each other and between whom a more frequent intercourse should if practicable prevail than has lately done\u2014for it I chiefly blame myself, and you only for availing yourself in too great a degree of the indulgence I wished to give you in behalf of correspondents of a ceremonious stamp and with whom you could not well use the same freedom in that respect as with myself. Let it be understood therefore in future that when you can with convenience devote a few minutes to me you will do it.\nMr. Wiatt the present postmaster resides in the house Smith occupied when he lived in Town and is the property you speak of in your letter as I think he had and holds no other in this Town. The buildings on the lotts are old, are of wood, and were erected (except a small lumber or ware house) by Col. Lewis of Gloucester County the father of the late Col. F. Lewis of this place for the late Col. John Thornton to keep a store at who then with Col. F. Lewis when he first came to Fredericksburg resided there and conducted the old Gentleman\u2019s business. The lotts are upon the northside of the main street at the upper end of the Town opposite The Lotts Col. F. Lewis lived on and sold to Mr. Edwd. Carter. Lotts in that situation or at the lower end of the Town are not so valuable as nearer the center at least they are not so much in demand by men in business as those more central and I expect will not meet so ready a sale or at so high a rate as more desirable situations. The present occupant (W\u2014tt) I know but little of. As Pt. M\u2014t\u2014r I have heard few or no complaints of his conduct, which was not the case with Smith when he was in the Office. He has no lands or Lotts that I can hear of and but little other property. Some reports to the prejudice of his Character prevailed heretofore. He with Jno. Anderson of this Town were in Partnership and failed and were long confined in the bounds of the County Goal by their creditors\u2014at length they were discharged and are both now in business here\u2014Anderson in a small store and considered as an honest man\u2014W\u2014t as pt. Master and withot. complaints of his conduct as far as I have heard or been informed. He has a wife and several Children and upon his labours their support must in great degree depend. The lotts I consider as declining in value and unless kept in better repair than they seem to have been lately will soon be in a ruinous condition as all the outhouses now are and the paling round one third of them  destroyed. If Col. Pickering has a power independent of Smith to authorise a sale he will be able to judge what course to take from the circumstances communicated. Upon consideration should he not incline to confide the business to Mr. W.tt I suppose Mr. Minor wod: for the usual allowance undertake the business and his fitness and integrity may be depended upon. Col. Monroe and I presume yourself know Minor. If however you conceive there is no impropriety in my mentioning another Person who lives with me and conducts the business of the Brewery in this Town (Mr. Charles Lewis who is also well know[n] to Monroe) I wod. recommend him to execute any commission of the sort Col. Pickering shall think proper to grant and I will in that case not only aid him with my advice in conducting the business but will engage for his punctuality and fidelity in every respect. I mention him because I know him to be worthy of confidence and to whom I shod. take a pleasure in rendering any little service in my power. Health & happiness attend you. Yr. friend & Servt\nJos: Jones.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0198", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Walter Jones, 10 February 1792\nFrom: Jones, Walter\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirFeby. 10. 1792.\nThe Freinds of Mrs. Lovel have requested me to bespeak the attention of my Freinds in Congress, to her claims, as the widow of the deceased Captain Lovel; and I take the occasion, of renewing a Correspondence, which, to my Loss, has been so long intermitted. I know not the foundation or extent of Mrs. Lovels Claims, having little or no acquaintance with the parties: but I well remember that Captn. Lovel of Westmorland, with the spirit of a true whig, left his Family, posessions, & a valuable Trade, to serve in the army, from whence he never returned\u2014whatever may be due to her, she well merits, as her Circumstances have been evidently much reduced by the Loss of her Husband.\nIn the Veiw which our imperfect Lights enable us to take here, of the movements on the Great Theatre where you are engaged, two things appear less satisfactory to us than we could wish\u2014one is the extreme rage for funding systems in Finance, in Banks, and in manufactoring Companies, on the Commercial Border of the union; the other is the immense expenditure we are likely to make on the western Border, to atchieve an object, that must, it would seem, be followed by two Evils. The one, a standing Military force & spirit, which must increase indefinitely with the extent and progress of our frontier, the Second is a forced & premature Emigration, which is continually chargeable for defence, on the old taxable settlements, while it is continually draining off the means of supporting the expence. These measures too seem to have an evident tendency to Aggrandise those departments of Government, that seem in all Times & places to have been the very Matrix of Corrupt power & Influence.\nCandour forbids rash & positive Conclusions on imperfect data. Perhaps such apprehensions, as I express, would be dissipated by a nearer Veiw & more intimate Information. However a republican Vigilance too tremblingly alive is a preferable extreme to Indifference & torpor. I am dear Sir with very freindly Esteem & regard your obedient humble Servant\nWalt: Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0200", "content": "Title: George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 11 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nDear SirSaturday 11th. Feby [1792]\nIf you & Mr. Madison could make it convenient to take a family dinner with me to day\u2014or, if engagements prevent this\u2014wd. come, at any hour in the afternoon most convenient to yourselves We would converse fully, and try to fix on some plan for carrying the Affairs of the Federal district into execution.\nUnder present appearances it is difficult, but it is nevertheless necessary to resolve on something. Yrs. sincerely & Affectionately\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0202", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Daniel Carroll, 16 February 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Carroll, Daniel\nLetter not found. 16 February 1792. Acknowledged in Carroll to JM, 23 Feb. 1792. Reports on congressional business and politics\u2014the prospects of the apportionment bill and the candidates (including John Jay) for the governorship of New York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0203", "content": "Title: For the National Gazette, 18 February 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nFebruary 18, 1792.\nSpirit of Governments.\nNo Government is perhaps reducible to a sole principle of operation. Where the theory approaches nearest to this character, different and often heterogeneous principles mingle their influence in the administration. It is useful nevertheless to analyse the several kinds of government, and to characterize them by the spirit which predominates in each.\nMontesquieu has resolved the great operative principles of government into fear, honor, and virtue, applying the first to pure despotisms, the second to regular monarchies, and the third to republics. The portion of truth blended with the ingenuity of this system, sufficiently justifies the admiration bestowed on its author. Its accuracy however can never be defended against the criticisms which it has encountered. Montesquieu was in politics not a Newton or a Locke, who established immortal systems, the one in matter, the other in mind. He was in his particular science what Bacon was in universal science: He lifted the veil from the venerable errors which enslaved opinion, and pointed the way to those luminous truths of which he had but a glimpse himself.\nMay not governments be properly divided, according to their predominant spirit and principles into three species of which the following are examples?\nFirst. A government operating by a permanent military force, which at once maintains the government, and is maintained by it; which is at once the cause of burdens on the people, and of submission in the people to their burdens. Such have been the governments under which human nature has groaned through every age. Such are the governments which still oppress it in almost every country of Europe, the quarter of the globe which calls itself the pattern of civilization, and the pride of humanity.\nSecondly. A government operating by corrupt influence; substituting the motive of private interest in place of public duty; converting its pecuniary dispensations into bounties to favorites, or bribes to opponents; accommodating its measures to the avidity of a part of the nation instead of the benefit of the whole: in a word, enlisting an army of interested partizans, whose tongues, whose pens, whose intrigues, and whose active combinations, by supplying the terror of the sword, may support a real domination of the few, under an apparent liberty of the many. Such a government, wherever to be found, is an imposter. It is happy for the new world that it is not on the west side of the Atlantic. It will be both happy and honorable for the United States, if they never descend to mimic the costly pageantry of its form, nor betray themselves into the venal spirit of its administration.\nThirdly. A government, deriving its energy from the will of the society, and operating by the reason of its measures, on the understanding and interest of the society. Such is the government for which philosophy has been searching, and humanity been sighing, from the most remote ages. Such are the republican governments which it is the glory of America to have invented, and her unrivalled happiness to possess. May her glory be compleated by every improvement on the theory which experience may teach; and her happiness be perpetuated by a system of administration corresponding with the purity of the theory.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0204", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, 19 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nSunday Feb. 19th. [1792]\nIf Mr. Madison could make it convenient to spare half an hour from other matters, GW would be glad to see him at 11 Oclock to day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0205", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 20 February 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJ. M. returns Mr. J. his note endorsed for negociation at the Bank, but recommends in preference a use of about 300 dollars of J. M. which will not be wanted till the time proposed for the redemption of the note. A Check for 150 dollars is inclosed. As much or a little more can be added as soon as an order from the Speaker can be got which will be tomorrow or next day. J. M. insists that Mr. J. concur in this substitute, assuring him that it is perfectly convenient, and moreover that if any contingency should subject J. M to a pecuniary demand before the last of next month, he will resort witht. scruple to the expedient proposed to be waved. He is also in doubt whether the Bank discounts for more than 40 days.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0206", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, 21 February 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\nDear SirPhilada. Feby. 21. 1792\nYour favor of the 8th. did not come to hand till this afternoon. I thank you for the very just & interesting observations contained in it. I have not yet met with an oppy. of forwarding the Report on Manufactures; nor has that subject been yet regularly taken up. The constitutional doctrine however advanced in the Report has been anticipated on another occasion, by its zealous friends; and I was drawn into a few hasty animadversions the substance of which you will find in one of the inclosed papers. It gives me great pleasure to find my exposition of the Constitution so well supported by yours.\nThe Bill concerning the election of a President & Vice President and the eventual successor to both, which has long been depending, has finally got thro\u2019 the two Houses. It was made a question whether the number of electors ought to correspond with the new apportionment or the existing House of Reps. The text of the Constitution was not decisive, and the Northern interest was strongly in favor of the latter interpretation. The intrinsic rectitude however of the former turned the decision in both houses in favor of the Southern. On another point the Bill certainly errs. It provides that in case of a double vacancy, the Executive powers shall devolve on the Presidt. pro. tem. of the Senate & he failing, on the Speaker of the House of Reps. The objections to this arrangement are various. 1. It may be questioned whether these are officers, in the constitutional sense. 2. If officers whether both could be introduced. 3. As they are created by the Constitution, they would probably have been there designated if contemplated for such a service, instead of being left to Legislative selection. 4. Either they will retain their legislative stations, and their incompatible functions will be blended; or the incompatibility will supersede those stations, & then those being the substratum of the adventitious functions, these must fail also. The Constitution says, Congs. may declare what officers &c. which seems to make it not an appointment or a translation; but an annexation of one office or trust to another office. The House of Reps. proposed to substitute the Secretary of State, but the Senate disagreed, & there being much delicacy in the matter it was not pressed by the former.\nAnother Representation Bill has gone to the Senate modelled on the double idea mentioned in my last. 1 for 30,000 is the ratio fixed both for the late & the proposed Census. The fate of the Bill in the Senate is problematical. The Bill immediately before the H. of Reps. is a Militia Bill.\nI have nothing to add to the contents of the Newspapers on other subjects foreign or domestic. With the highest esteem & sincerest affn. I remain Dear Sir Yrs.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0207", "content": "Title: Account with the United States, [21 February] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[21 February 1792]\n  The United States to James Madison Jr.\n  Drs.\n  To attendance in Congress from Jany 16 Inclusive.\n  216 Dollars.\n  E. Excd.\nJames Madison Jr.\nRecd. the contents on acct\nJames Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0208", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joseph Jones, 21 February 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jones, Joseph\nLetter not found. 21 February 1792. Acknowledged in Jones to JM, 2 Mar. 1792. Concerns the terms of the Presidential Succession Act of 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0209", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Hubbard Taylor, 22 February 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Taylor, Hubbard\nLetter not found. 22 February 1792. Acknowledged in Taylor to JM, 16 Apr. 1792. Contains observations concerning Kentucky. Reports on the favorable prospects of negotiations with Spain for the navigation of the Mississippi and on the opposition to the apportionment bill.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0210", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Carroll, 23 February 1792\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,feby. 23d. 1792\nMr. Carroll has communicated to you my Letters to him, more especially of the 21st & 22d Inst in one, and will what I have said to him this day. Your favor of the 16th came to hand for which I thank you, & sincerely wish a good issue of the Representation Bill\u2014if it getts thro yr. house properly, & the Senate shou\u2019d again alter I fear it will be attended with disagreable consequences. If their Honors can bring themselves to yield in any thing, it surely ought to be on such a Subject. Mr Carroll writes that the Contest is about the President of the Senate pro tempore & the Secretary of State for the time being, my sentiments are known on this subject. In this I fear the Senate will not give up one of their own Body. Alltho\u2019 the weather is still severe, the time approaches when many of yr. body will be anxious to return to their homes. Much will be undone in Apl. but I doubt whether you will be then able to keep a full House. I see nothing more abt Manufactures, but a motion made by Fitzsimmons to Commit the report to a special Committee, & Giles observations in favor of a Committee of the Whole. I hope you will have neither for the present, it is a subject not to be enterd upon, on the principles laid down in the report. The Speculating frenzy in Bank, mud (so I hear the Canal business termd) Jersy Manufactory Tontine &ca &cea scrips is such as to absorb all considerations from constitutional questions. You say that Jay is certainly a Candidate to be Governor of N York. I shoud not have expected it. Mr Carroll adds Burr the Senator to the list. We are engagd likewise in Speculations abt Land & Lotts, to say nothing of the disagreable wrangles & infamous Slanders. I can only add that I am allways, My dear Sir, Yrs. sincerely & affectionately\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0211", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Howell, 23 February 1792\nFrom: Howell, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,Pay Office February 23d. 1792\nIt appears by the accounts of depreciation of the State of Virginia that Colonel Alexander Spotswood received the sum of \u00a3120.10:\u2014for depreciation from the 1 January to 10t. October 1777. If Colo. Spotswood was entitled to the promotion mentioned by him he was certainly entitled to the pay, but the Act of limitation will at present bar his claim for that allowance as well as any which may be made for Rations or forage. I am Sir Your obedt. servt.\nJoseph Howell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0213", "content": "Title: Power of Attorney from James Madison, Sr., 28 February 1792 (Abstract)\nFrom: Madison, James, Sr.\nTo: Madison, James\nAbstract. 28 February 1792, Orange County, Virginia. James Madison, Sr., by power of attorney authorizes JM to receive the interest on his treasury notes. Notarized by Andrew Shepherd, James Taylor, and Zachariah Burnley.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0216", "content": "Title: Memorandum on New Orleans, [ca. 1 March] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nInformation of Phil. Barbour, who resided long in West Florida\nAfter N. Orleans fell into the hands of Spain her Govr. forbade all British vessels navigating under the Treaty of Paris to fasten to the Shore, and caused such as did so to be cut loose. In consequence of this proceeding a British frigate went up near the Town, fastened to the shore and set out guards with orders to fire on such as might attempt to cut her loose. The Govr after trying in vain by menaces to remove the frigate acquiesced, after which British Vessels were indiscriminately admitted to use the shore; and even the residence of British Merchants in the town of N. O. trading clandestinely with Spaniards as well as openly with their own people, connived at. The Treaty of 1763 stipulated to British subjects, (as well as is recollected) no more than the right of navigating the river. If the right of using the shore was admitted under that stipulation this right must have been admitted to be involved in the right of navigating the river, as incident to the beneficial enjoyment of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0218", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., 2 March 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nHond SirPhilada. Mar. 2. 1792.\nI have for some time past written once a week, inclosing always the Natl Gazettees as they come out. I now do the same now.\nThe River having been all the Winter & still continuing blocked up, I have never executed the several commissions in your last. I have made enquiry as to Clover seed and I find that the white is not to be had, and that the red will cost about 16 dollars a bushel, which is I presume double the price it may be got at in Virginia. If I am mistaken in this, and you chuse any to be sent you will let me know as early as possible. I ought to observe however that there will be some risk in sending it by water; for if not kept from the sea-sweat, it loses it[s] power of vegetation.\nThe Bill for the Western defence has at length been settled between the two Houses; and nearly in substance as I some time ago I explained it. The Representation-bill is still depending in the Senate, where its form if not its fate is precarious. The H. of Reps. is at present engaged on a Militia bill. An adjournment is projected by the two Houses early in next month. With my dutiful affection to my mother I remain as ever Your Affecte. son\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0220", "content": "Title: For the National Gazette, 3 March 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nRepublican Distribution of Citizens.\nA perfect theory on this subject would be useful, not because it could be reduced to practice by any plan of legislation, or ought to be attempted by violence on the will or property of individuals: but because it would be a monition against empirical experiments by power, and a model to which the free choice of occupations by the people, might gradually approximate the order of society.\nThe best distribution is that which would most favor health, virtue, intelligence and competency in the greatest number of citizens. It is needless to add to these objects, liberty and safety. The first is presupposed by them. The last must result from them.\nThe life of the husbandman is pre-eminently suited to the comfort and happiness of the individual. Health, the first of blessings, is an appurtenance of his property and his employment. Virtue, the health of the soul, is another part of his patrimony, and no less favored by his situation. Intelligence may be cultivated in this as well as in any other walk of life. If the mind be less susceptible of polish in retirement than in a croud, it is more capable of profound and comprehensive efforts. Is it more ignorant of some things? It has a compensation in its ignorance of others. Competency is more universally the lot of those who dwell in the country, when liberty is at the same time their lot. The extremes both of want and of waste have other abodes. \u2019Tis not the country that peoples either the Bridewells or the Bedlams. These mansions of wretchedness are tenanted from the distresses and vices of overgrown cities.\nThe condition, to which the blessings of life are most denied is that of the sailor. His health is continually assailed and his span shortened by the stormy element to which he belongs. His virtue, at no time aided, is occasionally exposed to every scene that can poison it. His mind, like his body, is imprisoned within the bark that transports him. Though traversing and circumnavigating the globe, he sees nothing but the same vague objects of nature, the same monotonous occurrences in ports and docks; and at home in his vessel, what new ideas can shoot from the unvaried use of the ropes and the rudder, or from the society of comrades as ignorant as himself. In the supply of his wants he often feels a scarcity, seldom more than a bare sustenance; and if his ultimate prospects do not embitter the present moment, it is because he never looks beyond it. How unfortunate, that in the intercourse, by which nations are enlightened and refined, and their means of safety extended, the immediate agents should be distinguished by the hardest condition of humanity.\nThe great interval between the two extremes, is, with a few exceptions, filled by those who work the materials furnished by the earth in its natural or cultivated state.\nIt is fortunate in general, and particularly for this country, that so much of the ordinary and most essential consumption, takes place in fabrics which can be prepared in every family, and which constitute indeed the natural ally of agriculture. The former is the work within doors, as the latter is without; and each being done by hands or at times, that can be spared from the other, the most is made of every thing.\nThe class of citizens who provide at once their own food and their own raiment, may be viewed as the most truly independent and happy. They are more: they are the best basis of public liberty, and the strongest bulwark of public safety. It follows, that the greater the proportion of this class to the whole society, the more free, the more independent, and the more happy must be the society itself.\nIn appreciating the regular branches of manufacturing and mechanical industry, their tendency must be compared with the principles laid down, and their merits graduated accordingly. Whatever is least favorable to vigor of body, to the faculties of the mind, or to the virtues or the utilities of life, instead of being forced or fostered by public authority, ought to be seen with regret as long as occupations more friendly to human happiness, lie vacant.\nThe several professions of more elevated pretensions, the merchant, the lawyer, the physician, the philosopher, the divine, form a certain proportion of every civilized society, and readily adjust their numbers to its demands, and its circumstances.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0221", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 5 March 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe inclosed papers which I have got from Mr. Beckleys office furnishes an answer to your letter. There is a Bill depending in favor of claims barred by the limitation of time\u2014which if it passes will provide for those of Owen & Woods as I understand the tenor of the Bill and the nature of their claims. As soon as the fate of the Bill is decided I shall write to the parties.\nJ. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0222", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Carroll, 8 March 1792\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,March 8th. 1792.\nYr. last come to hand was on the 28th Ulto. I have not sent to the office since the last post. As yr. sessions will now soon close, I hope you may separate in harmony for the public good, & yr. own satisfactions; I wish the subject on representation well finishd.\nMr Jefferson has favord me with the result of the Negotiations with Majr. L\u2019Enfant, on which you will not expect any remarks from me. The season will soon permit us to enter on the business of the year, & I am fully impressd with the propriety of proceeding with spirit. The public buildings will advance I hope as fast as they ought. Judgement & managemt. will be necessary to bring forward & encourage a disposition for private improvements. The exorbitant and unreasonable expectations of some, particularly D. Carroll of Duddington at one end of the City & Robert Peter at the other, may check in a degree the public good & do prejudice to themselv[e]s. I shoud have the same fears with Mr Carroll if there was not so much in the hands of the public\u2014but this inordinate & blind passion may cramp us.\nI find on turning over matters by memory that since this measure took place, the alienation of property has been very considerable. Underneath is a rough sketch on this Subject for yrs. & Mr Carrollsburgh [sic] amusement\u2014there may be circumstances perhaps which may induce not to say much about it at this time. It is not correct, but shall be so if desird\u2014not much under or over.\n  In the City\n  Sale from Slater to Prout since the location of the district but before that of the City\u2014\n  Dollars\n  abt. 500. Acrs. @ 54 dollrs \u214c acre\n      Do. Carr to Walker soon\n        after the Location of the City (not sure but a little before)\n  abt 420 Acres\u2014@ 80 Dollrs \u214c Acr.\n  Do Waring to Sundries abt 450 acres for 40 Dolrs \u214c Acr.\n  Since by them to Blodget @ 80\n    Dolrs \u214c acre.\n  Sundry small purchasers on the E Branch abt 20 Acrs.\u2014Abt. 100 Drs \u214c\u2014\n  Abraham Young to King abt 60\n  The 2 Peirceys to Saml & JnoDavidson I beleive ab 300 Acrs. abt\u201480 Ds \u214c Do.\n  exclusive of public & private Lotts\n  Land sold within these few days out of the City but near it\u2014\n  George Beall to Deakins Stoddert &ca abt 800 Acrs\u2014@ 21 Dollrs a \u2153\n  Berry to Carr & Bayly\u2014ab\n  Several small parcells besides\n  woud certainly make with the above more than \u2014\u2014200 000 Dollrs\n  Hendersons Land to Stoddart\n  since the act but before the\n  Location, & by him lately\n  one half to Captn Campbell\n  The Public & private Lotts\nI am glad to find we shall have the engravd Plan soon in circulation\u2014it must be of essential advantage. Yrs. Dr Sr. Affy.\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0223", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Strode, 9 March 1792\nFrom: Strode, John\nTo: Madison, James\nHonble. Sir,Culpeper 9th. March 1792\nThe Winter setting in so early prevented those Interested in the intended road leading thro\u2019 this County to the Fedral City, from making the Survey at the time they Otherwise intended, & the continuation of the Deep Snow has hereto had Similar effects, even at this Time altho\u2019 the Snow is gone, the Roads through \u201cthe Froggeaten-Country\u201d from the abundance of wet is altogether impassible, to so great a degree, perhaps Seldom known; However, the Surveyor Chain Carriers &c are all holding themselves in Readiness, the Instant it can be done, next week I hope, will proceed on the business, and as soon as a Draft of the Survey can be made, a Copy thereof Shall be forwarded to you. But the chiefest cause, which operates to produce this troublesome Scrawle, is a Suggestion from Mr. Strother and some other Gentlemen, That it wd. be a great advantage, in order to promote an undertaking of Such Genl. Utillity, That Sir You wd. be good enough to favourably Mention the Matter to Such other Members of Congress, as Lay on, or Near they [sic] Line, which the Road might be Supposed to pass, as well thro\u2019 this, as the more Southwd. States, for it seems to be the Opinion of a Number of well informd Gentlemen, Indeed all that I have conversed with, That the intended road, may very conveniently and usefully be extended, on Nearly a Direct way to the Seat of Government of Georgia, out of which again, thro its whole extant, a Variety of other great & Leading roads may branch Out to the Back Countrys. The Advantages to be derived from the whole, are perhaps too extensive and numerous for me to conceive, much less attempt to particularize, Sir to you they will be more Obvious, as to the Variety of Objects they may involve, their Magnitude & Interests, public, private and complicate; Suffer me I pray You Sir to beg the favour of You to introduce the Subject to Mr Jefferson and for us Supplicate His patronage in the Matter; If that Honorable Gentleman will deign to favour the undertaking, and with You can Spare the Time from the great National concerns which at present may require your Attentions, so far as to promote it by some Small Degree of Your influence with Such Characters on the Rout as is most likely to bring into effect the projected Design, or kindly communicate any directions Needfull for the more Effectual prosecution thereof, will be considerd a great favour by a Number of good people, as well as also by Honble. Sir yr. most Obdt Hble Sert\nJohn Strode", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0224", "content": "Title: Resolution on the French Constitution, [10 March] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   The president forwarded to the House a letter from Louis XVI announcing that the French king had accepted the Constitution of 1791. Tucker offered a resolution requesting the president, \u201cin his answer to the said notification, to express the sincere participation of the House in the interests of the French Nation, on this great and important event.\u201d White proposed a conference committee to produce a joint resolution with the Senate.\nMr. Madison saw no necessity for delaying, to obtain a concurrence from the Senate; moreover, the house had not always been successful in that respect. He was therefore surprised that any delay should be attempted, as he believed there were but few members in the house who did not view the French revolution with as much pleasure as he was certain all the people did\u2014every proper means therefore ought to be used to express our opinion\u2014it would be grateful to our constituents, and it would be grateful to the people of France. A proper address from the United States to the French Nation would be more natural and more acceptable, than from any other country, and it would have a better effect to encourage the spirit of freedom, which, it is to be hoped, will always enable them to resist the force of every invasion that may be attempted, by the machinations of any power in the world\u2014under this idea, he hoped no Gentleman would attempt to put it off to another day; what common politeness demanded should be answered immediately, besides, the very manner in which it has been communicated by the President\u2014the practice of other countries where it is usual for the head of the executive to address the parliament\u2014all these are in favour of it. The King of the French has communicated the same intelligence to all Europe, by order of the legislative body, and there can be no impropriety in this house expressing their opinion.\n   Federal Gazette, 12 Mar. 1792.\n   The Speaker read Tucker\u2019s resolution.\nMr. Madison thought the motion contained nothing exceptionable, and if there was nothing exceptionable in it, the farther it went the better; we could not express in too strong terms our satisfaction at the revolution and the wisdom which has dictated the formation of the constitution, and altho it contains some articles different from the constitution of this country, and altho it may not be exactly conformable to perfect wisdom said he, yet I think it contains more wisdom than any instrument that has ever fallen under my eye.\nI confess I feel a peculiar anxiety to favor an event so glorious to mankind and so glorious to this country, because it has grown as it were out of the American revolution.\n   Federal Gazette, 12 Mar. 1792.\n   JM voted with the majority as the House defeated a motion to commit the resolution, then passed the resolution. He was appointed to the committee of five (headed by Tucker) that delivered the resolution to the president (Annals of CongressDebates and Proceedings in the Congress of\n          the United States, 1789\u20131824 (42 vols.; Washington, 1834\u201356)., 2d Cong., 1st sess., 457). The resolution offended the president, who regarded it as an encroachment by the legislative branch upon the executive power to conduct foreign policy (Malone, Jefferson and the Rights of Man, pp. 403\u20134).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0226", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 14 March 1792\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 14 March 1792. Acknowledged in JM to Pendleton, 25 Mar. 1792. Says \u201c \u2018that the Northern Cocks are true game\u2019\u201d and \u201c \u2018that they die hard in the Representation bill.\u2019\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0228", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 16 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nI inclose you my thoughts on a subject extremely difficult, and on which I would thank you for any observations. The exchange of criminals is so difficult between a free & an arbitrary government, that England never would consent to make a convention with any state on the subject. It has accordingly been hitherto the asylum of all fugitives from the oppressions of other governments. The subject is forced on us by the importunities of Govr. Pinkney, & in a day or two I must report on it to the President.\nI will call for you a little before 4. to-day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0229", "content": "Title: Notes for Speech in Congress: The Contested Georgia Election, [ca. 19 March] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nEditorial Note\nThe election of General Anthony Wayne to the House of Representatives from a Georgia congressional district was disputed by his opponent, James Jackson, who petitioned the House on 14 November 1791 to declare him the legally elected winner of the election. Jackson\u2019s petition alleged irregularities and also claimed that Wayne was not a legal resident of Georgia at the time of the election and hence was ineligible to serve on any count. The trial of the articles in Jackson\u2019s petition began on 12 March 1792. A resolution that Wayne \u201cwas not duly elected a Member of this House\u201d won unanimous approval on 16 March, and on 19 March a resolution declaring that Jackson was \u201centitled to a seat in this House\u201d was introduced (Annals of CongressDebates and Proceedings in the Congress of\n          the United States, 1789\u20131824 (42 vols.; Washington, 1834\u201356)., 2d Cong., 1st sess., 472, 475; Matthew St. Clair Clarke and David A. Hall, comps., Cases of Contested Elections in Congress from the Year 1789 to 1834, Inclusive [Washington, 1834], pp. 47\u201368).\nIt appears that Petr. has the greatest no. of legal votes\u2014if not elected\u2014Why?\n\u261e Note Lex Parl. not law\u2014unity there plurality here\u2014positive regulations.\n1. Is the election avoided in toto by error in part.\nNo because then the smallest part may viciate\n2. Are we to require majority of Counties to be sound?\n\u2014they wd. be unequal\n3. or a majority of rightful electors whether voting or not in whole district\n\u2014This unsafe to representation\n\u2014unreasonable, non voters being neutrals\n4. or a majority of votes given whether legally or illegally.\n\u2014this inadmissable.\n\u2014favorable to the petitioner\n5. It follows\u2014that we must be governed by the majr. number of legal votes legally given\nUnless\n1. The petitioner be disqualified by law\u2014or\n2. hath disqualified himself by some illegal proceeding in the case\u2014\nFor\nthe illegal proceedings agst. him (even if in every County) wd. not do it, if majy. of sound vote\nsee Dougs. vol: 3. p. 122\nsd. has not petitioned.\n\u2014has petid.\n\u2014if not, right of election & people not to be affectd. by act of party.\nsd. not returned & can not be put into return.\n\u2014Dougs. vol. 2. p. 25\u2014form of altering returns.\nsd. if admitted final agst all objection\u2014no.\n\u2014Dougs. vol: [1] p. 74\n\u2014Blackstone p. 63.\n\u2014only do what return sd. have done\u2014\n\u2014want of reciprocity\u2014\n\u2014Elections sd. be favd. so as to prevent failure or chasm\ndistance of States another reason\u2014\nMorpeth Vol. 1. p. 74\nSitting member decld not duly returned\u2014\nThe Petitionr to be so\nLiberty given to the ejected member & others to question Petitioners election within 14 days see W. & Luttrel p. 63.\n2 Sittg Members and also 2 petitioners decd, not duly elected.\nAgremt. of parties cannot alter right of election\nBribery by sitting member\nPetitioner must still prove majority of unbribed votes in his favor\u2014vol. 3. p. 122. p. 75\u20136\nForm of order for amending the return.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0230", "content": "Title: The Contested Georgia Election, [19 March] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nMr. Madison replied generally to all the reasoning of the gentlemen who had gone before him in this business\u2014he mentioned the general rule, that whoever had a majority of sound votes was the legal representative; he then recited several exceptions to this rule, and expatiated on the lex parliamentaria. In addition to the cases quoted by Mr. Giles and Mr. W. Smith, he mentioned one wherein corruption appeared in both candidates, and the seat was adjudged to him who had the greatest number of sound votes; but this, he said, was not a case exactly [in] point, he therefore believed it would be necessary to decide the present one agreeably to the Constitution and right reason\u2014he had ventured an opinion formerly upon an occasion of this kind, and he would now confess that, if the house could, conformably to reason, to precedents, or conveniency, admit the petitioning member to a seat, he believed, that they ought to do it, in order to fill up the chasm in the house, so far as relates to the representation and interest of the state of Georgia\u2014he differed in opinion with those who had argued, that the petitioner had not claimed his seat, and even admitting he had done so, or that he would resign, or refuse to accept of it, still the house are bound to declare and establish his right.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0233", "content": "Title: Proportional Representation, [22 March] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   During debate on the apportionment bill in Committee of the Whole on 16 February, JM opposed Vining\u2019s proposition to grant New Hampshire five representatives. \u201cFractions will exist, said he, on every possible plan; this is to be a permanent law, and in its operation will probably increase those fractions. The Constitution refers to the respective numbers of the States, and not to any aggregate number. The proposition breaks down the barriers between the State and General Governments, and involves a consolidation\u201d (Gazette of the U.S., 24 Feb. 1792). Vining withdrew his proposition. On 20 February JM voted with the majority when the House defeated Dayton\u2019s motion to strike out the provision for a second census in 1797, defeated Seney\u2019s motion to strike out the provision for a ratio of representation on the second census, and approved a 1:30,000 ratio. The amended bill passed the next day, and on 17 March JM\u2019s negative vote was crucial as the House rejected (by a 30\u201331 vote) a Senate amendment which would have fixed the number of representatives at 120. The House then rejected all other Senate amendments and appointed JM chairman of the five-member House delegation to a conference committee on the bill.\nMr. Madison, from the committee of conference on the representation bill, reported, that the Managers, on the part of the House, had proposed terms of accommodation to those appointed by the Senate, viz. to give up the provision for taking a new Census at the end of four years; and to consent to the ratio of thirty three thousand to be applied to the members in each state, without regard to fractions; but that the Senate\u2019s conferees had refused their assent, and no prospect of accommodation remained.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0234", "content": "Title: Design of Coinage, [24 March] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   The Senate passed a bill establishing the mint which included a provision for displaying an image \u201cof the President of the United States for the time being\u201d on the coinage. This provision touched off one of the most divisive debates of the session. Representatives who favored the Senate version claimed it was an appropriate compliment to Washington, while its opponents argued that the measure smacked of monarchy. On 24 March the Committee of the Whole considered an amendment to substitute for a \u201crepresentation of the head\u201d of the incumbent president a figure \u201cEmblematic of Liberty\u201d on the coinage.\nMr. Madison said there ought to be some respect paid to the opinions of members in the house as well as those persons who were inclined to criticise out of doors. He could not see the propriety of stamping the President\u2019s head on the money, and he made some remarks on the conduct of the French.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0235", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, 25 March 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\nDear SirPhilada. March 25th. 1792\nYour favor of the 14th. came to hand yesterday. You were right in saying \u201cthat the Northern Cocks are true game\u201d but have erred in adding \u201cthat they die hard on the Representation bill.\u201d Their perseverance has gained them a final victory. The bill passed on friday last in the form in which it was sent from the Senate; that is with the distribution of 120 members among the States, and the provision for a second Census expunged. It was carried in the Senate by a majority of one, and in the House of Reps, by a majority of two only. It now remains with the President. The history of this subject involves many unpleasing circumstances, and the result appears to me absolutely irreconcileable with the Constitution. The business next to be taken up are the reports from the Treasury on the new duties on trade, the enlargement of the times for subscribing to the funding System including the assumption part of it, and a further assumption of the remaining State debts. The last alone is likely to become doubtful, and even that I consider as gaining converts daily. The two first will be urged as in the one case a reasonable indulgence to such as have not obtained due information within the time limited; and in the other as an inevitable consequence of the military augmentations provided for the Western defence. The Militia-bill which originated in the House of Reps. is before the Senate, and the Mint which originated in the latter will receive a decision on its 3d. reading in the former tomorrow. We have no late information from Europe. That from St. Domingo, paints the distress of the Island in the most gloomy colours. The gambling system which has been pushed to such a excess, is beginning to exhibit its explosions. Duer of N. York, the Prince of the tribe of Speculators, has just become a victim to his enterprizes, and involves an unknown number to an unknown amount in his fate. It is said by some that his operations have extended to several millions of dollars, that they have been carried on by usurious loans from 3 to 6 PerCt. per month, and that every description & gradation of persons from the Church to the Stews are among the dupes of his dexterity and the partners of his distress. With the highest esteem and affection I remain Dear Sir unalterably your friend & servt.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0237", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Moore, 27 March 1792\nFrom: Moore, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirCarlisle March 27. 92\nSince I received your\u2019s by Mr. Mcalister together with the 32 dollars, I have had a Letter from my father informing me of the cashe he has lodged in the hands of a merchant in Philadelphia, directing me to draw on you whenever my exigencies required it; I expect in the course of three weeks to set out for Virginia but shall not be able to accomplish it untill I get the remainder of the money which is in your hands, which I should have wrote for sooner had a convenient opportunity offered; no safe one has yet been had, I must therefore beg that you would send it up by the next post, in bank notes, as the conveyance will not be quick enough any other away; I have examined my accompts & find that the sum which you mentioned in your last will not be sufficient to bring them to a settlement, without an additional supply which I hope you will get from the gentleman who has cashe for that purpose. Sir should you not send it by the post I shall be detained as I cannot go without it which will oblige your most affectionate\nJohn Moore.\nP. S. I see no inconvenience that will arise from your drawing more cashe than you mentioned in your Letter as my father will settle it with Mr. Dunbar in Fredericksburg.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0238", "content": "Title: For the National Gazette, 27 March 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nProperty.\nThis term in its particular application means \u201cthat dominion which one man claims and exercises over the external things of the world, in exclusion of every other individual.\u201d\nIn its larger and juster meaning, it embraces every thing to which a man may attach a value and have a right; and which leaves to every one else the like advantage.\nIn the former sense, a man\u2019s land, or merchandize, or money is called his property.\nIn the latter sense, a man has a property in his opinions and the free communication of them.\nHe has a property of peculiar value in his religious opinions, and in the profession and practice dictated by them.\nHe has a property very dear to him in the safety and liberty of his person.\nHe has an equal property in the free use of his faculties and free choice of the objects on which to employ them.\nIn a word, as a man is said to have a right to his property, he may be equally said to have a property in his rights.\nWhere an excess of power prevails, property of no sort is duly respected. No man is safe in his opinions, his person, his faculties, or his possessions.\nWhere there is an excess of liberty, the effect is the same, tho\u2019 from an opposite cause.\nGovernment is instituted to protect property of every sort; as well that which lies in the various rights of individuals, as that which the term particularly expresses. This being the end of government, that alone is a just government, which impartially secures to every man, whatever is his own.\nAccording to this standard of merit, the praise of affording a just security to property, should be sparingly bestowed on a government which, however scrupulously guarding the possessions of individuals, does not protect them in the enjoyment and communication of their opinions, in which they have an equal, and in the estimation of some, a more valuable property.\nMore sparingly should this praise be allowed to a government, where a man\u2019s religious rights are violated by penalties, or fettered by tests, or taxed by a hierarchy. Conscience is the most sacred of all property; other property depending in part on positive law, the exercise of that, being a natural and unalienable right. To guard a man\u2019s house as his castle, to pay public and enforce private debts with the most exact faith, can give no title to invade a man\u2019s conscience which is more sacred than his castle, or to withhold from it that debt of protection, for which the public faith is pledged, by the very nature and original conditions of the social pact.\nThat is not a just government, nor is property secure under it, where the property which a man has in his personal safety and personal liberty, is violated by arbitrary seizures of one class of citizens for the service of the rest. A magistrate issuing his warrants to a press gang, would be in his proper functions in Turkey or Indostan, under appellations proverbial of the most compleat despotism.\nThat is not a just government, nor is property secure under it, where arbitrary restrictions, exemptions, and monopolies deny to part of its citizens that free use of their faculties, and free choice of their occupations, which not only constitute their property in the general sense of the word; but are the means of acquiring property strictly so called. What must be the spirit of legislation where a manufacturer of linen cloth is forbidden to bury his own child in a linen shroud, in order to favour his neighbour who manufactures woolen cloth; where the manufacturer and wearer of woolen cloth are again forbidden the \u0153conomical use of buttons of that material, in favor of the manufacturer of buttons of other materials!\nA just security to property is not afforded by that government, under which unequal taxes oppress one species of property and reward another species: where arbitrary taxes invade the domestic sanctuaries of the rich, and excessive taxes grind the faces of the poor; where the keenness and competitions of want are deemed an insufficient spur to labor, and taxes are again applied, by an unfeeling policy, as another spur; in violation of that sacred property, which Heaven, in decreeing man to earn his bread by the sweat of his brow, kindly reserved to him, in the small repose that could be spared from the supply of his necessities.\nIf there be a government then which prides itself in maintaining the inviolability of property; which provides that none shall be taken directly even for public use without indemnification to the owner, and yet directly violates the property which individuals have in their opinions, their religion, their persons, and their faculties; nay more, which indirectly violates their property, in their actual possessions, in the labor that acquires their daily subsistence, and in the hallowed remnant of time which ought to relieve their fatigues and soothe their cares, the influence will have been anticipated, that such a government is not a pattern for the United States.\nIf the United States mean to obtain or deserve the full praise due to wise and just governments, they will equally respect the rights of property, and the property in rights: they will rival the government that most sacredly guards the former; and by repelling its example in violating the latter, will make themselves a pattern to that and all other governments.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0239", "content": "Title: Inquiry into General St. Clair\u2019s Defeat, [27 March] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   Giles moved that the House request the president to conduct an inquiry into the causes of the defeat on 4 November 1791 of the army under Major General Arthur St. Clair. Debate focused on the issue of whether the president or the House should initiate such an inquiry.\nMr. Madison started some difficulties in the business\u2014He said the House ought to deliberate well, before they requested the President to do a thing which he had it not in his power to do\u2014It was evident that the object of a court-martial or court of enquiry, must be to elucidate facts which would require the presence of officers, who could not possibly give their attendance in season to meet the object of the resolution\u2014He added some further remarks.\u2026\n   Gazette of the U.S., 5 May 1792.\n   JM voted with the majority when the House rejected Giles\u2019s motion. FitzSimons offered a resolution charging a select committee of the House with conducting an inquiry. The House approved this motion, thereby initiating the first exercise of legislative oversight of the executive branch (Gazette of the U.S., 31 Mar. 1792).\nMr. Madison, who had voted with the majority, for the appointment of a committee of enquiry, moved for a reconsideration of the vote, for the purpose of substituting the following resolution, instead of the one adopted:\n\u201cResolved, that a committee be appointed, to make enquiry into such circumstances, connected with the late unsuccessful expedition under the command of Major-General St. Clair, as may be proper to be reported for the information of this House.\u201d\n   National Gazette, 2 Apr. 1792 (also reported in Gazette of the U.S., 28 Mar. 1792, and Dunlap\u2019s Am. Daily Advertiser, 29 Mar. 1792).\n   The House adjourned without voting on JM\u2019s motion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0242", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Carroll, 29 March 1792\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,George Town March 29th. 1792\nI wrote a few lines by last post\u2014Since which I have had some Conversation with Col Forrest who says that all the Maryland Delegation will be against the Assumption excepting one viz. Mr Sterrett. He is very possitive in his declarations, but I will not vouch for their being worthy of dependance.\nMr. Stuart & myself have been here since Monday. We have enterd on some matters as you may be inform\u2019d of perhaps from Mr. Jefferson. We had reason to expect Mr Ellicot. His absence with the plan occasions considerable dificulties. Mr Johnsons Mother in Law died last Tuesday; we shall now I expect have him with us very soon. Comps. to Mr Carroll to whom I shall probably write by the next post. Will not the Confusion which has taken place in Consequence of Duers failure check the Spirits of those who were for a further assumption\u2014or if I may say the Assuming Spirits? Yrs, My dear Sir, affectionately\nDanl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0243", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., 30 March 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nHond. SirPhilada. Mar: 30. 1792\nI have procured & inclose with the two last Natl. Gazettes, the 1st. No. which compleats your sett. If any that I send from time to time shd. miscarry, I wish you to let me know it and I will supply the loss.\nThe Representation-bill has passed the two Houses, in the unconstitutional form proposed by the Senate, and is now before the Senate. It fixes the number at 120 members & distributes them so as to allow for fractions to particular States. The Mint Bill has also passed. The H. of Reps. is at present engaged on the Reports of the Secy. for keeping open the door for subscriptions to the Funding system including the assumption which I presume will be done, and for assuming the remainder of the State debts, which will meet with a strong opposition, if not a successful one. Nothing late from Europe. St. Domingo remains in distress. I inclose some White Mulberry seed, which it may be worth while to sow if you can spare any convenient spot for a little nursery. It will suffice for yourself & my brothers. The sooner it is put in the ground the better. It shd. be sown abt. \u00bd inch deep & abt. 15 or 18 apart.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0244", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Patton, 30 March 1792\nFrom: Patton, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\nDear sirFredericksburg 30th March 1792\nMy House having been very suddenly destroyed by fire in the month of Jany last, I found my papers, on my return from Philadelphia in such a deranged situation that it was not untill yesterday I was able to lay my hands on the Letter which contained a Copy of the affadavit recorded in the public office at Charleston respecting the forgery on my name to a Bond given General Greene by Banks & Hunter. The foregoing is an exact Copy, and the first intimation I had of the forgery was communicated to me by Letter from Mr. James Miller of Charleston I think early in 1785, wherein he related the manner of his making the discovery and a conversation he had with General Greene on the subject, but this Letter has I am afraid been consumed in the fire as I cannot discover it amongst my papers after a diligent search. I immediately wrote to Charleston to have the Witnesses to the Bond examined, but Mr. Ferrie the only one being in Europe his deposition could not be procured untill the time mentioned.\nA stranger to any connection ever having been between General Greene & Banks; conscious none ever existed between him & myself and conceiving myself to Stand on safe ground with respect to all degree of responsibality, I feel a disposition to withhold any thing that might be thought to operate against the Prayer of Mrs. Greene\u2019s petition and prove prejudicial to the family of a Gentleman who deserves so much from his Country as General Greene. Indeed it is only to save my own reputation that I expose a transaction wch. must cover the memory of Banks with Ignominy & dishonour; under those circumstances the foregoing is committed to Mr. Madisons superior Judgment to use as he thinks best, with this request that it may be shewn to Mr. Wadsworth who I am told is one of the Genls. Executors & to whom this forgery in all probability has never yet been told. Your goodness will I hope ex\u2019use the trouble I give you on this Occassion and believe me to be with great Respect Dear sir Your Mo: Ob: servant\nRob Patton\nYour friends in Orange were all well last Monday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0247", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Ballard, 1 April 1792\nFrom: Ballard, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\nSirBaltimore April 1st 1792\nI had a long while impatiently waited to see the Secretary of the Treasurys report on the mode of compensation to the Officers of Revenue. Since that report was made, I cannot see by the debates, that the Honble. Congress, have acted on it. To speak of myself, my fees as Surveyor last year did not exceed \u00a3300\u2014out of that sum, I have to pay for House rent & Clerks hire, \u00a3175. From last December to the Middle of March I did not receive a fee, being blocked up by the ice. I see nothing before me but inevitable ruin, if the Honble. Congress does not do something for us, before they close the Session.\nSince I was honored w[i]th the Commission of Surveyor, my fees fall short of support upwards of Four hundred Pounds, which money is now owing to the Merchants and Tradesmen here: and if the Surveyors fees are not raised, and a generous compensation given to the Inspectors of the Revenue; (whose Arduous service is well known) I then know my fate. My Creditors will distress me; the consequence, will be I must go to Goal. My Commissions (the only things I have to look up to) taken from me, thereby beggaring my Wife and a house full of fine Boys, whose education is my greatest wish.\nI have not the pleasure of being personally known to you, yet I have taken the liberty of addressing you on this subject, being fully persuaded that it is your Wish, the Officers of the Customs should be amply compensated; and that your aid in bringing forward the business before the Session is over, will not be wanting. I have the Honor to be with great respect, Sir, Your most Obedt. Servt.\nRobert Ballard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0248", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Daniel Carroll, 1 April 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Carroll, Daniel\nLetter not found. 1 April 1792. Acknowledged in Carroll to JM, 9 Apr. 1792. Reports on the debate over further assumption of state debts, which if rejected would be \u201cmere ceremony.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0249", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Moore, ca. 1 April 1792\nFrom: Moore, William\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. Ca. 1 April 1792. Mentioned in John Moore to JM, 1 May 1792. Requests that JM supply John Moore with further sums if he should require them to meet his expenses at Dickinson College.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0250", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander Spotswood, 2 April 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Spotswood, Alexander\nLetter not found. 2 April 1792. Acknowledged in Spotswood to JM, 9 and 23 Apr. 1792. Concerns Spotswood\u2019s claim for military service in the Revolution.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0251", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sirRichmond April 4h. 92\nI had the pleasure last night to receive your letter of the 28h. March with the newspapers enclosed. In the various doings of Congress there detailed it plainly appears that very little regard is paid to the minds of their constituents. In every transaction something occurs which excites suspicion of an undue influence or a latent design inimical to the intention and true spirit of the constitution. But no occurrence so strongly evinces this perverseness of mind or manner, so glaringly as the dispute concerning the impression on the coin.\nThe fiscal arrangements I consider as the bottom of all the evils experienced and to be experienced and I cannot cease to lament the fatal project introduced and carried by my friend Hamilton of whose head & heart I entertain the highest sentiments of respect.\nHis error on this important business never will be conceded by those who patronized his schemes until the society have drank deeply of the bitter cup.\nThe encrease of the additional dutys proposed will introduce smuggling, & smuggling will defeat the revenue. Yet in his late report this alternative is the one preferred of the three mentioned.\nExclusive of this objection to the proposition there are others very weighty in my judgement, one of which I will mention. If the government of the U. S. is to be cheifly supported & every exigency provided for by impost, the agricultural states will pay an overproportion of the general contribution. To bear the burden and not participate in boones of govt. is intolerable. I thank you for your attention to the subject supposed to concern me personally. But I assure you I feel disposed to hope that the President will pass me over, especially as I have been informed that the ruling party consider me as inconvenient possibly in future from my known hostility to the funding system was I placed in high f\u0153deral office.\nIt is better to till the land with your own hands, than to serve a govt. which distrust your due attachment\u2014even in the higher station. I am my dear sir ever yours\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0252", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Jones, 6 April 1792\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sr.Fredericksburg 6th. Apr: 1792.\nI am at this time so much engaged in preparing for my western Journey that I cannot satisfy you by a more accurate statement than I have proposed\u2014your retaining forty pounds and delivering the balance to Monroe will I am persuaded be no injury to me it will rather fall on yourself as I am inclined to think an accurate settlemt. wod. make the balance larger\u2014let it suffice for the present and on my return I will endeavour to be more particular. I inclose the order desired. The representation bill having passed the two houses I have no expectation it will be stopt by the Executive\u2014that branch on a former occasion had the best ground to refuse a bill passed by the two houses but did not exert or manifest to my satisfaction the independency I thought wod. ever mark the conduct of the present Officer. Our system on paper either is or is construed to be so amphibious, it is fish or flesh as it happens to suit the market. I cannot rejoice at the misfortune of an individual\u2014but I have such a dislike to what You term fashionable measures that if the whole swar\u27e8m\u27e9 of insects which the sunshine of the funding and bank\u27e8ing\u27e9 systems hath produced shod. be dissipated by one severe blast I shod. not weep over their disaster. Has any legislature a right to Mortgage the property of th\u27e8e\u27e9 people forever or to say to them such a debt wch. you owe you shall not discharge\u2014this contemplates a power in one legislature superior to all others and if admitted wod. establish a complete legal tyranny and deprive posterity of the means of redress or delivering themselves from the most distressing evils. Pay as you go is the best policy if that cannot be effected the next best is to settle and pay as soon as you can that the interest may not gradually devour the capital. Adieu untill I return. Yr. friend & Servt\nJos: Jones.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0254", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, 9 April 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\nDear SirPhilada. Apl. 9. 92\nYou will find by the inclosed papers that the President\u2019s Negative has saved us from the unconstitutional allotment of 120 Reps. proposed by the Bill on that subject. The contest is now to be between a ratio of 1 for 30, and 1 for 33 thousand. If the next bill should begin with the former, I think it most likely to end in the latter, this being most favorable to the Northern part of the Union, the circumstance which produced the curious project contained in the other Bill. The Assumption of the Remainder of the \u27e8s\u27e9tate debts amounting to about 41[,]000,000 dollrs. has been lately on the anvil. The first vote was in its favor. On the 2d. it was thrown out. It will however be pretty certainly renewed, and in the end not improbably carried. Besides a legion of objections agst. the Measure, its being pressed is the more extraordinary, as the progress of the Comissrs. for settling the final balances among the States, promises a conclusion of the work almost as soon as provision can be made for paying the first interest on the debts to be assumed; For the plan is to pass the assumption now, & leave the revenue to be provided hereafter. The Obligation of public faith will then be an answer to all objections agst. the new taxes or contrivances that will be called for. The ways & means for the Western defence have been the subject of latest discussion. They consist of increased duties on imports; and it is to be feared that advantage will be taken of the occasion to make the increase permanent, altho\u2019 the object is temporary. New York continues to be a scene of Bankruptcies resulting from Duer\u2019s fate, and the fall of the Stocks. Every day exhibits new victims, and opens new scenes of Usury, knavery and folly. If the Stocks shd. not be artificially revived, it is suspected that the ensuing week will be a very trying one to this City. I remain always & most affectly Yrs.\nJames Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0256", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander Spotswood, 9 April 1792\nFrom: Spotswood, Alexander\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirApril 9th. 1792\nYour Favr. of the 2d. Inst. I am just honoured with.\nIn answer, I say, that from the time I entered into the service, to the time I quitted it, which my honr. compelld me to do\u2014and which will Fully appr. by my memorial to Congress in 1777\u2014There was not an officer in the Army, more Attentive & Constant to his duty than myself\u2014and being informed that an act of Congress deprived every officer of his land, who had not served three years\u2014I concived that act also deprived him of every other emolument, and therefore made no enquiery into my wrights, until I was better informed. I must also remark, that many officers, who came into the Army at the Close of the war, and who did not serve So long as myself\u2014recd. every emolument. Now sir observe, the Situation of us who entered in the Army at the Commencement of the war, & those at the Close. We who first Entered, had every risk and difficulty to encounter\u2014none or few Military resources, & Nothing but our Patriotism & Resolution to support us\u2014had we have been conquered, what would have been our Fate\u2014our lives and fortunes would have been the forfeit\u2014& to save the former, we must have, asked & seeked an assylum among the Savages. Whereas those who Entered at the Close and have draw every emolument run not these Risks\u2014they had plenty of Military Resources\u2014and a powerfull Ally. I say under these circumstances, it would be hard, for our, ignorance, of our claims, to be now shut out of them\u2014and if this representation is made to congress, I am certain they have so much National Dignity & Justice\u2014that they would not only Suspend the act, but give us our land Also. This Business I submit to you & my Brother soldier Colo. Parker.\nRespecting the charge agt. me of \u00a3120\u201310. recd. by me for depretiation of pay\u2014I utterly deny the rect. of such, or any other sum on that Acct.\nBut perhaps in makeing out the Acct. they knowing me to be Intitled to it, & expecting I would demand the Same\u2014thought it propper to Include me. I therefore, shall feel myself, under farther obligations to you\u2014to have my rank ascertained\u2014which Ought to be agreable to my statement to you\u2014and forward me as early as possible\u2014every certificate & information Necessary for me to get at least my \u00a3120\u201310. Respecting my ration Acct. that is due for myself & servants\u2014& feeding two horses for at least 12. Months\u2014by haveing my forage witheld by order of General Lee\u2014this would Amt. to nearly or upward of \u00a3100. However as I have said, so I leave the matter of Ration, forage, & Land, to yours & Colo. Parkers management\u2014tho think in tryal the matter would succeed but the matter as to depreciation, Rank &c\u2014I thank you for early information. Wishing you all health, happiness, & prosperity in Life I remain Respectfully Dr sr. ys sincerely\nA Spotswood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0257", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Henry Lee, 11 April 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lee, Henry\nLetter not found. 11 April 1792. Acknowledged in Lee to JM, 18 Apr. 1792. Reports Washington\u2019s decision to appoint General Wayne as commander of the frontier army.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0258", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Hull, 14 April 1792\nFrom: Hull, William\nTo: Madison, James\n(Circular.)\nSir,Philadelphia, April 14th. 1792.\nIn conformity to an appointment and instructions from the officers of the Massachusetts line of the late American army, I have attended at the seat of government from the 20th of March to the present period.\nThe object of my commission was to obtain a decision on a memorial which they had heretofore presented to Congress, on the subject of further compensation for themselves and the soldiers who served during the war. Although in the first instance similar applications were expected from those in the different states who were interested, yet that expectation was defeated by a delay of the communication contained in the circular address of the 28th of February, and an idea that an earlier adjournment of Congress would have taken place.\nFinding myself thus situated, and considering that the officers and soldiers through the United States were equally interested in the question, I deemed it a mark of respect and attention due to them, not even to attempt a consideration of the subject until they had a fair opportunity of becoming active applicants in the measures we had adopted, and of affording us the aid of their advice and assistance.\nAs a proper investigation and decision of this question is of the highest importance, as it will afford relief to a large number of our companions of the war, whose distresses are only equalled by their patience; and as a union of sentiment and of measures will be most likely to produce the object of our reasonable wishes, I have it in particular command from the officers of Massachusetts, to request a co-operation of the officers of your line, at the opening of the next session of Congress.\nThey will attend at that time by their agent or agents, and a final decision will dou[b]tless be obtained.\nAs my brother officers in Massachusetts have entrusted this business to my care, and as I have devoted some attention to the consideration of the subject, I flatter myself you will not deem it improper in me, in this communication, to make some general observations thereon.\nThe claim of the army on the public, in my opinion, is so fixed in the unalterable principles of justice, that they ought to feel the fullest confidence of success.\nThe people of America know, and the public records will ever perpetuate the services which have been rendered, and the manner in which they have been remunerated. An attempt to prove that a demand of the most sacred nature still remains uncancelled, would be only to shew that a part is less than the whole; or that two, three, four or five, are not equal to twenty. The case in point indeed is stronger than any which can be adduced in its support; and the feelings of every honest heart will overcome every argument which sophistry can devise or ingenuity invent, in opposition to the claim.\nWere I to attempt an investigation of the subject, it would appear from the most authentic documents that the public engagement to the army was a certain sum in specie. That certain military services were to be rendered in consequence of this engagement. That there has been a full acknowledgement on the part of the United States, that the services have been faithfully performed. That the public neither discharged the demand in specie, or in other property equivalent in value to specie. That the certificates, being unsupported by funds, had no other value than what was stamped on them by public opinion. That this value was sanctioned by the uniform adjudications of the courts of law, through the United States, in causes relating to this kind of property. That the same principle has been recognized by the legislatures of the different states, in a variety of instances. That Congress themselves, under the confederation, were impressed with the same sentiments, particularly in the instance of the sale of the lands in the western territory, for a price greatly enhanced in consequence of payment being made in certificates.\nFrom these facts it most conclusively follows, that the claim of the army is not chimerical, but founded in the clear and eternal principles of justice.\nIf these facts and the conclusion which follow from them, be true, what possible reason can be given why we should not, in a decent and manly manner, ask for our rights? The present government is not only endowed with the ability, but was formed for the express purpose of \u201cestablishing justice.\u201d While the services of those men, who cheerfully endured every toil, hardship and danger, which are incident to a military life; who persevered in the service of their country until peace and happiness were restored, remain unrewarded, it can never be said that this purpose has been obtained. The pleasure which every honest American must feel from a reflection on the present p[r]osperous situation of his country, must necessarily be checked by a consideration that those services are unrewarded which modesty need not blush to say, greatly contributed to the attainment of the public felicity which is now enjoyed. Nor is this all, many of the men who performed these services are now (from the want of the just compensation which was promised to them) pining in indigence, languishing in jails, or compelled to seek a subsistence in the neighbourhood of savages, upon the frontiers of the United States; while nearly every thing they eat, drink or wear, in these distressing situations, is taxed to pay the difference between the former low and the present high value of their certificates to the present holders of them.\nTo shew that those characters who are entitled to the public consideration can easily be distinguished, that a further compensation can be made only by paying the debt which actually existed at the time when the funding system was adopted, that in doing it no new debt will be created, and the purchasers of aliened securities will not be affected, or any interference be made with any systems which have been adopted, I beg leave to present the following statement.\nThe army may be divided into four classes\u2014\n1. Those whose terms of service expired the 1st of January 1776.\n2. Those whose terms of service expired the 1st of January 1777.\n3. Those who inlisted in the year 1777 for three years, or during the war. The term of service of those who inlisted for three years expired in the year 1780.\n4. Those who inlisted in the year 1780.\nThe first and second class have no well founded claims, because, there was no depreciation on the money at the time they were paid. The fourth class, perhaps, have no claim in equity, because the large bounties they received, were a full equivalent for their services. The third class, with the officers, remain only to be considered. They depended wholly on the stipulations of Congress. This class having served during the principal part of the war, received certificates in payment, the value of which has been fully considered. They returned home under the disadvantages of having the habits of their former occupations impaired by their military pursuits, their property and connections deranged and lost, and their families involved for a necessary support. Thus circumstanced, necessity compelled them to dispose of their certificates for the current price in the market.\nAfter the present government was established, provision was made for these certificates, wherever they were found. By that provision the purchasers received an immense advantage. The public however saved a part of the debt which was originally due\u2014two per cent. for ten years on the principal of the whole debt, and half the interest which had accumulated. This remnant now remains, and in paying it no more than the original debt will be discharged.\nThe rival pretensions to this remnant will be the original holders, who earned the whole by the sweat of their brow, and the present holders, who have already received seven or eight hundred per cent. on the money which they advanced.\nIn the name of justice, equity, and good conscience, which claim is to be preferred? Every man will answer, that of the soldier; unless his feelings arc steeled against every principle of honor, good faith, and gratitude.\nThis remnant therefore, so far as it extends to our own original claims, may be appropriated with great propriety to relieve the sufferings of the foregoing description of men. In addition to this, there can be no doubt but Congress will be disposed to make a liberal grant of land in the western territory, for the same purpose, for it is not to be forgotten that those vast possessions, on which has been founded the pleasing expectation of sinking the whole of the public debt, are the fruits of those toils which the Government is now called upon to compensate. I have only, sir, to request you to take the earliest opportunity to make this communication known to the officers of your line, and I sincerely hope at the opening of the next session of Congress, they will think proper to make their application. I am, with every sentiment of respect, in behalf of the officers of the Massachusetts line of the late army, Your most obedient servant,\nWilliam Hull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0259", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Henry Lee, 15 April 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lee, Henry\nMy Dear sirPhiladelphia April 15th 1792\nI have already acquainted you with the nominations of the President for General Officers. They have all been confirmed by the Senate except Wilkinson who I am told will be tomorrow. The Commander in chief it is said went through the Senate rather against the bristles. The appointment is well relished of course by some, but does not escape already considerable criticism. I am glad to find by your letter of the 4th which did not come to hand till yesterday that your inclinations & your anticipations so well coincided as they related to yourself. With respect to mine, the latter are as little disappointed by the event as yours, though that is not the case as to the former. The disappointment however would be more regreted, if your present station were less important, and particularly to our own country at the present moment.\nYour remarks on the augmented duties are solid & weighty, but they will not prevail against the aversion to other taxes, and the collateral views to be answered by duties on imported manufactures. The worst is that many of the new duties are made permanent, for which an advantage is taken of the pretexts blended with the original cause.\nYou will see by the Paper republished from New York that the scene there is become more & more gloomy. The[re] are reports which make it much worse. Speculating & Banking are as much execrated in that City, as they were idolized a few weeks ago. The language will probably soon become general. Several failures have taken place here, notwithstanding the incessant & elaborate efforts to parry such a catastrophe as New York exhibits. It is thought however that an earthquake though much slighter will be inevitable within the present Month. The train of circumstances which has led to these evils are obvious\u2014and reflections must soon force themselves on the public mind, from which it has hitherto been diverted by a fallacious prosperity, and uncontradicted declamation in the gazette.\nYou know already that the President has exerted his power of checking the unconstitutional career of Congress. The judges have also called the attention of the Pu[b]lic to Legislative fallibility, by pronouncing a law providing for Invalid Pensioners, unconstitutional & void\u2014perhaps they may be wrong in the exertion of their power\u2014but such an evidence of its existence gives inquietude to those who do not wish congress to be controuled or doubted whilst its proceedings correspond with their views. I suspect also that the inquietude is increased by the relation of such a power to the Bank Law, in the Public contemplation, if not in their own.\nNothing done since my last on the farther assumption or the Rept. on the Public debt. Yrs Most affly.\nJs Madison jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0260", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Moore, ca. 15 April 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Moore, John\nLetter not found. Ca. 15 April 1792. Acknowledged in Moore to JM, 1 May 1792. Informs Moore that JM has received a letter from his father, Maj. William Moore, authorizing John Moore \u201cto make furthe[r] draught\u201d on JM for his expenses at Dickinson College.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0261", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hubbard Taylor, 16 April 1792\nFrom: Taylor, Hubbard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirDanville 16th. April 1792\nYour favor of the 22d. Feby. came to hand early in March. I return you my sincere thanks for the remarks, and information it contains; and shall always feel my self extreamly happy to have your future observations on any thing respecting our infant Country. Inclosed you will recive the Resolves passed by the Convention, [on] which our Constitution is to be builded. The emancipation of Slaves was a matter much debated in the house, some was for its taking place immediately others for a Gradual mode, but Colo. Nicholas wd. not give up the plan adopted in the Resolve for that purpose, a considerable number, as well as myself wd. have been very glad to have seen a stop put to the ingress of Slaves after a certain period and an immediate prohibition of the importation of any for sale\u2014instead of leaving the matter so much to the Legislature. There is no doubt of Mr. Browns being removed to the Senate, if he is willing to serve us\u2014and I am sorry to say that I fear we shall give but feeble assistance in point of abilities\u2014tho hope they will posses firmness and sound republican principals. Its impossible to say at present who this business will devolve on, as our State matters are just about to be new modle\u2019d and in course a number looking up for appointments. I am very glad to hear that such favorable terms are manifested, by the Court of Spain towards obtaining a trade down the Mississippi\u2014but am sorry to find the opposition has run so high with respect to representation. We hear that some measures are taking to bring about a treaty with the Indians, its success is very doubtfull unless we are to get possession of the Nor[t]hern post held by the British, if the Latter takes place the former I expect will be effected; we hear that 300 Indians have come to Post St. Vincen to treat tho they continue to steal horses and Kill some of our inhabitants on the frontiers. The resolutions are not complete for want of time to add the remainder. Some of these has under gone a small change tho not Meterial. The Bill of rights mentiond as well as many of the other parts are taken from the pensylvania Constitution. I shall add no more at present as I send this by your brother, who I expect will probably see you in Orange very shortly. Wishing to hear from you as often as convenience will admit I am Dr Sir Yr Affe. Hble sert.\nH. Taylor\nOur Assembly meets the fi[r]st Monday in June\u2014as soon as I hear how the Constitution is recd. will write you and inclose a copy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0262", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., 17 April 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nHond SirApl. 17th. 1792\nCol. Wadsworth of Connecticut wishes to procure a Barrel or half-Barrel of the best Peach Brandy & I have undertaken to use my efforts for the purpose. If it can be got at all it is probably in our Neighbourhood. I recollect particularly that Colo Geo. Taylor had some that we thought good & which is perhaps to be obtained. If that or any better can be had I shall be glad that one of my brothers would take the trouble of engaging it & having it forwarded. The older the better provided the quality be excellent. If age be wanting, the quality should be such as will be made excellent by age. To secure it against fraud, it is desired that the Cask be cased with an outer one; the cask itself to be of wood that will give it no ill taste. The price will not be considered so much as the character of the spirit, it being for the use of the Gentleman himself. If no brandy be on hand that will do, perhaps\u2014the ensuing fall if the peaches be not destroyed, may supply the defect. In that case it might be well to speak in time to some person & have a barrel distilled with special care for the purpose. The brandy is to be shipped from Fredericksburg Addressed to Watson & Greenleaf at New York\u2014for Col. Wadsworth. Mr. Maury or Mr. Glassell will forward it if sent to either to [sic] them. I have nothing to add to the papers inclosed, having written a few days ago, & being now in haste. Yr. Affe son\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0263", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Madison, Sr., ca. 17 April 1792\nFrom: Madison, James, Sr.\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. Ca. 17 April 1792. Mentioned in JM to his father, 27 Apr. 1792. Encloses a letter to Joseph Chew and makes inquiry about him. Tells of Dr. George Gilmer\u2019s illness.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0265", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander Spotswood, 23 April 1792\nFrom: Spotswood, Alexander\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,April 23d. 1792\nOn the rect of Yours of the 2d Inst. wherein you say\u2014it appears by the Accts. of depreciation from Virginia\u2014that I have been paid \u00a3120.. 10\u2014I wrote you in Answer, denying the rect. of Such Sum. Since that I was Told, that the money, must be in the hands, of the Commissioner of loans\u2014in this State. I got the favr. of Messers. Dykes & gray\u2014to Negotiate the matter for me\u2014they wrote & recd. the following answer from Mr Hopkins\u2014\nGentn.Richmond April 18th. 1792\nMr. Peter Lyons, has put into my hands yr. favr. of the 11. Inst. Respecting a claim of Genl. Spotswood on the Goverment of the united States\u2014I am at a loss to ascertain, by what means, the pay master General, can have refered Genl. Spotswood to me, for any explination, concerning his claim\u2014or of any ballance, due from, or to him by goverment. The ballances of pay & Subsistance, which have been placed in my hands, for the Virga. line, was always Accompanied, with list, of the Several officers and soldiers, to whoom these ballances were due\u2014and Among these list I find no such name as General Spotswood\u2014nor have I recd. Any monies for him\u2014or made any returns, by which he is charged with Any monies. The Communication, then from Mr Madison, concerning me, must be from a misrepresentation, to him, either from the paymaster Himself\u2014or some other person. I am Gentlemen yr set\nJnn. Hopkins\na Coppy\nMr. Hopkins has misunderstood the letter of Gray & Dykes\u2014for I never told them you had refered me to him\u2014it was Surmised to me here that the money must be there.\nI am sr. really in Want & beg yr. Attention, in Obtaining my due\u2014if Obtained with you\u2014permit me to draw for it. I am sr with Esteem yr Mt obliged Hl st\nAlexr Spotswood\nI will thank you for a speedy Answer, as at this time I really want.\n   RC (DLC). Docketed by JM.\n   Probably James Dix and French Gray, Fredericksburg merchants (Crozier, Virginia County Records: Spotsylvania County, p. 412).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0266", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander Spotswood, ca. 23 April 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Spotswood, Alexander\nLetter not found. Ca. 23 April 1792. Acknowledged in Spotswood to JM, 1 May 1792. Concerns Spotswood\u2019s Revolutionary War claim and encloses information from Col. Josiah Parker on how to find out who drew his depreciation of pay.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0268", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., 27 April 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nHond. SirPhilada. Apl. 27. 1792\nInclosed are three more of the Natl Gazettes. They will give you all the information which is current; as well in relation to the proceedings of Congress, as to other matters. A vote has passed the two Houses fixing the 5th. of next month for the adjournment. It is possible that it may be put off a day or two longer, tho\u2019 it is pro[ba]ble from the impatience of the members that the session will terminate on that precise day. I have not yet decided on my route home. If I had a servant & another Horse I would take my sister Hite in the way, and do not know but that I may yet so contrive it. It will be some little time after the adjournment before I shall be in preparation to set out.\nI have recd. your letter inclosing one to Mr. Chew which I shall forward. I have heard nothing of him since I left Virginia. The misfortune of Dr. Gilmer had reached us before your account of it was recd. I am just told by Mr. Jefferson that he has a letter from Albemarle that gives hopes of his recovery.\nMr. Maury from whom I have a pretty late letter repeats his advice to me to send him stemmed Tobo. that is top stemmed of the best quality. His acct. of Sales is on the whole low\u2014the last Hhd sold in Decr, however netted abt. a Guinea.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0270", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 28 April 1792\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nRichmond, April 28, 1792.\n\u2026 The Presidents getting the Representation Bill placed on constitutional ground by his Negative, and the stand made by the Judge against an unconstitutional Law, seem [to] give Gen\u2019l pleasure, some few present Members of our Assembly & those who have imbibed prejudices there formerly, excepted as to the Judges. An Impeachment is said to be talked of, they don\u2019t seem to approve so much the Conduct of the Gent\u2019n at New York on the like occasion.\u2026", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0271", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Waller Johnston, ca. May\u2013June 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Johnston, John Waller\nLetter not found. Ca. May\u2013June 1792. Acknowledged in Johnston to JM, 27 Nov. 1792. Concerns Johnston\u2019s application for the keepership of the lighthouse at Cape Henry and refers him to \u201cMr. Griffin.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0272", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Moore, 1 May 1792\nFrom: Moore, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirCarlisle May 1st AD. 1792\nYour Letter came to hand by the post informing me of the Letter you received from my father in which he has authorized me to make furthe[r] draught on you should my exigencies require it. I hope Sir you will be so kind as to send me up 40 dollars by the next Post which sum I think will be sufficient to clear me in this place; should you not send it by the first post I shall certainly be detained here on expences, as my horses will be here about the 4th or 5th of this instant which will oblige your most [illegible]\nJohn Moore\nP. S. Should you wish to write to Virginia by me the Letter will be conveyed in a very short time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0273", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander Spotswood, 1 May 1792\nFrom: Spotswood, Alexander\nTo: Madison, James\nD Sr,May 1st. 1792\nI am hond. with yr last\u2014inclosing information, from Colo. Parker, where to apply, to know by whoom, my depreciation of pay was drawn.\nI Just recollect Selling to a mercht. in Baltimore, sundry Certificates got of Colo. Ball\u2014I have wrote to him to know if one in my name was among them; if there is it must have been drawn by a frd. for me. With respect I remain Dr Sr yr Ob St\nA Spotswood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0274", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Baron von Steuben, 2 May 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, Baron von\nSirPhilada. May 2d. 1792\nI have recd. your favor of the 27th. April. Having heard nothing from Virginia on the subject of your lands since I last wrote to you, I cannot now advise what are the further steps most proper to be taken in your behalf. Govr. Lee I hope has not been inattentive to your interest. As soon as an opportunity of co-operating with him shall be in my power, I shall not fail to comply with your request, and to let you know the result. With the highest esteem I am Sir Your mo: Obedt. sevt.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0275", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Nicholas, 2 May 1792\nFrom: Nicholas, George\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,May 2d. 1792.\nYour favour by your brother was delivered to me by him in March, the business of the court and the convention have prevented me from thanking you for it sooner.\nWe have formed our government which I believe you will think is not the worst in the union.\nIt\u2019s total disregard of property qualifications in the electors and those to be elected will not meet with your approbation. The most serious reflection has convinced me that all such qualifications are inadmissible in a free state; neither can I think that where there is a Senate chosen by electors that the security of property will be at all precarious.\nNotwithstanding all have a right to vote and to be elected, the wealthy will nineteen times out of twenty be chosen. The house of representatives will therefore always have a majority at least of it\u2019s members men of property. The Senate will be composed altogether of men of that class. I will give up my opinion as soon as I see a man in rags chosen to that body.\nThe Senate then will compose an impenatrable barrier for it\u2019s security; and the H. R. from the mixture that there will be in their body, and from their immediate dependance on the people at large, will form as effectual a one for personal liberty and privileges.\nExclude any particular class of citizens and sooner or later they will certainly be oppressed. Our local prejudices operated so powerfully as to cause it to be declared that there should be a senator from each county instead of having the whole body taken from the State at large. A scarcity of good men prevented us from excluding the members of the H. R. from the house of electors, wh. I think propriety would have dictated in another situation.\nThe clause respecting slaves will I expect bring on us the severe animadversions of our N. brethren. But I think it may be defended on many principles. The laws of Virginia declared them property, those laws have obliged the creditor, the orphan and the widow to take them in satisfaction of just demands for money. If then they have either been considered as property by those laws without proper authority, or considerations of public good require that they should no longer be viewed in that light, the country ought to make the owners a compensation. For they have by their laws either deceived them, or now require their property to bring about a public benefit, and in either case ought to pay for them.\nBesides the greatest enemies to slavery cannot object to our suffering them to be imported into this state upon the terms stipulated in the constitution, as this measure will not add one to the number of slaves in the world; the only difference being that they will be slaves in Kentucky instead of Virga. or Maryland.\nBut notwithstanding I conceive that the thing is just and proper in itself, I believe nothing of the kind would have been attempted if the friends to emancipation had not been so clamorous on that subject, as well in the convention as out of it, as to make it necessary either to give up that property or to secure it. And the measure wh. has been adopted was only substituted to a proposition introduced by them declaring that the legislature should provide for a gradual emancipation without saying any thing about an equivalent to the slave holders.\nPolicy obliged us to do something of the kind, for if we had not we should have received no more valuable emigrants from the five S. states.\nOur frontiers have been, and I fear will be still more during the summer, distressed by the indians. Government are acting a very shameful part, to be asking peace of a handful of savages, putting a stop to all offensive operations agt. them and leaving them at full liberty to destroy our citizens. I fear that a love of money, and not humanity, influences their conduct. But we must submit; ineffectual complaints are all that are left us.\nBe assured that whenever this matter is fully explained it will appear, that they have not eight hundred fighting men: What a disgrace it will be to America that this number should have cut off two armies, and struck terror into her councils in such a manner as to make them supplicate for peace; a peace which if purchased from them will be kept no longer than they are dissipating the price of it. America has fixed in the minds of the indians such an inveterate hatred of her citizens that nothing will keep them quiet but the operations of their fears. They never ask peace of an enemy they can conquer, and they always consider an application of this sort to them, as proceeding from fear.\nIt is probable that our legislature will make application to Congress for some change in her judiciary as far [as] our land disputes will be affected by it. Their address will point out our situation, may I request, that you will be an active friend to it, if you think the proposition right. The welfare and happiness of this country depend on having the land disputes settled, and the present footing on which the federal court is established in this country, will be a great obstacle to it.\nOur assembly will meet on the first Monday in June and I suppose our members will be ready to meet you in the fall. Nothing can be said with certainty as to the persons who will be chosen for that business, except that I believe there is no doubt but that Mr. Brown may go into either house as will be most agreeable to himself. I am, with the greatest respect and esteem, Dr. Sir, Yr. most obdt. and very hum: servant:\nG: Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0276", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jedidiah Morse, 4 May 1792\nFrom: Morse, Jedidiah\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 4 May 1792. Mentioned in Morse\u2019s docket on JM to Morse, 25 Apr. 1792, and acknowledged in JM to Morse, 15 Aug. 1792. Reiterates request for information on Virginia for Morse\u2019s American Universal Geography.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0277", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, 5 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nSaturday 5th. May 1792\nIf Mr. Madison can make it convenient to call upon the P\u2014\u2014 between eight and nine this forenoon and spend half an hour it would oblige him.\nIf inconvenient, then at Six in the Afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0278", "content": "Title: Memorandum on a Discussion of the President\u2019s Retirement, 5 May 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n\u261e Read the pages as numbered 1\u20132 &c\nSubstance of a Conversation with the President 5th. May. 1792.\nIn consequence of a note this morning from the President requesting me to call on him I did so; when he opened the conversation by observing that having some time ago communicated to me his intention of retiring from public life on the expiration of his four years, he wished to advise with me on the mode and time most proper for making known that intention. He had he said spoken with no one yet on those particular points, and took this opportunity of mentioning them to me, that I might consider the matter, and give him my opinion, before the adjournment of congress, or my departure from Philadelphia. He had he said forborne to communicate his intention to any other persons whatever, but Mr. Jefferson, Col. Hamilton, General Knox & myself, and of late to Mr. Randolph. Col: Hamilton & Genl. Knox he observed were extremely importunate that he should relinquish his purpose, and had made pressing representations to induce him to it. Mr. Jefferson had expressed his wishes to the like effect. He had not however persuaded himself that his continuance in public life could be of so much necessity or importance as was conceived, and his disinclination to it, was becoming every day more & more fixed; so that he wished to make up his mind as soon as possible on the points he had mentioned. What he desired was to prefer that mode which would be most remote from the appearance of arrogantly presuming on his re-election in case he should not withdraw himself, and such a time as would be most convenient to the public in making the choice of his successor. It had, he said, at first occurred to him, that the commencement of the ensuing Session of Congress, would furnish him with an apt occasion for introducing the intimation, but besides the lateness of the day, he was apprehensive that it might possibly produce some notice in the reply of Congress that might entangle him in further explanations.\nI replied that I would revolve the subject as he desired and communicate the result before my leaving Philada.; but that I could not but yet hope there would be no necessity at this time for his decision on the two points he had stated. I told him that when he did me the honor to mention the resolution he had taken, I had forborne to do more than briefly express my apprehensions that it would give a surprize and shock to the public mind, being restrained from enlarging on the subject by an unwillingness to express sentiments sufficiently known to him; or to urge objections to a determination, which if absolute, it might look like affectation to oppose; that the aspect which things had been latterly assuming, seemed however to impose the task on all who had the opportunity, of urging a continuance of his public services; and that under such an impression I held it a duty, not indeed to express my wishes which would be superfluous, but to offer my opinion that his retiring at the present juncture, might have effects that ought not to be hazarded; that I was not unaware of the urgency of his inclination; or of the peculiar motives he might feel to withdraw himself from a situation into which it was so well known to myself he had entered with a scrupulous reluctance; that I well recollected the embarrassments under which his mind labored in deciding the question, on which he had consulted me, whether it could be his duty to accept his present station after having taken a final leave of public life; and that it was particularly in my recollection, that I then entertained & intimated a wish that his acceptance, which appeared to be indispensable, might be known hereafter to have been in no degree the effect of any motive which strangers to his character might suppose, but of the severe sacrifice which his friends knew, he made of his inclinations as a man, to his obligations as a citizen; that I owned I had at that time contemplated, & I believed, suggested as the most unequivocal tho\u2019 not the only proof of his real motives, a voluntary return to private life as soon as the state of the Government would permit, trusting that if any premature casualty should unhappily cut off the possibility of this proof, the evidence known to his friends would in some way or other be saved from oblivion and do justice to his character; that I was not less anxious on the same point now than I was then; and if I did not conceive that reasons of a like kind to those which required him to undertake, still required him to retain for some time longer, his present station; or did not presume that the purity of his motives would be sufficiently vindicated, I should be the last of his friends to press, or even to wish such a determination.\nHe then entered on a more explicit disclosure of the state of his mind; observing that he could not believe or conceive himself anywise necessary to the successful administration of the Government; that on the contrary he had from the beginning found himself deficient in many of the essential qualifications, owing to his inexperience in the forms of public business, his unfitness to judge of legal questions, and questions arising out of the Constitution; that others more conversant in such matters would be better able to execute the trust; that he found himself also in the decline of life, his health becoming sensibly more infirm, & perhaps his faculties also; that the fatigues & disagreeableness of his situation were in fact scarcely tolerable to him; that he only uttered his real sentiments when he declared that his inclination would lead him rather to go to his farm, take his spade in his hand, and work for his bread, than remain in his present situation; that it was evident moreover that a spirit of party in the Government was becoming a fresh source of difficulty, and he was afraid was dividing some (alluding to the Secretary of State & Secry. of the Treasury) more particularly connected with him in the administration; that there were discontents among the people which were also shewing themselves more & more, & that altho\u2019 the various attacks against public men & measures had not in general been pointed at him, yet in some instances it had been visible that he was the indirect object, and it was probable the evidence would grow stronger and stronger that his return to private life was consistent with every public consideration, and consequently that he was justified in giving way to his inclination for it.\nI was led by this explanation to remark to him, that however novel or difficult the business might have been to him, it could not be doubted that with the aid of the official opinions & informations within his command, his judgment must have been as competent in all cases, as that of any one who could have been put in his place, and in many cases certainly more so; that in the great point of conciliating and uniting all parties under a Govt. which had excited such violent controversies & divisions, it was well known that his services had been in a manner essential; that with respect to the spirit of party that was taking place under the operations of the Govt. I was sensible of its existence but considered that as an argument for his remaining, rather than retiring, until the public opinion, the character of the Govt. and the course of its administration shd. be better decided, which could not fail to happen in a short time, especially under his auspices; that the existing parties did not appear to be so formidable to the Govt as some had represented; that in one party there might be a few who retaining their original disaffection to the Govt. might still wish to destroy it, but that they would lose their weight with their associates, by betraying any such hostile purposes; that altho\u2019 it was pretty certain that the other were in general unfriendly to republican Govt. and probably aimed at a gradual approximation of ours to a mixt monarchy, yet the public sentiment was so strongly opposed to their views, and so rapidly manifesting itself, that the party could not long be expected to retain a dangerous influence; that it might reasonably be hoped therefore that the conciliating influence of a temperate & wise administration, would before another term of four years should run out, give such a tone & firmness to the Government as would secure it against danger from either of these descriptions of enemies; that altho\u2019 I would not allow myself to believe but that the Govt. would be safely administered by any successor elected by the people, yet it was not to be denied that in the present unsettled condition of our young Government, it was to be feared that no successor would answer all the purposes to be expected from the continuance of the present chief magistrate; that the option evidently lay between a few characters; Mr. Adams, Mr. Jay & Mr Jefferson were most likely to be brought into view; that with respect to Mr Jefferson, his extreme repugnance to public life & anxiety to exchange it for his farm & his philosophy, made it doubtful with his friends whether it would be possible to obtain his own consent; and if obtained, whether local prejudices in the Northern States, with the views of Pennsylvania in relation to the seat of Govt. would not be a bar to his appointment. With respect to Mr. Adams, his monarchical principles, which he had not concealed, with his late conduct on the representation-bill had produced such a settled dislike among republicans every where, & particularly in the Southern States, that he seemed to be out of the question. It would not be in the power of those who might be friendly to his private character, & willing to trust him in a public one, notwithstanding his political principles, to make head against the torrent. With respect to Mr. Jay his election would be extremely dissatisfactory on several accounts. By many he was believed to entertain the same obnoxious principles with Mr. Adams, & at the same time would be less open and therefore more successful in propagating them. By others (a pretty numerous class) he was disliked & distrusted, as being thought to have espoused the claims of British Creditors at the expence of the reasonable pretensions of his fellow Citizens in debt to them. Among the western people, to whom his negociations for ceding the Mississippi to Spain were generally known, he was considered as their most dangerous enemy & held in peculiar distrust & disesteem. In this state of our prospects, which was rendered more striking by a variety of temporary circumstances, I could not forbear thinking that altho\u2019 his retirement might not be fatal to the public good, yet a postponement of it was another sacrifice exacted by his patriotism.\nWithout appearing to be any wise satisfied with what I had urged, he turned the conversation to other subjects; & when I was withdrawing repeated his request that I would think of the points he had mentioned to me, & let him have my ideas on them before the adjournment. I told him I would do so: but still hoped his decision on the main question, would supersede for the present all such incidental questions.\nWednesday Evening May 9. 1792\nUnderstanding that the President was to set out the ensuing morning for Mount Vernon, I called on him to let him know that as far as I had formed an opinion on the subject he had mentioned to me, it was in favor of a direct address of notification to the public in time for its proper effect on the election, which I thought might be put into such a form as would avoid every appearance of presumption or indelicacy, and seemed to be absolutely required by his situation. I observed that no other mode deserving consideration had occurred, except the one he had thought of & rejected, which seemed to me liable to the objections that had weighed with him. I added that if on further reflection I shd. view the subject in any new lights, I would make it the subject of a letter tho\u2019 I retained my hopes that it would not yet be necessary for him to come to any opinion on it. He begged that I would do so, and also suggest any matters that might occur as proper to be included in what he might say to Congs. at the opening of their next Session; passing over the idea of his relinquishing his purpose of retiring, in a manner that did not indicate the slightest assent to it.\nFriday May 25. 1792\nI met the President on the road returning from Mount Vernon to Philada., when he handed me the letter dated at the latter place on the 20th. of May, the copy of the answer to which on the 21st. of June is annexed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0280", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hubbard Taylor, 8 May 1792\nFrom: Taylor, Hubbard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirSpring hill May 8th. 1792\nI now inclose you a copy of that part of our Constitution that provides for the establishment of the Judiciary, on which I will thank you for your opinion & also in what manner it wd. be most proper to regulate our inferior Courts, which together with the Revenue Law is a matter of the utmost consequence to this state. The Legislature of this State meets at Lexington on the first Monday in June next, to take upon itself the administration of Government. I must confess I fee[l] some uneasiness on this head, not so much on account of a disposition to act contrary to the interest of the Community, as for the real want of Capacity to do things in a regular, proper & equtable manner. You probably will be informed by your Brother Ambrose, of our want of men of Abilities, in this Country. Colo. Nicholas has utterly declared never to serve in the Legislature, we must have Six Judges, (two Senators for the Federal Govt. two Members to Congress,) and a Governor & several other inferior officers, which ought to be such that after taking the best we can furnish, they cannot be admired. After furnishing the above we have a Senate to consist of Eleven Members and a house of Reps. to consist of forty on whoom will devolve the two important points above mentioned to wit, the Judiciary & Revenue Laws together with many others of but little less magnitude.\nIt is thought by some Gentlemen here that Mr. Brown would rather go into the Judiciary than continue in Congress, if so, there is now doubt but he will be indulged, a vacancy now being made by the establishing a court of appeals and displacing all officers after the 10th. of August next, the worth of this Gentleman is will Known in this Country, and his removal to the Judiciary instead of the Federal senate will be much lamented by many of his friends, and indeed by the State at large, notwithstanding, they will derive advantages from his abilities in the former, they will not be able to fill his place for the latter. Muter, & Cambell has been Mentioned as Senators & Greenup & Brackingrige has been spoken of as Reps. to Congress. I must confess I do not like the appearance much, and am really afraid it is not to be mended notwithstanding the importance of a good supply being necessary as you informed me in your last. As I shall have another opportunity of writing you again soon and inclosing you the Constitution an[d] a List of the Senate & Governour, I shall conclude with observing that I am afraid I shall become too troublesome to you, but do assure you that its from my zeal for the good of our infant country which I fear is in want of more wisdom than its own internal Guardians can supply.\nBe pleased to remember me to yr. Fathers Family and other friends in your neighbourhood. I had like to have omitted informing you that, Several parties of Indians were in on the frontiers about Frankford on the Kentucky & about the forks of Elktown about the 28th. & 29th. Apl. Killed 3 white men two negroes of Mr. Innis\u2019s & took a third. Took 6 of Majr Lees which was retaken with the loss of one white man two Indians were killed many horses were carried off intirely\u2014there has also been two men Killed in Madison County about the same time & its reported a family about 20 Miles from this place Killed. If some other steps are not taken with this enemy than offering them terms of peace, our country will be in a deprorable situation by the latter part of this summer. I have only to add my best wishes for your health, and beleave me at all times to be with great esteem Yr Affe. Hble set:\nH. Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0281", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hubbard Taylor, ca. 12 May 1792\nFrom: Taylor, Hubbard\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. Ca. 12 May 1792. In his letter to JM of 8 May, Taylor wrote, \u201cI shall have another opportunity of writing you again soon and inclosing you the Constitution,\u201d in that of 17 May, \u201cI wrote you a few days past and inclosed you our Constitution.\u201d Taylor\u2019s enclosure was A Constitution or Form of Governmen[t] for the State of Kentucky (Lexington, 1792; EvansCharles Evans, ed., American Bibliography \u2026\n          1639 \u2026 1820 (12 vols.; Chicago, 1903\u201334). Roger P. Bristol, ed., Supplement to Charles Evans\u2019 American Bibliography", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0282", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 13 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh: J. to J. Madison.May 13. 1792.\nI send you my ideas of what might be said on the distinction between bonds & simple contracts, if any thing should be said. But my office being to vindicate the opinions of the courts, and none of the courts having made any distinction between these two cases, I ought to tread in their footsteps only: and the rather as mr. Hammond has not raised any such distinction on his part. It would be quite time enough for me to answer any objection founded in that difference, when the objection shall be made. It probably will never be made. To enter into it voluntarily may be to move a peice into prise which there is no occasion to move at all.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0283", "content": "Title: Account with James Monroe, [14 May] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n  Price of land\n  1350 dollars\n  of half\u2007\n  Add Interest @ 7 PerCt. from Apl. 1786 to Ap. 1790\n  Deduct paymt. Ap. 1790 to Taylor for Col. M.\n  Add\u2014Intst. @ 7 PerCt. from Ap. 1790 to Ap. 1792\n  Deduct paymts. to Col. M.\n  Jany.\n  Novr. 4.\n  Jany.\n  \u2007\u200747.48 Balance due & pd. Col: M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0284", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Joy, 17 May 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Joy, George\nDear SirPhilada. May 17 1792\nYour favor of the  of November has been long in hand, & has remained unanswered till the subject to which it relates should receive some decision from Congress. I now inclose the Act waited for which was almost the last that passed, and refer to it for all the information that can be given. It proceeds on the supposition as the former one did that the Holders of paper will comply with the proposition made to them leaving the claims of such as refuse on the original validity with a temporary advance of 4 PerCt. interest. I have been told that the State of S. Carolina has made a tolerably good provision for that part of her debt in which you are interested. You will no doubt have recd. both earlier & better information as to the fact.\nI am just setting out for Virginia & shall leave this in the care of a friend to be forwarded. Mrs. House & Mrs. Trist are as well as usual; tho\u2019 a little distressed at parting with the son of the latter who has just sailed for Bristol. I communicated to them the compliments in your letter & am desired to make the proper returns. I beg you to present mine at the same time very respectfully to Mrs. Joy, and also to your Brother. With great respect I am Sir Yr. Mo: Obedt: hble servt\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0285", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hubbard Taylor, 17 May 1792\nFrom: Taylor, Hubbard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirLexington 17th. May 1792\nI wrote you a few days past and inclosed you our Constitution, and its probable this will reach you by the same conveyance.\nYesterday the Electors made the inclosed return, of Governour and Senators, which has given pretty general satisfaction.\nThe party that persued the Indians that was about Frankford returned without success\u2014making a discovery of a great deal of sign of large parties, and the Indians still continue to steal Horses in different parts of the State, one man lately Killed on the road to the mouth of Licking.\nThe Collection of the Excise still keeps up some animosities in this quarter, & will do so untill they see that they are obliged to comply. The indulgence heretofore given I fear has been & will be rather prejudicial. Several meetings has been held by the distillers, but I beleave their party is not great. They seem much to hinge on Colo. Nicholas having drawn the petition to Congress, but as the fate of that is now will Known, and application wh will be soon made to Nicholas for his opinion (as an attorney) by joint contribution of the dissatisfyed party I hope will be a final check to any further opposition in the matter. Its probable\u2014that Colo. Muter will be a Senator for Congress, if Mr. Brown declines that appointment, I cannot at present say who will be his collegue. Colo. Benjn. Logan is now talked of as a member of the house of Reps. in Congress, having declined taking any place in the state Govt. I have nothing else worth your attention at present and remain with much respect Dr. Sir Yr: Affe: Hble: Sert:\nH. Taylor\n[Enclosure]\n  Governour\n  Thos. Kennedy\n  Isaac Shelby\n  Jno. Allen\n  Senators\n  Robt. Johnston\n  Jno. Campbell\n  Alexr. D. Orr\n  Jno. Logan\n  Robert Todd\n  Extra Senators\n  Jno. Coldwell\n  A. S. Bullett\n  Wm. McDowell\n  Peyton Short.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0286", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, [ca. 18 May] 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh: J. to J.M.Friday [ca. 18 May 1792]\nI have just received a Northern hare, and have got from the market a common one. It may be worth your while to come half an hour before we go to E. R\u2019s to examine their difference, as they must be skinned soon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0287", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, 20 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,Mount Vernon May 20th. 1792.\nAs there is a possibility if not a probability, that I shall not see you on your return home; or, if I should see you, that it may be on the Road and under circumstances which will prevent my speaking to you on the subject we last conversed upon; I take the liberty of committing to paper the following thoughts, & requests.\nI have not been unmindful of the sentiments expressed by you in the conversations just alluded to: on the contrary I have again, and again revolved them, with thoughtful anxiety; but without being able to dispose my mind to a longer continuation in the Office I have now the honor to hold. I therefore still look forward to the fulfilment of my fondest and most ardent wishes to spend the remainder of my days (which I can not expect will be many) in ease & tranquility.\nNothing short of conviction that my deriliction of the Chair of Government (if it should be the desire of the people to continue me in it) would involve the Country in serious disputes respecting the chief Magestrate, & the disagreeable consequences which might result therefrom in the floating, & divided opinions which seem to prevail at present, could, in any wise, induce me to relinquish the determination I have formed: and of this I do not see how any evidence can be obtained previous to the Election. My vanity, I am sure, is not of that cast as to allow me to view the subject in this light.\nUnder these impressions then, permit me to reiterate the request I made to you at our last meeting\u2014namely\u2014to think of the proper time, and the best mode of anouncing the intention; and that you would prepare the latter. In revolving this subject myself, my judgment has always been embarrassed. On the one hand, a previous declaration to retire, not only carries with it the appearance of vanity & self importance, but it may be construed into a Man\u0153uvre to be invited to remain. And on the other hand, to say nothing, implys consent; or, at any rate, would leave the matter in doubt; and to decline afterwards might be deemed as bad, & uncandid.\nI would fain carry my request to you farther than is asked above, although I am sensible that your compliance with it must add to your trouble; but as the recess may afford you leizure, and I flatter myself you have dispositions to oblige me, I will, without apology desire (if the measure in itself should strike you as proper, & likely to produce public good, or private honor) that you would turn your thoughts to a Valadictory address from me to the public; expressing in plain & modest terms\u2014that having been honored with the Presidential Chair, and to the best of my abilities contributed to the Organization & Administration of the government\u2014that having arrived at a period of life when the private Walks of it, in the shade of retirement, becomes necessary, and will be most pleasing to me; and the spirit of the government may render a rotation in the Elective Officers of it more congenial with their ideas of liberty & safety, that I take my leave of them as a public man; and in bidding them adieu (retaining no other concern than such as will arise from fervent wishes for the prosperity of my Country) I take the liberty at my departure from civil, as I formerly did at my military exit, to invoke a continuation of the blessings of Providence upon it\u2014and upon all those who are the supporters of its interests, and the promoters of harmony, order & good government.\nThat to impress these things it might, among other things be observed, that we are all the Children of the same country\u2014A Country great & rich in itself\u2014capable, & promising to be, as prosperous & as happy as any the Annals of history have ever brought to our view. That our interest, however deversified in local & smaller matters, is the same in all the great & essential concerns of the Nation. That the extent of our Country\u2014the diversity of our climate & soil\u2014and the various productions of the States consequent of both, are such as to make one part not only convenient, but perhaps indispensably necessary to the other part; and may render the whole (at no distant period) one of the most independant in the world. That the established government being the work of our own hands, with the seeds of amendment engrafted in the Constitution, may by wisdom, good dispositions, and mutual allowances; aided by experience, bring it as near to perfection as any human institution ever aproximated; and therefore, the only strife among us ought to be, who should be foremost in facilitating & finally accomplishing such great & desirable objects; by giving every possible support, & cement to the Union. That however necessary it may be to keep a watchful eye over public servants, & public measures, yet there ought to be limits to it; for suspicions unfounded, and jealousies too lively, are irritating to honest feelings; and oftentimes are productive of more evil than good.\nTo enumerate the various subjects which might be introduced into such an Address would require thought; and to mention them to you would be unnecessary, as your own judgment will comprehend all that will be proper; whether to touch, specifically, any of the exceptionable parts of the Constitu[t]ion may be doubted. All I shall add therefore at present, is, to beg the favor of you to consider\u20141st. the propriety of such an Address. 2d. if approved, the several matters which ought to be contained in it\u2014and 3d. the time it should appear: that is, whether at the declaration of my intention to withdraw from the service of the public\u2014or to let it be the closing Act of my Administration\u2014which, will end with the next Session of Congress (the probability being that that body will continue sitting until March,) when the House of Representatives will also dissolve.\n\u2019Though I do not wish to hurry you (the cases not pressing) in the execution of either of the publications beforementioned, yet I should be glad to hear from you generally on both\u2014and to receive them in time, if you should not come to Philadelphia until the Session commences, in the form they are finally to take. I beg leave to draw your attention also to such things as you shall conceive fit subjects for Communication on that occasion; and, noting them as they occur, that you would be so good as to furnish me with them in time to be prepared, and engrafted with others for the opening of the Session. With very sincere and Affectionate regard I am\u2014ever Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0288", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Maury, 26 May 1792\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,Liverpool 26 May 1792\nMy last were a few Lines of 7th past. These are principally to accompany some News papers to which I refer you for what is passing on the Continent. From the fall in the British Stocks one may concieve an Aprehension of this Country being involved. Nevertheless it appears the prevailing Opinion that she will take no part.\nI am glad to see your House had passed the Consular Bill. I am anxious to hear if a Commercial Treaty be in any forwardness. I always am yr obliged friend & St\nJ. Maury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0289", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 1 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nMy Dear SirPhiladelphia June 1. 1792.\nI sent you last week some of Fenno\u2019s papers in which you will have seen it asserted impudently & boldly that the suggestions against members of Congress were mere falshoods. I now inclose his Wednesday\u2019s paper. I send you also a copy of Hamilton\u2019s notes. Finding that the letter would not be ready to be delivered before the Pr\u2019s return, I made notes corresponding with his, shewing where I agreed, where I did not, and I put his & mine into the Pr\u2019s hands, to be perused at his leisure. The result was that he approved of the letter\u2019s remaining as it was, particularly on the article of Debts, which he thought a subject of justificn. & not merely of extenuation. He never received my letter of the 23 d. till yesterday. He mentioned it to me in a moment when nothing more could be said than that he would take an occasion of conversing with me on the subject. I have letters from France censuring the appointment there in the severest terms. Adieu my dear Sir. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0291", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 10 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirPhiladelphia June 10. 1792. No. 3.\nThe poll of the N. Y. election stood the day before yesterday thus.\n  Clinton\n  Jay\n  Suffolk\n  Queen\u2019s cty.\n  King\u2019s cty.\n  city & county of N. Y.\n  Orange\n  Dutchess\n  Westchester\n  Richmond\n  Ulster.\n  Columbia\n  Renslaer\n  Washington\n  Saratoga.\nGeneral Schuyler says there will be about 16,000 voters and offers to bet 3. to 1. as far as 500. guineas that Jay will still be elected. However he seems to be alone here in that expectation. We dined together at the P\u2019s on Thursday, and happening to set next one another, we got, towards the close of the afternoon, into a little contest whether hereditary descent or election was most likely to bring wise and honest men into public councils. He for the former, Pinkney & myself for the latter. I was not displeased to find the P. attended to the conversation as it will be a corroboration of the design imputed to that party in my letter. At a dinner of Jay-ites yesterday R. M. mentioned to the company that Clinton was to be vice-president, that the Antis intended to set him up. Bingham joined in attesting the project, which appeared new to the rest of the company. I paid Genl. Irvin 50 D. for mr. Moore, the receipt he had, vouching it. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0293", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, [18 June] 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nNothing new.\nTh: J.\nP. S. Opening Freneau\u2019s p\u27e8aper\u27e9 this moment I see a peice against the [\u2026] impost duties & it mentions the insufficiency of the revenue cutters for their object. This suggests a Quere. How comes an armed force to be in existence, & under the revenue department, & not the department of war? Would it not be well to call for a separate statement of the expence of these cutters, and either put them down, or turn them over to the war-office?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0295", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 21 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 21. 1792.\nYour No. 1. came to hand two days ago. When I inclosed you the papers of the last week I was too much hurried to write. I now therefore write earlier, & inclose only one of Fenno\u2019s papers. The residue of the New York election was as follows\n  Clinton\n  Jay\n  Albany\n  Montgomy.\n  Herkimer.\n  Ontario.\n  Total.\n  difference\nThe Otsego votes were rejected, about 1000. in number, of which Jay had about 850. say a majority of 700. so that he was really governor by a majority of 500. votes, according to his friends. The Clintonians again tell strange tales about these votes of Otsego. I inclose you two New York papers which will put you fully in possession of the whole affair (take care of them if you please, as they make part of a collection). It does not seem possible to defend Clinton as a just or disinterested man if he does not decline the office, of which there is no symptom; and I really apprehend that the cause of republicanism will suffer, and it\u2019s votaries be thrown into schism by embarking it in support of this man, and for what? To draw over the Antifederalists, who are not numerous enough to be worth drawing over. I have lately seen a letter from \u2014\u2014\u2014 to \u2014\u2014\u2014 on receiving his appointment. He pleads guilty to the charge of indiscretion hitherto, and promises for the future the most measured circumspection, and in terms which mark him properly & gratefully impressed with the counsel which had been given him pretty strongly as you know. I have made out my table; but instead of settling the proportion of the debt of each country to it\u2019s population, I have done it to it\u2019s revenue. It is as follows.\nDate\nCountry\nPublic debt\nAnnual revenue\nProportion of debt to revenue\nAuthority\nU. S. of Amer.\nGr. Britain\nZimmerm. 224.\nFrance\nSweden\nsilver dollrs. 60,000,000\nAustria.\nRussia.\nPortugal\nSpain\npiastres 152,000,000\npiastres 100,000,000\nDenmark\ndollars 1,400,000\ndollars 6,272,000\nPrussia.\nI have not yet examined into the debt of the U. S. but I suppose it to be about 20. years revenue, and consequently that tho the youngest nation in the world we are the most indebted nation also. I did not go into the debts & revenues of the United Netherlands, because they are so jumbled between General & provincial, & because a great deal of their debt, is made by borrowing at low interest & lending it at high, & consequently not only this part is to be struck off from the amount of their debt, but so much of the residue of it also as has it\u2019s interest paid by this means. Brandt, the famous Indian is arrived here; he dined with the P. yesterday, will dine with Knox to-day, Hammond on Sunday, the Presidt. on Monday &c. Adieu my dear Sir. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0296", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Dawson, 23 June 1792\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir!\nRichmond June 23. 1792\nYou have returnd home I hope in good health, & found your friends well.\nTwo questions divide the opinions of Gentlemen in this quarter. To what number of Electors is this entitled in the choice of President & Vice President at the next election? Will we be entitled to send a member to the house of Representatives in the room of Brown, who will probably be elected into some office in the state of Kentucky?\nI shall be very glad to have your opinions on these two points.\nWe have not any thing new at this place from any quarter. With esteem Your friend & Sert\nJ Dawson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0297", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 24 June 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOrange June 24. 92.\nSince my last I have had the pleasure of your two letters of the 10. & 17. inst. The latter has but just come to hand, and I can not say any thing as to the legal arrangement of the Cutters.\nWe have had very seasonable weather of late in this quarter. I understand it has been less so farther South. How Albemarle & Bedford have fared I can not tell. Notwithstanding the good weather the very latter wheat is injured, in some instances very much, by the rust. Below, the injury is much complained of. In general in our region the harvest will be great.\nShelby is Govr. of Kentucky. The Senate does credit to the mode of choice. The elite of the Country compose it. A partial list of the House of Delegates also looks pretty well. The appointments to Congs. had not taken place, nor is any further aid given to conjectures.\nThe error in the sum left for Irwine proceeded either from myself or the young gentleman at Carlisle, I can not say which. I thank you for correcting it. If Leiper shd. lodge money in your hands as I left word, you will replace the 10 dollars advanced. I write in a hurry to catch a very safe conveyance to Fredg. Yrs. always & affly.\nJs. Madison J\u27e8r.\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0298", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 25 June 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nI wrote last evening by a conveyance that hast[i]ly occurred to Fredg. This, an idea occurred which I have executed in the inclosed; & shall carry with me to Orange Ct. today whence I expect to find another to the post office. Yrs. affy.\nJ. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0300", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 27 June 1792\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nAlbemarle June 27. 1792.\nI attended on the 15. according to appointment at Richmd. to meet the gentn., my associates, in the revision of the laws, on that business, but found only Mr. Nelson there. Mr. Lee & Mr. Tucker came abt. the 20th. but predisposed not to enter on it at that place. Three days were taken up in occasional consultations about an adjournment to Wmsburg wh. was advocated by the two latter & but feebly resisted by the former member. Their side of the question derived strength from the certainty that Tazewell & Prentis were with it, & that it would be difficult if not impossible to draw them up, even if the labour shod. be commenced. Thus circumstanced, (to unite the greater number of the comrs. & of course more effectually discharge the duties of the trust), it appeared expedient that an adjour[n]ment shod. be no longer resisted, wh. accordingly took place for Wmsbg. the meeting there to commence on the 2d. of July next. It remained with me to determine whether I shod. abandon the further prosecution of the business, & remain at home in a more healthy climate in the pursuit of objects of a different kind or follow it up under all these disadvantages; and the result of my reflection has been in favor of the latter alternative, not however without some degree of reluctance & hesitation. As it will employ us, to complete the work for the legislature, about three weeks, making by the journey to & from four, Mrs. M has agreed to accompany me down. We shall sit out on thursday, not without the most painful anticipation of the disagreeable consequences that will attend us on the trip, through so desert a country at this season of the year.\nWe are very much concerned that it will postpone the period of your visit here. We hope however for that pleasure immediately on our return. Our child recovered in a few days after we left you, & tho not in perfect health has since been free from any complaint that shod. give us any real uneasiness. I found my farm in every respect in the most miserable state that it could be\u2014at best but little can be said in its favor, but less industry had been used to improve its natural deformities or make it yield what it is really capable of, than might have been. Time & patience have been immemorially prescribed, as the only source of relief in difficult cases. Whether the practice of these virtues will produce in the present instance the desired effect is questionable\u2014admit it might, it would notwithstanding be infinitely more agreeable independant of the profit, to apply the same labour to a more grateful soil.\nI find by the papers that Clinton is reelected the Govr. of New York. They exhibit however some doubts of the solidity of his pretensions, founded on the exclusion of the votes of one of the counties upon the principle of disqualification in the returning officer. Tis difficult to estimate the merits of this controversy especially through the medium by which it is handed to the publick view. The friends of one have declared him duly elected, & those of the other Lawrance, Troop &ca given an opinion that the votes of that county shod. be admitted, and upon this I presume the election hinged. I have not sufficient data to judge of it on general principles, and tis not improbable that even these might be acted on by some state regulation.\nI found at Richmond a general disaffection to the measures of the government prevailing; in the specification, it harmonized with the sentiments of the minority. Notwithstanding which I am well satisfied that in the present state of things the soundest deliberation must be used, before any attempt for a change is made. Upon the excise particularly, altho\u2019 an universal odium exists, yet it seems doubtful whether if the money must be raised, any other mode wod. be prefered. In Goochland in a collection of several persons of character as I pass\u2019d down I suggested the question & found it created some hesitation. Another mode might bring upon its authors the odium wh. now belongs to the fathers of this\u2014and if the publick censure is to be fix\u2019d on any, who are fitter objects for it than those who have made the tax necessary. If they can obtain the end, & charge the vices of the means to others, they might perhaps disburden themselves of a load wh. now hangs heavy on them. However these are subjects wh. shod. be leasurely examined. I only suggest them for yr. attention. I have had no leasure for it myself & shall not, till my return. I write you in haste & shall only add our best respects to yr. father & family & most friendly regards to yrself, calculating on seeing you on our return\u2014very sincerely I am yr. friend & servt.\nJas. Monroe.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0301", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 29 June 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNo. 4\nDear Sir\nOrange June 29. 1792\nYour favor of June 21. No. 4. came to hand yesterday. I shall take due care of the N. Y. gazettes & return them by some safe conveyance to the post office. I have given a hasty perusal to the controversial papers on the election. The spirit of party sufficiently appears in all of them. Whether Clinton ought to wave the advantage of forms may depend I think on the question of substance involved in the conduct of the Otsego election. If it be clear that a majority of legal honest votes was given agst. him, he ought certainly not to force himself on the people. On a contrary supposition, he cannot be under such an obligation, and would be restrained by respect for his party if not by a love of power. It is curious eno\u2019 to see Schuyler who is supposed to have made millions by jobbing in paper, under his own measures, accusing & abusing Clinton in the face of the world for jobbing in land under the same aggravation. Should Clinton\u2019s character suffer in any way by the transaction, the consequence you have always apprehended, will be made certain & worse; but from the attachment of a number of respectable & weighty individuals, a reconsideration is not much to be looked for; unless the aspect of the man shd. be greatly varied in their eyes by this or some other occurrence. Our harvest goes on well. The weather has been hot, but otherwise favorable. The crop will be great in this neighbourhood. A little farther South the rust is said to have been hurtful. The Thermometer for several days has been remarkably high. Yesterday at 2 oC. it was at 92. During the early part of the month, distinguished by such extremes of cold & heat, I find by Philada. papers, that the heat there was two degrees greater than here, & the cold here two degrees less than there, a fact much in favor of our climate.\nIn Crantz\u2019s History of Greenland I find a curious phenomenon of Looming, which, to supply the want of the Book if not at hand, or the trouble of searching it, if at hand & not of the same edition, I will transcribe \u201cVol. 1. p. 49\u2014But nothing more surprized me, or entertained my fancy more, than when on a fine, warm, serene summer\u2019s day, the Kookoernen, or the islands that lie four leagues west of Good-Hope, presented a quite different form than what they have naturally. We not only saw them far greater, as thro\u2019 a magnifying perspective glass, & plainly descried all the Stones, and the furrows filled with ice, as if we stood close by, but when that had lasted a while, they all looked as if they were but one contiguous land, & represented a wood or tall cut hedge. Then the Scene shifts, & shews the appearance of all sorts of curious figures as ships with sails, streamers & flags, antique elevated castles, with decayed turrets, stork\u2019s nests, & a hundred such things, which at length retire aloft or distant & then vanish. At such times the air is quite serene & clear, but yet compressed with subtle vapours, as it is in very hot weather, and according to my opinion, when these vapours are ranged at a proper distance between the eye & the islands, the object appears much larger, as it would thro\u2019 a convex glass; and commonly a couple of hours afterwards a gentle west wind & a visible mist follows, which puts an end to this lusus natur\u00e6.\u201d To this paragraph the following note is subjoined from Gmelin\u2019s journey P. III vol. 129. \u201cI have observed something like this at Bern & Neufchatel, of the Glaetshers, lying towards the South. When these mountains appear nearer, plainer & larger than usual, the country man looks for rain to follow, which commonly makes good his expectation the next day. And the Tartars at the Mouth of the river Jenisei in Siberia, look upon a magnified appearance of the Islands as the presage of a storm.\u201d Adieu. Yrs. Affy.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0303", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Noah Webster, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Webster, Noah\nTo: Madison, James\nSir.\nHartford. (Connecticut) June 30. 1792\nI take the liberty of requesting you to furnish me with some information on the following particulars: viz\n1.What is the common or average annual expense of subsisting & clothing a slave in Virginia, estimated at?\n2.What is the average estimated profit of the labor of a slave, deducting charges of subsistence, clothing, physician\u2019s bills & other incidental expenses?\n3.What is the estimated difference between the value of the labor of a slave & that of a free hired man? And is there any difference between the common price of the labor of a free White & that of a free black, when hired by the day, week or year?\n4.Are free whites ever employed in cultivating tobacco plantations? If so, in what manner are they hired; by the day, week or year? And What difference is observable on plantations thus cul[t]ivated & those tilled by slaves?\n5Do the planters ever lease their plantations on easy terms to free Whites? If so, what is the usual term of the leases; for a year or years? And what the profit of such rented plantations; compared with those tilled by slaves?\n6.Are there any instances in Virginia of Planters\u2019 emancipating slaves & renting to them small tracts of land on moderate terms? If so, what effects have proceeded from such emancipation, & farming lands to the blacks?\nI am sorry to trouble you with these queries, but I have no friend in Virginia on whose information & obliging disposition I can rely with so much confidence as on yours; and as I expect, in the course of a few months, to want some facts on the foregoing subjects, it will greatly oblige me, if you will be at the trouble of furnishing me with such as you are acquainted with.\nI cannot close this letter without congratulating you on the present prosperous state of our country. Excepting sometimes a solitary complaint from the merchants on account of the impositions on trade, there is a very general satisfaction in the Northern States respecting the laws of the Union. Universal peace & contentment prevail\u2014the great encrease of capitals, in consequence of the rise of funded & other paper, has given uncommon life & vigor to industry. More buildings, more commercial & other enterprizes have been undertaken within the last year than have ever appeard before at any period; & people were never so little embarrassed with debts. I was always an advocate for your proposition for discrimination in funding the debts of the U States; I wrote in favor of it in Philadelphia in 1787 before the convention met, & was in danger of being mobbed for my opinions. I have still no doubt of the justice & equity of the proposition, but I have great doubts with respect to the practicability of the scheme. Yet it is no small consolation to me to find so few evils proceeding from the present plan of funding the debts, & so much good springing out of the system.\nYou deserve a large portion of the honor of originating the present Genl Government, to which we justly ascribe the present prosperous condition of these States. I was early of opinion, as you percieved by a little pamphlet of mine, which you read at President Washingtons in 1785, that such a kind of government must be formed & established to effect a Union & permanent national prosperity. I am persuaded such a government may ensure us respectability, & what is more, national freedom. I am happy to find our debt is diminishing, & sincerely hope that a speedy peace with the Indians may prevent any accumulation of it, as well as furnish the means of a further & more rapid reduction. I am, Sir, with the highest respect your most obedient & most hume Servant\nNoah Webster", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0304", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 3 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 3. 1792.\nSince my last of June 29. I have received your Nos. 2. & 3. of June 24. & 25. The following particulars occur. Vining has declined offering at the next election. It is said we are to have in his room a mr. Roach, formerly of the army, an anti-cincinnatus, and good agricultural man. Smith of S. C. declines also. He has bought a fine house in Charleston for 5000. \u00a3 and had determined not even to come to the next session. But his friends it is said have made him promise to come. One gentleman from S. Carolina says he could not be re-elected. Another says there could be no doubt of his re-election. Commodore Gillon is talked of as his successor. Izard gives out that it is all false that mr. Smith is so rich as has been pretended, that he is in fact poor, cannot afford to live here, & therefore has retired to Charleston. Some add that he has entered again at the bar. The truth seems to be that they are alarmed, & he driven out of the feild, by the story of the modern Colchis. His furniture is gone off from hence. So is mr. Adams\u2019s. Some say he declines offering at the next election. This is probably a mere conjecture founded on the removal of his furniture. The most likely account is that mrs. Adams does not intend to come again, & that he will take private lodgings. It seems nearly settled with the Tresorio-bankites that a branch shall be established at Richmond. Could not a counter-bank be set up to befriend the Agricultural man by letting him have money on a deposit of tobo. notes, or even wheat, for a short time, and would not such a bank enlist the legislature in it\u2019s favor, & against the Treasury bank? The President has fixed on Thursday the 12th. for his departure, & I on Saturday the 14th. for mine. According to the stages I have marked out I shall lodge at Strode\u2019s on Friday the 20th. and come the next morning, if my horses face Adams\u2019s mill hills boldly, to breakfast at Orange C. H. and after breakfast will join you. I have written to mr. Randolph to have horses sent for me on that day to John Jones\u2019s about 12 miles from your house, which will enable me to breakfast the next day (Sunday) at Monticello. All this however may be disjointed by unexpected delays here, or on the road. I have written to Dr. Stewart & Ellicot to procure me renseignements on the direct road from Georgetown to Elkrun church which ought to save me 20. or 30. miles. Adieu my dear Sir. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson\nP. S. I shall write you again a day or two before I leave this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0305", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 5 July 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOrange July the 5th. 1792\nMy last acknowledged the last of yours that has come to hand. From the date of that I shall probably have the pleasure of another as soon as an opportunity from Fredericksbg. happens. I write at present merely for the sake of one thither which has just fallen in my way. The most remarkable occurrence of late date here, was the excessive heat on sunday the first instant. At two OClock the Thermometer in its ordinary position was at 99\u00b0. At four it had got up to 103\u00b0. On being taken into the passage the coolest part of the House it stood at the former hour at 97\u00b0, & at the latter at 98\u00b0. On applying the heat of the body it fell to 96\u00b0. The wind blew very briskly from West from morning till abt. 5 OC. and during the hottest part of the time was so sensibly above the annual heat, that it was more disagreeable to be in its current than out of it. The day following the heat about 2 OC approached very near, but not equal that of the first. Our harvest is now closing & will all be got in well in this quarter. The wheat is fine & the quantity equal to every reason\u27e8able\u27e9 calculation. There have been several fine showers during the harvest which have aided the Corn, without injuring the Wheat. Yrs. Always & Affy.\nJs. Madison Jr\nThe Thermr. this morning as low as 58\u00b0.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0306", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., 6 July 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nHond Sir\nThe Iron from Mr. Guinn was delivered this morning. I have noted in the margin its weight at the shop which I suppose comes sufficiently near the quantity charged. The 36/. due for the potts & boxes have been put into the hands of the Waggoner. His own charge for freight was 12 dollars which I have paid, tho\u2019 from the sum you left, it must be more than you had calculated. The family is as you left it, except old Betty who seems to have got over her complaint entirely. Moses will give you the progress & state of the Harvest. I wish to be informed by his return what passed with the Sadler at the Court House & what & when he is to finish for my chair. Remember me affectly. to my mother. Yr. dutiful son\nJs. Madison Jr\nThe Thermometer on sunday\n  at 2 OC. 99 in the Porch.\n  96 in the passage \u261c\n  On monday morning\n  On this (friday) do.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0307", "content": "Title: Deed of Sale, 8 July 1792 (Abstract)\nFrom: Taylor, James\nTo: \nAbstract. 8 July 1792, Orange County, Virginia. Indenture by which John Lee and his wife Elizabeth of Orange County sold to JM for \u00a3510 \u201ccurrent money\u201d 800 acres of land in that county \u201cAdjoining the land of Johnny Scott, John Daniel, Coleby Cowherd and Jonathan Cowherd.\u201d Witnessed by Thomas Bell, Charles P. Howard, Ambrose Madison, and Alexander Shepherd. Recorded by James Taylor, Orange County clerk, at a court session on 24 Sept. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0308", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hubbard Taylor, 9 July 1792\nFrom: Taylor, Hubbard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\n9th. July 1792\nThe first session of our Assembly ended the 29th. June, during which time only two acts of considerable importance passed, One respecting the Revenue, the other the Judiciary. The first occationed much altercation on the mode of taxing Land whether it should be by the acre only, or to class it in three qualities\u2014it was ul[t]imately fixed at 2/ \u214c 100 on all Grants and entrys. Each clamant to render a list of all Lands he claims to the Commissioner of the district wherin it lies, on or before the 4th. of Feby. 1795 and to pay the tax with interest or it becomes forfieted to the State no property is to be sold for tax of land only for that on which such property shall be.\nThe Judiciary was not less difficult to bring to a close. The senate inclined to take away the Original Jurisdiction in Land causes given to the Court of appeals to which the House of Reps. was much opposed, untill an experiment could be made of the mode. This difference I fear has fixed our Jurisprudence on a bad plan. It was thought by some of the house of Reps. that the Judges of the Court of appeals might by special commission act as Judges of the Court of Oyer & Terminer, therefore passed a Bill establishing County monthly courts[,] Courts of quarter session, to be held by the of the Justices of the County appointed for that purpose and a Court of Oyer & Terminer, to this bill the Senate made several Amendments, which was disagreed to but after some other amendments, it passed the senate.\nThe Governour appointed different Judges for the Court of Oyer & Terminer, the Bill for fixing the Saleries of the Civil lisst together with the disagrement between the two houses, respecting the sum for each officer of Government caused the Bill to be laid over to the next session of the Assembly.\nMr. Brown & Colo. Jno. Edwards are chosen to represent this State in the Federal senate. Its quite uncertain who will be the Reps. to the lower house the districts is divided by the Kentucky\u2014in this district Colo. Jas McMillin Colo. Orr Colo. Patterson & myself are candidates. It was pressed on me by some of the Gentn. of the State, to which I with great reluctanc consented, or would I have ever agreed to it\u2014had it been probable I should have stood in way of any person will qualifyed for that important trust.\nColo. Harden and Capt. Truman who went with a flag to the Indians has no[t] yet returned tho\u2019 the time has long since elapsed that they were expected. Its thought that the Indians must be either in council or preparing for another years campaign as few of them has been of late in this quarter. I have inclosed you a paper that will give you an account of the appointments of the Judges & Militia field officers &C. I wrote some time past & inclosed you the Constitution of this State. I was glad to hear by Mr. Brown that you was geting better than you had been in the winter. I hope you will fully recover your health while in Orange. Be pleased to Remember to our friends & beleave me to be with much esteem Dr. Sir Yr Affe. Hble sert:\nH. Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0309", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 11 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 11. 1792.\nI wrote you my No. 6. on the 3d inst. Since that I have received your No. 4. of June 29. The President sets out this afternoon, which being a day sooner than was expected, will enable me to set out a day sooner, to wit on Friday afternoon. This however will produce no other effect than to enable me to rest a day at George town and thereby ensure my being with you as I had mentioned on Saturday morning the 21st, or at the most on Friday evening, & to rest with you a day. I shall be with you so soon after this letter that I add nothing more. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0312", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Governor of Virginia, 22 July 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Governor of Virginia,Lee, Henry\nSir\nThe Report of which the inclosed is an authentic copy having been made to the House of Representatives, it is possible that the Executive may not have been furnished with it by the Senators of this State. I take the liberty therefore of forwarding it and am with the highest respect & esteem Your most Obedt. hble servant\nJas. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0313", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Henry Lee, 22 July 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lee, Henry\nLetter not found. 22 July 1792. Acknowledged in Lee to JM, 10 Sept. 1792. A private letter in which JM suggests a meeting with Lee. Requests information on navigation in Virginia, probably in response to Jedidiah Morse\u2019s inquiries (see JM to Morse, 15 Aug. 1792).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0314", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Daniel Carroll, 24 July 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Carroll, Daniel\nLetter not found. 24 July 1792. Acknowledged in Carroll to JM, 17 Aug. 1792. Indicates that support in Virginia for promoting the development of the federal district is \u201clanguishing.\u201d Solicits Carroll\u2019s opinion on politics in America in general and in Maryland in particular. Urges Carroll to run for legislative office. Declines Carroll\u2019s invitation to spend some time with him in Maryland in October. Asks for information about the Potomac Company for Jedidiah Morse.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0315", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 27 July 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nI recd. yesterday your letters containing the papers inclosed. I recd. at the same time a letter from Mr. Maury of Liverpool in which was the little note which I also inclose.\nBrown & a Col Edwards are the Senators for Kentucky. The latter sd. to be a good man & not likely to differ from the politics of his colleague. A distant kinsman of Mine Hubbard Taylor is likely to be one of the Reps. The other altogether uncertain. Muter is appd. a Judge & out of the question. I am this moment setting out for Fred\u27e8er\u27e9ick & only add in haste that I am Yrs. always & Affly.\nJs. Madison Jr\nBe so good as to let Col. Monroe have the Kentucky paper after you have done with it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0316", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Giuseppe Ceracchi, 28 July 1792 (Abstract)\nFrom: Ceracchi, Giuseppe\nTo: Madison, James\nAbstract. 28 July 1792, Amsterdam. Professes great esteem for JM and inquires about the \u201cMonumento per celebrare la Libert\u00e0 Americana\u201d (the equestrian statue of Washington authorized by Congress in 1783 which Ceracchi hoped to execute).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0320", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Jedidiah Morse, 15 August 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Morse, Jedidiah\nSir\nAugst. 15. [1792] Orange County\u2014Virginia.\nYour letter of the 4th. May, has been so long in hand that I am really sorry to be obliged to acknowledge the receipt of it, without complying with the request it makes. In my present situation, it has not been possible to furnish the information immediately of myself. I have accordingly been obliged to apply by letters to friends in those parts of the Country where the information was to be got. It has been & is still my intention to forward it the moment it comes to hand. But as the delay may be spun out longer than will consist with your purposes, I have thought it proper to give you this explanation. My efforts have been directed to the procuring a state of the undertakings on the Potowmac, the James River, & at the South end of Chesapeak, these being the principal improvements on foot in this Country. With great respect I am Sir, Your Mo: Obedt. hble servt.\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0323", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Clough Anderson, 27 August 1792\nFrom: Anderson, Richard Clough\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir.\nJefferson County [Kentucky] August 27th. 1792.\nIt is with the greatest reluctance at any time that I can prevail on myself to solicit an appointment, or should I do it at present but at the particular desire of several of my friends in this country. I have therefore taken the liberty provided you think me qualifyed to use your interest in having me appointed to settle the Accounts of the United States with this State as I have observed their is such an Officer in the other States and presume, such will be necessary with us.\nColo. Edwards the bearer hereof is a member of the Senate of Congress from this State, whose character of Honesty, and integrity has never been called in question and I trust he will ever support it whilst in publ[i]c. I am with respect Yr. Mo. ob. Servant\nRichard C. Anderson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0324", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Beckley, 2 September 1792\nFrom: Beckley, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia, 2d: September 1792.\nA severe indisposition, the consequence of a violent cold which I caught on my return from Carlisle, has prevented an earlier acknowledgment of your favor of the 12th: ultimo. Its effects, however, are now subsiding, and I hope soon to be perfectly restored.\nI have not been able to discover any material change in the situation of the Virga. accounts, the Commissioner pursues his former course, says he shall have them ready in time, and withholds of late any communication with the Board. Mr: Randolph has been urging him lately, and I think to good effect. A hint, from the Executive, might now be serviceable.\nThe state of our foreign intelligence has differed but little since I wrote yo. last. The success of Cornwallis in India, and a report of the death of the King of Hungary are the only material circumstances. Should the latter prove true, it will certainly produce important consequences in relation to the affairs of France\u2014perhaps the former may prop Mr. pitts administration a little longer, and enable him for a year, or two, to stem the current of popular opinion in favor of reform, which is rapidly advancing thro\u2019 the influence of the Constitutional clubs, and the spirit and energy of Paines continued and reiterated publications.\nOur domestic affairs, seem to me, to be fast verging to the issue of a contest between the Treasury department and the people, whose interest shall preponderate in the next Congress; the anxiety and fears of the former, are strongly manifested by the means they are pursuing, both publicly and privately, to accomplish their object. The late insidious attack on Mr: Jefferson, which is generally imputed to Mr. Hamilton, marks the lengths they will go and the Arts they will practice. The former, being regarded, as the head of the republican party, this premidated attack has been pointed as to time and manner, and is now industriously circulated thro\u2019 all the Eastern papers. It would have met, here, with its merited contempt, but for the artful misrepresentation of Mr: Jeffersons letter respecting the French debt, of which, the public at large being uninformed, many, are disposed to think, that the writer speaking from official information, would not have dared, so to state it, if untrue. For myself, I know it to be unfounded, but am not now at liberty to disclose my information, and, if I were, should deem it injudicious to do so, until, the accuser, being challenged to his proofs, should either recede from the charge, or, by producing the proof, convict himself of falsehood. Accident has led me to the knowledge of a circumstance which confirms the suspicion that Mr: H. is the author. Arthur Lee is now here, as also Corbin, and Heth; the former and the latter have been a good deal closetted with the Secretary, and I find, from hints drop\u2019t by the latter, that the reference to the scruples of family connection &c. mentioned in the last publication, is privately said by Mr: H\u2014\u2014 to allude to the two brothers Arthur & R: H: and their kinsman H: Lee, whose conversations with freneau, at New York, you & myself well remember. Corbin too, thro\u2019 his intimacy with A. Lee, and the Shippen family, communicates another curious fact, that when R. H. Lee, was nominated to the chair of the Senate pro: tern: Mr: H. & his friends, at a private meeting, objected that he was their declared opponent and the author of the publications signed Caius, which, dictated by him & written or copied by his nephew, young Shippen, found their way to the press thro\u2019 that source\u2014from which suspicion, the other, meanly, condescended to exonerate himself.\nHeth, also informs me that Mr: H. unequivocally declares, that yo. are his personal & political enemy. Another means of public deception & electioneering trick, is, a publication from the Treasury, signed by Nourse, affecting to shew a reduction of the public debt of nearly two Millions, which, has been instantly attacked by a publication signed Mercator, proving an actual increase of it, by Mr: H\u2019s administration, of more than a Million & a half.\nPrivate endeavors to influence are not less industriously urged, and I am told that to obviate the chagrin and prevent the effects of their late defeat here in the attempt to produce a Conference, Mr: H\u2014\u2014 has advised a private correspondence and exertion of the friends of Government thro\u2019 the Union, particularly in Maryland, Virginia & No: Carolina\u2014himself too, is endeavoring to amuse the Western people with an idea, that he will relinquish the Excise, and by a deeper stroke yet, which he communicated to General Irwine in seeming confidence, to wit, that the negotiation with Spain for the free navigation of the Missisippi drags too slowly, and that his opinion is, without farther delay, to seize it with a strong hand. Any comment to you, on this last suggestion, would be superfluous.\nHow far, these, and the various other means to influence, which are now pursuing may be effectual I know not, but I cannot help indulging a sanguine expectation that a decided weight of Interest will appear in support of republican measures, in the next Congress. The N Hampshire choice will be decided, Massachusetts, Connect: & R: Island nearly of the same complection with their last. N. York, will greatly depend on the issue of the impending contest in their Assembly, respecting Governor, about which Clintons party are very sanguine. In Jersey, no material change. In this State, the republican ticket will prevail. In So: Carolina too, Smith will be reelected, if he pleases, but all the others will be republican\u2014Barnwell declines\u2014Huger will be left out. In the other States, my information fails.\nMr: Brown, was to start from Kentuckey, yesterday: he says, that Clinton will have all the votes there, as Vice President. His Colleague Edwards, he does not altogether approve. Their representatives were not chosen when he wrote.\nThe papers will shew yo. the proceedings at Pittsburg respecting the Excise, of the result of which Mr: H\u2014\u2014 has manifested great anxiety. They are no less united & firm in that quarter against many other of his measures, and their union, decision, and influence thro\u2019 the State, will I beleive, occasion him much further disquietude.\nI am sorry at the lethargy which, I am told, prevails in Virginia, as to public men and measures in the general government. A general disposition, seeming to succeed, for relinquishing it altogether. To shake of[f] the former, would be wise, effectual, and worthy of the Virginia character; to indulge in the latter, is desperate folly, little short of madness. It is in critical times, that exertion is most honorable, and, our country has been used to give wise example, rather than to receive it.\nI shall be happy to hear that the people are beginning to stir, respecting concerns in which they are so deeply interested. Your future communications on this subject, will be highly gratifying, and will receive the best return I am able to make. At present, my little stock is exhausted, and I conclude, with my best regards, Dear Sir, Yr: obedt: hble Servt:\nJohn Beckley.\nP. S. An Account is, this morning, come to town, by the way of Boston, that the French & Austrians have had a general engagement, and that, after a bloody contest, the Austrians were defeated leaving 10,000 killed & wounded. The french lost 5000 or upwards\u2014they have since taken Menen and several other places. Mons was beseiged & expected to fall in a few days.\nThe Poles have had several severe renconters with the Russians, and in two or three considerable skirmishes cut up some of their bravest Corps, particularly one of about 2000, which was esteemed the best in the Russian Army. Mindful of their former military glory, and eager to avenge their Countrys wrongs, the poles now fight with the most desperate valour. That success may crown their efforts, and in the total defeat of all their enemies, procure them that peace & liberty they so justly merit, is my most fervent wish.\nJ. B.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0325", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Nicholas, 5 September 1792\nFrom: Nicholas, George\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nKentucky Septr. 5th. 92.\nI wish truth would permit me to say that our expectations from our new government have been realized. The fact is that there seems to be a foundation laid here for a great degree of unhappiness. This is in part owing to the constitution, in part to the uncommon mixture of extraordinary character which we have amongst us. The constitution is I think defective and bad consequences have already arisen from, the same men being permitted to be members of the legislature and also of the body of electors; from the electors being allowed to appoint the Governor and Senate out of their own body; from the Senate having the power of supplying vacancies in their number; from their approbation being necessary to sanction the Governor\u2019s appointments; and from the legislature\u2019s being left too much at large as to the kind of courts which are to be established. Would a standing body of electors remove these evils or such of them as result from their powers which are now vested in the Senate? A former opinion of mine is confirmed, that the G\u2014\u2014r ought to be chosen by the people; when he is not they will not feel that warmth in his \u27e8d\u27e9efence which is necessary to support him against the attacks of the wicked and the discontented. The peculiar character which belongs to our citizens in general will contribute for a time at least to our unhappiness. They were formerly citizens of other countries, and a great proportion of them have been induced to come here by a spirit of discontent or adventure: citizens generally consisting of such men must make a very different mass from one which is composed of men born and raised on the same spot. Our people are all wise, and ought to be great men; they see none about them to whom or to whose families they been accustomed to think themselves inferior; ambitious themselves and desirous of office, they suppose all others to be equally so, and that all have self interest in view more than the public good. With these dispositions it is sufficient for them to know what has been determined on to fix their opinions that it is wrong; that they have not got an office to satisfy them that the appointment is the worst that could be made. You will naturally conclude that no man can promise himself much satisfaction in having any thing to do with such a government; small as the share is that my office gives me in it I would not hold it long if it was not necessary for me to do so to support the Governor who is attacked because he is too worthy a man for the purposes of the designing. We have our busy and evil spirits in as great a proportion as any of the kingdoms of the earth. The devil I find has agents fitted for all stations, who will be contented to fish in small waters when they cannot get employment in larger ones. Our representatives to Congress, except Mr. Brown, will disgrace us. They are made of very soft materials and may be moulded into any form by a workman who will take the trouble to handle them: the only danger will be that after he casts them into the shape he wd. have them wear, that that shape will be liable to be altered at the will of the next who will dirty his hands with them. Our senator is particularly well adapted to this kind of business. I wish I could see him in the hands of Sherman &c., I am much deceived if they do not make him change his opinions as often as any actor ever did his dress. I mention these things as well to gratify my spleen as that some of you may begin with them in time to give them a proper cast; do not delay it long, for others will be early at the work, as their appearance will prove the practicability of it.\nThus you see little people will have their cares as well as great ones; the inhabitants of the desert, as well as the citizens of Philadelphia or of Paris. I fear the last are before this in a bad way. Their prospect seems much worse than that of America ever was. Their want of confidence in each other must be destructive. Faction and war will only hasten the downfal of their government, time if let to itself would have done the work. Will not a counter revolution send thousands to America?\nFrom the last accounts none of the troops had arrived at headquarters, and the General is said to be preparing his winter quarters at for[t] Pitt. We fear it will be too late to do any thing effectual this fall with any army, and we are sure that no season will enable him to do it with his. I am happy to be able to assure you that those who have had any hand in Wilkinson\u2019s appointment have no cause to be ashamed of it. He has done great things circumstanced as he was, and would have done more if it had been practicable. He has as many follies at least as other men, but they are of a kind which would rather increase his value to the community in his present situation than take from it. Perhaps notwithstanding all of them, governmt will not be able to find a man in America who will do the business he is now engaged in as well as he can.\nYour next will be a busy and important session; on it will very much depend the future situation of America. If you confirm all that has been done the government will be strong, but probably will end in monarchy. If you destroy all that has been done, liberty will for a time raise it\u2019s head, to be finally crushed by anarchy. The proper road seems to be between the two extremes: submit to what has gone too far to be remedied, cure those evils which will admit of it, and guard against future disorders. Revolutions have become hateful in my eyes; when they are effected by honest men on good principles, they are made to serve rascals and bad purposes.\nI am giving unremitting attention to the business of my profession and my farm, but they are at present equally unprofitable, from the occlusion of the courts and the river. Am I not unfortunate that the same thing shd. happen at the same time to two things so different in their natures and both to my prejudice. But I try to work good out of evil, and by improving my farm and my head to be ready to avail myself of the increased demand which the temporary obstruction of both will cause when they are laid open.\nWishing that you may long enjoy all the pleasures without experiencing any of the obstructions of either private or political life, I am Dear Sir, yr. most obdt. servt.\nG: Nicholas.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0326", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Beckley, 10 September 1792\nFrom: Beckley, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia. 10th: September 1792.\nSince I wrote you last, a considerable change has taken place in the state of our foreign & domestic intelligence. Advices from France as late as the 14th: July, exhibit a crisis in the internal affairs of that Country, which \u2019ere this must be determined and would probably decide the issue of the revolution; the Marquis Fayette appeared at the bar of the National Assembly & denounced the Jacobin club, as the cause of all the evils under which the Nation labours; it appears that he had a favorable hearing, and that notwithstanding violent attempts to impeach him &c., he had been permitted to leave paris & rejoin the Army, but without effecting his object. On his return to the Army, Luckner immediately left it, and on the 14th: July appeared in Paris on the same errand, but there our account ceases. It should seem that the contest is now fairly at issue, between the violent democrats who would overturn the Monarchy, and the friends of the present System. In respect to their external affairs, Prussia is come decidedly forward in support of Austria, and utterly renouncing all Guarantee of Poland, lends its utmost exertions against France. Poland is thus left to an unequal struggle with Russia, and France has one more formidable Enemy without, to contend with. The Poles act with unexampled unanimity and bravery, and have defeated one of the Russian Armies, killing upwards of 4000 and taking 14 peices of Cannon; but I find that the account in my last of a victory by the French, is not confirmed. The occurrences of the present Year seem, alike, awfully important to both nations, and deeply interesting to the cause of liberty throughout the Globe.\nOur domestic concerns are progressing in the struggle between the Treasury department and the republican Interest, which shall preponderate in the impending Elections; the former has been, lately, greatly checked & mortified by the Pointed attack on its authentic document, and the no less pointed answers by different writers, both here and at Boston, to the attack on Mr: Jefferson, the two attempts being equally regarded as the weak, insidious & contemptible efforts of Mr: Hamilton himself. It is difficult to say, which endeavor he will most regret the failure of, the one to traduce Mr: J\u2014\u2014 and thro\u2019 him to wound the republican Interest throughout the Union, or, the other, to Arm his friends at the ensuing Elections with a deceptive statement, under sanction of Office, to induce the public beleif that a considerable reduction has been effected of the public debt. The latter I know he is extremely solicitous about, and in a phrenzy of passion made a weak intemperate and futile attempt to justify, in a publication signed Civis, by way of Answer to Mercators remarks\u2014which publication I happened to see brought to the Office by a servant of his, and appears (I am told) in the handwriting of one of his Clerks\u2014to this Mercator, has again replied in a manner well calculated to excite farther animadversion and to draw him forth into detail; But I rather think he will retire from this species of warfare; which accumulates upon him in a disagreeable manner, and cannot fail to injure him in the public mind both as a man and a Minister. Indeed I am told that it is a certain fact that the whole weight of supporting his own measures thro\u2019 the public papers, has, since the adjournment of Congress, fallen upon Coxe & himself, not a single publication on that side having been sent to the press, from any pen but theirs. A better way of proceeding, perhaps, is by urging the private & united influence of his freinds thro\u2019 the States. In Maryland, I hear that a speculator Candidate is brought forward for every district. In Virginia, the same will be attempted wherever they dare appear. In this State an attempt is again making to revive a Conference, and as a further means to seduce the dutch & German Interest, a City ticket is circulated with six dutch names and seven approved Treasury men. However, as the election is on the 10th: October, they come too late to promise much success.\nI shall go to New York on tuesday, for a week, and hope on my return to be able to give you some certain assurance of the disposition of that State. Mr: Burr, has been here and says, that he thinks the republican interest will prevail. Mr: Randolph also informs me that he has furnished his written opinion at large in favor of Clintons Election.\nI have a letter from Mr: Brown, of the 10th: August\u2014he gives a very gloomy accot. of Indian Affairs\u2014confirms the murder of all our flags, & says that the voice & union for War is very general & formidable\u2014an extract will appear in freneau\u2019s next paper. He also reports that Clinton, will receive the votes of that State as V: President. Several Virginians are in town, your kinsman the Bishop, Mr: Andrews, General Wood &c.\u2014but they give us little information.\nGeneral Irwin tells me that Davis will exhibit his accounts before the first day of October. I have nothing farther to add, than to repeat the assurances of esteem and regard with which I am, Dear Sir, Your obedt: hble Servt:\nJohn Beckley.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0327", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 10 September 1792\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sir\nRichmond Sepr. 10h. 92\nSome few days after my late domestic calamity which stings me to the quick, I left this place on a visit to the southwestern frontier in obedience to the dutys of my present office, & therefore never got your letr. of July 22d. until my return.\nIt would not have been in my power to have made the trip you suggest, altho my desire of seeing you would have been a powerful incitement.\nFrom the correspondence of our commissioner we have reason to beleive no delay in the final adjustment of the public accounts can issue from his defect in preparation. I will write to him by this post, for the Executive are very solicitous to hear that this matter is brought to an end.\nI will procure for you the best intelligence I can obtain from the respective directors with respect to the works of navigation effecting in this state.\nThe late northern papers are replete with the abuse of Mr Jefferson as the patron of Frenaus gazette which is stated to be the vehicle of abuse agst govt.\nYou are introduced without being directly named.\nAn arm of the bank will be established here & will work the wished for influence.\nBut one way is left to preserve the state from this undue operation, & that is to establish a bank under the auspices of the C Wealth. This might easily be done & would counter-act if not defeat the plan contemplated.\nCannot you visit Richmond in Ocr. a few days.\nIt would give me great pleasure to see you, (afflicted as I am) & you would see many old acquaintances then assembled here.\nWhatever you may do my best wishes attend you. I am ever & affy yours\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0328", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Randolph, 13 September 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nMy dear friend\nOrange Sepr. 13\u20141792\n\u201cYour favor of the 12 Ult. having arrived during an excurtion into Albemarle, I did not receive it till my return on yesterday. I lose not a moment in thanking you for it; particularly for the very friendly par[a]graph in the publication in Fenno\u2019s paper. As I do not get his paper here, it was by accident I first saw this extradiordinary man\u0153uvre of Calumy; the quarter, the motive, and the object of which speak for themselves. As it respects Mr. Jefferson I have no doubt that it will be of service both to him & to the public, if it should lead to such an investigation of his political opinions and character as may be expected. With respect to myself the consequence in a public view is of little account. In any view, there could not have been a charge founded on a grosser perversion of facts, & consequently against which I could feel myself more invulnerable.\nThat I wished & recomme[n]ded Mr. Freneau to be appd to his present Clerkship is certain. But the Department of State was not the only, nor as I recollect the first one to which I mentioned his name & character. I was governed in these recommendations by an acquaintance of long standing, by a respect for his talents, & by a knowledge of his merit & sufferings in the course of the revolution. Had I been less abstemious in my practice from Solicitations in behalf of my friends, I should probably have been more early in thinking of Mr. F. The truth is, that my application when made did not originate with myself. It was suggested by another Gentleman who could feel no motive but a disposition to patronize merit, & who wish\u2019d me to cooperate with him.\nThat with others of Mr. Freneau\u2019s particular acquaintances I wish\u2019d & advis\u2019d him to establish a press at Philada. instead of one meditated by him in N Jersey, is also certain. I advised the change because I thought his interest would be advanced by it, & because as a friend I was desirous that his interest should be advanced. This was my primary & governing motive. That as a consequential one, I entertain\u2019d hopes that a free paper meant for general circulation and edited by a Man of genius, of republican principles, & a friend to the Constitution, would be some antidote to the doctrines & discourses circulated in favour of Monarchy and Arastocracy, & would be an acceptable vehicle of public information in many places not sufficiently supplied with it; this also is a certain truth; but it is a truth which I never could be tempted to conceal, or to wish to be concealed. If there be a temptation in the case it would be to make a merit of it.\nBut that the establishment of Mr. F.s press was wished in order to sap the Constitution, and that I forwarded the measure; or that my agency negociated it, by an illicit or improper connection between the functions of a translating Clerk in a public office, & those of an Editor of a Gazette, these are charges which ought to be as impotent as they are malicious. The first is surely incredible, if any charge could be so: & the second is I hope at least improbable, & not to be credited, until unequivocal proof shall be sub[s]tituted for anonymous & virulent assertions.\nWhen I first saw the publication I was half disposed to meet it, with a note to the printer with my name subscribed. I was thrown into suspence however by reflecting 1. that as I was not named, & was only incidentally brought into view, shuch [sic] a step might be precipitate, if not improper, in case the principal should not concur in such a mode of vindication. 2. that I was not enough acquainted with the turn the thing might take, and the light in wh. it might be viewed on the spot. 3 that in a case the least doubtful, prudence would not rush into the newspapers. These considerations have been since sanctioned by the opinion of two or three judicious & neutral friends whom I have consulted. The part finally proper however remains to be decided; and on that I shall always be thankful for the ideas of my friends most in a condition to judge.[\u201d]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0329", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 16 September 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLetter not found. 16 September 1792. In his list of letters to Jefferson (DLC: Rives Collection, Madison Papers), JM noted that this letter, like that of 27 July, concerned \u201cKentucky Elections.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0330", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 17 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir\nMonticello Sep. 17. 1792.\nI thank you for the perusal of the two letters which are now inclosed. I would also have inclosed Fenno\u2019s two last papers but that mr. Randolph, who has them, has rode out. If he returns in time they shall be sent you by the bearer. They contain nothing material but the Secretary\u2019s progress in paying the national debt, and attacks & defences relating to it. The simple question appears to me to be What did the Public owe, principal & interest, when the Secretary\u2019s taxes began to run? and what does it owe now, Principal & interest? If less, it must have been paid. But if he was paying old debts with one hand & creating new ones with the other, it is such a game as mr. Pitt is playing. My grandaughter has been at death\u2019s door. The Doctor left us only this morning. She is now we think out of danger. While we sent for him for one patient, two others were prepared for him, to wit, my daughter & a grandson which she produced. All are now doing well. Yet I think I shall not be able to leave her till about Tuesday, and even then it will depend on the little accidents to which her present situation leaves her liable. Adieu my dear Sir. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0332", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 18 September 1792\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nAlbemarle Sepr. 18. 1792.\nI returned last night having made a long and fatiguing journey through the rain. Your servant soon after presented to me yr. favor with its enclosures. I sent off on saturday the packet to Dunlap so that on thursday night it will be recd. & may be published on saturday next. I inserted the paragraph I had first written, & made the concln. rather more pointed introducing the extracts, making the writer & the person to whom written perfectly passive in regard to the publication, stating indeed that I had obtained them from the latter & wod. make them accessible to others if necessary. The continuation shod. immediately follow but I am greatly oppressed with the fatigue of the journey & shall be much occupied during the court, so that I fear I shall not be able to turn the incident to that acct. in every view its importance wod. admit of. Whether pointed allusions to the Secry. of the trsy. wod. be proper & dignified as relating to the subject, the character to be vindicated, or derogatory is a question of some delicacy. Certain it is that the field is open for a general discussion of the measures of the govt., and will not I suspect be avoided on the other side. We shod. be prepared therefore to point out the errors & support the exceptions. The impression that the establishment of banks by making a capital, of credit, that the introduction of foreign money to buy certificates has added to the solid wealth of the country, is strong with many men; and who in the contemplation of a publick benefit are willing to pardon the enormities of individuals who abusing publick trusts, have gaind private emoluments. The system shod. therefore be reviewed fully if at all & I hope you will turn your attention to it. I had some private conversation with Innes who is perfectly right\u2014but from what I cod. learn some others engaged in speculation are as decidedly wrong. Things stand now in such a situation that the scale will soon preponderate one way or the other. At Richmd. it is conceived that the fate of election of V. P. will in a great measure affect the question & that his opponants are in some part embarked before the publick agnst. him. This I suppose they have gathered from the north. I write in haste\u2014very affectionately I am yr friend & servt\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0334", "content": "Title: For the National Gazette, 22 September 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nPhiladelphia, Sept. 22. [1792]\nA Candid State of Parties.\nAs it is the business of the contemplative statesman to trace the history of parties in a free country, so it is the duty of the citizen at all times to understand the actual state of them. Whenever this duty is omitted, an opportunity is given to designing men, by the use of artificial or nominal distinctions, to oppose and balance against each other those who never differed as to the end to be pursued, and may no longer differ as to the means of attaining it. The most interesting state of parties in the United States may be referred to three periods: Those who espoused the cause of independence and those who adhered to the British claims, formed the parties of the first period; if, indeed, the disaffected class were considerable enough to deserve the name of a party. This state of things was superseded by the treaty of peace in 1783. From 1783 to 1787 there were parties in abundance, but being rather local than general, they are not within the present review.\nThe Federal Constitution, proposed in the latter year, gave birth to a second and most interesting division of the people. Every one remembers it, because every one was involved in it.\nAmong those who embraced the constitution, the great body were unquestionably friends to republican liberty; tho\u2019 there were, no doubt, some who were openly or secretly attached to monarchy and aristocracy; and hoped to make the constitution a cradle for these hereditary establishments.\nAmong those who opposed the constitution, the great body were certainly well affected to the union and to good government, tho\u2019 there might be a few who had a leaning unfavourable to both. This state of parties was terminated by the regular and effectual establishment of the federal government in 1788; out of the administration of which, however, has arisen a third division, which being natural to most political societies, is likely to be of some duration in ours.\nOne of the divisions consists of those, who from particular interest, from natural temper, or from the habits of life, are more partial to the opulent than to the other classes of society; and having debauched themselves into a persuasion that mankind are incapable of governing themselves, it follows with them, of course, that government can be carried on only by the pageantry of rank, the influence of money and emoluments, and the terror of military force. Men of those sentiments must naturally wish to point the measures of government less to the interest of the many than of a few, and less to the reason of the many than to their weaknesses; hoping perhaps in proportion to the ardor of their zeal, that by giving such a turn to the administration, the government itself may by degrees be narrowed into fewer hands, and approximated to an hereditary form.\nThe other division consists of those who believing in the doctrine that mankind are capable of governing themselves, and hating hereditary power as an insult to the reason and an outrage to the rights of man, are naturally offended at every public measure that does not appeal to the understanding and to the general interest of the community, or that is not strictly conformable to the principles, and conducive to the preservation of republican government.\nThis being the real state of parties among us, an experienced and dispassionate observer will be at no loss to decide on the probable conduct of each.\nThe antirepublican party, as it may be called, being the weaker in point of numbers, will be induced by the most obvious motives to strengthen themselves with the men of influence, particularly of moneyed, which is the most active and insinuating influence. It will be equally their true policy to weaken their opponents by reviving exploded parties, and taking advantage of all prejudices, local, political, and occupational, that may prevent or disturb a general coalition of sentiments.\nThe Republican party, as it may be termed, conscious that the mass of people in every part of the union, in every state, and of every occupation must at bottom be with them, both in interest and sentiment, will naturally find their account in burying all antecedent questions, in banishing every other distinction than that between enemies and friends to republican government, and in promoting a general harmony among the latter, wherever residing, or however employed.\nWhether the republican or the rival party will ultimately establish its ascendance, is a problem which may be contemplated now; but which time alone can solve. On one hand experience shews that in politics as in war, stratagem is often an overmatch for numbers: and among more happy characteristics of our political situation, it is now well understood that there are peculiarities, some temporary, others more durable, which may favour that side in the contest. On the republican side, again, the superiority of numbers is so great, their sentiments are so decided, and the practice of making a common cause, where there is a common sentiment and common interest, in spight of circumstancial and artificial distinctions, is so well understood, that no temperate observer of human affairs will be surprised if the issue in the present instance should be reversed, and the government be administered in the spirit and form approved by the great body of the people.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0336", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin Rush, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rush, Benjamin\nOrange Virga. Ocr. 1. 1792\nI thank you my dear Sir for the obliging communications in your letter of the 10th Sepr. which I have but just recd; and am pleased to find your hopes so much re-animated by the aspect of our affairs. Much if not all may depend on the choice of an independent and virtuous representation for Penna. The enemies of republicanism seem aware of this, and to be exhausting their artifices to mislead your people. The malicious & slanderous attack on Mr. Jefferson must have had this for its more particular object. We may assure ourselves however that all such wicked tricks will in the end be their own punishment. I even hope there may be time eno\u2019 for truth in the present instance to make itself known before the falsehood can effect its immediate purposes.\nIn this State there is less agitation. The complexion of federal policy, is so generally condemned, that there is not eno\u2019 of disagreement to disturb the ordinary calm. Our districts also being not yet laid off, the competitions, which will be rather personal than political, have not yet commenced. It may be counted on I think that no candidate who is not a real or ostensible republican will be countenanced by the voice of a single County in the State.\nLittle has passed within my sphere on the subject of a V. P. I sincerely regret on several accounts that the present Incumbent is to undergo the mortification that awaits him; for if he shd. not be thrown out the number of adverse votes will have that effect on his sensibility. But his political sins are held unpardonable by the republican zeal of this quarter. His only resource lies in the federal prejudices agst. his antagonist, which may in some overpower the republican ones agst. himself. It is to be regretted also that an antagonist, as one is unavoidable, could not be found, who would better unite those of every party who have at bottom the same object, and by that means exhibit a more decisive proof of the republicanism of the people. The gentleman you name, however fitted the talen\u27e8t\u27e9 & tone of his mind may be, is too little known to some parts of the Union.\nOur State legislature met yesterday. In that focus the scattered mind of our extensive country, will be tolerably well ascertained. I do not expect to be an eye witness, but shall probably be enabled by my correspondents on the spot, to furnish you on my return to Philada. with my quota of information towards a general estimate of our future prospects. With great affection I am Dr. Sir Yr. friend & servt.\nJs. Madison Jr\nI have destroyed your letter & shall be equally attentive to the other parts of your injunction.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0338", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir\nGeorgetown Oct. 1. 1792.\nI called at Gunston hall. The proprietor just recovering from a dreadful attack of the cholic. He was perfectly communicative, but I could not, in discretion let him talk as much as he was disposed. I proceeded to M. Vernon & had a full, free, & confidential conversation with the President. The particulars shall be communicated when I see you. He declares himself quite undecided about retiring, desirous to do so, yet not decided if strong motives against it exist. He thinks if he declares a month before the day of election it will be sufficient: consequently that he may make his declaration even after the meeting of Congress. Bishop Madison whom I met here is just stepping into the stage, therefore I can only add assurances of my sincere affection\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0340", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 2 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh: J. to J. M.\nBaltimore Oct. 2. 1792.\nI wrote you twice yesterday. This is chiefly to cover the inclosed. On a sum of the poll last night at Annapolis & Baltimore (the only places of polling in Mercer\u2019s district) he was ahead of Thomas only about 25. votes in upwards of 400. The election was then to continue 3. days more. From every thing I can hear it is so doubtful that I would take up 100. to 99 either way. Thomas is a quaker, unaffected to our cause during the war, now a farmer & also factor for British merchants in the shipping business, of the purest character, & a man of letters, that is to say, a poet. Here is also a great contest between Smith & Ridgeley. The Baltimorians say Smith will carry it, but they wish it. The other is the man of the landed interest. Three days more will decide. Adieu.\nThe result of the poll here & in the county for to-day is this moment brought me. Out of 1500 polled, Smith has a majority of 450. and they pronounce that of the whole poll which it is thought will be about 3000, Smith will have 2000.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0341", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Bell, 2 October 1792\nFrom: Bell, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 2 October 1792. Mentioned in the lists probably made by Peter Force (DLC: Madison Miscellany). Bell was an Orange County neighbor of JM\u2019s (William H. B. Thomas, Patriots of the Upcountry [Orange, Va., 1976], pp. 18, 58).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0342", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Nicholson, 3 October 1792\nFrom: Nicholson, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPhilada. Octr. 3d 1792\nI take the liberty of Ad\u27e8dressi\u27e9ng you by the bearer on a subject which concerns the republi\u27e8can\u27e9 interests of The United states. Those in that Interest I believe pret\u27e8ty\u27e9 generally desire a change in the vice-presidency of the United states \u27e8a\u27e9t the ensuing Election, and at the first Governor Clinton was thought of to succeed him; however the circumstances of The state in which he presides combined with his own wishes indu\u27e8ce\u27e9d us here to Agree to the Honble Mr. Burr whose talents A\u27e8bi\u27e9lities And firmness of character are I believe fully equal, with a prospect of some Accessional strength from Middle And Eastern states which would not be given to Clinton. The people here however only desire A communication with their southern Brethren on the subject, And Altho they would I believe Generally prefer Burr to Clinton will unite in either that may be thought most likely to succeed, for Altho Clinton wishes to decline in favor of Burr, he does not Absolutely refuse to serve if elected. With high respect I have the honor to be sir your Most obedt servant\nJno. Nicholson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0343", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 9 October 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nYour 3 favors from G. Town, Bladg. & Balte: have come safe to hand. The accident mentioned in the 2d. has caused no small anxiety; which wd. be much greater were it not hoped from your not waiting to repair it, that a safe train had been laid for the purpose, & particularly that the article had been put under seal. The possibility of its falling into base hands at the present crisis cannot be too carefully guarded agst. I beg you to let me know its fate the moment it is in your power. Was my letter for Carroll & that for Beckley in your lost packet? I hear nothing more on the project of Govr. Lee. Your objections to it seem unanswerable. I see no probability however that the politics of the Session, will be saved from the random course to which they are exposed. Monroe left me the day before yesterday. He calculates on setting out from Fredg. abt. the 20 or 21. Adieu", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0344", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 9 October 1792\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nFredbg Octr. 9. 1792:\nThe bearer delivered me the inclosed last night address\u2019d to you and myself from M. Smith and M. Willet of New York. I have prevailed on him to convey it personally to you assuring him that no partial or seperate answer cod. be given.\nYou will find it proposes to substitute Mr. Burr to Govr. Clinton as the candidate of the republican interest, in the contest for the office of V. President. Altho\u2019 he does not appear to be in higher confidence than that of a respectable express, yet from what he has said to me I find he knows the purport of his message\u2014and that he was intrusted with a similar comn for some gentn. in Pena. & elsewhere, particularly to the south. This I presume he has collected from the open manner in which the business has been conducted in New York.\nThis letter will account for my not receiving an earlier answer to that written from Phila. to Mr. Smith. In short it appears clear, that either from the disinclination of Clinton to embark in the business, the desire of his friends to keep him where he is, or the preference given Burr, that tis the wish of those in that State desirous of a change, to rest the prospect on the latter; and it remains for us to determine what reply shall be given them.\nMy opinion is briefly this, that if Mr. Burr was in every respect inexceptionable, it wod. be impossible to have him elected. He is too young, if not in point of age, yet upon the publick theatre to admit the possibility of an union in his favor. If formed at all, it must be upon the recommendation & responsibility of particular characters in the several States; and if this cod. succeed it wod. be an unpleasant thing to those who would stand as sponsors. But for an office of this kind it could not, nor shod. it succeed. Some person of more advanc\u2019d life and longer standing in publick trust shod. be selected for it, and particularly one who in consequence of such service had given unequivocal proofs of what his principles really were. A person who had marked a line of conduct so decisively that you might tell what he would be hereafter by what he had been heretofore. To place this gentn., or any other of his standing in the chair of the present incumbant, wod. not be well thought of in america; nor wod. it produce the desired effect; for some compunction always attends the rejection of an old servant, especially when accompanied with any kind of reproach. To lessen this if the ground of exception is well founded, the person prefered shod. in that respect at least be universally known to be sound, and to balance in other respects against him as nearly as possible an equal weight of character. Having this impression I consider the effort in New York in his favor as highly injudicious & improper, and which if persisted in will certainly defeat the object. The particular arrangment of things there it might perhaps suit well enough; but they shod. not endeavor to make the more important interests of the union subservient to their accomodation. The part however to be pursued is difficult to be marked. Tis manifest that no steps have been taken by them to forward the object to the Eastward, or even perhaps in New Yk, and whether the step now taken, if attainable before, has not embarrassed it so as to render it impracticable, is doubtful. An answer however to their letter will be expected, & this must either be given by this messenger, or a message sent by him perhaps a written one to the gentn. signd by both, that as soon as we meet, wh. will be soon, we will answer it fully. I think the sooner they are apprized of our opinion the better it will be. For if evaded the effort will be continued as at present; and unless we join in, it shod. be discountenanc\u2019d. If such shod. be the result it will place us in a disagreeable dilemma with Mr. Burr, but this must be removed by the most soothing assurances of esteem & confidence on our parts, resting it altogether on his youth &ca. I am however disposed to concur with you in whatever you think best & will subscribe any letter you may write, for I am persuaded from past conversations we shall not disagree.\nI enclose you the papers containing the extracts of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s letters, with a continuation of the attack upon him, in terms rather more abusive\u2014written, tho\u2019 disguised, I suspect all by the same hand. Shall thank you to return them by hi\u27e8m.\u27e9 The piece you read me will be applicable now. I hear\u27e8ti\u27e9ly wish you wod. come down as soon as possible.\nIf the idea of Clinton shod. be abandoned what shall be done? This however we can do nothing in at present. Sincerely I am yr. friend & servt.\nJas. Monroe\nAfloat as the business is with the certainty of reproach from that party let the event be what it may, I shod. not hesitate to aid Burr in opposition to Adams. If he cod. succeed it might have its good effects and cod. not possibly do any mischief. So that in truth tis very difficult to act, informed as we now are, with propriety.\n[Enclosure]\nGentn\nNew York Sepr. 30th. 1792\nThe republ[i]cans in this State are unanimously disposed to a change in the vice Presidency of the united States, and we have heard with pleasure that similar dispositions prevail more or less throughout all the States\u2014nothing therefore seems requisite in order to success but to unite in a candidate\u2014Gov. Clinton and Col Burr, and no others, to our knowledge have been thought of. So far as our knowledge of the sentiments of the republicans in this State extends it appears to us that Col. Burr would be preferred considering the men in themselves, their characters their years and their habits of life. Our known and decided attachment to Gov. Clinton, our general acquaintance with the leading characters in the republican interest in this State and our long and intimate acquaintance with both the Gentleman enables us to say this with more confidence. But two circumstances seems to have removed all hesitation on the subject from the minds of the leading characters in the republican interest here\u20141st. Gov. Clinton does not wish to be a candidate\u2014on this head we have had repeated conversations with him both together and apart, and he has explicitly expressed his wishes that the republicans would unite in some other person. 2d. The office of Governor in this State is in our opinion of more importance to the republican Interest than that of Vice President. Govr. Clinton has, after a great struggle been re-elected, and tho.\u2019 it is probable that Col. Burr would be chosen to succeed Gov. Clinton in case he should be removed, yet we think it highly improper to hazard another election at this juncture. It has been suggested to us as an objection to the offering Col Burr as a candidate that Gov. Clinton has been generally contemplated in the southern States and that measures have been taken accordingly. This objection we consider as of little weight, because it is within our knowledge that Col. Burr has also been thought of within those States\u2014because we presume that the republicans in those States are not so exclusively attached to any one person as to pursue his election against his own wishes the wishes of his friends and to the predjudice of the republican Interest, and because whatever may have been the disposition of a few individuals, we are not informed of any measures having been taken with a view to Gov. Clinton to the Northward of Pennsylvania, but from all the information we have obtained Col. Burr has been the only person in view in those States. We do not hesitate to declare that in our opinion Col. Burr will receive more support in new Jersey and in the States to the eastward of that than can be procured for Gov. Clinton.\nFor the foregoing reasons we are decided in our opinion that good policy dictates that Col. Burr should be the candidate. We wish you may concur with us in this opinion and that you will also concur with us in soliciting the friends of republicanism in your State and to the southward to combine with us in the support of Col. Burr. We beg at all events your candid sentiments on the subject, for it is not a particular man but a general measure which we wish to pursue. Gov. Clinton and Col. Burr are not Competitors. The Govrs. friends are the friends of Col Burr. They have fully conversed on the subject. Though our own opinion is in favour of Col. Burr, we are fully impressed with the necessity of union on the subject and will concur in either of the candidates wch. shall appear to command the most interest. But we hope the political situation of this State and our views and wishes with respect to the men and the object will not be wholly disregarded. With great respect, we are Genn. Your Obed. Servts.\nMelancton Smith\nM. Willett.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0346", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 11 October 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nYour favor of the 9th. was yesterday delivered by the Bearer. The letter from N. Y. is truly embarrassing. My present view of the subject of it, is precisely that stated in your remarks. It is proper however that we shd. see one another before any answer be given, and that we shd. in the mean time weigh the subject in every scale. I will lose no time in dropping down to Fredg: but it can not be before Tuesday, perhaps wednesday, & possibly thursday. Wd. it be amiss for you, by a line to Melancton Smith from yourself, to acknowledge the letter, intimate the cause of delaying the joint answer, & to prepare him for the probable complexion of it. I return you the letter for that purpose, as well as that you may the better prepare in your mind, if not on paper, such an answer as will be proper, in case our present ideas shd. undergo no change. I inclose also a letter from J. N. of Philada. with my answer to it unsealed. Be so good as to put a wafer in it & forward it by the return of the Bearer. The letter for Mr. Jefferson I wish to go by the post. Adieu. Yrs. Affy.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0347", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Nicholson, 11 October 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholson, John\nSir\nYour favor of the 3d. inst: was duly handed to me by the Bearer. I received at the same time a letter on the same subject from N. York addressed to Col: Monroe & myself. As a joint answer to the latter will be necessary, and must be preceded by a consultation with Col: Monroe from whom I am now separated, and as the answer to yours must correspond with that, it will be some days before a proper one can be given. No time shall be lost in forwarding it by the post after the cause of delay shall have ceased. With great respect I am Sir Your Mo: Obedt. servant\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0348", "content": "Title: Deed of Sale, 15 October 1792 (Abstract)\nFrom: Brooke, John Taliaferro,Monroe, James,Monroe, Eliza,Mercer, Robert,Madison, James,Minor, John, Jr.,Jones, Joseph\nTo: \nAbstract. 15 October 1792. John Taliaferro Brooke, having purchased lot 127 in Fredericksburg, Virginia, from James Monroe and Eliza his wife, conveys that lot to Robert Mercer for \u00a3435. Witnessed by JM, John Minor, Jr., and Joseph Jones. Recorded 8 Nov. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0350", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 17 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 17. 1792.\nI recd yesterday yours of the 9th. and perceive that the hurry in which I wrote from Bladensbg. has exposed you to an anxiety against which I ought to have guarded by being more explicit. The morning I was at mount Vernon, I took out of my phaeton box (wherein all my papers were) your letter to mr. Carrol (because I was to see him that day) and five letters from individuals to me which I wished to shew to the President. These not being returned to me till my carriage was prepared for the journey, I put them in my pocket. A neighbor of his going to Alexa. that day picked up your letter to mr. Carrol & two of mine abovementd. The former he put into the post-office & it was delivd to mr. Carrol even at the moment I wrote from Bladsbg. tho\u2019 I did not know it, the latter he carried to the Presidt. The other three letters I have not yet recd. but the whole five were so unimportant that I had not a moment\u2019s uneasiness about them. You will have heard of the reelection of Mercer, and of the death of Colo. Mason. This last is a great loss, and especially at a moment when our state seems ripening for a constitution. Beckley has got a house for Monroe, in Arch street between 6th. & 7th. Adieu \u00e0 revoir. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0352", "content": "Title: For Dunlap\u2019s American Daily Advertiser, [20 October] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nMr. Dunlap,\n[20 October 1792]\nThe dispensation of the clerkship of foreign correspondence upon Mr. Freneau is the next circumstance, in the political conduct of Mr. Jefferson, which has given offence to the American. Upon this point the full force of his genius appears to have been collected, his passions roused, and his imagination to have displayed an unusual degree of brilliancy. The appointment of this gentleman to that station has been deemed an act of such enormity, that, like the original sin of our first parents, it could never be expiated. Deductions too, equally strange and wonderful, have been drawn from it. The imputation of a mere breach of duty in this respect, was a charge too mild and lenient for the supposed enormity of the crime. The humble sphere of the office, with any detriment which might possibly arise from an injudicious appointment in it, was a scale too limited for his capacious mind, and was accordingly immediately bounded over by our adventurous and salient author. In the fervor of his zeal, I presume, for the \u201cpublic welfare,\u201d it has been relied on, even as a proof of his hostility to the government itself. Happily however the tribunal to whom the appeal has been made, will be neither so fanciful nor indignant. Those malign and unfriendly passions, which prey on the mind of the writer, are entirely personal, and may be traced to personal motives. But it is not my desire at present, in pursuit of these doughty combatants, to make incursions into the enemy\u2019s territory. Foreign conquest is not the object of this essay. Those idolators of monarchy, friends of the imperial cause, whether they defend it by questionable speculations,\n   Catullus, whom I consider as the American, says, in effect, that the publication by Mr. John Adams, upon the subject of government, has been written so obscurely, that no person could tell whether he was an advocate for hereditary orders or not; of course, that it would bear either construction. I had concluded, from the perusal I once gave that voluminous and ponderous work that the equivocation, intended, had been covered with so thin a veil that no person would mistake his sentiments on that point. Indeed I have always understood, it was acknowledged by his more intimate friends, that its principal merit consisted in the candor with which he supported, at the risk of his popularity, that kind of government. It is with reluctance I mention this gentleman; I should not have done it had his friend not brought him forward.\n or more open and explicit avowals of their faith, may for a time rest in repose. A more humble purpose, a more domestic defence of the personal rights, the vindication of the well-earned fame of a virtuous citizen, against impertinent and malicious slanders, is the sole object of the present undertaking.\nThe propriety of every act, in public as well as private life, must be scanned by some known and fixed principles. If it stands the test of these the agent will, in proportion to its relative importance, merit well of his country; and on the contrary, if by this measure it should be found defective, he will in the degree be entitled to reprehension. These are in general so plain and obvious, and especially in relation to the duties of the several departments of our government, that when any act of a public servant shall be announced, if facts are likewise submitted, the unsophisticated common sense of every citizen may immediately arrange it in the scale to which it belongs.\nThe dispensation to office, tho\u2019 among the most important, is likewise among the most simple of public duties. One solitary principle governs every case: \u201cThat the man appointed to an office shall be irreproachable in point of morality, and in other respects well qualified to discharge its duties with credit to himself and advantage to his country.\u201d The most ordinary capacity may comprehend the principle, and know what should be done. Talents of the more elevated kind are only requisite to enable those trustees of this portion of the public confidence, in the range of faculties, judiciously to distinguish between men, and to select those best suited for the stations to which they shall be destined. To apply, in short, the most expedient means for the attainment of given ends. If appointments, from the highest to the lowest grade, will bear the test of enquiry by this criterion, those who confer them may rest contented: they have nothing to apprehend from the reproach of their own consciences, or the censure of the public.\nTo fill with propriety the humble station in question, but few qualifications appear to be necessary, and these to be comprized in the following particulars: \u201cthat he be a citizen of some one of these states, and acquainted with foreign languages.\u201d That he should be a citizen, and if not a native, a resident for a term of sufficient duration to assure a superior attachment to this, over every other country, seems absolutely necessary; for whatever belongs to the department of state, in which affairs with foreign nations are transacted, may pass through his hands; and that he should possess a knowledge of foreign languages, must be equally so; for otherwise he would receive a compensation without being able to render any service for it.\nLimited, however, as the scale of necessary qualification may be, yet candor must admit that it is difficult to find them united in the same person; for it is a fact which cannot be controverted, that there are but few Americans, in any rank or circumstances of life, who possess an extensive knowledge of foreign languages. A strict adherence, then, to the first requisite must, from necessity, diminish the required proficiency in the latter.\nAnother circumstance of material weight, must still contribute to reduce the sphere of selection, to a much narrower scale. The compensation of 250 dollars per annum, will invite no respectable character from a distant state, to abandon a lucrative profession, or the comfortable ease of private life. Nor will it induce, especially when the comparative grade of office is contemplated, any person to accept it, even in the city in which the Congress may chance to reside, to whose ordinary subsistence it would not yield a considerable aid. In short, it must be manifest, that there can be no choice in the appointment, and if a suitable person should be found, it must be rather the effect of accident, than warranted by circumstances.\nFor this office, I have been informed, Mr. Freneau presented the following well-authenticated claim.\n   I have understood he was recommended by several of his fellow-collegiates: men of high reputation, and who were interested in his welfare.\n A native of one of the middle states, he had been liberally educated at Princeton. To an accurate knowledge and refined taste in the English language, he had added a similar acquirement of the French; the nation with whom we have the most intimate connexion, and whose language has become, in a great measure, throughout Europe, the general medium of political negociation. That through life his morals were without blemish, and his conduct in the course of the revolution, though variously occupied, that of a sound whig and a republican. Perhaps his sufferings, having been taken a prisoner in the late war, and confined for a considerable time in the ship Jersey, that noted receptacle for unfortunate American captives, may have excited some additional sympathy in his favour. Such, however, I have understood, were his pretensions and whether they were not sufficient to have recommended him to an higher station, the public will determine.\nTo what trait in his character, what defect in his qualifications, does the American object? To his occupation? and if so, to occupations generally, or to this in particular? The low rate, or grade of compensation, it has been already shewn, precluded the hope of obtaining a man out of business. And to that of the press in particular, what well-founded objection can be opposed? Is it less honorable, less beneficial to mankind than all others? and does the American come forward to traduce and lessen it in the estimation of the public? Vain and unworthy effort! For whilst its services shall be remembered in raising man from a low and degraded state of barbarism to the high improvement of his talents, in the perfection of the arts and sciences, which forms the proud boast of modern times, every attempt of this kind must be reprobated.\nWhether he had already set up a press, or was about to do it (for the American may have it either way) it being the supplemental aid in support of his family, to enable him to undertake the duties of this clerkship, wherein does the difference consist? If in the former instance it would have been proper, why less so in the latter? Unless it can be shewn, that the effort to establish a press, should in all cases be discouraged, or discouraged when attempted by a man of his character\u2014a whig and republican? Would it not be hard on men of merit in his line, and highly detrimental to the public, if the door of preferment should be shut against them, and the friendly countenance of the most respectable and virtuous of their countrymen, inhibited?\nThe conduct of the press itself, is, in every respect, a distinct thing, and for which Mr. Jefferson can be no way accountable. Like the professions of law or medicine, the emoluments belong to the proprietor; and for his agency therein, he alone is answerable. If an impartial vehicle of useful information, it will be respected; and if otherwise, it will fail; but in this, the Secretary can be no further interested, than any other republican. This, and every other press, in a free country, is or should be open to him and others to publish their sentiments in. To say that this was more so, would impute to it what others would deny, as reproachful to them. It would, in fact, derogate from the merit of the very impartial, and respectable channel, through which I now furnish these comments. That he has, however, in any instance availed himself of it, in the communication of his sentiments to the public, has not been shewn, and disproved, so far as he knew any thing about it, by the oath of the Printer.\nThe objection on the point of influence, if the characters in question were capable of it, appears to me so light and contemptible, in relation to this appointment, as scarcely to merit any farther notice. For the discharge of duties absolutely necessary, and well defined, the office was created by law, and a salary annexed to it. If the person appointed performs those duties, what other claim can the principal have on him? Is he not entitled, in such event, as well to the approbation of the head of the department, as to the legal compensation? Degraded, indeed, would the condition of a freeman be, if to the acceptance of an office of this kind, was enjoined, not only the performance of its public duties, but likewise a low subservience, in those domestic concerns, to the will of a superior, upon which his welfare, happiness and fame depended. Those circumstances which characterize an influence of this kind, bear a different aspect. It can exist only in those cases, where there is no intervening office, no stable ground, on which the independant mind may rest secure: in those cases where the employment itself is occasional, and the person to be employed, and the compensation for the service, discretionary. If such a case does exist, \u2019tis not my wish to make the application; for the sake of public decorum, of common decency, I could have wished there had been no foundation for the allusion.\nThe negociation, by which this worthy character is stated to have been brought into this subaltern office, has been described with great pomp and solemnity. A gentleman for whose public and private virtues\u2014for whose talents and very eminent services to his country, and particularly for whose disinterested and republican patriotism, the good people of these states have long entertained the most exalted esteem, has been represented as the negociator; and for the purpose of subverting the government which he contributed so essentially to establish. Can the public mind, when these slanderous imputations are passed in review, withhold from their author, the contempt and abhorrence, which are deservedly his due?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0354", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Sevier, 30 October 1792\nFrom: Sevier, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nCamp at Knoxville October. 30th. 1792\nThis Country is wholy involved in a War with the Creek & Cherokee Indians. I am not able to suggest the reasons, or the pretended cause of their depredations. The success of the Northern tribes over our late unfortunate Armies, have created great exultations throughout the whole Southern Indians, and the probability may be, they expect to be equally successfull. The Spaniards are makeing use of all their Art, to draw over the Southern tribes, and I fear have stimulated them to commence their hostilities. Governor Blount has indefatigably laboured to Keep \u27e8th\u27e9ose people in a pacific humour but in Vain. \u27e8Wa\u27e9r is unavoidable, however ruinous & calamitous \u27e8i\u27e9t may be in it\u2019s operations. A tollerable well directed force speedily employed would suppress and give a check to the hostile part of those Nations, but should it be neglected for any length of time, the whole will become warmly engaged, and should that be the case the weight and burthen of such an extensive and expensive War would in my Opinion become almost insupportable.\nI have the pleasure of informing, I have recovered my health, and am with great regard Dear Sir Yr. Mo. Obe.\nJohn Sevier", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0355", "content": "Title: Notes on Law Cases, [ca. 4 November] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[ca. 4 November 1792]\nA. brought trespass on case vs. B. damages laid at \u00a350\nB. instead of expected offsetts, brought like action, damages laid at \u00a3100\nIn the trial at suit of A. Jury found \u00a3205.13.6. wch. was remitted to \u00a350.\nIn the 2d. do at do. of B. Jury found \u00a3161\u20134\u20134. which was remitted to \u00a3100.\nAppeals from the County to the district Court have been entered in both cases; at the instance of B generally for the sake of delay. At the instance of A on acct. of evidence excepted to. The evidence was a statement of the acct. by A but unsigned by him, and made out for another occasion, subsequent to which defects and mistakes had been discovered by A. The statement had been obtained by B. on a promise to return it which was not done; and at the Bar, before the paper went to the Jury, A\u2019s side of the account was torn off & destroyed.\nQu: 1. In case the Jdgt. in suit of A be confirmed; and in the suit of B the exceptions be allowed so as to bring on a new trial; Can the acct. of A. be reproduced in setoffs or Can A sett off any items not produced or not allowed on trial of the suit of A; or can any errors or miscalculations of the Jury appearing by their informal notes or marks on the acct. given in evidence be rectified by offsett or will A be barred from setting off the overplus remitted.\nQu. 2. In case of resort to Chancery, can the difference of the 2 Verdicts be estabd. in favr. of A; or how far & in what mode can the redress of Chancery be obtained.\nIt is to be observed, that altho\u2019 A limited in fact his damages to the supposed balance (that not however appearing on the declaration); he omitted (by advice of his lawyer) to exhibit in his acct. the Credits of B.\nThat at the trials a consolidation was proposed on the part of B. & rejected on the part of A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0357", "content": "Title: Notes on William Loughton Smith\u2019s Politicks and Views, [ca. 4 November] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[ca. 4 November 1792]\nOutline of Answer\nThe pamphlet a continuation of the attack on republican principles commenced by the American &c in the Newspapers.\nThe charges agst. Mr. Jeff\u2014on already completely repelled; the answers (if necessary) may be recapitulated.\nThe insinuation agst. Mr. R\u2014\u2014 merits little notice.\nThe attack on J. M. rests on two absurd & incredible suppositions 1. that Mr J. at the time stated, foresaw a rival in Col: H. 2. that J. M. has sacrificed his principles & prostrated his understanding from an implied complaisance to the ambitious & malicious views of his friend. The want of facts must have produced this fiction, and never was a plot or its incidents worse contrived.\nThe attack relates to the followg. topics\n1. That he introduced the proposition for establishg the Ex. Depts., & particularly the Treasy. Dept.\nAnsr. This false. The Journals shew Mr. Boudinot or Benson introduced the propn. Of no consequence if true\u2014to report plans &c\u2014not intended as practised on\u2014(here may come in if requisite a view of that subject and the advantages taken in extendg. Reports beyond the view of Congs) as in the assumption\u2014coupling excise & impost\u2014manufactures report\u2014provision for frontier\u2014Bank\u2014\n2. Reference of provision for the public debt &c. to the Secy. of Treay. in consequence of the Memorial from public credrs.\nAnsrs. J. M. one of the Come. only.\nAt the eve of the session, & that assigned as the reason.\nan extraordinary expedient, excused perhaps by the crisis of a transition from the former to a new state of things which might particularly require the digest of a system by a single mind\u2014like the revisal & digest of laws committed to persons out of the ordinary course of legislating.\n3. Removeability from office by the Presidt.\nAnswr. This a matter of opinion; and that opinion sanctioned by the most enlightened of all parties\u2014by the great principles of a well regulated Govt\u2014& by the evident mischief in practice of combining a branch of the Legisl: in the superintendance of Executive officers\u2014or as contended for by some, of letting them hold their places during good behavior.\n4. Amendts. to Constitution\u2014These due to the opposition by candor & good faith\u2014reproach shd. fall not on those who promoted, but those who impeded them. J. M. particularly responsible, by the part he had taken, to press this business. Had other amendments of a doubtful nature been urged\u2014he might have been suspected on one side of insidiously defeating his own attempts\u2014had the structure of the Govt. been touched, he wd. have been still more opposed and abused from the very quarter that brings this complaint agst. him.\n5. Discrimination.\nAnsr. The form proposed at least marked with honesty\nIn another and very different form, discussed with respect by the Secrety.\u2019s Report.\nThe doctrine, clearly maintained by the Secy. himself in his Report in favr. of Stuben, to whom it was less applicable than to the bulk of the army.\n   In that Report the further claims of Baron S. were pressed notwithstanding his final settlement & payment, on the ground of that being accepted by his necessities\u2014a claim far inferior to that of the private soldiers.\nThe public faith to the original creditors, never bona fide fulfilled by depreciated paper of one form, more than private debts pd. by like paper of another form (see the speeches of J. M in the Register & Newspapers). The tender of the public to individuals as coercive, as of one individual to another under the authority of the public. The paymt. in certificates therefore rests on the same unjust ground with all the retrospective payts. in paper money; and an equitable revisal as proper in the former as it wd be in latter case, if practicable. A redress of retrospective injustice, is not itself a retrospective act but the reverse.\nThe principle of discrimination admitted by the old Congs. in making good the depreciation of pay legally & formally discharged\nsettling with officers, for 40 for 1. money (which by the way carried interest) at the rate of 3 or 4 for one.\nAdmitted by the present Congs. in\n  discriminating\n  between foreign & domestic debt.\n  between fedl. & state debts\u2014if of\n    same oblign. as insisted.\narbitrarily defering \u2153\nfunding indents at 3 PerCt.\nContinental bills at 100 for 1.\nIf those discriminations & defalcations in which the public had a selfish motive have not prevented the rise of public credit, a plan which by payg. the full sum renounced every interested motive, could not have prevented that object.\nIf the disinterested part of the people of U. S. had decided the question, it is fairly presumable the measure wd. have been carried.\nIf the disinterested part only of their Reps. had voted, it is at least a problem what the decision wd. have been.\n(Here a review of the funding system may if proper be made)\n6. Assumption\u2014was opposed on the grounds stated in the printed debates (which see). Experience has shewn that even if it had been made so equal so just & so consistent with its own principles, as to have obtained universal concurrence in a full system of taxes for paying off the debt\u2014it would have been better to leave the State debts to be provided for by State taxes additional to the federal taxes, in order to hasten the extinguishment of the whole debt. (Here if proper, general view of funding system of the measure)\n7. Residence bill\u2014(original fault in Meeting at N. Y. &c). The subject did not originate with Va. The insinuation of improper combination with the assumption, too obscure to receive any precise answer. It may be remarked generally that if there be any reality in the connection of the two subjects\u2014it may be ascribable to 3 different kinds of views in those who acceded to it.\n1. A disinterested respect for the aggregate good of the Union, and a belief that such a compromise was called for & justified by the state of things at the moment. Of the members swayed by this consideration, an indulgent tho\u2019 not an approving judgment may be formed.\n2. Local interest. As far as this supposed to coincide with right & the general interest, it partakes of the above motive. As far as consulted under a disregard of national considerations\u2014it merits a high degree of censure.\n3. Interested speculations in the measure\u2014Agnst those who intended or used it for this purpose, no indignation too severe.\nThe inconsistency of arguments on the residence bill drawn from the Constn. is not sufficiently pointed out to be explained.\n8. Difference of pay in favor of Senators. Inducements to public service shd be in proportion to the private sacrifices\u2014& sufficient to procure the requisite qualifications. As the utility of the Senate will depend on the respectability of characters, as the emoluments can not in general be deemed lucrative, and as a more entire renunciation of other pursuits is implied\u2014no man need blush at the opinion even if erroneous, that the pecuniary inducements ought to be made stronger in the case of the Senate, than House of Reps. Whether erroneous or not will be determined by the permanent spirit & character of that branch of the Legislature, under the influence of the operating provision.\n9. Excise\u2014J. M. condemned the principle of excise, at the time he acceded to it. It was forced on him by the necessity of revenue\u2014and the general repugnance to direct taxes. And however he may still wish an exchange of the excise for some other revenue at the call of the people, and by the act of the Govt. yet whilst the law is in force, he is known to be the firm friend of all proper measures for maintain[in]g it.\nUnder this head the merits of indirect & direct taxes may be discussed\u2014and of the excise on home spirits particularly; two remarks occur for development. 1. The unequal operation of this law in N. E. where large distilleries are establishd. & in the other States where domestic ones prevail. 2. That the excise in the latter is as objectionable as wd. be an excise on family Breweries in Engd where the fiscal avidity has not dared to extend itself\u2014or on undistilled liquors in the U. S. in every part of which, the spirit of the people wd. probably revolt from such a tax.\n10. Bank. The previous intimation of the design\u2014& silence of its opponents thereon, nothing\u2014Banks admit of various modifications\u2014they can exist witht. incorporation\u2014A Constitutional modification possible. To have opposed it before its appearance wd. have been called premature & the effect of prejudice. The proposition to Penna: false\u2014unconstitutionality never waved. Known to have been uniformly asserted from the beginning to the end of the business. Duration & conditions of the plan 2d. ground of objection. To lessen the evil by a change of these was parliamentary & proper\u2014the more so as it was apprehended from the beginning that the 1st. objection\u2014however sound wd. be overborne. In the same view a concurrence in the supplemental bill was proper. If any fault in the business, it was in those who thought the 1st. bill inadmissible & yet voted for it on the presumption & private assurance only, that the 2d. wd. follow\u2014dangerous step & pregnant with dishon[or]able tendencies. If there was any mercenary change of opinion in the progress\u2014it was in those who sold their objections agst. the 1st. Bill to their private interest in the species of paper admitted into the Bank by the 2d. Notice also the introduction of the Bill for seat of Govt. into the Senate by Genl. S. whilst the Bank bill was before the P. It is known that: J. M. never considered the Bank as a real bar to the Removal to the Potowmac\u2014his great apprehensions were that it might have that appeara[n]ce, & thence be used as an engine for turning the fears & hopes of particular States, to party purposes. This might be one of his objections to the duration. Whether these apprehensions well founded best known to those acquainted with the subsequent History of Congs. The delay of objections to the 3d. reading a mere casualty\u2014which ought to have been instantly redressed by going back into Come. but this tho\u2019 asked & urged, positively refused by the eagerness of the friends to the Bank.\nHere may follow a general view of corrupt tendency of the Estabt. as evinced by experience\u2014and every investigation into the nature & effects of such institutions that may be judged proper.\nIt has been Noted under the respective heads, that particular discussions might be subjoined. It is conceived however that it would be better to shorten as much as may be those defensive explanations\u2014and then enter on a proper discussion of the objects presented by the administration\u2014closing with a historical view & present state of Parties; and charging home on the guilty ones, the proofs agst. them\u2014in their writings\u2014conversations\u2014attacht. to heredy. Cincinnati\u2014the admissions of Catullus\u2014doctrine as to public debt\u2014irredeemability\u2014increase by assumptions\u2014interesting the Bank (accordg to the reported plan) in perpetuating the debt by coupling the duration of Charter therwith\u2014doctrine of Genl. Welfare\u2014see federalist\u2014Board of Bounties\u2014favoritism in buying up debt\u2014policy of paving way for British Govt. by plans of British administration\u2014&c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0359", "content": "Title: Address of the House of Representatives to the President, [9 November] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\n[9 November 1792]\nThe House of Reps. who always feel a satisfaction on meeting you are much concerned that the occasion for mutual felicitation afforded by the circumstances favorable to the National prosperity, should be abated by a continuance of the hostile spirit of the Indian tribes; and particularly that the reiterated efforts for effecting a pacification with them should have issued in new proofs only of their persevering enmity, and the barbarous sacrifice of citizens who as the messengers of peace were distinguishing themselves by their zeal for the public service. In our deliberations on this important department of our affairs, we shall be disposed to pursue every measure that may be dictated by the sincerest desire on one hand, of cultivating peace, & manifesting by every practicable regulation, our benevolent regard for the welfare of these misguided people, & by the duty we feel on the other, to provide effectually for the safety & protection of our fellow Citizens.\nIt is with deep regret also, we learn that there shd. have been any occasion for apprehending unlawful combinations & proceedings for the purpose of obstructing the execution of the Act imposing duties on spirits distilled within the U. S. It is not more essential to the preservation of true liberty that a Govt. shd. be always ready to listen to the representations of its Constituents, & to accomodate its measures to the sentiments & wishes of every part of them as far as will consist with the good of the whole than it is that the just authority of laws actually & constitutionally in force, should be stedfastly maintained. Under this impression every department of Govt. & all good Citizens must learn with pleasure the purpose you have formed, to execute this part of your trust with the requisite firmness & energy.\nThe productive state of the public revenue, and the confirmation of the credit of the U. S. abroad, evinced by the loans at Antwerp & Amsterdam, are communications the more gratifying as they enforce the obligation to enter on systematic & effectual arrangement for discharging the public debt as fast as the conditions of it will permit; & we take pleasure in the opportunity to assure you of our entire concurrence in the opinion that no measure can be more desireable whether viewed with an eye to the urgent wish of the community, or the intrinsic importance of promoting so happy a change in our situation.\nThe adoption of a Constitution for the State of Kentucky is an event on which we join in all the satisfaction you have expressed. It may be considered as particularly interesting, since, besides the immediate benefits resulting from it, it is another conspicuous demonstration of the facility & success with which an enlightened people is capable of providing, by free & deliberate plans of Govt. for their own safety & happiness.\nThe operation of the law estabg. the post office, as it relates to the transmission of newspapers, will merit our particular enquiry & attention; the circulation of political intelligence thro\u2019 these vehicles being justly reckoned among the surest means of preventing the degeneracy of a free Govt.; as well as of recommending every salutary public measure to the confidence & cooperation of all virtuous Citizens.\nThe several other matters which you have communicated & recommended, will in their order receive the attention due to them. And our discussions will in all cases we trust be guided by a proper respect for harmony & stability in the public Councils, and a desire to conciliate more & more the attachment of our Constts. to the Constitution, by measures accomodated to the true ends for Which it was establish\u2019d.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0360", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Dawson, 12 November 1792\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nRich: Nov: 12 92\nWe have heard from several elections & have reason to think that the friends to Mr Clinton, or rather the opponents to Mr. Adams are generally chosen. Moses Hunter however is chosen for the Frederick district, who it is said will be friendly to Adams. Whether S. T. Mason or Colo Peyton is elected for Loudon &c is not yet known\u2014if the latter it is to be feard that he will be for Adams. I wish Hunter coud be written to by some gentleman in Philaa. & Peyton shoud he be chosen.\nI feel great anxiety on this business & shall use every effort in my power to procure a unanimous vote of the state\u2014this I fear cannot be done but think there will be not more than two or three against Clinton. His enemies propagate a report that he is much opposed to moving the goverment to the Potowk. I wish you woud collect every information you can & forward to me before the 3d. Wednesday in the next month. You will be interested to hear that our Governor is a warm friend to Adams. I am with esteem yr. friend & Sert\nJ Dawson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0365", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Overton Callis, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Callis, William Overton\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nRichmond 19th. November 1792\nI observe by an Act of the last session of Congress, that the Door for claimants for Personal Service against the U. States, is again open: I have taken the liberty therefore to inclose you a Power of attorney to settle my claim with any Person authorised to do it.\nIn the year 1778 I retired from the Army as a supernumerary Luent. of the 4th. Virginia Regiment, under an arangment of the Army at the White Plains. Under a subsequent resolve of Congress all such officers as were there dera[n]ged were entitled to one years full pay in lieu of every other compensation, this I have never received as will fully appear reference being had to the Books (I suppose) in the War-office.\nIf the Vouc[h]er sent is sufficient to obtain this compensation, you will be pleased to transmit it to me in this Place, if not, any others that may be necessary, shall be sent forward to you, as soon as I am informed what they are.\nThe District in which I reside having made choice of me as an Elector to Vote for a President and Vice President of the United States, I conceive it a duty incumbent on me to make every enquiry into the Characters and ab[i]lities of Gentlemen, who are at present, or who may hereafter be nominated for those important offices, in my power. Of the President, whose character, Virtues, and abilities are not unknown to the most ignorant of almost every Country in Europe as well as America I need make no enquiry. The Present Vice President, by his vote on the Representative Bill, has evinced to me his partiality to the E. States, and his enmity to the Southern, and will therefore decidedly meet my disapprobation. Clinton then appears to be the only alternative; of this Gentleman then I wish your Sentiments; this perhaps is a delicate Subject, but the Interest of my Country I think dema[n]ds it, and when I declare that I write to you in co[n]fidence, and that no abuse will arise on my part, that you will give it with the fre[e]dom of a Republican. With the highest respect & Esteem I am Dear Sir Yr. Mo. Ob\nW. O. Callis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0366", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Lee Turberville, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Turberville, George Lee\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir.\nRichd Co. Virga. Novr. 19th 1792\nI arrived at home on the fourth of October, & in about 10 Days was thrown up again with the Gout which has kept me confined ever since. Thinking that you wou\u2019d probably leave home before my Letter cou\u2019d reach you, I deferred writing untill I knew certainly that you were in Philadelphia, this the Fredericksburg Paper of the 15th. informed me, & I embrace the earliest oppy. by a private hand to Fredericksburg\u2014the Post will not reach that place until Thursday night.\nEnclosed you will receive a Copy of Governour Reeds Letter to Genl. Lee that I promised you when last I saw you. Its date you will Observe is Novr. 21st. 1776. Reed & Lee continued very intimate untill After Monmouth Battle June 28th. 1778. Tho Reed had been making use of every Art to ingratiate himself at head Quarters for some time previous to that Battle, so soon as it was known that an Open Rupture had taken place between Genls. Washington & Lee which happen\u2019d on the Field of Battle & was followed next Day by Lee\u2019s Arrest, Reed published a peice in Collins\u2019s Trenton Paper containing an Acct of the Action at Monmouth & reflecting much upon poor old Lee. This peice was without any Signature, Lee in the next paper animadverted very severely upon Reed\u2019s peice & its Author who he really did not know. A few days after the Appearance of Lee\u2019s peice signed by him, Reed sent to him a very complaisant & apparently a very Friendly Message (or he wrote to him I forget which) reminding him that he had written the Letter of which the enclosed is a copy, that he (Reed) was now very well at head Quarters, that Lee had a great many Young men about him, that Wilkinson had divulged a correspondence between Genls. Gates & Conway, which was productive of much mischeif, that this Letter might also be brought forward agt. him, & therefore that he shou\u2019d esteem it a particular favor if Genl. Lee wou\u2019d return him the original. After some little Search, Genl. Lee (not suspecting the least Duplicity in Reed) wrote him that he verily beleived the Letter to which he alluded had been long ago distroyed, that he had been in long Captivity, & had unfortunately lost many of his papers of very great Value, that he cou\u2019d not find the one Reed wanted, nor did he recollect whether he had or had not preserved it. At all Events that Genl. Reed might rely on it, no Young Gentleman nor any other Member of his Family wou\u2019d ever be base enough to divulge its contents, to his injury. Satisfied with this Reply in a very short time Reed wrote the Genl. a very haughty Letter\u2014insisting that he shou\u2019d recant or apologize for the peice he had publish\u2019d in Collins\u2019s Paper publicly thro\u2019 the same Channel, or else that the Genl. must no longer expect to number him amongst his Friends\u2014\u201c& indeed says Reed at this time I do think you have few enough (Friends), & you may venture to retain me by this small condescension.\u201d Old Lee\u2019s wrath was up on receiving Reeds Letter, in two very short lines he refused to apologize & treated his proffered Frien[d]ship, with contempt. A very few days after this & before the conclusion of the Court Marshall which sat on Old Lee We found the Original of the Enclosed. Genl. Lee tho\u2019 so long as I staid with him always refused to suffer a publication of this Letter, & I obtained a Copy without his knowledge. This Acct. will shew you some traits in Reeds Character & in Old Lees too which probably you knew not before. The whole transaction except the immediate Receipt of the Letter of Novr. 1776 passed under my Eye.\nThe Presidents Speech I have seen. Its Contents give me a great deal of Concern. The Indians I fear will be very formidable & distructive to our Frontieres. Is it possible that they are directed by Indian Councils alone? I fear Not. The Spaniards & the English too envy our tranquillity I suspect & are at the Bottom, or at least are instrumental in fomenting Discord, furnishing Supplies & directing the proceedings of our Enemy. War produces Taxes. The more Revenue the more Power, the Greater the feild of Speculation, Funding Jobs, &c. Those who favor such Schemes are Enemies to Peace & \u0152conomy but Such men are unfortunately in power amongst us\u2014thus within & without are vexations & Dangers.\nThe French too I fear are a lost People, very different indeed is the situation both of Foreign & Domestic Affairs from what they were, when you rose in the Spring. The President is mistaken so far as my information extends as to the Tax on distilled Spirits, he says opposition to the Law seems to be dying away, if he means by that that the people begin to relish it, I differ very much in opinion from him. Universal Opposition thro. this State from the Warm Springs down to the lower End of Lancaster will be the result, if this System is not repealed this session. You know how violently all persons are opposed to the Still Tax, with you in Orange Colo. Taliaferro told me that our Friend & Acquaintance Genl. Stevens had lost his popularity, which was once very great, altogether by becoming an Inspector, or Commissioner for collecting the Spirit & Still Tax. A direct Tax on Lands wou\u2019d be more fair & infinately More favorable to the Southern Interests.\nHave you heard any certain Acct. of Mr. de la Fayette, I am very much interested in his welfare, having served with him two Campaignes one of them in his Family\u2014his Virtues & his integrity have suffered no diminution as yet in my Estimation. Wou\u2019d to God he wou\u2019d come to America!\nI shall be very happy to hear from you when yr. Leizure will permit direct\u27e8ed to me?\u27e9 in Richd Co. by the Northern Neck Post. He passes my door. My dea\u27e8r Mrs.?\u27e9 Turberville has been extremely ill since we got down th\u27e8ere?.\u27e9 I thin\u27e8k she is?\u27e9 now better than when we parted, my little Boy too \u27e8has\u27e9 just got over a severe attack. Mrs. T. joins me in most Affte. Comp\u27e8liments\u27e9, & my little Boy standing by desires his Love to you. Beleive me to remain with great sincerity Yr Most Affte. Friend\nGeorge Lee Turberville\nNB. I wish I cou\u2019d get the Memoires of Genl. Lee\u2019s Life. I am told they are in print in Philadelphia let me know the price & point out a channel for me to remit you the money, & you will do me a singular favor by sending the Book on to me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0367", "content": "Title: Public Debt, [19 November] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[19 November 1792]\n   The Committee of the Whole took up the section of the president\u2019s speech dealing with reduction of the public debt. FitzSimons moved for a resolution that the House should adopt measures and direct the secretary of the treasury to report a plan to reduce the debt.\nMr. Madison wished for information before he could agree to the motion just made. The exact state of our finances, he conceived, necessary to be well known before measures were taken for the reduction of the debt. The house of representatives had already unequivocally expressed their general sentiments on the subject, in their answer to the President\u2019s speech; but it was not time, he conceived for the adoption of measures with a view to realize what appeared the general wish, until the information, on which those measures were to be grounded, was received.\n   General Advertiser, 20 Nov. 1792 (reprinted in Federal Gazette, 21 Nov. 1792, and Gazette of the U.S., 24 Nov. 1792).\n[19 November 1792]\n   FitzSimons and Williamson defended the motion.\nMr. Madison again expressed it as his opinion, that information should form the basis of any provision for the reduction of the debt. If the motion were adopted, information, no doubt could be obtained before the final adoption of any measure; but he insisted on the necessity of making that information the groundwork of any proceeding on so important a subject.\n   General Advertiser, 20 Nov. 1792 (reprinted in Federal Gazette, 21 Nov. 1792, and Gazette of the U.S., 24 Nov. 1792).\n[19 November 1792]\n   Mercer opposed the motion. Smith (South Carolina) said the main issue was whether the House had enough information \u201cthat would warrant a beginning in the work of reducing the public debt.\u201d\nMr. Madison drew a distinction between the deliberative functions of the house and the ministerial functions of the Secretaries. The deliberative functions, he conceived, should be first exercised before the ministerial began to act. It should be decided by the house, in the first instance, he conceived, whether the debt should be reduced by imposing new taxes, or varying the burdens, or by new loans. The fundamental principles of any measure he was of opinion, should be decided in the house, perhaps even before a reference to a select committee. He did not pretend to determine whether the motion now before the house might not involve a reference of a ministerial nature merely. But he well knew, he said, that the act establishing the Treasury department had been so construed as to give it a greater latitude than was contemplated when the law past, much against the opinion of a great portion of the people. In the infancy of our government, that latitude, perhaps might be necessary; but he saw no necessity for it at present.\n   General Advertiser, 21 Nov. 1792 (reprinted in Federal Gazette, 21 Nov. 1792, and Gazette of the U.S., 24 Nov. 1792).\n[19 November 1792]\n   Page proposed to amend FitzSimons\u2019s resolution by striking out the last part, which called for a reference to the secretary of the treasury.\nMr. Madison saw some difficulty in drawing the exact line between subjects of legislative and ministerial deliberations\u2014but still there certainly was a space between them. Gentlemen who argued the propriety of calling on the Secretary for information, plans and propositions, involved the propriety of permitting that officer in the shape of a plan or measure to propose a new tax, and say whether it should be a direct or indirect one. Yet, if it was proposed directly to give this power to the Secretary, few members, he believed, would agree to it. He was in favour of striking out.\n   General Advertiser, 21 Nov. 1792 (reprinted in Federal Gazette, 21 Nov. 1792, and Gazette of the U.S., 24 Nov. 1792).\n   After Gerry opposed the Page amendment, the Committee of the Whole postponed further action.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0368", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Howell, 21 November 1792\nFrom: Howell, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nAccountants Office Novemr. 21. 92\nThe enclosed papers left with me, I have examined and made the necessary Notes thereon. I am Sir Your obedt. servt.\nJoseph Howell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0370", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., 23 November 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nHond. Sir\nPhilada. Novr. 23. 92\nI have sent by a Vessel just sailed a small cask of port wine\u2014a few Glass & plate wares with some knives & forks and two or three Books for Fanny. They are addressed to Mr. Anderson. Among the Books are two translations of Telemachus. One was bought before that in 2 vol: which is the proper one for her use could be met with. The supernumerary one which is the best for the English reader may be disposed of. Wheat & flour have risen considerably, the latter to 41/. Pa. Cy. and the accts. from Europe of different kinds, make it probable that the market will continue good. Yr. Affe. son\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0375", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 28 November 1792\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 28 November 1792. Acknowledged in JM to Pendleton, 6 Dec. 1792. Expresses concern over the fate of the French.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0376", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Overton Callis, 2 December 1792\nFrom: Callis, William Overton\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nRichmond 2d December 1792\nYour favor of the 25 Ult. came to hand last evening: I have to acknowledge the polite attention to the request contained in my last. If I should be fortunate enough to succeed in my claim, your own prudance will dictate to you to the proper channel to transmit the proceeds. I have now to retu[r]n you my particular thanks for your communications, relative to the Competitors for the Vice Presidency; and am particularly happy to add that I am confident that Mr A. will not get more than one Vote from this State: but whether Mr C. will get the ballance is not so certain, but thinking with you that ant[i]republicanism, and not antif\u0153deralism is now most to be guarded against, I flatter myself he will: but I could wish for my own part that we had neither to contend with.\nThe assembly have made considerable progress in the Revisal of the Laws of this commonwealth and will I think deserve some credit, if they do not, as I fear they will, leave them unfinished. A reform in the Militia Law has been unsuccessfully attempted. And no other innovation can at present be effected but such as are absolutely necessary to assimilate it to the Law of the General Government on that subject. With the highest esteem and reeal [sic] regard I am D Sr. Yr. Mo. Obt\nW. O. Callis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0377", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, 6 December 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\nDear Sir\nPhilada. Decr. 6. 1792\nI am just favored with yours of the 28th. Ult. I wish I could remove your anxiety for the French. The last accounts are so imperfect & contradictory that it is difficult to make any thing of them. They come also thro\u2019 the Brussels & English channels, which increases the uncertainty. It appears on the whole that the combination agst. the revolution, and particularly agst. their new republic, is extremely formidable, and that there is still greater danger within from the follies and barbarities which prevail in Paris. On the other hand it seems tolerably clear that the nation is united against Royalty, and well disposed to second the Government in the means of defence. At this distance it is impossible to appreciate particular mea\u27e8sur\u27e9es, or foresee the turn which things may finally take.\nThe Newspaper tax noticed by the P. has been referred to a Come. but no report has yet been made. It is of great importance that some change should take place that will remove the obstruction which has been thrown in the way of information to the people. In all Govts. the public censorship is necessary in order [to] prevent abuses. In such an one as ours, where the members are so far removed from the eye of their Constituents, an easy & prompt circulation of public proceedings is peculiarly essential.\nThe election of a vice P. has excited in this quarter considerable animation, and called forth comparative portraits of the political characters of Mr. Adams & Govr. Clinton the only candidates brought into the field. The former has been exhibited in all its monarchical features; and the latter in the antifederal colors it wore in 1788. There are not sufficient data here to calculate with certainty the event of the contest. The probability is rather favorable to Mr. A; but not in such a degree as to prevent pretty keen apprehensions among his friends. As the opposition to him is levelled entirely agst. his political principles, and is made under very great disadvantages, the extent of it, whether successful or not, will satisfy him that the people at large are not yet ripe for his system.\nWe are informed by the last advices from Eu\u27e8ro\u27e9pe that the harvest has generally been scanty; & that in England particularly it has suffered prodigiously from the wetness of the season. From this cause, and the general state of things abroad, a great demand on our stock is anticipated. Wheat is already up at 9/. & flour at 45/ of this currency. The rise must soon communicate itself to Virginia & it is to be hoped the farmers will not lose the benefit of it by premature sales. We all regret the detention of Col. Taylor. I hope the cause of it has ceased & that we shall soon have his arrival in proof of it. It is probable that Mr. Jefferson will not remain very long in his public station; but it is certain that his retirement is not to be ascribed to the Newspaper calumnies which may have had that in view. With the greatest affection I remain Dr. Sir Yrs.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0378", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Overton Callis, 9 December 1792\nFrom: Callis, William Overton\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nRichmond 9th. December 1792\nI received your favor 27th last Month in due time: and now inclose you my own affadavit and a certificate from Genl. Wood, who commanded the Regiment at the time of my derangement; which (the Paymaster, Benjn Lawson, being dead) is I conceive the best evidence that the nature of the case will admit of. This compensation having been allowed by congress in lieu of all others subsequent to the arangement, I conceive that the money never was, nor never could be in the hands of the Paymaster or Colonel. These Vouchers being I hope sufficient, I hope to obtain the claim. You will use the method most agreable to yourself in conveying them to me. With real Esteem I am Dr Sr Yr. Mo Ob\nW. O. Callis\nI am not a little astonished that the Books I suppose, in the possession of the Commissioner of Army accounts do not shew has paid or not.\nWOC.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0379", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, [10 December] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\nDear Sir\n[10 December 1792]\nAs you find an amusement in our Newspapers I inclose two of the last; which however contain little of consequence, except a new report from the Treasury Dept. The Mover of the reference which gave birth to it declared he did not mean to authorize a proposition of new taxes, and it appeared that some at least voted for the Motion on that idea. You will find however that a different construction has been made by the head of that Dept. Quer: is not a tax on horses a direct tax, and therefore unconstitutional in the form proposed? Quere. How much will Va. pay more than her share of such a tax, compared with Connecticut & the Southn. States generally than the Eastern? Quer. Is it not rather hard that those who are to have least of the benefit, shd. constantly be saddled with most of the burden? Quer. if a new tax & a direct tax is to be encountered is it not mockery to begin with one that is to raise 40 odd thousd. dollars only, as a fund for sinking the debt? Quer\u2014but there wd. be no end to the Queries arising out of the project. Yrs. affely.\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0380", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Daniel Carroll, 11 December 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Carroll, Daniel\nLetter not found. 11 December 1792. Acknowledged in Carroll to JM, 13 Jan. 1793. Reiterates request for information about the Potomac navigation. Comments on the tax on horses as a direct tax and its unequal effect between North and South. Gives news concerning France and Browse Trist.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0382", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Washington, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nMr. Madison presents his respectful compliments to the President, and informs him that Mr. Johnson, the candidate for the light-house appointment, having left the City yesterday morning, it cannot now be ascertained how far he is apprised of the limited provision annexed to the place.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0383", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Vining, 18 December 1792\nFrom: Vining, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear sir,\nWilmington Decr 18th 1792\nIn compliance with the Desire of a number of my Constituents, I take the Liberty to enclose to you a Memorial from the Merchants of Wilmington to which they request your Patronage. Having Business of peculiar private Importance before the Legislature of this State which will meet on the first of January, I shall necessarily be absent from the House of Representatives until about the middle of the next month, when I hope to rejoin my Friends both of the Demo-&-Aristocratick Order. The former of which I confess, I have ever & I hope ever to prefer.\nYou will soon discover by a comparative View of the Law & the Memorial, how necessarily tributary & dependent the smaller importing Ports must be when in the Neighbourhood of a large exporting Capital. This Inconvenience by the Operation of the Law allowing Drawbacks upon certain exported Articles has been most sensibly felt by the Merchants of this place, & I doubt not by all other trading places similarly situated. In the great Article of Coffee, & which is the principal Article of Importation, it augments the Price or rather creates a Difference of nearly a Cent between Philadelphia & Wilmington. This is a hardship which certainly demands a Legislative Interference & I doubt not will recieve every prudent Accommodation. Your presenting the Memorial as soon as conveniently may be will be highly gratifying to myself as well as to those who are more immediately interested.\nI venture also to tresspass upon your Goodness another Memorial which if you think proper, I will thank you to offer to the Chair, it represents the Case, (whether remidiable or not) of a very Meritorious Citizen who thinks he has a right at least to be heard, & to mingle his Hopes with the general Mass of those who have been Sufferers from the same Source.\nWe are now rejoicing in our little but patriot\u27e8ic\u27e9 Borough on the Defeat of the combin\u2019d Armies, & we most cordially pray that we may not be premature but that the Letters of Dumorier are genuine. If you should do me the Honor of a Line upon the Subject of the Memorials I will be obliged to you for the most authe\u27e8n\u27e9tick Intelligence upon the Interesting Subject of France. I am with every Se\u27e8n\u27e9timent of respect & regard your very Hubl Sert\nJohn Vining", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0384", "content": "Title: For the National Gazette, 20 December 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nWho Are the Best Keepers of the People\u2019s Liberties?\nRepublican.\u2014The people themselves. The sacred trust can be no where so safe as in the hands most interested in preserving it.\nAnti-republican.\u2014The people are stupid, suspicious, licentious. They cannot safely trust themselves. When they have established government they should think of nothing but obedience, leaving the care of their liberties to their wiser rulers.\nRepublican.\u2014Although all men are born free, and all nations might be so, yet too true it is, that slavery has been the general lot of the human race. Ignorant\u2014they have been cheated; asleep\u2014they have been surprized; divided\u2014the yoke has been forced upon them. But what is the lesson? That because the people may betray themselves, they ought to give themselves up, blindfold, to those who have an interest in betraying them? Rather conclude that the people ought to be enlightened, to be awakened, to be united, that after establishing a government they should watch over it, as well as obey it.\nAnti-republican.\u2014You look at the surface only, where errors float, instead of fathoming the depths where truth lies hid. It is not the government that is disposed to fly off from the people; but the people that are ever ready to fly off from the government. Rather say then, enlighten the government, warn it to be vigilant, enrich it with influence, arm it with force, and to the people never pronounce but two words\u2014Submission and Confidence.\nRepublican.\u2014The centrifugal tendency then is in the people, not in the government, and the secret art lies in restraining the tendency, by augmenting the attractive principle of the government with all the weight that can be added to it. What a perversion of the natural order of things! to make power the primary and central object of the social system, and Liberty but its satellite.\nAnti-republican.\u2014The science of the stars can never instruct you in the mysteries of government. Wonderful as it may seem, the more you increase the attractive force of power, the more you enlarge the sphere of liberty; the more you make government independent and hostile towards the people, the better security you provide for their rights and interests. Hence the wisdom of the theory, which, after limiting the share of the people to a third of the government, and lessening the influence of that share by the mode and term of delegating it, establishes two grand hereditary orders, with feelings, habits, interests, and prerogatives all inveterately hostile to the rights and interests of the people, yet by a mysterious operation all combining to fortify the people in both.\nRepublican.\u2014Mysterious indeed! But mysteries belong to religion, not to government; to the ways of the Almighty, not to the works of man. And in religion itself there is nothing mysterious to its author; the mystery lies in the dimness of the human sight. So in the institutions of man let there be no mystery, unless for those inferior beings endowed with a ray perhaps of the twilight vouchsafed to the first order of terrestrial creation.\nAnti-republican.\u2014You are destitute, I perceive, of every quality of a good citizen, or rather of a good subject. You have neither the light of faith nor the spirit of obedience. I denounce you to the government as an accomplice of atheism and anarchy.\nRepublican.\u2014And I forbear to denounce you to the people, though a blasphemer of their rights and an idolater of tyranny. Liberty disdains to persecute.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0385", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Barnes, 20 December 1792 (Abstract)\nFrom: Barnes, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nAbstract. 20 December 1792, Philadelphia. A list of proposed alterations to the 1790 federal patent law, followed by \u201cobservations tending to demonstrate the Necessity and equity of the proposed amendments.\u201d Includes remarks on how James Rumsey\u2019s discoveries in working with steam power have been denied legal protection. \u201cSince it is not the wish of any good Citizen, \u2019tis presumed the Legislature will not, if it can avoid it, put it in the power of any plagiarist, or designing person to force an honest Inventor to see a Lawyer, and go thro\u2019 all the tedious and expensive processes of A Court, as the only possible means of possessing himself of the Inventors discovery.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0386", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Jones, 24 December 1792\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sr.\nFredg. 24th. Dec. 1792.\nI thank you for your letters with the papers inclosed. It appears from the accounts I have seen that Mr. A. will be reelected and I think and have heretofore expressed that opinion to Monroe that the investigation of his opinions and their tendency was not commenced in time to make the impression on the Public mind that was necessary to effect a change\u2014nor do I think his conduct in office (if it be true what I have heard) has been treated with that free animadversion it required and wch. wod. have operated agt. him in the Public opinion had it been exposed. It has been said he has manifested from the commencemt. of his official Character an evident attachment to parade distinctions and rank\u2014that he deviated in one instance at least from his declaration in the commencement of the governmt. that he shod. adhere to the sense of the representative body on a division of the Senate\u2014that in another he divided the Senate by his vote and that laterly he has manifested in some instances a party spirit. If these reports and some others of a similar nature were well founded the laying them open with proper inferences wod. have had considerable weight with the community at large and have been construed into a settled disposition to inculcate and establish sentiments and manners among the people favourable to his opinions as promulgated in his works\u2014they were known before his first appointment\u2014these wod. have shewn an adherence to those opinions and a continuation of his efforts. Some good though not all that was hoped for from the discussion may result\u2014but generally feeble attacks serve only to strengthen the Party assailed. The Secretaries plan of a sinking fund I have read over but do not yet comprehend, it is intricate and so complicated it appears to me to require some time and attention to understand. At first view I think it well calculated to keep us all in the dark excepting those near the seat of governmt. where the finances are better understood than with us and who thrive on speculation\u2014the tax on horses cannot fail to serve the purposes of easing the eastern and burthening the southern interest\u2014there are few pleasure Horses in the eastern and middle compared to the southern states. If the annual Taxes produce a surplus and it can every year be known or pretty nearly what they furnish\u2014that surplus might every year be applied by direction of the legislature in buying up or sinking the debt withot. an intricate nine or ten years operation involved and perplexing\u2014the more simple and intellegible our money matters are the better, and impositions and abuses sooner detected. Never let the public accot. pass unexamined\u2014the omiting this necessary duty will in a few years make the undertaking too formidable to be encount[er]ed with willingness and be hurried over in a slovenly manner. We hope for a confirmation of but hesitate in yeilding full assent to the letter that has been published from Belfast\u2014the manner of it and some expressions contained in it make me doubt its authenticity. Perhaps it is badly translated. Health and happiness attend you. Yr friend & Servt\nJos: Jones.\nWheat has fallen here below 6/. Is there any reason to fear it will not be up in the spring.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0387", "content": "Title: Repayment of Bank Loan, [26 December] 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[26 December 1792]\n   By the Bank Act of 1791, the federal government paid $2 million, from funds previously borrowed at 6 percent interest and appropriated for debt reduction, for its shares in the Bank of the United States. The bank in turn lent the government $2 million to be applied toward the reduction of debt as previously appropriated and to be paid off in $200,000 annual installments over the next ten years (U.S. Statutes at LargeThe Public Statutes at Large of the United\n          States of America \u2026 (17 vols.; Boston, 1848\u201373)., I, 196). On 24 Dec. 1792 the Committee of the Whole took up \u201cthe bill to provide for a reimbursement of a Loan made of the Bank of the United States.\u201d JM \u201coffered several observations to shew the propriety of postponing the bill for a few days, in order to the members having time to revolve in their minds several propositions which have been suggested in relation to this business: Whether, by an appropriation of the sum, which, it is said, now lays dormant in the Treasury\u2014Whether by a sale of the shares in the bank, or by a loan, to provide for the object.\u201d FitzSimons objected that JM\u2019s \u201cidea goes to an immediate interference with an appropriation already made, and leaves to a contingency a provision to supply its place.\u201d JM replied that FitzSimons \u201coffered as good a reason as he could have suggested in favour of applying the money in the treasury to the object now in question\u201d (Gazette of the U.S., 26 Dec. 1792). The committee reported the bill, and on 26 Dec. Steele moved that the House strike out the bill\u2019s first section, which authorized another loan, at 5 percent interest, to pay off the 6 percent loan from the bank.\nMr. Madison was desirous to hear the reasons that could be given by the friends of the bill, for requiring so much greater a loan than the sum demandable by the bank. He observe\u27e8d\u27e9 that there was a large balance of money lying in the treasury, unappropriated, at least to his knowledge; if, however, this balance was appropriated by the executive, he wished to know it. He did not suppose but that if it was, it must have been done with propriety; and he would be one of the last men in the house to injure any existing appropriation.\n   Dunlap\u2019s Am. Daily Advertiser, 1 Jan. 1793 (also reported in General Advertiser, 28 Dec. 1792, Gazette of the U.S., 29 Dec. 1792, and Federal Gazette, 1 Jan. 1793).\n[26 December 1792]\n   Sedgwick objected that \u201cthe subject involved a degree of delicacy at present which perhaps it would be better not to express.\u201d This veiled hint must have been related to unused treasury funds that were owed to foreign creditors, but JM was unwilling to drop the matter.\nMr. Madison said, that, either the public money lying d\u27e8ormant\u27e9 in the treasury, is, or is not, appropriated. \u27e8If it\u27e9 is appropriated for carrying on the Indian war, he was of opinion it could not be touched by a diversion in favour of the bank, upon the uncertainty of having it replaced by a fresh loan to answer the original specific appropriation. Perhaps, said Mr. Madison, I am ignorant of my situation, if so, I hope gentlemen will relieve me, by explaining candidly the real state of the business.\n   Dunlap\u2019s Am. Daily Advertiser, 1 Jan. 1793 (also reported in General Advertiser, 28 Dec. 1792, Gazette of the U.S., 29 Dec. 1792, and Federal Gazette, 1 Jan. 1793).\n[26 December 1792]\n   Williamson opposed \u201cselling the Bank stock belonging to the United States.\u2026 It would have an effect something like an ex post facto law.\u201d\nMr. Madison expressed extreme surprise at the arguments of the gentleman last up, because they were absolutely, in direct contradiction to that gentleman\u2019s opinion, and the opinion of the legislature, and the reports of the Secretary of the Treasury in all former occasions, for it has hitherto been held up as a valuable and secure resource in case of emergency, to have that stock to dispose of, and why shall it not be of the same quality with the stock of the other subscriber\u2014transferrable? It is the first time, said Mr. Madison, I ever heard the thing denied, that the United States should dispose of their stock, when ever it became the interest of the country to do it, with equal facility, as other stockholders do\u2014I believe, however, the gentleman (Mr. Williamson) may have been right in his intentions, but he is certainly wrong in the application of his arguments. Mr. Madison again expressed a desire that some candid explanation might be given respecting the appropriation of the money lying dormant in the treasury, whether it was demanded abroad by the country to which it was due and for which it had been borrowed. There was not any necessity for hurrying a decision on one part of the question, respecting the propriety of borrowing at 5 per cent. to pay off a debt at 6, that could be deliberated upon without precipitation\u2014the other part of the question involved a very different subject, that of diverting a sum already appropriated for a particular purpose, and applying it to another purpose, they paying the bank installment &c. and this on no better foundation than the uncertainty of a new loan to replace the original appropriation. He declared, that he could not see how gentlemen would be able to answer to their constituents for such conduct, especially if it was originally intended to satisfy the debt of installments due to France\u2014a debt of justice and of gratitude; if it was intended to pay a debt, to support a glorious cause, the cause of liberty. He wished it could be sent there if possible on the Wings of the Wind! It may be argued, that the whole of this debt is not yet demandable; yet as an appropriation has been made to pay it, it is presumable, that it would be particularly acceptable, from the situation of France at this time. He concluded by declaring his dissent from any diversion of the appropriation unless further lights could be thrown on the subject, than had yet appeared.\n   Dunlap\u2019s Am. Daily Advertiser, 1 Jan. 1793 (also reported in General Advertiser, 28 Dec. 1792, Gazette of the U.S., 29 Dec. 1792, and Federal Gazette, 1 Jan. 1793).\n   JM was giving vent to the suspicion that Hamilton was withholding money earmarked for repayment of the French loan in order to use the funds \u201cto aid the Bank to which he was partial\u201d (Fleet, \u201cMadison\u2019s \u2018Detatched Memoranda,\u2019\u201d WMQWilliam and Mary Quarterly., 3d ser., III [1946], 546). Hamilton\u2019s official stance was that affairs in France were so unsettled by the revolution that \u201cfurther payments on account of the United States to the government of that country\u201d ought to be suspended (Hamilton to William Short, 5 Nov. 1792, Syrett and Cooke, Papers of HamiltonHarold C. Syrett and Jacob E. Cooke, eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton (26 vols.; New York, 1961\u201379)., XIII, 19).\n[26 December 1792]\n   Williamson objected that JM \u201chad misunderstood him, and that he was equally anxious with him, both as to the honor of the country and the propriety of its measures.\u201d\nMr. Madison rose again, to explain in regard to the misconception of his arguments by Mr. Williamson. He was willing to admit of any reason for a diversion of the appropriation of the former loan in order to pay part of our debt to France, except one; he would admit of any reason from the executive, but one, and that was, what he had heard alledged, not in, but out of Congress\u2014\u201dthat there would ever exist a possibility of paying the debt over again.\u201d This reason he could never admit; because although it might be vainly presumed, that the present government of France had not yet arrived at a proper stage of maturity, yet it must be evident to all the rational part of mankind, that it was sufficiently established to insure it against all possibility of a retrograde motion.\n   Dunlap\u2019s Am. Daily Advertiser, 1 Jan. 1793 (also reported in General Advertiser, 28 Dec. 1792, Gazette of the U.S., 29 Dec. 1792, and Federal Gazette, 1 Jan. 1793).\n   JM voted with the minority when the House defeated Steele\u2019s motion. He \u201cthen moved to strike out 2,000,000 and insert 200,000. The object of this motion was to provide only for the payment of interest on the loan and the first instalment, which becomes due on the first of January\u201d (Federal Gazette, 1 Jan. 1793). A 27\u201326 majority favored JM\u2019s motion, but Speaker Jonathan Trumbull\u2019s casting vote defeated it. On 27 Dec. Sedgwick urged the House to take up the bill, as the loan \u201cis so near being due,\u2026 and 200,000 dollars to be raised immediately.\u201d JM responded: \u201cIf this be the only reason for dispatch, then limit the proposed loan to that amount, and we will consent to its being instantly referred to a committee of the whole\u201d (Dunlap\u2019s Am. Daily Advertiser, 1 Jan. 1793). On 27 Feb. 1793 the motion to strike out the bill\u2019s first section was revived in the Committee of the Whole. JM \u201cwas in favour of striking out the section\u2014setting aside the consideration that the United States are not under obligation to discharge the whole sum of two millions at the present time; he very much doubted the policy of making loans at that amount, when the question, Whether any saving could be made thereby, is problematical, considering the rate of interest in Europe. He thought it probable, that before the time came round, when the United States might be obliged to discharge the whole of this debt, money may be obtained on more advantageous terms than at present, if it should be found necessary to borrow\u201d (Gazette of the U.S., 2 Mar. 1793). The committee approved the motion. On 28 Feb. the House passed the bill, amended to provide only for payment of the first installment, and the president signed it on 2 Mar. (Annals of CongressDebates and Proceedings in the Congress of\n          the United States, 1789\u20131824 (42 vols.; Washington, 1834\u201356)., 2d Cong., 2d sess., 898; U.S. Statutes at LargeThe Public Statutes at Large of the United", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0388", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Peters, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nI percieve, by the News Papers, that Congress are about establishing Fees in the Admiralty Side of the District Court. I have heard that considerable Deductions have been made from the Fees as mentioned in the Bill first brought forward by Mr Smith of S. C. I saw that Bill & objected both to the Clause embarrassing the Seamen in their Lien upon the Ship, & to the Quantum of Fees. The first I have understood is omitted & very properly. As to the Fees as they first stood, they are in many Instances 50 \u214cCent lower than those customary here; & I am convinced, from more than 20 Years Experience on this Subject, that they are at least 25 \u214c Cent too low. If the Bill as it now stands has made still greater Deductions, the Hire of a common Clerk could not be paid out of the Fees. I wish not that any exorbitant Fees may be taken, but I do not see why Congress should depretiate their Offices so that none but the meanest Talents & the most incapable Citizens will appear in them. The Proceedings in the Admiralty are necessarily higher in Expence than those in the common Law Courts. They must be chiefly in writing, & there is some Nicety in conducting the Business. Yet as to the Costs of Suits for Seamen\u2019s Wages, the Merchants in this District pay very few; as the summary Examinations by the Judge of the District, keep Causes out of Court, &, when they go into it, the Captain or Merchant is most commonly in the Wrong. Out of at least 150 which have pass\u2019d thro\u2019 my Hands, there have not been above 7 or 8 Suits in the Court; & I can truly say that I have, in the Course of these Examinations, found the Captain or Merchant, quite as often wrong as the Sailors. If the Suit goes against the Sailors the Fees are generally lost. My Observations are confined to the Fees demandable by the Clerk & Marshall, the latter Officer particularly, in some Instances, loses Money by doing his Duty, & the former gets little by many Services. The Marshall sometimes gets a Lift by Commissions, but the Clerk has no Way to indemnify himself. The Establishment of Fees for Advocates is a Solecism in Admiralty Arrangements. The Proctor only should have ascertained Fees. I say Nothing of these Characters who are the best provided for in your Bill. Give them what you please, or Nothing\u2014they know their Business too well, not to have learnt the Science of taking Care of themselves. I have troubled you with these Remarks, believing you not averse to recieving Information, but whether you can profit by them, if you should think them of any Weight, I know not, as the Tide, in this particularly, seems running too violently the wrong Way. I have no other Object than a Desire to have the public Business well done; & if the Officers cannot support themselves by fair Means, those who have an Aversion to starving by their Honesty will abandon the Offices, & leave them to be filled by those who have not such unthrifty Scruples. Yours very sincerely\nRichard Peters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-17-02-0375", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 8 February 1792\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nVirginia Feby. 8th. 1792.\nYour obliging favr. of the 21st. past has just made it\u2019s way hither through the Frost, and with it\u2019s inclosures, was a high treat in my present houseburnt state.\nI think anticipating the taking another Census, & shortning the Operation of any fractional inconvenience arising from the former, a happy expedient, & more constitutional than any Arrangement of those fractions, which it seems to me Congress had no power to meddle with, further than to change the ratio from 1 to 30. M, to 1 for a larger number, which would have attained more nearly, the great principle of proportionate representation, if such could have been hit on. Our Assembly have made short work of it, & directed us next week to send you Addl. members, even one more than at 1 for 30. M, if it was the time for any election, considering Kentucky as already Seperated: I understand some Elections will be made, tho\u2019 I hope the Candidates mean only to trie each other\u2019s foot, in the Jocky phraze, & will not go to Philadelphia to meet the mortification of being sent back. I am sorry our Assembly took this unthinking step, however\u2014it was in a hurry, & I suppose they had been informed, that the Election of supplimentary members to the present Congress had been Agitated in Congress, but not that it was rejected; however a little reflection might have evinced the Step to be unwarrantable.\nI thank you for your purpose of sending me the Minister\u2019s Report on Manufactures, which I had been taught by a paper signed \u201cCaius,\u201d to suspect was another link in the Chain of funded debt, Assumption, Bank &c to raise & Establish a monied Interest for the Support of Government, regardless of the great Aggricultural Interest of the States: The Specimens furnished in the papers are not calculated to remove the impression\u2014every sentiment appears to me as Heterodoxical in Commercial Policy, as the ground itself is unwarrantable by the Constitution. His bounties, premiums & protecting laws, however Speciously displayed, are neither more or less than taking money from the Southern States (who cannot, nor is it their interest at present to enter into extensive Manufactures) & give it to the Eastern, for the purpose of enriching the latter by a monopoly of our trade. This is attempted to be grounded on the Maxim that the Interest of part of a society is to be sacrificed to the good of the whole; a perverse application, if we had associated for any such purpose, which is not the Case; we have not committed our Individu[a]l Interests to the f\u0153dral Government in one consolidated Mass, well knowing they were too discordant for an Union\u2014but the General Interest of the whole as concerned wth. foreign Nations\u2014that is the General Welfare Congress may raise money to provide for, which words plainly refer to the Stipulated Powers of the Government. One half the states are in a situation to commence Manufactorers\u2014the other half in a different State & find tillage their Interest. Their Wish is to barter their produce for implements of husbandry & necessaries; & to raise the price of the former & lessen that of the latter, Competitors at Market is their policy. The present System strikes directly at that Interest, by driving from Us all foreign Competition, & leaving us at the mercy of a few. Nor is this all the evil\u2014they can\u2019t Supply us\u2014for I believe after all the puffs of Manufacture on paper, the whole from Pensylva. Eastward, would not furnish real necessaries to one of our large Counties\u2014so that after we have paid them an enormous price for a partial Supply, we must give foreigners the like price for the residue. And this is a situation we are to purchase\u2014the doctrine is heretical, I had almost said damnable. If Manufacture is their Interest, & it wants aid to cherish it, let their bounties, premiums &c come from their State Treasurys, to enable them to bring their Commodities to ours & other markets upon equal terms with their rivals: this is common policy, & is just, because those pay the purchase money who receive the benefit\u2014we shall always give them the preference, and indeed are inclined voluntarily to give them some Advantage, but shall not submit to be driven into an Oppressive Monopoly. I am tired of the Subject & have fatigued you, so conclude wth. repeating that I am always & Affecty., Yours\nEdmd Pendleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-17-02-0376", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 14 March [1792]\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir\nVirginia March 14. 1791. [1792]\nI am further Obliged by yr. Esteemed favr. of the 21st. & the Papers, a feast to a recluse shut up from Intelligence for a long spell of frosty weather. Yr. sudden Animadversions on the Subject of bounties to Classes of men in a few States, prove you needed not any hints from me on the Occasion, nor had I a conception you did, when I hazarded my thoughts on that important affair, or do so, on any other, I mean rather to gain information, & retract my errors when you satisfy me they are such, or firmly retain sentiments which meet yr. Approbation. In this view I hazard some serious reflections which have occured on hearing of the late enormous Speculations in b & Ch. stock, not from any compassion for the loss of the Speculators, not an Atom of which I feel, but from the Agency which the Bank was to have had in it, which impressed on my mind a question\u2014whether a Member of Congress ought to be a Bank-Director? wch. I recollect to have seen stated as a doubt in some paper awhile agoe, but then took little notice of it; many other Objections seem to arise from the Nature & constitution of the Bank.\nA critical skanning of the words of the Constitution, speaking of your Speaker as an Officer, & the President pro tempore of the Senate without that Character, might literally admit of the former, & not the latter being called to the Presidency, but fair Interpretation would seem to exclude both\n1. because yr. Speaker is mentd. as an Officer of the House, not of the States, wch. I suppose was such as was meant to be called to the Presidency.\n2. It would seem to require a Stable Officer & not temporary ones, for it might happen at a time when no such Speaker or Prest. of the Senate was in being.\n3. But the most important of all is, that it ought to have been thrown on some Executive Officer, & not on any Legislative or Judiciary one. The Secrety. of State was the Obvious proper Officer, since the functions of his Office were of the most General unconfined nature\u2014the Present Officer, I am sure, furnished no reasons for Objectn., tho\u2019 it might for delicacy in our Representation. I wish that of others may proffit by the example.\nThe Northern Cocks are true game they die hard on the Representation Bill.\nMr. Corbin stands elected as Mr. Page\u2019s Colleague by 193 votes collected from the returns of 5 Sherifs out of 11 in the District. I am My Dr. Sir Yr. constant & Obliged friend\nEdmd Pendleton\nI have just reced., but not read, the Secretary\u2019s Report.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-17-02-0377", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 28 April 1792\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nMy Dear Sir\nRichmond April 28th. 1792.\nI know not whether this will find you in Phila. but I steal a moment to acknowledge, & thank you for 2 Packets received since I came here. The Presidents getting the Representation Bill placed on constitutional ground by his Negative, and the Stand made by the Judges agt. an unconstitul. Law, seem [to] give Genl. pleasure; Some few present Members of Our Assembly, & those who have imbibed prejudices there formerly, excepted as to the Judges. An Impeachment is said to be talked of\u2014they don\u2019t seem to approve so much the Conduct of the Gentn. at New York on the like Occasion.\nThe fate of the Speculators at N. Y. almost Ceases to be the subject of conversation, tho\u2019 it is said that a few here are involved in it. The principle topic of Conversation now is Mr. Temple\u2019s proclamation. The trade don\u2019t appear Satisfied with the explanation given by the Minister Plenipo, the rather as Mr. Hamilton, the Consul for this State, is said to have reced. no Instructn. to explain it, or a word on the Subject but directions to publish the Proclm. I fear it will have a Serious effect on the price of our Staple\u2014perhaps the Alarm has partly that object in view, & another in getting Br. Ships prefer\u2019d in freight; I wish it was settled. We have had no Case worth entertain[in]g you with\u2014a deep but dry one is before Us\u2014a devise of land to the son & heir without limitatio[n]\u2014all the rest of his estate Real & Personal to his wife & daughr.\u2014does the heir take a fee by the devise? If not, does he take the Rev[ersio]n by descent, or is it included in the Residuary devise to his wife & daughr. A 2d. Argt. is finished & our conference floor covered wth. Books Antient & modn.\u2014(the heir\u2019s Artillery now turned agt. him) & yet it is acknowledged to be a new case. I am wth. unchange. Esteem, Dr Sr. mo. Affy. Yrs.\nEdmd Pendleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-17-02-0378", "content": "Title: Notes on the Draft of Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Letter to George Hammond, [ca. 16 May 1792]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nEditorial Note\nGeorge Hammond, the first British minister to the United States, arrived in Philadelphia in October 1791 and presented his credentials to President Washington on 11 November. Some two weeks later, Secretary of State Jefferson attempted to ascertain the minister\u2019s powers to settle American differences with Great Britain with respect to the failure of the former mother country either to fulfill the terms of the seventh article of the 1783 Treaty of Paris or to make more generous arrangements for Anglo-American commerce. Since Hammond had no powers to make any commercial agreement, Jefferson decided to concentrate on the violations of the 1783 treaty, where Hammond had justified Great Britain\u2019s refusal to honor the terms of article 7 on the grounds that the United States had not observed the engagements contained in articles 4, 5, and 6. On 15 December 1791, Jefferson suggested that he and Hammond specify \u201cthe particular acts which each considers to have been done by the other in contravention of the treaty,\u201d and he \u201cset the example\u201d by complaining of Great Britain\u2019s refusal to withdraw its garrisons from posts in the American Northwest and its abduction of a considerable number of slaves at the end of the war for independence (Boyd, Papers of JeffersonJulian P. Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of\n          Thomas Jefferson (22 vols. to date; Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2014)., 22:409\u201310).\nHammond eventually responded on 5 March 1792 with a lengthy account of the failure of both Congress and the states to assist Loyalists and British creditors in their efforts to recover confiscated property and long-outstanding debts. The minister presented his indictment in the broadest terms and relegated the evidence to support his case to five appendices listing various acts and legal proceedings, which, he declared, exemplified the grievances he was protesting. Jefferson\u2019s rebuttal was far more thoroughly researched and more focused in its argument, and by early May he had prepared a sixty-six-page draft (DLC: Jefferson Papers), which he showed first to JM and then, after receiving JM\u2019s three pages of comments by 16 May, to Treasury Secretary Hamilton and Attorney General Randolph. JM, of course, hardly needed to be convinced of the merits of Jefferson\u2019s arguments, and his comments reflected, as much as anything, the different temperaments of the two Virginians, with JM urging his friend to be either more restrained or more precise in the wording of some of his statements. But on the points that JM did raise, his comments clearly influenced Jefferson\u2019s subsequent revisions of his note, which, after it had obtained the president\u2019s approval in cabinet, was sent to the British minister on 29 May 1792 (see ASPAmerican State Papers: Documents,\n          Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States \u2026 (38 vols.;\n        Washington, 1832\u201361)., Foreign Relations, 1:188\u2013200; Jefferson to Hammond, 29 May 1792, Boyd, Papers of JeffersonJulian P. Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of\n          Thomas Jefferson (22 vols. to date; Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2014)., 23:551\u2013602 and nn.; Bemis, Jay\u2019s Treaty, chap. 5; Malone, Jefferson and His TimeDumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time\n        (6 vols.; Boston, 1948\u201381)., 2:412\u201317; and Syrett and Cooke, Papers of HamiltonHarold C. Syrett and Jacob E. Cooke, eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton (27 vols.; New York, 1961\u201387)., 11:408\u201314).\nwas the evidence of none produced?\nwhat meant by \u201cits different administrations\u201d\uff0d& whatever its meaning is it a circumstance sufficiently marked to enforce the appeal?\nIs not \u201cforeign\u201d likely to be criticized as not applicable in its ordinary & strongest sense\u2014distant Country\u2014unknown judges or some equivalent epithets might be free from the objection if a real one.\nMight not a more apt word be substituted for perpetual chains which is not literally just\u2014nor congruous with the idea of becoming murderers &c.\nwd. it be superfluous to guard the universality of these terms so as to correspond with \u201cthe apud hostes inventas\u201d & \u201capud nos reperta\u201d of Bynk. In their unqualified sense they extend to hostile property found with neutral nations\u2014Quer. also whether a State of war, as now understood, permits the seizure of property in the broad sense of Bynkershook\u2014if there be ground for this doubt, some such words as \u201cin its rigor\u201d might be thrown in.\nwill not this be called drawing up the curtain just dropped on the tragedy of the War? The expression might, if requisite, receive a less harsh form, without weakening the inference.\nMay not the word \u201cidle\u201d give offence, as Hammond has rejected or disregarded the difference stated.\nMr. T. Pitt & Mr. Wilberforce seem to have very obscure ideas of the powers of Congs. & the obligation taken on them by the word recommend. Lord Hawke seems not to understand the difference between recommending, & the constitutional power of making requisitions.\nMay not these proofs be repelled, if Mr. H. chooses, by alledging want of accuracy & authenticity in the publication\u2014& wd. it be amiss to admit both sub modo\u2014without relinquishing the sufficiency of the general scope & complexion of the debate which could not well be mistaken.\nIs this consistent with the journals & reports of the Commissrs, which shew that they opposed & that the British Negociators urged the admission of the people in question, to citizenship in this Country.\nWhy invert the geographical order of the States\u2014if in compliance with Mr. H. a little explanatory amendment is suggested in loco.\nIs it so clear, as to need no proof or remark, that confiscation is compleat by the Law\u2014without the subsequent process for carrying the law into effect? Perhaps Mr. H.s Memorial may admit what is assumed. In that case the quere is superseded.\nAre not these acts of Jany. that is prior to Apl. 11. 1783. thrown out of the question by the distinction with which the review sets out\n\u201cwill excuse my answering\u201d\u2014Is this phrase correct\u2014sd. it not be excuse my not answering or excuse me from answering?\nquer. whether so much here & p. 32. as animadverts on the Refugees &c. be necessary\u2014and if not whether it be expedient.\nMay not this be viewed as unnecessarily pointed?\nFrom accts. given of the Furr trade it is doubtful whether so great a proportion of it ever passed thro\u2019 the present U. S. as to place it among the [\u201c]most valuable branches of their commerce.\u201d\nIs it clear that a nation can rightly make general war in the first instance, for a breach of any treaty\u2014or even a Treaty of peace?\nQuer. whether so dishonorable an object can be prudently inferred from regulations which ostensibly were not at all, & perhaps really very little considered in that relation.\nas the laws of all the States as well as of G. B. subject the body to restraint for debt, wd. it not be as well to omit this general denunciation of the practice as agst. reason?\nIs not this pre-eminence to the civil law liable to misconstruction?\nThe unwillingness to infringe the Treaty, seems here to be stated as the cheif, if not sole motive agst. paper money\nIs not the value of paper emissions too strongly expressed. The depreciation was considerable in all & great in some cases. It is also a tender in N. Jersey yet in certain cases (Quer.) unless superseded by the Constitution.\nsee p. 31. (b)\u2014as it is admitted that Modifications in the recovery of debts existed in some States\u2014is not the positition [sic] too broad that our Courts have been as open as theirs?\nQuere. whether this reasoning is applicable to the case of positive & express stipulations between two Countries. In ordinary cases the individual foreigner claims under the law & the tribunals for expounding it, & his sovereign can not interfere unless for palpable & culpable wrong. In the former case, an innocent error of the Judge which might defeat the stipulation, might be ground of complaint & satisfaction.\nTo this it may be said\u2014that the law being known, justice could not claim interest; & of course no National complaint wd. be warranted.\nDoes not this suppose that if America had been conquered, not only forfeitures wd. have taken place\u2014but without payt. of the dbts of the traitors\u2014a thing not presumable?\nwill not the forced exile of some form an exception here? It wd. seem also that the departure of an alien Creditor in all cases results of necessity on the event of a war, yet it is not the Modern practice to abate interest during war.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/02-08-02-0573", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joseph Chew, 29 February 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Chew, Joseph\nDear Sir\nPhilada. Feby. 29. 1792\nYour favor of the 2d. instant came duly to hand a few days ago: Your preceding one of the 13th. July to my father was recd. by him whilst I was in Virginia last fall. I know it was his intention to answer it, and if I can trust my memory, think he did so. Sure I am that if he did not the omission was not occasioned by any decay of his friendship & affection to you. I recollect also that he meant not long ago to write again, and forward his letter thro\u2019 me during my stay in this City. I have not however red. the letter, owing either to miscarriage, or circumstances which may have prevented him; among which may be included the frequent interruptions of his health which I understand he has suffered in the course of the Winter. My Mother\u2019s health, which has been so long, and dangerously attacked, I have the pleasure to hear, has been unexpectedly, and almost perfectly restored. With respect to your other friends, I am not able to give such particular information as would be desireable. Your brother Larkin I believe continues as he has been. Your Sister Bitty is among her friends in Orange. Your Sister Taylor is still living in Kentucky, and with her family was doing well last fall. The only death I recollect is that of your uncle George Taylor who was carried off last fall by a complaint allied to his advanced years.\nIt is with the sincerest concern I find that your arrangement for your sons has not had the success wished for. If I supposed that any countenance of mine could be of serv\u27e8ice\u27e9 I shd. readily co-operate for their welfare. But I can not \u27e8take\u27e9 the risk of betraying you into other disappointments, by recommending a trial of their fortunes here, without some specific and certain prospects of business. In the common spheres of it at this place, I have little connection with persons, or knowledge of opportunities; and within the public sphere of employment, there is always such a throng of competitors, with pretensions of every sort, that a stranger under circumstancial disadvan[ta]ges, could not prudently rely on the resource.\nThe present Session will expire on Saturday next. The measures it has produced have made no very material change in our political arrangements. I wd. with pleasure inclose you such printed accts of our proceedings as would be acceptable; but the right of franking is so limited that I can only forward the inclosed Newspapers.\nI shall write to my father immediately and let him know that I have red. the letter from you. I shall soon have an oppy. of communicating its contents in person. Be assured my dr. Sir that I shall always hear from you with pleasure & that I am with affection yrs.\nJs. Madison Jr.\nP. S. I have this moment red. a letter from my father, and have the pleasure to inclose it in time for the mail.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/02-08-02-0574", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 16 September 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOrange Sepr. 16. 1792\nThe Bearer waits on you for the Bag of Coffee brought round from Philada. with your Stock.\nInclosed is the letter from E. R. referred to in his to you; to which is added a long one from D. C. for the sake of one or two particulars mentioned in it. You may either return them by the Bearer, or bring them with you as may be most convenient.\nOn my arrival at Mr. J. Walker\u2019s I found that Docr. Gilmer had been suddenly called for to your little grand-daughter. I hope the cause has been removed. Present me respectfully to the ladies & to Mr. Randolph. I shall look out for you about the close of this week or the first of next, remaining in the mean time, with unalterable affection Yrs.\nJs. Madison. Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-16-02-0039-0005", "content": "Title: IV. Jefferson\u2019s Notes on the History of the Medals, [ca. 8 July 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nCongress voted medals to several officers and directed Rob. Morris their minister of finance to have them made. He authorized Colo. Humphreys to have this done in Europe. Colo. Humphreys had contracted for some of them, had made some paiments, and left the whole business to be finished by me. I made contracts for the rest, and the whole of those named in Mr. Morris\u2019s list, were compleated and one medal either in gold or silver (according to the vote) was made for each officer and a set in silver for Genl. Washington. All this was paid for by Mr. Grand on my orders. The two sets of medals were brought by me and delivered to the President, who was thought the proper person to deliver those destined for the officers to themselves. Adml. Jones\u2019s having been last ordered, was not finished till after I left France, and so was left for Mr. Short to look to.\nCongress by their resolution of July 27. 87. directed me to present a set of these medals to the different powers of Europe, to the universities of Europe, to certain officers there, and to send 215. sets to America. Those for Europe I supposed would be about 110. sets. It was necessary that each set should be arranged in a box; on trial of different cabinet makers, one Upton was found to make the boxes best and on the best terms, and as it would be a work of time to have so many made by one hand, he was set about them in due time. It was necessary he should recieve his money from time to time and in small sums. I found it therefore less inconvenient  to pay him those little sums myself from time to time than to load Mr. Grand\u2019s accounts with such a number of small orders. Hence it happened that the paiments to him entered into my accounts while the other paiments in general were made by Mr. Grand. The boxes made were lodged at Mr. Grand\u2019s office, and Upton was going on with the work when I left Paris. Hurry at my departure, and a firm expectation of returning prevented my settling with him and taking his receipt for the sums I had paid him, and my destination being afterwards changed it was impossible for me to offer to the Auditor any other voucher than my own oath. The boxes deposited with Mr. Grand are a further voucher. After I returned to America Genl. Lee applied to me for the medal voted him by Congress, which Mr. Morris\u2019s list had by mistake omitted, and producing to me the resolution of Congress for the purpose I put it in hand with Wright to be executed in Philadelphia. Wright, as well as I recollect, would not agree to warrant against the quality of the steel. His dies broke after they were executed, so that this matter was not concluded when I left Philada.\nIt may be observed that so much of the resolution of Congress as respects the whole of the medals to be made and presented (except those to the officers themselves and the set to Genl. Washington) remains still to be executed, and that a considerable expense is already incurred in the proceeding to execute it.\nBesides the expences for the medals presented in my accounts, I presume other details will be found in Colo. Humphrey\u2019s and Mr. Short\u2019s.\nAll the papers in my possession respecting them are now returned to the Auditor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-17-02-0018-0012", "content": "Title: X. Jefferson\u2019s Account of the Bargain on the Assumption and Residence Bills, [1792?]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nThe assumption of the state debts in 1790. was a supplementary measure in Hamilton\u2019s fiscal system. When attempted in the House of Representatives it failed. This threw Hamilton himself and a number of members into deep dismay. Going to the President\u2019s one day I met Hamilton as I approached the door. His look was sombre, haggard, and dejected beyond description. Even his dress uncouth and neglected. He asked to speak with me. We stood in the street near the door. He opened the subject of the assumption of the state debts, the necessity of it in the general fiscal arrangement and it\u2019s indispensible necessity towards a preservation of  the union: and particularly of the New England states, who had made great expenditures during the war, on expeditions which tho\u2019 of their own undertaking were for the common cause: that they considered the assumption of these by the Union so just, and it\u2019s denial so palpably injurious, that they would make it a sine qua non of a continuance of the Union. That as to his own part, if he had not credit enough to carry such a measure as that, he could be of no use, and was determined to resign. He observed at the same time, that tho\u2019 our particular business laid in separate departments, yet the administration and it\u2019s success was a common concern, and that we should make common cause in supporting one another. He added his wish that I would interest my friends from the South, who were those most opposed to it. I answered that I had been so long absent from my country that I had lost a familiarity with it\u2019s affairs, and being but lately returned had not yet got into the train of them, that the fiscal system being out of my department, I had not yet undertaken to consider and understand it, that the assumption had struck me in an unfavorable light, but still not having considered it sufficiently I had not concerned in it, but that I would revolve what he had urged in my mind. It was a real fact that the Eastern and Southern members (S. Carolina however was with the former) had got into the most extreme ill humor with one another, this broke out on every question with the most alarming heat, the bitterest animosities seemed to be engendered, and tho\u2019 they met every day, little or nothing could be done from mutual distrust and antipathy. On considering the situation of things I thought the first step towards some conciliation of views would be to bring Mr. Madison and Colo. Hamilton to a friendly discussion of the subject. I immediately wrote to each to come and dine with me the next day, mentioning that we should be alone, that the object was to find some temperament for the present fever, and that I was persuaded that men of sound heads and honest views needed nothing more than explanation and mutual understanding to enable them to unite in some measures which might enable us to get along. They came. I opened the subject to them, acknoleged that my situation had not permitted me to understand it sufficiently but encouraged them to consider the thing together. They did so. It ended in Mr. Madison\u2019s acquiescence in a proposition that the question should be again brought before the house by way of amendment from the Senate, that tho\u2019 he would not vote for it, nor entirely withdraw his opposition, yet he should not be strenuous, but  leave it to it\u2019s fate. It was observed, I forget by which of them, that as the pill would be a bitter one to the Southern states, something should be done to soothe them; that the removal of the seat of government to the Patowmac was a just measure, and would probably be a popular one with them, and would be a proper one to follow the assumption. It was agreed to speak to Mr. White and Mr. Lee, whose districts lay on the Patowmac and to refer to them to consider how far the interests of their particular districts might be a sufficient inducement to them to yield to the assumption. This was done. Lee came into it without hesitation. Mr. White had some qualms, but finally agreed. The measure came down by way of amendment from the Senate and was finally carried by the change of White\u2019s and Lee\u2019s votes. But the removal to Patowmac could not be carried unless Pennsylvania could be engaged in it. This Hamilton took on himself, and chiefly, as I understood, through the agency of Robert Morris, obtained the vote of that state, on agreeing to an intermediate residence at Philadelphia. This is the real history of the assumption, about which many erroneous conjectures have been published. It was unjust, in itself oppressive to the states, and was acquiesced in merely from a fear of disunion, while our government was still in it\u2019s most infant state. It enabled Hamilton so to strengthen himself by corrupt services to many, that he could afterwards carry his bank scheme, and every measure he proposed in defiance of all opposition: in fact it was a principal ground whereon was reared up that Speculating phalanx, in and out of Congress which has since been able to give laws and to change the political complexion of the government of the US.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-17-02-0099-0010", "content": "Title: IX. Further Memoranda from Henry Remsen, Jr., [ca. 1792]\nFrom: Remsen, Henry, Jr.\nTo: \nIf the Secretary of State should think it necessary, when the recording of his Letters while abroad and other foreign Letters will  allow of it, that a Set of the Journals of Congress respecting foreign Affairs should be copied for the foreign Office from the Set which is now in the Home Office, the one to be copied may contain, besides the Matter in the other, all the foreign Treaties, and Letters received by Congress from the Sovereigns of Europe and written by them to those Sovereigns, which will render it very complete and save the Necessity of opening several Books to be denominated differently. A continuation of this Journal will commence with the first act of a foreign Nature that took place under the Administration of the new Government, and contain all Matters of a foreign Nature, such as Ratifications of Treaties &c. on the part of the President, Letters written by him to and received by him from the Sovereigns of Europe, Commissions to our Ministers, Charg\u00e9 des Affaires and Consuls which are not entered agreeably to the present System of the Office in other Books. And this Continuation may be immediately begun.\nPapers to be entered in the foreign Journal, or Journal of foreign Affairs, being a Continuation of that in the Home Office, Viz.\n The President\u2019s Message to the Senate, \n   Recorded in the Office of the Secretary of the Senate\n delivered by Mr. Jay June 11th. 1789, on the Subject of the Consular-Convention.\n The President\u2019s Message to the Senate, delivered by Mr. Jay 16th. June 1789, \n   idem\n informing them he had given Mr. Jefferson Leave of Absence, and nominating Mr. Short Charg\u00e9 des Affaires.\n The act of the Senate consenting to, \n   idem\n and advising the Appointment of Mr. Short, passed June 18. 1789.\n Mr. Jays report of 25 July 1789, made in pursuance of an Order of the Senate of 22 July directing him to report, \n   Report Book 4 Vol.\n whether the Faith of the U. S. is engaged to ratify the Consular Convention in its present Sense and Form.\n The Act to establish the Department of foreign Affairs, \n   public Acts\n passed July 27. 1789.\n The Resolve of the Senate of 29 July 1789 consenting to, \n   Office of Secy. of Senate.\n and advising the President to ratify the Consular Convention.\n The Ratification of the said Convention on the part of the President, \n   Register of Treaties\n which will take in the Convention in full, both original and translation, and the Powers to the respective Plenipotentiaries to form it.\n The Commission to Andrew Ellicott to survey the Boundary between the U. S. and the States of New York and Massachusetts, and to make some astronomical Observations \n   Record of Commissions in home Office\n within the Government of Canada, dated September 4. 1789.\n The 1. 3. 4. and 5. Sections of the Act passed 15 September 1789 \n   public Acts\n altering the Name of the Office.\n Letter from his most Christian Majesty to Congress announcing the Death of the Dauphin, dated 7 June 1789.\u2014The President\u2019s Message to both Houses communicating it, \n   In a book to be opened for the purpose\n delivered by Mr. Jay the 29 September\u2014and the President\u2019s Letter of Condolence to his most Christian Majesty of 9 October 1789.\n The Commission of the Secretary of State\u2014dated \n   Home Office\n (I believe) 13th. Oct. 1789.\n Mr. Jay\u2019s Note to the President of 28 Novemr. \n   Journal of fo; Office, and book to be opened for the purpose\n communicating an account of the Negociations, Treaty and Affairs with Morocco, and the President\u2019s answer of 1st. Decemr. approving of the Draft of a Letter to the Emperor, to be signed by him.\n The President\u2019s Letter to the Emperor of \n   idem\n Morocco of 1st. Decem. 1789.\n Mr. Shaw\u2019s Commission to be Consul for \n   Book of for: Commissions\n Canton\u2014Feby. 10. 1790.\n The President\u2019s Message to the Senate of 15 February 1790 relating to the Eastern Boundary \n   Senate\u2019s Office\n of the U. S.\u2014the Act of the Senate in consequence and subsequent Proceedings\n The President\u2019s Letter to his most Christian Majesty \n   Book to be opened for the purpose\n of 6 April 1790 recalling Mr. Jefferson.\n The President\u2019s Proclamation requiring an Observance of the Consular Convention, \n   Register of Treaties\n Commissions to Mr. Short and Mr. Carmichael, \n   Book of for: Commissions\n dated 20 April 1790.\n Consular Commissions\n   idem\n Qu: Will it be necessary to have recorded the messages from the President to the Senate nominating for Consulships and other foreign Offices, and the Acts of the Senate consenting to, and advising the appointment of the persons nominated, or rejecting them, as the Case may be?\nInstead of continuing the Journal of foreign Affairs on the aforegoing Plan, the Consular Convention as ratified and the Proclamation requiring it\u2019s Observance, together with all Treaties, Conventions &c. which may in future be formed, can be recorded in the Register of Treaties in the home Office, which contains all the Treaties, Conventions (the Consular one excepted) and Contracts that have been made; and that Register can be removed to the foreign Office for that purpose.\n The Letters received by Congress from the King of France and other Powers, and written by them to him and them; and those received by the President from those Powers, and written by him to them, may be recorded in a Book to be opened for their reception only.\n The Commissions to our Ministers, Charg\u00e9 des Affaires and Consuls may be entered in a Book by themselves, to commence with those granted under the present Administration, or to go back to the first Commissions granted, as there is no Record of them other than the Secret Journals of Congress.\nNB. other acts have arisen since the date of the last. There are printed forms of Sea letters or passports, which only need filling up when applied for. See record thereof.\nThe form of a passport granted to individuals going to travel. See rough journal of the foreign office.\n   Patent business\nThe board of arts meet the last Saturday in each month and Mr. Crosby is to notify the members thereof the preceding day. When they meet all applications received since the former meeting to be read, and to lie a month under consideration. The Board does not even decide on them then, unless they are accompanied with specifications, drafts, or models properly prepared. No models to be delivered to the persons depositing them, after the patents are issued, without the orders of the Secy. of State: And no patents already made out or which may be made out, to be delivered unless the claimants produce models, drafts and specifications. The specifications to be executed according to the usual form. If by an Attorney see specification enclosed in patent No. 6 but if by the claimant him self, see specification enclosed in patent No. 21. Should you be in doubt as to the want of explicitness in the specifications drafts or models, Mr. Jefferson will remove it on application. When a patent is granted label the model, as I have done, or the models, as sometimes two models of the same thing are deposited.\nSuch of the Foreign letters as are not filed away in the cases, are for the present put on my desk in the two pigeon holes at the right hand side. The Consular returns are at the bottom of said desk right hand side: and so are the Letters from the Attornies of districts, which are tied together. The drafts of foreign proceedings, such as ratifications, exequaturs on foreign consular commissions, letters to European powers, are filed in said desk left hand pigeon hole. The letters from our Ministers and Charg\u00e9 des affaires now in commission Mr. Jefferson keeps. All the foreign letters received before Mr. Jefferson came into Office, are filed away as the others were in the time of Mr. Jay. For any particular letter see book relating to files in the desk already alluded to.\nPapers to be furnished to our Ministers and Charg\u00e9 des affaires.\nEach of them to receive one copy of the laws in octavo, one copy of the Journals of the Senate, one copy of the Journals of the House of Representatives, one of Freneau\u2019s papers, and one of Fenno\u2019s papers, with such pamphlets as Mr. Jefferson may specially direct.\u2014Mr. Short to receive, in addition to these one Richmond paper, there being two received. See my several memorandums.\nWe take one piece currently which is to be divided equally among them.\nOne set of Fenno\u2019s paper to be preserved and half bound for the use of the Office; and two sets of Freneau\u2019s.\nMr. Jefferson has a number of letters, which when he has done with, he\u2019ll return to the Office to be re-filed. They are principally foreign Letters.\nPetitions for patents are to be endorsed according to the present mode, the day of their receipt, and noted in the minute book, in which petitions are filed together in the desk up stairs in one of  the pigeon holes. In the said desk are filed in another pigeon hole, the petitions decided on; and also the drafts of patents issued, which drafts the law for promoting useful arts directs to be recorded. Some of the specifications are in said desk, and others in the closet.\nJournals of old Congress. There are ten Sets complete in the chest in the third story; and twenty sets in the garret which want the 4th. Vol. to make them so. Mr. Dunlap can supply them, and I have spoken to him to do it. I should think when he furnishes the Vols., that as many Vols. of the Laws of the United States should be added to them as there are sets, making in the whole 30. sets. None of these are to be delivered out without the express order of Mr. Jefferson.\nDetail of the business in the Department of State\nHome-Office. In this office is a journal wherein is to be noted its transactions; also the receipt of Laws from the President, and at the end of every Session a receipt mentioning their titles is to be made out and given to his Secretary. Note also in it all papers received from the President to be filed: and the receipt of books, maps &c., filed by authors under the act for the encouragement of learning.\nThe distribution of the laws as mentioned in the aforegoing Journal to be continued. See that Journal.\nNewspapers are to be filed, and at the end of the year half bound.\nLaws of the several States.\u2014\u2014Do.\u2014\u2014Do.\n\u261eA little attention will be necessary in separating the foreign from the domestic letters, as they are sent to the Office of Mr. Jefferson to be filed. My rule in making the separation was by reading them. The domestic letters to be filed in the Office down stairs, the foreign Letters in the Office upstairs.\n\u261ewhenever leisure will allow, the foreign letters and papers should be filed anew, as some of the boxes are too full to admit of more being put in them. There is a new c[ase?] and 12 new paper boxes to go in it provided for the papers. When you go thro\u2019 this business, take all the foreign letters out of the iron chest, and file them away with other papers, agreeable to the present mode which is the best for preserving them, and for enabling a person to find them.\nForeign Office.The letters from our Ministers, Charg\u00e9 des affaires, and Consuls will be sent to the Office to be filed from time  to time by Mr. Jefferson; who will direct which shall be recorded. Observe the present mode of filing them. His foreign letters will be recorded in the foreign letter book, and his domestic letters in the domestic letter book, as before, and at the close of every year. Material papers enclosed and referred to in letters he writes, to follow the letter in the record.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-20-02-0076-0014", "content": "Title: XIII. Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Paine, 19 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paine, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 19. 1792.\nI received with great pleasure the present of your pamphlets, as well for the thing itself as that it was a testimony of your recollection. Would you believe it possible that in this country there should be high and important characters who need your lessons in republicanism, and who do not heed them? It is but too true that we have a sect preaching up and panting after an English constitution of king, lords, and commons, and whose heads are itching for crowns, coronets and mitres. But our people, my good friend, are firm and unanimous in their principles of republicanism, and there is no better proof of it than that they love what you write and read it with delight. The printers season every newspaper with extracts from your last, as they did before from your first part of the Rights of man. They have both served here to separate the wheat from the chaff, and to prove that tho the latter appears on the surface, it is on the surface only. The bulk below is sound and pure. Go on then in doing with your pen what in other times was done with the sword; shew that reformation is more practicable by operating on the mind than on the body of man, and be assured that it has not a more sincere votary, nor you a more ardent well-wisher than, Dear Sir, Your friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-20-02-0374-0007", "content": "Title: VI. Philip Freneau to Thomas Jefferson, 27 January [1792]\nFrom: Freneau, Philip\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMorning Jan. 27. [1792]\nTwo or three days ago I received a Letter from Mr. Nelson, of Augusta County, Virginia, in which he wishes me to inform him of the Nature or plan of the organization of the Pennsylvania Society for the improvement of agriculture. He mentions that possibly Mr. Jefferson can give me some information, that will enable me to write him on the subject. Mr. Jefferson will be pleased to recollect if he has any documents relative to this Society, and I will call tomorrow morning, to be informed.\nI have just glanced over Mr. Henno\u2019s last essay, you were so kind as to send. It is much like the others, generally superficial, tedious, and too little of argumentative discussion for the subject, to please the generality of readers. However, there are here and there some good things interspersed, which we will give the public when nothing more interesting offers.\u2014I am Sir with great respect Your very humble Servt.,\nPh. Freneau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-20-02-0374-0009", "content": "Title: VIII. Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Bell, 16 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bell, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 16. 1792.\nHaving learned by Mr. Randolph\u2019s last letter th[at the] post to Charlottesville is now regularly established, I ha[ve given] in to Freneau the list of subscribers you sent me to wit\u2014\nJohn Nicholas\nWilliam Woods\nThomas Bell\nDivers & Lindsay\nNicholas Lewis junr.\nIsaac Miller\nRobert Jouett\nPeter Derieux\nGeorge Divers\nGeorge Gilmer\nGeorge Bruce\n and have desired him to send off the [papers] by every Friday\u2019s post, so that you will receive them eight days afterwards. He is to give me a note of the advances necessary to be made, which I am to pay him for the subscribers, and must get you to settle with them for me. I am in hopes indeed that you will send forward five names more, and so be entitled to your paper gratis, for collecting the rest. In this manner the business can be done between them and Freneau by you and myself. I am in hopes his paper will give satisfaction: it is certainly the best I ever saw published in America. I am with great and sincere esteem to yourself and my friends of your place and vicinity Dear Sir your friend & servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0001", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Church, 1 January 1792\nFrom: Church, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Bordeaux, 1 Jan. 1792. He recurs to the proposal made in his last letter for repaying the American debt to France. It is now possible to purchase assignats with bills of exchange on London or Amsterdam at the rate of 6d. to 6 \u00bdd. per livre, the livre currently being valued at 10d. sterling in America. These assignats are receivable into the public treasury at par and therefore would be readily acceptable as a fair and honorable way of paying the debt to France. \u201cIf therefore the U.S. cou\u2019d place funds, or establish a Credit, so as to draw here, on Amsterdam, London, or Hamburgh, at 2 to 6 months Usance, they cou\u2019d now pay the debt due to France with a saving of 35 \u00e0 40 \u214c Cent; though this advantage may possibly appear too great to be received by the U.S., yet it is such, as the Citizens of France daily receive from their own Government, as the exigencies of the State demand frequent payments to be made in foreign Countries; while the same Citizens pay the same assignats into the publick Treasury without deduction.\u201d\u2014If this plan is thought improper, another one might be tried. The U.S. might obtain a low interest loan of assignats from \u201cparticular Citizens\u201d and pay them into the French treasury \u201cat the rate they were received, or at par, as shall be determined by the U:S: or mutually agreed; for my own part, I am persuaded they will always be receivable, if not at par, yet at a much higher rate, than they can be bought at the market, which offers a favorable opportunity to the U.S.\u201d The payment of the debt in this fashion will assist the French in their glorious struggle for liberty and prevent the money owed by the U.S. from falling into the hands of some future tyrant. Since the King will have sanctioned the act, no succeeding French government will be able to question the validity of this mode of repayment\u2014The monied men of France will eagerly take advantage of the opportunity to pay the debt of America to the French nation, especially if they receive assurances that the Legislative Assembly could transfer the debt.\u2014He urges the need for prompt consideration of his proposals for paying the debt in assignats and apologizes for his inability to support them with greater detail. If his plans are approved in America, he offers his services in carrying them out in France.\u2014A recent express from Paris brings news of the Emperor\u2019s hostile intentions and the formation of a league of Christian powers against France, \u201cSweden and Poland excepted.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0002", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Dobson, 1 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dobson, John\n          If my letter of Dec. 5. produced disappointment to you, be assured that your\u2019s of the 18th. was not less mortifying to me. It was in a tone of complaint to which no action of my life has ever justly exposed me. I think I may say with truth that no man on earth has been readier to do every thing possible to discharge that debt, of a portion of which you are become the representative. The first year after the death of Mr. Wayles who contracted it, I sold 5000 pounds worth of land and tendered the bonds to Mr. Jones\u2019s agent who refused to receive them. There was not then a shilling of paper money in circulation; but before payment was received, it was not worth receiving. At the close of the war I delivered my who[le] estate into the hands of two of the best men on earth, and have not now for seven years drawn one shilling of it\u2019s profits for my own use: and finding that this has not answered, I have again sold property enough to pay the whole debt. Not having the power of creating money, I know not what more I could have done. But you say that in my letters to Mr. Hanson and yourself I promised that the bond assigned to you should be pointedly paid in September. You have not duly attended, Sir, to those letters. If you will have the goodness to look at them, you will find they contain no other promise than that the nett proceeds of the tobacco which should come here should be duly divided between that and the demand of another creditor. Knowing how subject to disappointment these means of payment are, I carefully avoided saying I would do any thing which did not depend on myself. The tobo. is not yet all come to hand. There is less in the amount than I had been taught to expect. The expences of bringing it from the plantations to this place and the intermediate expences have exceeded what was supposed. What is already come is not yet paid for. None of these things depended on me, and therefore in my letters I made myself responsible for none of them.\u2014As to the time and means of paying the balance, I shall defer saying any thing precise till I learn the result of the sale which was to take place last month, and the aid obtained from that towards this payment. As soon as I receive that information I will again revise the subject and write to you, and in the mean time only say I shall leave nothing untried to effect it, and that I am with due regard Sir Your humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0003", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Christopher Gore, 1 January 1792\nFrom: Gore, Christopher\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I receiv\u2019d your favor of the 13th. on the 24 ulto, and immediately applied for a compleat copy of the case of Pagan & Hooper. The inclosed contains such a copy of all the proceedings, prior to the representation by his Britannic majesty\u2019s Consul, alluded to in Mr. Hammond\u2019s memorial. On the reference of the Legislature of Massachusetts, by their resolve, to the Sup. Jud. Crt., Mr. Hooper shewed cause, in writing, against a grant of the review prayed for. One of the justices of the court took the resolve, and Hoopers reply from the clerk\u2019s office; and wrote the reasons of the court, for not allowing the review. By some accident, these last mention\u2019d papers have been mislaid. And the Clerk desirous of further time to procure them, and render the copy of this last proceeding compleat, delays a transcript of what is now in the office relating thereto, till the middle of next week\u2014before which time, he hopes the record may be perfect. Thinking it possible, that the time allowed for an examination of this part of the cause, by sending it now, may be of some accommodation to yourself or the Attorney General, I forward it by this mail; and hope, by the next, to transmit an entire copy of the doings of the court, on the motion for a review of the cause, and will then return the copy of Mr. Hammond\u2019s memorial agreeable to your directions. In the mean time, I pray you to be satisfied that no other use will be made thereof, than that for which it was sent.\u2014With great respect I am, sir, your Excellency\u2019s very obed. servt.,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0004", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 1 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Sunday January 1st. 1792\n          Mr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson. Being engaged in making a comparative statement of the Trade between the US and France and between the US and G Britain; and being desirous of rendering it as candid as possible Mr. H will be obliged to Mr. Jefferson to point out to him the instances, in which the Regulations of France have made discriminations in favour of the U States, as compared with other foreign Powers. Those of Great Britain appear  by its statutes which are in the hands of Mr. H; but he is not possessed of the General Commercial Regulations of France.\n          Mr. H also wishes to be informed whether the Arret of the 9th of May 1789 mentioned by Mr. J in the Notes to his Table be the same with the Ordinance of the Governor General of St. Domingo which is at the end of the Collection of Arrets which Mr. J was so obliging as to lend to Mr. H\u2014which is of that Date.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0006", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 1 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\n          Your favor of Nov. 28. came to hand on the 22d. inst. The length of time it was on the way shews that our post was not yet become exact. The post office bill now before the legislature will place us on the regular establishment, as it directs a cross post from Richmond to Columbia, Charlottesville, Staunton, and thence along that valley Southwestwardly to the South-Western government and so on to Kentuckey. I urged strenuously to our representatives the impropriety of sending a post, destined for the South Western government and Kentuckey, by the way of Charlottesville and Staunton, as it was palpable to me from my own knowlege of the country that it ought from Columbia to pass up <the South side of> James river to Lynchburg and by the peaks of Otter and to have left Charlottesville and Staunton still to take care of themselves. They decided otherwise however, which so far as my own interest is concerned is a convenience to me and so far as my neighbors and friends are benefited might by them be favorably imputed to me. But I had rather withdraw my claim to their favor in this instance, than found it on what I think would have been wrong.\u2014You will have heard that the representation bill is lost, and might have been saved had R. H. Lee been here at any moment during it\u2019s dependance. Nothing more is yet done on the subject. The measures to be taken for the defence of the Western country are not yet brought forward. Half a dozen Cherokees arrived here two days ago. They have not yet explained their business.\u2014I thank you for your experiment on the Peach tree. It proves my speculation practicable, as it shews that 5. acres of peach trees at 21. feet apart will furnish  dead wood enough to supply a fire place through the winter, and may be kept up at the trouble of only planting about 70. peach stones a year. Suppose this extended to 10. fireplaces, it comes to 50. acres of ground, 5000 trees, and the replacing about 700 of them annually by planting so many stones. If it be disposed at some little distance, say in a circular annulus from 100. to 300 yards from the house, it would render a cart almost useless.\u2014When I indulge myself in these speculations, I feel with redoubled ardor my desire to return home to the pursuit of them, and to the bosom of my family, in whose love alone I live or wish to live, and in that of my neighbors.\u2014But I must yet a little while bear up against my weariness of public office. Maria says she is writing to her sister. My next week\u2019s letter will inclose a bank bill for the \u00a335.\u2014Present my tender affections to my daughter & accept assurances of the same to yourself from Dear Sir Your\u2019s,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0007", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Donald, 3 January 1792\nFrom: Donald, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            London 3d. January 1792\n          A few days ago I had the pleasure of recieving, the letter which you did me the honour to write me on the 23d. Novemr. The very next day I went myself to Lackington\u2019s with your list. The books were sent to D. & B. Counting House yesterday and the money paid for them. The amount being \u00a38. 17. Stg, is placed to your Debit. I pray you not to give yourself any uneasiness, or to put yourself to any inconvenience to replace this money. It may either be paid to Mr. Brown, or remitted in a bill of Exchange as you please. The Books shall be sent by the first ship for Phila., accompanied by a note of the cost, and shipping charges.\n          I certainly did expect that our Friend Colo. Harvie would have had more votes for being Chief Magistrate of Virga. Altho I do not beleive that if I had been on the Spot I would have concluded he would have been chosen. He is a very worthy man, but abundantly Indolent.  Had he been as free with his Dinners to the assembly, as Bolling Starke was when he used to stand for a councellor, he would have had a more respectable Poll. I beg pardon for the observation. I do not mean it as a reflection on the assembly, nor would I make it to every Person. But a little attention has a wonderful effect.\u2014I believe, and hope, the choise has fallen upon a very good man. Indeed all the three are unexceptionable, but during my stay in Virga. from the 84. to the 90. I observed that all places of honour or Proffit in the gift of the assembly, were with one exception, conferred on one of their own Body.\u2014The case I allude to was the late Governour, Beverley Randolph.\n          I sincerely congratulate you on the rapid rise of your Funds. It shows clearly that the People in Europe begin to know you, and consequently must have the same degree of confidence in your Government, as they have in that of this or any other Country. I presume you will soon call in your Six \u214c Cent Stock, for I understand that Mr. Short has succeeded in negotiating a considerable Loan in Holland at 4 \u214c Cent.\u2014which will do away the necessity of your paying so high an Interest as 6 \u214c Cent any longer\u2014and will make a very capital difference upon the face of your expenditure and Income.\u2014This Country abounds so much in money just now, that I would not be the least surprized to see our three \u214c Cent Consols at 100. before the expiration of this present year.\n          I am much pleased also to find by my last advices from America that wheat and Flour were in demand, and consequently obtained good prices. I hope this will long be the case, for there has been too much Tobo. made for some years past. Such as was good, sold pretty well last Autumn. But mean is totally unsaleable.\n          I will not presume to trouble you on the affairs of France as you will hear what is going on there through a much better Channel. In this Country however it is generally believed there will be a Counter Revolution. Their assignats are greatly fallen, and the Exchange between this and Paris is from 18. to 19, so that the Livre Tournois is worth only 7s. here.\n          I rejoiced when I heard of the appointment of Mr. Hammond to the Honourable Office of Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States of America. I expect now to see every thing in dispute adjusted, and a firm and lasting treaty of Peace and Commerce established between our Two Countries, both equally dear to me.\n          I beg leave to assure you that I will ever be happy to recieve your Commands, and I promise to execute them to the best of my skill and Judgement.\u2014Wishing you many returns of this Season of Mirth and  Festivity\u2014I remain with great consideration Dear Sir Your Faithful & obt. st.,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0009", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Notes on Senate Debate, 3 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n          EnclosureNotes on Senate Debate\n          S\u2014te, on the agency it ought to have in judging of the expediency of sendg. M\u2014rs. abroad.\n              Resolution\u2014\n              \u201cThat in the opinion of the S\u2014te it will not be for the interest of the U.S. to appoint M\u2014rs Ple\u2014y to reside permanently at Foreign Courts.\u201d\n              Doubts the P\u2014\u2014 right to decide on the measure without the previous advice of the Se\u2014te. Sees embarrassments in negativeing the character as a mean of defeating the measure\u2014or inconsistency in their conduct to approve the Nomination and withhold the supplies when the matter comes before them in their legislative capacity.\n              Thinks it improper to give a vote upon such an abstract proposition. Let the question be \u201cIs it necessary now to appoint M\u2014rs to any foreign Courts.\u201d\n              Thinks great caution ought to be observed. \u201cThe P\u2014\u2014 and Se\u2014\u2014 are to decide upon the propriety of diplomatic establishments.\u201d The P\u2014\u2014 should be consulted. \u201cHe has an equal right to judge with the Se\u2014\u201d Doubts they are proceeding too fast. \u201cSuppose the S\u2014\u2014 to determine it was inexpedient to enter into any treaty with a particular power, what is the P\u2014\u2014 to do? Must he be exclusively bound\u201d? Mr. Gr. M\u2014s letters give information if the S\u2014\u2014 want that. Withholding the Westn. Posts and property and the Act appropriating 40,000 dollars are evidences of the grd. of the P\u2014\u2014 proceeding.\n              Thinks they may agree to the Resolution to day and appoint a M\u2014r tomorrow with the P\u2014\u2014 They may consult with the P\u2014. \u201cHe knows that when he thinks proper there will always be a seat for him here.\u201d If the Resolution is not agreed to, how can the S\u2014\u2014 express their sense of the measure which he dislikes\u2014or let the P\u2014\u2014 know the Sense of the S\u2014\u2014 thereupon. He dislikes the principle, though he thinks that with respect to G.B. there may be an occasion for a M\u2014r at that Court\u2014but it is not of sufft. weight to induce the S\u2014\u2014 to act upon the nominations without its previous advice with respect to the measure.\n              Let the S\u2014\u2014 express their wish to the P. to confer with him.\n              The nominations go to a permanent establishment\u2014where is the necessity of these in France or Holland?\u2014the Provision  made by Law is a temporary one by way of outfit. \u201cOut of delicacy then determine the question lest it be understood we object to the men in nomination.\u201d\n              \u201cIf you want information ask it of the P\u2014\u2014 I think we are in possession of enough.\u201d\n              The Gentn. last up goes to the men and not to the measure. \u201cWhen a nomination is made we must not ask for what, and for how long, a permanency is evidently in contemplation.\u201d \u201cWe are told a B: M\u2014r is here to treat with us, if this is his business we can do it better here than there.\u201d His pride may be hurt, but if they are serious their pride will not be operated upon by etiquette instead of Interest. When he is convinced that sending a M\u2014\u2014 will give facility to measures he will consent thereto. But \u201clet us clear the way as we go, and inform the P\u2014\u2014 we are opposed to a permanent <establish> diplomatic corps in Europe, yet that when the necessity of sending M\u2014r there is apparent we are ready to advise and consent thereto\u2014on extraordy. occasions.\u201d\n              At a loss to know what is meant by M\u2014\u2014 on extra occasions in Europe. These are usually for Congratulations on births, Marriages &ca. If the Gentn. from Connecticut is right that the decision will be against the men and not the Measure, is the Gentn. from Virga. sure that when this goes out of doors it will not be adjudged as agt. the men and not the measure. The feelings of the P\u2014\u2014 will be wounded, we have had certn. correspondence laid before us which serves as the basis of this business. He does not think as some do that we ought to be unacqd. with the Affairs of Europe party. F. and Engd. I shd. vote agt. a permanent establishment, yet I am for sending at the discretion of the Executive. I am very desirous of being on a friendly footing with F. S. and Engd. Havg. a M. in F. obtained us much good. In Engd. our Seamn. were Impressed and were dependent on private persons who might not have been heard. You have heretofore had a Conference by means of a Comee. with a man known and respected for his knowledge whose opn. was that you shd. have a M\u2014r at F. and Engd. and inferior characters elsewhere. Can we suppose the P\u2014\u2014 wd. do any thing witht. mature delibn.? The outfit provided was to accomodate Gentn. in the first instance who might not be rich.\n              I am satisfied that the P\u2014\u2014 would not do anything witht. mature deliberation. I am for appointing the M\u2014rs.\n              I would not for the accidental probability of a War in Europe keep M\u2014rs there to take care of our Seamen. Is it supposable the P\u2014\u2014 will do any thing witht. mature deliberation? We must use our discretion having constitutionally a right to do so. The Gentn. from S.C. is, in pursuing  his train of reasoning, that you must be permanent in your establishment. Question is asked will the people abroad be convinced that this is not against the men, but the measure? I do not know when men go deep and far in pursuit of reasons to say what they will do.\n              For postponing the nomination and taking the opinion of the S\u2014\u2014 on the proposition on the Table. What will be the consequence of a concurrence in the appointment without limitation? Is it proper or expedt. to appoint in this manner? The former Congress gave a Comn. with limitation\u2014so it should be now. It is said the P\u2014\u2014 feelings will be hurt. I think not, what I want to be brot. about is, that the P\u2014\u2014 if he thinks proper may have it in his power to assign reasons for the permanent appointment, we can now consider whether it is now expedt. to make these permanent appointments. I think without a particular object they are not necessary. We may within these walls without the interposition of the P\u2014\u2014 personally, obtain the necessary information.\n              It is an embarrassed question, and to simplify it, I am for postponing, that we may without being embarrassed discuss the question in which case the result may be got at witht. difficulty.\n              I am with my Colleague in opinion we should answer the questions of the P\u2014\u2014 and no other, is it now proper to send a M\u2014r Ay or nay. As to the <question> appointment being perpetual I differ with him. Men cannot be sent abroad and supported there witht. money that cannot be had but by the concurrence of the S\u2014\n              Wanted to have the question so regulated as that a correct light and judgment might be formed.\n              Is surprized that the Gentn. from Connecticut will insist on a vote affecting men, when we mean it to effect the measure only.\n              Would not vote for postponing, but as he is impressed with the necessity\u2014He is struck decidedly that agreeing to the Nominations establishes a permanent diplomatic Corps in Europe. Now is the time to resist it.\u2014If we do not he shall dispair of ever doing it. He is of the same opinion with the Gen: from So. C. as to the feelings of the P\u2014\u2014 and wd. not hurt them for the world, but must he be a traitor to his own feelings? He thinks the measure not for the interest of the Country and with due defference for the Opinion of the P\u2014\u2014 thinks he ought to have kept the two questions seperate, and informed the S\u2014\u2014 that there did now exist reasons for sending M\u2014rs to Europe. Thinks there may be occasions to require M\u2014rs in Europe but not permanently, or if so the reasons must be previously given to obtain his consent.\n              This measure is not without a precedent\u2014the nomination to Portugal is in point.\n              The M\u2014r to Portugal is Resident, is a grade in pay as a Charg\u00e9 des Affaires. This discussion would have been better timed agree then.\n              The sole question is shall we postpone the Nomination to take up an abstract proposition. He is for doing it, because he is of opinion that the P\u2014\u2014 should have an opportunity of assigning his Reasons. We did not involve ourselves\u2014the P\u2014\u2014 involved us. The measure ought to have been previously discussed before the nominations were made.\n              Some ideas occurs to him of the impropriety of this Measure as the greatest harmony should subsist between the P\u2014\u2014 and the S\u2014\u2014 in the joint Executive power. The Constitution contemplates this establishment. The inference is clear that any regulation respecting an abridgment of its extension is improper. Every part of the proposition as fixes the controul in the first instance is inadmissible, any enquiry in an individual case when full information is not obtained is proper. Suppose this negative proposition now to pass, it is in its nature void, tomorrow we can determine differently. If the Constitution has vested in the P\u2014\u2014 the right of nominating to Offices, he has a right to exercise it as to him appears best. What is the object desirable by those negatory resolutions? Whether it be fit and suitable to fix these Ministers should we at this time [do] it, it must arise from the information we obtain, and to the end that we may obtain it we should think of some suitable way of applying to the P\u2014.\n              The motion by agreement amended as follow Resolved that the Se\u2014te do not possess evidence sufficient to convince them that it will be for the interest of the U.S. to appoint M\u2014rs Pleny. to reside permanently at Foreign Courts.\n              I have submitted to the amendmt, but doubt its attaining the object. Whether this species of arrangement can obtain the necessary information, is doubtful. We can establish such as is suited to our governmt., it is wrong in us to entail on our governmt. an unnecessary expence. This will not banish intercourse between us and foreign Nations. We should not inconsiderately involve ourselves, this is the time to determine whether we should send M\u2014rs for special occasions or to reside permanently.\n              This motion will convey this idea, that it is not necessary to have M\u2014rs fixed permanently, yet that occasions may arise when it may be necessary to send them. I have no doubt the P\u2014\u2014 may have done for the best in his opinion,  and will be willing to State such circumstances as occurred to him for our information. I have not information enough to guide me, I want that information. How am I to get it, the P\u2014\u2014 at an early period suggested to us the propriety in difficulties such as the present to apply to him for information.\n              I agree with the Gentn. from Massa. He has sd. and justly, that the P\u2014\u2014 has warranted us in making these enquiries. We have some important information, the letters last session from the P\u2014\u2014 of G. M\u2014s transactions at the Court of L\u2014\u2014 is such. If it is the opinion of the S\u2014\u2014 that they have not the necessary informatn. let the motion be committed. After farther debate the nomination and the two propositions were committed to a Committee of five.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0011", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 3 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n          You are nominated to the Senate Minister resident to the Hague. Thomas Pinckney Minister Plenipotentiary to London. G. Morris Minister Plenipotentiary to France. A party in the Senate against Morris has joined with another party which is against all permanent foreign establishments, and neither being strong enough to carry their point separately, we have been now twelve days in suspense looking for the result, to wit, what compromise they will form together, or whether any. Whatever you may hear otherwise, be assured that no mortal not even of their own body can at this moment guess the result. You shall know it by the first vessel after it is known to me. The vessel by which this goes takes advantage of an opening in the ice this morning in consequence of a rain to go out, and is this moment getting under way, so that I must end here.\n          Jan. 10. 1792. 8.aclock A. M. Tho the Senate has been constantly on the subject in my cyphered letter, there is no decision as yet. We have been constantly in expectation that each day would finish it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0013", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Rush, 4 January 1792\nFrom: Rush, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Walnut Street January 4th: 92.\n          Soon after the accession of Mr: Mifflin to the Government of Pennsylvania, he gratified his resentment against me for opposing his election, by removing my brother from a Seat on the bench of the supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The public clamor against this cruel and arbitrary measure, and the numerous testimonies which rose up in favor of my brother\u2019s integrity and Abilities in the execution of his office, induced Mr: Mifflin to appoint him a district Judge for four of the frontier Counties of the State. To this Appointment he submitted, for his Age and habits had lessned his disposition to return to the active Strife of the bar. In his present Situation he is banished from the friends of his youth and from the Society of his only brother. Nor is this all. His Children (five in number) are all Girls, who by his residence in the Woods must want the benefits of education. To restore him from a Species of exile and to place him in a Situation Above all Obligation to a man who has treated him so unkindly, I have taken the liberty of requesting Mr. Randolph to mention his name to the President of the United States as a successor to Mr. Lewis who has just resigned the Office of District Judge of Pennsylvania. May I be permitted to request the favor of you to second Mr. Randolph\u2019s influence with the President upon this Occasion? Mr. McKean and Mr. Wilson will satisfy you that his talents and knowledge are equal to that Station, and all who have ever known him will vouch for the purity, and integrity of  his conduct and character both as a man, and a Judge.\u2014Your friendship in this business will confer a peculiar Obligation upon Dear Sir your sincere friend & Obedient Servt.,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0014", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Senate, [ca. 4 January 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Senate\n            Gentlemen of the Senate\n          Your house has been pleased to communicate to me their resolutions, purporting a decision by them that it is expedient &c.\n          From whence an implication arises that in their opinion they might have decided that no such appointments were expedient.\n          After mature consideration and consultation, I am of opinion that the constitution has made the President the sole competent judge to what places circumstances render it expedient that Ambassadors or other public ministers should be sent, and of what grade they should be: and that it has ascribed to the Senate no executive act but the single one of giving or witholding their consent to the person nominated.\n          I think it my duty therefore to protest, and I do protest against the validity of any resolutions of the Senate asserting or implying any right in that house to exercise any executive authority but the single one before mentioned.\n          It is scarcely necessary to add that nothing herein is meant to question their right to concur in making treaties: this being considered not as a branch of Executive, but of Legislative powers, placed by the constitution under peculiar modifications.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0016", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 4 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philadelphia Jan. 4. 1792\n          Having been in conversation to-day with Monsr. Payan, one of the St. Domingo deputies, I took occasion to enquire of him the footing on which our commerce there stands at present, and particularly whether the colonial arret of 1789 permitting a free importation of our flour till 1793. was still in force. He answered that that arret was revoked in France on the clamours of the merchants there: but that the permission to carry flour, and he thinks to bring away coffee and sugar, was immediately renewed by the governor. Whether this has been regularly kept up by renewed arrets during the present troubles he cannot say, but is sure that in practice it has never been discontinued, and that not by contraband, but openly and legally as is understood. The public application to us to send flour there is a proof of it. Instead therefore of resting this permission on a colonial arret till 1793. it should be  rested on temporary arrets renewed from time to time as heretofore. This correction of the notes I took the liberty of laying before you with the table containing a comparative view of our commerce with France and England, I have thought it my duty to make. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect & attachment Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0017", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Donald, 5 January 1792\nFrom: Donald, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Since writing you yesterday, it has occurr\u2019d to me that as your National Bank has now come into opperation that it will require a House of Credit and Respectability to transact business for it in this place, and upon that Idea I have taken the Liberty of mentioning to you, and Mr. Hamilton, that Donald & Burton will be very happy in being appointed as Agents for the Bank in this place, and altho the usual commission on such business is half a \u214c Cent for paying, and the same for receiving all monies, we will in consideration of the magnitude of the business, accept of one quarter \u214c Cent.\n          Knowing as I do from experience the certainty and warmth of your Friendship, I know it is sufficient for me to mention my wishes.\u2014I remain with great esteem Dear Sir your faithful & Humbe: Servt.,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0019", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. P. P. Derieux, 6 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\n          Your favor of Nov. 15. was a month in getting to me. Since my reciept of it, I have taken such opportunities as my business and acquaintance here would allow me, to try whether I could obtain money for you, on the ground explained in your letter, either from the bank, or any other persons. The bank gives money in exchange only for merchants\u2019 notes: and on application to merchants I find that nothing will induce them to lend either their money or their credit to an individual. In fact they strain both to their utmost limits for their own purposes. The rage of gambling in the stocks, of various descriptions is such, and the profits sometimes made, and therefore always hoped in that line are so far beyond any interest which an individual can give, that all their money and credit is centered in their own views. The bank has just now notified it\u2019s proprietors that they may call for a dividend of 10. per cent on their capital for the last 6. months. This makes a profit of 20. per cent per annum. Agriculture, commerce, and every thing useful must be neglected, when the useless employment of money is so much more lucrative.\n          I inclose you a letter from Mr. Mazzei, open as it came to me. Finding that you could not recieve your legacy till a certificate of your being alive at the time of the testator\u2019s death should be sent there, I have undertaken to certify your life as on the 11th of Octob. last, under the seal of my office, which I have inclosed to Mr. Short to be delivered to Mde. Bellanger to be used for you. This may save time. But lest it should be disputed, I would advise you to go before a magistrate, and get your personal appearance certified by him, and let it be certified under the seal of the commonwealth that he is a magistrate duly qualified. I enclose you a copy of the certificate I have sent. I have said nothing to Mr. Mazzei on this subject.\u2014Be pleased to present my compliments to Mde. de Rieux & accept yourself  assurances of the esteem with which I am, Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0020", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 6 January 1792\nFrom: Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Amsterdam 6 January 1792.\n          We are honored with your respected favor of 24. Novbr, remitting us Mordecai Lewis\u2019s Bill on William & Jan Willink for \u0192800, Which together with the Sums remitted us for your private Account by Mr. Short and Mr. Grand, are to your Credit in the inclosed abstract of your Account Current, The Balance whereon Hd. Cy. \u01923116.18. We hold Subject to your disposal.\u2014Ever happy to be able to render you any useful or agreeable Offices, We are with the highest Esteem and Respect Sir Your most obedient and very humble servts.,\n            N. & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0021", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Pierre Charles L\u2019Enfant, 7 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: L\u2019Enfant, Pierre Charles\n          Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to Majr. Lenfant and is sorry to have been absent when he was so kind as to call on him, as he wishes to have some conversation with him on the subject of the federal city. He asks the favor of him to come and take a private dinner with him tomorrow at half after three which may afford time and opportunity for the purpose.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0022", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Philip Mazzei, 7 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mazzei, Philip\n          My last to you was of the 2d. of August: since which\u2019I have recieved yours of June 4. and Sep. 3. The letter to M. de Rieux, inclosed in the last, has been forwarded, and you may be assured of every aid of counsel I can give him. His own dispositions are good and prudent, and his industry exemplary.\u2014I spoke with Mr. Madison yesterday on Dohrman\u2019s affair. Nothing new has arisen on it since my last, so that he thinks you may count on it as very well but distantly secured.\u2014I sold Colle, when last in Virginia, to a Mr. Thomas. He took both that and the part bought of Carter. I was made very happy by being able to get \u00a3250. for it, when I really had not expected more than \u00a3100. You can have no conception of the ruinous state in which it is. He has credit till Octob. next, but as I knew he was not to be depended on, I took a security as solid as can be desired, C. L. Lewis my brother in law. I gave both of them notice at the time that if the money was not paid at the day I should sue them: and I expected at the time I should have to sue, which will force a credit of another year. Still I thought it worth while to submit to that to get so advanced a price. C. L. Lewis is becoming one of our wealthiest people.\u2014As I never go to Richmond, I am unable to say any thing to you as to your possessions there. I hope the person in whose hands you left them will take care of them. If they can be kept from ruin they must rise in value from what a whim had some time ago reduced property to in that part of the town. As I shall of course have an account with you whenever Colle is paid for, the little balance remaining between us may make a part of that. Anthony\u2019s claim will be to be deducted from the amount. I have hitherto prevented his suing, and shall in any event have it settled without that expence. I hope I shall be able to moderate it.\n          Your friends here are all well. I do not hear at all from Mr. and Mrs. Bellini. Mr. Blair is rendered wretched by the loss of his only son: Doctr. Gilmer by that of his eldest, whom he had sent to Edinburgh for his education, and came back in a consumption. My younger daughter is with me here; the elder, with my son in law, at Monticello. He has bought Edgehill of his father and will settle on it. Monroe lives adjoining to Charlottesville. Colo. Carter is shipwrecked in his fortune. It is thought he must sell all his lands. But all this must be to you like the dreams of the world to come: so I will finish with what is very real, the sincere esteem and attachment of Dear Sir Your affectionate friend & sert,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0023", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 7 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n          Being much interested for the welfare of Mr. De Rieux my neighbor, and nephew of Made. Bellanger, for his excellent qualities, and the very streightened circumstances under which he labours with a numerous family of children, and perceiving that he cannot receive a legacy of 15,000.\u20b6 in France till a certificate shall be produced of his having been alive at the time of the death of the testator, I have thought it might remove the difficulty were I to certify under the seal of my office that he was alive on the 11th. of Oct. last, when I saw him, and which I know was posterior to the death of the testator. Had I waited to send on the notice to him at Charlottesville, and to get an answer, it would have occasioned a delay of two months more which would lengthen his distresses. Be so good as to deliver the inclosed certificate of life, with his power of Attorney to Mr. Plumard of Nantes, his uncle, to Madame Bellanger, who will do therein what is best for him and with most dispatch. Assure her at the same time of my great respect and esteem, and how much my attachment to her nephew is increased by my acquaintance with him. I cannot write to her, because I have entirely lost the little habit I had of writing French. Adieu, my dear Sir, Your\u2019s affectionately,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0024", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. P. P. Derieux, 8 January 1792\nFrom: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Charlottesville, 8 Jan. 1792. Last November he sent TJ a packet of letters for Mme. Bellanger and acknowledged receipt of a letter from her which TJ  enclosed in his letter to him of 25 Oct.\u2014Since that time he has been hoping for a response to his request for help in obtaining a loan of 4,000 livres while awaiting the 15,000 of the bequest he is expecting.\u2014The news since TJ\u2019s letter of 25 Oct. suggests the affairs of France have solidly improved. He hopes the assignat will be at value and that he will lose none of his 15,000\u20b6 through exchange. [P.S.] He encloses a letter for forwarding to France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0025", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 8 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\n          Finding a moment of leisure to take up my private correspondencies, I am to answer your letter of Oct. 24. recd. Nov. 27. and not fully answered in mine written since that.\n          On consultation with Jack, he is of opinion that 300 Dollars a year will do for him here. I rely the more on his judgment because I have seen no disposition to useless expence in him. I have always put his money in the bank for him, that it may be safe and ready for his wants, but I placed it in my own name that he might be obliged to apply to me for orders as he had occasion for money. This I knew would be some check, if any should be necessary: but he has drawn it in such moderate sums as never to render it even expedient that I should ask him what it is for. I send you a statement of his account at the bank which will shew what I say, and I shall go on with him in the same way. To the sum of 300. dollars I would recommend the addition of 100. dollars annually more for books. I propose to write to Europe for that amount in March, in order that they may come during the summer, and escape the damage always attending a winter passage.\n          I have received from Dobson a very intemperate and unjust letter. His character alone has induced me to return him a dispassionate answer. I had asked from him a statement of all the payments made him on my account. He refused the trouble saying he had furnished you with one, and this is the politest passage of his letter. You gave me on my arrival in Virginia a statement from him of what had been then paid him, calculated at Compound interest, not as a demand to be so allowed, but to shew he would be willing I should allow it. There have been some payments made him since, of which I have no account, and particularly at what rate of exchange the several paiments have been credited. I wish also to know what paiments have been made by Bannister\u2019s administrator. For all this I must trouble you. I have heard  nothing yet from Mr. Lewis as to the event of my sale. I had hoped there might be some ready money received at it, and had directed it to be paid to Dobson in aid of other resources for satisfying his demand.\n          Jack is well and proceeding well. Maria wrote to her aunt yesterday, under cover to Mr. Hylton. Present me to her in the most affectionate terms and beleieve me to be dear Sir Your sincere friend & humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0026", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel L. Hylton, 8 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hylton, Daniel L.\n          Having occasion to remit the inclosed bill to Mr. Randolph, my son in law, and unwilling to trust it to the post between Richmond and Charlottesville, I take the liberty of depositing it in your hands, and of asking the favor of you to hold it till Mr. Randolph either calls for it, or gives an order. I have given him notice of this.\u2014Your favor of Dec. 22. is come safe to hand. If there be but two hogsheads more of my tobo. of 1790 it falls short two, if not four hogsheads, of what Mr. Lewis had supposed in his information to me.\u2014Present my best respects and those of Maria to Mrs. Hylton, to whose care Maria recommends the inclosed letter to her aunt.\u2014I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0028", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hasting Marks, 10 January 1792\nFrom: Marks, Hastings\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Fort Washington Jany 10th. 1792\n          I feel happy in the opportunity of expressing to you my sense of the obligations I am under to you for your kind intercessions with the President of the United States for my advancement in military life. Sensible Sir of my want of Tactical Knowledge I can only promise that the most studious exertions shall be used by me to supply that want. I conceive Sir the army to be the School of Honour. To act consistent with that idea shall be my endeavour.\u2014My distance from the Seat of Congress prevented my exactly Knowing the time when the Gentleman whose place I now fill was promoted\u2014nor did I until a few days past, conceive the Knowledge necessary, but some hints being thrown out of a dispute of rank taking place, I am induced to request you will add to the Obligations already conferred upon me, by making  enquiry of the Secy. of War of the Period when Ensign Heath was promoted. I am conscious Sir, I am calling your attention from matters of greater moment. I shall however be ever ready, to acknowledge with gratitude the favour and am with the greatest respect and Esteem Sir Your Obedient Hbl Servt.,\n            Hasting Marks", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0029", "content": "Title: Report on Appointment of Consul at Copenhagen, 10 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          The Secretary of State having received information that the Merchants and Merchandize of the United States are subject in Copenhagen and other ports of Denmark to considerable extra duties, from which they might probably be relieved by the presence of a Consul there;\n          Reports to the President of the United States: That it would be expedient to name a Consul, to be resident in the port of Copenhagen: That he has not been able to find that there is any citizen of the United States residing there: That there is a certain Hans Rodolph Saabye, a Danish subject and merchant of that place of good character, of wealth and distinction, and well qualified and disposed to act there for the United States, who would probably accept of the commission of Consul; but that that of Vice-Consul, hitherto given by the President to foreigners in ports where there was no proper American citizen, would probably not be accepted, because in this as in some other parts of Europe, usage has established it as a subordinate grade.\n          And that he is therefore of opinion, that the said Hans Rodolph Saabye should be nominated Consul of the United States of America for the port of Copenhagen, and such other places within the allegiance  of his Danish Majesty as shall be nearer to the said port than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice-Consul of the United States within the same allegiance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0030", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, [11] January 1792\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Thursday [i.e. Wednesday] 9-oclock Jany. [11]-1792\n          You will have heard that upon the discussion of G.M.\u2019s merits, the foreign business was postponed untill tomorrow, nothing having been done respecting the Hague. The order of proceeding required that a similar question shod. have been taken respecting that court that had been as to the others. But owing I presume to the friends of the gentn. in nomination for it, being in opposition to the system, it was impossible it shod. proceed from them and the friends of the others being gratified in opening the door for them, were regardless of any other object. Tis important for Mr. S. that the question shod. be previously taken, and I can devise no means of accomplishing it, so effecatious as your communicating it to Mr. Hawkins, either personally or thro Mr. Madison and as soon as possible.\n          The communication respecting the Missisippi, after adjournment, led to a conversation, introduced by Mr. Izard countenanced by my colleague and supported by Cabot, wherein the policy of opening it was strongly reprehended. The arguments in its favor were those of a quondam party; but the ill-success of the military operations have given them new force. As I presume you have heard what passed in the other business and shall omit any thing further at present. Yrs. affectionately,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0031", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Page, 11 January 1792\nFrom: Page, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I mentioned when I last saw you the Scarcity of Money in Virga. my Disappointments there in Collections of Debts, and in new Sales, but then hoped that the Sacrifices I was making there, would gain me Credit for my Punctuality and that my Creditors would not disturb me here. I hoped that the Sale of my \u00bc of a Share in the Dismall Swamp Co. and 500 Acres, adjoining the Company\u2019s 40000 Acres, which I have, and the Mill which I bought of my Nephew L. Burwell for \u00a3900, which must be sold early next Month under the Deed of Trust to pay J. Jamieson \u00a3688 would raise a Surplus sufficient to take up the two Bills which I drew to pay for Captn. Lilly at New-York and which by the heavy Damages there and 7 pr. Ct. Intt. amount to about 630 Dollars. But the Bill holders are so impatient as to press on my Indorser, threatening him with a Suit, which has harried him here, where he has harrassed me several Days. On his first Arrival I applyed to Mr. Jms. Brown of Richmond Mr. Donald\u2019s Agent who happened to be here on his way to New-York to take my 13 Hhds of Tobo. which are at New-York sent there for the Purpose of taking up these Bills, and seven other Hhds at Rosewell, which if the 13 would  command a tolerable Price were to be sent there also and to indorse my Bill for the Amt. of the Bills which are protested. This he readily agreed to do, but being informed that a Mr. Few of this City will give a Guinea pr. hundd. for such Tobo. Brown as my Friend insists that I ought not to make such a Sacrifice as I should by drawing, since Tobo. does not sell in London for half as much as Mr. Few talks of giving for it here, that therefore he will not indorse the Bills till he has been to New-York and seen my Tobo. and can know whether I cannot negotiate this Business in some other way. Mr. Nicholson the Indorser is not willing to wait for his Return. I have therefore to request that you will pass with me our joint Notes of the Bank of North America for the Sum of 630 Dollars which I propose to take up by a Loan from the Bank of the U. States which would gain me time to look out for Money due to me, or to raise it by Sales. In the mean Time to secure you against the Accident of my Death, I propose to give you my Bond for the 630 Dollars. I pledge myself if I live you shall not be called on, and if I die my Son shall not suffer you to pay the Bank. I thank God even at the low Rates at which my Property has been selling I can pay every Debt which can possibly be demanded of me and reserve Rosewell and about 70 Negros.\u2014I am dear Sir yrs.,\n            I have avoided applying to a Member of Congress that I may remain as free as possible from any Influence which an Obligation might have or be supposed to have on my Votes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0032", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, [12 January 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n            Thursday morning. [12 Jan. 1792]\n          I received the inclosed late last night, and it is not in my power to see Mr. H. this morning. If you can with satisfaction to yourself broach to him what Monroe proposes, well, if not, it must take it\u2019s chance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0034", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Page, 1[2] January 1792\nFrom: Page, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I am infinitely obliged to you and do promise on my sacred word that you shall not be called at the Bank for before the Note can be demanded I will either pay the Money out of my own, or by a Loan at the other Bank, which I will negotiate with some other Person, and in Case of my Death I have the Promise of Mrs. Page who shall be able to fulfill it, that it shall be paid as punctually as if I were alive. I shall also write to my Son to enable me to comply with my Engagements, and to my Brother for a Letter of Credit to some of his Friends here in Case I can not get Remittances from Virga. I can only add that I am your much obliged Friend,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0035", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Page, 1[2] January 1792\nFrom: Page, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The inclosed is such a Note, as with your Name on the Back of it (generally written across) will answer my Purpose and shall be no Inconvenience to you. I have now only Time to add that you have greatly obliged & relieved the Feelings of your Friend,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0037", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Witherspoon, [12 January] 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Witherspoon, John\n          The bearer hereof, Mr. Bennet Taylor, a young gentleman from Virginia, goes on to your seminary for the prosecution of his studies. Being recommended to me by a good friend of mine, I feel an interest in his success, and therefore take the liberty of naming him particularly to you. His principal objects will be mathematics and Natural philosophy. Rhetoric also, I presume is taught with you, and will be proper for him as destined for the bar. As he has no time to spare, I have mentioned to him that I thought he might undertake the subject of Moral philosophy in his chamber, at leisure hours, and from books, without attending lectures or exercises in that branch. Your patronage of this young gentleman will oblige Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0038", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 13 January 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Treasury Department January 13. 1792.\n          In a conference with you, some time ago, I took occasion to mention the detention of the certificate of registry of a vessel of the United States in one of the French offices on occasion of a sale of the vessel. Several new instances having since occurred, I find it necessary to trouble you more particularly upon the subject. As the detention of these papers has taken place, as well in a port of France as in those of the colonies, it will require notice both in the home and in the colonial department.\n          The instrument in contemplation is of manifest importance to the navigation of the United States, and the legislature has therefore ordained that a heavy penalty shall follow the return of a master of a vessel to th[is coun]try, who shall fail within eight days to surrender the certificate of registry belonging to a vessel lately under his command, which shall have been shipwrecked or sold abroad. The payment of this penalty, in the event of its being incurred, is secured by an obligation taken at the granting of the certificate, and some of those bonds are now in a situation, wherein the la[w] requires them to be put in suit. The plea of detention by a foreign power, whenever it can be truly made, renders the penalty a hardship, and I am persuaded will recommend the measures necessary to prevent such inconveniences to your early attention.\u2014I have the honor to be Sir Your obedt. S[ervan]t,\n            Alexander [Hamilton]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0039", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [13 January 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The P. begs that Mr. J\u2014\u2014 and Mr. Ma\u2014\u2014 would give the enclosed letters from the Commrs. an attentive perusal, and the whole of that business a serious consideration before nine oclock tomorrow morning, at which hour the P\u2014\u2014 would be glad to converse with them on the subject.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0040", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Peters, 14 January 1792\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philada. Jany. 14th.\n          I waited on you in Consequence of percieving that I am appointed District Judge for this District. Not knowing what is the proper  Channel thro\u2019 which I am either to be informed officially or to whom I must make my Intentions known I wished your advice as a Friend. It is a sudden Thing and the Members of the Senate wish me to stay with them as long as I can. I therefore wished to delay my Acceptance or at least the Reciept of the Commission until the Gentlemen who regret my leaving them have a little Time to look about them. Let me know, my dear Sir, how this Matter is to be managed and [if] it be proper to do it thro\u2019 you, adjust the Business for me.\u2014Yours with Sincere Esteem,\n            Richard Peters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0041", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jerman Baker, 15 January 1792\nFrom: Baker, Jerman\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Petersburg 15th. Janua: 1792.\n          The liberty I am about to take with you, wou\u2019d call for more than an ordinary appology, were it not that the subject is one which I beleive you have as much at heart as myself: the education of the youth of this Country. About three years ago, in providing a Minister for the Parish in which I live, it occurr\u2019d to me, that his usefulness might be considerably, as well as beneficially extended, if he were qualified to undertake the education of young People, and in this I succeeded to my wish. Mr. Needler Robinson, a younger Son of the late Commissary Robinson, is the Gent: I procured for the Ministry; he has kept a school from his first residence among us, with great credit to himself, and advantage to his pupils; his understanding is good, and his manners correct. The increasing reputation of his school, and with it, an increase in the number of his Pupils, calls for assistance, in those branches of education, to which he cannot attend himself, and as such an assistant is not readily to be met with in this Country, he has requested my aid in procuring one from some other. I have spoke with Colo. Harvie, (who intends to put his Son under the care of Mr. Robinson), he thinks, with me, that Philadelphia may furnish such a Person as is wanted, and that you wou\u2019d have the goodness to assist  in our plan, by satisfying yourself of the abilities of any applicant. If an inquiry, in the ordinary way, shou\u2019d not bring to your knowledge a Proper Person, the expence of an advertisment wou\u2019d not be regarded, and I wou\u2019d desire Colo. Davies, who is in Philadelphia, to replace it. As I shall beg leave to refer you to the inclosed Note from Mr. Robinson, for a description of the qualifications we are in search of, I will only add, that the Salary proposed will be 200 Dollars, to a man properly qualified, who has been a teacher before, instead of 150. mentd: in the letter; to be increased, upon the principles laid down therein. The School is kept in the Country, about 8 miles from this place, in Chesterfield County. Mr. Robinson is diligent in his application to the dutys of it, and regular in his rules, and manners; he will expect the same conduct from an assistant: the Pomp and Stuff of our Modern Academys is not affected in this school, where the Solid Advantages of real learning is the object. If you shou\u2019d meet with such a Man, as you think qualified for the Purpose intended, I presume you wou\u2019d think it adviseable, that he shou\u2019d correspond with Mr. Robinson on the subject, or any other mode may be adopted, which you shall find more proper and likely to accomplish the business soon. You will beleive me Sir, when I assure you that I wou\u2019d not have made this trespass upon your time, did I not beleive the Motive for doing it wou\u2019d plead my excuse. The Children of sev[eral] of your friends and acquaintances, are already under the [care] of Mr. Robinson, and more are intended. You will have a claim to their acknowledgments for your aid in this business: Mr. Robinson, who is a very respectable character, will contribute his; and you have at all times the good wishes & esteem of Dr. Sir Yr. Mo: Obedt: Hble. Servt:,\n            Jerman Baker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0042", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 15 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n          In answer to your favor of the 13th. I have the honor to inform you that the papers delivered to me on the subject of the Register of the  sloop Polly detained on her being sold at Port au prince, were put into the hands of Mr. Bourne the Consul for the U.S. in St. Domingo, and that he, being now returned from thence, says that he applied several times on the subject to the Governor of the island, who assured him that in the state of trouble in which the island then was, nothing could be done: and Mr. Bourne has returned me the papers. If a like detention of a register has taken place in France, I am of opinion it will be better to make that, and the colonial one, a subject of explanation at Paris, and will undertake to give the necessary instructions to our Minister there, if you will favor me with the necessary documents relative to the case in France.\u2014I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedt. and most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0044", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [15 January 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The enclosed came to my hands yesterday afternoon.\u2014The documents respecting the dispute between Majr. L\u2019Enfant an Dan Carroll of D. have been sent for the Attorney Genl. to form his opinion upon the case.\u2014The whole are sent for Mr. J.\u2019s perusal previous to the conversation he proposed to have with Majr. L E.\u2014The President has not read the Papers, nor is he in any hurry to do it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0046", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 16 January 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Gibraltar, 16 Jan. 1792. Muley Ischem was again proclaimed Emperor in the city of Morocco on 5 Dec. 1791 and he has also been proclaimed head of Ben Assar\u2019s army of 30,000 men, part of which is stationed by the sea coast to protect the landing of supplies from Spain. Muley Yezid, who was at Rabat with 10,000 regular troops to whom he had distributed money, announced that he would begin a march to the city of Morocco on 1 Jan. His enemies, though numerous, are not as well disciplined as his troops, \u201cand the name of Emperor, it is supposed, will influence a multitude of followers, when the people see the necessity of attaching themselves to one party or the other.\u201d\u2014Muley Yezid\u2019s resolution and daring are offset by the executions he has ordered and his intemperate use of liquor, though he did refuse a gift of liquor from the Dutch minister. Muley Ischem has little character and owes his consequence solely to Muley Slema\u2019s continued refusal to leave the sanctuary. Abderhaman governs south of the Atlas in peace. The other eleven sons of Sidi Muhammad are quiet spectators and undistinguished. The foreign consuls in Tangier have applied to the Emperor a second time for permission to withdraw from thence. Francis Chiappe is supposed to bring them Muley Yezid\u2019s consent, but it now appears that the Basha Fenis will also require Muley Ischem\u2019s permission for their departure. The Basha Fenis and Chiappe are both on weak ground but will probably secure themselves no matter which side wins in Morocco. Chiappe was well received in Spain and is supposedly coming to Tangier to escort him to the Emperor.\u2014Letters from Barbary to a friend of his praise his sagacity in delaying his departure to Morocco and predict that Muley Yezid will be a formidable opponent despite the support Muley Ischem has received from Ben Assar. He wrote the enclosed 3 Jan. letter to Geronimo Chiappe and received the enclosed reply. Francis Chiappe\u2019s arrival in Tangier \u201cwill I expect clear up one doubt, whether the Emperor will renew the peace with any person under the Rank of a Minister, for if we are to judge of what may happen from what has happened, he will not, nor has he hitherto done it in one instance. The British Court was obliged to make M. Matra the Consul General of Morocco, Minister for the express purpose of renewing the Treaty with Muley Yezid. I am persuaded of the propriety of sending Consuls from America to Africa in preferance to Ministers, but whether a disagreement of sentiments between the two nations in this particular, should be so far insisted on as to prevent a Negociation from taking place, is not for me to determine.\u2014I think my present situation a little delicate, because if I proceed to Morocco, possibly the whole business must be done anew. If I do not go, the Emperor may take such offence as will be impossible to remove, in case of his success, during the whole of his reign. He is very lofty minded, and could he be supplied with the Means would rather owe his extortions from Foreign Nations to his power than to negociation. He professes an equal dislike to Jews and Christians, and plumes himself on the surname he has assumed which signifies Mesiah or Sent  of God.\u201d\u2014The next advices from Tangier may be decisive but if not and the Emperor sends for him, he will go if Chiappe and the Basha advise him to do so. From \u201cthe other side\u201d he will relay what information he can write down, but he cannot write freely and to use cypher might be dangerous to him. \u201cFrom the moment in which I shall land in Barbary to that of my leaving it, you will consider me as acting under the will and pleasure of the Ruling Monarch.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0047", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [16 January 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Colo. Hamilton came so late that I could only broach the subject to him. He will breakfast with me at 8 Oclock, at which time If you can make it convenient I should be glad of your Company, after which we will talk the matter over fully. Yrs.,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0048", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Knox, 17 January 1792\nFrom: Knox, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Dublin, 17 Jan. 1792. His last letters to TJ were those of 19 Apr. and 6 [i.e. 7]th Sep. last, the latter of which acknowledged receipt of TJ\u2019s letter of 13 May. The laws passed during the first two sessions of Congress and the volume of treaties arrived on the 14th instant.\u2014He transmits a report on shipping from various U.S. ports to those of Dublin, Cork, Belfast, Newry, Londonderry, and Limerick for 1791. Although incomplete because most ship captains only call on him and his correspondents when they need assistance, the report shows that almost 100 vessels are annually employed between America and Ireland,  about three quarters of which are American bottoms. The principal American exports are flaxseed, pot and pearl ashes, and lumber for shipbuilding. Because of high duties, tobacco brought to Ireland is either reshipped to other markets or smuggled into the country on the west or northwest coasts.\u2014Unofficial sources report American trade with the ports of Sligo, Kellibeggs, Donegal, Ballyshawn, and Waterford is much less significant, amounting to no more than six to ten American vessels annually. He hopes Congress will soon authorize him to appoint regular consular agents at those ports.\n          He recurs to a proposal made in his 19 Apr. letter for preventing the impressment of American seamen by the British Navy. American ship captains should obtain a certificate from a proper magistrate attesting that their men are Americanborn. During the last press captains with such certificates experienced no difficulty with the British, but these were few compared to those without certificates, who were left to the mercy of impress captains. In order to avoid future difficulties, every captain of an American vessel trading with the British dominions should be obliged to have his men obtain proper certificates which should become attached to the manifest of each vessel. Such a certificate will enable captains, consuls, and vice-consuls to protect American-born sailors against impressment. He recommends, however, that sailors born in the British dominions and residing in the U.S. not serve on vessels trading with British possessions.\n          Gervais Parker Bushe and the Commissioners of the Revenue of Ireland have provided the best recent census of this kingdom. This department determines the number of hearths in Ireland in order to collect the duty called \u201chearth money.\u201d Bushe estimates that the present population is about 4 million, three fourths of whom are Roman Catholics even though some claim that Ireland is between eighty and ninety percent Protestant. Since the revolution, the Catholics \u201chave enjoyed no participation in the Government, nor did they hold long leases of land, until within a few years past; the penal laws still exclude them from Citizenship. Within a few months the Catholics, as if by an electrical impulse, have met in large bodies, and passed resolutions to remain no longer in this excluded state. The public papers abound with names to these resolutions, with a great proportion of respectable rich Catholics at their head. They propose commencing their operations by an application to the Irish Parliament (which opens on the 19th. instant) for an immediate repeal of a number of the penal Laws, which if not complied with, will according to present appearances, be productive of such a general ferment as Ireland has not experienced for a century past.\u201d The government here is unprepared for this. Hobart, the active secretary of state, had met with Pitt, but their determination is not yet known. Meanwhile, \u201cthe Machivalian principle of divide and conquer, has been assiduously adopted, and it has produced counter resolutions and addresses, from the Catholic Lords Kinmare, Fingal, Gormanstown, with the titular Archbishop of Dublin, and a large number influenced by them. The associations in opposition to these Nobles have been equally industrious and are by far the most numerous; they have resolved the expulsion of Lord Kinmare from the General Committee (or Parliament as it is frequently called) as enemical to the Catholics of Ireland; this Nobleman has hitherto been considered as the chief of the Catholics, in the south of the Kingdom. No violence has as yet taken place, except the hanging Lord Kinmare in effigy by a part of the populace of Dublin.\u201d He has given such  detail because this is the only news from here and the implications are great. Soon we will know whether the problem will be solved quietly. He rejoices at the pleasing prospects before the U.S. and hopes that they will continue to set an example of rational happiness to the world by holding themselves aloof from the politics and broils of the courts of Europe.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0049", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 17 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\n          Your favors of Nov. 29. 30. 30. and Dec. 1. came duly to hand and gave sincere pleasure by announcing your disposition to accept the appointment to London. The nominations to Paris and the Hague having been detained till yours could be made, they were all immediately sent in to the Senate, to wit, yourself for London, Mr. G. Morris for Paris; Mr. Short for the Hague. Some members of the Senate apprehending they had a right of determining on the expediency of foreign missions, as well as on the persons named, took that occasion of bringing forward the discussion of that question, by which the nominations were delayed two or three weeks. I am happy to be able to assure you that not a single personal motive with respect to yourself entered into the objections to these appointments. On the contrary I believe that your nomination gave general satisfaction. Your commission will be immediately made out, but as the opportunities of conveyance at this season are precarious, and you propose coming to this place, I think it better to retain it.\n          As to the delay proposed in your letter, it was to be expected: indeed a winter passage from Charleston to this place or across the Atlantic is so disagreeable, that if either that circumstance or the arrangement of your affairs should render it in the smallest degree eligible to you to remain at home till the temperate season comes on, say till after the Vernal equinox, there will be no inconvenience to the public, attending it. On the contrary, as we are just opening certain negociations with the British minister here, which have not yet assumed any determinate complexion, a delay till that time will enable us to form some judgment of the issue they may take, and to know exactly in what way your cooperation at the place of your destination may aid us. On this and other accounts it will be highly useful that you take this place in your way, where, or at New York you will always be sure of finding a convenient passage to England.\u2014I have the honor to be with the most  perfect esteem & respect, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0050", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Rush, 17 January 1792\nFrom: Rush, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Being obliged to lecture every day at 4 oClock, it will not be in my power to accept of your kind invitation to dinner on friday next.\n          The difficulty, and novelty of the subject of my present course of lectures (Physiology and Pathology) has prevented my claims upon you for a visit. It has been the only cause of my having neglected to call more frequently upon you.\n          But be assured my dear Sir, that no friend to republicanism, and to the Union of reason and humanity with our Government thinks of you oftener, and with more pleasure than Dr. Sir yours very sincerely,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0053", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Cutting, 21 January 1792\nFrom: Cutting, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Cape Fran\u00e7ois, 21 Jan. 1792. He regrets to report that the flattering prospect of a return to tranquillity in the Northern District \u201chas been recently obscured by unexpected depredations of the Insurgents.\u201d For the past fortnight \u201cthose remorseless Savages\u201d have amused themselves by burning the ripe cane fields in that area. This has revived melancholy memories of the conflagration that destroyed many valuable buildings on those plantations and dampened the spirits of planters who had hoped to salvage part of the sugar crop, \u201cwhich would have relieved their immediate wants; but through the unaccountable delay of the expected assistance from France, this resource is now cut off, and the disappointed planters must submit to a greater degree of humiliation than they had any previous idea of.\u201d The failure of aid from France to arrive has emboldened the rebellious slaves and led them to believe that France abandons the colony. The week before they destroyed every habitation in St. Susanne, which had been spared in the past because it was inhabited almost exclusively by free people of color. Last Saturday or Sunday a group of insurgents surprised an advanced post near Fort Dauphin held by an officer of the Regiment du Cap and fifty men. By the time M. Touzard, the commandant in that area, arrived with reinforcements, he found \u201cthe dead Bodies of the Officer and forty  five of the men, in the Redoubt, stripped naked and mangled in a most horrid manner.\u201d Touzard immediately retreated to Fort Dauphin and informed the government that he could not hold it unless he was quickly reinforced by two to three hundred men. On Sunday last \u201cthe victorious Insurgents burnt the Parishes of Ouanaminthe and Mirabarou, and it is said, every other Habitation quite to Fort Dauphin. Thus about sixty Sugar Plantations and two hundred and twenty of Coffee are added to the Catalogue of those destroyed.\u201d\u2014Last Wednesday two of the National Commissaries visited each American vessel in this port and asked for the assistance of twenty men to act as cannoneers at Fort Dauphin. Many captains agreed to permit their sailors to volunteer for this duty, and yesterday a party of twenty-one sailors, led by Mr. Riley of Connecticut, set off for Fort Dauphin. Two hundred French sailors are said to have gone there at the same time.\u2014The latest accounts from other parts of the colony mention no new occurences. \u201cAn evident coolness between the Legislative and Executive Departments increases daily, which cannot but be detrimental to the general Interest of the Colony. It is my opinion that nothing can effectually recover this Colony from its present distracted state and settle its tranquility on a permanent Basis, but a new Commander in chief of great Capacity with a very respectable Body of Troops, who will not mingle in the political disputes of the Colonists, but by giving one Party a decided preponderance will annihilate all others.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0054", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 22 January 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Mr. Hammond has the honor of sending to Mr. Jefferson the last Monthly Review and Gentlemans Magazine, which he has received from England.\n          Mr. H. also annexes a Copy of the Queen of Spain answer to his letter of recall. He has no copy of this last paper, but the tenor of it may be collected from the Queen of Spain\u2019s answer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0055", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 22 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\n          I wrote to my daughter this day sennight. I think it certain the Post office bill will now pass, and that there will be a branch of the general  post from Richmond by Columbia, Charlottesville and Staunton. The postage of newspapers stands at present at a cent and a half for any distance above 100. miles. There will still be an attempt to reduce it to one half. But even as it now stands it is within the limits I proposed to our neighbors for Freneau\u2019s papers. These papers come out on the Monday morning, sometimes before and sometimes after the departure of the post, which occasions your receiving sometimes 3. 4. or 5 at a time.\u2014I am very anxious to hear the event of my sale.\u2014I have never written to Clarke yet, because I have never heard whether he agreed with Mr. Lewis to continue in my employ. I presume you write to that quarter sometimes, and will thank you to desire Clark, or whoever is the manager, in my name, to hurry down his tobo. after it\u2019s inspection at Lynchburg as fast as possible to Richmond, as I shall sell it here to the same person I sold it to last year. I expect he will give me 5. dollars. You can have the same for your Bedford tobo. He takes credit till Septemb. but I believe it will be practicable to get ready money, at the bank, for his bills, at a discount of \u00bd per cent per month. Mr. Millar, when here, told me Clarkson had undertaken my business in Albemarle. As he does not write, I must pray you to give me from time to time in your letters, the state of things there. Give my love to my daughter, and accept assurances of the sincere attachment of Dear Sir Your\u2019s affectionately,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0057", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Montmorin, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Montmorin de Saint-H\u00e9rem, Armand Marc, Comte de\n            Philadelphia, January 23d., 1792.\n          The President of the United States having destined Mr. Short to another employment, he is instructed to take leave of the Court of France. The perfect knowledge I have of his understanding and dispositions, gives me full confidence that he has so conducted himself during his residence near them, as to merit their approbation; and that he will mark his departure with those respectful attentions and assurances which will give them entire satisfaction. Above all things, I hope, that every exercise of his functions has been consistent with the sincerity of the friendship we bear to the king and Nation, and that you will be persuaded, that no one is more cordial in that sentiment, than he who has the honor to be, with the most profound respect and attachment, Sir, Your most obedient, and most humble servant,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0058", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\n            Philadelphia January 23d. 1792\n          I have the pleasure to inform you that the President of the United States has appointed you Minister Plenipotentiary for the United States at the Court of France, which was approved by the Senate on the 12th. instant, on which be pleased to accept my congratulations. You will receive herewith your Commission, a Letter of Credence for the King sealed and a copy of it open for your own satisfaction; as also a Cypher to be used on proper occasions in the correspondence between us.\n          To you it would be more than unnecessary for me to undertake a general delineation of the functions of the Office to which you are  appointed. I shall therefore only express our desire, that they be constantly exercised in that spirit of sincere friendship and attachment which we bear to the French Nation; and that in all transactions with the Minister, his good dispositions be conciliated by whatever in language or attentions may tend to that effect. With respect to their Government, we are under no call to express opinions which might please or offend any party; and therefore it will be best to avoid them on all occasions, public or private. Could any circumstances require unavoidably such expressions, they would naturally be in conformity with the sentiments of the great mass of our countrymen, who having first, in modern times, taken the ground of Government founded on the will of the people, cannot but be delighted on seeing so distinguished and so esteemed a Nation arrive on the same ground, and plant their standard by our side.\n          I feel myself particularly bound to recommend, as the most important of your charges, the patronage of our Commerce and the extension of it\u2019s privileges, both in France and her Colonies, but most especially the latter. Our Consuls in France are under general instructions to correspond with the Minister of the United States at Paris; from them you may often receive interesting information. Joseph Fenwick is Consul at Bordeaux and Burrell Carnes at Nantz; M. de la Motte Vice Consul at Havre and M. Cathalan fils at Marseilles.\n          An act of Congress of July 1st. 1790 has limited the allowance of a Minister plenipotentiary to 9000 dollars a year for all his personal services and other expences, a year\u2019s salary for his outfit, and a quarter\u2019s salary for his return. It is understood that the personal services and other expences here meant, do not extend to the cost of gazettes and pamphlets transmitted to the Secretary of State\u2019s Office, to translating or printing necessary papers, postage, couriers, and necessary aids to poor American sailors. These additional charges therefore may be inserted in your accounts; but no other of any description, unless where they are expressly directed to be incurred. By an ancient rule of Congress, your salary will commence from the day you receive this Letter, if you be then at Paris, or from the day you set out for Paris from any other place at which it may find you: it ceases on receiving notice or permission to return, after which the additional quarter\u2019s allowance takes place. You are free to name your own private Secretary, who will receive from the public a salary of 1350 dollars a year, without allowance for any extras. I have thought it best to state these things to you minutely, that you may be relieved from all doubt as to the matter of your accounts. I will beg leave to add a most earnest request, that on the 1st. day of July next, and on the same day  annually afterwards, you make out your account to that day, and send it by the first vessel and by duplicates. In this I must be very urgent and particular, because at the meeting of the ensuing Congress always it is expected that I prepare for them a Statement of the disbursements from this fund from July to June inclusive. I shall give orders by the first opportunity to our Bankers in Amsterdam to answer your drafts for the allowances herein before mentioned, recruiting them at the same time by an adequate remitment, as I expect that by the time you receive this they will not have remaining on hand of this fund more than 7 or 8,000 dollars.\n          You shall receive from me from time to time the laws and journals of Congress, gazettes and other interesting papers; for whatever information is in possession of the public I shall leave you generally to the gazettes, and only undertake to communicate by letter such, relative to the business of your mission, as the gazetteers cannot give. From you I shall ask, once or twice a month regularly, a communication of interesting occurrences in France, of the general affairs of Europe, and a transmission of the Leyden gazette, the Journal logographe, and the best paper of Paris for their Colonial affairs, with such other publications as may be important enough to be read by one who can spare little time to read anything, or which may contain matter proper to be turned to on interesting subjects and occasions. The English packet is the most certain channel for such epistolary communications as are not very secret, and by those packets I would wish always to receive a letter from you by way of corrective to the farrago of news they generally bring. Intermediate letters, secret communications, gazettes and other printed papers, had better come through the channel of M. de la Motte at Havre, to whom I shall also generally address my letters to you, and always the gazettes and other printed papers.\n          Mr. Short will receive by this same conveyance, his appointment as Minister resident at the Hague.\u2014I have the honour to be with great esteem & respect Dear Sir your most obedient & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0059", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n            Philadelphia January 23d. 1792\n          I have the pleasure to inform you that the President of the United States has appointed you Minister Resident for the United States at the Hague, which was approved by the Senate on the 16th. instant. This new mark of the President\u2019s confidence will be the more pleasing to you, as it imports an approbation of your former conduct, whereon be pleased to accept my congratulations. You will receive herewith, a letter from myself to Monsr. de Montmorin closing your former mission, your new Commission, letters of Credence from the President for the States general and Stadtholder sealed, and copies of them open for your own satisfaction. You will keep the Cypher we have heretofore used.\n          Your past experience in the same line renders it unnecessary for me to particularize your duties in closing your present, or conducting your future mission. Harmony with our friends being our object, you are sensible how much it will be promoted by attention to the manner, as well as matter of your communications with the Government of the United Netherlands.\n          I feel myself particularly bound to recommend, as the most important of your charges, the patronage of our Commerce and the extension of it\u2019s privileges, both in the United Netherlands and their Colonies, but most especially the latter.\n          The allowance to a Minister resident of the United States is 4500 dollars a year for all his personal services and other expences, a year\u2019s salary for his outfit, and a quarter\u2019s salary for his return. It is understood that the personal services and other expences here meant, do not extend to the cost of gazettes and pamphlets transmitted to the Secretary of State\u2019s Office, to translating or printing necessary papers, postage, couriers, and necessary aids to poor American sailors. These additional charges therefore may be inserted in your accounts; but no other of any description, unless where they are expressly directed to be incurred. The salary of your new grade being the same as of your former one, and your services continued tho\u2019 the scene of them is changed, there will be no intermission of salary; the new one beginning where the former ends, and ending when you shall receive notice of your permission to return. For the same reason there can be but one allowance of outfit and return, the former to take place now, the latter only on your final return. The funds appropriated to the support of the foreign establishment, do not admit the allowance of a Secretary to a  Minister resident. I have thought it best to state these things to you minutely, that you may be relieved from all doubt as to the matter of your accounts. I will beg leave to add a most earnest request, that on the 1st. day of July next, and on the same day annually afterwards, you make out your account to that day, and send it by the first vessel and by duplicates. In this I must be very urgent and particular, because at the meeting of the ensuing Congress always it is expected that I prepare for them a statement of the disbursements from this fund from July to June inclusive. I shall give orders by the first opportunity to our Bankers in Amsterdam to answer your draughts for the allowances herein before mentioned, recruiting them at the same time by an adequate remitment, as I expect that by the time you receive this they will not have remaining on hand of this fund more than 7 or 8000 dollars.\n          You shall receive from me from time to time the laws and journals of Congress, gazettes and other interesting papers; for whatever information is in possession of the public I shall leave you generally to the gazettes, and only undertake to communicate by letter such, relative to the business of your mission, as the gazetteers cannot give. From you I shall ask, once or twice a month, regularly, a communication of interesting occurrences in Holland, of the general affairs of Europe, and the regular transmission of the Leyden gazette by every British packet, in the way it now comes, which proves to be very regular. Send also such other publications as may be important enough to be read by one who can spare little time to read any thing, or which may contain matter proper to be turned to on interesting subjects and occasions. The English packet is the most certain channel for such epistolary communications as are not very secret, and by those packets I would wish always to receive a letter from you by way of corrective to the farrago of news they generally bring. Intermediate letters, secret communications, gazettes and other printed papers had better come by private vessels from Amsterdam, which channel I shall use generally for my letters, and always for gazettes and other printed papers.\n          The President has also joined you in a special and temporary commission with Mr. Carmichael to repair to Madrid, and there negociate certain matters respecting the navigation of the Missisippi, and other points of common interest between Spain and us. As some time will be necessary to make out the instructions and transcripts necessary in this business, they can only be forwarded by some future occasion; but they shall be soon forwarded, as we wish not to lose a moment in advancing negociations so essential to our peace. For this reason I must urge you to repair to the Hague at the earliest day the settlement of your affairs  at Paris will admit, that your reception may be over, and the idea of your being established there strengthened before you receive the new orders.\u2014I have the honor to be with sincere respect and esteem Dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble Servant,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0060", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 23 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\n            Gentlemen\n            Philadelphia January 23d. 1792\n          On the 19th. of March last I had the honor to enclose you a Bill for 99,000 florins, drawn on yourselves by the Treasurer of the United States in favor of the Secretary of State, and I desired you to raise an account with the Secretary of State, and pass that bill to his credit in the account. In my letter of May 14th. I enclosed you a duplicate of the same bill, and informed you that this money was destined to pay the salaries and contingent expences of our foreign Ministers and Agents of every description from July 1st. 1790, and nothing else, and I added these words\u2014\u201cI must beg the favor of you also to make up your account to the close of the last day of June this present year, into which no expences are to enter which preceeded the 1st. day of July 1790, these being the dates of the appropriation of the law\u201d: And lastly, in my letter of August 5th. I enclosed a triplicate of the same bill, and added \u201cin the mean time I hope that your account of this fund from July 1st. 1790 to June 30th. 1791 inclusive, is on it\u2019s way to me, that I may receive it in time to lay before Congress at their meeting\u201d; but in fact I have neither received the account so much desired, nor even an acknowledgment of the receipt of any of the said letters or bills; and tho\u2019 Congress have been now sitting upwards of three months, I have it not in my power to lay before them a statement of the administration of this fund. When you consider the delicate situation of those entrusted with the disposal of public monies, and the express injunction under which I am laid by my Office to submit this account to a proper and timely examination, I leave you to conceive what my sensations must be under the disability to do it, which the  want of your account alone has brought on me; and I hope I shall soon be relieved by the receipt of it.\n          In the present letter I enclose you another bill for ninety five thousand nine hundred and forty seven gilders ten stivers current which be pleased to pass also to the credit of the same account. Mr. Gouverneur Morris appointed Minister plenipotentiary of the United States at Paris, Mr. Thomas Pinckney Minister plenipotentiary for them at London, and Mr. Short their Minister resident at the Hague, will draw on you soon for their outfits, which are 9,000 dollars each to the two first, and 4,500 dollars to the last; as also for their salaries, which will probably commence about the time you receive this, at the rate of 9,000 dollars a year to each of the two first, and 4,500 dollars to the last; and their contingencies, for the amount of which we rely on their discretion. Mr. Morris\u2019s and Mr. Pinckney\u2019s Secretaries are also allowed 1350 dollars each per annum. Besides this, Mr. Short will have to draw on you in his discretion as Commissioner on a special mission to Madrid.\n          Permit me to press you in the most earnest manner, besides sending me your account of this fund from July 1st. 1790 to July 1st. 1791 as before desired, to make out the subsequent one for the current year on the 1st. of July next, and to send duplicates of it, one of them by the first British packet, the other by any of the first vessels sailing after that day, and to do the same annually as long as this account shall be kept open.\u2014I am with great esteem, Gentlemen Your most obt. h\u2019ble Servant,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0062", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 24 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n          In consequence of the act of Congress appropriating 40,000 Dollars per annum from July 1. 1790. for our intercourse with foreign nations, I received from the Treasurer a bill, the last spring, on our bankers in Amsterdam for 99,000 florins. As this will be nearly exhausted by  this time, and there will be large calls immediately by Mr. Morris, Mr. Pinkney and Mr. Short for their outfits and salaries, I must ask the favor of a like draught on our bankers in Amsterdam for 40,000 dollars more.\u2014I have the honor to be with great respect Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0063", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Meade, 24 January 1792\nFrom: Meade, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia January 24th. 1792\n          Agreeably to the Conversation I had the honor of having with You I take the liberty of addressing You on the Subject. Mr. Benjamin Hamnell Phillips, who is a Subject of the United States, and has been some time at Curacoa; he is now preparing to return thence, by way of New York if our Navigation should remain much longer shut up. A Considerable Trade is carried on from America to that Island; Mr. Phillips thinks as well as myself that his being appointed Consul at Curacoa would be Serviceable to the Trade of this Country and useful to him. I have known him for several Years and can say I have the highest opinion of his honor and Integrity, and am sure he would fill the office (should he be apointed) with Credit to the United States and Reputation to himself. A Vessell having lately arrived from Surinam, may perhaps put it in Your power to determine on this appointment which I should wish to know, and have the honor to be very Respectfully Sir Your devoted & most Obedt. Servt.,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0064", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 24 January 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I am to acknowlege the rect. of your letters private of Nov. 9 and 25. You mention having previously written to me Sep. 1. and Nov. 9 (not yet received and probably lost). I suppose it probable Nov. is put by error, as the letter of that date accompanied that of Nov. 25. and is otherwise mentioned in it. My private letters since that of July 17. (of which you here acknowlege the rect.) are Sep. 29. Oct. 6. Oct. 15. Oct. 22.\n          My public account was sent with my letter of Oct. 6. I waited for some time to recieve my postage acct. from London, and at length did not recieve it so that it is not entered in this as I had wished. Since I have seen your uneasiness about its not arriving I have determined to copy it over again and inclose it in this letter. I mentioned to you that I had returned the vouchers not chusing to venture them; I will thank you to give me your directions on this subject. I endeavoured when lately at Amsterdam to get again the account of my tavern expences there last year\u2014but the tavern keeper told me he could not furnish them as the owner has died since and the books are delivered up I believe to the execrs. I suppose however the sum will be as it were a voucher for itself, as it could not have been expected to be so moderate. If you find it necessary I will endeavour to have it ascertained by the present keeper of the tavern who is daughter in law to the former.\u2014I inclose you at present also the rect. for the public articles charged to you, as you desire. I omit the 80.\u20b6 11 because I already gave you credit for it, as having been charged to you by error, as you will see in my acct. sent you, beginning Nov. 89 and ending Aug. 90.\u2014and I have charged the same being for postage to the U.S.\u2014I recd. in your above mentioned letter of Nov. 25. the third of the bill of exchange for \u00a340 stlg. drawn by Ruston on Pasley. The first and second have not come to hand. This shall be sent to V. Staphorst & Hubbard\u2014to be joined to the rest and kept at your disposal\u2014it being safer at present to have funds in Amsterdam than here.\n          I have written to procure the wine you desire for the President. Your instructions respecting it shall be followed.\u2014The seeds you sent to Mde. D\u2019Enville have given her infinite satisfaction. She has charged me with expressions of her gratitude and intends writing to you also herself. M. and Mde. de la Rochefoucauld beg me also to assure you how much they are pleased and flattered by your remembrance of them. You did not send any acct. of the price of these seeds, though  when the list was given me I apprehended it was expected. Nothing has been since said to me about it. The sample of sugar gave great pleasure also\u2014and particularly as it came at the very time that the same article was occasioning mobs here. The friends to humanity here, in which class you know this most excellent family stands high, wish much for the success of the maple sugar.\u2014You say that your daughter complains that her cabinet des modes does not arrive. I think it has been long discontinued; at least I have not heard anything of the publication. I know not what has become of Goldsmith, and my bookseller and others to whom I have spoken, think it does not exist at present. It has been certainly overwhelmed and destroyed by the torrent of other journals which appear here and which are literally numberless. No attention at all is paid at present to dress. Such a journal would not have in France ten subscribers. The change that has taken place here in this article is inconcievable. A man who appears in full dress except at court is considered ridiculous. You may dine anywhere in boots and sup in many of the first houses in the same dress.\n          I have been seriously employed for some time past in forming my library. Although books have felt the depreciation of assignats in their price, yet it is not equal to what I gain on the exchange. I confine myself to French authors except where I accidentally meet with good bargains in such English ones as I want. I confine myself as much as possible but I find it a very tempting fever. The uncertainty as to my future mode of life also has some influence on me, and not knowing but that I may go to end my days in Kentuckey, I should think it useless to be dragging after me a voluminous and expensive library. My aim therefore is to have my library rather well chosen than voluminous. Should I remain here I should of course extend it. Since I have been employed in this business my former passion for reading has been renewed and occupies me much. I frequently abandon the theatre and suppers wch. I followed very closely after your departure, to return home and pass my evening with my new companions, the books of my library. Should I go to the Hague, I shall count much on this resource and pursue a general course of reading with much avidity, as I shall be allowed much more time for it there than here, and it is really the circumstance which will reconcile me most to that residence.\u2014I am waiting with infinite anxiety for the decision of this matter. I hope you will have recd. my letter of Oct. 6. before it takes place. Its contents with respect to a person there are really of essential consideration. I am sure your own knowlege of this place, and of the person, must shew how particularly improper he is for it. Yet from your aversion to interfere I suppose you will do nothing to prevent  it, although it would seem an indispensable duty in such cases to give one\u2019s opinion, when the person whom it is necessary to enlighten cannot be acquainted with some of the circumstances which are local, and of course known only to those who have been here. I take it for granted now Morris is he to whom you allude. I never could have believed it before your letter of Nov. the 9th.\u2014If I had I shd. have said much more, but it is now certainly too late and of course useless. It will be generally considered here as an unaccountable circumstance, particularly because of the principles wch. he openly avows and those supposed to exist in America. I wish most sincerely he had been sent to London and another here.\u2014I infer from your letter of Nov. the 9th. that if Pinkney refuses, Morris will go there, and that for that reason the business was delayed until the answer of Pinkney.\u2014Adieu, my dear Sir, & believe me most affectionately your friend & servant,\n            P.S. I inclose a letter for my brother to which I ask your kind attention. Your letter inclosing his from Richmond of Sep. 30. wch. it inclosed gave me the first intelligence of the fatality wch. has lately prevailed among my nearest friends and relations. He tells me he left a letter for me in your care four weeks before. As it has not come to hand I take it for granted it must have been in some of those of your letters wch. I have mentioned above as having probably miscarried. I am exceedingly sorry for it, as I have been a long time without having any kind of information from him, and his letter of Sep. 30. refers me to it:\u2014I inclose you also a letter from Mr. Littlepage.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0065", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jos\u00e9 de Jaudenes and Jos\u00e9 Ignacio de Viar, 25 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\n            Gentlemen\n          Don Joseph Jaudenes having communicated to me verbally that his Catholic majesty had been apprised of our sollicitude to have some arrangements made respecting our free navigation of the Missisipi, and a port thereon convenient for the deposit of merchandize of export and import for lading and unlading the sea and river vessels, and that  his majesty would be ready to enter into treaty thereon directly with us, whensoever we should send to Madrid a proper and acceptable person authorized to treat on our part, I laid the communication before the President of the United States. I am authorized by him to assure you that our government has nothing more at heart than to meet the friendly advances of his Catholic majesty with cordiality, and to concur in such arrangements on the subject proposed, as may tend best to secure peace and friendship between the two nations on a permanent footing. The President has therefore, with the approbation of the Senate, appointed Mr. Short, our present Minister resident at the Hague, to proceed to Madrid as a joint Commissioner with Mr. Carmichael, with full powers to treat on the subject beforementioned, and I have no doubt that these gentlemen will so conduct themselves as to give entire satisfaction. Mr. Short\u2019s business at the Hague will occasion a short delay of his departure from that place, for Madrid, but he will be duly urged to make it as short as possible.\u2014I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Gentlemen, Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0066", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jos\u00e9 de Jaudenes and Jos\u00e9 Ignacio de Viar, 25 January 1792\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia January 25. 1792.\n          We have just before us your favor of this day, in reply to which permit us to observe, that its contents appear to us, as if it was the Meaning of the United States to Negotiate only upon the Subject of the Navigation of the Mississipi &ca. but that being not the intention either of the King (our Master) nor of Don Joseph de Jaudenes, when he had the honor to communicate to you the good disposition of his Majesty to Settle directly the Standing Matters between Spain, and the United States; we request the favor of you to inform us whether this point has been taken by the United States in that light, or other ways; in the first case you will be pleased to Make this observation to the President of the United States, that the Matter may be understood right, and in the Second you will be so kind as to explain it so in your  Answer for which purpose we take the liberty to enclose the Same.\u2014We have the honor to be with sentiments of the most sincere esteem and regard Sir your most obt. and most humble Servt.,\n            Joseph de Jaudenes Joseph Ignats. Viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0069", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 26 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n          It is perfectly equal to me that the 1233\u2153 dollars mentioned in your letter of yesterday, be taken out of the 40,000 Dollars now desired, or not. You will observe that the two sums of 40,000 D. each are for the interval between July 1. 1790. and July 1. 1792. and that the act is to continue, even if not renewed, till the end of the next session of Congress, probably the beginning of March 1793. The heavy draughts for Outfits for the late appointments will require a new call in time for the commencement of the 3d. year of the act.\u2014I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0070", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Harrison, 26 January 1792\nFrom: Harrison, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Treasury Department Auditors Office Jany. 26. 1792.\n          I have now under examination an Account of Messrs. W. & J. Willink and Nicholas & J. Van Staphorst of Amsterdam, in which various Charges are made against the United States for supplies of Money to you. As they have not sent forward Documents to substantiate these Charges I take the liberty of requesting you will be pleased to furnish me, soon as convenient, with a particular Statement of the Sums received of them by you, to enable me to proceed, to a final adjustment of their Account.\n          I further request the favor of being informed, from the records in your office, of the dates and nature of the different Commissions with which Mr. Adams was charged in Europe, and of the Salary  and emoluments annexed to each.\u2014I have the Honor to be, very respectfully Sir Your obedient hum. Servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0072", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Rush, 26 January 1792\nFrom: Rush, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I enclose you a few copies of the tract on the manufactory of Maple Sugar. It owes its existence to your request. It therefore has a right to claim your Support under all the congenial infirmities it derived from the hand of Dr. Sir yours very Affectionately,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0073", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel Carroll, 27 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carroll, Daniel\n          Be pleased to consider this letter as from one private individual to another. The conduct of the agents who ought to be subordinate to the Commissioners is properly viewed here. The matter remains till Mr. Johnson comes, when final measures may be taken for establishing the authority of the Commissioners. In the mean time the President apprehends that accident or malice may throw down the stakes by which the lots &c. are marked on the ground, and thus a whole summer\u2019s work be lost. He thinks the attention of one person would be savingly employed in a daily visit to these stakes, and fastening such as may be getting loose, or replacing those which may be withdrawn. I have thought it not improper to suggest this to you & am with great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0074", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jos\u00e9 de Jaudenes and Jos\u00e9 Ignacio de Viar, 27 January 1792\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Mui se\u00f1or nuestro\n              Philadelphia, 27 de Enero de 1792\n            Hemos recibido la favorecida de V.S. de ahi\u00e8r, y en su contestacion debemos asegurar que nos \u00e8s mui sensible la variedad de sentido, en que V.S. y Don Joseph de Jaudenes tomar\u00f2n el objecto de la Comunicacion, ocasionada sin duda, por falta de aquellas phrases en el Idioma Ingles, que expresasen vivamente la vigurosa fuerza de su abertura.\n            Hacer pausa alguna en quanto \u00e0 los dos apuntes, que V.S. h\u00e0 tenido la condescendencia de incluirnos, y las observaciones, que sobre ellos hace en su Carta, ser\u00eca injuriar a V.S. \u00e8 injuriarse pues que no se debe admitir duda, a\u00f9n en la mas leve insinuacion de V.S.\n            Permitanos V.S. aducir en vindicacion de Don Joseph de Jaudenes las diferentes especies, que le hicier\u00f2n persuadir havia dado a entender suficientemente su idea, y que V.S. la havia comprehendido en igual sentido.\n            V.S. le har\u00e0 la justicia de recordar que despues de haver expresado la imposibilidad de apaciguar los animos de los Kentukeses, mientras no obtubiesen la citada navegacion, para encarecer el mismo asunto, entre varias otras especies se vali\u00f3 V.S. de la alternativa, que por lo contrario, si Su Magestad accediese \u00e0 la precitada solicitud, los Estados Unidos no solo no querian un palmo de tierra de la que el Rey posee en la actualidad, sin que antes bien le saldrian garantes por todas sus possesiones en America.\n            Que haviendo yqualmente renovado Don Joseph de Jaudenes las insinuaciones, que anteriormente sobre las varias trabas, que sufria nuestro comercio en los Estados Unidos, y haviendo V.S. tenido la bondad de indicarle, que si gustavamos hacer un memorial sobre el particular, contribuiria a que si fuese consistente, se hiciesen algunas modificaciones, respondio Don Joseph Jaudenes que le parecia superfluo por ahora, siempre que los Estados Unidos tratasen de embiar pronto alguna persona autorizada \u00e0 nuestra Corte, pues entonces se arreglaria alla este, como todos los demas puntos.\n            Como se havr\u00e0n agitado los objetos, que indican los dos Capitulos, que anteceden, nacen de ello, que quando V.S. despues de tomar el trabajo de apuntar por escrito la Comunicaci\u00f3n, tubo el de leersela a Don Joseph de Jaudenes, comtemplase este la proposicion thereon inserta en el apunte extensiva \u00e0 los demas objetos, que se havrian sucitado, y no solo reducida al de la navegacion.\n            Para mayor prueba de la intencion de Don Joseph de Jaudenes (quando no de su explicacion) incluimos \u00e0 V.S. copia del Memorandum que hizo \u00e8ste en Ingles sobre el objeto, para que le sirviese de norma en la Comunicacion que debia hacer a V.S.\n            Quanto precede, lo hemos producido solo para justificar la intencion de Don Joseph de Jaudenes; y para precaver ahora de nuestra parte, el que la falta de buena explicacion en el Idioma Ingles pueda ocasionar alguna tergiversacion en la comprehension del verdadero sentido de la comunicacion, tenemos el gusto de incluir a V.S. la que hemos hecho en nuestro Idioma con relacion \u00e0 las dos fechas en que tubo la honrra de ejecutarla el mencionado Don Joseph de Jaudenes.\n            Estamos firmemente persuadidos que esta diferente inteligencia no debe causar alteracion alguna en lo obrado de parte de los Estados Unidos, si se atiende \u00e0 los sinceros y vivos deseos que V.S. se ha servido manifestar repetidas vezes subsisten de parte de los Estados Unidos \u00e0 conservar la harmonia, y perfecta amistad que se requiere entre ambas Naciones, y a que si no se arreglasen todos quantos asuntos puedan ocurrirse, no debemos esperar que pudiese ser tan permanente como deseamos esta buena correspondencia.\n            Quedamos mui reconocidos a las atentas expresiones con que V.S. nos repite la buena disposicion de los Estados Unidos hacia su Magestad Catholica, y \u00e0 quanto contribuia a hacer lo mas grata que sea posible nuestra residencia agui.\n            Tenemos la honrra de subscrivirnos con el mayor respeto, y la mas sincera voluntad, Se\u00f1or, Sus mas obedientes, y mas humildes Servidores,\n              Josef Ignacio de Viar Josef de Jaudenes\n            EDITORS\u2019 TRANSLATION\n            From Jos\u00e9 de Jaudenes and Jos\u00e9 Ignacio de Viar\n              Philadelphia, January 27, 1792\n            We have received yesterday\u2019s dispatch from you, and in reply we must assure you that we regret the difference in which you and Mr. Joseph de Jaudenes understood the purpose of the communiqu\u00e9, caused without doubt by the lack of those phrases in English which might express keenly the vigorous force of its beginning.\n            Any second thoughts regarding the two notations you were gracious enough to include and the observations you made on them in your letter would be offensive to all of us because there should be no doubt, not even the slightest suggestion on your part.\n            Permit us to cite in vindication of Mr. Joseph de Jaudenes the various  reasons that made him believe that he had sufficiently explained his idea and that you understood it the same way.\n            You will be fair to him by remembering that after having expressed the impossibility of appeasing the feelings of the Kentuckians, as long as they couldn\u2019t obtain the mentioned navigation rights, in order to recommend the same thing you made use, among various options, of the alternative that, to the contrary, should His Majesty accede to the aforementioned petition, the United States would not only not want an inch of the land the King now possesses, but instead he would have guarantees for all his possessions in America.\n            Mr. Joseph de Jaudenes having also renewed the earlier suggestions on the various obstacles which our trade in the United States was suffering, and you having had the kindness of pointing out to him that if we wanted to make a petition on the matter, you would contribute to it being consistent, to some modifications being made, Mr. Joseph Jaudenes answered that for the moment it seemed needless, as long as the United States tried to send an authorized person to our Court soon, for this, as well as the rest of the points, could be arranged there then.\n            Since the subjects covered in the first two paragraphs have probably been confused, they precede, are born from that fact, because after you took the trouble to annotate the communiqu\u00e9 in writing and to read it to Mr. Joseph de Jaudenes, he considered the proposition thereon inserted in the annotation as extended to the rest of the subjects which would have been brought up, and not restricted only to that of navigation.\n            As further proof of Mr. Joseph de Jaudenes\u2019 intention (if not of his explanation) we enclose for you a copy of the memorandum on the subject he did in English to serve as a standard for the communiqu\u00e9 he was to do for you.\n            The foregoing has been only to justify the intention of Mr. Joseph de Jaudenes; and now to prevent the lack of good explanation in English on our behalf from leading to a distortion in the understanding of the true sense of the communiqu\u00e9, we have the pleasure of enclosing for you the one we have prepared in our language in relation to the two dates on which the aforementioned Mr. Joseph de Jaudenes had the honor of executing it.\n            We are firmly persuaded that this difference of understanding should not cause any change in the work done by the United States, if one takes into account the deep and sincere desires, which you have manifested repeatedly to subsist on the part of the United States, to maintain the harmony and the perfect friendship needed between both nations, and that if every matter which comes up is not settled, we cannot hope for this good relationship to be as permanent as we would want.\n            We remain very grateful for your kind expressions repeating the good disposition of the United States toward His Catholic Majesty, and for everything you have contributed to making our stay here as pleasant as possible.\n            We have the honor to sign with our utmost respect and most sincere wishes, Sir, Your most obedient and humble servants,\n              Josef Ignacio de Viar Josef de Jaudenes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0075", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 27 January 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia January 27. 1792.\n          The abstract, which I had the honor of putting into your hands this morning, was formed by a minute examination of the papers, relative to the case of Mr. Thomas Pagan. I am, as yet, unable to give a mature opinion. But it is easily discovered, that the refusal of an appeal to the supreme court of the United States constitutes a capital article of his complaints. If this course were ever open to him, it is so now; and the attempt may be made under the 25th. section of the judicial act for a writ of error, which will, if obtained, ultimately be equivalent to an appeal. I must therefore suggest to you the propriety of informing the British minister, that a motion for a writ of error may be immediately made. I do not mean by this to say, that it will certainly be granted. But an opportunity is presented to Mr. Pagan, at least to take the sense of that court upon his affair.\u2014I have the honor, sir, to be, with true respect & esteem, yr. mo. ob. serv.,\n            Edm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0076", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 28 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\n            Philadelphia January 28th. 1792.\n          The Attorney General has not yet reported on the Case of Hooper and Pagan, and thinks it will be some days before he shall be able to do it. In the mean time as the Supreme federal Court will meet on Monday se\u2019nnight, he has desired me to draw your attention to that circumstance, as it will give an opportunity of applying for a writ of error to review the proceedings, the only legal way of removing them from a State Court to that of the general Government. Should you be unfurnished with the records in the case to support the application, a complete copy of them are in the hands of the Attorney General, and shall be at your service as long as may be necessary for that purpose.\u2014I have the honor to enclose you a copy of the Attorney General\u2019s letter to me, and of being with perfect Esteem and Respect, Sir, Your most obedient & Most humble Servant,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0077", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Peters, 28 January 1792\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I thank you for the friendly Attention you paid to my Request of witholding the Commission \u2019till this Time. I had fixed the Matter so as to resign the Chair of the Senate on Tuesday Morning but I will do it on Monday Afternoon. On Tuesday the House will of Course choose a Speaker and when this is done I will resign my Seat as a Senator which cannot be done before the Senate is perfect in its Organization. So soon as I am free from my present State Situation I will write to the President and I pray you to let me know any Step I ought to take as to taking the Qualifications, I should rather say Oaths of Office; for as to the former I must double my Diligence to acquire them.\u2014Yours with sincere Esteem,\n            Richard Peters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0078", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 28 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n          My last private letter to you was of Nov. 25. Your last received was of Sep. 29. Tho the present will be very confidential and will go, I do not know how, I cannot take time to cypher it all. What has lately occurred here will convince you I have been right in not raising your expectations as to an appointment. The President proposed at first the nomination of Mr. T. Pinckney to the court of London, but would not name him till we could have an assurance from him that he would accept. Nor did he indicate what the other appointments would be till Mr. Pinckney\u2019s answer came. Then he nominated to the Senate Mr. Morris M.P. for France, Pinkney M.P. for London, and yourself M.R. for the Hague. The first of these appointments was extremely unpopular, and so little relished by several of the Senate that every effort was used to negative it. Those whose personal objections to Mr. Morris overweighed their deference to the President finding themselves a minority, joined with another small party who are against all foreign appointments, and endeavored with them to put down the whole system rather than let this article pass. This plan was defeated, and Mr. Morris passed by a vote of 16. against 11. When your nomination came on it was consented to by 15. against 11. every man of the latter however rising and declaring that as to yourself they had no personal objection, but only meant by their vote to declare their opinion against keeping any person at the Hague. Those who voted in the negative were not exactly the same in both cases. When the biennial bill furnishing money for the support of the foreign establishment shall come on at the next session, to be continued, the same contest will arise again, and I think it very possible that if the opponents of Mr. M. cannot remove him otherwise they will join again with those who are against the whole establishment, and try to discontinue the whole. If they fail in this, I still see no security in their continuing the mission to the Hague: because to do this they must enlarge the fund from 40. to 50,000 dollars.\u2014The President afterwards proceeded to join you to Carmichael on a special mission to Spain; to which there was no opposition, except from 3. gentlemen who were against opening the Missisipi. I told the President that as I expected the Hague mission would be discontinued after the next session I should advise you to ask permission to return. He told me not to do this for that as Carmichael had asked leave to retire he meant to give it as soon as he should get thro the business jointly confided to you and to appoint you Minister Resident his successor. Therefore do in this what  you chuse only informing me of your wishes that I may cooperate with them and taking into consideration that the term I have unalterably fixed for retiring from my office is the close of our first federal cycle which will be the first of March 1793. All this is confided sacredly to your secrecy being known to no living mortal but the President Madison and yourself. I have not yet received your account of 1791\u20132. You must send them hereafter by duplicates, and by the very first conveyances after the 1st. of July, as the not having them at the meeting of Congress has a very ill effect. I inclose a letter for the Van Staphorsts, which being left open, will need no explanation. I pray you to take sure measures for having it complied with, as I venture to state it in my account as a thing done. I inclose you a triplicate of Warder\u2019s bill for \u00a3131\u20135 sterl. I hope the Mission to Madrid will be agreeable here. It will still raise your ground when you return.\u2014I am with sincere attachment dear Sir your affectionate friend & servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0079", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 28 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Enclosed is the rough draught of a letter to G.M.\u2014I pray you to examine it, and alter any word, or sentence you may think too strong; or the whole of it, retaining my object; from which I shall make a fair copy and then take a press one: be not scrupulous therefore in making the alterations you judge necessary.\u2014In the course of tomorrow I will send you the letter to be made up with your dispatches.\u2014Yrs. sincerely,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0081", "content": "Title: Enclosure: George Washington to Gouverneur Morris, 28 January 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\n          Your favor of the 30th. Sep. came duly to hand, and I thank you for the important information contained in it.\u2014The official communications from the Secretary of State will convey to you the evidence of my nomination and appointment of you to be Minister Plenipotentiary for the United States at the Court of France; and my assurance that both were made with all my heart, will, I am persuaded, satisfy you of the fact. I wish I could add that the advice and consent flowed from the same source. Candour forbids it, and friendship requires that I should assign the causes, as far as they have come to my knowledge.\u2014Whilst your abilities, knowledge in the affairs of this country and disposition to serve it were adduced and asserted on one hand, the levity and imprudence of your conversation, and in many instances of your conduct were as severely arraigned on the other. It was urged that your mode of expression was imperious, contemptuous and disgusting to those who might happen to differ from you in opinion: and among a people who studied civility and politeness more than any other nation it must be displeasing.\u2014That in France you were considered as a favorer of Aristocracy, and unfriendly to it\u2019s revolution (I suppose they meant constitution) that under this impression you would not be an acceptable public character and of consequence would not be able, however willing to promote the interest of this country.\u2014That in England you gave evident proofs of indiscretion by communicating the purport of your mission in the first instance to the minister of France, at that court, who availing himself in the moment of the occasion gave it the appearance of a movement through his court.\u2014This and other circumstances of a similar nature, added to a closer intercourse with the opposition members, occasioned distrust and gave displeasure to the ministry, which was the cause it is said of that reserve which you experienced in negotiating the business which had been entrusted to you.\u2014But not to go further into the detail of this matter, I will place the ideas of your political adversaries in the light which their arguments have brought them to my view, viz. that tho\u2019 your imagination is brilliant the promptitude with which it is displayed allows too little time for deliberation or correction, and is the primary cause of those sallies which  too often offend, and of that indiscreet treatment of characters, which but too frequently results from the enmity produced by it, and which might be avoided if they were under the guidance of more caution and prudence, and that it is indispensably necessary more reserve and caution should be observed by our representatives abroad than they conceive you are possessed of.\u2014In this statement you have the Pros and Cons. By reciting them I give you a proof of my friendship, if I give you none of my policy or judgment. I do it on the presumption that a mind conscious of it\u2019s own rectitude bids defiance to and may despise the shafts that are not barbed with accusations against the honor or integrity of it, and because I have the fullest confidence (supposing the allegations to be true in whole or part) that you would find no difficulty, being apprised of them, and considering yourself as the Representative of this country to effect a change and thereby silence in the most unequivocal and satisfactory manner your political opponents.\u2014Of my good opinion and of my friendship and regard you may be perfectly assured, and that I am your affectionate & obedt. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0082", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joshua Johnson, 29 January 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Johnson, Joshua\n          The President having appointed Mr. Gouverneur Morris Min. Plenipotentiary at Paris, and Mr. Short Minister Resident at the Hague, and there being few private conveyances at this season, I take the liberty of putting letters inclosing their commissions &c. under cover to you, and of asking the favor of you to forward those to Mr. Short to Paris, and those to Mr. Morris to him wherever he may be. I am in hopes these papers, under the protection of your address, and a mercantile hand will escape examination at your post offices, and that if you will be so kind as to put them again under cover to bankers at the place of their destination they may still get on safe. As we shall be extremely anxious to know they have come safe to hand, I pray you to drop me a line by the first conveyance after you shall have received them.\u2014Mr. Pinkney is appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the court of London. I imagine he will not sail till the winter and perhaps equinoctial seasons are over.\u2014I am to acknowlege the receipt of your several favors of July 2. 10. 11. Aug. 10. 10. Sep. 12. and 30. Mr. Pinkney will be instructed to settle and pay off your account and will hereafter furnish reimbursements on the spot, and relieve you from a great deal of trouble. The Consular act has passed the Senate and is before the Representatives. I am with great esteem, Sir your most obedt. humble servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0084", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 30 January 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Gibraltar 30 Jan. 1792. The vessel by which he wrote on the 16th is still detained by unfavorable weather. The Emperor has reportedly crossed the Morbeya on his way to Morocco. So opposite are the opinions of those best acquainted with Barbary that some think when the Emperor arrives Ben Assar\u2019s army will disperse and the people may flock to him, others that he will be defeated.\u2014Spanish preparations continue. Barcelo was appointed commander two weeks ago. There are forty-seven gunboats, twelve of them lying in sight of this town, \u201cand every body believes they are intended against Tangier.\u201d\u2014He encloses a copy of a letter Francis Chiappe wrote him from Tangier on the 23d. \u201cI think the business will be finished under my present Charracter before any instructions can come from you in consequence of what I now write, but lest some obstacle may arise, I request to know as soon as convenient what will be proper to do. The rule that has been hitherto observed without exception was, that the Christian Powers either sent Ministers to the Court of Morocco, or Ministerial Commissions to their Consuls residing there, for the purpose of renewing their Treatys, and when that business was done they were no longer Ministers but Consuls. M. De Rocher the French Consul general was informed by the Emperor that he was ready to renew the peace with the French Nation, and the Consul has passed some time ago, to Paris, with the declared intention of getting a Commission for that purpose, and procuring the presents.\u201d\u2014He has been so particular because of his wish to inform TJ of what other powers have done and because of his inability to foresee the nature of his reception, \u201cbut if the Emperor shall adhere to objections, I will desire, and I am sure I shall succeed, that no umbrage be taken untill I am fully instructed.\u201d\u2014He plans to embark as soon as \u201cthere will appear a prospect of approaching the Emperor without danger of the presents being sacraficed.\u201d The best way of transmitting commands to him is  by sending them to James Simpson, the Russian consul here; the next best, by sending them to Thomas & Henry Lynch & Co. of Cadiz; and the third best, by sending them to Mr. Humphreys at Lisbon. Any other method \u201cwill be very uncertain and hazardous.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0086", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 30 January 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia 30th. January 1792\n          Since my arrival in this country, I have passed over in silent disregard many malevolent insinuations upon the subject of the Indian war, which have been repeatedly thrown out against my Country, in the public prints, and have suffered their futility and falsehood to defeat the purposes, for which they might have been fabricated. But when I learn from the papers of this morning, that, in public discussion, it has been seriously assumed as a fact\u2014that the Indians, now engaged in war with the United States, have been plentifully supplied with arms and ammunition, and have received information and aid in their hostile operations from the forts now in the possession of his Majesty\u2019s arms\u2014it becomes an act of duty to my Country and myself, and of respect to every part of this government to recall to your recollection my letter of the 14th. of December (in answer to your\u2019s relative to Bowles) in which, by direction of my superiors, \u201cI disclaimed, in the most unequivocal manner, the imputation, that the King\u2019s government in Canada had encouraged or supported the measures of hostility, taken by the Indians in the Western Country.\u201d\n          Although I, at the time, conceived that a declaration so formal and explicit was sufficient to dispel any doubts that might have been entertained, I was still anxious to receive, from the province immediately concerned, a farther corroboration of what I had advanced. For this purpose, I informed his Majesty\u2019s Governor of Canada, by letter, of my having disavowed any interference in favor of the Indians, on the part of his government. In the Governor\u2019s answer (dated the 12th of this month) he assures me that I was perfectly justified in making such a declaration\u2014that the Indians have been neither directly nor indirectly encouraged or supported in their measures of hostility\u2014that the Officers, commanding the Upper Posts, have constantly and uniformly been instructed to observe the strictest neutrality\u2014and that it is the wish and interest of the King\u2019s government in Canada to see tranquillity restored between the Indians and the United States.\n          As an additional proof that such has been uniformly the course of proceeding pursued by the government of Canada, I can also inform you, that at a Talk held on the 15th. of August last at Quebec by Lord Dorchester with a deputation of the Indians, his Lordship acquainted the latter with his resolution not to afford them any assistance in the prosecution of hostilities and expressed his wishes that a pacification might shortly take place between them and the United States.\n          It would, I trust, now be superfluous for me to enlarge farther upon this subject. You will however, Sir, permit me to add that, in making to you these communications, I am impelled by no other motives than by a solicitude to remove any doubts that may still exist in any part of this government, and by the desire of preventing the public mind from being warped or prejudiced by unfounded opinions, at the very period, when those stipulations of the definitive treaty, that have not as yet been carried into effect by the two countries respectively, are likely to come into serious and temperate discussion.\n          While I am upon this head, I cannot avoid expressing to you, Sir, my regret that I have not hitherto been enabled to complete the abstract, which I am preparing, of such facts as appear to me contraventions of the Treaty of Peace, on the part of the United States. It is now in considerable forwardness, and I hope to present it to you in a very short time. When you consider the extensive nature of the subject and the necessity of procuring information from every part of this continent, you will, I hope, be easily persuaded, that the delay has been unavoidable.\u2014I am, with perfect respect and esteem, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant,\n            Geo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0089", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 1 February 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            United States, Feby. 1st. 1792\n          By the President\u2019s command, T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of State a Copy of the Speech of Lord Dorchester to the Western Indians\u2014and of a letter from Colo. Beckwith to the Secretary to the Treasury accompanying said speech.\u2014The President wishes the Secretary of State to look over these papers before he sees the President.\n            Tobias Lear. Secretary to the President of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0090", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 1 February 1792\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Wednesday London Febry. the 1st. 1792\n          We have received your Excellencies very kind and friendly Letter, and return you our grateful thanks for the Interest you are so good as to take in our affairs, we beg you only to Continue your good offices, as we stand in greater need of them now, More than ever. We thank you for the advice you give Us concerning the Thousand Pound Sterling we have in the Funds of Virginia, and shall certainly follow your Excellencies plan. Our worthy and Constant friend Dr. Bancroft agrees  with your Excellency: And for which purpose the Dr. and the trustees for the Creditors, have written to My Cousin Colo. Nath. Burwell, and our Steward, to Authorise them to Sell out the Money and remit it to them, as soon as possible. But to these important Letters, which were sent last year the Trustees have received no Answer, which Makes them extremely Angry and Mr. Paradise very unhappy. I am certain if our Steward would do his duty properly, and send us good Bills of Exchange upon respectable Merchants here that no time should be lost in protesting them, what with the Thousand Pound I have mentioned, and Norton\u2019s Debt, and the Annual Income of the Estate, we Shall Certainly be cleared of all the Debts this year. Our Steward ought to exert himself in the best, and most attentive manner he is able, as the Great Sum of Money we loose in the Funds of Virginia is owing to his Father or himself accepting of the Money during the war, which he had not our authority for so doing. The whole of My Estate when we were in America was in a very bad Condition, owing intirely to the attention our Steward gave to his own affairs and none to ours. Thus my Most respectable and kind friend I must intreat you to write a private and pressing Letter to My Cousin Burwell and desire him to let you know the following particulars. What quantity of Stock of all kinds we have upon each Quarter as My Estate is divided into Six parts. Arches Hope, Cheapokes, College Quarter, Rich-Neck, Drinking-Swamp, Deep Spring, and Three Houses in Williamsburg. I wish to know the Number of Houses, Negroes, the Names of the Tennants, the Number of Acres, the Number of all the Cattle, and the Number of the Overseers, and the Number of the Carts, and Waggons &c. at Each Quarter; and also what the Steward is yearly paid for the Care of the Estate, and the wages of the each Overseer and what the Ammount of the taxes that are yearly paid; for the Estate, and what the different things are, that pay taxes, and as near as possible what the yearly Income may be. We should be obliged to you to advise Colo. Burwel not to send an[y] more tobacco to this Country as all the profites go to the Merchant and the King. By Complying with My desire, we shall know the true State of our affairs in Virginia, and be able to regulate them properly, that in case I should die, I may have put them, in such good order, through your means, that Mr. P. and My daughter shall have no trouble in the Management of their affairs. I fear, I have taken a very great liberty with you, but knowing the sincerity of your Excellencies Heart, for Mr. P., and Myself to be put into an Easy, and respectable Situation, I have taken the liberty to beg of you to write a private Letter to Colo. Burwell, that our Steward may not suspect that it is for us, to get  after all our Misfortunes a Comfortable Subsistance, such as we have a right to. I Beg Your Exelencies kind exertions in what I have desired; you will make Me beloved by My Husband, and respected by our friends. Mr. P., is never drunk but is at present indisposed. He loves, honours and respects you, and feels with gratitude the attentions you are so good as to honour Us with. We join in affect, and Love to you, and your amiable family. I beg leave to acquaint you that the Peace between the Russians and the Turks was concluded on the 29 of Decr. 1791 old Style which is the 9th. of Janry. New, with a full grant of all that the Russians demandes both from the Turks, and the English. Adieu our protector and best of Friends, and may every action of yours be Crowned with Success. I have the Honour to be your Exellencies Grateful Humble Servt.,\n            Lucy Paradise\n            Please to direct your Letters for Us at No. 87 Titchfield Street. Queen Ann St. East", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0095", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 2 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\n            Philadelphia February 2d. 1792\n          On the receipt of your letter of the 14th. of December I communicated it to the President of the United States, and under the sanction of his authority the principal members of the executive department made it their duty to make known in conversations, generally, the explicit disclaimer, in the name of your court, which you had been pleased to give us, that the Government of Canada had supported or encouraged the hostilities of our indian neighbours in the western country. Your favor of January 30th. to the same purpose has been in like manner communicated to the President, and I am authorized to assure you, that he is duly sensible of this additional proof of the disposition of the court of London to confine the proceedings of their officers in our vicinage within the limits of friendship and good neighbourhood, and that a conduct so friendly and just will furnish us a motive the more for those duties and good offices which neighbour nations owe each other.\n          You have seen too much, Sir, of the conduct of the press in countries where it is free, to consider the gazettes as evidence of the sentiments of any part of the government: You have seen them bestow on the government itself, in all it\u2019s parts, it\u2019s full share of inculpation. Of the sentiments of our government on the subject of your letter, I cannot give you better evidence than the statement of the causes of the indian war, made by the Secretary of War on the 26th. of the last month, by order of the President, and inserted in the public papers. No interference on the part of your nation is therein stated among the causes of the war. I am happy however in the hope, that a due execution of the treaty will shortly silence those expressions of the public feeling by removing their cause, and I have the honor to be with great respect and esteem Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0096", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel L. Hylton, 2 February 1792\nFrom: Hylton, Daniel L.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Richmond Virginia Feby. 2th. 1792\n          Your esteem\u2019d favour of 8th. last month I received, with the Bill for your son in law Mr. Randolph, who was here at the time and delivered it to him. Since the rect. of your favour have made diligent search for your tobo. but cannot find more than the two Hhds. mentioned to you in my last. The bearer Mr. Pope who will deliver you this, is now on his way to Philadelphia to solicit a commission from congress to go against the Indians and who was in the last action under Genl. St. Clair. His conduct, as I am informd, in that engagement, merits the esteem of his country and flatter myself from the credentials he carrys with him, will receive your countenance and every friendly service you can render him on this occasion. Mrs. Hylton unites with me in wishing you & yours every happiness & am dear Sir your friend & Servt.,\n            Danl. L. Hylton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0097", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel Carroll, 3 February 1792\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Yr. favor of the 27th. Ulo. came to hand Yesterday. When the Commissioners were compelled to discharge Mr. Roberdeau, they employ\u2019d a careful person with instructions \u201cto pay attention in a very particular manner to the posts and Marks in the federal City, as their being distroyd or misplacd may occasion a repetition of heavy expences besides delay equally injurious.\u201d\n          In addition to what the Commissioners did, I have thought it prudent to send for a Mr. Orm who was employd by Mr. Ellicot, as an assistant in surveying and fixing the Stakes to go over the ground occasionally with Mr. Williams, the person we have employd, and I will myself pay all the attention in my power to this important object. Mr. Orme may not possess all the knowledge wishd for on this occasion, but it is the best now to be done. Mr. Williams will make his dayly visits to see that the Stakes are kept secure in their proper positions. I have reason to believe Mr. Johnson will be with you before this getts to yr hands. I beg leave to refer to him for many matters, and to  subscribe myself Dear Sr. with great esteem, Yr. respectfull & Obt. Servt,\n            Danl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0098", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Vaughan, 4 February 1792\nFrom: Vaughan, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have through my Brother sent you the second part of a Collection of papers on Naval architecture, which you will please to accept of. From the interest you take in concerns of this nature, both from your situation and inclination, you will find some of them will give you pleasure. A Liberty has been taken with some communications from yourself to a friend, which found its way to the Society, and were read with great satisfaction. These publications though not under the immediate authority of the Society, are collected by some of its leading members, in order to give and invite information from all quarters and countries. America, from converting her Woods into Shipping, has gained an experience in the art of building that even older countries might in many cases avail themselves of with advantage. If similar Societies should be formed with you, I shod. be much obliged to you for your communications on a Subject that promises eventually to encourage the freedom of commerce, and general civilization. I hope it is not a visionary wish to hope that commerce and civilization may banish wars and vulgar prejudices, and leave countries little to do beyond the exchange of wants and the communication of knowledge. I am with respect Sir Your most obedient humble Servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0100", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel L. Hylton, 5 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hylton, Daniel L.\n          My letters to you are always letters of trouble. To lessen it I will omit all preface. Having occasion for a servant boy, who can shave, dress and follow me on horseback, and none such being to be had here, I have thought of a small French boy, Joseph, who came from Europe with Mr. Skipwith, lived sometime with Mr. Randolph my son in law, and is now with a barber in Richmond. I will thank you to engage him to come to me immediately. The wages of such a boy here are 4. or 5. dollars a month generally. I would propose to give him 5, 6, or even 7. but not further, nor indeed so far if you can get him more reasonably. He will be fed and lodged, and have a livery, and it will be expected he should be aiding to do every thing in the house. I will moreover pay his passage in the stage, to which, if you find it necessary, you may add a moderate and fixed stipulation for his subsistence on the road. I wish him to come on immediately, and will ask information from you as soon as you find whether he will come or not.\n          A change in the weather here has made such progress in thawing as to hold up a hope that the river will open. Present me affectionately to Mrs. Hylton & be assured yourself of the sincere esteem of Dr. Sir your friend & servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0101", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 5 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\n            My dear Martha\n            Philadelphia Feb. 5. 92.\n          I was prevented writing to you last week by a bad cold attended with fever: and this week I have nothing to say but that I find myself nearly well, and to repeat the assurances of my love to you. Maria is well, and has come to a resolution to write to you no more. Whether this arises most from resentment or laziness I do not know. Mr. Randolph\u2019s last letter received was of Dec. 29, yours of Nov. 29. In my last to him, knowing that Clarkson could not write, I asked the favor of him to communicate to me from time to time the progress of my affairs. I wish much to know whether my wheat is getting to market, and the debts for which it was destined paying off? negroes clothed &c. Adieu my dear your\u2019s affectionately,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0102", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Harrison, 6 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Harrison, Richard\n          On examining the papers of Mr. Short I find he has made the following draughts on my account on Messrs. Willinks V. Staphorsts & Hubard, to wit.\n          Besides these I drew on advice with the Secretary of the Treasury Aug. 4. 1790. for 4036-florins courant. These I believe constitute the whole of the credits of the bankers on my account subsequent to the paper I gave in to you. Perceiving, on the receipt of the papers of Mr. Short that he had drawn beyond the balance due to me by 1004 Dol.\u201454 Cents I immediately enabled him to replace that sum in the hands of the V. Staphorsts & Hub. to whom I gave orders to credit the U.S. that amount in the accounts of Willinks, V. Staph. & Hubard, and to furnish me a voucher for the same. This transaction however is too recent for it to appear in the account of the bankers now under your  examination.\u2014I have the honour to be with great esteem, Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0103", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [7? February 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The enclosed came to my hand yesterday evening\u2014I have heard nothing more of Mr. Johnson.\u2014I wish the business to which these letters relate, was brought to an issue\u2014an agreeable one is not, I perceive to be expected.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0104", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 7 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philadelphia February 7th. 1792\n          An account presented to me by Mr. John B. Cutting, for expenditures incurred by him in liberating the seamen of the United States in British ports during the impressments which took place under that government in the year 1790, obliges me to recall some former transactions to your mind.\n          You will be pleased to recollect the numerous instances of complaint or information to us, about that time, of the violences committed on our seafaring citizens in British ports by their press-gangs and officers; and that not having even a Consul there at that time, it was thought fortunate that a private citizen, who happened to be on the spot, stept forward for their protection; that it was obvious that these exertions on his part must be attended with expence, and that a particular demand of \u00a350 sterling for this purpose coming incidentally to my knowledge, it was immediately remitted to Mr. Cutting, with a request to account for it in convenient time. He now presents an account of all his expenditures in this business, which I have the honor to communicate herewith.\n          According to this the oppression extends to a much greater number of our citizens, and their relief is more costly than had been contemplated. It will be necessary to lay the account before the legislature; because the expenditures being of a description which had not occurred before, no appropriation heretofore made would authorize payment at the Treasury; because too the nature of the transactions may in some instances require justly, that the ordinary rules of evidence which the Auditor is bound to apply to ordinary cases, should suffer relaxations, which he probably will not think himself authorized to admit, without the orders of the legislature.\n          The practice in Great Britain of impressing seamen whenever War is apprehended, will fall more heavily on ours, than on those of any other foreign nation, on account of the sameness of language. Our minister at that court therefore will on those occasions, be under the necessity of interfering for their protection, in a way which will call for expence. It is desireable that these expences should be reduced to certain rules, as far as the nature of the case will admit, and the sooner they are so reduced the better. This may be done however on surer grounds after the government of Great Britain shall have entered with us into those arrangements on this particular subject, which the seriousness of the case calls for on our part, and it\u2019s difficulty may admit on theirs. This done, it will be desireable that legislative rules be framed which may equally guide and justify the proceedings of our Minister, or other agent, at that court, and at the same time extend to our seafaring citizens, the protection of which they have so much need.\n          Mr. Cutting, being on the spot, will himself furnish the explanations and documents of his case, either to the legislature, or a committee of it, or to the Auditor, as he shall be required.\u2014I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0105", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 8 February 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Since my last of the 25th. ulto. sent by the way of Havre I have received the letter which Mr. Remsen wrote to me by your order on the 9th. of Dec. I have heard nothing as yet of your letter of Aug. 29. alluded to in yours of Nov. 24. I apprehend therefore it must be lost, and I fear the same fate for others you must have written about the 18th. of Dec. as Mr. Howell who arrived here a few days ago tells me that he called on you for your dispatches previously to his leaving Philadelphia on that day, and that you informed him you had just sent them by another opportunity. As yet they have not been received.\n          Nothing further has transpired with respect to the Bishop of Autun\u2019s mission, mentioned in my last, that is of any importance or can be relied on, and I suppose it useless to give you the various conjectures of the public. In the letters which he writes to his friends here he expresses satisfaction with the manner in which he has been received both at court and by the ministry.\n          The treatment of M. de Segur at Berlin has been so different as to have given rise to a very extraordinary circumstance. It is certain that the King of Prussia shewed him public marks of ill treatment and that the same were repeated by the rest of the Royal family, and a secretary whom M. de Moustier left at Berlin wrote him an account of this and added that M. de Segur had attempted to put an end to his life by stabbing himself three times, that the surgeons called to his assistance were yet uncertain whether the wounds were mortal, and other details which M. de Moustier thought himself obliged to communicate to the minister of foreign affairs confidentially. From him it got into the public and was not questioned in Paris during two days when letters arrived from M. de Segur written three days after the attempt was said to have taken place. As nothing was mentioned of the affair by any letters arriving from Berlin except those of the Secretary, it is now disbelieved by most people and particularly the friends of M. de Segur, and of course M. de Moustier much censured. In this state the affair has now continued for near fifteen days. I apprehend however the Secretarys letter was true, and that the silence of others on this subject comes from its having been agreed to keep it secret on its being found that the wounds were slight. M. de Segur is now on his return here. I need not add after what I have said, that his mission has totally failed. It has seemed only to reduce to certainty the determination of the court of Berlin to act fully in concert with that of Vienna.\n          The Emperors answer is expected very shortly to the demand of this country to satisfy them with respect to his intentions towards them. Every day serves to shew that this country is less and less in a condition to make war, and that the determination of the assembly to provoke it increases.\n          Internal disorders throughout the Kingdom arising from the multiplied sources of anarchy become daily more inevitable and more alarming. The number of the discontented augment and shortly all who have any thing to lose, will consider any kind of government that shall have force to protect them from the multitude who have nothing, preferable to the form which exists at present, and which exists only in form, being substantially violated every day in some of its parts.\n          A circumstance which gives a good deal of uneasiness here is its  having been found that piques are fabricating in many parts of Paris. The club of Jacobins speak often of the necessity of the peoples arming themselves as in the beginning of the revolution, of the countrys being more than ever in danger &c. It cannot be discovered by whose orders these piques are made or at whose expence. They are for the most part in the hands of the lowest and poorest class who are not inscribed on the roll of garde nationale as not being citoyens actifs. Although their being armed is against the law, the municipality does not undertake to disarm them. The piques are said to be fabricated in order to be used against the aristocrats and enemies of the country. But as in their language all those who attempt to suppress mobs are placed in that class, it is much to be apprehended that in the progress of the business a conflict will be commenced between them and the garde nationale. There is probably a mixture of chance and design in the formation of this new kind of army. Accident has perhaps given rise to the first fabrication of this instrument, and the club des Jacobins have seized the idea with the design of having an armed force at their orders for the execution of the decrees which they form in their meetings.\n          I found from the address of the deputies of S. Domingo to Congress published in the American papers that the decree for abolishing the droit d\u2019aubaine, which I formerly announced to you was not known in that Island. I wrote to the minister of the marine on the subject and have the honor of inclosing you his answer.\n          The diplomatic medals ordered so long ago and delayed so unexpectedly for the reasons already given to you have been at length completed and delivered with their chains, that for M. de la Luzerne, to M. de Montmorin, and that for de Moustier to himself. I inclose you copies of their prices. The originals with the receipts remain in my hands, for your directions. They were paid for together with 2400\u20b6. to the engraver Dupr\u00e9, by a draught on the bankers at Amsterdam. The whole amounted as you will see to 14570\u20b6. the exchange 32\u00bd. made \u01923946.1. The nominal price of the chains was more than 6\u20b6. and 13\u20b6. 10. Gold having risen on account of the assignats, but the exchange having lowered in a greater proportion the price is less in florins than it would otherwise have been. The gold employed on the chains was of 20. Karats, the usual alloy, and weighed the first 4. 5\u00b0. 4\u00bd. 31. and the second 1. 6. 4 grs. The gold of the medals was finer, according to usage. I had only two golden medals struck. The six of Bronze will await your orders.\n          I fear my letter will have partaken of the disorder in which I am myself, being much indisposed within these few days. It obliges me to  refer you to the newspapers for any public events which I may have omitted.\u2014I have the honor to be most respectfully your obedt. servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0107", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 11 February 1792\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Lisbon, 11 Feb. 1792. Since his last of 1 Feb. it has become a matter of public knowledge here that the Queen has been \u201cso afflicted with disease of body and disorder of mind as to render her totally incompetent to the discharge of the ordinary functions of government.\u201d She returned from Salvaterra to Lisbon a little over a week ago and the diplomatic corps attended at the palace the next day to inquire about her health. The diplomatic corps did not see her then and has since gone to the palace daily without learning anything significant about her condition from official sources.\u2014After careful investigation \u201cI conclude Her Majesty\u2019s Malady is the result of a relaxation of the nervous system and religious melancholly. She suffers from a depression of spirits, often bordering on despair. In her delirium which has not been accompanied with signs of rage, except against herself, She sometimes continues shreiking for a considerable period, and expects to be eternally miserable, for having exercised a government, with the duties of which she was unacquainted.\u201d She has also fallen prey to superstitious fears instilled in her by her confessor of which certain religious figures seek to take advantage. Before leaving Salvaterra she ordered the religious order now at Mafra to prepare to make way for the Franciscans, who had been displaced by the Marquis de Pombal. At present she cannot endure the sight of her confessor.\u2014Dr. Willis has been sent for, women accustomed to treat maniacs have attended the Queen, consultations by twenty physicians are held daily, and prayers for the restoration of her health are offered continually in the churches. Meanwhile the ministers are put in an awkward and embarrassing position since, in an absolute government, even the most minute act is done in the name of the sovereign. The Prince of Brazil has behaved correctly throughout the crisis and everyone expects him to assume the office of regent. This measure is said to have been proposed by the ministry and the official instruments are reportedly ready for the Queen\u2019s signature during her first lucid moment. If the Queen had died, there would have been great changes in the government, but in the present situation most ministers will probably remain in office and change will be gradual.\u2014He just conversed with the Duke of Alafo\u00f1es, who is a more dependable source of information than the royal chamberlain. \u201cI fear there is little reason to expect her recovery. Among other things he told me, he went to the Palace twice a day, to have verbal communications with the Prince, \u2018as there is no Minister who can now say the Queen orders.\u2019\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0108", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 11 February 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Saturday Morning 11t. Februay 92\n          T. Lear has the honor to inform Mr. Jefferson that the President considers the 22d. day of this month as his birth day, having been born on the 11t. old Style.\n          T. Lear further adds, that the President does not expect to See any Company today on the above occasion\u2014and moreover, that the President\u2019s birth day was last year noticed in this City on the 22d.\u2014and T. L. has understood, in an indirect manner, from some of the Gentlemen of the City that the same day would be observed this year.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0109", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 11 February [1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          If you and Mr. Madison could make it convenient to take a family dinner with me to day\u2014or, if engagements prevent this\u2014wd. come, at any hour in the afternoon most convenient to yourselves we would converse fully, and try to fix on some plan for carrying the Affairs of the Federal district into execution.\n          Under present appearances it is difficult, but it is nevertheless necessary to resolve on something. Yrs. sincerely & Affectionately,\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0110", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel L. Hylton, 12 February 1792\nFrom: Hylton, Daniel L.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Richmond Virga. Feby. 12th. 1792\n          Your letter of 5th. inst. came to hand last night and wish in future never to consider any little service I can render you here a trouble to me, be assured it ever gives me pleasure whenever an opportunity offers to aid and assist those whom I profess a friendship for. In consequence of yr. letter I made application to the French boy Joseph, who I found had set up his trade in this place. I communicated your letter to him who appeard perfectly willing to serve you at 6 dollars per month altho he informd me he was making 15. After expostulating with him, the wages he wd. receive from you with his cloathing, he wd. find it more to his interest in accepting your offer then the wages he got here after deducting his cloathing and board. He wishes to go round to his customers and make a collection of what money he has due before he leaves this which expect may be done in two or three days, when I will furnish him with money for his stage hire and other little expences. Mrs. Hylton joins me in every wish for the happiness and welfare of you & yours am Dr. Sir Your Fd. & St.,\n            Danl. L. Hylton\n            P.S. In my former letter I advisd you the rect. of yrs. inclosing a bank note which I delivd. to Mr. Randolph who was here at that time. Tell Mr. J. W. Eppes they were well at Eppington yesterday. Mrs. H. Unites with me in every happiness to him.\u2014I take the liberty of troubling you with the inclos\u2019d and beg the favour of you, to send it by a safe conveyance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0111", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame d\u2019Enville, 13 February 1792\nFrom: Enville (Anville, Danville), Louise Elisabeth de La Rochefoucauld, Duchesse d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          J\u2019ai re\u00e7u, Monsieur, votre beau pr\u00e9sent de graines, ceux qui verront les arbres qu\u2019elles produiront vous b\u00e9niront tant que la montagne de la Rocheguyon subsistera, Heureusement nous avons un jardinier bien en \u00e9tat de les faire prosp\u00e9rer et vous croyez bien qu\u2019aucun soin ne sera n\u00e9glig\u00e9; elles nous Seront d\u2019autant plus pr\u00e9cieuses qu\u2019elles nous viennent d\u2019un homme que nous r\u00e9v\u00e9rons, d\u2019un vrai philosophe dans toute l\u2019\u00e9tendue du terme. H\u00e9las! Monsieur, combien de fois depuis  votre d\u00e9part ai-je regr\u00e8t\u00e9 votre absence. Vous vous Souvenez combien vos profonds raisonnemens et vos Sages conseils faisoient couler dans mon ame une petite partie du baume dont votre raison et vos vertus ont toujours impr\u00e9gn\u00e9 la Votre. Eh, Monsieur, envoyez-m\u2019en une petite phiole, le besoin est imp\u00e9rieux et laissez-nous M. Short. Le Congr\u00e8s ne doit pas douter de la bonne conduite d\u2019un homme \u00e9lev\u00e9 sous vos yeux.\n          Mon fils, qui est toujours pr\u00e9sident du d\u00e9partement et fort occup\u00e9, vous prie instament de ne le point oublier. Il soutient toutes ses fatigues bien mieux que je n\u2019aurois \u00f4s\u00e9 l\u2019esp\u00e9rer.\n          Ma belle fille et Charles vous prient de recevoir leurs hommages, et moi, Monsieur, je Vous demande de Nous rappeller quelquefois une personne qui est p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9e pour vous d\u2019estime et de V\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\n            Larochefoucauld d\u2019enville\n            Ma lettre \u00e9toit \u00e0 peine cachet\u00e9e, Monsieur, lorsque nous avons appris avec une Vraie douleur que le Congr\u00e8s nous enlevoit un ami que vous nous aviez donn\u00e9, dont la conduite lui a aquis la consid\u00e9ration de tous les partis. La r\u00e9putation qu\u2019il s\u2019est fait ici nous donnoit toute sorte d\u2019esp\u00e9rance de le conserver. Ses opinions et ses Sentimens sont dignes du pa\u00efsou il a prit naissance. Ce n\u2019est seulement pas ma famille qui s\u2019afflige de son d\u00e9part, tous ceux qui le connoissent le regr\u00e8tent et tous les honn\u00eates gens sont surpris du Successeur qu\u2019on lui a donn\u00e9, non que l\u2019on ne rende justice \u00e0 son esprit et \u00e0 ses talens, mais ses opinions diff\u00e8rent tellement de celles qui pr\u00e9valent aujourd\u2019hui que l\u2019on suppose le Congr\u00e8s peu au fait de ce qui se passe ch\u00e9s nous. L\u2019assembl\u00e9e nationale est si fortement prononc\u00e9e sur des opinions enti\u00e8rement oppos\u00e9es \u00e0 celles que professe votre Successeur que j\u2019oserois presque dire que si ceux qui l\u2019ont nomm\u00e9 avoient \u00e9t\u00e9 bien instruits ils l\u2019auroient envoy\u00e9 en Hollande et auroient laiss\u00e9 en France un jeune homme qui a toute la maturit\u00e9 que l\u2019on peut lui desirer, toute la raison jointe \u00e0 l\u2019esprit le plus conciliant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0112", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 13 February 1792\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Bordeaux, 13 Feb. 1792. He encloses a report on American ships entering and clearing this port for the last half of 1791. The figures for outward cargoes are somewhat inexact for want of means to obtain more precise information.  He has included American produce brought here by French vessels. He also includes a report on arrivals of American ships at Bayonne, \u201cthe only place where any American vessels have discharged within my district.\u201d Joseph Lamoliate, his agent in Bayonne, has not been recognized by that city because of the failure of the minister of foreign affairs to issue his exequatur. He has not renewed his request for Lamoliate\u2019s exequatur, this \u201cnot being a time to repeat an application for things not very important.\u201d\u2014He wrote on 24 Dec. 1791 by Captain King of the Sally and sent a duplicate by the Perseverance Boys, but since then has received no letters from TJ. The French political situation remains doubtful. Public credit and confidence are on the decline. Specie is 35 and 50 pct. better than assignats, and the exchange rate in England is 5 \u00bd sterling per livre, nearly the same as in Spain and Holland.\u2014Preparations for war continue but without the certainty of a rupture. The French emigrants are helpless without the aid of the Emperor, who is perceived by the National Assembly as an enemy of the revolution.\u2014French commerce is now languid because of colonial problems and the difficulty of making remittances from France. This situation is expected to change for the better in a few months.\u2014He encloses \u201cby particular request, the proces verbal of the Club of the friends to the Constitution, of Bordeaux.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0113", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel A. Otis, 13 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Otis, Samuel A.\n          I inclose you the original Memoir of Monsr. Morel with the translation of it made by the clerk for foreign languages employed in the office of the Secretary of state and have the honour to be Sir Your very humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0114", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Paine, 13 February 1792\nFrom: Paine, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Mr. Kenedy who brings this to N York, is on the point of setting out, I am therefore confined to time. I have enclosed six Copies of my work for your self in a parcel addressed to the President, and three or four for my other friends, which I wish you to take the trouble of presenting.\n          I have just heard of Govr. Morris\u2019s appointment. It is a most unfortunate one, and as I shall mention the same thing to him when I see him, I do not express it to you with the injunction of Confidence.\n          He is just now arrived in London, and this circumstance has served, as I see by the french papers, to encrease the dislike and suspicion of some of that Nation and the National Assembly against him.\u2014Your Affectionate friend &c.\n             Thomas Paine\n            P.S. In the present state of Europe it would be best to make no appointments.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0115", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 13 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\n          Your favor of the 1st. inst. came to hand on the 11th. which is quicker than has been usual. I see by an advertisement in the Virginia papers that the post to Charlottesville and Staunton is now established, so that on your return to Monticello I am in hopes you will find a more certain and quick conveyance than we have hitherto had for our letters.  I will thank you for information of the days on which the post leaves Richmond, arrives at Charlottesville, leaves Charlottesville on his way down again, and arrives at Richmond, because this will enable me to fix the day on which my letters should leave this place.\u2014My former letters will have mentioned to you my anxiety to get a statement of the sale of my negroes, mentioning names, prices, purchasers, and what ready money was received, also whether they are getting my wheat to market from Monticello, and to hasten my tobo. from Bedford. The illiterate character of Clarkson obliges me to trouble you for information on these subjects, and to let me know from time to time the proceedings and prospects of the current year. Maria and myself are both well. Present my tender love to my daughter and be assured of the warmest affection of yours sincerely,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0116", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. P. P. Derieux, 14 February 1792\nFrom: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Charlottesville 14 Feb. 1792. He has received TJ\u2019s letter of 6 Jan. along with that enclosed from Mazzei. He thanks TJ for his efforts in obtaining money on the security from Mde Bellanger, although it was an impossible task. After reading the copy of the letter of the executors that TJ sent him, it is clear that they will not give up the bequest, even with his presentation of a baptismal extract and a legalized birth certificate. Although TJ sent the latter item, it is insufficient. He has yet in his possession a new birth certificate which he will send to TJ as soon as he goes to Richmond to have it sealed, as TJ has suggested. Since he has not sent any of the credentials to the executors, he is sure that his bequest remains intact, and that they will honor his letters of exchange which, according to their letter, he is entitled to draw to the sum of 5,000 livres, due since 22 Aug. 1791, and another 5,000 livres due on 22 Feb. 1792. The only precaution he could take would be to send his credentials and an ad hoc power of attorney to the person who will meet the executors in Bordeaux. This is what Mazzei encourages, and he asks TJ for his advice in the matter. He asks TJ to facilitate the negotiation for his bills of exchange, to authorize an endorsement, as he did with those to be drawn upon Mde Bellanger, since TJ had set the form of the exchange and agreed to handle them at Philadelphia, where, because communication with Bordeaux was better than from Richmond, he might conclude terms less disadvantageous. At Richmond he will lose 26 and 30 per cent. He asks if it is possible that the value of assignats is now lower than before the ratification of the constitution. He asks TJ to do his best, but if he must lose 30 per cent he will. He would not draw on the 5,000 livres if he had other funds to live on; he would use these in hopes that the assignats\u2019 value would rebound. But the waiting time would be seven to eight months, and before then, he would be without funds. He had a bad harvest the preceding year, and he is presently without corn or forage for  his cattle, and without funds to buy these commodities. The winter is so harsh and long that no one wishes to sell forage, neither on his credit nor that of his friends. A barrel of corn now sells in his county for 20/, and Captain Thomas Carr asks 28/ in cash.\n          Mazzei had not written in so many years that he had given up hope of receiving news from him. He had also given up hope that Mazzei would help in the matter of the executors of M. Le Roy, as Mde Bellanger reported he was so indifferent to everything not of his own concern, that she did not speak to him about his problems. But Mde Bellanger evidently thinks that, pressed on the matter and knowing that Mazzei had an old power of attorney from him, he may help; she will ask him soon. He will respond to Mazzei\u2019s letter only after hearing from Mde Bellanger, and he will not send a power of attorney to M. Paul Coindre. It would be more natural to send it to his uncle at Nantes, who is charged with his business affairs in France, than to a stranger. As to Mazzei\u2019s suggestion to buy goods in France and have them transported to Virginia, the loss in the monetary exchange would be great because French goods are not successfull in the marketplace. He might lose even more money than through the exchange rate, all in an effort to secure ready cash. He refers to a Lyon merchant, recently deceased and for whom he is an executor, having lost all his money in speculation on French mercantile goods. On the same subject Mazzei mentioned that he ought not to ignore the law that forbids the importation of slaves into Virginia. Evidently, Mde Bellanger had informed Mazzei only cursorily of the details of the trial in Albemarle County to decide the freedom of the Lyon merchant\u2019s slaves. The best lawyers believe that the suit will be decided against freedom, as the slaves will not be able to prove that they were imported after the law of 4 Nov. 1778.\n          It also appears that Mazzei has not received his letter in which he noted that Mme Burcau, former tenant at Dreux, had been repaid the 180 livres tournois. Since he heard nothing more of it, he assumed that Mazzei was satisfied by the actions of Comte de Jaucourt regarding the debt to his tailor of 130 livres. Concerning his debts to Mazzei, they are of an entirely different nature, only being contracted in consideration of promises Mazzei did not fulfill. Mazzei told him in France, and has since written the same, that the land given to his wife was worth at least \u00a3500, valued at 9,000 livres tournois, and that to force his emigration, the donation would be valid only if he and his family went there. Had these condition not been made, he would never have left France, having no fortune nor the prospect of making one. \u201cC\u2019etoit uniquement Sur La valleur de cette Terre qu\u2019il voyoit que je fondois tout mon espoir et il ne devoit pas, sachant qu\u2019elle ne valloit rien, nous faciliter en aucune maniere, Les moyens de quitter La france, ou j\u2019avois des amis et des parents qui m\u2019auroient aid\u00e9, comme ils L\u2019ont fait depuis.\u201d Shortly after he arrived in Williamsburg, Mazzei himself returned to France, telling him in the presence of Professor Bellini that he was not abandoning him, and that he would never ask for repayment of the money advanced until he became rich or Mazzei was old and might be reduced to poverty. It was then that he sent Mazzei his power of attorney. He has never written of this to Mazzei, nor will he if he can help it, because he hopes for Mazzei\u2019s change of heart. Mazzei can always retake the land, which was the reason for his indebtedness.\n          He apologizes for the long digression, but feared that Mazzei\u2019s letter had raised doubts in TJ\u2019s mind about his intent to speedily repay all his debts.\n          He believes that Mde Bellanger will be disappointed at the news of Short\u2019s departure from Paris and he fears that this may disrupt his correspondence with her. He hopes that TJ will ask Gouverneur Morris to aid the exchange of letters between Mde Bellanger and himself, as Short did. [P.S.] He asks that his correspondence be included in TJ\u2019s letters to Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0118", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Knox, 15 February 1792\nFrom: Knox, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Dublin, 15 Feb. 1792. Since his last letter of 17 Jan. 1792 the representative body of the Catholic interest in Dublin has reduced its wishes to four articles. These include the rights to enter the legal profession, to become county magistrates, to serve on grand juries, and (for Catholics who own a 40/ freehold and either rent or cultivate a farm worth \u00a320 per annum) to vote in the counties for Protestant members of Parliament. The Catholics erroneously believed that their demands were so moderate Parliament would not refuse them.\u2014Instead Parliament met on the 19th. and brought in a bill on 25 Jan. for the prompt relief of Catholics that deals with legal practice, restoring the power of education, permitting marriages between Catholics and Protestants, and eliminating restrictions on the number of apprentices allowed to Catholics.\u2014The government\u2019s firmness in rejecting the three principal Catholic demands has elicited many addresses thanking Parliament for supporting the Protestant ascendancy. The upper house of Parliament will probably reject the section of the bill relating to the legal profession, which is the only part of any great consequence to the Catholics, who are now much subdued even in the face of a revival of Protestant rancour against them. Parliament has wisely raised the pay of soldiers on the Irish establishment and made provision for Protestant Dissenting ministers.\u2014The Irish ministry is disposed to lower the tobacco duty in order to discourage smuggling as well as increase revenues and wishes to know if the U.S. would cooperate by obliging American vessels to carry certificates specifying exactly how much tobacco they brought from America.\u2014Many vessels from the U.S. with the usual cargoes have arrived at Dublin and the out ports since 1 Jan.; all but one of eleven such vessels now here plan to return to America this month.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0119", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 15 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Before I give any decided opinion upon the letter you have written to Majr. L\u2019Enfont, or on the alterations proposed for the engraved plan, I wish to converse with you on several matters which relate  to this business.\u2014This may be, if nothing on your part renders it inconvenient, immediately after 8 Oclock to morrow, at wch. hour I breakfast, and at which if agreeable to yourself I should be glad to see you.\n          In the meanwhile, I send for your perusal an address from Mr. Welsh, which, (though dated yesterday) is but just received.\u2014You will recollect the communications of Mr. Walker on Saturday afternoon.\u2014From these, those of Sunday differed but little.\u2014But as he said Major L\u2019Enfont had declin\u2019d committing, or suffering to be committed to writing any ideas of his, forasmuch as he had given them to me before in a letter, I have looked these over, and send the only one I can find in which he has attempted to draw a line of demarkation between the Commissioners and himself.\u2014I also send you the general ideas of another person, principally on the subject of a loan, that you may, if leisure and inclination will permit give the whole a perusal before I see you.\u2014Yours sincerely &c.\n            Go: Washington\n            PS. If Mr. Madison can make it convenient to come with you I should be glad to see him also.\u2014In that case, it might be well to Give him a previous perusal of the enclosed papers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0120", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Mason, 16 February 1792\nFrom: Mason, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Virginia Gunston-Hall February 16th. 1792.\n          The Bearer, Mr. Isaac Mc.Pherson, a Merchant of Alexandria, has inform\u2019d me, that he has something of Moment to communicate to  You (with the Particulars whereof I am unacquainted) and being a Stranger to You, has requested, from me, a Letter of Introduction.\n          Mr. Mc.Pherson has resided some Years in Alexandria, has carryed on extensive Business there; and as far as I have heard or understood, has always supported a fair character, and been esteemed a Man of Integrity and good Sense; so that, altho\u2019 I have not had opportunitys of a very intimate personal Acquaintance with him, I shou\u2019d not scruple to place Confidence in him; of which I really believe him worthy.\u2014I have the Honour to be, with the greatest Esteem and Regard dear Sir, Your most obdt. Sert.,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0121", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 17 February 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          We arrived here yesterday Evening after a tedious and disagreeable journey thro\u2019 the deepest snow within the memory of persons of my age. In the Sixty miles that we have advanced to the Northward the Snow has increased from a small quantity in the shade of hills and buildings to a general cover of ten or twelve Inches: if the progression continues what must it be about philadelphia? The whole surface of Virginia has been covered five weeks from Six to eighteen Inches and the thaw wch. took place 10 days ago in Cumberland has just commenced here, today. We had an opportunity of seeing the effects tho\u2019 not the Phaenomenon itself, of an Ice-fresh in James River. A few days past the Ice broke generally with a sudden rise of the river and passing rapidly down met with an impediment near Scots-ferry where in Six or Seven hours an immense dam was formed from the bottom of the rivers bed to the height of fifteen feet above its usual Surface. The Waters thus checked, flowed back and in many places inundated the low grounds carrying huge pieces of Ice which laid all the trees on the bank prostrate. These pieces of Ice being left on the retiring of the Waters have formed an impassable wall along each bank for the distance of ten or twelve miles, which it has been necessary to cut thro\u2019 with Axes to get to the river. The boatmen expect to find great changes in the channel and are apprehensive of considerable danger to the first who attempt the navigation. Indeed, such huge masses of Ice impelled by a rapid current, may be equal not only to the removal  of shoals and the displacing the largest rocks, but by accumulating against them, to the diminution and perhaps the total destruction of Islands. It appears, that this agent if not wholly disregarded in the Natural History of rivers and their adjacent lands has not had that power attributed to it, which it seems to possess, for effecting changes on the Surface of the Globe.\n          Feb. 18. A heavy Snow Storm today has taken away our hopes of seeing the Earth shortly. The planters are all in good spirits; the benefit of snow to all vegetables is generally acknowledged and they say justly that in their slovenly way of feeding their cattle, on the ground, some provender is saved by the Snow, which would otherwise have been trodden into the Mud. Great hopes are entertained of a check to the multiplication of the Weevil, which by your goodness I am certain of identifying with the insect of Angoumois. I am afraid however, that the frost has not destroyed as many as otherwise would have been exported or have perished in the Mill. Your trees have arrived but from the depth of the Snow cannot be set out. Our care I hope will prevent their being injured. Your Albemarle friends are all in good health except Colo. Carter who lies dangerously ill at Fredericksburg and is attended by Gilmer.\n          I have not as yet seen Mr. Clarkson and cannot therefore communicate any thing from him untill the next post.\u2014I am Dear Sir your most obedt. Servt. & aff. friend,\n            TMRandolph junr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0122", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 18 February 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia 18th. February 1792\n          Since I had the honor of seeing you on Wednesday last, I have considered with attention the tenor of your verbal communication of that day in reply to the observations contained in my last letter on the subject of Mr. Pagan\u2019s case. If I understood you rightly, I collected from your statement that Mr. Pagan\u2019s Counsel has used a misnomer, in applying for the revision of his case to a Court which does not exist\u2014that even if the designation of the Court had been correct, the mode of application by appeal was informal, a writ of error being the only legal method of removing the cause to the supreme federal Court\u2014but that it was still competent to Mr. Pagan to apply for a writ of error, which it was in the power even of a single Judge to grant.\n          The anxiety, which I feel for this unfortunate Gentleman, whose confinement has now continued more than two years, would naturally prompt me to neglect no measures that could tend to procure him redress. I had it therefore in contemplation immediately to have written to Mr. Pagan, recommending him to apply without delay to some judge of the supreme federal Court for a writ of error.\n          I have however since thought it expedient to suspend this recommendation to Mr. Pagan, having learnt that the propriety of granting a writ of error is discretionary with the Judge, who may probably refuse to grant it, in consequence of the suit having been originally instituted in a State Court, antecedently to the establishment of the federal judiciary system; and that the writ can only be granted upon this indispensable condition, that the Party, in whose behalf the application is made, shall find sufficient security to prosecute his writ to effect, and to answer all damages and costs, if he fail to make good his plea; the Custody of the Person not being deemed under the law competent to enable a Judge of the Supreme Court to grant a writ of error.\n          If my information upon these points be well\u2014founded, the prospect of obtaining redress for Mr. Pagan, by the prosecution of any legal measures, appears very remote indeed Since the suit was instituted in a State Court antecedently to the formation of the judiciary system and since it is scarcely presumable that a friendless stranger should as a preliminary step to the obtaining of a writ of error, be able to find, in a foreign country, persons who would become sureties for a sum so considerable as the amount awarded against Mr. Pagan.\n          This then is the situation of Mr. Pagan. A subject of the Crown of England is imprisoned upon a case, which originated in a question of Prize whereon the highest Court of appeal has determined in his favor; and being incompetent to the purpose of pursuing a writ of error, either because the jurisdiction of the federal Court does not reach the Cause, or because he cannot obtain Bail to prosecute the writ, he must languish in confinement unless the Government of the United States extends relief to him.\n          You will therefore, Sir, allow me to submit this matter again to your consideration, to which I am farther impelled by the hope that perhaps, by this time, the Attorney General may have reported to you his opinion on the whole of the proceedings.\u2014I have the honor to be, with perfect respect, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant,\n            Geo. Hammond.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0123", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Thompson, 18 February 1792\nFrom: Thompson, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Fluvanna County 18th. February 1792\n          Prior to my writing to you in June 1790 I applied to Col. Randolph for to pay the balance he owed as a subscriber to the clearing the Rivanna River. He refused to pay because his name put to the Subscription paper was in your hand writing. As soon as you gave me an answer to my letter I shew\u2019d it to Col. Randolph. He then without hesitation paid the money. I hope, Sir, you\u2019ll excuse my troubling you once more on a like occasion. I find on the Subscription paper in your own hand writing the following words. (Subscribers to the former paper who have not subscribed to this, Francis Jordan \u00a35. Thomas Nelson Junr. \u00a35. Henry Fry \u00a32.) Mr. Fry has paid his subscription. Mr. Nelson paid one half his. The balance is still due from Mr. Nelson. I have applied to Young Mr. Jordan son of the Gentleman whose name is to the subscription paper for payment. Upon his seeing the writing and it not being his fathers hand but yours he refused to pay. I shall be exceedingly obliged to you to give a letter to me Such that I may shew Mr. Jordan as also Mr. Nelson which may induce them to pay me. Excuse the freedom taken and beleive me to be, Sir, Yr. most obedient humble Servt.,\n            P.S. A letter sent to Richmond to the care of Col. Harvie will come to hand. G. T.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0124", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel L. Hylton, 19 February 1792\nFrom: Hylton, Daniel L.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Richmond Virga. Feby. 19. 1792\n          I had written 12th. Inst. acquainting you I had agreeable to request hir\u2019d Joseph and wd. send him on after he had made a collection of the few debts he had out here. He now takes the stage for Philadelphia and to defray his expences have advanc\u2019d him \u00a34\u201319. which expect will be sufficient to carry him on with you. The same amt. will be oblige to you to transmit my daughter Hetty at Eliz town in a bank note, as also to forward the inclos\u2019d by the first safe conveyance which youll oblige Yours with Sincerity,\n            Danl. L. Hylton\n            P.S. Yr. two Hhds. tobo. shall be sent by the first opportunity.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0127", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 20 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\n          I received last week your favour from Bizarre. The papers now forwarded will give you the general news. We have an odd story here from Baltimore of Genl. Scott\u2019s having fallen on the Indians and killed 700. of them, tho it was not known that any expedition was meditated. You will perceive that the public effects have fallen. The people begin to see the fallacy and mischeif of the gambling system of finance established. I hope you are by this time at Monticello and less locked up with ice than we are here. We have not seen the face of the earth for months, and the thermometer has been above the freezing point only two mornings in seven weeks. It is this morning at 16.  However of all this Freneau\u2019s paper will keep you informed, as he inserts Rittenhouse\u2019s diary. We left a box with Maria\u2019s music, books &c. to be sent to Richmond and forwarded here. Can you give me any information of it. Present me affectionately to my dear Martha & believe to be yours most sincerely,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0129", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Cutting, 21 February 1792\nFrom: Cutting, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Cape Fran\u00e7ois, St. Domgue. 21st. Feby. 1792.\n          Since I had the honor to write you under the 24th. ulto., several Detachments of Troops have arrived here from France, amounting to 12 or 14 hundred effective men. These are barely sufficient to reinforce the most important posts, and the Whites must yet submit to the mortification of acting only on the defensive. However, this seasonable succour is received with great Joy, being considered as an earnest of further supplies. Every day increases the necessity of assistance, and renders it more necessary that the quantum of that assistance should be increased much beyond what was thought amply sufficient when I first arrived here. I think it truly astonishing that the mother Country should exhibit such a degree of parsimony and indifference towards this important Colony as marks her late dilatory conduct. If it was the policy of the ruling party in France to annihilate the Commerce of that Kingdom and accellerat a general Bankruptcy, it could not adopt measures better calculated to attain its object than those which it has invariably pursued respecting this part of the Empire. Without speedy and very extensive Succour, I fear revolt and consequent devastation  will become general throughout the Colony. Within a few days last past we have recieved the melancholly tidings that in the quarter call\u2019d Les Cayes and Torbec, in the Southern Department, the Slaves have revolted and have compleatly ravaged the plantations thereabouts. This account I have from a Gentleman to whom it was related by the President of the Colonial Assembly who is a Deputy from that quarter, so that I think it may be relied on. Thus the two extremes of the Colony are laid in ashes! If the Centre should meet the same fate, adieu to the Commerce and Glory of France!\u2014I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, Sir, Your most obedt. huml. Servt.,\n            Nat. Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0130", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 21 February 1792\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The Hague, 21 Feb. 1792. Illness compels him to be brief. The enclosed papers and those sent by way of England will inform TJ of the chaotic state of Europe, especially in France.\u2014A new tax on butchers will go into effect on 1 May.\u2014The high cost of maintaining the U.S. embassy here makes it imperative that it be sold as soon as possible in concert with your bankers in Amsterdam. Thus far he has not been able to render an account of his expenditures for embassy repairs. He encloses a declaration of his expenses for the last six months of 1791, excluding those for repairs of the embassy, and will forward another copy of these accounts with his list of expenses for the first half of 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0131", "content": "Title: Explanations of Ferdinand Grand\u2019s Accounts, 21 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n            Accounts with Grand & Co.\n              David Humphreys\n              B. Franklin for la Motte, a clerk.\n              do. for postage\n              6. loan office bills\n              Le Brun, register\u2019s certificates\n              Schweighauser & Dobree drt. on B. Franklin\n              Capt. Duchtrick. Register\u2019s certific.\n              W. Carmichael\n              Int. on Dutch loan for 1785.\n              D. Humphreys. stationary &c.\n              W. Short for journey to Hague\n              Gouvion. Register\u2019s certif\n              Carmichael\n              W. Carmichael\n              Int. on Dutch loan for 1784.\n              U.S. hotel rent to Ct. Langeac\n              Lister Asquith & crew\n              W. Carmichael\n              W. Carmichael\n              U.S. hotel rent to Ct. Langeac\n              Qu. to whom? [not to T. Jefferson]\n              U.S. hotel rent to Ct. Langeac\n              W. Carmichael\n              W. Carmichael\n              U.S. hotel rent to Ct. Langeac\n              Dupr\u00e9 for medals contracted by Colo. Humphreys\n              Borgnis, Desbordes & co. for ferry shipwreckt sailors\n              W. Short towds. paying Genl. Gates\u2019s medal\n              U.S. hotel rent to Ct. Langeac\n              W. Carmichael\n              U.S. hotel rent to Ct. Langeac\n              postage. Grand.\n              The U.S. with Grand & co. Cr.\n              By balance settled with Barclay\n              By Walter Livingston\n              By Paul Jones\n              By Vandenyvers on ord. of J. Adams\n              By T. Jeff.\u2019s draughts on Will. & V. Stap. 36,000 florins\n              By remittce. from Will. & Van Staphorts\n          The following articles belong to the account of the state of Virginia with Grand & co. and have been settled with them by that state. They are here stated by way of explanation, because Grand & co. have blended the two accounts together, and particularly debited to the U.S. some of the articles below which belonged to the state of Virginia.\n              The State of Virginia in account with Grand & co.\n              Houdon\u2019s draught on\n              De Lorme packing\n              Bettinger & St. Victor\n          Observations explanatory of Mr. Grand\u2019s accounts.\n          The state of Virginia having directed me to have a statue of Genl. Washington made, and having forwarded remittances for that purpose,  which were not yet come to hand, I ventured to draw from the funds of the U.S. in the hands of Grand 10,000\u20b6 July 18. 1785. to enable Houdon the artist to send to Italy for his block of marble, and 2724\u20b6 \u2013 6\u20136 Nov. 28. towards his expences in coming to America with Dr. Franklin to take the General\u2019s figure. Mr. Grand had charged these sums to the U.S.\n          Again, the funds of the U.S. in Mr. Grand\u2019s hands failed about the beginning of 1786. By that time Virginia had placed 166,666\u20b6\u201313s\u20144d in his hands, for which, as it was likely to be unemployed for some time, he was to pay an interest. To avoid this he insisted that the monies which should be drawn from him for the U.S. should be from this fund, and obliged me to express it in my draughts. It was not till July 11. 1786. that a paiment was made to him for the common purposes of the U.S. By that time himself and the state of Virginia were in advance for the U.S. about 66, or 67,000\u20b6. by a rough estimate; and he had charged a good deal of this to the state of Virginia. After the paiment beforementioned (which was that of 112172\u20b6\u20132\u20134 by J.P. Jones) my subsequent draughts were regularly on the proper fund; and to clear up the confusion which had got into Grand\u2019s accounts in the period between Jan. 1. and July 11. 1786 I went to his office, revised all the draughts of that period, and endorsed on every one of them those to whose account it should be charged, viz. whether to Virginia or the U.S. and at the same time stated both accounts exactly right, debiting each with their own articles only, and crediting each it\u2019s own remittances. This corrected account is the only one which should ever be attended to, and Mr. Grand reformed his own accounts according to this, and ought to send a copy. He furnished me a copy of the account of Virginia so reformed, which has been settled with that state accordingly.\n          Whenever I drew on Mr. Grand, I generally expressed in the draught, or endorsed on the back of it, for what purpose the draught was made. I did not pretend to keep an account of draughts made purely for public purposes. I therefore made the draught itself witness the purpose for which it was drawn, in order that if I was personally charged in the public accounts with such draughts, (which could not be without producing them) they might of themselves discharge me at the same time, and shew to the department of the treasury to what or whose account they should really be charged. It is therefore essential that Mr. Grand furnish not only, the reformed account before mentioned, but exact copies of all my draughts with their endorsements. The treasury, being furnished with these, will never be at a loss to what account to charge any money paid by Grand on my draught.\n          The account on the three first pages of this sheet goes as far as the materials in my hands enable me towards enabling the Treasury to debit every person with the monies they have recieved. For that reason I have stated the date and sum of every article and the person to whom it is to be charged, and can answer for the accuracy in every instance, either from the memorandums I have kept or my own certain knowlege. Where I have mentioned more than one name, I have not known to which of them the charge should be made.\n          Certain articles of Debit between Aug. 7. 1784. and May 1. 1786. are stated differently in this account from what they are in Grand\u2019s. These concern my private account. The difference arose thus. Mr. Grand advised me in the beginning to give him an order quarterly for my salary and contingent charges, and draw on him as I wanted it. I begun on this plan, but soon found it would be the parent of confusion. I therefore reformed my account from the beginning, by crediting the U.S. with the monies I received from Grand, at the dates I received them, and debiting them with their application. Grand did not change his method till June 1. 1786. The two methods of debiting the same sums shall be stated here side by side, to shew that under different forms they comprehend exactly the same articles: and as a proof, it must be observed that not one of Grand\u2019s debits here enumerated will be found in my statement of his account; nor will one of the debits here extracted from my statement be found in Grand\u2019s own statement.\n              Grand\u2019s method of statement\n              T.J.\u2019s method of statement\n              Credit by T. Jefferson\n          It will be observed however specially, to wit 1786. Jan. 16. 5000\u20b6. Feb. 2. 1000\u20b6. Feb. 23. 5000\u20b6. within the period of his quarterly charges. The reason is that these three articles had beenpaid out of the funds of Virginia, and by him erroneously charged to the account of that state. When therefore I reformed his accounts, he was obliged to transfer these three articles from the Virginia account into that of the U.S. at their proper dates. Therefore these three articles, as well as all those after May 1. 1786. will be found stated alike both in his account and mine. The credit of 11085\u20131\u20136 by Grand was not an actual payment by me; but only an entry made by him to bring his account to rights.\n          Colo. Humphreys. His accounts have certainly been settled either with Mr. Barclay in Europe, or with the Treasury on his return. Consequently recurrence may be had to those accounts for explanations of all the articles debited to him.\n          H. Fizeaux & co. These are articles of interest on a loan by them.\n          B. Franklin for La Motte 840\u20b6. La Motte was one of his secretaries. Dr. Franklin\u2019s account I suppose will shew whether this article is to be charged to him or La Motte.\n            1785. July 28. Wm. Short 1000\u20b6. and again Nov. 23. W. Short for journey to the Hague 386\u20b6\u201312s\u20149d. Mr. Short was sent by Mr. Adams and myself to the Hague to exchange our signatures of the Prussian treaty for that of the Prussian plenipotentiary who resided there. I presume the first sum here mentioned was an advance towards his expences, because I find that I signed the treaty on that day, and probably he set out that day for London, where Mr. Adams signed it Aug. 5. and went thence to the Hague where it was signed by the Prussian Plenipotentiary Sep. 10. The article of Nov. 23. 386\u20b6 \u201312\u20139 mentioned to be for his journey to the Hague was probably the balance due to him on a settlement of that account. He recieved other monies from Mr. Adams, and I presume his account of the whole, as settled by Mr. Barclay will be found in the Treasury.\n            1786. June 24. Lister Asquith and crew 2620\u20b6\u20132s. He was the master of a small Maryland vessel which with the crew and cargo was seized by the Farmers general under pretence that they were hovering on the coast to smuggle tobo. into the kingdom. They were thrown into jail and confined there through a very rigorous winter, where it was evident they would be in danger of perishing if not aided. I was applying to the court for their release, and expected it daily. In the mean time I ordered them an allowance of a livre a day, there  being 6. of them, and informed Congress of it. The farmers contrived to procrastinate it about 9. months, and then I could only get their discharge on paying a part of their sentence, which I found it better to do than to furnish their allowance till they could pay it. Borgnis Desbordes & co. were the persons to whom I applied to furnish them: and they (living at Brest) got their correspondents Diot & co. to do it as they lived at Morlaix near to Roscoff the place of confinement. The letters of Asquith, Borgnis Desbordes & co. and Diot & co. accompanying this, will vouch the transaction and sum.\n            1786. Aug. 28. 48\u20b6. Tho\u2019 I am named to this sum in Grand\u2019s account, yet it certainly has not been paid to me, nor on my private account. When he furnishes copies of my draughts, it will be seen who received it and for what.\n            1787. Feb. 22. Dupr\u00e9 2595\u20b6\u20133\u20139. I have Colo. Humphreys contract with him and his account.\n            Apr. 16. W. Short towards paying Genl. Gates\u2019s medal. 1200\u20b6. I have the workman\u2019s receipt. With respect to both these articles, and so much else of the account for medals as I have transacted, I will, when more at leisure try to make up an account. Tho\u2019 I expect it cannot be done satisfactorily till Mr. Grand sends my draughts. This business will be difficult to get settled clearly, from having to pass thro\u2019 so many hands, to wit Colo. Humphreys, mine, Mr. Short\u2019s, and now it will pass over to Mr. Gouverneur Morris.\n            1787. Mar. 4. Borgnis Desbordes & co. for 4. shipwreckt sailors 186\u20b6. The occasion and voucher for this will be seen in their letter of Jan. 24. 1787. and the account, both of which accompany this.\n            1787. Apr. 14. By Vandenyvers on order of J. Adams 17500\u20b6. I find a letter of mine to Mr. Adams of Feb. 20. 1787. which explains this, and at the same time my draught of 29th. Nov. 1785. on Van den Yver freres & co. of Paris in favor of Colo. Humphreys for 6500\u20b6. as mentioned in another paper, and which at first I could not explain. Extract from the letter to Mr. Adams. \u2018You remember giving me a letter of credit on Messrs. Willink & V. Staph. for 1000. guineas to pay for the swords and medals. When the swords were finished I drew on the Vandenyvers with whom the money was deposited for 6500 livres to pay for the swords. They paid it. A medal is now finished, and others will very soon be but these gentlemen say they must have fresh orders. In the mean time the workmen complain. Will you be so good as to draw in favor of Mr. Grand on Willink &c. for the balance of the 1000. guineas, which is about the sum that will be necessary, and send the bill to Mr. Grand, who in my absence will negotiate it and pay the workmen. I inclose you Vandenyvers answer.\u2019 Mr. Adams  sent the order for 17500\u20b6. which is the credit here stated, and with the 6500\u20b6. before mentioned made 24,000\u20b6. or 1000. Louis.\n            1788. May 27. By T. Jefferson\u2019s draughts on Will. & V. Staphorsts for 36,000 florins, Mr. Grand was now in advance again for the U.S. and money was wanting for other purposes. I therefore gave him these draughts on account. The receipts for which I have put into the Auditor\u2019s hands.\n            1789. Apr. 16. Remittance from Will. & V. Staphorsts 15500\u20b6. The special occasion for calling for this was the medals. The bills were put into Grand\u2019s hands, and when there, made a common fund for all purposes, as Vandenyver\u2019s paiment on the same account had done. I have put into the Auditor\u2019s hands Grand\u2019s receipt for these bills.\n            1789. Aug. 15. By remittance from Will. & V. Staphorsts 280,000\u20b6. This was to pay arrears of interest to the foreign officers. I have put into the Auditor\u2019s hands the vouchers that Grand received the bills. This was by orders from the treasury.\n            1789. Sep. 24. By remittance from Will. & V. Staphorsts 66000\u20b6. This was by special order of Congress and the treasury board to be lodged in the hands of Grand to await and answer the event of a negociation set on foot for the redemption of our captives at Algiers. The negociation failed, and the money remaining in Grand\u2019s hands was recommended by Mr. Short to be applied to the paiment of interest due to the foreign officers. Whether this has been done or not, I know not.\n          Not having any account of Mr. Grand\u2019s which comes lower than July 15. 1787. the articles which I have stated subsequent to that date are collected from my own accounts and papers, and are inserted for present explanation. When Mr. Grand renders his subsequent account with the copies of my draughts, it would be proper to put them into my hands for explanations similar to the present, as I can tell on inspection to whom any particular article is to be charged, which it might cost another a week to find out by examining letters, papers &c. Such an account should be pressingly called for from Grand, and most especially copies of all his vouchers and their endorsements.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0133", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Harrison, 21 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Harrison, Richard\n          I have now the honour to inclose you the following papers mentioned to be delivered to you in my Notes on the accounts of Grand & co. and of the Willinks & Van Staphorsts, to wit\n          Grand\u2019s letter which inclosed Colo. Franks\u2019s receipt for the \u00a350. sterl. and a copy of mine of Feb. 1. 1787. inclosing the same receipt to the Commissioners of the treasury.\n          Grand\u2019s letter of May 27. 1788. acknoleging that he had received and negotiated the bills on the Will. & V. Staph. for 36,000 florins, and had received for them 79815\u20b6\u20135.\n          Willinks & V. Staph. letter of Apr. 16. 1789. covering the bills for 15500\u20b6. for medals &c. and Grand\u2019s reciept of Apr. 22. 1789. for the same bills.\n          Resolution of Congr. of Aug. 20. 1788, letter of the Board of Treasury of Feb. 21. 1789, do. of Feb. 28. 1789., their official abstract of the Certificates issued to Foreign officers, Grand\u2019s letter of Aug. 1. 1789 on that subject. Will. & V. Staph.\u2019s letter of Aug. 10. 1789. covering bills for 169718\u20b6\u201316 with Grand\u2019s rect. of the bills at the foot of the list dated Aug. 14. 1789. and Will. & V. Staph.\u2019s list of bills 110281\u20b6\u20134 remitted with Grand\u2019s receipt of the bills at the foot of the list. These two sums make that of 280,000\u20b6.\n          The letter of the Commissioners of the Treasury of Feb. 21. 1789. also explains the draught of 30,000 florins from the Will. & V. Staph. to be by virtue of a resolution of Congress of July 13. 1782 as to our captives.\n          Grand\u2019s accounts, whenever rendered, will further vouch these articles by shewing that he has duly credited them to the United States. I have the honour to be with great esteem, Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0134", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Pierre Charles L\u2019Enfant, 22 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: L\u2019Enfant, Pierre Charles\n          The advance of the season begins to require that the plans for the buildings and other public works at the Federal city should be in readiness, and the persons engaged who are to carry them into execution. The circumstances which have lately happened have produced an uncertainty whether you may be disposed to continue your services there. I am charged by the President to say that your continuance would be desireable to him; and at the same time to add that the law requires it should be in subordination to the Commissioners. They will of course recieve your propositions, decide on the plans to be pursued from time to time, and submit them to the President to be approved or disapproved, and when returned with his approbation, the Commissioners will put into your hands the execution of such parts as shall be arranged with you, and will doubtless see from time to time that these objects, and no others, are pursued. It is not pretended to stipulate here however the mode in which they shall carry on the execution. They alone can do that, and their discretion, good sense and zeal are a sufficient security that those whom they employ will have as little cause to be dissatisfied with the manner as the matter of their orders. To this, it would be injustice to them not to add, as a motive the more in this particular instance, the desire they have ever manifested to conform to the judgment and wishes of the President. The same dispositions will ensure an oblivion of whatever disagreeable may have arisen heretofore, on a perfect understanding being established as to the relation to subsist in future between themselves and those they employ, in the conduct of the works. I must beg the favor of your answer Whether you will continue your services on the footing expressed in this letter; and am with esteem Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0135", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 22 February 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia feby. 22. 1792\n          I suspect from the communication of the British Minister, dated on the 18th. of february 1792, that the reasons for delaying a definitive answer to his first memorial on the subject of Mr. Pagan, are not rightly understood.\n          The principal allegations of Mr. Pagan are, that the true construction of the preliminary articles justified the seizure: that the pendency of the appeal in England ought to have stopped the proceedings of the courts in Massachusetts: that the reversal of the decree amounted to a condemnation; and that an appeal ought to have been allowed to the Supreme court of the U. S.\n          If the seizure were really justifiable Mr. Pagan might probably obtain a writ of error, founded on the 25th. section of the judicial law. If it were not justifiable, a great part of his defence would be sapped.\n          Now when it is recollected that the usage of sovereigns is, not to interfere in the administration of justice until the foreign subject, who complains, has gone with his case to the dernier resort: as the substratum of this complaint, if true, may bear a writ of error: as a writ of error is now as open, as when the appeal was prayed to the Supreme court of the U. S: as three of the judges are now in this city, and all of them may be applied to in twenty four hours: as the interposition of government can be made with equal effect after this application; and as Mr. Pagan cannot be injured by even a fruitless attempt; I am strongly persuaded, that upon reconsideration, a motion for a writ of error will be preferred.\n          Should this step miscarry, I have no doubt, that it will be proper, that an answer should be returned at large; and that any relief, of which the law of nations warrants a demand, will be extended to Mr. Pagan. I have the honor, sir, to be with true respect and esteem Yr. mo. ob. serv.\n            Edm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0137", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [22 February 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Wednesday 7 Oclock AM [22 Feb. 1792]\n          The enclosed meets my approbation.\u2014Did Walker accord willingly, or reluctantly?\n          The Plan I think, ought to appear as the Work of L\u2019Enfont.\u2014The one prepared for engraving not doing so, is, I presume, one cause of his dissatisfaction.\u2014If he consents to act upon the conditions proposed, and can point out any radical defects, or others to amend which will be a gratification to him, not improper in themselves, or productive of unnecessary, or too much delay, had he not better be gratified in the alterations?\u2014This, yourself and Mr. Walker can think of. The Plans of the buildings ought to come forward immediately for consideration.\u2014 I think Mr. Walker said yesterday he (L\u2019Enfont) had been shewing the different views of them to Mr. Trumbul.\u2014Yrs. sincerely,\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0138", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 23 February 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Gibraltar, 23 Feb. 1792. For the last three weeks news from Morocco has been various and contradictory. Reports of the dispersal of the army of Muley Ischem and the triumph of Muley Yezid have been succeeded by reports that Muley Ischem has trapped Muley Yezid\u2019s army. The only certain news is that Muley Slema has passed safely from the sanctuary at Tetuan to the sanctuary at Mequinez, though for what purpose is not known.\u2014Two frigates returned to Cadiz a few days ago after unloading supplies on the Barbary coast for Muley Ischem with no further news of the Moroccan civil war. Matra, the British consul in Morocco, went to Tangier bay to procure information about Muley Yezid before Admiral Peyton sailed for England. Upon learning that Matra had failed in this mission, Peyton decided to remain here and await further intelligence.\u2014Spanish naval preparations against Morocco continue and when completed will involve about 100 boats that will greatly embarrass the Emperor. Each of the 70-foot boats is armed with a mortar, a howitzer, or a gun capable of firing a 26-lb. shot.\u2014Most of the stores from Oran have reached Carthagena and the town itself will be delivered to the Algerines in the ensuing month. The destruction of the fortifications before the evacuation of Oran is still under debate. The Regency has had no success against the Swedes, the recent report of the capture of a Swedish prize being improbable, and an accommodation between them seems likely. The Queen of Portugal has lost her reason and the country must be governed by a regency. The King of England has recommended a reduction in forces and Parliament is expected to disband twenty regiments. The proposed reduction has created unease here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0139", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Anthony Giannini, 23 February 1792\nFrom: Giannini, Antonio\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have sent you those letters, beging the favour of you, if you will be so Kind as to farward them to leghorn with sharity, beening letters of good importance, Pray Sir. Send them by the first opportunity. Also Please to Write a note where Sige Andrea Frediani should send me the Answers, for he so desire of me to Know l\u2019indirizzo delle lettere, so I beg you to write to him, in Italian or in English, and please to put the note in to this letter that is not sealed, and then Seal the letter, I wish you would not neglect and you will oblige Your Humble Sert.\n            Anthony Gianniny", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0140", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 24 February 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Gibraltar, 24 Feb. 1792. He wrote to TJ yesterday. A vessel just arrived from Tangier brings nothing that might clarify the situation in Morocco.\u2014If the expedition from Cadiz mentioned in one of the enclosed letters has actually sailed, it must be headed south because none of its vessels has appeared in the Bay of Algazires.\u2014Spain has strictly forbidden all communication between this garrison and the Spanish court \u201cexcept one by water for letters.\u201d\u2014[P.S.] This day he received a 27 Jan. letter from Joseph Chiappe of Mogadore saying that circumstances prevented him from giving Barclay more than a general description of the unsettled state of Morocco. Some time before this Chiappe sent a messenger to dissuade Barclay from appearing before the Emperor at Mogadore. Nine days after leaving the messenger returned to Mogadore \u201cplundered of every thing.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0141", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Barton, 24 February 1792\nFrom: Barton, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          [Philadelphia], 24 Feb. 1792. Enclosing a transcript in Currie v. Griffin. For the April term of court, a writ of scire facias must now be issued against the garnishees, which, if TJ will direct Remsen to pay him 1 3/6;, he will obtain from the prothonotary and see that it is served in time. Immediately after the court convenes, interrogatories may be filed, and at the September term the case will be concluded.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0142", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Delamotte, 24 February 1792\nFrom: Delamotte\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Le Havre, 24 Feb. 1792. Nothing remarkable has happened since his of 19 Dec. 1791; Mr. Short\u2019s letters by this conveyance will be more informative.\u2014The consumption of tobacco, which is now worth 50 to 60\u20b6, cannot fail to increase. Rice sells at 36\u20b6 and is in short supply. These prices depend on the depreciation of the assignat, which is now worth 30 \u215b for 3\u20b6 at Amsterdam, 16 \u215b for 3\u20b6 at London, and 100 marks for 355\u20b6 at Hamburg. A few cargoes of American flour arrived here today on account of the government. This commodity is needed in only a few provinces, which have not been furnished with it in contravention of the \u201cLoix sur la Libre circulation dans tout le Royaume,\u201d but not in this part of France, which has such ample supplies of it that wheat costs less here than in the U.S.\u2014He encloses a list of American ships that came to Le Havre during the last half of 1791. No ships came to any other port where he has an agent. He has commissioned Fran\u00e7ois Dechantereyne and Peter Watson to serve as agents in Cherbourg and Dunkirk respectively. Watson has encountered opposition from [Francis] Coffyn, who claims that he was commissioned agent in Dunkirk by Benjamin Franklin and contends that during the Revolutionary War he was sent to the Swedish and Danish courts by Thomas Barclay when some U.S. ships were confiscated. Watson has prudently refrained from seeking recognition from the admiralty at Dunkirk and will continue to do so until TJ resolves this matter. It would be advisable to appoint a U.S. consul or vice-consul at Dunkirk, not only because that port is far from here, but also because it is a good market for tobacco. The appointee\u2019s department would extend from Gravelines and Calais up the Somme on which St. Vallery, where M. Masset serves as agent, is located.\u2014He regrets that his reports on the cargoes U.S. ships bring from France are insufficiently detailed to assist in the detection of customs fraud but states that he is unable to ask for more specific information from merchants and sea captains without express orders from TJ.\u2014The emigration attendant upon the French Revolution will help to people the U.S. He has given M. Degevaudan, a former infantry officer from an honest family, a letter of recommendation for TJ.\u2014He encloses a bill of lading for the \u201cSix paniers de vin de Champagne\u201d Short procured for TJ.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0143", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [24 February 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The President desires Mr. Jefferson will give the enclosed Papers an attentive perusal, and return them to him as soon as he has done it; that Colo. Hamilton may have an opportunity of doing it also.\u2014At 10 \u2019oclock tomorrow the P\u2014\u2014 will speak with the heads of departments upon the subject of them, and requests their attendance accordingly.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0144", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Campbell, 25 February 1792\nFrom: Campbell, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Territory of the United States  South of the River Ohio Feby. 25th. 1792.\n          A question has arose, where the Ordinance for the Government of this Territory and the Laws of North Carolina, which by the Cession Act, are in force here, are contradictory, which is to take place.\n          I have sent you inclosed my observations on that matter. You will greatly oblige me, if you will let me know by the Bearer whether you consider my opinion well founded. If not state to me your own, which will lay me under obligations.\n          You will not consider this application as an intrusion, as the object of it is public utility. I have the honor to be with the purest Sentiments of Esteem & Regard your obt. Servt.,\n            David Campbell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0145", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 25 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\n          I have now the honor to inclose you the answer of the Attorney General to a letter I wrote him on the subject of your\u2019s of the 18th. inst.\n          It appears that the Judges of the supreme court of the United states are open to the application of Mr. Pagan for a writ of error to revise his case. This writ is to be granted indeed or refused at the discretion of the judge; but the discretion of a judge is governed by the rules of law: if these be in favor of Mr. Pagan\u2019s application, his case will be reviewed by the supreme court, and the decision against him corrected,  if wrong: if these be against his application, he will then be at the end of the ordinary course of law, at which term alone it is usual for nations to take up the cause of an individual and to enquire whether their judges have refused him justice.\u2014At present therefore I am not able to say more than that the judges of the supreme court of the U.S. will receive Mr. Pagan\u2019s application for a writ of error to revise the judgment given against him by the inferior court, and that there can be no doubt they will do on that application what shall be right.\u2014I have the honor to be with the highest esteem Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0146", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 25 February 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Charleston 25th. Feby: 1792\n          As I learn from your favor of the 17th. of the last month that my remaining at home till after the vernal equinox will be attended with no inconvenience to the public, I mean to avail myself of the accomodation thus afforded, by staying in Carolina till the expiration of the month of March; after which I purpose to embark in the first Vessel that shall sail for Philadelphia.\n          I trust, Sir, you will excuse me for using the freedom encouraged, by your former favor when I request that if you should recollect any official paper which I cannot procure in print and which though not immediately connected with the objects of my present mission may yet be of general utility in the same line, you will be pleased to direct them to be added to the other documents with which you may judge it necessary that I should be furnished. With sentiments of respectful Consideration and sincere esteem I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient & most humble Servant,\n            Thomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0148", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Pierre Charles L\u2019Enfant, 26 February 1792\nFrom: L\u2019Enfant, Pierre Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia 26th February 1792\n          I received your favour of the 22nd Instant. The sentiments as therein expressed I have attentively considered, nor can I discover any Idea calculated to accommodate those dissentions which so unfortunately have invaded the Interests of the Federal City. I am well aware sir that the Season for preparing for the operations of the ensuing Summer, if any are intended has far advanced, indeed the time in which I conceive they ought to have been in readiness, past. You well Know my wished for arrangments tended in a great Measure to that object, consequently the fault cannot be mine, as my every exertion to accomplish it, was impeded by the Commissioners; The Circumstances attending these inconveniences, have afforded me much anxiety, solicitous as I always have been for the interest of that City. At the Same time I acknowledge that I am not a little Surprized to find that a doubt has arisen in the Mind of yourself or the President of the uncertainty of my wishes to continue my Services There. The Motives by which I have been actuated, during the time I have been engaged in it, the continual exertions I have made in its promotion the arrangment for this purpose which I lately handed to the president indeed every Step I have taken, cannot but evince most Strongly how solicitously concerned I am in the Success of it, and with what regret I should relinquish it.\n          My desires to conform to the Judgment and Wishes of the president, have really been ardent, and I trust my Actions have always manifested those desires most incontrovertably, nor am I conscious in  a Single instance to have had any other Motive than an implicit conformity to his Will. Under these impressions at the most early period of the Work, no attention or politeness as a Gentleman has been wanting in me to attain the Confidence and secure the Friendship of the Commissioners,\u2014I courted it\u2014I sincerely wished it, knowing that without a perfect good understanding between them, and myself, whatever exertions I should make would prove fruitless, and embracing in my mind the immensity of the Business to be undertaken, evinced to me the necessity that I should be disengaged from every Concern, and be devoted wholly to forming and carrying into execution a plan in which I promised myself every Support from them, trusting they felt a similar interest in the propriety and Success of the Undertaking, and that they would therefore freely have relied upon me in all Matters relating to my professional Character, and requested from me all the information and assistance in my power to aid them in the performance of their share of the Business, which in Men so little versed in the Minutiae of such operations would have been judicious and might in propriety have been done, without descending from that pride of office which I am mortified to be obliged to say it has been their chief object to gratify, seeing that supercilious Conduct, and haughty Superiority which it is well known they soon assumed toward me forced me no longer to act, but in Defiance of them. This indeed has afforded me in an especial Manner much Concern Knowing that the President had always entertained a different opinion of their dispositions, and delicately situated as I was, put it out of my power to assure him that his expectations of these Gentlemen adhering to their protestations to him as they respected his repeated injunctions to them, to acquisce in an support every measure I might suggest or pursue, consistent to a true sense of what was proper and just, were erroneous, as on the contrary though apparently acknowledging themselves obliged to me for affording necessary information, on receiving it have uniformly acted in opposition thereto in every instance, and appear rather to have endeavored to obtain that Knowledge from me the more effectually to defeat my intentions\u2014being too well convinced, after the repeated trials I have made that the temper of the Commissioners individually, will ever in spite of all arrangment that can be made (under the present circumstance of the Law, induce them to oppose me merely to teize and torment, their vanity becoming daily most evidently incited to this, justifies every apprehension of the Contest being renewed with acrimony, and assures me that the inquietude I feel must continue to the end to impede the Business, which will oblige me to renounce the pursuit of that fame, which the Success of the undertaking must procure,  rather than engage to conduct it under a System which would I am fully Satisfied not only crush its growth, but make me appear the principal cause in the destruction of it.\n          It was not my view in this address to question the Discretion, good sence or Zeal of the Commissioners. Of the Extent of the Former as they respect a competent Knowledge of the duties incumbent upon them, as well as the activity and ardour, with which these duties have been performed; the President as well as yourself upon an impartial review of their proceedings must surely be quite sensible. Of that unbiassed Zeal on which you seem to place confidence, I only observe, that if it is, or ever has been great, the Methods, they have from time to time taken to testify it, are strange ones, and such as few zealous persons in any cause, impressed with a due Sence of their duty have ever pursued: seeing however there is much Stress laid upon the propriety of their Conduct, and the Motives by which this Conduct has been inspired, lays me under the necessity in justification of my own feelings to enumerate some instances that occurred in the Course of the Work in which they have in my opinion been rather deficient, and such as the President himself will recollect.\u2014In the First instance then you must remember what difficulties were encountered to obtain ground proportional to the plan then under Consideration of the President and how greatly these difficulties were augmented by the non-concurrence of the Commissioners in any Step I had taken to that effect\u2014also the unwearied efforts made by them to cause some alteration in the plan since approved by him, all which evinces in them a greater concern to favour individual Interest, than attention to secure the public good. This disposition has been particularly manifested in the Business of the Boundary line of the City which they ordered to be run contrary to all reason, and before the President himself had determined upon the extent of that line, for which he waited the result of operations I was then engaged in. They even endeavoured to conceal from me this Measure, directing Mr. Ellicott to proceed according to their own Ideas: the Consequence of this imprudent act was a general opposition to deed the land granted the public, every individual justly conceiving they had as much right to partiality as Mr. Notley Young, whose interest it seemed to be the sole object of the Commissioners thereby to benefit. The difference with Mr. Stoddert originated from this Source alone, by leaving out of that line his Spring, which it was intended to include, and became a forcible argument to that Gentleman to obtain his Wish, to the evident disfiguration of the plan\u2014when afterward anxiously desirous to afford immediate advantage to the City by giving to the George town people  every incitement to extend their improvements across Rock-Creek I after much persuasion actually prevailed upon Mr. Robert Peter to commence with the Public, by wharfing that part of the Harbour belonging to him, and doubtless would have induced him to undertake the whole work, upon terms advantageous to the public: this Idea the Commissioners rejected and that without enquiring into the propriety of the Measure, conceiving that such improvement would be destructive or injurious to the Carrollsburg interest, which in fact it would evidently have promoted, the intent being to have given a Start to Water Street, leading round the point across Funks Town, to the grand Canal\u2014This object of the Canal which seemed at first to have met their Concurrence, they prevented from being began as it ought to have been the last Season, disregardless of the Benefit that would ensue to the City, in an easy transportation to the various parts of it, and inattentive to every weighty argument to forward that object, under the influence, and intimidated now, by the George town opposition to that Measure, as injurious to the rapid improvement of that place. Thus wavering between the discordent Interests of Carrollsburg, and George town it cannot be wondered at that my attempts for the advancement of the general Good failed with them. They had opposed, as I before observed the proposal which Mr. Peter at my desire intimated in a letter to the President, and which consequently fell through. Not discouraged however by this, I was induced to make another attempt to obtain a Bridge across Rock Creek. The Commissioners again not only slighted this design, but actually encouraged an opposition to it; finally I ventured to propose terms by which a Certain quantity of Ground in george town was ceded for this purpose to me in behalf of the public on the 12th of October last, and upon the same terms that the proprietors in the City had deeded their lands. Constantly misled by the allurement of parties, or through jealousy of all Measures not originating with them, with a temperament little adicted to Business they could in no instance do any thing advancive to the real Interest of the Establishment always mistaking the jarring Concern of party to the Interest of the Whole, involving themselves in Contention and disputes, so incompatible to the Interest of the Main object. If conscious of their own inability, they rested upon the judgment and exertions of others, they at the same time appeared determined to check and oppose every Measure, the Success of which could reflect no honour upon themselves\u2014and in their endeavours to this effected so far as to create dissention with the Principals concerned in the execution, and encourage Mutiny among the people.\n          Admitting however their Confined Ideas of the extensive work on  hand to be a Kind of an apology for the injudicious Manner in which the Business as hitherto Stated has been conducted, yet are there some Circumstances to be considered, that I conceive would fall more immediately under their Notice than an interference in my professional Concerns and which will evince most clearly how wonderfully deficient they have been in the prosecution of every part of their duty\u2014such as Contracts, supplies of provisions &ca. and the arrangment of the Finances.\u2014With respect to the former, the agreement with Mr. Fendall for rough Stone, and the Contract for Pitch pine Logs, upon an investigation of these the only ones that I believe have been made, you will find that in one instance they gave no public notice of their intention, and privately closed the Contract, allowing a greater price far, than what was afterward offered by others to furnish it for. In the Contract for logs it is well Known they not only neglected in the advertisement to specify a time to close all proposals, but actually gave considerably more, than they could have been supplied at according to proposal by a letter I handed to them. In another Instance Mr. Notley Young was directed to erect Barracks, without any agreement as to the expence attending them, the amount of course amounted to almost twice the Sum, for which with the hands then in employment we could have built them. Those now about to be erected by their order will cost \u00a37.10 which is still more extravagant, and by what I of late understand are to be placed in a Situation, from which there will be an immediate necessity to remove them. Their inattention to a regular and \u0153conomical Method to obtain the necessary Supplies, and the uncertain Mode of procuring Money, which with a little attention they might easily have obviated, are facts so evident as to need no Comment.\n          The only purchase of any Magnitude was that of the Stone Quarry. For full information of the Manner in which this Business was conducted, I refer you to the enclosed letter, that I wrote to Mr. Brent upon particular application from his Brother here, a Copy of which has been forwarded by me to George Town.\n          About this time Mr. Cabot was employed to go to the Eastward, and a Sum of Money for this purpose allowed him, without even the Shadow of power to engage either Men Materials, or Provisions. Mr. C. in a letter to me laments that this want of proper authority has been really injurious to the Cause, by impressing the Minds of People with Ideas of that want of System, and confidence, which so vague an Embassy testifies.\n          As the foregoing includes all the principal pursuits of the Commissioners since the first of the Establishment, it is needless, and would  be inconsistent to tire your Patience, in viewing a detail of all the trifling transactions in which they have been engaged at their different Meetings\u2014all which have been managed in a Manner similar to those I mention. It may not however be amiss here to observe, that the Commissioners appear to place much confidence in the Errors, which (they are desirous to believe,) I committed in taking down Mr. Carrolls house, and in the Circumstance of Mr. Youngs happening, and doubtless wish to take advantage of them; as the Incidents attendant upon the former of these transactions particularly, are lengthy, it cannot with propriety be discussed here, nor indeed do I conceive it necessary inasmuch as the Papers relative to my Justification in the Business, are in the possession of the President, and which you doubtless have seen. If it is argued that I proceeded to the destruction of that Building, in opposition to an injunction from the High Court of Chancery, or orders from the Board of Commissioners, I can safely say, that I never saw the Injunction. It never was served upon me, nor did I ever receive an order from the Commissioners upon the Subject and with equal Confidence can I assure you that I never told Mr. Carroll, as has been reported, that the destruction of his house was necessary to save that of Mr. Notley Young, only endeavoring (as my letter to him will prove) to convince him (Mr. Carroll) that the removal of that Street was absolutely inadmissible, as it would not only positively destroy the Plan of the City, but might endanger the house of Mr. Young, in changing the position of the various Streets dependent upon that one; and I can further assure you that the Street which now strikes Mr. Young\u2019s house is totally unconnected; with that which occasioned the demolition of Mr. Carroll\u2019s and consequently can afford no just ground of Complaint to either of those Gentlemen.\n          It is also unnecessary to enter upon the Subject which has lately engaged our attention in the City; my letters, and the Papers I have handed to the President containing so full and accurate a Statement of those Proceedings, for which every dispassionate, impartial observer, must very cordially condemn them. The imprisonment of Mr. Roberdeau for acting under my orders, and without even a suspicion of their design was highly injudicious, and Rash, seeing that I cannot but be involved with him in the Trespass, by which it was occasioned, and upon the Tryal, which will come on in a few days, I shall be obliged publicly to expose these transactions in my own Justification, to their dishonour, and to the evident disadvantage of the General Cause.\n          This spirit of opposition and thirst for power has been extended from me individually to the Executive Branch of the Government of  the State of Maryland, in obtaining a Law, penned by themselves, which will not answer the purposes for which it ought to have been intended, in some parts it is positively unconstitutional, and a direct infringment of the prerogative of the Governour and Council of that State. The Consequence of this design is, that there are now two Offices of Record, open for the City at George town, the one under a Commission from the State of Maryland, the other under an appointment of the Commissioner by virtue of the aforesaid Law; in this and every appointment of those now employed in the City, it surely is most perceptible, that the principal object with them has been merely to provide for Friends.\n          Although I am unwilling to place Confidence in the artful insidious insinuation of an Intention to render an Arrangment so difficult as to discourage and deter me from pursuing the Business, yet am I inclined to believe that some such intention has been excited, well assured that the Contemptible ambition of some Men, who doubtless are not wanting in assiduity or address to take every advantage, would be gratified to engage under the Commissioner\u2019s direction in the Execution of the plan now finished, and which may appear to them easily accomplished. Little Inclined to contend with those Rivals and too well aware of the fallacy of such an Inference, which must be manifest to every impartial Man, I rest satisfied that the president will consider on the Extent of the work to accomplish, that he sees, that erecting houses for the Accommodation of Government, is not the only object, nay not so important an one, as the encouragment to prepare buildings at those principal points, in the speedy settlement of which depends the rapid increase of the City, and which requires more than the Servile attendance of Men unconcerned in the issue of their labors who would rest their fortune on the long continuance of the Work, while the prosperity of the Undertaking depends upon that Spirit of enterprize by which all improvments must be made, and that prudential Manner by which the Sale of lots, and all establishments both public and private shall be conducted.\n          Whatever may be thought of the advantages to be derived from the natural and local Situations of that Spot determined for the Federal City, as well as from the various Interests that one day may center there yet in so early a Stage of its growth, and placed as it is remote from the populous part of the union, they are but Ideal, seen as it were at a distance, of course imperfectly, which will be drawn nearer, and substantiated exactly in the Ratio, that exertions in pursuit of the operations necessary to accomplish the plan adopted are made, nor must it be expected, that any thing short of what I proposed will  answer that purpose, or warrant Success. To change a Wilderness into a City, to erect and beautify Buildings &ca. to that degree of perfection, necessary to receive the Seat of Government of so extensive an Empire, in the short period of time that remains to effect these objects is an undertaking vast as it is Novel, and reflecting that all this is to be done under the many disadvantages\u2019 of opposing interests which must long continue to foment Contention among the various Branches of the Union\u2014The only expedient is to conciliate, and interest the Minds of all Ranks of People of the propriety of the Pursuit by engaging the national Fame in its Success, evincing in its progress that utility and Splendor, capable of rendering the Establishment unrivalled in greatness by all those now existing, by holding out forcible inducements to all Ranks of People. These Ideas more than once have I suggested to the Consideration of the President, and as I become more conversant with the peculiar circumstances of the Country, daily are they more forcibly impressed upon my Mind, and as my Enquiries on the Subject have not been limited to the narrow Compass of the Territory allotted to the Federal Jurisdiction but extended to the most distant part of the Country with which the Potomak is, or may become connected, so have they evinced to me that the inconveniencies which may be urged in opposition to the Success of the undertaking far counterbalance the advantages alledged in its support. Impressed so strongly as I was in the most early Stage of the Business with these sentiments, induced me to doubt the Eligibility of the intended Establishment and would have dissuaded me from taking any concern in it, had it not been that while I feared a disappointment ultimately in the object in view, I was too fully sensible of the importance of its success to the Interest of the Union, and could not but feel myself deeply concerned in promoting that end, which I knew it was the earnest wish of the President to effect.\n          The difficulties then contemplated served only to create in me a desire of surmounting them, at the same time pointed out to me the propriety of that Steady impartial Conduct which until this moment I have endeavoured to pursue, fully Satisfied that in the delineation of a plan which the only chance I saw to make it answer, was to confine it to the local Situations of the various parts of the ground, that by taking advantage of the Beauties of Nature, the improvement might become attractive, it would have been impossible for me to have met the concurrence of all concerned in the Partition of those improvments but desirous not to injure any of them, and the better to accomplish the grand object, at the same time foreseeing the Consequences of petit Contention among the parties, I resolved stedfastly to  proceed, unimpeded by them and disregardless of Clamour, and Cavils, which I trusted would subside after a progress in the work, would testify that my every Step and operation, were impartially directed to spread through and over all the Spacious surface of their various property, a proportionate equality of Advantage, in the end to enrich them, while it procured resources sufficient to accomplish completely the undertaking. Thus actuated by the purest principles, and apprehending the Mischief that would arise from an interference in Matters which I conceived could not be generally understood induced me to those Exertions I made to obtain a Concession of Territory of greater extent than that which had at first been granted, or considered, and afterwards forced me in executing the plan to bear down all opposition regardless of whatever ill consequences might ensue to myself, in withstanding alone, the assailment of presumptuous Contenders, convinced that I could expect no Support from the Commissioners; altho\u2019 it was their duty and ought to have been their chief care, to help the Business of the Public in lieu of courting the trifling interest of Individuals.\n          That none of their exertions have been influenced by the advancement of the Business, but that their every Step has been determined through partial Concern, prejudice, or an unfriendly disposition to all the measures I could suggest is I hope too well evidenced to leave you in any doubt but that all my opposition to them, and the determination I have taken no longer to act in Subjection to their Will and Caprice, is influenced by the purest principles and warmest good wishes to the full attainment of the main object, and you will doubtless consider that although from the Confidence which I flatter myself the President has placed in me I would be induced to endeavour to accommodate all Matters with the Commissioners, yet those Gentlemen by their general Conduct toward me, and the length to which they have carried Matters in the late instance places this out of my power, and renders it in the highest Manner inconsistent for me to enter into any arrangment with them.\u2014If therefore the Law absolutely requires without any equivocation that my continuance shall depend upon an appointment from the Commissioners, I cannot, nor would I upon any Consideration submit myself to it.\u2014I have the honour to be &c. &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0149", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 26 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\n            My Dear Martha\n            Philadelphia Feb. 26. 92.\n          We are in daily expectation of hearing of your safe return to Monticello, and all in good health. The season is now coming on when I shall envy your occupations in the feilds and garden, while I am shut up drudging within four walls. Maria is well and lazy, therefore does not write. Your friends Mrs. Trist and Mrs. Waters are well also, and often enquire after you. We have nothing new or interesting from Europe for Mr. Randolph. He will perceive by the papers that the English are beaten off the ground by Tippoo Saib. The Leyden gazette assures that they were saved only by the unexpected arrival of the Mahrattas, who were suing to Tippoo Saib for peace for Ld. Cornwallis.\u2014My best esteem to Mr. Randolph, & I am my dear Martha your\u2019s affectionately,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0150", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Fulwar Skipwith, 26 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Skipwith, Fulwar\n          I have duly recieved your favor of the 5th. inst. and wish I could give a more satisfactory answer to it. I do not believe our Consuls in the French islands will be recognised by the government of France very shortly. Should the treaty they have proposed, come to any thing, perhaps we may get this matter determined expressly. The Consular bill has never yet been taken up by the house of representatives. A member has promised me to have it brought forward.\n          I received by Mr. Dawson a packet of letters which came from Havre for me, and were handed him by Mr. Aitcheson of Norfolk. There should have been with them a packet of newspapers pamphlets  &c. among which was one, of some consequence, as being referred to in the letter. I will thank you to make the necessary enquiries after this packet, of Mr. Aitcheson, or the Master of the ship or other person and communicate to me what you learn.\u2014I am with much esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0152", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 26 February 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Sunday-Morning 26th. Feb. 1792.\n          The P\u2014\u2014 returns the enclosed Report to Mr. J\u2014\u2014. Boundary and the Navigation of the Missisipi are clearly defined\u2014The propositions respecting Commerce he presumes is equally so, but having  little knowledge of this subject he trusts to the guards provided by Mr. J\u2014\u2014.\n          The P\u2014\u2014 has put one or two queries in the Margin of the Report merely for consideration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0153", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Pierre Charles L\u2019Enfant, 27 February 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: L\u2019Enfant, Pierre Charles\n          From your letter received yesterday in answer to my last, and your declarations in conversation with Mr. Lear, it is understood that you absolutely decline acting under the authority of the present commissioners. If this understanding of your meaning be right, I am instructed by the President to inform you that notwithstanding the desire he has entertained to preserve your agency in the business, the condition upon which it is to be done is inadmissible, and your services must be at an end.\u2014I have the honor to be Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0154", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Oliver Pollock, 27 February 1792\nFrom: Pollock, Oliver\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia February 27th: 1792.\n          The peculiar predicament in which I am placed will I hope in some measure apologize for troubling you with this Letter.\n          In the year 1783 the United States were pleased to appoint me their Commercial Agent at the Havana at which place I resided in that character until 1785. It is not necessary to detail to you the Embarrassments that I met with in that Government from my Creditors or rather those of the United States and of the State of Virginia, by whose orders I had run in Debt for large sums at New-Orleans during my Agency in the Contest with Great Britain. Let it suffice to say that I have lately settled and paid off his Catholic Majesty\u2019s Commissioners all the Debts which I had contracted with his Majesty or his subjects at New-Orleans and the Havana. I therefore now come to request your interference with his Catholic Majesty\u2019s Commissioners respecting the sum of 9574 \u00bc Dollars in the enclosed Affidavit mentioned with the Interest since the Day of attachment which sum was taken and detained from me ever since, on account of the Bills I drew by order of the Executive of Virginia, which you no doubt must recollect as that order was cloathed with your own signature as Governor of that State. I have made sundry attempts with the Commrs. of his Catholic Majesty to have this sum discounted out of the monies I owed to his subjects but all in vain, and all communication between the United States and the Havana being prohibited I have never had it in my power to receive the money or any compensation therefor. The fact I believe, is that the Government at the Havana has recovered the money for my account, in consequence of which I beg your application to his Catholic Majesty\u2019s Commissioners for it.\n          It may probably be urged by that Government that the money or some part thereof was never recovered from the Bakers and that from the length of time they are now Dead or become Bankrupts, but as Government then put it out of my power to recover those Debts; I must expect redress from them or the State of Virginia for my private property that was wrested from me on account of her Debts. I make no demand of my carriage and Mules as the late Count de Galvez on his arrival at the Havana as Governor very generously restored them to me.\u2014I have the Honor to be Sir, Your most Obedient and Most Humble Servant,\n            Olr. Pollock", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0155", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [ca. 28 February 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Would it be advisable to let L\u2019Enfont alter the Plan if he will do it in a certn. given time\u2014and provided also we retain the means if any thing unfair is intended that we may not suff[er.]\n          Ought any thing to be said in my letter to him respecting payment for his past Services.\u2014\n          Should Mr. Ellicot be again asked in strong and explicit terms if  the Plan exhibited by him is conformable to the actual state of things on the ground and agreeable to the designs of Majr. L\u2019E.\n          Also whether he will undertake and execute with all possible dispatch the laying off the Lots agreeably to the Plan, under the Authority and orders of the Comrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0156", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Johnson, 29 February 1792\nFrom: Johnson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Though I was disappointed in my expectation of going to Philadelphia about the sixth of this month I hoped nevertheless to have been there no great while afterwards for I felt myself much interested that seasonable and effectual Measures should be taken to forward the Business at the Federal City and secure its Interest. My own Indisposition and the State of my Family have prevented the Journey and afford no prospect of my undertaking it soon. I wrote to the president on several Heads which I then thought worthy of Thought and should now and then communicate indigested Ideas to him as they arise but knowing his Attention to Correspondences and that his mind must be continually on the Stretch on much more important Matters, I forbear sometimes to write merely on Account of the Trouble it would give him. Satisfied you have the same wish for his Ease that I have and that any Observations I may make to you may, if they are worth it, be referred to his Consideration rather as Amusement than Business I have resolved to write to you. My Motive must be my Apology.\n          I lately recieved by way of George Town a Letter of a pretty old Date from Mr. Welsh inclosing propositions for a Loan of a Million of Dollars. He informs me he had Conversation with the president and with you on the Subject. I have had no Opportunity of seeing Doctr. Stuart or Mr. Carroll since I received Mr. Welsh\u2019s Letter. From the wording of the Scheme it seems to refer so closely to Majr. LEnfant\u2019s Ideas on Works of Ornament that if it is accepted nothing of that kind can be departed from. With me it is assuming what I would not agree to. I can see no propriety in applying Money to levelling  Streets, making Canals and Aquaducts and such other purposes but out of the Surplus of what is necessary and useful. I inclose you a rough Calculation of what may be received in five Years on the Loan and what must be paid in 25. If my Calculation is right the Sale now of 6000 Lots will give us in the Course of five Years the command of very near as much Money at 120 Dollars a Lot as the Loan of a Million which will require the Sale of the same Lots to be 366. each and if any Body is to be benefitted by the difference on their rise I should wish it to be the first Improvers.\n          But we are not ready for either a Sale or Mortgage nor do I see when we shall be. For though I hear the plate is about and I wish to hear it was done, I have no Confidence in it\u2019s Accuracy. Majr. Ellicott constantly gave the Idea to me and others that it was mere fancy Work and in the progress of the Survey required frequent Alterations. How the president will get the rest done I don\u2019t know. Perhaps the imperfect State of Things may make the same Artists more necessary. If they are continued it is certainly necessary that their powers should be well understood. On the most mature Reflection I am determined to have nothing to do with Majr. LEnfant. I do not mention it with a View to oppose myself as of more Consequence in the Business than the Major and reduce the president to part from one of us but I will no longer hazard my Quiet nor should I at the first if I had had the same Idea of his Temper that I have now. If the president thinks him essential in designing the City it will be well to give him power in the Affirmative restrained by express Negatives else it will grow in his Hands.\n          When I first saw the Draft of the City indeed I believe in Conversation on it before I was apprehensive that the Avenues would when built on have a disagreeable Effect because of the Buildings on the sharp Angles being out of Square and I mentioned it I was rather beat down by positive Assertion than satisfied. I see by the Notes published that those Angles are a certain Number of Degrees or not less than a certain Number of Degrees. I have since reflected on this Circumstance and if in the actual Execution of the Work buildings can be placed on those Corners to have an agreeable Effect a Model may now be made and placed on the Lines drawn on a large Scale. I wish the president would have it done if he is not intirely satisfied without for I cannot conceive how a Roof or Walls out of Square can be made to square or range with the Roofs of the Avenue and Street or either of them. I may be mistaken and I wish I may. If I am not the fewer Avenues the better.\n          I have never heard whether Majr. L\u2019Enfant has prepared Drafts of the Capitol Palace and other public Buildings or any of them from the  places marked out and common Report for I know nothing farther as to those Designs. The Capitol seems to me to be on a very extraordinary Scale and I suspect that the Concentration of the Streets and Avenues is calculated accordingly so that it must either proceed or a good deal of the Work must be done over again. I much wish if the Majr. is to finish these plans that the president had them and that he may suspend his Judgment on them till he examines them on the Spot and calculates the Cost or has it done by some Body else. I cannot fancy to myself any Thing more mortifying to him than to see the Work stand or remain in an imperfect State for want of Funds if it should be occasioned because the plan was incautiously adopted and much beyond what would be convenient.\n          Richardson Stewart of Balt. very well known to the presidt. was here a few Days ago. It is S in the Way of his profession and I think him a good Judge. He says if these Houses are 120 long and 80 or 100 broad he would recommend that the Walls should be two Seasons in carrying up the Foundation to the Surface of the Ground of the hardest largestone, the outside of the Walls then of brown face Stone from Douglass if it may be had on tolerable Terms for the first Floor; the rest of the Face of white face Stone. The inner Part of the Walls of common Brick. That this is a common Way of building the best Houses in Ireland and in England and that finding cutting and laying the Stone of the purchased Quarry, in Baltimore, is a third of a Dollar a superficial Foot in Front. He has corrected me in one thing. I thought the Stone had best be sawed, he says if the Workmen are good it is easily split with very little Waste and worked with Chisels much cheaper.\n          The Commissioners have met with several disagreeable Occurences without going out of their Way to provoke them. A Copy of the Commr.\u2019s Letter to Mr. Walker and of his Letter to them shew that the falsity circulated against the three Commissioners had dwindled into a witty Joke and that levelled more immediately at Mr. Carroll having no better Foundation was likely too to be given up. Mr. Carrolls great Anxiety induced him to trace it farther. In a Letter I received from him Yesterday he sent me the Copies I now inclose from Mr. Brent Majr. L\u2019Enfant and Mr. Young. Saving the rudeness of Mr. Walkers and Majr. L\u2019Enfants Letter it is apparent that they both hold the Commrs. in sovereign Contempt and that the Major would have them act a very subordinate part or not at all. Major L\u2019Enfant in his Conversation with Mr. Fenwick and Mr. Walker in his Letter refer to the filling up a Hole as if countenanced by the president when the Majr. must remember very different Things past at the Time. You will excuse this prolixity. It is not worth while to trouble you with it as to what is past  but it opens the prospect in future. Majr. L\u2019Enfant speaks harshly of the Commrs. Neither he or I was there. He has great Credit in his Informer. I am Sir with great Regard Your most obedt. Servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0158", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 29 February 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have now to acknowlege the rect. of your two letters private\u2014Jan 3: (cypher)\u2014and Jan. 7. They accompanied yours public of Jan. 5. The intelligence with respect to the President\u2019s nomination came to  me under a different form four days before hand (viz. Feb. 14.) from Mr. Morris, in London. He considered the matter settled having seen it in a letter from Mr. King of the Senate, to a friend in London. The same intelligence was published in the English newspapers. I mentioned it also to my friends here, not having a doubt that there was any suspension in the business. On the 18th. I recd. your letters and since then one from Mr. Morris wch. tells me no decision had taken place in the Senate on the 10th. of Jany.\u2014I was indisposed previously to recieving Mr. Morris\u2019s first letter, but from that time I have been disordered both in mind and body, but particularly in the former in a manner that has much afflicted me. I will not say any thing to you of the amazement wch. this nomination has occasioned here to the public and particularly to the friends of the revolution of all classes, as the manner in which I am affected by it renders it improper. My friends condole with me as far as it regards me personally. The preference given to Mr. Morris strikes them as well as others differently perhaps from what it should, but it leaves with all an impression with respect to me too humiliating and too painful not to render my existence a burthen to me. In their eyes it is a kind of dishonor which I am unable to support the idea of. They judge of the subject not according to the ideas entertained in America of Mr. Morris\u2019s talents and worth in every respect (which however should be their guide) but according to the opinions they have formed of what they have seen here. They have seen me for two years past charged with the confidence of my country. They have known my zeal and see that my conduct was such as to prevent my being disagreeable to any of the parties prevailing here. They have seen Mr. Morris during that time busied in his own concerns, contriving all the ways of making money by his industry, by land jobbing and by plans of finance for liquidating the American debt, which have fallen through and they have seen him constantly attending on the ministers, and so busy with them as to have acquired the reputation (though I do not pretend to say deservedly, having always defended him from the inculpation) of an intrigant. They have seen him the constant supporter of what they consider a diabolical system of government, and what they suppose also must give much displeasure in America. They have seen him so constantly the enemy of the principles of the present revolution as to be constantly cited and to be considered as the servant of the opposite party. They have seen him forming a plan, without mission, for the King\u2019s acceptance of the constitution, wch. they considered as artificiously designed for effecting a counter revolution &c. &c. They have considered him therefore as one of the last men that the  American government would name here at present, and they now see me displaced to give way to him, although he has never before been employed in that way. They suppose therefore it comes from absolute want of such characters in America, and absolute incapacity and want of public confidence in me. This idea carries with it a sting in my mind that I never before had any idea of, and makes me bewail my hard fortune wch. has induced me to remain to be thus exposed to such a cruel situation. For next to being really dishonored deserving to be so, is the being supposed by one\u2019s friends to be so.\u2014And it is this idea which inflicts on me the pain and anxiety I now experience, and not at all that of quitting this country. My mind has been long prepared for it, and had my successor been a person who wd. have shewn here that he was named on account of his own merit rather than on account of my demerit, so that no kind of inculpation was involved on me I shd. have been perfectly resigned and satisfied. It is not for me to judge of Mr. Morris\u2019s merits, much less of mine, but when I know that Mr. Morris was in commerce\u2014of course that the interests of his house could often be in competition with those of the public\u2014and particularly that his opinions are that it is more advantageous for the U.S. that their articles shd. be under a monopoly and furnished by individual contractors, as in the case of tobacco, which you must have often heard him express, I never could have supposed that any consideration whatever, could have counterbalanced such a situation, and such opinions which must ever follow such a situation. I beg a thousand pardons for the disorder of the present letter, the unavoidable effect of the present situation of my mind. The present moment is insupportable to me on account of the opinions of all with whom I have lived. The time wch. is to come I dare not look forward to. I enclose you a letter from Mde. D\u2019Enville, & remain your most attached & sincere though afflicted friend,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "02-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0159", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 29 February 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have been so much indisposed since my last of the 8th. inst. as to have been absolutely incapable of writing. I resume my pen at present merely to inform you by the English packet that the answer from the Emperor arrived here two days ago. The King\u2019s council have had it under long and mature consideration and have communicated it to the diplomatic committee. The Minister goes to morrow to communicate it to the Assembly. As yet its contents are only known as far as they have been received indirectly from Vienna, or transpired here from the council and diplomatic committee. They suffice to establish beyond doubt that the answer is moderate and leaves the alternative of peace or war to the French nation. The Emperor is determined not to interfere in the internal affairs so long as the King is satisfied and his person and family and the monarchial form of government respected. Should the contrary take place he will in concert with the other powers of Europe come to the succour of the King and the Government. This you may consider as the substance of his answer which is said to go into some detail with respect to the present prevailing anarchy.\u2014In the mean time he is marching troops into his dominions bordering on France in order to protect them from insult.\n          Disorders still augment. In the capital the pretext is the high price of sugar, in the provinces the circulation of grain\u2014large quantities have been lately stopped near Noyon. More than thirty thousand people in revolt took possession of them. Troops were sent to disperse them and there was every appearance of civil war commencing. It has been avoided however for the present partly by yielding to the people and partly by the appearance of force. In the mean time all the sources of public and private calamity are increasing every day, by the state of anarchy, non perception of taxes, depreciation of Assignats &c. &c.\n          There has been daily expectation of the national assembly allowing a part of our debt to be employed in advances to the sufferers in S. Domingo and I have for that reason as yet suspended the payment of the sums arising on the last loan at Amsterdam in hopes of its being employed in that manner.\u2014The Antwerp loan is paid here as fast as received. I have already receipts from the French agent at Antwerp for near 1,300,000 florins and that sum will be compleated by today agreeably to the engagement of the undertaker of the loan. I will ask the favor of you to communicate these circumstances to the Secretary of the Treasury, who I hope will excuse my not writing by the present  conveyance. My last to him was by the way of Havre and I shall write to him again by the same way very shortly. I must beg you to allow me to refer you for other articles of intelligence to the gazettes sent to Havre. I have the honor to be with sentiments of profound respect, Dear Sir, your most obedt. & most hum. servt.,\n            P.S. I have received your letter of Jany. 5th. by the way of England together with the list of newspapers forwarded to me from the department of foreign affairs. Several have miscarried, so that I have them only incompletely. W. S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0162", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 1 March 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Gibraltar, 1 Mch. 1792. He has learned of important developments in Morocco since his letters of 23 and 24 Feb.\u2014Muley Yezid eluded Ben Assar\u2019s army and arrived at the city of Morocco on 2 Feb. Four days later he captured and pillaged the city. The \u201cdevoted Jews\u201d were given up to plunder, friends and enemies alike suffered at the hands of his army, and even Francis Chiappe\u2019s property was pillaged.\u2014Muley Ischem and Ben Assar reached the Plain of Morocco on 12 Feb. with 30,000 men and did battle with Muley Yezid and an army half that size. After four hours the former army retreated to Safi with a loss of 1,300 men killed and 800 taken prisoner. Muley Yezid, who suffered two or three wounds, brutally revenged himself on the prisoners. \u201cHe ordered them to be nailed up against the walls and upon the floors where they happened to be and he prohibited all persons from administering any kind of relief to them. He put to death without any apparent reason two Christians who had been several years employed by his father as stone cutters, and two French men who had passed into his Country from Ceuta. In short from the twelfth to the sixteenth such a Scene of slaughter was exhibited at Morocco as has seldom been heard of.\u201d These atrocities ended on 16 Feb. when Muley Yezid died of his wounds.\u2014One of Muley Slema\u2019s sons arrived in Tangier on 25 Feb. with an account of the demise of Muley Yezid and the death in the aforementioned battle of Muley Ischem. Two days later the Basha of Tangier proclaimed Muley Slema as Emperor. He still has some doubt about Muley Ischem\u2019s death but expects to receive confirmation of it shortly. It is possible that Abderhaman will dispute Muley Slema\u2019s accession, in which case Slema can expect support from Spain, having already sent an express to that country to notify it of his good wishes towards it. Slema \u201cis brother to Yezid by father and mother, of a pacific temper, and at present extreamly poor. I shall present my self to him, if he remains unrivalled, or appears with a superiority, as Consul sent to his brother, and I doubt not I shall share the same fate with the others, being now all on the same footing.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0164", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel Carroll, 1 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carroll, Daniel\n          Much time has been spent in endeavoring to reduce Major Lenfant to continue in the business he was engaged in, in proper subordination to the Commissioners. He has however entirely refused, so that he has been notified that we consider his services as at an end. The plan is put into the hands of an engraver, and will be engraved within three or four weeks. About the same time Mr. Ellicot will return to finish laying out the ground. As to every thing else it will rest on your board to plan and to have executed. The President desires you will call a meeting at the earliest day you can after the 11th. instant. By that time you will receive from hence such general ideas and recommendations as may occur. You will then have to advertize for plans of the buildings\u2014It is taken for granted the design of the Commissioners in the action commenced against Roberdeau was merely to suspend his operations, and produce in him a proper conviction of his error. Under this idea they will probably feel no difficulty in consenting to let him off as easily as they can. You will receive formal letters on the general business, shortly; in the mean time I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir your friend & servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0165", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Cutting, 1 March 1792\nFrom: Cutting, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          A Flute belonging to the French Government, which was dispatch\u2019d from hence for Philadelphia the beginning of last week, is wreck\u2019d and totally lost on the Reef called Le mouchoir quarr\u00e9. I am given to understand that all the Letters which were aboard her are lost, and therefore take the liberty of saluting you with the foregoing Copy of what I wrote you by that opportunity. The account of the Insurrection and Devastation which I therein mention to have taken place in the southern Department of this Colony, remains uncontroverted.\n          I have since conversed with a member of the Colonial Assembly who is from that quarter and who not only confirms the dreadful detail,  but gives it as his opinion that the destruction of the out habitations of the middle part of the Colony will inevitably follow. The opinion of this Gentleman respecting the force necessary to re-establish the Colony coincides with mine.\u2014Nothing less than 20,000 men who will act with unanimity and firmness can attain this desirable object.\u2014In the present relaxed state of the French Government I think it will be difficult if not impossible for it to afford the necessary aid, and in the present ruinous state of this Colony no Foreign Power would accept it as a gift in Fee Simple on condition of immediately re-establishing it:\u2014A natural inference is that the bloody Banner of Anarchy will long continue display\u2019d and that under its baneful influence Rapine, Murder and Devastation will still stalk abroad with impunity.\n          In a former Letter from this Island I remarked that the French Colonists had not learn\u2019d to sacrifice private opinion to public utility. Notwithstanding they have now had two years experience of the woeful effects of political dissentions, yet, I am sorry to say, the same observation still holds good. Various and contradictory systems find warm partizans among the versatile Politicians who inhabit \u201cLa Partie Fran\u00e7aise de St. Domingue.\u201d\n          Even the Colonial Assembly is accused of permitting cabal and intrigue to tarnish the lustre of its Patriotic pretensions, to render nugatory and indecisive its public discussions, and to stamp its resolves with the characteristics of partiality and imbecile resentment.\n          I am not sufficiently acquainted with the private life and opinions of those Individuals who compose this political Corps to judge whether the charge of incapacity brought against them collectively is justly founded or not; but it is evident that the misery of this Colony would never have gain\u2019d its present ascendancy if harmony and the love of order had been assiduously cultivated in the Community. To those jealous bickerings between the Colonial Assembly and the Executive branch of Government which sprang into existance soon after the epoch of the Revolution and which have subsisted with a greater or less degree of virulence ever since, may be attributed the desolation of the richest and most beautiful districts of this superb Colony!\n          Of late the Assembly has been involved in an ill-boding altercation with the National Commissaries. Some proceedings of those Gentlemen did not exactly tally with the circumscribed ideas of certain individuals who seem inclined to oppose every system, right or wrong, which is not the produce of their own excentric imaginations. The assembly was induced to call in question the authority of the Comissaries, and by some impolitic animadversions on the subject, excited a severe reply from Mr. Mirbeck, who is at the head of the Commission. His Letter  was, by his own order, printed and distributed gratis the same day that it was presented to the Assembly. I inclose you a Copy of it by which you will percieve \u201che speaks as one having authority\u201d and who possesses that firmness which is the legitimate offspring of conscious rectitude.\n          Advices were received in Town this afternoon from Les Cayes stating that the White Forces had recently obtain\u2019d a compleat victory over a strong Party of Mulattoes who had posted themselves in the vicinity of that City and fortified their Camp. We are told also that most of the Slaves in the Southern and some in the Western Department of the Colony are actually in Insurrection. While the Insurgents can obtain amunition from the Spaniards it will be almost impossible to quell them, and I begin to be of opinion that it will be most prudent for Government to enter into a Treaty with them similar to that which the Government of Jamaica formerly made with the Maroon Negroes in that Island; otherways the expence of protecting the plantations will exceed their Revenue.\u2014I have the honor to be, with the greatest Respect, Sir, Your most obedt. and very huml. Servt.,\n            Nat. Cutting.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0166", "content": "Title: Hamilton\u2019s Notes on Report of Instructions for the Commissioners to Spain, with Jefferson\u2019s Comments, [1\u20135 March 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n              [Jefferson\u2019s comments]\n              [Hamilton\u2019s notes]\n              The General Tenor of the Report appears solid and proper.\n              The following observations however on a hasty perusal occur.\n              The Report is amended in conformity this observation.\n              Page 2. Is it to put our Revolution upon the true or the best  footing to say that the circumstances which obliged us to discontinue our foreign Magistrate brought upon us the War? Did not the war previously exist and bring on the discontinuance? Was it not rather the cause than the effect?\n              The capture of the army struck out.\n              Is it accurate to say that France aided us in capturing the whole army of the enemy? Does this not imply that there was no other enemy army in the country; though there were in fact two others one in New York, another in South Carolina? This last is a mere criticism as to the accuracy of expression. The sense is clear enough.\n              No conquest of the territory was made, to wit of the island of N. Orleans on the one side, or Louisiana on the other, as both had belonged to Spain before the war. Therefore no change in the right to the water is incident to the territory. This circumstance however is inserted in the Report to make the reasoning the clearer.\n              Page 11. Are \u201cnaval victories\u201d the essen[tial] means of conquest of a water as seems to be impli[ed?] Is not the conquest of a water an incident to th[at] of Territory? If this idea is not sound, that combined with it is\u2014namely that in no event could Spain be considered as having conquered the River against the U States\u2014with whom she not only had no war but was an associa[te.]\n              The word chuse substituted for wish however England could hold that right of common in the water only as incident to Florida, which she then held. When she conveyed Florida to Spain the incident passed by the same conveyance, & she can never have a claim against us on a stipulation the benefit of which she has conveyed to another.\n              Page 22. May it not be inferred from what is said here that though the U States would not wish to insert an express stipulation against other Nations; yet they may be prevailed upon to do it? Would such a stipulation be consistent w[ith] the right which G Britain reserved to herself in  the treaty with us? If the inference alluded to is intended to be excluded, will it not be adviseable to vary the turn of expression so as render the intention more unequivocal?\n              Report altered in conformity to this.\n              Page 23. Are there conclusive reasons to make it a sine qua non that no phrase shall be admitted which shall express or imply a grant? Could the negotiation with propriety be broken off on such a point?\n              Is it not rather one to be endeavoured to be avoided than the avoiding of [it] to be made a sine qua non?\n              [The power to alienate the unpeopled te]rritory of any [state, is not among the enumerated po]wers given by the Constitution to the General government: & if we may go out of that instrument, & accomodate to exigencies which may arise, by alienating the unpeopled territory of a state, we may accomodate ourselves a little more by alienating that which is peopled, & still a little more by selling the people themselves. A shade or two more in the degree of exigency is all that will be requisite, & of that degree we shall ourselves be the judges. However may it not be hoped that these questions are forever laid to rest by the 12th Amendment, now made a part of the Constitution, declaring expressly that the \u201cpowers not delegated to the U.S. by the Constitution are reserved to the states respectively\u201d? And if the general government has no power to alienate the territory of a state, it is too irresistable an argument to deny ourselves the use of it on the present occasion.\n              Page 25. Is it true, that the UStates have no right to alienate an Inch of the Territory in Question; except in the case of necessity, intimated in another place? Or will it be useful to avow the denial of such a right? It is apprehended that the Doctrine which restricts the alienation of Territory to cases of extreme necessity is applicable rather to peopled territory, than to waste and uninhabited districts. Positions restraining the right of the U States to accomodate to exigencies which may arise ought ever to be advanced with great caution.\n              It is certainly impossible for any nation to have stipulations of this kind & extent, with two others at the same time. However the language of the Report is made more correct & conformable to the words of the French treaty.\n              Page 28. Is it true that the stipulation with France respecting the Reception of prizes is exclusive and incommunicable? It is doubtless so as against France, but why is it so as against other Nations?\n              It is however a stipulation very inconvenient and even dangerous to the U States and one which ought by all means to be excluded.\n              If the Secretary of the Treasury will be so good as to particularise the advantages to be asked & the equivalents to be offered, it will be proper to consider of them.\n              Though a Treaty of Commerce like that contemplated in the Report ought not to be rejected, if desired by Spain and coupled with a satisfactory adjustment of the boundary and Navigation; yet ought not something more to beattempted if it were only to give satisfaction to other parts of the Union?\n              Some positively favourable stipulations respecting our Grain flour and Fish even in the European Dominions of Spain would be of great consequence and would justify reciprocal advantages to some of her commodities (say Wines and brandies).\n              It seems sufficient to stipulate that the treaty shall be ratified, without saying by what body, or by what individuals it is to be. An instruction however is inserted to allow 16 months for the exchange of ratifications.\n              Will it not be necessary to add an instruction that the usual stipulation respecting the ratification   of the Treaty by the U States be varied so as to be adapted to the participation of the Senate?\n              This has been decided before.\n              Last Page. The words \u201cnor inattentive to their rights\u201d have a pencil line drawn through them. Tis certainly best to obliterate them. The less commitment the better.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0167", "content": "Title: Memoranda of Conversations with the President, 1 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          1792. Feb. 28. I was to have been with him long enough before 3. aclock (which was the hour and day he received visits) to have opened to him a proposition for doubling the velocity of the post riders, who now travel about 50. miles a day, and might without difficulty go 100. and for taking measures (by way-bills) to know where the delay is, when there is any. I was delayed by business, so as to have scarcely time to give him the outlines. I run over them rapidly, and observed afterwards that I had hitherto never spoke to him on the subject of the post office, not knowing whether it was considered as a revenue law, or a law for the general accomodation of the citizens; that the law just passed seemed to have removed the doubt, by declaring that the whole profits of the office should be applied to extending the posts and that even the past profits should be refunded by the treasury for the same purpose: that I therefore conceived it was now in the department of the Secretary of state: that I thought it would be advantageous so to declare it for another reason, to wit, that the department of the treasury possessed already such an influence as to swallow up the whole Executive powers, and that even the future Presidents (not supported by the weight of character which himself possessed) would not be able to make head against this department. That in urging this measure I had certainly no personal interest, since, if I was supposed to have any appetite for power, yet as my career would certainly be exactly as short as his own, the intervening time was too short to be an object. My real wish was to avail the public of every occasion during the residue of the President\u2019s period, to place things on a safe footing.\u2014He was now called on to attend his company and he desired me to come and breakfast with him the next morning.\n          Feb. 29. I did so, and after breakfast we retired to his room, and I unfolded my plan for the post-office, and after such an approbation of it as he usually permitted himself on the first presentment of any idea, and desiring me to commit it to writing, he, during that pause of conversation which follows a business closed, said in an affectionate tone, that he had felt much concern at an expression which dropt from me yesterday, and which marked my intention of retiring when he should. That as to himself, many motives obliged him to it. He had through the whole course of the war, and most particularly at the close of it uniformly declared his resolution to retire from public  affairs, and never to act in any public office; that he had retired under that firm resolution, that the government however which had been formed being found evidently too inefficacious, and it being supposed that his aid was of some consequence towards bringing the people to consent to one of sufficient efficacy for their own good, he consented to come into the convention, and on the same motive, after much pressing, to take a part in the new government and get it under way. That were he to continue longer, it might give room to say, that having tasted the sweets of office he could not do without them: that he really felt himself growing old, his bodily health less firm, his memory, always bad, becoming <sensibly> worse, and perhaps the other faculties of his mind shewing a decay to others of which he was insensible himself, that this apprehension particularly oppressed him, that he found moreover his activity lessened, business therefore more irksome, and tranquillity and retirement become an irresistable passion. That however he felt himself obliged for these reasons to retire from the government, yet he should consider it as unfortunate if that should bring on the retirement of the great officers of the government, and that this might produce a shock in the public mind of dangerous consequence.\u2014I told him that no man had ever had less desire of entering into public offices than myself: that the circumstance of a perilous war, which brought every thing into danger, and called for all the services which every citizen could render, had induced me to undertake the administration of the government of Virginia, that I had both before and after refused repeated appointments of Congress to go abroad in that sort of office, which if I had consulted my own gratification, would always have been the most agreeable to me, that at the end of two years, I resigned the government of Virginia, and retired with a firm resolution never more to appear in public life, that a domestic loss however happened, and made me fancy that absence, and a change of scene for a time, might be expedient for me, that I therefore accepted a foreign appointment limited to two years, that at the close of that, Dr. Franklin having left France, I was appointed to supply his place, which I had accepted, and tho\u2019 I continued in it three or four years, it was under the constant idea of remaining only a year or two longer; that the revolution in France coming on, I had so interested myself in the event of that, that when obliged to bring my family home, I had still an idea of returning and awaiting the close of that, to fix the aera of my final retirement; that on my arrival here I found he had appointed me to my present office, that he knew I had not come into it without some reluctance, that it was on my part a sacrifice of inclination to the opinion that I might be  more serviceable here than in France, and with a firm resolution in my mind to indulge my constant wish for retirement at no very distant day: that when therefore I received his letter written from Mount Vernon, on his way to Carolina and Georgia (Apr. 1. 1791.) and discovered from an expression in that that he meant to retire from the government ere long, and as to the precise epoch there could be no doubt, my mind was immediately made up to make that the epoch of my own retirement from those labors, of which I was heartily tired. That however I did not beleive there was any idea in either of my brethren in the administration of retiring, that on the contrary I had perceived at a late meeting of the trustees of the sinking fund that the Secretary of the Treasury had developed the plan he intended to pursue, and that it embraced years in it\u2019s view.\u2014He said that he considered the Treasury department as <only a specie> a much more limited one going only to the single object of revenue, while that of the Secretary of state embracing nearly all the objects of administration was much more important, and the retirement of the officer therefore would be more noticed: that tho\u2019 the government had set out with a pretty general good will of the public, yet that symptoms of dissatisfaction had lately shewn themselves far beyond what he could have expected, and to what height these might arise in case of too great a change in the administration, could not be foreseen.\u2014I told him that in my opinion there was only a single source of these discontents. Tho\u2019 they had indeed appeared to spread themselves over the war department also, yet I considered that as an overflowing only from their real channel which would never have taken place if they had not first been generated in another department\u2014to wit that of the treasury. That a system had there been contrived, for deluging the states with paper-money instead of gold and silver, for withdrawing our citizens from the pursuits of commerce, manufactures, buildings, and other branches of useful industry, to occupy themselves and their capitals in a species of gambling, destructive of morality, and which had introduced it\u2019s poison into the government itself. That it was a fact, as certainly known as that he and I were then conversing, that particular members of the legislature, while those laws were on the carpet, had feathered their nests with paper, had then voted for the laws, and constantly since lent all the energy of their talents, and instrumentality of their offices to the establishment and enlargement of this system: that they had chained it about our necks for a great length of time; and in order to keep the game in their hands had from time to time aided in making such legislative constructions of the constitution as made it a very different thing from what the people  thought they had submitted to: that they had now brought forward a proposition, far beyond every one ever yet advanced, and to which the eyes of many were turned, as the decision which was to let us know whether we live under a limited or an unlimited government.\u2014He asked me to what proposition I alluded?\u2014I answered to that in the Report on manufactures which, under colour of giving bounties for the encouragement of particular manufactures, meant to establish the doctrine that the power given by the Constitution to collect taxes to provide for the general welfare of the U.S. permitted Congress to take every thing under their management which they should deem for the public welfare, and which is susceptible of the application of money: consequently that the subsequent enumeration of their powers was not the description to which resort must be had, and did not at all constitute the limits of their authority: that this was a very different question from that of the bank, which was thought an incident to an enumerated power: that therefore this decision was expected with great anxiety: that indeed I hoped the proposition would be rejected, believing there was a majority in both houses against it, and that if it should be, it would be considered as a proof that things were returning into their true channel; and that at any rate I looked forward to the broad representation which would shortly take place for keeping the general constitution on it\u2019s true ground, and that this would remove a great deal of the discontent which had shewn itself. The conversation ended with this last topic. It is here stated nearly as much at length as it really was, the expressions preserved where I could recollect them, and their substance always faithfully stated.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0168", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Walker, 1 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Walker, George\n          I was sorry that, being from home at the time you were so good as to call on me, I missed seeing you. The President being engaged also, was equally unlucky. As you left no letter for me, I took for granted that your negociation with Majr. Lenfant had proved fruitless. After your departure the President sent Mr. Lear to Major Lenfant to see what could be made of him. He declared unequivocally that he would act on no condition but the dismission of the Commissioners or his being made independant of them. The latter being impossible under the law, and the former too arrogant to be answered, he was notified that his services were at an end. I think you have seen enough of his temper to satisfy yourself that he never could have acted under any controul, not even that of the President himself: and on the whole I am persuaded the enterprize will advance more steadily, and more surely under a more temperate direction, under one which shall proceed as fast and no faster than it can pay. Measures will be immediately taken to procure plans for the public buildings, in which business five months have been lost by a dependance on Majr. Lenfant, who has made no preparation of that kind. I wish yourself and the inhabitants of George town to be assured that every exertion will be made to advance and secure this enterprize. I have the honour to be Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0169", "content": "Title: Statement on Major William Galvan, 2 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          I well remember that Majr. Galvan was sent on to Cape Henry by Genl. Washington to look out for the French fleet, that he was recommended by the Genl. to me to be furnished with every thing necessary. I remember that the morning he was to leave Richmond, he wanted money, and having recd. from me an order on the Treasurer he would not give him any rect. for it, from some punctilious delicacy,  and we were obliged to get Mr. Jamieson to receive the money from the Treasurer and give his rect. and then deliver it to Galvan without rect. The Treasurer\u2019s books will therefore shew that such a man was employed, and Mr. Jamieson will recollect it. Perhaps he may also recollect the orders to the sheriffs of Princess Anne and Norfolk within mentioned. I do not. Yet they were very possible.\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0170", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 2 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Friday-Morning 2d. March.\n          Be so good as to examine the enclosed draught of a letter to Genl. St. Clair, and make such alterations (with a pencil) as you shall judge proper; as letter and answer will, it is presumed, be handed to the public.\u2014The bearer will wait to bring it back to me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0171", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 2 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson presents his respects to the President and returns him the letter to Genl. St. Clair. The only passage about which he has any doubt is the following \u2018it does not appear by any information in my possession, that your exertions were wanting to produce a different  result either in the previous preparations, or in the time of action.\u2019 Th: J. never heard a statement of the matter from Genl. St. Clair himself in conversation: but he has been told by those who have, that, from his own account it appears he was so confident of not meeting an enemy, that he had not taken the proper precautions to have advice of one previous to the action, and his manner of conducting the action has been pretty much condemned. If these criticisms be just, the only question is whether the above paragraph will not be so understood as to be exposed to them? Th: J. does not pretend to judge of the fact, and perhaps the expression may not bear the meaning he apprehends.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0173", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 3 March 1792\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Philadelphia, 3 Mch. 1792. He has been informed by the \u201cLieutenant au gouvernement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral\u201d and the intendant of Saint-Domingue that the situation on that island is critical because of a shortage of funds in the colony treasury and the uncertainty of receiving any financial aid from France.\u2014In this extremity he feels obliged to apply to the U.S. government for \u201cl\u2019avance imm\u00e9diate d\u2019une somme de quatre cent mille piastres \u00e0 imputer sur les remboursemens qu\u2019ils doivent \u00e0 la France.\u201d\u2014He urges TJ to lay this request before the President as soon as possible and hopes that the President\u2019s solicitude for the welfare of France\u2019s most important colony will lead him to grant it the monetary assistance it so desperately needs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0174", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jos\u00e9 de Jaudenes and Jos\u00e9 Ignacio de Viar, 4 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\n            Gentlemen\n          The bearer hereof, Mr. Oliver Pollock, a citizen of the United States, has stated to me that a sum of 9574\u00bc Dollars due to him at the Havanna, was attached by his Catholic majesty\u2019s government there to secure certain sums due to Spanish subjects from the said Oliver Pollock, that he has since otherwise paid the sums he owed to those persons, and to all others within his majesty\u2019s dominions, and that  therefore he is entitled to a reimbursement of the sum so attached, with interest.\u2014I am too well acquainted with the way of thinking of the Spanish government on subjects like this to doubt that they will do full justice to Mr. Pollock according to the truth of his case as it shall be found to be: and I take the liberty therefore of doing nothing more than asking the favor of your interference to have his case duly examined into at the proper place.\u2014I have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Gentlemen, Your most obedient & most humble servant,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0176", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 4 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\n            Philadelphia Mar. 4. 92.\n          I have received with great pleasure your favor of Feb. 17. informing us you were all safely moored at Monticello. With still greater I learn that you are at length sure of Edgehill. It is a fine tract of land, and will make you happier by furnishing a pleasing occupation. It secures too, what is essential to my happiness, our living near together. It seems as if you had more snow Southwardly than here: but the cold here has been excessive and of very long duration. The thaw seems now to be coming on, and it is expected the river will be open in two or three days. I imagine the reason why Maria\u2019s box with books &c, is not come, has been that Stratton did not make another trip here after our arrival. He will probably come as soon as the river is open. Greet my dear Martha for me, & beleive me to be Dear Sir Your\u2019s affectionately,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0177", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, 4 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: House of Representatives\n          Since the date of the letter of Feb. 22. which I had the honour of writing you, covering the acts of the North-Western government, as called for by the Resolution of the house of representatives of Feb. 10. the acts of the same government passed in the year 1791. have come to the hands of the President and have been deposited among the records in my office. Supposing that these also might come within the purview of the resolution of the house, I have now the honor of inclosing you a copy of them, & of expressing the sentiments of esteem & respect with which I am Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0178", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 4 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The enclosed came by the Post yesterday.\u2014I send it for your perusal.\n          Have you had any conversation with Mr. Ellicot respecting the completion of the Survey, and lots of the Federal City?\u2014If so, what was the result?\u2014He ought, [if] he undertakes it, to proceed to that place immediately, so as to be there at the proposed meeting of the Commissionrs.\n          The Engravers say eight weeks is the shortest time in which the Plan can be engraved\u2014(probably they may keep it eight months). Is not this misteriously strange!\u2014Ellicot talked of getting you to walk with him to these People.\u2014The current in this City sets so strongly against the Federal City, that I believe nothing that can be avoided will ever be accomplished in it.\u2014\n          Are there any good Engravers in Boston? If so, would it not be well to obtain a copy (under some other pretext) and send it there, or even to London with out any one (even Ellicot\u2019s) being appris\u2019d of it?\u2014Yrs. sincerely,\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0179", "content": "Title: Agenda for Commissioners of the Federal District, [ca. 5 March 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\n            Commissioners\n            to settle the matter of Carrol of Duddington\u2019s house.\n            to give up the prosecution of Roberdeau.\n            to employ Ellicot to finish laying off the town.\n             to agree with him as to his wages future and past.\n            x to employ such superintendant and other officers as they shall think best.\n            x to advertize for plans of buildings.\n            to decide what work shall be done this year, viz which of the following objects.\n  bridge over Rock creek.\n  Wharves.\n  Canal\n  Cellars of both houses.\n  Foundations of one or both.\n            x making bricks\u2014stores of lime, stone, timber &c.\n            Compensation to Lenfant. Quary stone to be raised by skilfull people.\n            Loan\u2014on the Security of the State of Maryland 4 or 500,000 dollars.\u2014The buildings, especially the Capitol, ought to be upon a scale far superior to any thing in this Country.\u2014The House for the President should also (in the design though not executed all at once) be upon a commensurate scale.\n            Measures, in my opinion ought to be taken for importing Highlanders and Germans as laborers\u2014Mechanics also, if practicable.\n            Carroll of Duddingtons House ought not to be paid for by the valuation rendered, but every material taken care of, and put up again (where they are not injured) in the manner they were before in a proper situation.\n          Estimates &ca. are sent to shew the views &ca. of Majr. LEnfant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0180", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 5 March 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia 5th March 1792\n          In conformity to the mode, which you have pursued and suggested, I have now the honor of submitting to you an abstract of such particular acts of the United States, as appear to me infractions, on their part, of the definitive treaty of peace concluded between the King my master and the United States. The necessity of collecting from distant parts of this continent the requisite materials, of combining and arranging them has occasioned a much longer delay in presenting to you this abstract than I at first apprehended: I trust however that it will be found so comprehensive as to include every cause of complaint, resulting from the treaty, and so fully substantiated as to require no subsequent elucidations to prove and to confirm the facts which I shall specify.\n          Many of the legislative acts and judicial determinations, which I shall adduce as violations of the treaty, having been common to a majority of the states, I have thought it expedient, in order to avoid repetitions, not to discuss the tendency and extent of their operation in the several states distinctly and separately, but to reduce the infractions under general heads, and to throw into the form of an appendix references to justify and explain the documents by which they are authenticated.\n          Although I have employed every exertion in my power to acquire the most accurate and general information upon the respective points, comprehended in this abstract, it is still possible, that many materials may have been out of my reach, or that, in the extensive collection of laws and of other documents which I have been obliged to peruse and digest many objects may have escaped my notice. It is possible that acts of the states, of which I have complained, as militating against the treaty of peace, may have been repealed or modified by succeeding legislatures; and that decisions of the State Courts, which I have alleged as violations of the treaty, may have been rectified by subsequent determinations. I am not conscious of any errors or misrepresentations of this nature; but if any such should exist in the abstract, I desire you, Sir, to be persuaded that they have been totally unintentional on my part, and that I shall be extremely solicitous to have them explained and corrected.\n          Immediately after the ratification of the definitive treaty of Peace, the Congress of the United States by a proclamation, announcing that event, and by a resolve dated 14 January 1784, required and enjoined all bodies of magistracy, legislative, executive and judiciary, to carry  into effect the definitive articles, and every Clause and sentence thereof, sincerely, strictly and completely\u2014and earnestly recommended to the legislatures of the respective States, to provide for the restitution of all Estates, Rights and Properties confiscated, belonging to real British Subjects, and of Estates, rights and properties of persons resident in districts in possession of his Majesty\u2019s arms between 30th November 1782 and 14th January 1784 who had not borne arms against the United States; and that persons of any other description should have liberty to go to any part of the United States, to remain twelve months, unmolested in their endeavors to obtain the restitution of their Estates, rights and properties confiscated. It was also recommended to the several states to reconsider and revise all laws regarding the premises, so as to render them perfectly consistent with justice and that spirit of conciliation, which, on the return of the blessings of Peace, should universally prevail\u2014and it was farther recommended that the Estates, rights and properties of such last mentioned persons should be restored to them, they refunding the bon\u00e2 fide price, paid on purchasing any of the said lands, rights and properties, since the Confiscation.\n          In consequence of the little attention which had been manifested to this proclamation and recommendation, and of the answer given (20th February 1786) by the Marquis of Carmarthen to the requisitions of Mr. Adams, respecting the posts and territories ceded by the treaty of Peace to the United States, the Congress transmitted, in April 1787, a circular letter, to the Governors of the respective States, recommending it to the different legislatures to repeal such acts, or parts of acts, as were repugnant to the Treaty of Peace between his Britannic Majesty and the United States or any article thereof, and that the Courts of Law and Equity should be directed and required, in all Causes and Questions cognizable by them respectively, and arising from or touching the said Treaty, to decide and adjudge according to the Tenor, true intent and meaning of the Same, any thing in the said acts or parts of Acts to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding.\n          In this circular letter, after inforcing in the most energetic manner, the regard due to solemn national compacts and the impropriety of the individual states attempting to contravene, or even discuss, stipulations, which had been sanctioned by their general government, the Congress farther declare, \u201cthey have deliberately and dispassionately examined and considered the several facts and matters urged by Great Britain, as infractions of the Treaty of Peace on the part of America; and regret that, in some of the States, too little attention appears to have been paid to the public faith pledged by the Treaty.\u201d\n          It is observable that Congress, neither in this proclamation nor  recommendation, take any notice of the fourth article of the Treaty of Peace, by which it was agreed, that Creditors on either side should meet with no lawful impediment to the recovery of the full value, in sterling money, of all bon\u00e2 fide debts, theretofore contracted; nor does either the proclamation or recommendation extend to the stipulations in the close of the fifth article, whereby it was agreed that all persons who have any interests in confiscated lands either by debts, marriage settlements, or otherwise, should meet with no lawful impediment in the prosecution of their just rights.\n          This omission of these essential points can only be ascribed to the conviction that Congress entertained that it was totally unnecessary to specify them, as they were stipulations positive and obligatory upon the individual states, and that no local regulation was competent either to confirm or invalidate them. It does not however appear that this proclamation and recommendation had any general and extensive effect upon the legislatures of the respective States, as, in consequence thereof, even the formality of a municipal adoption of the Treaty, either in the nature of a repeal of existing laws, repugnant to the Treaty of Peace, or of a declaratory law, establishing the Treaty of Peace as the supreme law of the land, seems to have been confined to a small portion of the several states.\n          Having thus stated the measures pursued by Congress to give validity and effect to the engagements contained in the treaty of peace, it is now expedient to specify, in detail, the particular acts, which Great Britain considers as infractions of the treaty, on the part of the United States, and it will tend to simplify the discussion to make the following arrangement.\n          Ist. To define what Congress has enforced or omitted.\n          IInd. To advert to the conduct observed by the individual States generally, in respect to the Treaty of Peace,\n          In not repealing laws that existed antecedently to the Pacification,\n          In enacting laws subsequent to the peace in contravention of the Treaty,\n          And in the decisions of the State Courts upon questions, affecting the rights of British Subjects.\n          As to the first of these points, it cannot be presumed that the Commissioners, who negotiated the Treaty of Peace, would engage in behalf of Congress, to make recommendations to the legislatures of the respective States, which they did not expect to be effectual, or enter into direct stipulations, which they had not the power to enforce: And yet the laws were not repealed which Congress recommended to be repealed; nor were the stipulations enforced, which Congress was  absolutely pledged to fulfil. It does not appear that any of the State Legislatures repealed their Confiscation Laws, or provided for the restitution of all estates, rights and properties of real British Subjects, which had been confiscated, and of persons resident in districts in the possession of his Majesty\u2019s arms, who had not borne arms against the United States\u2014that persons of other descriptions, were at liberty to remain twelve months in the United States unmolested in their Endeavors to obtain the restoration of their confiscated Estates, Rights and properties\u2014that the acts of the several states, which respected Confiscations, were in many of the states reconsidered or revised\u2014nor finally, have British Creditors been countenanced or supported either by the respective legislatures, or by the State Courts, in their endeavors to recover the full value of debts, contracted antecedently to the Treaty of Peace. On the contrary in some of the States the Confiscation laws have been acted upon since the Peace, and new legislative Regulations have been established to carry them into effect. In many of the States, the subjects of the Crown, in endeavoring to obtain the restitution of their forfeited Estates and property, upon refunding the price to the purchasers, have been treated with indignity, menaced, exposed to personal danger, and in some instances imprisoned. Prosecutions have been commenced against his Majesty\u2019s Subjects, for the part, which they had taken in the late war. In many of the States, laws have actually passed, delaying the legal investigation of just claims, and abridging the demands of British Merchants. Local Regulations, in respect to the tender of property, in discharge of just debts, have prevailed to such an extent as to amount to a prohibition of suits. Paper money, emitted by particular states, has been made at its nominal value, legal tender and payment for all debts, for the recovery of which actions were commenced at the time, when money of that description was greatly depreciated. Creditors too, in some of the States, were exposed to the necessity of taking real or personal property at a valuation made by a partial, prejudiced or interested neighbourhood, while in other States, when the question of alienage has been under discussion, the Courts of Law and Equity have determined that a subject of Great Britain residing within the King\u2019s dominions, at and after the declaration of Independence, was not competent to acquire or hold real property within the United States. In many of the State Courts, decisions have taken place, reducing the amount of British debts, in violation of the terms of the original Contracts, and some of those Courts have positively refused to take cognizance of suits instituted for the recovery of British debts. These facts will be more fully illustrated under the next head of arrangement.\n          IInd. To advert to the conduct observed by the individual States, generally, in respect to the Treaty of Peace.\n          1st. In not repealing the laws that existed antecedently to the Pacification.\n          During the war the respective legislatures\n   Appendix A.\n of the United States passed laws \n   No. 1 to 30 inclusive\n to confiscate and sell, to sequester, take possession of, and lease, the Estates of the Loyalists, and to apply the proceeds thereof towards the redemption of Certificates and Bills of Credit, or towards defraying the expences of the war\u2014to enable Debtors to pay into the State Treasuries or Loan Offices paper money then exceedingly depreciated, in discharge of their debts. Under some of the laws, many individuals were attainted by name, others were banished for ever from the Country, and, if found within the state, declared felons without benefit of Clergy. In some States, the Estates and rights of married women, of widows and of minors, and of persons, who had died within the territories possessed by the British arms, were forfeited. Authority also was given to the executive department to require persons who adhered to the Crown, to surrender themselves by a given day and to abide their trials for High Treason; in failure of which the parties so required were attainted, were subject to, and suffered all the pains, penalties and forfeitures awarded against persons attainted of High Treason. In one State (New York) a power was vested in the Courts to prefer Bills of Indictment against Persons alive or dead, who had adhered to the King, or joined his fleets or armies (if in full life and generally reputed to hold or claim, or, if dead, to have held or claimed, at the time of their decease, real or personal Estate)\u2014And upon notice or neglect to appear and traverse the Indictment, or, upon trial and conviction, the persons charged in the Indictment, whether in full life or deceased, were respectively declared guilty of the offences charged, and their Estates were forfeited, whether in possession, reversion or remainder. In some of the States confiscated property \n was applied to the purposes of public buildings and improvements, in others \n was appropriated as rewards to individuals for military services rendered during the war, and in one instance Property mortgaged \n to a British Creditor was liberated from the incumbrance by a special act of the legislature, as a provision for the representatives of the mortgager who had fallen in battle.\n          A general repeal of these laws, under the stipulated exceptions, would have been a compliance with the terms of the Treaty of Peace. But the restitution of the Estates, rights and properties, of real British Subjects, or of persons resident in districts in possession of his Majesty\u2019s arms, and who had not borne arms against the United  States, was not provided for by any local law or general regulation, nor did any such law or regulation prevail to support persons of other descriptions in their endeavors to obtain the restitution of such of their Estates, rights and properties as had been confiscated. Some of the State legislatures, it is true, soon after the Peace, passed Acts, in conformity to the Treaty, to provide against farther Confiscations, and to deliver up, under certain conditions and assessments, such lands and tenements, the property of persons described in Confiscation Laws, as had not been confiscated by process of law. Other States have, in certain instances, upon application of the children or friends of attainted Persons, passed laws to restore the ownership of forfeited Estates, upon the payment of a given price in depreciated Certificates, and, in others, without exacting any consideration for the property restored. Acts of Pardon and Oblivion are also to be found in the Statute Book of some of the States, but fettered with such qualifications, exceptions and restraints, as to exclude effectually from the hope of recovery or restitution numbers who were expressly within the meaning and intention of the treaty.\n          2nd. In enacting laws subsequent to the Peace in contravention of the Treaty.\n          In stating the particular acts that relate to this head of arrangement, it will be proper to place them in three classes.\n            1. Such as relate to the Estates of the Loyalists;\n            2. Such as respect their persons; and lastly,\n            3. Such as obstruct the recovery of debts due to the subjects of the Crown.\n          1. Many of the confiscated Estates being undisposed of, not only at the time the preliminary articles of peace were signed, but even after the conclusion of the definitive Treaty, it would have been perfectly consistent with Justice, and that spirit of conciliation, which ought to have prevailed upon the return of the blessings of Peace, to have suspended the sales of property not then disposed of, to have repealed the laws of confiscation, under certain limitations, and to have restored the rights of married women, of widows and of minors: and though the policy of the different State Governments might exact a rigid adherence to forfeitures incurred by persons who had actually borne arms during the war, yet such a suspension of sales, repeal of laws and restitution of property might have been effected with great convenience in a number of instances, and might have been liberally extended to real British Subjects, and to persons, who had not borne arms against the United States, but who from local residence were liable to the imputation of offence and to the operation of severe penal laws.\n          But immediately after the preliminary articles were signed, and for  many\n   Appendix B\n years subsequent to the peace, acts passed the different legislatures \n of the United States\u2014to confirm forfeitures and confiscations made by virtue of former laws \n\u2014to secure in their possessions persons who had purchased forfeited lands, tenements, goods and chattels\u2014to sell confiscated property \n that remained unsold\u2014to resell such as had been already sold,\n and to which no title had been given\u2014and to release \n from their bargains persons who had misconceived the modes of payment.\n In one State (Georgia) many years subsequent to the Peace, an act passed, to compel, under severe penalties, the discovery of debts due to merchants and subjects of the Crown of Great Britain, that had been sequestered by particular regulations. Under this act the Auditor of that state has published a formal notice, manifesting his determination to pursue the rigid letter of the law, and to sequester British debts, in \n defiance of the solemnity of national engagements. In another State (Maryland) offers have even been held out by legislative authority to persons who, within limited periods, should make discovery of British property, to compound for the same by granting certain portions of such as should be discovered: And these legislative acts extended to forfeited rights and property, generally, without discrimination or distinctions of persons plainly defined in the treaty; distinctions which the spirit of conciliation and the feelings of humanity most forcibly recommended, and which the respective States were fully competent to establish and enforce, when applied to estates and property, either unsold at the period of the peace, or for which (owing to the default of the purchasers) no titles had been given.\n          2nd. In respect to the persons who under the Treaty of Peace were to have free liberty to come to any part of the United States, the permission in their favor was in terms the most general and unqualified; and though the period, in which persons of one description were to remain in this Country, was restricted, none, however exceptionable their political Conduct might have been considered by the United States, were debarred from the means, of personal application, and of endeavoring to obtain the restitution of such of their estates, rights and properties as had been confiscated. As to those who, under the appellation of British Subjects had incurred no other imputation of criminality than that of adherence to their Sovereign, and as to others, who, though resident in districts in possession of his Majesty\u2019s forces, had not borne arms against the United States, the express provision in the treaty for the restitution of the Estates and properties of persons of both these descriptions certainly comprehended a virtual acquiescence in their right to reside, where their property was situated, and to be restored to the privileges of Citizenship: This virtual acquiescence may  be justly assumed as an argument in favor even of those, who had borne arms against the United States, and who (if any instances of this kind existed) had been successful in their endeavors to obtain the restoration of their confiscated Estates on refunding to the purchasers the bon\u00e2 fide price that had been paid. Acts however of proscription, attainder and banishment, which had passed during the war, and which extended not only to those who had borne arms against the United States, but also to those who had borne arms against their allies; to persons\n   Appendix C\n who had left particular states and gone off with the fleets or armies of Great Britain\u2014to those \n who had attached themselves to, adhered to, or taken the protection of the government, fleets or armies of Great Britain; who were and still remained absent from the states; who had withdrawn themselves from and still resided beyond the limits of the United States\u2014though repealed as to certain individuals therein named, remained in full force against numbers of every description of persons defined in the Treaty. And subsequent to the Peace, Acts passed several of the State Legislatures \n for the purpose of asserting the rights of the States, \n for preserving their independence, and expelling such aliens \n as might be dangerous to the peace and good order of government, whereby persons who had left the States, gone off \n to or taken the protection of the government, fleet or armies of Great Britain, or aided, assisted or abetted the same, or had borne arms,\n exercised or accepted military commands, or owned or fitted out armed vessels to cruize against the United States or their allies, or had been joined to the fleets or armies, or to any volunteer corps of the King, or had held any office at particular boards instituted during the war\u2014and all other absentees named in divers acts \n of confiscation, or who had been banished, or sent out of the States, were forbidden to return without licence \n at their peril, or were subject to disqualifications, to prosecution and tedious imprisonment, if they remained after notice \n given to depart the State. In some States the ceremony of notice was dispensed with, and the parties upon being found therein were liable to imprisonment, to the confiscation of the property they possessed,\n and in other States to the penalty of death. In some of the States, it is true, permission was given to certain individuals to return unconditionally but in others \n the indulgence was of momentary duration, and the unfortunate objects of it were then banished from their Connections and friends for ever.\n          To this it may be added that though the Treaty of peace expressly declares that no future confiscations shall be made nor any prosecutions commenced against any persons for or by reason of the part which they might have taken during the war, confiscation acts\n have passed  since the preliminary articles were signed, and sales have been made of confiscated Estates long since the Peace; Acts have also passed for granting effectual relief in cases\n of trespasses, and pointing out modes for the recovery of property acquired while the King\u2019s troops occupied particular districts, whereby it was made lawful for any inhabitants of the State, who had left their places of abode, and had not since voluntarily put themselves into the power of the King\u2019s troops, to bring actions of trespass against any person who had occupied, injured or destroyed their Estate either real or personal within the power of the King\u2019s troops, or against persons who had received or purchased such goods or effects; and the purchasers of property, under sales made in districts occupied by the Royal Army, were required to restore and deliver up the same under the penalty \n of forfeiting treble the value of such property, so obtained, and neglected to be delivered or restored; to the great inconvenience of many who had used, possessed, or acquired real and personal property, under the sanction of the only authority existing in the districts wherein the property was situated, an authority justified by the laws and usages of nations, and confirmed by the letter and spirit of the Treaty of Peace. The Persons who were the objects of the Trespass law were still more oppressed by it\u2019s operation, in consequence of a subsequent act \n suspending prosecutions for acts done to promote the American cause, which was manifestly levelled at the friends of the Crown, and deprived them of the means of satisfaction for those acts of outrage, which had involved them in loss and ruin. And in order to provide for the enforcement of these Trespass laws \n against Absentees, the remedy of attachment against absconding Debtors was extended to the recovery of Damages sustained by the injury, destruction or occupancy of real or personal Estates during the war, whereby Absentees, though in a state of legal exile, were considered as absconding Debtors.\n          3rd. The securing of the enormous debt due from the Citizens of the United States to the merchants of Great Britain, being an object of important consideration to his Majesty\u2019s Government in arranging and discussing the terms of the Treaty of Peace, was expressly provided for in it; though stipulations of that nature are not usual in treaties between independent nations: as the engagements of individuals of different countries are not liable to the intervention of partial local regulations, but rest upon the sacred and permanent basis of universal justice. The magnitude of this object cannot therefore be better ascertained than by this circumstance and accordingly a solemn and unequivocal stipulation was introduced into the Treaty, \u201cthat Creditors, on either side, should meet with no lawful impediment to the recovery of the full  value in sterling money of all bon\u00e2 fide debts heretofore contracted\u201d; a stipulation as precise and definite as to the measure and mode of recovery and payment, as it was general and unqualified in respect to the debts to be recovered. \u201cThe full value in sterling money\u201d could only mean the value, to be ascertained by the nature and terms of the original contract between Debtor and Creditor, and to be paid in sterling money, according to the rate of exchange prevailing between the two Countries. \u201cAll bon\u00e2 fide debts heretofore contracted\u201d comprehended every species of debt, due to the Creditors on either side, contracted antecedent to, and which remained unpaid at, the period of concluding the Treaty of Peace.\n          Hithert\u00f2 Great Britain has anxiously, though in vain, expected from the United States the fulfilment of this article\n   Appendix D\n in behalf of her suffering merchants: But prohibitions of suits and personal disabilities,\n created during the war, to commence actions remained unrepealed and have been protracted to periods subsequent to the peace. Acts \n too have passed \n since the peace suspending for a time the recovery of debts and the issuing of executions. Courts have been authorized by law to direct and admit the reduction of interest; \n and the absolute reduction of interest for a limited number of years has been provided for. Laws \n which \n existed before the war, compelling Creditors to take the debtor\u2019s land at an appraised value, remained unrepealed, notwithstanding the change of circumstances \n in the two Countries had, in some of the State Courts, tended to establish principles of alienage which have been carried to so rigorous an extent, applied to British Subjects, as to inspire doubts of their competency to acquire or hold real property within the United States. New tender and valuation Laws \n have been passed subsequent to the Peace, by the operation of which Creditors were reduced to the alternative, \n either of accepting under partial appraisements resulting from prescribed modes \n of valuation real and personal property which bore no proportion to the value of the original debt, and for which they could command no price whatsoever; or of having the persons of their Debtors protected from Arrests or discharged from executions. \n British Subjects and their agents were compelled to give security to pay all just debts due from the Creditors to any citizen of the state, as far as the amount of the debts to be collected, before any debtor \n could be compelled to make payment. Paper money emitted and made current for a number of years was constituted legal tender for payment and discharge of any debt, bargain or sale, bond, mortgage, specialty or contract whatsoever \u201calready made or hereafter to be made\u201d either for sterling money, silver money, dollars or any species \n of gold or silver. Instalment laws \n have passed restraining for a time the  commencement of suits and then limiting the modes of recovering all debts due previous to the month of February 1782, and of obligations taken since that time for debts previously incurred, to three annual payments of one third of the principal and interest in each successive year:\n These restrictions and limitations were afterwards extended to all debts contracted previous to the 1st January 1787; and when these limitations, in which the British merchants most patiently and benevolently acquiesced, were about to expire, a new Instalment Law \n was passed, protracting the period of payments five years longer and restraining the recovery even of bonds or notes, given payable according to the instalment prescribed by the former acts, to the manner directed in the last Instalment law.\n          It is worthy of observation that this latter Instalment Law passed subsequent to the formation of the federal Constitution, which ordains that all Treaties, made, or which should be made, under the authority of the United States, should be the supreme law of the land, and that the Judges in each state, should be bound thereby and every Senator and Representative of the United States, members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers both of the United States and of the several states, were to be bound by Oath or Affirmation to support that Constitution.\n          3rd. The last point of discussion relates to the decisions of State Courts upon questions affecting the rights of British Subjects; in respect to which the dispensations of law have for the most part, been as unpropitious to the subjects of the Crown as the legislative acts of the different Assemblies throughout this continent: It must however be allowed that in one State (Massachusetts Bay) where great property was at stake, Justice has been liberally dispensed, and, notwithstanding a particular regulation of the State warranted the deduction of that portion of the interest on British debts which accrued during the war, the Courts, in conformity to the plain terms of the Treaty, have admitted and directed the Quantum of the demand to be regulated by the original Contract; and where the Contract bore interest, or the custom of the trade justified the charge, the full interest has been allowed to British Creditors, notwithstanding the intervention of war. On the other hand it is to be lamented, that in a more distant state (Georgia) it was a received Principle, inculcated by an opinion of the highest judicial authority there, that as no legislative act of the state existed, confirming the treaty of peace with Great Britain, war still continued between the two countries; a principle which may perhaps still continue in that state, as it is one of those that have not to this  moment, paid any municipal regard to the different recommendations of Congress to the several legislatures, to repeal all laws inconsistent with the Treaty of Peace.\n          The decisions of the State Courts having affected the claims and persons of British Subjects, a short view will be taken of some of the most important decisions, under these two heads.\n          1st. In the prosecution of claims, instituted by British merchants for debts contracted previous to the war, proof of the usage of the Trade to allow interest after the expiration of a year on the amount of the goods shipped, or of the specific contract between the Debtor and Creditor has been uniformly establshed; the full value of the debt, to be recovered, ought consequently to have been nothing short of the debt and interest according to the usage of the trade or to the terms\n   Appendix E\n of the Contract: \n But under the direction of many of the Courts, Juries have invariably abated interest on the British debts for seven years and a half. Even the solemnity of obligations \n has not been found of sufficient force to secure the Creditor from this deduction, it having been determined that obligations, which on the face of the Contract itself bore interest, were upon no better footing in this respect than Book Debts, in which the intervention of war and the prohibitory resolves of Congress were deemed sufficient Grounds to destroy the usage between the British and American Trader, by abating the interest for the period the war continued; and that as the Debtor was deprived of the means of making payment, unless by a violation of a positive restrictive law, prohibiting remittances as a means of strengthening the enemy, and as it would have been criminal to have remitted during the war, no man should suffer for his obedience to the laws, or be answerable for the interest while the laws of the land restrained him from remitting the principal. The treaty of Peace too has been considered as having no effect upon this question, it having been held that the Treaty only secured the mutual recovery of debts, when the amount was ascertained; but the amount of the debts was to be settled by the laws of the land.\n          In one state particularly, in which the claim of interest\n has been generally involved in the recovery of British debts, that had been paid in consequence of legislative acts into the State Treasury, the superior Court of the State determined, that the construction of the Treaty and the acts of the State intitled the Creditor to recover the principal of his debt and all interest thereon, which had not arisen during the war, and that as by the intervention of war the means of recovering British debts were suspended, the claim of interest during the suspension,  was inadmissible. It was admitted that notwithstanding the payments into the Treasury the Treaty of Peace restored the right of action; but interest was recoverable only from the date of the definitive Treaty.\n          In one of the Southern States (Virginia) where debts to a very considerable amount are depending, the suits, that have been instituted for their recovery, have been referred to the district Courts of the State, and some of the Causes having stood for several years under a mere formal continuance upon the records have been adjourned, for difficulty, to the General Court, wherein they still remain undecided, and others, it is said, have been actually dismissed. The delay of Justice, operating equally\n as a denial of Justice, would have been effectually reformed in that State by the provisions of a particular law giving summary relief in determining disputes wherein Subjects of those Countries, which had acknowledged or should hereafter recognize the independence of the United States, were parties against the Citizens of that state; but unfortunately for the British Creditors, upon the conclusion of Peace, it was soon found that this summary relief extended to British debts in common with the claims of other foreigners whose Sovereigns had recognized the independence of the United States, and that some of the Judges favored the idea; and so much of the act as points out and authorizes the mode of proceeding in suits wherein foreigners were \n parties, was repealed, and at this moment the means of recovery depend solely upon limitations and conditions \n created by local regulations, which are in direct opposition to the recommendatory resolves of Congress and palpable infractions of the fourth article of the Treaty of Peace.\n          The few attempts to recover British debts in the County Courts of that State have universally failed; and these are the Courts wherein from the smallness of the sum, a considerable number of debts can only be recovered.\n          A farther hardship, under which the British Creditors labor, is that they are answerable and proceeded against by Course of Law for every claim brought against them; when at this moment it is not a settled point whether even the federal Court, in that district, will entertain, in their behalf, suits to which that Jurisdiction is competent, the Circuit Court of the United States, after very solemn argument, having adjourned the Question.\n          In addition to these observations it is necessary to mention, that in some others of the Southern States, there does not exist a single instance of the recovery of a British Debt in their Courts, though so many years have expired since the establishment of Peace between the two Countries.\n          2nd. The proceedings of the State Courts upon points, which affected the persons of British Subjects have been equally repugnant to the Terms of the Treaty. In one State suits have been instituted under the acts\n for granting a more effectual relief in cases of certain trespasses, for the recovery of damages resulting from the occupancy of estates, held in districts in the possession of his Majesty\u2019s arms, by virtue of licence and permission from the Commanders in Chief; and though the licence and permission were pleaded, and it was stated upon the record that after the declaration of independence by Congress, there was open war between the two Countries\u2014that the place where the Estates were situate continued in the uninterrupted Possession of the Royal Army during the whole period they were occupied under such licence and permission, and as long as the same remained in force\u2014that by the Treaty of Peace the claim which the subjects or citizens of either of the contracting Parties had to recompence or retribution for injuries done to each other in consequence of or relating to the war, were mutually relinquished and released\u2014that the Parties, against whom the suits were instituted, were subjects of the Crown, residing in a district occupied by the Royal Army, where the Estate in question was situate, under the protection of the King then at war with this Country: These Pleas were overruled by the Court as insufficient, and Damages have been awarded against the Parties for the time the Estates were so occupied by them, to the great injury of numbers who had during the war actually paid a competent rent for the property they occupied, under the authority of the Commander in Chief.\n          In another State an indictment has lately been preferred against a\n subject of the Crown for the murder of a citizen of the United States found under suspicious circumstances within the Royal lines. Though the Grand Jury did not find the bill of indictment against the party, as the facts alledged were not sufficiently proved, they postponed a farther inquiry to a future time, to give the prosecutor an opportunity of producing farther testimony, in which the Court acquiesced and refused to discharge the Prisoner, observing when the Counsel moved for his discharge, that the Commission for holding the Court of Oyer and Terminer did not expire for some months, and the Court would again sit before the Period expired. The Prisoner was however admitted to bail upon his own recognizance in \u00a3500 and two Sureties in \u00a3250 each; but as his friends doubted the disposition of the Court to determine according to the terms of the Treaty, they thought it more prudent to suffer the forfeiture of the recognizances, than to put his life again into jeopardy.\n          In that state also actions of trespass have been instituted for taking  and driving off Cattle during the war, converting indictable offences into civil suits with a view of eluding the stipulations of the Treaty; but with what success has not been ascertained.\n          Upon this last head of arrangement, it is only necessary farther to observe that the prosecutions in the cases specified are all direct and positive violations of the sixth article of the Treaty of Peace.\n          From the foregoing detail it is evident\u2014that the recommendations of Congress to the respective State-legislatures have in some of the states been totally disregarded, and in none have produced that complete and extensive effect which Great Britain, from the stipulations of the Treaty, was perfectly justifiable in expecting and requiring\u2014that, since the Peace, many of the States have passed laws in direct contravention of the definitive treaty, and essentially injurious to the estates, rights and properties of British Subjects, in whose favor precise distinctions were clearly defined and expressed in the treaty\u2014that although some of the States may have repealed their exceptionable laws partially or generally, yet in a majority of the states they still exist in full force and validity\u2014and that in some of the State Courts actions have been commenced and prosecuted with success against individuals for the part they had taken in the war; which actions were in their origin positive contraventions of the sixth article of the treaty, and in their consequences materially detrimental to the rights and property of many subjects of the Crown of Great Britain.\n          In consequence of the violation of the treaty in these particulars, great numbers of his Majesty\u2019s subjects have been reduced to a state of penury and distress, and the nation of Great Britain has been involved in the payment to them of no less a sum than four millions sterling, as a partial compensation for the losses they had sustained.\n          It is farther manifest that the stipulation in the fourth article of the treaty, which provides for the recovery of the debts due to the subjects of the two Countries respectively, has been not only evaded in many of the states, but that municipal regulations have been established in them in avowed contravention of it\u2014and that in many instances the means and prospect of obtaining redress are nearly as remote as ever. Since in one State, in which a Sum far exceeding one million sterling is still due to British Creditors, the supreme federal Court has thought proper to suspend for many months the final judgment on an action of debt brought by a British Creditor, and since, in the same State, the County Courts (which alone can take cognizance of debts of a limited amount) have uniformly rejected all suits instituted for the recovery of sums due to the Subjects of the Crown of Great Britain.\n          The delay, which has arisen in the administration of justice, has  with equal propriety been stated as equivalent to an infraction of the treaty: For by the effect of that delay many descriptions of his Majesty\u2019s Subjects have been exposed not only to material inconvenience, but in various cases to the ruin and absolute loss of their property.\n          The conduct of Great Britain in all these respects has been widely different from that which has been observed by the United States. In the former Country, the Legislature has never harboured the intention of enacting regulations, which might invalidate a national compact, or affect the sacred tenor of engagements contracted between individuals. And in the Courts of Law, the Citizens of the United States have experienced without exception the same protection and impartial distribution of justice as the subjects of the Crown. Examples can be adduced of judgment having been given in favor of American Creditors in actions of debt brought even against Loyalists, the whole of whose property had been seized by legislative acts of the States, in which it was situated, and appropriated in the first instance to the liquidation of the very description of debts, for which these suits were commenced against them in England.\n          Such is the nature of the specific facts, which the King my master has considered as infractions of the Treaty on the part of the United States, and in consequence of which his Majesty has deemed it expedient to suspend the full execution on his part of the seventh article of that treaty. On this head also it is necessary to premise the following evident distinction\u2014that the King has contented himself with a mere suspension of that article of the treaty, whereas the United States have not only withheld from subjects of the Crown that redress to which they were entitled under the terms of the treaty, but also many of the States have, subsequent to the peace, passed new legislative regulations, in violation of the treaty, and imposing additional hardships on individuals, whom the national faith of the United States was pledged, under precise and solemn stipulations, to insure and protect from future injury.\n          On the grounds therefore of the irreparable injury, which many classes of his subjects have sustained, and of the heavy expence to which the British nation has been subjected by the non-performance of their engagements on the part of the United States, the measure that the King has adopted (of delaying his compliance with the seventh article of the treaty) is perfectly justifiable. Nevertheless his Majesty\u2019s sincere desire to remove every occasion of misunderstanding has induced him to direct me to express his readiness, to enter into a negociation with respect to those articles of the treaty, which have not been executed by the two Countries respectively; and to consent to such  arrangements upon the subject, as, after due examination, may now be found to be of mutual convenience and not inconsistent with the just claims and rights of his subjects.\u2014I have the honor to be, with sincere respect and esteem, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant,\n            Geo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0181", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Appendices, 5 March 1792\nFrom: Unknown\nTo: \n          Appendices\n          Appendix A\n              Act of New Hampshire to confiscate Estates of sundry Persons therein named\u2014passed November 28 1778.\n              Act of Massachusetts Bay to prevent the return of certain Persons therein named, and others who had left  that state or either of the United States and joined the Enemies thereof\u2014passed in 1778.\n              Act of Massachusetts Bay to confiscate the Estates of certain notorious Conspirators against the Government and liberties of the inhabitants of the late Province now State of Massachusetts Bay\u2014passed in 1779.\n              Act of Rhode Island to confiscate and sequester Estates, and banish persons of certain descriptions\u2014passed October 1775\u2014February, March, May, June, July, August, October 1776\u2014February and October 1778\u2014February, May, August, September, October 1779\u2014July, September, October 1780\u2014January, May 1781\u2014June, October, November 1782\u2014February, May, June, October 1783.\n              Act of Connecticut directing certain confiscated Estates to be sold\u2014Connecticut Laws\u2014fol. 56.\n              Act of New York for the forfeiture and sales of the Estates of Persons who have adhered to the enemies of the State\u2014passed 22 October 1779.\n              Act of New York for the immediate sale of part of the confiscated Estates\u2014passed March 10. 1780.\n              Act of New York approving the act of Congress relative to the Finances of the United States and making provision for redeeming that State\u2019s proportion of Bills of Credit to be emitted\u2014passed 15 June 1780.\n              Act of New York to procure a sum in specie for the purpose of redeeming a portion of the bills emitted &c\u2014passed 7 October 1780.\n              Act of New Jersey to punish Traitors and disaffected Persons\u2014passed 4 October 1776.\n              Act of New Jersey for taking charge of and leasing the real Estates, and for forfeiting personal Estates of certain Fugitives and Offenders\u2014passed April 18. 1778.\n              Act of New Jersey for forfeiting to and vesting in the State the real Estates of certain Fugitives and offenders\u2014passed 11 Decr. 1778.\n              Act of New Jersey supplemental to the act (No. 10) to punish Traitors and disaffected Persons\u2014passed October 3. 1782.\n              Act of Pennsylvania for the attainder of divers Traitors and for vesting their Estates in the Commonwealth if they render not themselves by a certain day\u20146 March 1778.\n              Act of Delaware declaring Estates of certain Persons forfeited and themselves incapable of being elected to any office\u2014passed 5 February 1778.\n              Act of Maryland for calling out of circulation the Quota, of the State, of the Bills of credit issued by Congress\u2014October 1780.\n              By the 11th Section of this act persons indebted to  Creditors who had not become subjects and residents of the State, or had an agent constantly residing within the State, were, under certain regulations, authorized to pay these debts into the Treasury in certain species of depreciated Paper money, and the Treasurer\u2019s receipt was declared good Evidence in Law and Equity of the payment of such debt.\n              Act of Maryland to seize, confiscate and appropriate all British Property within the State\u2014passed October 1780.\n              Act of Maryland to appoint Commissioners to preserve confiscated British Property\u2014passed October 1780.\n              Act of Maryland to procure a loan and for the sale of escheat lands and the confiscated British Property therein mentioned\u2014passed October 1780.\n              Act of Virginia for sequestering British Property, enabling those indebted to British Subjects to pay off such debts &c\u2014passed October 1777.\n              Act of Virginia concerning escheats and forfeitures from British Subjects\u2014May 1779.\n              Act of Virginia to amend the act concerning Escheats &c\u2014passed May 1779.\n              Act of Virginia to amend the act concerning escheats and forfeitures\u2014passed October 1779.\n              Act of Virginia to adjust and regulate pay and account of officers of Virginia line\u2014passed November 1781.\n              Act of Virginia for providing more effectual Funds for redemption of Certificates\u2014passed May 1782.\n              Act of North Carolina for confiscating the property of all such persons as are inimical to the United States &c\u2014passed November 1777.\n              Act of North Carolina to carry into effect the last mentioned act\u2014passed Jany. 1779.\n              Act of South Carolina for disposing of certain Estates and banishing certain persons therein mentioned\u2014passed 26 February 1782.\n              Act of South Carolina to amend the last mentioned act\u2014passed 16 March 1783.\n              Act of Georgia for inflicting Penalties on and confiscating the Estates of such persons as are therein declared guilty of Treason and for other purposes therein mentioned\u2014passed May 4 1782.\n              Act of South Carolina to vest 180 acres of land, late property of James Holmes, in certain persons in trust for the benefit of a public school\u2014passed 15 August 1783.\n              Act of Virginia for removal of seat of Government\u2014passed May Sess. 1779. See No. 21.\n              Act of New Jersey to appropriate a certain forfeited Estate\u2014passed 23 December 1783.\n              Act of Maryland for the benefit of the children of Major Andrew Leitch\u201415 June 1782.\n          Appendix B\n              Act of Massachusetts in addition to an act made and passed the present year (1784) intitled an act for repealing two laws of this State passed\u201410 November 1784. See Appendix C No. 2.\n              Act of North Carolina to secure and quiet in their possessions all such as have or may purchase lands goods &c sold or hereafter to be sold by the Commissioners of forfeited Estates\u2014passed December 29 1785.\n              Act of North Carolina directing the sale of confiscated property\u2014passed October sess. 1784.\n              Act of Georgia to authorize the Auditor to liquidate the demands of such persons as have claims against the confiscated Estates\u2014passed 22 February 1785.\n              Ordinance of South Carolina for amending and explaining the Confiscation Act\u2014passed 26 March 1784.\n              Act of South Carolina to amend the Confiscation act and for other purposes therein mentioned\u2014passed 22 March 1786.\n              Act of Georgia releasing certain persons from their Bargains &c\u2014passed 29 July 1783.\n              Act of Georgia to compel the settlement of public accounts, for inflicting Penalties, and for vesting Auditor with certain Powers\u2014passed 10 February 1787.\n              Act of Maryland to vest certain powers in the Governor and Council. Sect. 3rd.\u2014passed November sess. 1785.\n              Act of Maryland to empower Governor and Council to compound with the discoverers of British Property and for other purposes\u2014passed November sess. 1788.\n          Appendix C\n              See Acts of Confiscation, Banishment &c referred to in Appendix A\u2014No. 1 to 30 inclusive.\n              Act of North Carolina of Pardon and oblivion\u2014passed April sess. 1788.\n              Act of Massachusetts Bay for repealing two laws of the State and for asserting the right of that free and sovereign Commonwealth to expel such aliens as may be dangerous to the Peace and good Order of Government\u2014passed 24 March 1784.\n              Act of Georgia for ascertaining the rights of aliens  and pointing out a mode for the admission of Citizens\u2014passed 7th February 1785.\n              Act of New York to preserve the freedom and independence of the State and for other purposes therein mentioned\u2014passed 12 May 1784.\n              Act of Virginia prohibiting the migration of certain persons to that Commonwealth and for other purposes therein mentioned\u2014passed October sess. 1783.\n              Act of Virginia to explain, amend and reduce into one act the several acts for the admission of Emigrants to the rights of Citizenship and prohibiting the migration of certain Persons to that Commonwealth\u2014passed October sess. 1786.\n              Act of North Carolina to describe and ascertain such persons as owed allegiance to the State and to impose certain disqualifications on certain persons therein named\u2014passed October sess. 1784.\n              Act of North Carolina to amend the last mentioned act\u2014passed November sess. 1785.\n              Act of South Carolina restoring to certain persons their Estates and for permitting the said Persons to return and for other purposes\u201426 March 1784.\n              See Appendix A No. 28. By act of 26th February 1782 penalties of Confiscation and Banishment were inflicted on certain persons described in Lists 1, 2. 3. 4. 5, and, though it appears by the foregoing act, that the persons named in Lists No 1. 2. 3 were restored to their Estates under certain Assessments and Limitations, and permitted to return and reside in the state under certain disqualifications, the penalties of the act of 26th February 1782 still prevail against those Persons mentioned in the Lists No. 4 and 5, who are liable to suffer death, if they return to the State after being sent out of it.\n              Act of Rhode Island to send out of the State N. Spink and Jno. Underwood, who had formerly joined the Enemy and were returned into Rhode Island\u2014passed 27 May 1783.\n              Act of Rhode Island, to send Willm. Young, theretofore banished, out of the State, and forbidden to return at his peril\u2014passed 8 June 1783.\n              Act of Rhode Island allowing Wm. Brenton, late an absentee, to visit his family for one week, then sent away not to return\u2014passed June 12. 1789.\n              Act of Rhode Island to banish S. Knowles (whose Estate had been forfeited) on pain of death if he return\u2014passed October 1783.\n              Act of Pennsylvania to attaint Harry Gordon unless he surrender himself by a given day (24 July 1783) and the seizure of his Estates by the Agents of forfeited Estates confirmed\u2014passed 31 January 1783.  This act passed after the provisional articles were signed and the time limited for the surrender of Mr. Gordon\u2019s person was many months after the account reached the United States. Part of Mr. Gordon\u2019s real Estate was sold in consequence of an order of the executive Council of Pennsylvania made in the year 1790.\n              Act of New York for granting a more effectual relief in cases of certain Trespasses\u2014passed 17 March 1783.\n              Act of Georgia to point out the mode for the recovery of property unlawfully acquired under the British usurpation and withheld from the rightful owners and for other purposes\u2014passed 17 February 1783.\n              Act of New York for suspending the prosecutions therein mentioned\u2014passed 21 March 1783.\n              Act of New York to amend an act entitled \u201can act for relief against absconding and absent Debtors\u201d and to extend the remedy of the act entitled \u201can act for granting a more effectual relief in cases of certain Trespasses and for other purposes therein mentioned\u2014passed May 4 1784.\n          Appendix D\n              Act of North Carolina for establishing Courts of Law and for regulating the proceedings therein. Sect. 101\u2014passed November sess. 1777.\n              Act of Virginia for directing the mode of adjusting and settling the payment of certain debts and contracts\u2014passed November sess. 1781.\n              Act of Virginia to repeal so much of a former act as suspends the issuing Executions upon certain Judgments until December 1783\u2014passed May sess. 1782.\n              Act of Virginia to amend an act entitled \u201can act to repeal so much of a former act as suspends the issuing executions on certain judgments until December 1783\u201d\u2014passed Oct. sess. 1782.\n              Act of Virginia to revive and continue the several acts of Assembly for suspending the issuing executions on certain judgments until December 1783\u2014passed October sess. 1783.\n              Act of Maryland to prevent suits on certain debts for a limited time\u2014passed April sess. 1782.\n              Ordinance of South Carolina respecting suits for the recovery of debts\u2014passed 26 March 1784.\n              Act of Connecticut relative to debts due to persons who have been and remained within the Enemy\u2019s power or lines during the late war\u2014passed May sess. 1784.\n              Act of Massachusetts Bay directing the Justices of the Courts of Judicature to suspend rendering judgment for any interest that might have accrued between the 19  April 1775 and the 20th January 1783 on debts due to British Subjects\u2014passed 9 November 1784.\n              Old Act of Maryland.\n              } Case of Thomas Harrison\u2019s representatives in the Chancery Court of Maryland.\n              Case of Bayard and Singleton decided in North Carolina.\n              Act of Rhode Island to enable any Debtor in Gaol on Execution at the suit of any Creditor to tender real, or certain specific articles of personal, Estate\u2014passed March 1786.\n              Act of New Jersey to direct modes of proceeding on writs of fieri facias and for transferring Lands and Chattels for payment of debts\u201423 March 1786.\n              Act of S. Carolina for regulating Sales under Executions and for other purposes therein mentioned\u2014passed 12 October 1785.\n              Act of Maryland for the settlement of public accounts and to appoint persons to collect the debts due to persons convicted of treason and for a specific performance of certain contracts made by British Subjects previous to the revolution\u2014passed November sess. 1786.\n              Acts of Rhode Island of May and June 1775, of January, July and Septr. 1776, of February 1777, and of May 1786.\n              Act of New Jersey for making Bills emitted by the act for raising a revenue of \u00a33159.5 per annum for 25 years legal tender\u2014passed 1st June 1786.\n              Act of New Jersey for striking and making current \u00a3100.000 in Bills of Credit to be let out on loan\u2014passed 26 May 1786.\n              Act of Georgia for emitting the sum of \u00a350.000 in Bills of Credit and for establishing a Fund for the redemption and for other purposes therein mentioned\u201414 Augt. 1786.\n              Ordinance of South Carolina respecting suits for the recovery of debts\u2014passed 26 March 1784.\n              Act of South Carolina to regulate the recovery and payment of debts and prohibiting the importation of negroes &c\u2014passed 28 March 1787.\n              Act of South Carolina to regulate the payment and recovery of debts and to prohibit the importation of Negroes for the time therein limited\u2014passed 4 Novr. 1788.\n          Appendix E\n              Case of Wm Neate\u2019s Executors against Comfort Sands\u2014decided in the supreme Court of New York.\n              Case of Osborne against Mifflin\u2019s Executors\u2014decided in the supreme Court of Pennsylvania.\n              Case of Hoare against Allen\u2014decided in the same Court.\n              Case of Stewardson Administrator of Mildred against Dorsey decided in the general Court of Maryland.\n              Act of Virginia for the protection and encouragement of the Commerce of nations acknowledging the independence of the United States of America\u2014Oct. sess. 1779.\n              Act of Virginia to repeal part of an act for the protection and encouragement of the Commerce of nations acknowledging the independence of the United States of America\u2014passed 31 December 1787.\n              Act of Virginia to repeal so much of all and every act or acts of Assembly as prohibits the recovery of British Debts\u2014passed 12 December 1787.\n              Case of Rutgers against Wadington decided in the Mayor\u2019s Court of New York.\n              Case of John Smith Hatfield at a Court of Oyer and Terminer held at Bergen in the State of New Jersey in August 1789.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0182", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 5 March 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Monday Evening 5t March .92\n          Upon submitting the enclosed note from Mr. Bache to the President, he desired I would send it to you, that if you thought it right for him to be furnished with the letter wh. he requests it might be done.\u2014Should you determine in the affirmative and not have a copy of the translation at hand, I will have a copy of the one left with the President, sent to Mr. B.\n          The President has been informed that upon receiving the translation of the letter today in the Ho. of Representatives, a motion was made for a committee to be appointed to draft an Answer; but was dropped at that time, upon a suggestion that it might be improper for the Ho. to take it up, as it wd. undoubtedly be answered by the President.\u2014This motion was founded upon the letter\u2019s being directed To the United States of N.A.\u2014The President wishes you would look at the cover of the letter and see what the direction is there.\n          The Person who brought Mr. B.\u2019s note to me is the bearer of this to you. Thus if you should judge it proper to furnish him with a copy  of the letter he might take it with him.\u2014With true respect & perfect esteem I am Dear Sir yr mos Ob. Sert,\n            Tobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0183", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 5 March 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The enclosed papers which I have got from Mr. Beckleys office furnishes an answer to your letter. There is a Bill depending in favor of claims barred by the limitation of time\u2014which if it passes will provide for those of Owen and Woods as I understand the tenor of the Bill and the nature of their claims. As soon as the fate of the Bill is decided I shall write to the parties.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0185", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel Carroll, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            George Town March 6th 1792\n          This is principally to acknowledge the Receipt of your favour of the 1st Instant.\u2014Previous to the Receipt of it I had Recd. a line from Doctr. Stuart informing Me that He Shou\u2019d See me on the 11th. Inst. We shall then take measures to have a communication with Mr. Johnson according to circumstances. I have written to that Gentn. inclosing a Copy of yours.\u2014\n          It gives Me much pleasure to find we Shall have the Engraved plan in circulation soon, which is not only essintial against the Next Sales but to the Object in general.\u2014I am, Dear Sir, with great esteem & regard yr Most Obt & respectfull Hble Servt,\n            Danl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0186", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\n            Gentlemen\n          It having been found impracticable to employ Majr. Lenfant about the federal city, in that degree of subordination which was lawful and proper, he has been notified that his services are at an end. It is now proper that he should receive the reward of his past services, and the wish that he should have no just cause of discontent suggests that it should be liberal. The President thinks of 2500. or 3000. dollars, but leaves the determination to you.\u2014Ellicot is to go on, the week after the next, to finish laying off the plan on the ground, and surveying and platting the district. I have remonstrated with him on the excess of five dollars a day and his expences; and he has proposed striking off the latter; but this also is left to you, and to make the allowance retrospective. He is fully apprised that he is entirely under your orders, and that there will be no person employed but under your orders.\u2014The enemies of this enterprize will take advantage of the retirement of Lenfant to trumpet an abortion of the whole. This will require double exertions to be counteracted. I inclose you the project of a loan which is agreed on, if you approve it. Your answer will be immediately expected and it is kept entirely secret, till the subscriptions are actually opened. With this money in aid of your other funds, the works may be pushed with such spirit as to evince to the world that it will not be relaxed. The immediate employment of a superintendant, of activity and intelligence equal to the nature of his functions and the public expectation becomes important. You will doubtless also consider it as necessary to advertize immediately for plans of the capitol and President\u2019s house. The sketch of an advertizement for the plan of a capitol, which Mr. Johnson had sent to the President, is now returned with some alterations, and one also for a President\u2019s house. Both of them subject to your pleasure, and when accomodated to that, if you will return them they shall be advertized here and elsewhere. The President thinks it of primary importance to press the providing as great quantities of brick, stone, lime, plank, timber &c. this year as possible. It will occur to you that the stone should be got by a skilful hand.\u2014Knowing what will be your funds you will be able to decide which of the following works had better be undertaken for the present year.\n          The cellars of both houses.\n          The foundations of one, or both.\n          Bridge over Rock creek, and the post road brought over it.\n          The affair of Mr. Carrol of Duddington\u2019s house seems to call for settlement. The President thinks the most just course would be to rebuild the house in the same degree, using the same materials as far as they will go, and supplying what are destroyed or rendered unfit: so that the effect will be in fact only the removal of the house within his lot and in a position square with the streets.\u2014Do you not think it would be expedient to take measures for importing a number of Germans and Highlanders? This need not be to such an extent as to prevent the employment of Eastern labourers which is eligible for particular reasons. If you approve of the importation of Germans, and have a good channel for it, you will use it of course. If you have no channel, I can help you to one.\u2014Tho Roberdeau\u2019s conduct has been really blameable, yet we suppose the principal object of the arrest was to remove him off the ground. As the prosecution of him to judgment might give room to misrepresentation of the motives, perhaps you may think it not amiss to discontinue the proceedings.\u2014You will receive herewith a packet of papers among which are several projects and estimates which have been given in by different persons, and which are handed on to you, not as by any means carrying with them any degree of approbation, but merely that if you find any thing good in them, you may convert it to some account. Some of these contain the views of Lenfant. I have the honour to be with the most perfect esteem & respect Gentlemen your most obedt. & most hble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0187", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: Contract with Samuel Blodget, Jr., 6 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas,Blodget, Samuel, Jr.\nTo: \n          EnclosuresIContract with Samuel Blodget, Jr.\n          A Declaration to be made by the President\n          That the sales of lots of public property in the town of Washington shall never be extended so far but that there shall remain and be reserved so many  of the said lots unsold as shall at the rate of 100. Doll. per lot be sufficient to secure the proportion of this loan not yet reimbursed, of which lots two fifths shall be South of an East and West line drawn through the President\u2019s house, and three fifths North of that line, which said reserved lots shall be a security for the said principal not yet reimbursed and all arrears of interest.\n          On the above security it is proposed to borrow half a million of dollars\n            10,000 Dollars to be deposited by the contractor at the time of receiving the warrants, and to be forfeited if the first instalment be not compleated according to contract.\n            40,000 Doll. to be paid on theday of May next\n            50,000 Doll. on the same day of November following and so 50,000 more every six months till the whole shall have been paid.\n            The interest to be paid half yearly at the rate of 6. per cent per annum, to run on each payment from the time it is made, and to be reserveable out of each instalment, while there are instalments to be paid.\n            The whole sum is to be divided into 1000 shares of 500. Doll. each.\n            No reimbursement shall be made till theday of May 1800, after which time they may be made at such times as the borrower shall think proper, provided that no smaller sum shall be reimbursed at any one time than 25,000. dollars.\n            All payments by either party to be made at the bank of the United states or such branch thereof as the Commissioners of the federal buildings shall chuse.\n            This sketch is to be obligatory on Mr. Blodget, who contracts to take the whole loan, but not on the President or Commissioners, till the sd. Commissioners shall consent.\n          Witness Th: Jefferson\n            Sam. Blodget Junr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0189", "content": "Title: Enclosure III: An Advertisement for the President\u2019s House, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          Washington in the Territory of Columbia.\n          A Premium of 500 dollars, or a Medal of that value, at the option of the party, will be given by the Commissioners of the federal buildings to the person who before the 20th. day of July next shall produce to them the most approved plan if adopted by them for a President\u2019s house to be erected in this city. The site of the building, if the artist will attend to it, will of course influence the aspect and outline of his plan, and it\u2019s destination will point out to him the number, size and distribution of the apartments. It will be a recommendation of any plan if the central part of it may be detached and erected for the present, with the appearance of a complete whole, and be capable of admitting the additional parts in future if they shall be wanting. Drawings will be expected of the ground plats, elevations of each front, and sections thro\u2019 the building in such directions as may be necessary to explain the internal structure; and an Estimate of the Cubic feet of brickwork composing the whole mass of the walls.\n            The Commissioners", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0190", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Treasury Department March 6th. 1792\n          In consequence of the application of Mr. Andw. Ellicot, I have the honor to transmit you the Official copy of the Survey of the tract of Land purchased by the State of Pennsylvania from the United States.\n          As I conceive this as an original paper filed of record in this Office in the Execution of an Act of the Legislature, I must ask the favor of your returning it to the Treasury as soon as you shall have caused a copy of it to be made.\u2014I have the honor to be very respectfully Sir, your most obedt Servant,\n            Alexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0191", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Lisbon, 6 Mch. 1792. A Spanish courier has just brought news that the Compte de Florida Blanca is out of office and the Compte d\u2019Aranda has been appointed his successor. He does not know what other changes have occurred or what caused them, but he believes these changes are favorable  for the U.S. with respect to navigation of the Mississippi. \u201cI have often heard Mr. Carmichael say,\u2019that, if the Compte de Florida Blanca would not finally consent to our having the free Navigation of that River, he knew effectual measures might be used for removing him from office; and that he would spare no pains to carry them into effect.\u2019\u201d He anxiously awaits further news, especially since these changes indicate a badly needed new general policy. He wrote to Carmichael last week by the secretary of the British embassy in Madrid, Mr. Jackson, and he hopes to receive a reply soon.\n          There has been no material change in the Queen\u2019s condition since his letter of 14 Feb. last. According to Pinto de Sousa Coutinho, the Queen\u2019s disorder began last August. She has been unnaturally gloomy and reluctant to transact business but is now uncommonly giddy. Whether Dr. Willis will come is still uncertain. The entire kingdom wishes for the Queen\u2019s recovery.\u2014The Prince of Brazil has assumed the office of regent at the direct request of the Council of State and after eighteen physicians pronounced the Queen unfit to govern. The Prince has made no changes in government and his right to act as regent has not been questioned.\u2014An American sailor of Irish birth has been murdered by an Irishman at a drinking house in Lisbon. Although two sailors have been detained as witnesses, he doubts that the murderer will be apprehended. \u201cP.S. I have this moment conversed with a Person, who has seen the Decree which respects the change of Ministry in Spain. The expressions made use of in dismissing the Compte de Florida Blanca, soften the matter somewhat. But I am informed from another quarter, that when the Compte retired to his Estates (for which he had permission as a release from the fatigue of business) he had actually an Officer put into the Carriage to attend him. None of the Diplomatic Corps here, pretend to develope the immediate causes of his disgrace.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0192", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert R. Livingston, 6 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Livingston, Robert R.\n          The bearer hereof Mr. Ciracchi, a very celebrated sculptor from Rome, proposing to go to New York to explain the device of a monument which he proposes to erect for the United states, I take the liberty of recommending him to your advice and good offices. Independantly of his talents as an artist, you will find him a man of very superior worth; and your attentions to him will be acknoleged as obligations on Dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0193", "content": "Title: Memorandum on Deed of Lormerie, 7 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          [Jan. 15, 1792. Mr. Madison\u2019s?] recollection on the subject of Mr. de Lormerie\u2019s lands is very imperfect. He remembers that M. de Crevecoeur spoke with him at New York and enquired the measures necessary to get M. de Lormerie\u2019s deed recorded. He supposes he gave him the proper information tho\u2019 he does not particularly recollect it. He thinks he had nothing more to do in the transaction. Mr. Brown says he was present once when M. de Crevecoeur consulted Mr. Madison and himself, and that they concurred in informing him that the deed should be forwarded to be recorded either in the county court where the lands lay, or in the office of the General court of Virginia at Richmond: that he offered to take copies of the papers to carry to Kentuckey, in order to enquire into the title and quality of the lands, and being furnished with these papers, he carried them to Kentuckey and asked the favor of Mr. Brackenridge, surveyor of the county where the lands lay, to examine into the title; which he accordingly did and gave the certificate of Feb. 7. 1788. which certificate and copies of the papers he delivered to Mr. Crevecoeur on his return to New York in 1789. He recollects that Mr. Brackenridge informed him further verbally, that before Barbour, agent for Banks, took up the lands, there had been a great number of small detached entries made in different  parts, to which [no regard was paid by] Barbour, who covered the whole by his great [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.] This is the circumstance which occasioned Mr. Brackenridge to say that the title was doubtful. However Mr. Brown observes that Brackenridge and himself found on examining the course and distances of the deed to M. de Lormerie that they contain upwards of 20,000 acres: consequently though there should be some better titles to certain parts within them, there may yet be so much clear as will make up M. de Lormerie\u2019s quantity.\n          Mar. 7. 1792. Monsieur Robert now calls on me and shews me the copy of the original deed, which was authenticated before the Prevot of Paris, and also before myself, and which, had it been sent to the proper court in time in Virginia, would have been good. He shews me also Mr. Madison\u2019s answer to Monsr. de Crevecoeur, which was perfectly accurate, viz, that the deed should be presented within 18. months after it\u2019s date to the county or district court of the state to be recorded. This not having been done, the question is, which can now be done?\u2014Monsr. de Lormerie should endeavour to get his deed executed anew, and authenticated, before the chief civil officer of the town where it shall be executed and forwarded to Virginia within time to be recorded, and in the mean time his agent here should bring a suit in Chancery against the vendors to compel them to make a new title, and prevent their conveying to others. Should they plead alienage in M. de Lormerie, and should that plea prevail, the bill should go on to pray a repayment of his money and damages, and in the meanwhile that the court should hold the lands sequestered as a security for the demand.\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0195", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jos\u00e9 de Jaudenes and Jos\u00e9 Ignacio de Viar, 7 March 1792\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia 7th. March 1792\n          We have the honor to acknowledge the Receipt of your letter of the 4th. Inst. in reply whereof, and to justify the proceedings of the Government of the Havanas, respecting to Mr. Pollock\u2019s property; permit us to observe that we consider the Measures taken at that period to be of no other Nature, than those which your, and any other civilized Government would have adopted in the same Circumstances, the particulars of which must be well known to you, to Require any Repetion.\n          The Subject having changed the aspect at present, in consequence of the final arrangements made between Mr. Pollock, and ourselves, it will enable us to State the Case to the Government of the Havanas, recommending the shortest, and most satisfactory Conclusion of the affair in question, which could be found more consistent with Justice, and good understanding.\n          We shall always feel happy in having frequent opportunities of showing our perfect disposition to preserve both inviolated on our part, and to evince you of the very great esteem, and Respect with which we have the honor to be Sir, Your most obt. and most humble Servts,\n            Joseph Ignats. Viar\n            Joseph De Jaudenes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0197", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 7 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson presents his respects to the President and sends him his report on the subject of commerce with Spain, and the form of a message to the Senate. A second copy is now making out for the President\u2019s own use, so that he may send in the one now inclosed today, assured of receiving the other the moment it is finished.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0198", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [7 March 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The enclosed, sent for Mr. Jeffersons perusal, corrobates the idea held out in the communication of Mr. H\u2014d.\n            Extract from Kirkland\u2019s letter, dated Kanandaiqua Feb. 25. 1792. \u2018The British at Niagara, hold out this idea, that the U.S. will not be able to refund the confiscated tory estates. Therefore a new boundary line must be made betwixt the two powers, and that this line will probably be from the Genesee to the Ohio, and that their Ambassedor  Mr. Hammond is sent over to negociate the business. This is talked of as a serious matter at the garrison and it\u2019s vicinity.\u2019", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0199", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas FitzSimons, 8 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: FitzSimons, Thomas\n          Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Fitzsimmons, and returns Mr. Greene\u2019s memorial, submitting some alterations to him. He takes for granted Mr. Greene will accompany it with the best vouchers the nature of every fact will admit, such as authentic copies of records where a matter of record is complained of &c. This will be necessary for us, that we may not commit ourselves in a contest which will draw attention, and afterwards find the facts slip from under us, and it will be necessary at the British court to support the claims. The proofs of Mr. Greene\u2019s citizenship should be furnished, separate from the other papers, and only to be used if they advance against that fact.\n          Th: J. again presses on Mr. Fitzsimmons attention to the Consular bill on which he receives constant complaints under the head of the faith of the U.S. pledged by the Consular Convention.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0200", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Elizabeth Hylton, 8 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hylton, Elizabeth\n          Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to Miss Hylton, and by the directions of Mr. Hylton incloses her the within note which will be paid by any collector of the customs of the United States. The sum sixteen dollars and a half.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0201", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Johnson, 8 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Johnson, Thomas\n          I received your favor of Feb. 29. the day after I had written a public letter to the Commissioners, which touched on some of the subjects of yours. I may say in this private letter what could not be so well said in a public one, that there never was a moment\u2019s doubt about parting with Major Lenfant rather than with a single commissioner.\u2014I must correct an error in my public letter. I said there that the engraving would be done in three or four weeks: this idea had been given, but on further enquiry I find we cannot have it these two months.\u2014You formerly hinted the expediency of bringing the navigable canal from the little falls down to Washington. The President thinks the practicability of this should be properly examined into, as it would undoubtedly be useful.\n          In my public letter, I sent you the outlines of a proposed loan. I now inclose you a calculation, somewhat on the plan of yours. I think there is no doubt but that the lots will sell better after the employment of the money than before it. Consequently that it is better to raise money by a loan, and to sell for repayment after that money shall have been employed to raise the value of what is to be sold:\u2014the mortgage on this plan is put on the best footing possible. No doubt it will be well to be making sales for repayment as fast as they may be advantageously made, even before the lapse of the eight years.\u2014We have questioned Mr. Ellicot very particularly whether the plan now in hand is exact. He says the original one mixed conjecture with fact: but that the conjectural parts are since ascertained by exact survey, and that this plan is corrected from the survey, and may be relied on to the utmost minuteness. We see in fact that some whole squares of lots in the original plan are occupied by the channel of the creek in the  corrected one.\u2014I fear your other apprehension is better founded; to wit, that the avenues are made to converge to the ends of a building of supposed extent, that the building may very probably be of less extent, and consequently not reach the points of view created for it\u2019s use. I believe the only remedy is acquiescence for the present, and hope for the future that our building may extend with the fortunes of our government.\u2014The angular buildings at the commencement of the avenues, may probably be offensive to the eye, if not well managed. I have seen this deformity obviated by terminating the house at that end with a bow-window, with a semi-circular portico, and with other fancies.\u2014Should not rows of trees in the avenues and streets be an object of early attention?\u2014Majr. Lenfant had no plans prepared for the Capitol or government house. He said he had them in his head. I do not believe he will produce them for concurrence.\u2014On speaking with the President on Mr. Stewart of Baltimore\u2019s idea, of facing the buildings with stone of different colours, he seemed rather to question whether from the water-table, perhaps from the ground upwards, brick facings with stone ornaments would not have a better effect, but he does not decide this. The remains of antiquity in Europe prove brick more durable than stone. The Roman brick appears in these remains to have been 22. inches long, 11 I. wide and 2 I. or 2\u00bd I. thick. The grain is as fine as that of our best earthen ware.\u2014Before I conclude, I will mention that in bringing the canal from the little falls into the city, it is worth while to consider whether it should not be delivered into the canal of the Tyber, to ensure the due cleansing of that by it\u2019s current.\u2014I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson\n            P.S. You seem to suppose the Commissioners liable in their private fortunes on the plan of the loan you had seen. Ours is certainly clear of that, in it\u2019s plan. Nothing could make the commissioners liable but fraud, or such gross negligence as is as impossible as fraud; and then I presume it could only be each for his own individual act.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0202", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Calculation of Payment Schedule for Federal District Loan, 8 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          EnclosureCalculation of Payment Schedule for Federal District Loan\n              Dates of instalments\n              Amount of each instalment\n              Aggregate sum the interest of which is to be deducted from each payment\n              Aggregate of the interest to be deducted, from each instalment\n              Sum actually received by the borrowers\n              Sums of interest to be paid by sales or otherwise\n          It appears from the above that the Commissioners will receive 468500 dollars, and have to pay after 4 considerable intervals 665,000. dollars. now 468,000: 665,000 :: 100: 142. that is, for every 100.D. they receive, they will have to pay in the long run 142.D. but we may certainly hope that the effect of the 468,000 dollars, if judiciously employed, will be to raise the value of the lots more than 42 percent.\n          Suppose the interest, after 1794. is kept down by the sale of lots to raise it.\n              each will pay the annual interest of\n              will pay the principal\u2014\n              The whole loan then will absorb from beginning to end (\u2114 300.D.)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0204", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [8 March 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Thursday Morning [8 Mch. 1792]\n          I do not recollect whether any notice has been taken in your letter to the Commrs. of Mr. Johnsons suggestion of bringing the Canal navigation to the City. The ascertainment of the practicability ought by all means to be encouraged.\u2014Yours,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0207", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 10 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n            Philadelphia March 10th. 1792\n          The last grant of money for defraying the contingent and other expences of the Department of State having been laid out, and the account thereof and vouchers presented at the Auditor\u2019s office for settlement and settled, I have to request the favour of your directing a warrant for the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars to be issued for the payment of such expences as may arise in future.\u2014I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble Servant,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0208", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel L. Hylton, 10 March 1792\nFrom: Hylton, Daniel L.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Richmond James River Virga. March 10th. 1792\n          Ere this reaches you I expect your servant Joseph has made his appearance and sincerely wish may answer your purpose. This day I have delivered orders to Capt. Stratton for the only two hhds. tobo. that can be found of your last years crop and have made a thorough search in every warehouse and cannot find another hhd. I wish their safe arrival and hope no inconvenience has arisen to you, their not being shipt before. Will you do me the favour to enquire if any female acquaintance of yours or your friends are comeing to Virga. and wou\u2019d be willing to take my daughter under their Wing. If its only as far as  Fredericksburgh, where I cou\u2019d send to Mr. Fitzhughs for her (in that case) will thank you to forward a line to her directing the day she is to be in Philadelphia and flatter myself Mrs. Randolph wd. have no objection to her staying a Night or two with her until it was necessary to take her departure from thence; coud so desireable a wish take place it wd. save me a long and tiresome journey which I am very desirous to avoid. My daughter I expect coud get some friend to see her safe from Eliztown to Philada.; yr answer to this request will Oblige Your sincere Fd,\n            Danl L Hylton\n            P.S. A few days past Mr. Ralph Hylton died after a short illness occasiond as I am inform\u2019d from a cut in his hand with a pen Knife, which wound brought on violent Spasms and lock Jaw.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0209", "content": "Title: Memorandum on References by Congress to Heads of Departments, [10 March 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          On the 2d. of January 1792. Messrs. Fitzsimons and Gerry (among others) dined with me. These two staid with a Mr. Learned of Connecticut after the company was gone. We got on the subject of References by the legislature to the heads of departments, considering their mischief in every direction. Gerry and Fitzsimmons clearly opposed to them.\n          Two days afterwards (Jan. 4.) Mr. Bourne from Rho. isld. presentd. a memorial from his state complaining of inequality in the assumption and moved to refer it to the Sec. of the Treasury. Fitzsim., Gerry and others opposed it but it was carried.\n          Jan. 19. Fitzsimmons moved that the Pr. of the U.S. be requested to direct the Sec. of the Treasury to lay before the house information to enable the legislature to judge of the additional revenue necessary on the encrease of the military establishment. The house on debate struck out the words \u2018Pres. of the U.S.\u2019\n          Mar. 7. The subject resumed. An animated debate took place on the tendency of references to the heads of departments; and it seemed that a great majority would be against it. The house adjourned. Treasury greatly alarmed, and much industry supposed to be used before next morning when it was brought on again and debated thro\u2019 the day and on the question the Treasury carried it by 31. to 27. but is  deeply wounded, since it was seen that all Pensylva. except Jacobs voted against the reference, that Tucker of S.C. voted for it and Sumpter absented himself, debauched for the moment only because of the connection of the question with a further assumption which S. Carolina favored, but that they never were to be counted on among the Treasury votes. Some others absented themselves. Gerry changed sides. On the whole it shewed that treasury influence was tottering.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0211", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [10 March 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Saturday Morning [10 Mch. 1792]\n          I was informed last Night by Mr. Izard that a Comee. of three, of which he was one, were to be with me on Monday Morning upon the subject of the Algarine business.\u2014The Senate do not know how to get money for the purpose without the Agency of the Rep., and they are affraid to make the Com.\n          I wish you to consider this matter and, if not before, to let me see you by half after 7 Oclock on Monday Morn.\n          Genl. Knox is to be with me on the appointments of the Officers at ten to day and will keep me employed most of the day\u2014the forenoon I mean.\u2014Yrs. &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0212", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 11 March 1792\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Marseilles, 11 Mch. 1792. Since he last wrote on 4 Sep., he has received no letters from TJ.\u2014The laws of the U.S. for the consulate came from William Short, and he hopes the pending consular bill will be sent soon.\u2014A copy of this letter will go by way of Short and Gouverneur Morris whose ministerial appointments have been announced in the newspapers. The present copy goes by way of the Louisa, a Baltimore ship commanded by Capt. Christopher  Birkhead, 220 of whose 383 hogsheads of tobacco have been sold for from \u00a360 to \u00a363 per quintal marc weight. This vessel is about to leave with a fine cargo of assorted goods on the account of Robert Gilmor & Co.\u2014These goods have almost doubled in price because of the depreciation of assignats, \u201cnow our Single Current money,\u201d which have lost 40 per cent against French crowns and a livre of which is now worth about 5 British pence. Public credit will only get worse as long as France remains in a state of anarchy.\n          The arms of the Spanish consul were removed from his house and placed on display in the public market overnight. Despite their return by order of the municipal authorities, the arms have not been restored to their original place and the consul has departed the city.\u2014Two weeks ago 1,200 members of the National Guard, apparently acting under orders from the local Jacobin club, marched to Aix and there, with the aid of 6,000 guardsmen from the vicinity, they disarmed a Swiss regiment and forced it to leave the town. The regiment\u2019s only crime was that it remained faithful to its officers and prevented the plundering of mercantile houses during an earlier stay in Marseilles. Upon the National Guard\u2019s return here a \u201cnose-gay Woman\u201d was imprisoned at the behest of a mob and then \u201changed by the People! at the Municipality\u2019s Lantern!\u201d The unfortunate woman was the first of her sex to suffer such a fate in France.\u2014The municipal authorities issue proclamations but they have less effect than the power of the clubs. Many merchants, fearful of being plundered, are shipping their goods and property to foreign ports. Were it not for his business and his aged father he would gladly spend eight months in the U.S. with TJ.\u2014He encloses a return of American ships arriving in his district for 1791. He hopes that he has given Capt. Birkhead sound advice on avoiding the Algerines and takes comfort in the news from Van Staphorst & Hubbard that David Humphreys has been made responsible for negotiating with the Barbary powers and subsisting the American captives in Algiers.\u2014Bad crops in France mean that American wheat and flour can sell for handsome prices in this town.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0213", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 11 March 1792\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Marseilles, 11 Mch. 1792. He encloses a receipt for a box of \u201cBrugnols Prunes,\u201d shipped on the Kitty, Capt. Stephen Moore, and notes that he has sent to Robert Gilmor & Co. by the Louisa, Capt. Birkhead, a box of confectionary for TJ or TJ\u2019s daughter.\u2014Also enclosed is a bill of lading for four barrels containing 100 young olive trees and one barrel containing 8 caper plants. These have been sent to Gilmor & Co. of Baltimore with instructions to forward them to the Charleston Society of Agriculture. He will \u201cValue\u201d on the Parisian banking firm of Grant & Co. their cost of \u00a3100.\u2014American trade with Marseilles increases but is carried on almost entirely in French ships because of the Barbary wars and the French duty on tobacco. An expected cargo of  450 hogsheads of tobacco from Fenwick Mason & Co. of Georgetown will still sell well here because of the depreciation of assignats. Another cargo of 550 hogsheads of tobacco from Willing, Morris & Co. failed to arrive here because the Perseverance, the ship carrying them, put in at Bordeaux instead for fear of Algerine pirates. This change in destination will cost the owners \u00a3200 sterling.\u2014Flour sells here for \u00a360 per bushel (as opposed to \u00a345 in Bordeaux), beeswax for \u00a3300 to 320 per quintal, whale oil for \u00a360 per quintal, Carolina rice for \u00a322 to 25 per quintal, Carolina indigo for \u00a39 to 12 per [lb.?], and staves for \u00a327 per 103 staves. Ten to twelve French ships are involved in the American trade.\n          The French have failed to follow the wise example of the U.S. constitution. Here galleries and clubs influence votes and men without property exercise the franchise. The clubs influence all levels of government and will not be satisfied until they have created a republic in France. They work assiduously to bring the king into disrepute and threaten anyone who dares to express support for the monarchy. The clubs are as great a danger to the French constitution, which is designed to \u201creddress the too Enormous abuses of the old regime,\u201d as the aristocratic \u00e9migr\u00e9s who wish to return to France and reestablish despotism. The \u201cTrue Patriots,\u201d who far outnumber either of these groups, are simply unable to unite and make their influence felt. Only God knows how this will all end.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0216", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Account with John Banister, Jr., 14 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          EnclosureAccount with John Banister, Jr.\n          When Mr. John Bannister junr. was about to leave Paris in Jan. or Feb. 1787. he found that he had not money to pay his expences there, and his journey to Havre, by a considerable sum. He applied to me to lend him what might be deficient. The distress to which he was exposed, his honest worth, and my friendship for him and his family were motives sufficient to induce me to do that and more for him. He sent his servant to me the morning he was going away, and I sent him what was necessary for the accounts he had got in, and his expences to Havre. From Havre he sent me his receipt for this, in a letter dated at that place Feb. 10. 1787. But there were some accounts which he had not been able to get in nor to know their amount. He desired Mr. Burrell Carnes (American Consul at Nantes, but then at Paris, and in intimate habits of friendship with him) to collect them, and desired me verbally to pay them. Mr. Carnes sent me a specification of them the 19th of Feb. and I paid him the amount on the spot, being 1241 livres 9. sous. Mr. Bannister in a letter of Jan. 3. 1788. apologizes for making no remittance to me. In another of Apr. 20. 1788. he inclosed a bill of exchange on Alexander Willoch of London which was protested for nonpayment. By the vouchers taken (and lodged I think in the hands of Mr. Eppes) it appears that my advances for him amounted to 4073. livres 19 sous. which at 25. livres to the pound sterling (the common exchange at that day) is \u00a3162.19 sterling. But recurring to my private memorandums, I find I have noted against him only 3173 livres. 19. sous or \u00a3126.19. sterling. Consequently, either I have omitted 900. livres or \u00a336. sterl. to my prejudice, or Mr. Bannister has made an error of that amount to his own prejudice. My memory not enabling me to say which has been the case, I am willing to suppose the latter, and consequently that my expences, contrary to the evidence of the vouchers, may have been but 3173. livres 19. sous.\u2014I claim no extra interest on his protested bill of exchange, but having been so long kept out of my money, and very inconveniently, I charge the common interest of [ ] per cent from the dates of the advances till paid.\n          John Bannister junr. decd. to Th: Jefferson\n              livres sous\n               to his promissory note\n              to paid Burrell Carnes for discharge of his accounts\n              to charges of protest on his excha. of \u00a350. being 25/\n              by a supposed error as before mentioned\n              Balance remaining due to Th: Jefferson\n          which balance at 6/8 Virginia to the French crown of 6. livres amounts to \u00a3176.6.7 Virginia money, to which is to be added the interest as before mentioned, and a deduction to be made of any payment or payments which may have been made by his administrator.\n            Th: Jefferson\n            Philadelphia to wit\n            Thomas Jefferson made oath before me that the preceding statement of facts and accounts is just, and true, and that the deceased John Bannister junr. owed  him the sum of 3173. livres 19. sous, or \u00a3176.6.7 Virginia money therein stated. Which sum with it\u2019s interest is still due, saving only what may have been pd. thereof by the representative of the sd. J. Bannister junr. since his death. Mar. 14. 1792.\n            John Barclay, Mayor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0217", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Lyle, 11 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lyle, James\n          I do not know that any circumstance could have given me more pain than that which has produced a failure in my payment to you after I had thought it so sure as to give you reason to count on it. When I left Europe, I did not leave a shilling there unpaid: but expecting to return, I left my house, horses, servants &c. at my expence. This with the sending over my furniture brought on me demands of between 4. and 500.\u00a3 sterl. which could not be delayed, nor had I a resource but my tobaccos which had been sold here. I have deferred writing to you from day to day in the constant hope of receiving the account of the sale of my negroes, and that the ready money which might have been paid on the discount offered, would enable me to make up the deficiency. I never received the account till yesterday, and find that no money was received. This sale, with one I had made before pays about two thirds of Farrel\u2019s demand, and I shall the ensuing fall sell for the other third, so that, as the bonds are to be taken and collected by them, I shall have the annual profits of my estate clear to answer your instalments alone, to which I think they cannot fail to be equal. Indeed if you would take bonds also, I would not hesitate a moment to sell property to the whole amount of your debt.\u2014Knowing the incertainty of the profits of a Virginia estate, I had in my first contract with Mr. Mc.Caul procured an agreement that a failure of payment for one year should not be considered as a breach of agreement provided it should be made up the ensuing year. I never expected any thing less than such a failure for the last year. I must comfort myself with the hope that the crop of the last year now coming to market, and that of the current year, will bring me even.\n          I am to thank you for the copy of the account you sent me. The first glance of the eye discovered to me the sum received by Dr. Walker as debited by Mr. Harvie, and credited in round figures by himself. Consequently that there can be no dispute if you can support the last payment, which he has not credited, and which indeed is now  a question between him and your house, tho\u2019 I believe that your books will be admitted as evidence of both. My mind is now at ease on that article.\u2014I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0219", "content": "Title: Memoranda of Consultations with the President, [11 March\u20139 April 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          1791. Towards the latter end of Nov. H[amilton] had drawn Ternant into a conversation on the subject of the treaty of commerce recommdd. by the Natl. assembly of France to be negociated with us, and as he had not recd. instructions on the subject he led him into a proposal that Ternant should take the thing up as a volunteer with me, that we should arrange conditions, and let them go for confirmation or refusal. H[amilton] communicated this to the Presid. who came into it, and proposed it to me. I disapproved of it, observing that such a volunteer project would be binding on us, and not on them, that it would enable them to find out how far we would go, and avail themselves of it. However the Presidt. thought it worth trying, and I acquiesced. I prepared a plan of treaty for exchanging the privileges of native subjects and fixing all duties for ever as they now stood. He did not like this way of fixing the duties because he said that many articles here would bear to be raised and therefore he would prepare a tariff. He did so raising duties for the French from 25. to 50. per cent. so they were to give us the privileges of native subjects, and we as a com[pens]ation were to make them pay higher duties. H[amilton] having made his arrangemts. with Hammond to pretend that tho\u2019 he had no powers to conclude a treaty of commerce, yet his genl. commission authorised him to enter into the discussion of one, then proposed to the President at one of our meetings that the business should be taken up with Hammond in the same informal way. I now discovd. the trap which he had laid by first getting the Presidt. into that step with Ternant. I opposed the thing warmly. H[amilton] observed if we did it with Ternant we should also with Hammond. The Presid. thought this reasonable. I desired him to recollect I had been agt. it with Ternant and only acquiesced under his opinion. So the matter went off as to both. His scheme was evidently to get us engaged first with Ternant, merely that he might have a pretext to engage us on the same ground with Hammond, taking care at the  same time, by an extravagant tariff to render it impossible we should come to any conclusion with Ternant: probably meaning at the same time to propose terms so favorable to Gr. Br. as would attach us to that country by treaty.\u2014On one of those occasions he asserted that our commerce with Gr. Br. and her colonies was put on a much more favorable footing than with France and her colonies. I therefore prepared the tabular comparative view of the footing of our commerce with those nations, which see among my papers. See also my project of a treaty and H[amilton]\u2019s tariff.\n          Committed to writing Mar. 11. 1792.\n          It was observeable that whenever at any of our consultations any thing was proposed as to Gr. Br., Hamilton had constantly ready something which Mr. Hammond had communicated to him, which suited the subject, and proved the intimacy of their communications: insomuch that I believe he communicated to Hammond all our views and knew from him in return the views of the British court. Many evidences of this occurred. I will state some.\u2014I delivd. to the Presid. my report of Instructions for Carmichl. and Short on the subjects of navigation, boundary and commerce; and desired him to submit it to Hamilton. H[amilton] made several just criticisms on difft. parts of it. But where I asserted that the U.S. had no right to alienate an inch of the territory of any state he attacked and denied the doctrine. See my report, his note and my answer. A few days after came to hand Kirkland\u2019s letter informing us that the British at Niagara expected to run a new line between them and us, and the reports of Pond and Stedman, informing us it was understood at Niagara that Capt. Stevens had been sent here by Simcoe to settle that plan with Hammd. Hence Hamilton\u2019s attack of the principle I had laid down, in order to prepare the way for this new line. See minute of Mar. 9.\u2014Another proof. At one of our consultations about the first of Dec. I mentd. that I wished to give in my report on Commerce, in which I could not avoid recommending a commercial retaliation agt. Gr. Br. H[amilton] opposed it violently; and among other arguments observed that it was of more importance to us to have the posts than to commence a commercial war, that this and this alone wd. free us from the expence of the Indian wars, that it wd. therefore be the height of imprudence in us while treating for the surrender of the posts to engage in any thing which wd. irritate them, that if we did so, they wd. naturally say \u2018these people mean war, let us therefore hold what we have in our hands.\u2019 This argument struck me forcibly, and I said \u2018if there is a hope of obtaining the posts, I agree it wd. be imprudent to risk that hope by a commercial retaliation. I will therefore wait till Mr.  Hammond gives me in his assignment of breaches, and if that gives a glimmering of hope that they mean to surrender the posts, I will not give in my report till the next session.\u2019 Now Hammond had recd. my assignment of breaches on the 15th. of Dec. and about the 22d. or 23d. had made me an apology, for not having been able to send me his counterassignment of breaches, but in terms which shewed I might expect it in a few days. From the moment it escaped my lips in the presence of Hamilton that I wd. not give in my report till I should see Hammond\u2019s counter-complaint and judge if there were a hope of the posts, Hammond never said a word to me on any occasion as to the time he should be ready. At length the Presidt. got out of patience and insisted I shd. jog him. This I did on the 21st. of Feb. at the President\u2019s assembly. He immediately promised I should have it in a few days and accordingly on the 5th. of Mar. I recd. them. Written Mar. 11. 1792.\n          Mar. 12. 92. Sent for by the Presidt. and desired to bring the letter he had signed to the king of France.\u2014Went.\u2014He said the H. of Repr. had on Saturday taken up the communication he had made of the king\u2019s letter to him, and come to a vote in their own name, that he did not expect this when he sent his message and the letter, otherwise he would have sent the message without the letter as I had proposed. That he apprehendd. the legislature wd. be endeavoring to invade the executive.\u2014I told him I had understood the house had resolved to request him to join their congratulations to his on the completion and acceptance of the constitution on which part of the vote there were only 2. dissentients (Barnwell and Benson) that the vote was 35. to 16 on that part which expressed an approbation of the wisdom of the constitution, that in the letter he had signed I had avoided saying a word in approbation of the constitution, not knowing whether the King in his heart approved it.\u2014Why indeed says he I begin to doubt very much of the affairs of France. There are papers from London as late as the 10th. of Jan. which represent them as going into confusion.\u2014He read over the letter he had signed, found there was not a word which could commit his judgment about the constitution, and gave it me back again.\u2014This is one of many proofs I have had of his want of confidence in the event of the French revolution. The fact is that Gouverneur Morris, a high flying Monarchy-man, shutting his eyes and his faith to every fact against his wishes, and believing every thing he desires to be true, has kept the President\u2019s mind constantly poisoned with his forebodings. That the President wishes the revolution may be established I believe from several indications. I remember when I recd. the news of the king\u2019s flight and capture, I first told him of it  at his assembly. I never saw him so much dejected by any event in my life. He expressed clearly on this occasion his disapprobation of the legislature referring things to the heads of departments.\n          Eod. die. 10. aclock A. M. The preceding was about 9. aclock. The Presid. now sends Lear to me to ask what answer he shall give the committee, and particularly whether he shall add to it that \u2018in making the communication it was not his expectation that the house should give any answer.\u2019 I told Mr. Lear that I thought the house had a right, independantly of legislation, to express sentiments on other subjects. That when these subjects did not belong to any other branch particularly they would publish them by their own authority; that in the present case which respected a foreign nation, the Pres. being the organ of our nation with other nations, the house would satisfy their duty if instead of a direct communication they shd. pass their sentiments thro\u2019 the President. That if expressing a sentiment were really an invasion of the Executive power, it was so faint a one that it would be difficult to demonstrate it to the public and to a public partial to the French revolution, and not disposed to consider the approbation of it from any quarter as improper. That the Senate indeed had given many indications of their wish to invade the Executive power. The Represent. had done it in one case which was indeed mischeivous and alarming, that of giving orders to the heads of the executive departments without consulting the Pres., but that the late vote for directing the Sec. of the Treasy. to report ways and means, tho\u2019 carried, was carried by so small a majority and with the aid of members so notoriously under a local influence on that question as to give a hope that the practice would be arrested, and the constitutional course be taken up, of asking the Pres. to have information laid before them, but that in the present instance, it was so far from being clearly an invasion of the Executive, and wd. be so little approved by the genl. voice that I cd. not advise the Pres. to express any dissatisfaction at the vote of the house, and I gave Lear in writing what I thought should be his answer. See it.\n          Mar. 31. A meeting at the \u2609\u2019s. Present Th: J. A. H. H. K. and E. R. The subject was the resol. of the H. of Repr. of Mar. 27. to appt. a committee to enquire into the causes of the failure of the late expedition under Majr. Genl. St. Clair with power to call for such persons, papers and records as may be necessary to assist their enquiries. The Committee had written to Knox for the original letters, instructions &c. The President he had called us, to consult, merely because it was the first example, and he wished that so far as it shd. become a  precedent, it should be rightly conducted. He neither acknoleged nor denied, nor even doubted the propriety of what the house were doing, for he had not thought upon it, nor was acquainted with subjects of this kind. He could readily conceive there might be papers of so secret a nature as that they ought not to be given up.\u2014We were not prepared and wished time to think and enquire.\n          Apr. 2. Met again at \u2609\u2019s on same subject. We had all considered and were of one mind 1. that the house was an inquest, and therefore might institute enquiries. 2. that they might call for papers generally. 3. that the Executive ought to communicate such papers as the public good would permit, and ought to refuse those the disclosure of which would injure the public. Consequently were to exercise a discretion. 4. that neither the Committee nor House had a right to call on the head of a department, who and whose papers were under the Presidt. alone, but that the Committee shd. instruct their chairman to move the house to address the President. We had principally consulted the proceedings of the communications in the case of Sr. Rob. Walpole. 13. Chandler\u2019s deb. For point 1. see pages 161. 170. 172. 183. 187. 207. For the 2d. pa. 153. 173. 207. For the 3d. 81. 173. Append. pa. 44. For the 4th. pa. 246. Note Hamilt. agreed with us in all these points except as to the power of the house to call on heads of departments. He observed that as to his department the act constituting it had made it subject to Congress in some points; but he thought himself not so far subject as to be obliged to produce all papers they might call for. They might demand secrets of a very mischeivous nature [here I tho\u2019t he began to fear they would go to examining how far their own members and other persons in the government had been dabbling in stocks, banks &c. and that he probably would chuse in this case to deny their power, and in short he endeavored to place himself subject to the house when the Executive should propose what he did not like, and subject to the Executive when the house shd. propose any thing disagreeable.] I observed here a difference between the British parliament and our Congress, that the former was a legislature, an inquest, and a council for the king. The latter was by the constitution a legislature and an inquest, but not a council.\u2014Finally agreed to speak separatim to the members of the committee and bring them by persuasion into the right channel. It was agreed in this case that there was not a paper which might not be properly produced, that copies only should be sent, with an assurance that if they should desire it, a clerk should attend with the originals to be verified by themselves. The committee were Fitzsimmons, Steele, Mercer, Clarke, Sedgewick, Giles, Vining.\n          April 9. 1792. The Presidt. had wished to redeem our captives at Algiers, and to make a peace with them on paying an annual tribute. The Senate were willing to approve this, but unwilling to have the lower house applied to previously to furnish the money. They wished the President to take the money from the treasury or open a loan for it. They thought that to consult the Representatives on one occasion would give them a handle always to claim it, and would let them in to a participation of the power of making treaties which the constitution had given exclusively to the President and Senate. They said too that if the particular sum was voted by the Represent. it would not be a secret. The President had no confidence in the secrecy of the Senate, and did not chuse to take money from the treasury or to borrow. But he agreed he would enter into provisional treaties with the Algerines, not to be binding on us till ratified here. I prepared questions for consultation with the Senate, and added that the Senate were to be apprised that on the return of the provisional treaty, and after they should advise the ratification, he should not have the seal put to it till the two houses should vote the money. He asked me if a treaty stipulating a sum and ratified by him with the advice of the Senate would not be good under the constitution and obligatory on the Represent. to furnish the money? I answered it certainly would, and that it would be the duty of the representatives to raise the money: but that they might decline to do what was their duty, and I thought it might be incautious to commit himself by a ratification with a foreign nation, where he might be left in the lurch in the execution. It was possible too to concieve a treaty which it would not be their duty to provide for. He said that he did not like throwing too much into democratic hands, that if they would not do what the constitution called on them to do, the government would be at an end, and must then assume another form. He stopped here, and I kept silence to see whether he would say any thing more in the same line, or add any qualifying expression to soften what he had said. But he did neither.\n          I had observed that wherever the agency of either or both houses would be requisite subsequent to a treaty to carry it into effect, it would be prudent to consult them previously if the occasion admitted. That thus it was we were in the habit of consulting the Senate previously when the occasion permitted, because their subseqt. ratification would be necessary. That there was the same reason for consulting the lower house previously where they were to be called on afterwards, and especially in a case of money, as they held the purse strings and would be jealous of them. However he desired me to strike out the intimation  that the seal would not be put till both houses should have voted the money.\n          Apr. 6. The President called on me before breakfast and first introduced some other matters, then fell on the representation bill which he had now in his possession for the 10th day. I had before given him my opinion in writing that the method of apportionmt. was contrary to the constitution. He agreed that it was contrary to the common understanding of that instrument, and to what was understood at the time by the makers of it: that yet it would bear the construction which the bill put, and he observed that the vote for and against the bill was perfectly geographical, a Northern agt. a Southern vote, and he feared he should be thought to be taking side with a Southern party. I admitted this motive of delicacy, but that it should not induce him to do wrong: urged the dangers to which the scramble for the fractionary members would always lead. He here expressed his fear that there would ere long be a separation of the union; that the public mind seemed dissatisfied and tending to this. He went home, sent for Randolph the Atty. Genl. desired him to get Mr. Madison immediately and come to me, and if we three concurred in opinion that he should negative the bill, he desired to hear nothing more about it but that we would draw the instrument for him to sign. They came. Our minds had been before made up. We drew the instrumt. Randolph carried it to him and told him we all concurred in it. He walked with him to the door, and as if he still wished to get off, he said, \u2018and you say you approve of this yourself.\u2019 \u2018Yes, Sir, says Randolph, I do upon my honor.\u2019 He sent it into the H. of Representatives instantly. A few of the hottest friends of the bill expressed passion, but the majority were satisfied, and both in and out of doors it gave pleasure to have at length an instance of the negative being exercised.\u2014Written this 9th. of April.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0220", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 11 March 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The three last days have been marked by events as unexpected as they are important.\u2014I will relate them in the order in which they have become known here.\n          An express dispatched by the English Ambassador at Madrid passed through this place the 8th. and left letters for Lord Gower, and also for M. De Lessart informing that on the 27th. of the last month a guard was sent in the night to arrest the Count de Florida Blanca and conducted him it was not known where at the time of the departure of the express but conjectured to be to his estate in the country. Count Daranda was immediately called to court with the title of Doyen du  Conseil and will in this character direct the ministry. The same letters say that there had been previously a good deal of fermentation among the people of Madrid, and it is supposed that that circumstance was made use of by the enemies of M. Florida Blanca, and particularly the Queen\u2019s favorite against whom the popular discontent seemed to be particularly directed, as this circumstance furnished ground for presenting the minister as the author of the fermentation. As yet there has been only time to learn the change of the ministry. What change it will effect in the politics of Spain can be only conjecture. It is an event however which cannot be indifferent to any of the powers that are in the way of having to do with Spain either as friends or foes.\n          The disorders and riots which I mentioned to you in my last as prevailing here continue to increase and spread throughout all parts of the kingdom. Not a day passes without seriously alarming information of this kind being brought to the assembly from some one or other of the departments. The causes are various in various places. It was evident that nothing could contribute so much to stop their dangerous progress as energy in the government. This however could be expected only in a small degree at best in the present state of men\u2019s minds and under the present constitution. It has been matter of astonishment and mortification therefore to all the friends of this country to see that even this was sacrificed by a division which existed among the members of the council. Neither party being strong enough to displace the other kept the action of government as it were in suspense. The unhappy monarch who has made so many attempts in vain to put the present order of things in motion seemed to despair of success and consider all his efforts useless, and of course remained in this position without any other endeavour than that of uniting the two parties in the Council who in fact were divided more by vanity than any thing else.\n          The majority of the assembly were hostile to both parties, as they will ever be to those who wear the name of ministers, but particularly so to M. de Bertrand who was at the head of one party in opposition to the minister of war at the head of the other. They passed a vote some days ago that he had lost the confidence of the nation and addressed it to the King. Whilst he had it under consideration letters from the three generals (M. Rochambeau, M. Luckner and M. de la fayette, assembled here, addressed to M. Narbonne (the minister of war) entreating him not to resign as they had heard was his intention, and his answer mentioning his division with M. de Bertrand and consenting at the same time to remain a little longer as it were at their request) were published in the gazettes. This was done by an imprudent friend of M. de Narbonne who thought that in addition  to the vote of the assembly it would force the King to sacrifice the minister of the marine to that of the war department and thus put the council at his disposition. It produced quite the contrary effect. The King though without energy of character has yet moments of anger which for an instant supply the place of force, and pushed on by M. de Narbonnes enemies he displaced him the day before yesterday without the smallest warning though it is known it will displease the three generals and all the army.\u2014He announced this change yesterday to the assembly, and mentioned at the same time that he had given him for successor M. de Grave. He is a young man who has much virtue and worth but absolutely without experience and unfit for such a place at such a time.\n          The King at the same time informed the assembly that he had examined their vote with respect to M. de Bertrand and had not judged proper to withdraw his confidence from him. In this situation of things the enemies of M. de Lessart in the assembly brought forward a proposition for passing what they call a decret d\u2019accusation et d\u2019arrestation against him. It was immediately passed without his being heard or even the presumption of proof offered. The principal article is his conniving at the league of foreign powers against the French constitution. He was conducted this morning to Orleans where he is to be judged by the haute cour nationale. M. de Bertrand has sent his resignation to the King who has announced it by a most flattering letter desiring him to remain until he shall name his successor.\n          This was the situation of affairs yesterday when an express arrived from Vienna with an account of the Emperors death after three days sickness only. It has overwhelmed the court and particularly the Queen, with grief. The public mind is as it were stunned with the event. It is viewed differently by the different parties and even by different persons in the same party. Should any contestation arise about the election of the Emperor, it may find employment for the Germanic body at home and thus rescue this country with greater certainty from foreign war, but should the Archduke Francis be elected as I apprehend without opposition, the death of the Emperor may be considered as a real calamity for France under various points of view.\u2014I shall send a duplicate of this letter by the way of Havre, and with it a copy of the official communications between the Ministry of Vienna and France mentioned in my last. This letter goes by the way of England and carries assurances of the sentiments which animate your friend & servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0221", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jerman Baker, 12 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Baker, Jerman\n          Your favor of Jan. 15. with Mr. Robinson\u2019s letter came to hand Jan. 30. I immediately put them into the hands of a Professor of the college here, in whose recommendations I should have confided. He at first had a hope of engaging one of two good persons who presented themselves to his mind. Both however concluded that the object was not sufficiently enticing, and I have now inclosed the letter to Doctr. Witherspoon to try whether the Jersey seminary can furnish the person desired. You shall know the result as soon as it is known to me, and may count on every service I can render in it. I am with constant affection, dear Sir Your sincere friend & servt.,\n             Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0224", "content": "Title: Memorandum of Advice for the President, 12 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          Verbal answer proposed to the President to be made to the Committee who are to wait on him with the resolution of the 10th. inst. congratulatory on the completion and acceptance of the French constitution.\n          That the President will, in his answer, communicate to the king of the French, the sentiments expressed by the H. of representatives in the resolution which the committee has delivered him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0229", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Delamotte, 13 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delamotte\n          According to your desire I have had enquiry made into the situation of Monsr. Delivet, and inclose you the result of that enquiry. I might add to the information there given, that about the year 1790 he was in prison some months, as I learned in letters he addressed to me from his prison.\n          I take this occasion to acknolege the receipt of your several favors, as yet unacknoleged of July 25. Aug. 12. 24. Oct. 15. 27. of all of which the uses have been duly made which their communications pointed out.\u2014I trouble you with letters to Mr. Morris our Minister Plenipotentiary at Paris, to be forwarded by post, and some larger packages containing laws, journals and gazettes, to be forwarded by the Diligence.\u2014I am with great esteem & respect Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\n             Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0230", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Fenwick, 13 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fenwick, Joseph\n          In consequence of your favor of Oct. 28. which did not come to hand till Jan. 14. I took measures to obtain satisfactory information  in the case of Mrs. Olivier. As the opinions of lawyers are the only evidence of law we can furnish, I thought it best to take those of lawyers, who are at the same time members of Congress, because their office vouches at the same time their science and their integrity. I send you in consequence the inclosed opinion signed and acknoleged to me by Mr. Benson and Mr. King and so certified by me. I did not certify Mr. Sylvester\u2019s signature because I did not see him on the occasion: but the evidence of the other gentlemen satisfies me the signature is his, as much as if I had seen it myself.\n          I take this occasion of acknoleging the receipt of your favors of July 15. Aug. 31. and Sep. 25. all of which have been acted on where they required it.\n          Your private letters of July 8. Oct. 2. and Sep. 26. respecting the case of Mr. Derieux have also been received. I have no answer yet to my private letter of Sep. 1. sent you through the hands of Mr. Short. I hope both that and it\u2019s contents get safe to your hands. I am with great esteem Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson\n            P.S. I put a letter to Mr. Edward Church under your cover.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0231", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Hay, 13 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hay, William\n          Tho\u2019 I have not had time before for the formality of acknoleging the receipt of your favor of Jan. 3. yet I did not fail at the very time to do what was of substance, to give to your young friend Mr. Taylor a letter to Dr. Witherspoon, and such advice as my knowlege of the place enabled me to do: of all which I doubt not he gave you information. The sum of it was that Princeton was a better place than this to pursue the branches of science for which they have professors: that when he shall have made the proficiency in them which he wishes, he might pass a winter here to attend a course of anatomy and chemistry, and a summer for a course of botany and natural history for which there are no professors at Princeton, and which in my opinion are well worth a year\u2019s attention, considering that he might at the same time be carrying on his law reading, and attending, if he pleases, judge Wilson\u2019s lectures. For the study of the law in general however this place has no advantage over Virginia. I am happy in every occasion of  proving to you the sincerity of the esteem with which I am Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0234", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 13 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          The Secretary of State incloses to the President the letter to the King of France with the alteration he proposes for incorporating the  vote of the house. If the President approves it, he will be so good as to return it in time to be written at large to-day, signed and sealed. Th: J. thinks the copy of the resolution delivered the President with the signature of the Speaker will be the proper one to send. He therefore incloses him the informal copy in exchange for it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0235", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Commissioners of the Federal District, 14 March 1792\nFrom: Commissioners of the Federal District\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            G[eorg]etown 14th: March: 1792\n          The plan of the loan from Mr. Blodget which you inclosed us, appears to us to be very eligible. It has therefore our warmest approbation. Though, we have not the smallest apprehension from the best attention we have been able to bestow on it; that we can in any measure be liable in our private capacities, yet, we think it prudent to express our desire, that this may be well understood by Mr. Blodget.\u2014We are Sir, with respect & esteem Your most Obt: Servants,\n              Commissioners\n              Danl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0236", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Commissioners of the Federal District, 14 March 1792\nFrom: Commissioners of the Federal District\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            George Town March 14th. 1792\n          Your favour of the 6th. Instant is now before us.\u2014We doubt not but every advantage will be taken of the dismission of Major L\u2019Enfant.\u2014It is to be regretted that his temper made it a necessary measure. As far as our exertions can counter act any ill effects expected from it, they may be relied on. With respect to his compensation we have adopted the Presidents Ideas, in a letter to Mr. Stuart.\n          As He has already recieved \u00a3225 from us, besides having his Expences of Living here paid, we flatter our selves he will have no cause to complain of having met with an inadequate reward. Inclosed  is a copy of our Letter to the Major.\u2014Tho\u2019 Mr. Ellicott from His conversation with you, has appeared disposed to make some Abatement in his own Wages, so far at least as respects his expences in Living; he has informed us, that his Brothers expect if they return, to have Three Dollars a Day. He Mentions, that they were offered this sum last year, by the Jemessee Company, which is now increased to a Dollar more. Their Wages last Year were Two dollars a Day, and their Expences paid. If they will bear their own expences, it will be more satisfactory to us to give them Three dollars, than to have them on the former terms.\u2014We have accordingly informed Mr. Ellicott, that we would give them this sum, provided they paid their own expences. As it would be particularly unfortunate at this time, to meet with a second disappointment, in those who have been in our employment, we beg you will settle the matter with him. Whatever you do will be confirmed by us.\u2014We shall have no difficulty in dismissing the Action against Mr. Roberdeau. As we consider Him as a misled young Man, we are even disposed to employ him again if he chooses it.\n          The President on his return from Charlestown last Summer, mentioned to us an Architect who had been highly recommended to him by some of the first characters in that place. If He still approves of him, and we can be informed of His Name, we will endeavour to engage him. Or will it be best to advertise for a superintendant?\n          If you think this most eligible, as there is no time for delay, we request when you advertise for Plans, you will advertise for a Superintendant allso. If you think it necessary to mention his salary, as it must depend much on the talents and Abilities of the person, we shall leave it to be settled by you and the President. The advertisements for plans of the Buildings, having our approbation, are returned for Insertion.\u2014From our conversation with Mr. Ellicott in December last, respecting the time at which a Second sale might take place, he was of opinion it could not be sooner than the end of June.\u2014From the unexpected disappointment we have met with, about the engraved plans, perhaps it would be most eligible now, to defer it till the last of July, to give as much time as possible for their dispersion and free circulation. It appears to us to be important to have the plans of the Buildings at that time for General inspection. If approved of, they will no doubt contribute much to generous bids.\u2014For these reasons, we think the blanks may be filled up with the 20th of July. But as you have the opportunity of conversing with Mr. Ellicott on the Subject, we beg you will fill them up as you may think proper. It would certainly be desireable to have the plans as much sooner as possible, but we apprehend this can not be expected.\n          We have the satisfaction of Informing you, that we have got a very large quantity of Earth thrown up at the Presidents House, and that we shall soon set in to making bricks.\n          The erection of a Bridge over Rock Creek, and turning the Post Road over it, has always appeared to us, as a measure which demanded our earliest attention. As we shall be in immediate want of a Wharf for the landing of Mateirals, we shall set about it as soon as the logs we have contracted for arrive. Our time at present will not permit us to give our ideas more at large on the Several subjects you have suggested.\u2014We shall take the earliest opportunity of adjusting the affair respecting Mr. Carrolls House.\u2014Your ideas concerning the Importation of Germans and Highlanders meet with our approbation; and we shall be glad to Receive from you any plans you may have formed on the Subject, or calculation of the terms on which they can be had.\u2014We hope the great objects which so immediately press on us at present, will be so far forwarded by another Spring, as to give us an opportunity of extending our ideas to many other matters than what at present offer themselves to our contemplation.\u2014We have the honour to be with great respect & esteem, Sir, your Most Obt & very hble Servts,\n            Dd: Stuart. Danl. Carroll.\n            P.S. Your favor of the 9th. is just break open this after it was seald.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0237", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Lee, 14 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lee, Henry\n          The President having referred to me your letter of Feb. 16. covering information from Dr. Taylor as president of the Commrs. of the Marine hospital at Norfolk, informing you that a wing of that hospital is in readiness to be delivered to Congress I am obliged to ask your further information on the subject. Is it a new proposition? If it is, we can find no provision made by any law for such a case. Or has any thing passed before between the state and general government on the subject? If there has, we have not been able to find any traces of it so as to resume the matter. Your information hereon is asked, that we may know what is to be done.\u2014I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect & esteem Your Excellency\u2019s most obedt. & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0238", "content": "Title: George Washington to Louis XVI, 14 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Louis XVI (France)\n            Very great, good,\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002and dear Friend and Ally.\n          I receive as a new proof of friendship to the United States, the letter wherein you inform me that you have accepted the Constitution presented to you in the name of your nation, and according to which it is henceforth to be governed. On an event so important to your Kingdom, and so honorable to yourself, accept the offering of my sincere congratulations, and of the Sentiments of the Senate and Representatives of the United States expressed in their resolutions enclosed.\n          We have watched, with the most friendly solicitude, the movements of your nation for the advancement of this happiness: we have regarded this great spectacle with the feelings natural to those who have themselves passed through like perils, and, with sincere satisfaction, we have seen this second occasion proclaim your majesty, a second time, the friend and patron of the rights of mankind.\n          That yourself, your family and people, under the edifice which you have now completed, may repose at length in freedom, happiness and safety, shall be our constant prayer; and that God may ever have you, great and dear friend and Ally, in his safe and holy keeping.\n          Written at Philadelphia, this fourteenth day of March 1792, and of our Independence the sixteenth.\u2014Your faithful friend and ally\n            George Washington.By the PresidentTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0239", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Page, 14 March 1792\nFrom: Page, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I am sure I need not take up a Moment of your Time to tell you how much you have obliged me by lending me your Name on the present Occasion. Your indorsing this Note will enable me to take up the other at the Bank of N. America which will be delivered to Mr. Wheaton our Serjeant at Arms on the Day of negociating the Business at that Bank, when I will send it to you cancelled. I will take Care that you shall not be liable to pay a single Cent of it on Account of your much obliged Friend,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0241", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 14 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Wednesday afternoon 14th. Mar 1792\n          At the time Mr. Jeffersons letter to the President was put into his hands he was so much engaged as hardly to find time to read it. The general purport of it, however, he well recollects was agreeable to him [bu]t whether the following ideas if they are [not] already substantially expressed, might not with propriety be conveyed, Mr. Jefferson will judge of, and act accordingly.\n          That no farther movement on the part of Government, can ever be made towards Majr. L\u2019Enfant without prostration, which will not be done.\u2014That the P\u2014\u2014 thinks himself insulted in the answer given to his Secretary, who was sent to him for the express purpose of  removing some of his unfounded suspicions\u2014viz \u201cthat he had already heard enough of this matter.\u201d\n          No farther overtures will ever be made to this Gentln. by the Government; in truth it would be useless, for in proportion as attempts have been made to accomodate what appeared to be his wishes, he has receded from his own ground.\u2014If therefore his conduct should change and a reinstatement of him is desired the only way to effect it is by a direct application to the Commissioners.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0244", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 16 March 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Gibraltar, 16 Mch. 1792. Since his letter of 1 Mch. he has received further news from Tangier and Tetuan. Muley Yezid is dead, but Muley Ischem still lives. He doubts reports by supporters of Muley Slema that Muley Ischem is wounded and unwilling to contest the pretensions of Muley Slema because \u201cit will be very strange if a Prince supported by three powerful Bashas, a Numerous Army, and well supplied by the Court of Spain, will acquiesce in becoming a Slave when he has so great a chance of making himself a Dispot.\u201d Muley Slema\u2019s departure from the sanctuary is still uncertain, but he has definitely received deputies from all the principal places in the kingdom of Fez and exercises sovereignty over it. He has dismissed the governor of Tetuan for shooting the Spanish interpreter at Ceuta and replaced Fenis with Ibn as basha of Tangier.\u2014\u201cSlema who I think will govern at least in the Kingdom of Fez, has upon the whole an amiable character. He is humane and temperate, religious and superstitious, a dutyful son to his mother and a lover of peace. He has expressed himself a friend to Commerce, and an enemy to every thing cruel or treacherous. An Alcayde who had attached himself to the late Emperor in a distinguished manner, upon the death of his Master retired to a sanctuary, but Slema sent him a Message applauding his conduct telling him he had nothing to fear, and expressing a wish that if ever himself should be reduced to distress, he might have a few such faithful Adherents as the Alcayde had been to his brother.\u201d\u2014He plans to proceed to Morocco as soon as he learns that Muley Slema has been proclaimed Emperor at Fez and Mequinez. He intends to deal with Muley Slema and Muley Ischem if neither one is able to prevail over the other in the succession struggle. He thinks the U.S. need have nothing to do with Abderhaman, who governs Sus and Infilet with the title of Sultan, unless Americans happen to fall into his hands.\u2014Muley Ousine, another son of the late Emperor Sidi Muhammad, also has pretensions to the imperial throne but  has withdrawn from the contest for lack of support. With regard to Muley Yezid he mentions that \u201cby the best and most Moderate accounts, the number of people he caused to be put to death, from his arrival before the City of Morocco untill he died, which was two weeks, exceeded twenty thousand, among whom were, without respect to age or Sex, all who had any connection with the late Effendi.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0246", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 16 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n          I inclose you my thoughts on a subject extremely difficult, and on which I would thank you for any observations. The exchange of criminals is so difficult between a free and an arbitrary government, that  England never would consent to make a convention with any state on the subject. It has accordingly been hitherto the asylum of all fugitives from the oppressions of other governments. The subject is forced on us by the importunities of Govr. Pinkney, and in a day or two I must report on it to the President.\u2014I will call for you a little before 4. today.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0247", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 16 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\n          I have duly received your favor of the 22d. of Feb. and thank you for the information it conveyed respecting my sale. The winter having been so long and severe has I imagine committed sad havoc on our stocks, and the more so as it succeeded an unfavorable summer. Here the unmonied farmer, as he is termed, his cattle and crops are no more thought of than if they did not feed us. Scrip and stock are food and raiment here. Duer, the king of the alley, is under a sort of check. The stocksellers say he will rise again. The stock buyers count him out, and the credit and fate of the nation seem to hang on the desperate throws and plunges of gambling scoundrels. The fate of the representation bill is still undecided. I look for our safety to the broad representation of the people which that shall bring forward. It will be more difficult for corrupt views to lay hold of so large a mass.\u2014You will perceive by the papers that France is arming on her frontier. I do not apprehend that the emperor will meddle at all.\u2014Knowing that your post leaves Richmond on the Thursday or Friday, I shall change the day of my writing from Sunday to Thursday or Friday, so that you may have the papers fresher. I am now on a plan with the postmaster general to make the posts go from hence to Richmd. in two days and a half instead of six, which I hope to persuade him is practicable. My love to my dear Martha. Your\u2019s affectionately Dear Sir,\n            Th: Jefferson\n            P.S. Be so good as to hurry Clarke to get down his tobo. as I have ordered it round to this place.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0248", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Remsen, 16 March 1792\nFrom: Remsen, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Messrs. Brothers, Coster & Co., the merchants to whose care the late packets of journals, gazettes, &c. for Mr. Short and Mr. Carmichael were addressed, inform me that their vessel bound to Amsterdam will sail on or about the 20th. or 21st. Any further letters and packets therefore destined for these gentlemen, if sent to me by post, shall be delivered to them: and I think I can assure you, the danger of the sea excepted, that the conveyance is perfectly safe. The papers to be sent to Mr. Short respecting the intended Spanish negociation are ready at the office whenever you chuse to call for them. I delivered your note and message, Sir, to Mr. Baehr.\n          The melancholy event of my father\u2019s death, which happened about two hours after my arrival on the 13th. inst:, together with the low state of health of one of my brothers, and the distress of my mother and the family, must be my apology for not returning so early as I expected in this busy season. I purpose however to return in the course of the present month, and beg to be honored with any matters you may wish to have executed here in the interim.\n          The Attorney General proposed to give me an order for the receipt of a box of valuable manuscripts, which I understood him you was interested in, and which had got here thro\u2019 some mistake or accident. He however omitted to do it. If he will furnish me with such order, and a direction by what route to forward it to Philada. I will immediately attend to it. The conveyance by Amboy and Burlington will be a little more expensive than direct by water, but at the same time more safe.\u2014I have the honor to be with sincere respect & attachment Dear Sir Your obliged and obedient Servt.,\n            Henry Remsen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0250", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Joseph de Barth, 17 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: De Barth, John Joseph\n          The troubles of France and the islands forcing many of your nation to this country in quest of quiet, and the first object on their arrival being to purchase lands for a settlement, I take the liberty of putting the inclosed paper into your hands, presuming you will generally be acquainted with those in want of a settlement. The paper contains the description of an estate of mine, which I wish to dispose of, because it is too small and too distant from my principal estates to be an object. Indeed I have kept it hitherto on account of it\u2019s beauty, and the abundance of wild fowl and game (gibier) which induced me to go to it sometimes on hunting parties. My present situation renders these properties of it useless, and I can better employ otherwise the sum at which it is valued. Should any of your friends therefore want such an estate, you will oblige me by communicating to them the inclosed description, the truth of which I vouch. You are sensible how much better it is for a foreigner to settle in the inhabited country, on lands ready cleared and convenient to market: and I dare say you are apprised of the superiority of the climate of the middle parts of Virginia. The climate and country would particularly suit the islanders, who may have slaves of their own.\u2014Pardon the trouble I give you, Sir, which I desire may be nothing more than to lay this paper by, and to recollect it when you shall hear any of your country-men express a wish to buy a settlement: and accept assurances of the esteem with which I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0254", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joel Barlow, 18 March 1792\nFrom: Barlow, Joel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I know not what apology to offer for troubling you so often with my publications. I sent you last month a pamphlet, called \u201cAdvice to the Privileged Orders\u201d &c. I beg you now to accept a little poem entitled, The Conspiracy of Kings. Though one of my Kings died while the Poem was in the press, it was not my fault. If this had been the case with all of them, I should have been willing to have suppressed the publication for so good a cause.\u2014I am Sir with great respect your obet. servt.,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0255", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael and William Short, 18 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William,Short, William\n            Gentlemen\n          The President having thought proper to appoint you joint Commissioners Plenipotentiary, on the part of the U.S. to treat with the court  of Madrid on the subjects of the navigation of the Missisipi, arrangements on our limits, and commerce, you will herewith receive your commission; as also Observations on these several subjects reported to the President and approved by him, which will therefore serve as instructions for you. These expressing minutely the sense of our government, and what they wish to have done, it is unnecessary for me to do more here than desire you to pursue these objects unremittingly, and endeavor to bring them to an issue in the course of the ensuing summer. It is desireable that you should keep an exact journal of what shall pass between yourselves and the court or their negotiator, and communicate it from time to time to me; that your progress and prospects may be known. You will be the best judges whether to send your letters by Lisbon, Cadiz, or what other route: but we shall be anxious to hear from you as often as possible. If no safe conveyance occurs from Madrid to Lisbon, and your matter should be of importance sufficient to justify the expence, a courier must be sent: but do not incur the expence unless it be to answer some good end.\u2014I have the honour to be with great & sincere esteem, gentlemen your most obedient & most humble servant,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0256", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 18 March 1792\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Lisbon, 18 Mch. 1792. He has just read the following intelligence about Morocco in a letter from a respectable person at Gibraltar. Last month the armies of Muley Yezid and Muley Ischem fought in battle and both brothers died as a result of the clash. A third brother, Muley Slema, who is said to be more inclined to peace with all nations than either of his brothers, has supposedly been proclaimed Emperor at Tangier. The same letter mentions the 22nd instant as the date agreed to for the delivery of Oran to Algiers.\u2014He has not heard lately from Thomas Barclay but has no reason to doubt Barclay is still at Gibraltar.\u2014The diplomatic corps attended the palace last evening to inquire about the Queen\u2019s condition. Dr. Willis has declared that she is not incurable and has dismissed the other physicians who had been attending her.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0258", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Remsen, 18 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Remsen, Henry\n          I have duly recieved yours of the 16th. inst. and sincerely condole with you on the great loss you have sustained. Experience, however, in the same bitter school has taught me that it is not condoleance, but time and silence alone which can heal those wounds. I beg you not to hasten your return to this place earlier than your own feelings and the affairs of your family may dictate, as we can get along with the business of the office.\u2014I inclose you the order from Mr. Randolph, and will thank you for particular attention to the box of books, as there are among them some antient volumes of manuscript records and papers which exist no where else, and are of great consequence. I also trouble you with the dispatches for Mr. Short, put under cover to the Van Staphorsts into whose hands I wish the Captain would deliver them himself. I am with great esteem Dr. Sir Your sincere friend & servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0261", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 18 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n          I shall not repeat in this private dispatch any thing said in the public ones sent herewith. I have avoided saying in them what you are to do, when the business you go on shall be finished or become desperate, because I hope to hear what you wish. It is decided that Carmichael will be permitted to come away at that precise epoch, so you need have no delicacy on that subject if you chuse to remain there in your present grade. I become more and more satisfied that the legislature will refuse the money for continuing any diplomatic character at the Hague. I must beg of you to study and communicate to me confidentially the true character of Carmichael, his history at Madrid &c. Not a letter has been received from him since I came into office but the one he sent by Colo. Humphreys, and indeed for some time before I came into office. [I hope you will consider success in the object you go on as the most important one of your life: that you will meditate the matter day and night, and make yourself thoroughly master of it in every possible form in which they may force you to discuss it. A former letter has apprised you of my private intentions at the close of this present federal cycle. My successor and his dispositions are equally unknown.] The administration may change then in others of it\u2019s parts. It is essential that this business be compleated before any idea of these things get abroad. Otherwise Spain may delay in hopes of a change of counsels here. [It will be a great comfort to leave this business safely and amicably settled, which has so long and imminently threatened our peace. Gardoqui will probably be the negotiator on their part. No attentions should be spared towards him or the Ct. de Florida Blanca. Let what will be said or done, preserve your sang froid immoveably, and to every obstacle oppose patience, perserverance, and a soothing language. Pardon my sermonizing: it proceeds from the interest I feel  in this business, and in your success.\u2014It will be well that you examine with the most minute attention all the circumstances which may enable you to judge and communicate to us whether the situation of Spain admits her to go to war.]\n          The failure of some stock gamblers and some other circumstances have brought the public paper low. The 6. percents have fallen from 26/ to 2\u00bc and bank stock from 115 or 120. to 73 or 74. within two or three weeks. This nefarious business is becoming more and more the public detestation, and cannot fail, when the knowlege of it shall be sufficiently extended, to tumble it\u2019s authors headlong from their heights. Money is leaving the remoter parts of the union and flowing to this place to purchase paper: and here a paper medium supplying it\u2019s place, it is shipped off in exchange for luxuries. The value of property is necessarily falling in the places left bare of money. In Virginia for instance property has fallen 25. percent in the last 12. months. I wish to god you had some person who could dispose of your paper at a judicious moment for you, and invest it in good lands. I would do any thing my duty would permit, but were I to advise your agent (who is himself a stock dealer) to sell out yours at this or that moment, it would be used as a signal to guide speculations. E. Carter\u2019s lands in Albemarle are for sale, and probably can be bought for 30/ the acre.\u2014There can never be a fear but that the paper which represents the public debt will be ever sacredly good. The public faith is bound for this, and no change of system will ever be permitted to touch that. But no other paper stands on ground equally sure. I am glad therefore that yours is all of this kind.\n          [Some bishop of Spain, who was for some time in Mexico, found there copies of Cortez\u2019s correspondence, and on his return to Spain published them. I have made many efforts to get this book, but in vain. I must beg of you to procure it for me while there. It is not many years since it was published.]\u2014The contents of the present letter are of such a nature as that I must pray you to burn it before you set out on your journey.\u2014[You will probably get no letters from me after you enter Spain, as experience has proved to us the impossibility of their escaping the vigilance of the government. Perhaps you may find some at Bordeaux en passant.] I am with constant & sincere attachment, dear Sir, your affecte. friend & servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0262", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 18 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson having received information that a vessel sails from New York for Amsterdam about Wednesday, is endeavoring to get ready the necessary papers for Messrs. Short and Carmichael, to go by tomorrow\u2019s post. He beleives it impossible; but in order to take the chance of it, he troubles the President to sign the Commission to-day, which Mr. Taylor now carries to him for that purpose.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0263", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 20 March 179[2]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Mr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson. He may have heard that the Treasurer was in the Market last night and may be at a loss concerning his authority. The ground of the operation is an Act of the Board of the 15th of August last, appropriating a sum between three and four hundred thousand Dollars, which Mr. Hamilton considers as any sum short of 400,000 Dollars; leaving still a sum to be expended within the terms as to price prescribed by that Act. This is merely by way of information.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0264", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 21 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\n            Gentlemen\n          Your favors of Mar. 14. have been duly received, as also Mr. Carrol\u2019s separate letter of Mar. 15. I now inclose you copies of the two advertisements inserted in Freneau\u2019s, Fenno\u2019s, and Dunlap\u2019s papers of  this place. You will probably think it proper to have them inserted in the papers of other parts of the Union, following herein your own choice. It is rather desired too that you adopt such method as you think best for obtaining a Superintendent of proper qualifications, whether by advertizing, or by private enquiry. The President is not able to give you any satisfactory information as to the Charleston architect.\u2014Mr. Ellicot being of opinion he cannot be in readiness for a sale before the last of July, the blanks for the day of producing the plans are filled up with the 15th. of that month, so as to allow time for decision between them before the sale.\u2014Mr. Ellicot sets off the day after tomorrow. He says it was his intention that his brother, receiving 3. dollars a day should bear his own expences. I have advised him to reconsider with you his own demand of 5. dollars, and abate from it what reason may require, so that he considers that allowance as still open.\u2014There is at Amsterdam a Mr. Herman-Hend Damen a merchant-broker (connected with the Van Staphorsts) who is from the Palatinate. He informed me that the Palatines who emigrate to America, come down the Rhine and embark at Amsterdam. He undertook to procure any number I should desire, and to deliver them at Richmond clear of all expence, for 10. guineas a man paid at Amsterdam, or 11. guineas at Richmond. They were to be indentured, to serve me one year for their passage, and to remain 7. years tenants on my lands on half stocks. You would have to propose wages instead of this and a shorter contract; and very moderate wages would probably do. If you have no preferable channel of your own, and will be good enough to do what is necessary on your part, I will forward your letters, and accompany them with my own to Mr. Damen, and to the Van Staphorsts so as to have your purpose answered with zeal and fidelity.\u2014The temporary check on the price of public paper, occasioned by Mr. Duer\u2019s failure, induces Mr. Blodget to think it will be better to postpone for a few days the opening of the loan proposed, as he thinks it important that the present panic should be so far over, as to enable him to get it through at once, when proposed.\u2014I have the honour to be with the most perfect esteem & respect Gentlemen your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson\n            P.S. The President thinks the bridge over Rock creek should be of stone, and that it will be the cheapest in the end.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0265", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Melcher, 21 March 1792\nFrom: Melcher, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Agreeable to Mr. Henry Remsen\u2019s request of the 10th. of Octor. 1790, I forwarded to you on the 1st. of Octor. following, one of my Newspapers, and from that time have continued to transmit you one weekly, sealed and directed. He has since informed me that they have not come to hand regularly, many of them are missing, agreeable to a list forwarded, which I am sorry to hear. I cannot account for this any other way, than by some inattention in the Post riders or Postmasters, as I have always been very careful in having them regularly sent to the Post-office.\n          Agreeable to request I herewith enclose my bill, which you will please to have remitted in a post-bill.\n          Of the papers missing I have been able to procure only 12, many of which are hardly fit to send, though I have herewith enclosed them, and hope you will in future receive them a little more regular.\u2014I am Sir, your most obt. h\u2019ble Servt.,\n            John Melcher", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0266", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Walker, 21 March 1792\nFrom: Walker, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Washington March 21st. 1792\n          Your favour of the 14th. Inst. I had the honour to receive and have communicated the Contents to the proprietors of this City. In consequence of which I this day received the inclosed letter which they wish may be laid before the President of the United States.\u2014As I may Sometime after take an opty of conveying to you my Sentiments on this business I Shall not add at present but that I am with great Esteem and respect Sir Your Mo Obt Servant,\n            George Walker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0268", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, [21 March 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson presents his respects to the President, and sends for his perusal a letter he has prepared for the Commissioners, which will  inform him also of Mr. Blodget\u2019s ideas. In the mean time Blodget will be preparing the necessary papers.\n          Th: J. has at length been able to see Dr. Wistar about the big bones. They are at his house, always open to inspection. The Doctor is habitually at home at two aclock: if the President would rather go when he is not at home, the servants will shew the bones. Th: J. did not intimate to the Doctor who it was that wished to see them, so that the President will fix any day and hour he pleases on these premises, and Th: J. will have the honor to attend him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0269", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [21 March 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Wednesday Afternoon [21 Mch. 1792]\n          To morrow I shall be engaged all day, but will, in the course of it, fix a time to view the Big bones at Doctr. Wisters.\n          I hope Mr. Blodget does not begin to hesitate concerning the loan?\u2014And I hope the Commissioners, when they are about it, will build a Stone bridge and a compleat one, over Rock Creek\u2014it will be the cheapest in the end.\u2014Yrs. sincerely,\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0270", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Bell, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bell, Thomas\n          You will probably be surprised at t[he receipt of my] letter of the last week. I had been waiting to [give your order] to Freneau; till the postage should be fixed, [and as soon as it] was, sent him your list of subscribers, and des[ired him to be]gin forwarding the papers. But he came to m[e soon after] and told me that he had received an order from you [long] ago, and had been constantly sending them. My ignorance of this circumstance occasioned my troubling you with the letter.\u2014We have got an ensignship for Mr. Marks. For Gamble we could not, there being 130 applicants for 10. or 13 ensignships. The Secretary at war receives the most favorable accounts of Hastings  Marks, now at fort Washington and has several times spoken to me of him. This probably led to a preference of Mr. Marks, now appointed. Be so good as to mention this to his father, and my best affections to him and all my neighbors. I am with great esteem Dr. Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0271", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Ceracchi, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Ceracchi, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Mr. Duers bad affaires cuts in part the Suscription of the Nationale Monument; however my appearance in this City will be certenly of graet use. A small Schatcht that I have finished of my idea as actracted great dill attention already. Too morrow I shall begin the bust of the Governor, end that of the Cef Justice afterwards. Thise operations will consequentely unite the parties upon the subjet. I have being advised by many respectable Gentilments to presente a Memorial to the State House in order to engage her to take part in the suscription if whe succede will be a very important article for to influenced in the other States. As for the City suscription it will go certenly so far as in Philadelphia. For to neglecte noting on my side to brigne this projet to conclusione I shall be disposed to take an excursion to Boston promote the suscription my self end take the model of Governor hend Kock for to actract influence end attentione. If you appruv it sir be so Kind as to send me som letters of introductione. All this motion will certenly pushe on the business but will not cari it far. We will be obvio[usly] to short to performe the grand desing, wich to reduced it would be an umilietion for the Nation so well as for the artist. The Singularity and Magnificence of a poem in sculpture is lost, as well as the opportunity of acquiring a high fame in such extronary performance. The only way then to insur it would be to set as trusty some ground. If that of the Federal City Could not be disposed of, the Congre[ss] of the United States, could applui a little part of is possessions for that purpose. Iven to satisfi to the Decred of the Equestrian Figure in wich is ingaged I do not Know wheter it might be proper to addresse Congress with a petition on this subjet. This is a Rof idea come in this moment I  writte. If it is worth of attention your jugement might pot it in a proper Light. Your interest would carry very esey such poin[t]. Your sentiment and partiality upon this subjet will be respected as a Man of eleveted sentiment, taste, end understending.\u2014I should be very glad Sir if [you] think proper to informe the President of the above and presente my respectes to Him, as well as my best compliments to Mr. Maddison. The Cancelor is very Kind and attentive to me on account of your letter. Now having the honnour of confirming to you my estime end respects I am Sir Your Most obt he Sert,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0272", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\n            My dear Martha\n          Yours of Feb. 20. came to me with that welcome which every thing brings from you. It is a relief to be withdrawn from the torment of the scenes amidst which we are. Spectators of the heats and tumults of conflicting parties, we cannot help participating of their feelings. I should envy you the tranquil occupations of your situation were it not that I value your happiness more than my own. But I too shall have my turn. The ensuing year will be the longest of my life, and the last of such hateful labours. The next we will sow our cabbages together. Maria is well. Having changed my day of writing from Sunday to Thursday or Friday, she will oftener miss writing, as not being with me at the time.\u2014I believe you knew Otchakity the Indian who lived with the Marquis Fayette. He came here lately with some deputies from his nation, and died here of a pleurisy. I was at his funeral yesterday. He was buried standing up according to their manner. I think it will still be a month before your neighbor Mrs. Monroe will leave us. She will probably do it with more pleasure than heretofore; as I think she begins to tire of the town and feel a relish for scenes of more tranquillity. Kiss dear Anne for her aunt, and twice for her grandpapa. Give my best affections to Mr. Randolph and accept yourself all my tenderness.\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0273", "content": "Title: Report on Proposed Convention with Spain Concerning Fugitives, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          The Secretary of state having had under consideration the expediency and extent of a Convention with Spain to be established for with respect to fugitives from the United states to their adjoining provinces, or from those provinces to the United States, Reports to the President of the United States the inclosed Analytical view of the motives and principles which should govern such a Convention, and the Project of a convention adapted thereto, which he is of opinion should be forwarded to Messrs. Carmichael and Short, with powers to treat and conclude thereon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0274", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: Proposed Convention with Spain, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          EnclosuresIProposed Convention with Spain\n          Project of a Convention with the Spanish provinces.\n          Any person having committed Murder of malice prepense, not of the nature of treason, within the United States or the Spanish provinces adjoining thereto, and fleeing from the justice of the country, shall be delivered up by the government where he shall be found, to that from which he fled, whenever demanded by the same.\n          The manner of the demand by the Spanish government, and of the compliance by that of the United States, shall be as follows. The person authorized by the Spanish government, where the Murder was committed to pursue the fugitive, may apply to any justice of the supreme court of the United States or to the district judge of the place where the fugitive is, exhibiting proof on oath that a Murder has been committed by the said fugitive within the said government, who shall thereon issue his warrant to the Marshal or deputy Marshal of the same place to arrest the fugitive and have him before the said district judge, or the said pursuer may apply to such marshal or deputy Marshal of the same place to arrest the fugitive and have him before the said district judge, or the said pursuer may apply to such marshal or deputy Marshal directly, who, on exhibition of proof as aforesaid, shall thereupon arrest the fugitive, and carry him before the said district judge, and when before him in either way, he shall, within not less thandays, nor more thanhold a special court of inquiry, causing a grand jury to be summoned thereto, and charging them to  inquire whether the fugitive hath committed a Murder, not of the nature of treason, within the province demanding him, and on their finding a true bill, the judge shall order the officer, in whose custody the fugitive is, to deliver him over to the person authorized as aforesaid to receive him, and shall give such further authorities to aid the said person in safe keeping and conveying the said fugitive to the limits of the United States as shall be necessary and within his powers; and his powers shall expressly extend to command the aid of the posse of every district through which the said fugitive is to be carried. And the said justices, judges, and other officers shall use in the premises the same process and proceedings, mutatis mutandis, and govern themselves by the same principles and rules of law as in cases of Murder committed on the high seas.\n          And the manner of demand by the United States and of compliance by the Spanish government, shall be as follows. The person authorized by any justice of the Supreme court of the United States, or by the district judge where the Murder was committed, to pursue the fugitive may apply to\n          Evidence on oath, though written, and ex parte, shall have the same weight with the judge and grand jury in the preceding cases, as if the same had been given before them orally, and in presence of the prisoner.\n          The courts of Justice of the said states and provinces shall be reciprocally open for the demand and recovery of debts due to any person inhabiting the one, from any person fled therefrom and found in the other, in like manner as they are open to their own citizens: likewise for the recovery of the property, or the value thereof carried away from any person inhabiting the one, by any person fled therefrom and found in the other, which carrying away shall give a right of civil action, whether the fugitive came to the original possession lawfully or unlawfully, even feloniously; likewise for the recovery of damages sustained by any forgery committed by such fugitive. And the same provision shall hold in favor of the representatives of the original creditor or sufferer, and against the representatives of the original debtor, carrier away or forger: also in favor of either government or of corporations as of natural persons: but in no case shall the person of the defendant be imprisoned for the debt, though the process, whether original, mesne, or final be, for the form sake, directed against his person. The time between the flight and the commencement of the action, shall be counted but as one day under any Act of limitations\n          This convention shall continue in force Years from the exchange of ratifications, and shall not extend to any thing happening previous to such exchange.\n   In some copies of the document, this sentence was altered to read: \u201cIf the time between the flight and the commencement of the action exceed not\u2014\u2014years, it shall be counted but as one day under any act of limitations.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0275", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: Considerations on a Convention with Spain, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          IIConsiderations on a Convention with Spain\n          Heads of consideration on the establishment of Conventions between the United States and their neighbors for the mutual delivery of Fugitives from Justice.\n            Has a nation a right to punish a person who has not offended itself?\n  Writers on the law of nature agree that it has not.\n  That on the contrary, Exiles and Fugitives are to them as other strangers.\nAnd have a right of residence, unless their presence would be noxious. e.g. infectious persons.\nOne writer extends the exception to atrocious criminals, too imminently dangerous to Society.\nNamely to Pirates, Murderers, and Incendiaries. Vattel. L. V. \u00a7 233.\nThe punishment of Piracy, being provided for by our law, need not be so by Convention.\nMurder. Agreed that this is one of the extreme crimes justifying a denial of habitation, arrest, and redelivery.\nIt should be carefully restrained by definition to Homicide of malice prepense, and not of the nature of Treason.\nIncendiaries, or those guilty of Arson. This crime so rare, as not to call for extraordinary provision by a Convention.\nThe only Rightful subject then of arrest and delivery, for which we have Need, is Murder.\nOught we to wish to strain the natural right of arresting and re-delivering fugitives, to other cases?\n            The punishment of all real crimes is certainly desirable as a security to society. The security is greater in proportion as the chances of avoiding punishment are less.\n  But does the Fugitive from his Country avoid punishment?\nHe incurs Exile, not voluntary, but under a Moral necessity, as strong as Physical.\nExile, in some countries, has been the Highest punishment allowed by the laws.\n  To most minds it is next to death: to many beyond it.\nThe Fugitive indeed is not of the latter: he must estimate it somewhat less than death.\n  It may be said that to some, as Foreigners, it is no punishment.\n  Answ. these cases are few. Laws are to be made for the mass of cases.\nThe object of a Convention then in other cases would be that the Fugitive might not avoid the difference between Exile, and the legal punishment of the Case.\nNow in what case would this Difference be so important as to overweigh even the single Inconvenience of multiplying compacts?\n            1st. Treason. This, when real, merits the highest punishment.\nBut most Codes extend their definitions of treason to acts not really against one\u2019s country.\nThey do not distinguish between acts against the government, and acts against the oppressions of the Government.\nThe latter are virtues: yet have furnished more victims to the Executioner than the former.\n  Because real Treasons are rare: Oppressions frequent.\nThe unsuccessful strugglers against Tyranny have been the chief martyrs of Treason laws in all countries.\n  Reformation of government with our neighbors, as much wanting now as Reformation of religion is or ever was anywhere.\nWe should not wish then to give up to the Executioner the Patriot who fails, and flies to us.\nTreasons then, taking the simulated with the real, are sufficiently punished by Exile.\n            2nd. Crimes against Property. The punishment, in most countries immensely disproportionate to the crime.\nIn England, and probably in Canada, to steal a Hare, is death the 1st: offence, to steal above the value of 12d. death the 2d. offence.\nAll Excess of punishment is a Crime. To remit a fugitive to Excessive punishment, is to be accessary to the crime.\nOught we to wish for the obligation, or the right to do it?\nBetter, on the whole, to consider these crimes as sufficiently punished by the Exile.\nThere is one crime, however, against property, pressed by its consequences into more particular notice, to wit:\nForgery, whether of coin, or paper; and whether Paper of public, or private obligation.\nBut the Fugitive for forgery, is punished by Exile and Confiscation of the property he leaves.\nTo which add by Convention a civil action against the property he carries or acquires to the amount of the special damage done by his forgery.\nThe carrying away of the property of another may also be reasonably made to found a civil action.\nA Convention, then, may include Forgery and the carrying away the property of others under the head of\n            3. Flight from Debts.\n  To remit the fugitive in this case, would be to remit him in every case.\nFor in the present state of things, it is next to impossible not to owe something.\nBut I see neither injustice nor inconvenience in permitting the fugitive to be sued in our courts.\nThe laws of some countries punishing the unfortunate debtor by perpetual imprisonment, he is right to liberate himself by flight, and it would be wrong to re-imprison him in the country to which he flies.\n  Let all process therefore be confined to his property.\n  Murder, not amounting to treason, being the only case in which the Fugitive is to be delivered,\n  On what Evidence, and by whom shall he be delivered?\nIn this country let any justice of the Supreme court of the United States, or their Judge of the district where the fugitive is found use the same proceedings as for a murder committed on the high seas: until the finding of the \u2018True bill\u2019 by the Grand jury; but\nEvidence on oath from the country demanding him, though in writing and ex parte should have the same effect as if delivered orally at the examination.\nA True bill being found by the Grand jury, let the officer in whose custody the fugitive is, deliver him to the person charged to demand and receive him.\n  In the British provinces adjoining us the same proceedings will do.\nIn the Spanish provinces a proceeding adapted to the course of their laws should be agreed on.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0276", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, 22 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: House of Representatives\n            Philadelphia March 22. 1792.\n          According to the Resolution of the House of Representatives of February 23. 1791, I had prepared to lay before them, at their present meeting, a Report on the commerce and navigation of the United States with foreign nations. A possibility, however, has arisen that the existing state of things to which that Report was adapted, may be changed in several of it\u2019s parts, and may call for a corresponding change of measures. I take the liberty, therefore, to express an opinion that a suspension of proceedings herein, till the next Session of Congress, will be expedient, and to propose withholding the Report till then, unless the House of Representatives shall be pleased to signify their pleasure to the contrary.\u2014I have the honor to be, with the most perfect esteem and respect, Sir, your most obedient and most humble Servant,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0279", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jos\u00e9 de Jaudenes and Jos\u00e9 Ignacio de Viar, 23 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\n            Gentlemen\n          I have the honour to inform you that a commission has been issued to Mr. Carmichael and Mr. Short, as Commissioners plenipotentiary for the U.S. to confer, treat and negociate with any person or persons duly authorized by his Catholic majesty of and concerning the navigation of the river Missisipi, and such other matters relative to the confines of their territories, and the intercourse to be had thereon, as the mutual interests and general harmony of neighboring and friendly nations require should be precisely adjusted and regulated, and of and concerning the general commerce between the U.S. and the kingdoms and dominions of his Catholic Majesty, and to conclude and sign a treaty or treaties, Convention or Conventions thereon, saving as usual  the right of ratification: which Commission is already on it\u2019s way to Mr. Short whom it will find at the Hague, and who is desired immediately to proceed to Madrid. I expect his route will be by Bourdeaux and thence across the Pyrenees by the usual road. Might I hope your application to your court to send a passport and proper orders to their officers, where he must first enter the kingdom, to protect his passage into and thro\u2019 the kingdom, in order to prevent the loss of time which would be incurred by his waiting there till he could ask and receive a passport from Madrid?\u2014With the sincerest wishes that the matters not yet settled between the two countries may be so adjusted as to give a free course to that conduct on both sides which an unity of interest evidently prescribes, and with sentiments of perfect esteem & respect for yourselves, I have the honour to be, gentlemen, your most obedt. & most humble servant,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0281", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 24 March 1792\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Saturday morning 24 march 1792\n          Mr. Ternant\u2019s compliments to Mr. Jefferson\u2014sends the inclosed, which was amongst several letters brought by the King\u2019s Store ship, Mozelle arrived yesterday in this port.\u2014The ship was sent here to load supplies for the Cape. On the 4th. of march, there were only 1400 men arrived at that place out of the 6,300 troops officially announced to the Governor from france. Two ships of the line, four frigates and several store ships are still expected, but the vessels already arrived with part of the troops, had a long and boisterous voyage of one hundred days, which gives great uneasiness about the rest.\u2014The distresses of the colony continue to be extreme, and the insurrection is rather augmenting than abating.\u2014Mr. Ternant found also amongst the letters brought him, one directed to General Washington, which he likewise sends to the President\u2019s house. If after seeing the comanding officer of the Mozelle, he learns farther particulars worthy Mr. Jefferson\u2019s attention, he will not fail to impart them.\n          Mr. Ternant\u2019s letters say nothing of those directed to Mr. Jefferson and to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0282", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [24 March 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Saturday afternoon [24 Mch. 1792]\n          The Letters from Mr. de Mirbeck and Mr. Vall-travers to the P\u2014\u2014 and from the Proprietors of the Federal City to Mr. Walker, he wishes Mr. Jefferson to read and consider, that answers to, or proper notice of them, may result from it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0285", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 25 March 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          My last informed you of the breach which had been made in the ministry by the dismission of M. de Narbonne, the arrestation of M. de Lessart and resignation of M. de Bertrand. Since then the  others have resigned and their successors have been appointed. The club des Jacobins have at length obtained the triumph they have been long aiming at by all sorts of means. They have forced the King to take the members of his council from their body, so that all the present ministers except that of the war department, are the most violent, popular and leading members of the club des Jacobins whose exagerated and dangerous principles have been long known wherever the French revolution has been heard of.\n          The King in his letter to the assembly announcing these appointments (which you will see in the gazettes sent) does not conceal his regret at losing his former ministers and the sacrifice which he has made in chusing the present.\n          They are, for the foreign department, M. Du Mourier, very famous under the late reign as being one of the four persons employed by the Count de Broglie for the secret correspondence kept up during many years and communicated directly to the King, without the knowledge of the minister of foreign affairs, being intended as a watch and often as a check on his operations. For the Marine, M. de la Coste formerly clerk in that department and lately one of the commissaries sent to the islands. For the interieur M. Roland de la Pati\u00e8re, brother in law of Brissot de Warville who is known to you. For the contributions publiques, M. de Clavi\u00e8re, the co-operator of Brissot de Warville in their work on the commerce of the United States with France and much known for his writings on finance. For the department of justice, it is supposed an Avocat of Bordeaux, but this is not yet declared.\n          This ministry has not yet had time to shew in what line they will march. It will certainly however be in a very popular one. But as it is impossible that it can be as popular as the club des Jacobins will desire, it is highly probable that there will soon be a scission between those who are in the ministry and those who are out. In that case they will be denounced and counteracted as much as their predecessors, unless indeed they have address enough to gain some of the most eloquent of their speakers. For a short time at least there may be expected union between the executive and legislative and nothing less can prolong the existence of the present government.\n          This prospect combined with some other causes, has occasioned within these five or six days a most unexpected rise in the value of the assignats. Specie was the day before yesterday at 25. p. cent, it had been as high as 60. Exchange with all countries rose in the same proportion and had every appearance of continuing. Yesterday there was a check and a small fall which will probably continue, until greater confidence shall be acquired by the present ministry, or until  the prospects become brighter from abroad. Besides the political causes of this fluctuation in public credit, there are others also which have a considerable effect, arising from the excessive gambling in the funds and in bills of exchange which creates and destroys fortunes daily. Within these few days there have been several bankruptcies one of which is for ten or twelve millions.\n          As yet it appears probable that the King of Hungary will pursue the line marked out by his father. This will necessarily create delay. The present circumstances of the emigrants will not admit of their waiting for it. The assembly is now passing a decree for seizing their property and for appropriating it, at least of those who do not return within a term prescribed, to the expences occasioned by the preparations for war. This will bring back several of those who have large fortunes, but will probably have no effect on the others.\n          With respect to Spain there seems a probability of more moderation in the system adopted towards this country. Several inhabitants of the frontiers carried off prisoners to Spain have been returned since the change of the Ministry. I inclose you a copy of a letter from Mr. Carmichael the only one I have recd. from him for a long time, those he mentions having written, having never come to my hands. The memorial which he speaks of as having militated against his ideas is my letter of June 1. to M. de Montmorin and of which I inclosed you a copy in my No. 67. forwarded by M. de Ternant and received by you in due time as you informed me in yours of Nov. 24.\n          Not being acquainted with Mr. Carmichael\u2019s ideas I cannot say in what manner this letter could have militated against them. You will perhaps be better able to judge as you will probably have been informed of them and as the copy of the letter is in your possession. Your letter to me on this subject certainly rendered it highly proper not to say indispensable that I should have proceeded in this manner with respect to M. de Montmorin. I am happy to find from Mr. Carmichael\u2019s letter that he presumes favorably for the U.S. from Count Daranda\u2019s being at the helm. I have thought it best to transcribe Mr. Carmichael\u2019s letter that you might have his own expressions as well with respect to this circumstance as that of the memorial mentioned above.\n          In mentioning the change of the ministry I should not omit the circumstance of Messieurs Hennin and Rayneval being no longer employed. M. de Lessart judged it a necessary measure for diminishing the malevolence of the popular party towards his department, and gave them as successor the day before his arrestation M. Bonne Carrere appointed Minister to Liege, but not received there on account  of his popular principles. It will no doubt strike you that the present moment exhibits a favorable prospect for changing the decrees of the former assembly relative to the articles of our commerce. Hitherto it was in vain that the ministry were well disposed. A proposition from them would have been a reason the more in favor of those who were for supporting decrees manifestly against the public weal but favorable to the private interests of several persons or parties. At present any proposition from the ministry will be well received and particularly those relative to the general interests of commerce from M. de Claviere, in whose talents all the popular party have much confidence, and above all in matters of this kind. With respect to the opinion of M. de Claviere on this subject as relative to the U.S. they have been long known to you. I have never had any communcation of any kind with him or Warville who is one of his co-operators, except in the publication of the pamphlet on tobacco more than twelve months ago and of which you were informed. Since then I have not seen either of them, but have no doubt their sentiments will be the same. In that case we may count on an alteration in the decrees relative to our commerce being proposed by that minister and supported in the assembly by Warville and the popular party who form a decided and large majority. I purpose speaking with Ministry on the subject and have full hopes of being able in a very short time to announce to you the change at least on the importation of salted provisions and tobacco from the U.S. The rest will certainly follow unless there should be some considerable deviation from present principles.\n          A decree concerning the colonies was at length adopted yesterday after the unexpected delays with which you have been made acquainted. It confirms fully the gens de couleur in the rights which have been alternately granted and refused by the former assembly according to the state of parties at the time of passing each decree. For the other dispositions of the present decree I refer you to the gazette universelle of this morning herein inclosed. The decree respecting the succours to be given to the colonies I am assured will be passed in a few days.\n          The Bishop of Autun has returned here from London. It is said and he says, to have more ample powers for prosecuting the business he was sent on. He has given assurances which have been mentioned from the diplomatic committee, of England\u2019s observing the strictest neutrality with respect to the affairs of France, and adds also a probability of connexions being formed between the two countries. As yet however he has in all likelihood only conjectures to go on, and most people seem to think the conjectures against him. It is certain however  that some expressions in the speeches of some of the ministerial members of Parliament, seem designed to sound the public opinion on this subject, which is the most favorable symptom, if not the only one, for him.\n          I am desired to ask your attention to the two inclosed letters. There is also a third one for yourself.\u2014I have the honor to be with perfect respect, Dear Sir, your obedient & humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0286", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 25 March 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The President of the United States has attentively considered the \u201cProject of a Convention with the Spanish Provences\u201d which was  submitted to him by the Secretary of State, and informs him that the same meets his approbation.\u2014The President, however, thinks it proper to observe, that in perusing the beforementioned Project some doubts arose in his mind as to the expediency of two points mentioned therein.\u2014The one relative to instituting a civil, instead of a criminal process against Forgerers; who, generally, if not always, are possessed of little property.\u2014The other, respecting the unlimited time in which a person may be liable to an action.\n          By expressing these qu\u00e6ries the President would not be understood as objecting to the points touched upon; he only wishes to draw the Secretary\u2019s further attention to them, and if he should, upon reconsideration, think it right for them to stand upon their present footing the President acquiesces therein.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0287", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Hawkins, 26 March 1792\nFrom: Hawkins, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Senate Chamber 26 march 1792\n          I have sent the messenger of the Senate to you for 1st. vol. Of Ramsays history of S. Carolina. I shall return it to-morrow.\n          I had a conversation with Genl. Dickinson, on the subject I mentioned  to you yesterday. He expects this evening to be in company with Hammond and Bond and he will speak very freely to them, as from himself, and let me know the result to-morrow. On his present standing he expects they will as they have done, begin the conversation on their part. You know his candid mode of expressing himself and on this occasion it is extremely proper. He will ask H. or B. whether there has been an explicit declaration on the part of his Court through you to the President of their disposition to carry the treaty into effect. And if there has not what right can he have to expect any benefit will result from his visit to this Country.\u2014Yours sincerely,\n            Benjamin Hawkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0288", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel L. Hylton, 26 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hylton, Daniel L.\n          Immediately on the receipt of your favor of the 10th. which was not till the 20th. inst. I commenced an enquiry into the chances of getting Miss Hylton carried back under the care of some of the ladies who will be returning. The list stands as follows: Colo. and Mrs. Monroe return in their own chariot with a pair of horses, and three persons in the carriage. Mrs. Griffin does not return at all, proposing to pass the summer somewhere Northward of this. Neither Colo. Davies nor Mr. Beckley return. Young Mr. Lewis, and Miss Norton, who is to be Mrs. Lewis in a few days, go back in their own carriage, with three persons in it. Our only chance therefore is Mr. and Mrs. Page. This is not a certain one, because Mrs. Page is fattening so fast that Mr. Page says if the adjournment of Congress should not be as early as is contemplated he shall not be able to carry her back, otherwise he will with pleasure take care of Miss Hylton. He is not quite decided how he shall return. Mrs. Page has an aversion to the water, and she talks of hiring a coachee. Upon the whole I think it rather probable they will return, and whether by land or water I shall hope to be able to get Miss Hylton in with them. As to the time it is uncertain. We may guess from the 20th. of April to the 10th. of May: but it is only a guess. You will be so good as to recommend to Miss Hylton to be in a state of readiness, and as soon as the day is known I will drop her a line that she may come on: and I will also inform you by post of the day she sets out, and where you are to meet her.\n          I have reason to beleive that I am credited here for two hogsheads of tobo. less than there actually came. I have an exact knowlege of what Stratton brought, but not of what came by any other vessel or vessels, as I was not in Philadelphia at the time. If you could let me know what hogsheads were sent by any other vessel than Stratton\u2019s you will much oblige me, that I may be able to settle with my tobacconist.\u2014My affectionate compliments to Mrs. Hylton & am Dear Sir Your friend & servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson\n            P.S. I suppose you will have heard of the death of young Mr. Braxton, whose funeral we attended yesterday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0291", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Walker, 26 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Walker, George\n          I have duly received your favor of the 21st. with the letter from sundry inhabitants of George town which it inclosed, and have laid them before the President. You have before understood, Sir, that Majr. L\u2019Enfant was originally called into the service by Mr. Carrol,  who doubting, before Majr. Lenfant\u2019s arrival here, whether he could with propriety act as a Commissioner while he remained a member of the legislature, it fell on the President to point out to the Majr. the objects of his attention and to send him on to the other Commissioners under whose employment and direction he was explicitly informed that he was to act. This accident alone gave an appearance of an original interference by the President, which it neither was, nor is his intention to practise. Whoever wishes for employment, whether it be Majr. Lenfant or any other, must apply to the Commissioners directly, the President being decided not to meddle with those details. He would certainly wish to do what would gratify the inhabitants, in any instance where it would be consistent with propriety. In the present he can do no more than leave the Commissioners free to follow their own judgment.\u2014I am with great esteem, Sir Your most obedt. servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0292", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Campbell, 27 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Campbell, David\n          Your favor of Feb. 25. by Mr. Allison has been duly recieved. Having been now 17. years out of the practice of the law, and my mind too constantly occupied in a different line to permit my keeping up my law reading, those subjects are now too little familiar to me to venture a law opinion on the question discussed in the Charge you were so kind as to send me. I am much pleased with the mention therein made that the people are happy under the general government. That it is calculated to produce general happiness, when administered in it\u2019s true republican spirit, I am thoroughly persuaded. I hope too that your admonitions against encroachments on the Indian lands will have a beneficial effect. The U.S. find an Indian war too serious a thing, to risk incurring one merely to gratify a few intruders with settlements which are to cost the other inhabitants of the U.S. a thousand times their value in taxes for carrying on the war they produce. I am satisfied it will ever be preferred to send an armed force and make war against the intruders as being more just and less expensive. A new post extended to the South Western territory will I hope soon open a more regular communication with that country. I am with great esteem Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0293", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 27 March 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I am happy to inform you that a great part of your young trees from Long-island is alive notwithstanding the hardships they underwent during the Winter. The apple, peach, Nectarine and plumb trees, the poplars and balsam of Peru, the filberd and cranberry plants with all the roses except the moss rose are evidently reviving. We are yet in doubt concerning the Venet. Sumach, and allmost despair of the Evergreens. The Sugar maple, it appears, is the most delicate of the whole number, for all of them are totally lost. It gives some consolation however, to know with certainty that this plant is abundant about Calf-pasture, and that the hemlock-spruce-fir is a native of Monto.\u2014Another unproductive year in the orchards of the low country increases the value of the mountains by giving reason to think that their summits in a short time will be the only region of Virginia habitable by fruit trees.\u2014Colo. Lewis shewed me the other day an account of your Tobacco made last year. The exact sum has sliped my memory but I recollect that it lies between 42 and 43000 \u20b6. exclusive of the shares of the Overseers. The manager has received directions to get it on float for Richmond with all expedition.\n          The skill and activity of Clarkson are sufficiently manifested allready to make us hope that your affairs in Albemarle will be better conducted than they have ever been. I know it will give you real pleasure to hear that he has a valuable art of governing the slaves which sets aside the necessity of punishment allmost entirely. Contentment reigns among them, and that order which Goodness itself unaccompanied with firmness and vigor could not maintain.\u2014I am Dear Sir your most affte. friend & hble Servt.,\n            Thos. Mann Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0294", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Timothy Pickering, 28 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pickering, Timothy\n            Philadelphia Mar. 28. 1792. Wednesday morng.\n          The President has desired me to confer with you on the proposition I made the other day of endeavoring to move the posts at the rate of 100 miles a day. It is believed to be practicable here because it is practised in every other country. The difference of expence alone  appeared to produce doubts with you on the subject. If you have no engagement for dinner to day, and will do me the favor to come and dine with me, we will be entirely alone, and it will give us time to go over the matter and weigh it thoroughly. I will in that case ask the favor of you to furnish yourself with such notes as may ascertain the present expence of the posts, for one day in the week to Boston and Richmond, and enable us to calculate the savings which may be made by availing ourselves of the stages. Be pleased to observe that the stages travel all the day. There seems nothing necessary for us then but to hand the mail along through the night till it may fall in with another stage the next day, if motives of economy should oblige us to be thus attentive to small savings. If a little latitude of expence can be allowed, I should be for only using the stages the first day, and then have our own riders. I am anxious that the thing should be begun by way of experiment for a short distance, because I believe it will so increase the income of the post office as to shew we may go through with it. I shall hope to see you at three aclock. I am with great esteem Sir Your most obedt. humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0295", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Fulwar Skipwith, 28 March 1792\nFrom: Skipwith, Fulwar\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Fort Royal M[artini]que 28 March 1792\n          Soon after my late address from Norfolk I embarked for this Island and have been now some weeks arrived. Government here continuing still without any official communication from their Court touching the reception of a Consul from the United States places me in my former state of suspense; yet whenever the obstacles which keep me out office shall be removed, I shall with pleasure undertake to discharge the duties of my Consulate.\n          This as well as the neighbouring french Islands remain in peace. The Ports of this Island alone are shut against Flour from the United States; but the General has lately intimated to me his design of opening  them in a few weeks, on account of the short supplies which have lately arrived and in future may be expected from France.\n          For a moment I beg leave to call your Excellencys recollection to a Packet which during my residence in Virginia last Summer I transmitted for Genl. Washington, from M. Behague (Governor of M[artini]que). When in Philadelphia I learned from your Excellency that it had been duly received and given into the General. M. Behague complains that its contents which required a reply must have been unattended to as he has not yet received a sentence in return.\u2014With Esteem I have the honor to remain Your Excellencys Mo Obedient and Mo Hum Servant,\n            Fulwar Skipwith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0296", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 28 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          I have the honor to inclose you two letters from Judge Symmes of Jan. 25th. and 27th. His letter of Sep. 17. mentioned in the first of these was received by me Nov. 23. and after being laid before you, was answered Dec. 4. The part of the answer respecting leave from you to come to Philadelphia was in these words. \u2018The President does not conceive that the Constitution has given him any controul over the proceedings of the Judges, and therefore considers that his permission or refusal of absence from your district would be merely nugatory.\u2019\n          With respect to the escort for the judges on their circuits, you will be pleased to determine whether the good of the service will permit them to have one from the military, or whether that part of the letter shall be laid before the legislature to make regular provision for an escort. That part of the letter respecting jails, must, as I apprehend, be laid before the legislature.\n          The complaint against Capt. Armstrong, in the letter of Jan. 27. coming formally from a judge, will require notice. A civil prosecution in the courts of the Territory appears to me most proper. Perhaps a formal instruction to the Governor as Commander in chief to put his officers on their guard against any resistance to civil process might  have the effect of preventing future disputes. I shall have the honor of waiting on you to take your pleasure on these several subjects, & have now that of being with sentiments of profound respect & sincere attachment Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0297", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Commissioners of the Federal District, 30 March 1792\nFrom: Commissioners of the Federal District\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            George Town 30th. March 1792\n          Having felt much anxiety at our last meeting to see business of some sort commenced here, we determined on the immediate errection of a Bridge over Rock Creek, and advertized for Models to be exhibited to us by the 26th. Mr. Herbaugh from Baltimore, an artist with whose ingenuity you must be acquainted from his patents, exhibited to us the inclosed one, which has our approbation, as well as that of all here. We had some doubts at first whether one Arch would be sufficient for the discharge of the water in times of great floods, but have been fully satisfied on that head by those who are best acquainted with it. A conditional agreement was immediately made with him of which you have inclosed a copy together with his estimate of the expences. The proprietors of the ground from the Creek to George Town, made a Cession last fall, of half their interest in it, for the purposes of a bridge and causeway which was deposited with Majr. L\u2019Enfant, who has it still. This made it necessary for us to apply to them for a renewal of it, which we have obtained and send you a Copy of. You will observe we are bound to complete both the bridge and causeway before we can be entitled to the benefits of the cession. As the river at present occupies almost the whole of the street leading from George Town over the bridge, this would be perfectly useless without the causeway:  as the latter however is not included within the limits of the City, we do not think ourselves authorised to destine any part of the funds entrusted to us, to any purposes not so included, though immediately connected with it, and have thought it proper to submit the matter to the President\u2019s consideration.\n          Allowing the property ceded to the public to sell only at one half the price which such property commands at present in Baltimore and Alexandria, the public will be more than reimbursed the expences of the bridge and causeway, provided no sale is made till these are completed: so that the money advanced for effecting these objects, may be considered only as a loan and for a very short time. Upon the whole then, we doubt not but the President will approve of our making an absolute contract for them.\u2014To enable you to judge better of the value of the property, we inclose you a survey we caused to be made of the Ground, with a sketch of the lots to be devided between the public and the individuals. Mr. Herbaugh gives us reason to think he will undertake the causeway likewise. He returns to Baltimore tomorrow to prepare for the undertaking he has engaged in conditionally, if it receives the President\u2019s assent, of which we promised him to request you to drop him immediate notice at Baltimore that there may be no delay. Such indeed is the important point of view in which we consider this matter, that sooner than have incurred this, we should, notwithstanding the doubt respecting our authority, have agreed absolutely with him.\n          It was our intention founded on the expectation of meeting Mr. Ellicot here, to have employed hands on the Post-road. A Skillful hand is engaged to superintend the work at the Quarries, which will commence the next week. We are in daily expectation of a person from Baltimore who has been highly recommended to us, to superintend the making of bricks.\n          Many offers of lime from the Eastward have been made us, but so exorbitant that they have been declined, and we think ourselves fortunate in having done so, as we now have infinitely better made us from the upper parts of the Potowmac. Indeed our prospects from this quarter are very flattering both with respect to plank and lime. If lime can at present be supplied from thence on cheaper Terms than the Eastward, what may not be expected Summer twelvemonth, when we have the strongest assurances of the navigation being completed, and when we shall have the greatest demand for it. With respect to it\u2019s quality, our information from those who have had experience of each, is, that the Potowmac lime is one fifth superior. Advertizements of the plans have been sent to Boston, Baltimore, Charleston and Richmond.\n          As soon as we are informed of the success of the event you mention, our views will of course be extended to every possible object. From our short acquaintance with Mr. Herbaugh, we are impressed with the most favorable opinion of him, and besides flattering ourselves that he will be found generally useful, think he will be the most proper person we can engage, when it shall be necessary to undertake the canal and the contraction of Goose Creek.\n          We have received a Letter from Majr. L\u2019Enfant, refusing our offer to him and requesting we would recall our draft in his favor.\n          This place is becoming an object of such consequence, as to be attracting the notice of Artists and labourers from all quarters. This being the case we will defer our answer to your offer respecting Germans \u2018till Mr. Johnson\u2019s arrival whom we expect in the course of a few days.\n          We have conversed with Mr. Carroll on the subject of his house; who readily accedes to the proposition of having it rebuilt to the same state as when it was destroyed: We shall therefore employ persons immediately upon it.\u2014We are Sir with the highest respect Your Obedt. hum Servts.,\n            Dd: Stuart.Danl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0299", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 30 March 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia 30th March 1792\n          By the last packet, I have received from my Court (in consequence of a communication from me of the reports circulated upon the subject) a corroboration of the truth of the sentiments, which I had the honor of stating to you, as the result of my personal conviction, in my letter of the 14th of December, relative to Mr. Bowles.\n          I am directed to assure this government, in the most explicit manner, that the assertions said to have been made by Mr. Bowles of his pretensions having been encouraged or countenanced by the government of Great Britain, or of his having been furnished by it with arms and ammunition, are entirely without foundation. The report also of his having obtained from the government of Great Britain any sort of commission as superintendant of the Indians or in any other character, or of his having received authority, to promise to the Indians protection and assistance in the recovery of their old boundary with Georgia, or to hold out to them the expectation of any English reinforcements in the spring, is equally groundless.\n          I feel the sincerest satisfaction in being empowered to communicate to you, Sir, this additional proof of the solicitude of his Majesty\u2019s government to promote a good understanding with the United States, which solicitude cannot be more decidedly evinced than by this prompt contradiction of the rumours to which I have alluded, and which are as repugnant to the truth, as they are injurious to the establishment of that mutual confidence, which ought to subsist between our respective countries.\u2014I have the honor to be with great respect and esteem, Sir, Your most obedient, humble servant,\n            Geo. Hammond.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0300", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 30 March 1792\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Lisbon, 30 Mch. 1792. He encloses a copy of a letter from Captain O\u2019Bryen showing that Mrs. Duncan\u2019s son was never a prisoner in Algiers. Yesterday he wrote a letter about the captives in Algiers to William Carmichael.\u2014The Queen moved to the palace at Quelux eight days ago. She continues to improve, according to an official report of the Secretary of State for foreign affairs, and her confessor has been forbidden to go to Quelux. The Prince of Brazil has liberated all prisoners of the Inquisition and won wide approval for his general conduct.\u2014He requests the President\u2019s permission to make an excursion by water to the Western Islands or Gibraltar to seek relief from \u201ca bilous complaint (a disorder somewhat incident to this Climate).\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0303", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 31 March 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Gibraltar, 31 Mch. 1792. He offers the following account of developments in Morocco so that TJ can decide whether he should go there or remain here. Muley Slema left the sanctuary near Tetuan on 10 Mch. and went to another one at Wazan where he met a great number of Talbs who support him because of his personal morality. The Talbs have proposed that a convention of deputies from the various provinces meet at the sanctuary of Muley Idris and select an Emperor from among the princes who will rule in accordance with the Koran. It is doubtful that Muley Slema would be the choice of such a convention because he is poor and indecisive, and several of the mountaineers who volunteered to serve him have deserted him. Muley Slema demanded 25,000 dollars from Tetuan and instructed Fenis to ask the foreign consuls at Tangier to lend him a sum of money that he would repay as soon as he collected customs duties there. The Danish, Dutch, and Swedish consuls were forbidden to ship any effects from Tangier after they refused to comply with this request, whereas the English vice-consul simply asked permission to consult with the English consul who is here. The British garrison here, which is dependent on the Barbary States for fresh supplies of food, favors Muley  Slema because Muley Ischem is attached to Spain. But Muley Slema has been adversely affected by the recent capture of a large sum of money by supporters of the deposed governor of Tetuan.\u2014After being appointed by Muley Slema to deal with the Christian powers now at peace with Morocco, Taher Fenis left Tangier and went south, presumably to await the outcome of the succession struggle. He wrote a letter to Fenis reminding Fenis of his promise to notify him of the proper time to come to Africa and received a 24 Mch. reply from Gironimo Chiappe stating that Fenis was about to join Muley Slema and would soon answer Barclay\u2019s letter. \u201cWhen I wrote I had a better opinion of the pretentions of Slema than I have now, and I wished early to avail myself of the Authority and influence which it is expected Fenis will have if that prince proves successfull.\u201d\u2014During a meeting with the British consul in Tangier near the end of February, Francis Chiappe asked Fenis if he should advise Barclay to come to Morocco. Fenis replied that he would write to Barclay at the proper time, \u201cand when the Consul informed me of this Circumstance, he added that he knew the late Emperor had placed Chiappe at Tangier under the Eye of Fenis, with the intention of sending for his head at a convenient time. I have found it necessary to send Mr. Chiappe 400 Dollars for reasons which will probably occur to you.\u201d\u2014The consuls at Tangier refused to obey orders from Muley Slema to meet him at the sanctuary at Wazan, and the governor [of Larach], who transmitted the orders, rejected the consuls\u2019 offer to send a present to Muley Slema. Muley Slema has sent orders to Tetuan to receive any American minister who arrives there. Muley Suliman, another son of Sidi Mahomet, was proclaimed Emperor in the cities of Fez and Mequinez on 14 and 19 Mch. respectively. \u201cI greatly fear Slema has overrated his influence with the people by whom he expected to be compelled to accept of the Sovereignty. The inhabitants of Sallee and Rabat, both of which are maritime Cities of consequence have not, that we know of, yet declared themselves. Such is the situation of the Kingdom of Fez.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0306", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jacob Blackwell, 1 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Blackwell, Jacob\n          Mr. Remsen having now decided definitively to resign his office of Chief-clerk, I have considered, with all the impartiality in my power, the different grounds on which yourself and Mr. Taylor stand in competition for the succession. I understand that he was appointed about a month before you, and that you came into actual service about a month before him. These circumstances place you so equally, that I cannot derive from them any ground of preference. Yet obliged to decide one way or the other, I find in a comparison of your conditions a circumstance of considerable equity in his favor. He is a married man, with a family; yourself single. There can be no doubt but that 500. dollars place a single man as much at his ease as 800. do a married one. On this single circumstance then I have thought myself bound to appoint Mr. Taylor chief clerk, and I beg you to be assured that it is the only motive which has decided in my mind, and that it has given me more pain to make the decision, than to you to learn it, having had every reason to be entirely satisfied as well with your conduct as with his since I have been in the office, and being with real esteem Sir your friend & servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0307", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Lewis, 1 April 1792\nFrom: Lewis, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia April 1st 1792\n          I sometime since sent you all the Acts of the Legislature of Pennsylvania up to the Revolution, and I understood that you were in possession of those from that time till the Month of November 1784. I undertook to procure such as have been since passed, and to have them bound and sent to you. This Promise I have not Complied with, nor is it in my Power, for after breaking my own sett, which was before incompleat; applying to the Printer of the Laws for such as might not have been disposed of; to the Clerk of the House for such loose Pamphlets as had not been Carried away by the members, and to several of my friends, who were most likely to have laid them by, those of the first Session of the 6th. General Assembly, of the 1st. and 3d. Sess: of the 7th., and of the 1st. Sess: of the 8th. are still wanting, and I believe not to be procured in the City, unless by a Letter from  you to the Speaker of the House, which will probably cause them to be furnished to you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0308", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Pinckney, 1 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Charles\n            Philadelphia April 1. 1792.\n          Your letter of Jan. 8. to the President of the U.S. having been referred to me, I have given the subject of it as mature consideration as I am able. Two neighboring and free governments, with laws equally mild and just, would find no difficulty in forming a convention for the interchange of fugitive criminals. Nor would two neighboring despotic governments, with laws of equal severity. The latter wish that no door should be open to their subjects flying from the oppression of their laws. The fact is that most of the governments on the continent of Europe have such conventions: but England, the only free one, till lately, has never yet consented either to enter into a convention for this purpose or to give up a fugitive. The difficulty between a free government and a despotic one is indeed great. I have the honor to inclose to your Excellency a sketch of the Considerations which occurred to me on the subject, and which I laid before the President. He has in consequence instructed me to prepare a project of a Convention to be proposed to the court of Madrid, which I have accordingly done, and now inclose a copy of it. I wish it may appear to you satisfactory. Against property we may hope it would be effectual, whilst it leaves a door open to life and liberty except in a single unquestionable case. Messrs. Carmichael and Short will be instructed to make this one of the subjects of their negociation with the court of Spain. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect Y. E\u2019s most obedt. & most humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0309", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [1 April 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The enclosed are sent for Mr. Jeffersons perusal. The letter from Mr. Knox the P\u2014\u2014 thinks was (the original) sent to Mr. Jefferson before.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0310", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 1 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson has the honor to present to the view of the President the subjects relative to Algiers, under their different aspects. On further consideration, and paying special attention to the circumstances of the present moment, which render expence an obstacle perhaps to what would be the best plan, he suggests others which would not be eligible under other circumstances, or for any length of time. If the President will be pleased to make his option of these plans, and determine whether to consult one or both houses, messages adapted to the case shall be prepared.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0311", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Considerations on Policy toward Algiers, 1 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          EnclosureConsiderations on Policy toward Algiers\n          Considerations on the subjects of Ransom, and Peace with the Algerines\n            I. The Ransom of our captive citizens, being 14. in number.\n  For facts on this subject refer to the Reports of Dec. 28. 1790. on the same ransom, and on the Mediterranean trade, and to Mr. Short\u2019s letter of Aug. 24. 91. sent to the Senate.\n  The probable cost will be 1500. doll. for the common men, and half as much more for officers, adding presents, duties and other expences, it will be little short of 40,000 D.\n  This must be ready money, and consequently requires a joint, but secret vote of both houses.\n  An Agent must be sent for the purpose.\n            II Peace, how best to be obtained?\n  1. By war: That is to say by constant cruizes in the Mediterranean.\n  This proved practicable by the experiment of M. de Massiac. by the Portuguese cruises.\n  The co-operation of Portugal, Naples, Genoa, Malta could possibly be obtained.\n  But the expence would be considerable.\n  Vessels mounting 100. guns in the whole would probably be wanting on our part.\n  These would cost in the outset 400,000 Doll.\n  And annually afterwards 125,000 Doll.\n  It may be doubted if this expence could be met during the present Indian war.\n  If it could, it is the most honourable and efficacious way of having peace.\n            2. By paying a gross sum for a peace of 50. years.\n  Respectable opinions vary from 300,000 to 1,000,000 Doll. as to the first cost.\n  Then are to follow frequent occasional presents.\n  And with all this, the peace will not be respected, unless we appear able to enforce it.\n  And if able to enforce, why not rely on that solely?\n  That same question recurs here. To wit Are we able to meet this expence at present?\n            3. By tribute annually.\n  The Dutch, Danes, Swedes and Venetians pay about 24,000 D. a year.\n  We might perhaps obtain it for something less.\n  If for ten or fifteen thousand dollars a year, it might be eligible.\n  4. By a tariff for the ransom of the captives they shall take from us. If low, this might do for the present.\n  The Agent to be sent for the purpose of ransom, might be authorised to treat but should also make himself acquainted with their coast, harbour, vessels, manner of fighting &c.\n  On either of these plans, a vote of the Senate will be requisite.\n  On the 1st. or 2d. the Representatives should be consulted; and perhaps on the 3d. or 4th. it will be best to bring it on by a message from the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0312", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Hugh Williamson, 1 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Williamson, Hugh\n          Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to Dr. Williamson and returns him the draught of the bill of projects, with the alterations he proposes to it. These will certainly put the business into a more steady channel, and one more likely by the establishment of fixed rules, to deal out justice without partiality or favouritism. Above all things he prays to be relieved from it, as being, of every thing that ever was imposed on him, that which cuts up his time into the most useless fragments and gives him from time to time the most poignant mortification. The subjects are such as would require a great deal of time to understand and do justice by them, and not having that time to bestow on them, he has been oppressed beyond measure by the circumstances under which he has been obliged to give crude and uninformed opinions on rights often valuable, and always deemed so by the authors.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0315", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Pfeiffer, 2 April 1792\nFrom: Pfeiffer, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Monday Morning April 2d 1792\n          I fear that I have already appeared too forward and that on the receipt of this you will think me more so. But, respected sir, presuming forwardness especially to my superiors, is what (I can with sincerity say) I never was intentionally guilty of: and to justify myself in this particular I can freely appeal to my own heart, and to my honoured patron Dr. Rush. Causes of a pressing nature sir (with the principal of which Dr. Rush is acquainted) first prompted me to the freedom I made use of in waiting upon you, and now urge me again to intrude in this manner. If after the expected vacancy occurs you should be pleased to grant me a place in your office, I hope not to be found ungrateful, and trust that no exertions in my power would be neglected, to perform the several duties, which might be required of me. I am sensible sir, of my insufficiency, but would fain hope that by diligence and application, I might in a short time be able, considerably to improve my hand in writing. If however you should not think proper to engage me in consequence of the vacancy now contemplated, I would with the hope and promise of serving under you sir, chearfully wait the occurrence of another. If other recommendations be deemed requisite, I may perhaps be honoured with those of several respectable gentlemen, and amongst the number with that of Genl. Brodhead, Surveyor general, in whose office I have lately employed some time, for the purpose of improving my hand. I am far from looking on the business of your office Sir as a hardship to me, and have not the least ambition to aspire to a greater salary than that which you mentioned to me as what was generally allowed. I sincerely intreat your pardon  for the earnestness and presumption of these lines, on account of the causes of them which are indeed urgent.\n          I dare hardly make the bold request, but worthy sir, by condescending to leave a message or a few lines for me in answer to this, you will confer a great favour on Sir, your sincere & unfeigned humble servt.,\n            Geo: Pfeiffer\n            N.B. If it is not too much sir, I will do my self the honour to call for an answer to these, tomorrow afternoon at two oclock.\n            Geo: Pfeiffer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0316", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Rodolph Valltravers, 2 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Valltravers, Rodolph\n          The President of the United states has received your letters of Nov. 15. 1789. Mar. 20. Aug. 1. and Nov. 30. 1791. and no others. The three volumes of M.S.S. on the European settlements in the East Indies came also safely to hand. These contain certainly a great deal of matter which would be useful either to states or persons concerned in the commerce to those countries, and it is desireable they should be made public. But the President does not charge himself with any thing of this kind. They are therefore sent with the present letter to Messrs. Van Staphorsts of Amsterdam, to whom, in your last, you desire letters may be directed for you. This is done with the hope that the world may have the benefit of their publication and yourself that of their sale. Your letter addressed to the societies of arts, will be delivered to the American Philosophical society. On the other subjects of your letters I am not authorised to say any thing in particular. I am Sir your very humble servt,\n            Th: JeffersonSecretary of State to the U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0317", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 2 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson has the honor to return to the President the letters of Seagrove from which he has had an extract taken.\n          He incloses also the names of three gentlemen who have expressed their willingness to serve in the Mint. The President knows them personally and will judge of their fitness.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0318", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andrew Ellicott, 3 April 1792\nFrom: Ellicott, Andrew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I arrived at this place on friday evening last, after the Commissioners had sent their Letters for you, to the Post Office; which will account for their not mentioning my arrival in their dispatches:\u2014I understand that Mr. George Walker, has been sent on to Philadelphia by the Proprietors of the Lands in the City of Washington, to prevail upon the President, to restore Mr. L\u2019Enfant to his former employment in the City.\u2014This measure, I am informed, was taken in consequence  of a Letter from Mr. Cabot, to Mr. Davidson, which Letter in my opinion is highly exceptionable and if the Commissioners should be able to procure a copy of it, they will no doubt send it to you.\u2014I suspect that some of the Proprietors are now sorry, that they appeared in the above business.\u2014Several of them have acknowledged to me, that their desire for the restoration of Major L\u2019Enfant, arose from a wish to dispose of their lands the ensuing season; and expected, that his extravagant plans, added to his great confidence, and mad zeal, would be highly favourable to them; but confessed at the same time, that on account of his ungovernable temper, his dismission must unavoidably take place at no very distant period.\u2014After the next meeting of the Commissioners, which will be on the 9th of this month, I shall be able to write to you more particularly.\u2014In the mean time I am Sir Your Hb Servt,\n            Andw. Ellicott", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0319", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 3 April 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          \u201cUnited States,\u201d 3 Apr. 1792. By President\u2019s command he transmits letter from Giuseppe Chiappe of 31 Aug. 1791, \u201cin which if the Secretary finds anything requiring the particular attention of the president, the President wishes he would report it to him.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0320", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 3 April 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Tuesday. Ten Oclock 3d. April 1792\n          The President has examined the enclosed\u2014thinks it exactly conformable to the loan proposed by Mr. Blodget\u2014and approves of it accordingly.\n          Mr. Jefferson will request the Attorney General to draw (with care and caution) a Deed proper for the occasion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0321", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Allison, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Allison, David\n          I am sorry that my absence last night prevented the immediate answer to your favor which was desired. All demands for money, be their nature or purpose what it will, must be addressed to the Treasury department, which alone can decide on them. Judge Turner from the N. Western territory has had occasion lately to make application in a case similar to yours. I would advise you to apply to him and know the best mode of doing it. I trouble you with a letter to Judge Campbell in answer to the one from him which you were so kind as to bring me.\u2014I am Sir your very humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0322", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Fisher Ames, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Ames, Fisher\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I beg leave to lay before you the Letters from Captn. Stevens a prisoner in Algiers, with Letters from Mr. Bond of Boston. I will do myself the honor to wait upon you speedily on the subject. The petition alluded to in Mr. Bond\u2019s Letter is not before Congress, nor does Mr. Gerry know anything respecting it.\n          The Letter from Mr. Cooper Town Clerk of Boston is also inclosed.\u2014I am, Sir, with great respect Your very obedt. hble servt,\n            Fisher Ames", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0323", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Churchman, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Churchman, John\n          The clerkship in my office was filled up before I received your favor of the day before yesterday, of which I should have given you immediate notice but for extreme occupation till this moment. I wish  you, with sincerity, every success in your magnetic investigations, tho\u2019 I acknolege I am not sanguine that the observations of one life may suffice to establish a general theory. I am with esteem Sir your humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0324", "content": "Title: Opinion on Apportionment Bill, 4 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          The Constitution has declared that \u2018Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers,\u2019 that \u2018the number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 30,000, but each state shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse 3. Massachusets &c.\n          The bill for apportioning representatives among the several states, without explaining any principle at all, which may shew it\u2019s conformity with the constitution, or guide future apportionments, says that New Hampshire shall have three members, Massachusets 16, &c. We are therefore to find by experiment what has been the principle of the bill, to do which it is proper to state the federal or representable numbers of each state, and the members allotted to them by the bill. They are as follows:\n              New Hampshire\n              Massachusets\n              Rhode island\n              Connecticut\n              Pennsylvania\n              North Carolina\n              South Carolina\n          It happens that this representation, whether tried as between great and small states, or as between North and South, yeilds, in the present instance, a tolerably just result, and consequently could not be objected to on that ground, if it were obtained by the process prescribed in the Constitution. But if obtained by any process out of that, it becomes arbitrary, and inadmissible.\n          The Ist member of the clause of the constitution above cited is express that representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers. That is to say, they shall be apportioned by some common ratio. For proportion, and ratio, are equivalent words; and it is the definition of proportion among numbers, that they have a ratio common to all, or in other words a common divisor. Now, trial will shew that there is no common ratio, or divisor, which, applied to the numbers of each state, will give to them the number of representatives allotted in this bill. For trying the several ratios of 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. the allotments would be as follows:\n              New Hampshire\n              Massachusets\n              Rhode island\n              Connecticut\n              Pennsylvania.\n              North Carolina\n              South Carolina\n          Then the bill reverses the Constitutional precept, because, by it, \u2018representatives are not apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers.\u2019\n          It will be said that though, for taxes, there may always be found a divisor which will apportion them among the states according to numbers exactly, without leaving any remainder, yet, for representatives, there can be no such common ratio, or divisor, which, applied to the several numbers, will divide them exactly, without a remainder or fraction.\u2014I answer then, that taxes must be divided exactly, and representatives as nearly as the nearest ratio will admit; and the fractions must be neglected: because the constitution wills absolutely that there be an apportionment, or common ratio; and if any fractions result from the operation, it has left them unprovided for. In fact it could not but foresee that such fractions would result, and it meant to submit to them. It knew they would be in favor of one part of the union at one time, and of another at another,  so as, in the end, to balance occasional inequalities.\u2014But instead of such a single common ratio, or uniform divisor, as prescribed by the constitution, the bill has applied two ratios, at least, to the different states; to wit that of 30,026 to the seven following R. Island, N. York, Pensylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Kentuckey and Georgia, and that of 27,770 to the eight others, namely Vermont, N. Hampshire, Massachusets, Connecticut, N. Jersey, Delaware, N. Carolina, and S. Carolina, as follows:\n              Massachusets\n              Connecticut\n          and if two ratios may be applied, then 15 may, and the distribution become arbitrary, instead of being apportioned to numbers.\n          Another member of the clause of the constitution, which has been cited, says \u2018the number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 30,000, but each state shall have at least one representative.\u2019 This last phrase proves that it had in contemplation that all fractions, or numbers below the common ratio, were to be unrepresented; and it provides specially that in the case of a state whose whole number shall be below the common ratio, one representative shall be given to it. This is the single instance where it allows representation to any smaller number than the common ratio, and by providing specially for it in this, shews it was understood that, without special provision, the smaller number would, in this case, be involved in the general principle.\n          The first phrase of the above citation, that \u2018the number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 30,000\u2019 is violated by this bill which has given to 8. states a number exceeding one for every 30,000. to wit, one for every 27,770.\n          In answer to this, it is said that this phrase may mean either the thirty thousands in each state, or the thirty thousands in the whole union, and that in the latter case it serves only to find the amount of the whole representation: which, in the present state of population, is 120. members.\u2014Suppose the phrase might bear both meanings: which will Common sense apply to it? Which did the universal understanding of our country apply to it? Which did the Senate and Representatives  apply to it during the pendency of the first bill, and even till an advanced stage of this second bill, when an ingenious gentleman found out the doctrine of fractions, a doctrine so difficult and inobvious, as to be rejected at first sight by the very persons who afterwards became it\u2019s most zealous advocates?\u2014The phrase stands in the midst of a number of others, every one of which relates to states in their separate capacity. Will not plain common sense then understand it, like the rest of it\u2019s context, to relate to states in their separate capacities?\n          But if the phrase of one for 30,000. is only meant to give the aggregate of representatives, and not at all to influence their apportionment among the states, then, the 120 being once found, in order to apportion them, we must recur to the former rule which does it according to the numbers of the respective states; and we must take the nearest common divisor, as the ratio of distribution, that is to say, that divisor which, applied to every state, gives to them such numbers as, added together, come nearest to 120. This nearest common ratio will be found to be 28,858. and will distribute 119. of the 120 members, leaving only a single residuary one. It will be found too to place 96,648 fractional numbers in the 8. Northernmost states, and 105,582 in the 7. Southernmost. The following table shews it:\n              Massachusets\n              Connecticut\n              Pensylvania\n          Whatever may have been the intention, the effect of rejecting the nearest divisor, (which leaves but one residuary member) and adopting a distant one (which leaves eight) is merely to take a member from New York and Pensylvania each, and give them to Vermont and New Hampshire.\n          But it will be said, \u2018this is giving more than one for 30,000.\u2019 True: but has it not been just said that the one for 30,000 is prescribed only to fix the aggregate number, and that we are not to mind it when we  come to apportion them among the states? That for this we must recur to the former rule which distributes them according to the numbers in each state? Besides does not the bill itself apportion among 7. of the states by the ratio of 27,770? which is much more than one for 30,000.\n          Where a phrase is susceptible of two meanings, we ought certainly to adopt that which will bring upon us the fewest inconveniencies. Let us weigh those resulting from both constructions.\n          From that giving to each state a member for every 30,000 in that state, results the single inconvenience that there may be large fractions unrepresented. But, it being a mere hazard on which states this will fall, hazard will equalize it in the long run.\n          From the other results exactly the same inconvenience. A thousand cases may be imagined to prove it. Take one.\u2014Suppose 8 of the states\n          had 45,000 inhabitants each, and the other seven each, that is to say each one less than each of the others. The aggregate would be 674,993. and the number of representatives at one for 30,000 of the aggregate, would be 22. Then, after giving one member to each state, distribute the 7. residuary members among the 7. highest fractions, and tho\u2019 the difference of population be only an unit, the representation would be the double. Here a single inhabitant the more would count as 30,000. Nor is this case imaginable only: it will resemble the real one whenever the fractions happen to be pretty equal through the whole states. The numbers of our census happen by accident to give the fractions all very small, or very great, so as to produce the strongest case of inequality that could possibly have occurred, and which may never occur again. The probability is that the fractions will generally descend gradually from 29,999 to 1. The inconvenience then of large unrepresented fractions attends both constructions: and while the most  obvious construction is liable to no other, that of the bill incurs many and grievous ones.\n            1. If you permit the large fraction in one state to chuse a representative for one of the small fractions in another state, you take from the latter it\u2019s election, which constitutes real representation, and substitute a virtual representation of the disfranchised fractions: and the tendency of the doctrine of virtual representation has been too well discussed and appreciated by reasoning and resistance, on a former great occasion, to need development now.\n            2. The bill does not say that it has given the residuary representatives to the greatest fractions; tho\u2019 in fact it has done so. It seems to have avoided establishing that into a rule, lest it might not suit on another occasion. Perhaps it may be found the next time more convenient to distribute them among the smaller states; at another time among the larger states; at other times according to any other crotchet which ingenuity may invent, and the combinations of the day give strength to carry; or they may do it arbitrarily, by open bargain and cabal. In short this construction introduces into Congress a scramble, or a vendue, for the surplus members, it generates waste of time, hotblood, and may at some time, when the passions are high, extend a disagreement between the two houses to the perpetual loss of the thing, as happens now in the Pensylvania assembly: whereas the other construction reduces the apportionment always to an arithmetical operation, about which no two men can ever possibly differ.\n            3. It leaves in full force the violation of the precept which declares that representatives shall be apportioned among the states according to their numbers, i.e. by some common ratio.\n          Viewing this bill either as a violation of the constitution, or as giving an inconvenient exposition to it\u2019s words, is it a case wherein the President ought to interpose his negative? I think it is.\n            1. The Non-user of his negative begins already to excite a belief that no President will ever venture to use it: and consequently has begotten a desire to raise up barriers in the state legislatures against Congress throwing off the controul of the constitution.\n            2. It can never be used more pleasingly to the public, than in the protection of the constitution.\n            3. No invasions of the constitution are so fundamentally dangerous as the tricks played on their own numbers, apportionment, and other circumstances respecting themselves, and affecting their legal qualifications to legislate for the Union.\n            4. The majorities by which this bill has been carried (to wit of 1.  in the Senate, and 2. in the Representatives) shew how divided the opinions were there.\n            5. The whole of both houses admit the constitution will bear the other exposition, whereas the minorities in both deny it will bear that of the bill.\n            6. The application of any one ratio is intelligible to the people, and will therefore be approved: whereas the complex operations of this bill will never be comprehended by them, and tho\u2019 they may acquiesce, they cannot approve what they do not understand.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0325", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [4 April 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Wednesday Morning [4 Apr. 1792]\n          Am I right in understanding, as the result of the Conversation you had with Mr. White, that it was his opinion Genl. Morgan would serve under Officers superior to him in Rank in the Army about to be raised?-I want to get the appointments closed, but wish to know, previously, whether this was Mr. Whites opinion.-Yours sincerely,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0328", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 5 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\n            Gentlemen\n          I now send you 500 obligations for your signature. Should Mr. Johnson not be with you it will be proper to send them to him by express. As soon they have received all your signatures if you will be so good as to return them to me the business shall be finally completed.\n          I received yesterday yours of Mar. 30. and laid it immediately before the President. Tho\u2019 he thinks the estimate of the bridge very high, yet, not doubting you have satisfied yourselves by proper enquiry, he approves of the contract. Indeed he thinks and wishes that, having once consulted him on the works to be undertaken, you would make your contracts, and proceed in the execution, without farther reference to him; as he has perfect confidence in the endeavors you will use to do every thing in the best way possible, and he has hardly time to attend to any details. He thinks that if you were to reduce the foot- ways of the bridge to 6. feet each, and make the carriage way 26. feet, it might be better.-I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect Gentlemen Your most obedt. humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson\n            P.S. I notify Mr. Herbaugh by this post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0329", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Leonard Harbaugh, 5 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Harbaugh, Leonard\n          The President of the U.S. has approved the contract of the Commissioners of the federal building with you, for erecting a bridge over Rock creek, of which I notify you according to their desire.-I am Sir your humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0330", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 6 April 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia 6th April 1792\n          I have been so much engaged for the last five or six days, that I have not had it in my power sooner to acknowledge the receipt of your letter  of the 30th March. I have however now the honor of submitting to your consideration some few remarks on the several points, contained in my statement, of which you require an explanation.\n          With respect to the Laws of Rhode Island, they are so blended with the journal of the general proceedings of the legislature of the state, that it was a matter of some difficulty to separate the legislative acts from the other transactions of the assembly. I therefore cannot but regret that in selecting these instances I could make a reference only to the dates of the particular years in which they were passed. These last will, I trust, upon recurring to the Collection of the Laws of Rhode Island (which book is no longer in my possession) be found to be faithfully stated.\n          By the expression the old Act of Maryland, I meant to combine the Statute of the 5th of George the 2d (declaring lands in the plantations to be personal estate for the payment of debts due to British Merchants) with the Act of Assembly of that state of 1716. ch. 16. sect. 2. (pointing out the mode of appraisement and delivery of the Debtor\u2019s lands in common with his personal property). This statute and colonial law have, I understand, been acted upon in the State Courts of Maryland, since the establishment of its independence, but from the strict application of the principle of alienage, mentioned in the text to which this note refers, British Creditors are incompetent to the holding of real estates assigned under these valuation Laws in payment of their debts.\n          All the cases, to which you have alluded (excepting that of Rutgers v. Wadington, which was printed at New York) have been collected from the manuscript notes of a friend, and I have no doubt of their being accurately reported. I wish it were in my power to furnish you with the records of them, but I beg leave to suggest to you, Sir, with the utmost deference, whether those documents could not be obtained on application to the Courts of the states, in which the actions were tried, or the Reports be supplied by the Gentlemen of the law employed in the several suits.\n          Should this explanation not be satisfactory to you, Sir, I will certainly endeavor to obtain some farther information upon the several points to which you have referred. As after the very polite and obliging manner, in which you have been pleased to express your desire of saving me trouble, I certainly feel it an act of reciprocal attention due from me to facilitate, by all the means in my power, your investigation of any part of the statement, which I delivered to you.-I have the honor to be with perfect respect and esteem, Sir, Your most obedient, humble servant,\n            Geo. Hammond.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0331", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joshua Johnson, 6 April 1792\nFrom: Johnson, Joshua\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Favors of the 31 July, 29 August, and 29 January.\n          It is highly gratifying to me to find that my Conduct respecting Purdie, was approved.\n          I did every thing possible to procure the Report I mentioned to you in mine of April, but could not obtain it.\n          I thank you for your Explanations of the duty of the Consuls and Vice Consuls; I have made it the line of my Conduct.\n          Your Favor of the 29. January reached me only last Evening, and this Morning I sent Mr. Morris his and Mr. Short\u2019s Packets, and which he received safe, as will appear by the Copy of his Note of this Date, now inclosed to you; the other Letter for Messrs. Willinks & Co. I send forward by this Day\u2019s Mail, and have desired them to acknowledge to me the receipt of it.-I am extremely glad to find that we may expect Mr. Pinkney here soon, in a Public Character; on his Arrival I will conformably to your Directions, furnish him with my Accounts, and make a Settlement of them with him. They will amount to a good deal of Money, having had the poor Man I mentioned to you in my last to maintain \u2019till lately, and then to bury him. Many others of our poor Countrymen I have supported this Winter, besides which I have been obliged to defend in the Court of Appeals an Action against Captn. Crozier, brought by his Crew, Americans, and prevent a Precedent, or the Crews of every Ship would have deserted and forced Payment from the Captains; I have succeeded, and secured them against all such Innovations in future.\n          I have seen the Draft of the Bill which has past the Senate, regulating the Consular Office. It makes but a miserable Compensation  to me for the loss of Time, Vexation, and Trouble I have had in the Execution of my Office, but I am glad to find I am to be relieved from those matters in future.-I have the honor to be with the most perfect Esteem and Regard, Sir, Your most Obedient, and most Humble Servt,\n            Joshua Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0332", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 6 April 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I had the Honor to receive (this morning) your favor of the twenty third of January with its Enclosures, excepting the Cypher which seems accidentally to have been omitted in making up your Dispatches, or perhaps it has been put by Mistake in the Letter directed to Mr. Short which at Mr. Johnsons Request I have taken Charge of. I shall deliver it as speedily as may be, intending to make my Arrangements for leaving this City as soon as the present Hollidays are over.\n          Nothing can be more just than your Observations respecting the Propriety of preserving Silence as to the Government of France; and they are peculiarly applicable to the present state of Things in that Country. Changes are now so frequent, and Events seem fast ripening to such awful Catastrophe, that no Expressions on the Subject, however moderate, would be received with Indifference.\n          Feeling with you the Importance of our commercial Connections I shall of Course bend all my Attention to establish and extend them. Permit me to entreat, my dear Sir, that you will send me all the Informations which can be collected on the Subject. If at the same Time you could favor me with the particular Points which it is desired to carry I shall feel myself more at Ease than in a general Pursuit which may perhaps be directed to Objects less important than I may suppose them.\n          I thank you for the accurate Statement you have been so kind as to  make respecting my Salary &ca. and you may rely that I shall exactly conform to your Wishes on that Head. And I take this opportunity to say that you will never receive from me any Observations respecting the Amount. If it proves insufficient I will supply the Want from my own Funds, as far as they will permit, and the Ballance must be made up by Retrenchment.\n          As you have yourself ran thro the Career which I am now about to commence you know much better than I do the Importance of early Information and therefore I feel more Confidence in acting under you than I should in any other Situation. If you would kindly afford me your good Counsel it would confer a great Obligation. Pardon me I pray you one Observation. The Distance of America is such that probable Events are almost of equal Importance with those which have actually happened because Measures must be squared in some Degree to the one as much as to the other. You will from hence infer my Desire to know on some Subjects the best Opinion which can be form\u2019d, and I am sure I cannot better address myself for that Purpose than to you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0333", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 6 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\n            My dear Martha\n          Mr. Randolph\u2019s letter of the 18th. has been received since my last. The one it covered for Great Britain is sent by the packet now about to sail from New York. His commission to Doctor Barton shall be fulfilled to-day. Maria is with me keeping her Easter holidays. She is well. She allows herself to write but one letter a week, and having written to some acquaintance already she has nothing but her love for Monticello.-I suppose you are busy in your garden. Shackleford promised me on his honor to cover it well with manure. Has he done it? If not, tell him I have written to enquire.-Two or three straggling numbers of Fenno\u2019s gazette being found in my office, we presume they belong to Mr. Randolph\u2019s set, and therefore I send them. Present my best affections to him, and be assured of the cordial love of Your\u2019s,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0334", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Barclay, 9 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barclay, Thomas\n          I have to acknolege the receipt of your favors of Oct. 28. Nov. 20. 23. Dec. 18. 26. 31. and Jan. 30. By Chiappe\u2019s letter inclosed in the last I am in hopes the difficulty respecting your character will be got over by verbally announcing yourself under some character more acceptable than that of Consul, which I suppose to be what Chiappe has in view. I wish the crisis of affairs in Marocco may be so far decided as that what we do, may be effectually done. It would be very disagreeable should any event give us the same business to go over again.-I send the present letter by the way of Lisbon. That of Cadiz is unsafe on account of the strict researches of the government exercised at their ports. To Gibraltar there are few conveyances.-With the present I send you the newspapers, which will inform you so fully of all transactions, public and private here, as to leave me little to add. You will perceive therein the state of the public mind, somewhat dissatisfied of late. Congress will probably adjourn within a fortnight. Genl. St. Clair has resigned  the command of the Western army. This is to be enlarged to 5000 men in order to bring our Indian war to a conclusion. I shall be glad to hear from you frequently & am with great esteem Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0335", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, 9 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William\n          I wrote you on the 29th. of Dec. Since that a joint letter to yourself and Mr. Short has been forwarded to the latter, whom you may probably see at Madrid sometime in May on a business jointly confided to you. The incertainty of the fate of my letters to you occasions my silence on all special subjects. The newspapers which now, and on all other occasions accompany my letters, will possess you of all transactions of a public nature here. You will perceive we are preparing to make a greater effort against the Indians the ensuing campaign. Genl. St. Clair has resigned the command of the Western army.-I am still without letters from you; one only having been received since I came into office, as has been often before mentioned in my letters to you.-I am with great esteem Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0336", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 9 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\n            Gentlemen\n          In a former letter I inclosed you an idea of Mr. Lee\u2019s for an immediate appropriation of a number of lots to raise a sum of money for erecting a national monument in the city of Washington. It was scarcely to be doubted but that you would avoid appropriations for matters of ornament till a sufficient sum should be secured out of the proceeds of your sales to accomplish the public buildings, bridges and other such objects as are essential. Mr. Ciracchi, the artist, who had proposed to execute the monument, has had hopes that a subscription set  on foot for that purpose, would have sufficed to effect it. That hope is now over, and he is about to return to Europe. He is unquestionably an artist of the first class. He has had the advantage of taking the model of the President\u2019s person in plaister, equal to every wish in resemblence and spirit. It is pretty certain that the equestrian Statue of the President can never be executed, by an equal workman, who has had equal advantages, and the question is whether a prudent caution will permit you to enter into any engagement now, taking time enough before the term of payment to have accomplished the more material object of the public buildings &c. He says that to execute the equestrian statue, with the cost of the materials in marble, will be worth 20,000 guineas: that he would begin it on his return, if four or five years hence you can engage to pay him 20,000 dollars, and the same sum annually afterwards till the whole is paid, before which time the statue shall be ready. It is rather probable that within some time Congress would take it off your hands, in compliance with an antient vote of that body. The questions for your consideration are Whether, supposing no difficulty as to the means, you think such a work might be undertaken by you? Whether you can have so much confidence in the productiveness of your funds, as to engage for a residuum of this amount, all more necessary objects being first secured, and that this may be within the times before proposed? And in fine which will preponderate in your minds, the hazard of undertaking this now, or that of losing the aid of this artist?-The nature of this proposition will satisfy you that it has not been communicated to the President, and of course would not be unless a previous acceptance on your part should render it necessary to obtain his sanction. Your answer is necessary for the satisfaction of Mr. Ciracchi, at whose instance I submit the proposal to you, and who I believe will only wait here the return of that answer. I have the honour to be with the most perfect esteem Gentlemen your most obedient & most humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0337", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Humphreys, 9 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Humphreys, David\n          My last to you were of the 29th. of Nov. and 13th. of Dec. I have now to acknoledge the receipt of your Nos. 34. to 44. inclusive.  The river here and at New York having remained longer blocked with ice than has been usual, has occasioned a longer interval than usual between my letters. I am particularly to acknolege that Mr. Barclay\u2019s receipt of draughts from you on our bankers in Holland for 32,175 florins has come safely to my hands, and is deposited in my office where it will be to be found wrapped in the letter in which it came. You have been before informed of the failure of our arms against the Indians the last year. Genl. St. Clair has now resigned that command. We are raising our Western force to 5000. men.\u2014The stockjobbing speculations have occupied some of our countrymen to such a degree as to give sincere uneasiness to those who would rather see their capitals employed in commerce, manufactures, buildings and agriculture. The failure of Mr. Duer, the chief of that description of people, has already produced some other bankruptcies, and more are apprehended. He had obtained money from great numbers of small tradesmen and farmers, tempting them by usurious interest, which has made the distress very extensive. Congress will adjourn within a fortnight. The President has negatived their representation bill, as framed on principles contrary to the constitution. I suppose another will be pressed allowing simply a representative for every thirty or thirty three thousand in each state. The troubles in the French island continue extreme. We have as yet heard of the arrival but of a few troops. There begins to be reason to apprehend the negroes will perhaps never be entirely reduced.\u2014A commission is issued to Mr. Carmichael and Mr. Short to treat with the court of Madrid on the subjects heretofore in negociation between us. I suppose Mr. Short will be in Madrid by the last of May. We expect Majr. Pinkney here hourly on his way to London as our Minister Plenipotentiary to that court. For a state of our transactions in general, I refer you to the newspapers which accompany this. I put under your cover letters and newspapers for Mr. Carmichael and Mr. Barclay, which I pray you to contrive by some sure conveyances. We must make you for some time the common center of our correspondence. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0338", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Adam Lindsay, 9 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lindsay, Adam\n          I acknoleged to you the receipt of the three boxes of candles soon after they came to hand. The desire expressed in your letter that I should not forward the cost till the arrival of another parcel which you expected would follow the other soon, prevented my sending you a bill for the amount. Presuming that some accident has prevented the second parcel, I think myself no longer justifiable in witholding the price, which I accordingly now inclose in a bank-post-bill for 24. dollars 50. cents, with my thanks for your attention to this little demand. We expect Congress to rise within a fortnight. Their representation bill having been negatived by the <constitution> President as formed by a rule of apportionment not authorised by the constitution, they have to bring in another, which probably will give from 30. to 33000 as the number for apportioning the representatives of each state. I am Sir your very humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0339", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maury, 9 April 1792\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Liverpool, 9 Apr. 1792. He has not written since 10 Nov. last because since then little material has happened and he has been unable to provide a better account of American trade in his district last year.\u2014He has received his set of the acts of Congress and needs four more for the use of his agents at other ports.\u2014This port still excludes foreign wheat and flour.\u2014Masters of American vessels entering here must take care to be in order.\u2014William Barker Master of the South Carolina brig Sukey is now having trouble because crew members who are not native Americans have made recent declarations before a local magistrate that do not accord with those made before an approved magistrate in America prior to setting sail. The vessel may be admitted to port or released, yet the delay and inconvenience will be great before the Lords of Treasury settle the matter. He suggests this affair be made public.\u2014American vessels continue to be preferred in the carrying trade from hence.\u2014The House of Commons seem inclined to abolish the African slave trade but have not yet proposed how to do it.\u2014The enclosed copy of the London Gazette describes the attempted assassination of the King of Sweden.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0343", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 10 April 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I beg Leave to enclose the proc\u00e9s verbal of the late assassination at Stockholm. The last Advices from thence give Hopes of the King\u2019s Recovery but from the Nature of the Wound his state must for a long Time be precarious. Conjecture as is usual in such Cases wanders very far but it would seem to be the Consequence of a pretty general Combination among the Nobles of Sweden to restore their aristocratic Tyranny. You know that the Country was freed by the King from this afflictive Calamity but that, as is too often the Case, he arrogated all Power to himself.\n          The last Advices from India mention the Taking of a french Frigate the Resolve by the English because she would not permit them to search Merchant Ships under her Convoy. Lord Grenville in mentioning this Affair to the french Minister here treated it as a Thing of Course which they had a Right to do by the commercial Treaty at which Mr. Hertzinger was not a little surpriz\u2019d. The Opinion here seems to be that the national Assembly will by no Means resent this Insult to their Flag but treat it as the Aggression of their Officer and  him as an Aristocrat who wished to involve his Nation in a War with their Friends the English. I beleive for my own Part that the british Embassador at Paris is ordered to make an Apology and from the Situation of Things there I presume that it will be readily accepted.\n          You will find enclos\u2019d a Pamphlet which was publish\u2019d here on Occasion of the late Armament against Russia. It was written under the Inspection of a Person to whom the Facts were all familiarly known. I think if you have not seen it before you will derive some Pleasure from the Perusal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0344", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Elias Boudinot, [11 April 1792]\nFrom: Boudinot, Elias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Mr. Boudinot encloses a very rough draught of a Letter to Mr. Jefferson in answer to his Note, merely to know if the Substance of it, will answer any valuable End. If it should not, the Copies of the Testimony may be obtained from Judge Chetwood of Elizabeth Town.\u2014If the Letter will answer, Mr. Boudinot will copy it and sign it, and return it to Mr. Jefferson.\n          The other delegates from New Jersey, can only testify generally, from common Report that the facts are properly stated.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0345", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Elias Boudinot, 11 April 1792\nFrom: Boudinot, Elias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia April 11. 1792\n          Having been accidentally present at the Examination of the Witnesses against John Smith Hatfield, taken before the proper Magistrate in New Jersey, on a Habeas Corpus brought by Hatfield to obtain an order for Bail or discharge, I have taken the liberty to give the Substance of the Testimony.\n          Hatfield was an Inhabitant of Elizabeth Town in New Jersey, and went over to the British in 1778. A certain Mr. Ball also an inhabitant of New Jersey, used to supply the british on Staten Island with provision by Stealth, it being contrary to our Law. A Spy having been taken in our Lines, who had been a refugee, was tryed by a Court Marshul and executed. The next Time Ball went over to the Island with provisions, the refugees, of whom Smith Hatfield was one, seized him and threatned to execute him in retaliation. The British Commanding officer, expressly forbad it, on which they determined to take him out of the british Lines and within ours, and there execute him. The Commanding Officer sent for the witness, and after enquiring into the Character of Ball, told the Witness, that he had forbad it, but still feared that they would put their threats into Execution, by removing Ball without his Jurisdiction. But if they should, the Officer desired witness, to inform our People; that the British had nothing to do with it, and that the Persons guilty of the Crime must answer alone for it.\u2014On Witness\u2019s return, he saw a Boat with a number of men, among whom Hatfield was one, passing over to Bergen Shore. He saw them land, take a Man, who was tyed, out of the Boat and lead him to a Tree place him on a Table and one of the number tye a rope that was round his Neck to a limb of the Tree and take the Table from under him, whereby he was left hanging. Witness waited at the Tavern till their return, when he heard Hatfield say that he had hanged Ball, and wished he had many more rebels he would repeat it with Pleasure. Sometime afterwards, Hatfield shew Witness the Tree, on which he said he had hanged Ball and where he was buried.\n          On this Evidence and other corroborating Testimony, the Magistrate  took the matter into Consideration, but on examining the Habeas Corpus and finding it had issued at Common Law and not under the Statute, and knowing that he acted merely in a summary way, determined that it would be highly imprudent for him to decide so great a question and one in which the Treaty of Peace was involved on so slight a Consideration when the Court was near at hand. He concluded to remand the Prisoner to New Ark Goal, where he had nearly lost his life by his debaucheries. At the Meeting of the Court in Bergen County (in which the Crime was committed) the Evidence did not attend, whereupon the Court adjourned the Business till the next Court and considering the peculiar situation of the Prisoner, thought proper to bail him, but Hatfield immediately ran away and never again returned. The Bail have applied to the Legislature for Relief against their Recognizance, and I believe have been discharged.\u2014These are the facts in short, as far as my Memory will serve me; my Colleagues not knowing of this matter, but from general Report, could say nothing but what arose therefrom. I cannot ascertain the year this happened with Certainty, but believe it was in 1788.\n          If it should be necessary, the Affidavits may be produced, as they are with the Judge, or among the files of the Court.\u2014I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedt Hbl Servt,\n            Elias Boudinot\n            Since writing the above Mr. Boudinot is well informed that Hatfield\u2019s Council has advised his Bail to plead to the Action against them on the Recognizance, as they consider them as not legally bound to pay the forfeiture and not to apply to the Legislature for Redress. This has been done some time past, since which the Attorney General has not moved the Question.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0348", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel L. Hylton, 11 April 1792\nFrom: Hylton, Daniel L.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Richmond James River Virginia Apl. 11. 1792\n          I wou\u2019d have wrote you before this, but have been waiting on Mr. Banks who had kept me in a state of suspence until yesterday respecting the sale of your land at Elkhill, and have now got his final answer. The highest he offers is \u00a31500 payable agreeable to your advertisement in four instalments. You will therefore on the receipt of this say if this price meets your approbation, as he informs me, he has another tract in view, if he does not agree with you. Two days past 43 hhds tobacco of your crop arriv\u2019d at the landing and have employ\u2019d waggons to cart it to the warehouse ready to be shipt agreeable to your directions. I have thought it adviseable to have a few hhds. examined as there has been much wet weather on its passage and from what I have seen, think you may venture to recommend it as the first quality. As I have business that calls me to Baltimore I mean to take the next stage after this and probably may go on farther North, however this is rather uncertain. I return you many thanks for the trouble you have taken to get my daughter accomodated with a seat in your friends carriage and cou\u2019d so favourable one as Mr. Pages be obtain\u2019d with out the smallest inconvenience to him and his lady, I should be happy in so agreeable an opportunity. Under neath I send you the Account of what tobacco was shipt of your last years crop. Every happiness attend you is the sincere wish of Your sincere Frd & St,\n            Danl L Hylton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0350", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 11 April 1792\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            April 11. Senate chamber\n          Be so kind as inform me whether in consequence of our conversation respecting the nominations for command of, and inferior appointments in the army, there is any executive calculation on my conduct. An opposition will probably be made to the Commander, but most certainly if there is in the most distant degree, I shall not join in it, especially as tis possible (as it has been hinted by King viz the opposition) it may not bring forward if successful a more suitable person.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0351", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 11 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\n          I think I told you at the time I spoke to you on the nomination that the President had desired me to enquire if there would be any opposition to Wayne. I told him that you were of opinion there would be none, that you had not thought of making any yourself, for that tho\u2019 you did not like the appointment, yet you knew the difficulty of finding one which would be without objections. I take for granted this weighed with the President, because he had said he would not appoint one to whom he could foresee any material opposition. The only persons in the nomination, who were then mentioned, were Wayne, Morgan and Wilkinson; consequently my information could not have been understood as going to any others.\u2014Your\u2019s affectionately,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0352", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Remsen, 11 April 1792\nFrom: Remsen, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          When I returned here the last time from Philadelphia I heard there was a pamphlet handed about in private circles, wherein you was spoken of with great indecency; and I made many attempts to see it, and to procure a copy to send to you, but in vain. I have just now been able to obtain it, and I take the liberty to enclose it.\n          The difficulties among those who dealt in stocks, or endorsed notes (some from friendly and others from interested motives) for dealers in stocks, have been daily encreasing; and from the connection there was between the dealers, and the dependance of one on another, no time can be fixed for their determination. On the contrary, facts hourly occurring warrant the expectation, that those difficulties will continue to encrease, and only end in the bankruptcy of 9/10ths. of them. Mr. McComb, with a fortune of \u00a360,000 he brought with him to this City a few years ago and which he had considerably augmented since, and with a valuable ship and cargo just arrived from India, has not been able to fulfil his engagements, and has of course failed. Many others in independent situations have experienced the like fate, and I can safely add that \u00bc of the citizens are affected by these failures.\n          The certificate, Sir, you were pleased to promise me on my departure, I beg the favour of your enclosing to me; and I take the liberty  of assuring you of my readiness at all times and on all occasions to execute any of your commissions here.\u2014I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most grateful and respectful attachment Dear Sir your obliged & obedient Servt.,\n            Henry Remsen\n            P.S. Col. Walker, the agent for the 6 pr. Cent club or company (composed of Duer, Walter Livingston, McComb, Whippo &c. &c.) has just declared publicly, that the company has not more property or stock in possession to fulfil it\u2019s engagements, than will pay of those engagements 1/ on 20/.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0353", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Senators and Representatives of Virginia, 11 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Virginia Congressmen\n          It is alledged that in some of the Southern states, there does not exist a single instance of the recovery of a British debt in their courts, though so many years have expired since the establishment of peace between the two countries.\n          Again it is said that \u2018the few attempts to recover British debts in the county courts of Virginia have universally failed, and these are the courts wherein from the smallness of the sum, a considerable number of debts can only be recovered.\u2019And again that \u2018in the same state the county courts (which alone can take cognisance of debts of a limited amount) have uniformly rejected all suits instituted for the recovery of sums due to the subjects of the crown of Gr. Britain.\u2019\n          The Secretary of state asks the favor of such of the Senators and representatives of the state of Virginia as have knowlege of the matters above alledged, to furnish him with such information general or particular, as they can give with certainty.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0354", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 11 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson has the honor to send for the perusal of the President some letters from Mr. Barclay received yesterday. He has received no letters from Mr. Short, nor any other person in France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0355", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Duval, 12 April 1792\nFrom: Duval, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Richmond April the 12th. 1792.\n          Your friendly Disposition towards your Countrymen and Mankind in general encourages me, with the aid of my Friend and neighbour Daniel L. Hylton Esqr., to request a Favour, which I trust will not be improper to grant me.\n          I have several Tracts of Land lying in Virginia in a salutary Part of it and of good Quality; Part of which I wish to sell in France on moderate Terms and will warrant the Title; Other Lands particularly a considerable Tract near Richmond, I wish to lease in small Quantities, Viz from 25 to 50 Acre Lots for a Term of 15 years to honest industrious Farmers in France. Part of my Object is to sell some land in France and to purchase such Goods as will answer our Market here, and to carry on a safe and Moderate Trade with that Nation and to supply them annually with about 300 hhds of Tobacco. Mr. John Greenhow of this City is the Person I have fixed on to vend the Articles and to make remittances; he is a Man of great Prudence and Caution. As I am a Stranger, it would lay me under great Obligations to mention such Person or Persons in Bordeaux or Paris, that I might safely trust to sell my Lands or to make Leases in my name, and to write to them if you please respecting my Character and Situation in Life, not in any manner to make yourself responsible but to enable me to dispose of my Lands or to lease them. I have been told that the People in France have been imposed on by some unworthy Characters in America. My great Wish is to encourage Emigrations to this Country on Terms satisfactory to them and just and honorable as to myself and to remove those Doubts and Fears which have from Imposition checked their Setling in Virginia.\n          My fixed Determination is to act with Candour and Moderation. I  shall send my Title Papers with the Seal of this State affixed to them, but without your friendly Aid I may place them in improper Hands, who may abuse both the People of France and myself.\u2014I am Sir with the highest respect Yr Mo. Obt. Servt.,\n            William DuVal", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0356", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from W. Barry Grove, 12 April 1792\nFrom: Grove, W. Barry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I am not sufficiently acquainted with the facts and circumstances attending the case of Bayard v Singleton to afford any conclusive information relative to the transactions, or the principles of the Decision; I believe Mr. Johnson was engaged in the cause and will I presume give you the information required on the Subject.\n          In answer to your other Note, I can only say that I do not recollect any instance of our Courts refusing judgment for British debts: The Treaty of Peace has long since been declared the Law of the State by an express act of Assembly; Having always lived in a commercial Town, where many British Merchants resided before the War some of those left the Country at the commencement of the revolution and took with them their Books, Bonds &c. These have since been returned, and I am acquainted with many individuals who have paid those debts, and others who renew those Bonds &c.; this last plan seems to have been the one fallen on generally. I am further induced to remark a reason perhaps why more of the old debts have not been recovered in the Courts. The Currency of No. Carolina was made a tender, and the Creditors rather prefered indulgence than recieve that kind of money. There are some Debtors I apprehend who paid the amt. of their Bonds &c. into the Treasury of No. Carolina during the War under an act of Assembly. These Men will possibly avail themselves of that Law to evade further payments. I am Sir your very Hum Sevt,\n            W. Barry Grove", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0357", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 12 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\n          I am this moment favored with the letter you did me the honor of writing yesterday, covering the extract of a British statute forbidding the admission of foreign vessels into any ports of the British dominions with goods or commodities of the growth production or manufacture of America. The effect of this appears to me so extensive as to induce a doubt whether I understand rightly the determination to inforce it, which you notify, and to oblige me to ask of you whether we are to consider it as so far a revocation of the Proclamation of your government regulating the commerce between the two countries, and that henceforth no articles of the growth, production or manufacture of the United States are to be received in the ports of Great Britain or Ireland, in vessels belonging to the citizens of the United States?\u2014I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0358", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 12 April 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia 12th. April 1792\n          In answer to your letter of this day, I have the honor of observing that I have no other instructions upon the subject of my communication than such as are contained in the circular dispatch, of which I stated the purport in my letter dated yesterday. I have however no difficulty in assuring you, that the result of my personal conviction is, that the determination of his Majesty\u2019s government to inforce the clause of the Act of Navigation (a copy of which I transmitted to you) with respect to the importation of commodities in foreign vessels, has originated in consequence of the many frauds, that have taken place in the importation of Tobacco into his Majesty\u2019s dominions in foreign vessels, and is not intended to militate against the Proclamation or Order of the King in Council, regulating the commercial intercourse between Great Britain and the United States, which, I have every reason to believe, still exists in full force, as I have not had the most distant intimation of its being revoked.\u2014I have the honor to be with the most perfect esteem and consideration, Sir, your most obedient humble Servant,\n            Geo. Hammond.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0359", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Hawkins, 12 April 1792\nFrom: Hawkins, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Mrs. Houses 12 of April 1792\n          Crawford McLintock & Co. of Glasgow had a store in Warren County, before the revolution, near the place of my residence, and there was some money due them for merchandize sold there. Mr. Robert Turnbull of Petersburg has collected, or secured to be collected, a considerable part, if not the whole, of the debts. I know that he collected, or secured to be collected, more than one hundred pounds from One gentleman.\n          I have not heared of any suit in that part of the State brought by a British creditor, But I have heared in several instances, that the people indebted, have renewed their obligations, to their creditors, since the termination of the war, on terms mutually agreed upon.\n          You will have an opportunity to see all the confiscation Laws of North Carolina in the revised code published under the direction of James Iredell.\n          The vague terms used in the treaty to discribe the persons attached to great Britain, and that of Real British subjects has been productive in that State of some doubtful interpretations of the treaty. But the Treaty by a Law passed at Tarborough before the adoption of the present Constitution of the U.S. was declared to be \u201ca part of the Law of the Land,\u201d and I imagine it has been taken notice of accordingly by the Judges.\n          I know nothing of the case you mention Bayard vs Singleton. But if Mr. Bayard in right of himself, or what I conjecture in right of his wife holding property from her father, brought the suit, They were neither of them real British Subjects; If by that expression is meant persons born in and resident in Great Britain, They were both natives of America and Mr. Cornell the father was banished by name and his property Confiscated.\n          Mr. Grove informed me he knew of some instances wherein British creditors had moved in the courts in the port of the State where he lived. He could not particularise, But he said he thinks one suit was against Mr. James Hog as Executor to his brother\u2014. I have the honor to be very sincerely Dear Sir your most obt servt.,\n            Benjamin Hawkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0360", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nicholas Lewis, 12 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lewis, Nicholas\n          Unremitting business must be my apology, as it is really the true one, for my having been longer without writing to you than my affections dictated. I am never a day without wishing myself with you, and more and more as the fine sun shine comes on, which seems made for all the world but me. Congress will rise about the 21st. They have past the Representation bill at one for 33,000. which gives to Virginia 19. members. They have voted an army of 5000. men, and the President has given the command to Wayne, with 4. brigadiers, to wit Morgan, Brooks, Willet, and Wilkinson. Congress is now engaged on the ways and means of raising money to pay this army. A further assumption of state debts has been proposed by the Secretary of the Treasury, which has been rejected by a small majority: but the chickens of the treasury have so many contrivances and are so indefatigable within doors and without, that we all fear they will get it in yet some way or other. As the doctrine is that a public debt is a public blessing, so they think a perpetual one is a perpetual blessing, and therefore wish to make it so large as that we can never pay it off.\n          I must ask the favor of you to send the bonds taken at my sale, to Mr. Eppes, who will deliver them to Hanson, and take a proper receipt, so as to clear me of the paiments of July next and July twelvemonth. I imagine Mr. Randolph may be going to Richmond soon, in which case he can take charge of them so far, and find safe means of sending them over to Mr. Eppes. Should he not be going soon, then I must ask you to send them by such other safe means as can be procured. In every case I shall be obliged to you to keep a copy of one of the bonds, and a list of the whole, naming the sums, times of paiment, purchaser, security and the negroes for which each bond was given. I have written to Mr. Randolph on the subject of contriving the bonds to Mr. Eppes.\u2014I am not certain whether I gave you power to dispose of Mary according to her desire to Colo. Bell, with such of her younger children as she chose. If I did not, I now do it, and will thank you to settle the price as you think best. The 1st. day of July in every year being near my days of payment, his might be fixed to that day of  the present year and the next, just as you can agree. The bonds to be sent in like manner to Hanson. Be pleased to present my affectionate respects to Mrs. Lewis, and to accept yourself assurances of the sincere esteem with which I am Dear Sir Your friend & servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0363", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 12 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\n          Your favor of Mar. 18. came duly to hand, and your request with respect to Dr. Barton was immediately complied with as you will see by the inclosed receipt.\u2014A term of payment to Hanson now approaching, I have written to Colo N. Lewis to ask the favor of him to send the bonds taken at my sale to Mr. Eppes, who will deliver them to Hanson and take a proper receipt. Should you be going to Richmond soon, I have taken the liberty of asking Mr. Lewis to put them into your hands for transportation so far, in hopes you could find or make some conveyance from thence to Eppington, the papers being of too much importance to trust by any but sure means. If you should not be going down soon Mr. Lewis will send them express.\u2014I troubled you to write to Clark to hurry down my Bedford tobo. A letter of Mar. 23. from Mr. Hylton informs me there was none of it come to the warehouse at that time. As the season is slipping by, I am under great anxiety on this account, as I shall be peculiarly embarrassed, I may say nonplused if some of it does not arrive here ere long. If you can still ensure Clarke\u2019s getting the whole off, even by sending an express to him (T. Shackleford for instance) it will render me essential service.\u2014Congress will rise the last of next week. Colo. Monroe sets out immediately after. I must refer you to Mr. Lewis for other news. I hope to hear your researches into the Opossum have been in time this year. Give my love to my dear Martha, and embrace little Anne for me. I am my dear Sir your\u2019s affectionately,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0364", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Steele, [12 April 1792]\nFrom: Steele, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have considered the subject matter of your enquiries, and have nothing further to communicate, than what my colleague has stated  in the foregoing letter. Many instances of the renewal of bonds, and giving bonds for old book debts due to Brittish subjects which were barr\u2019d by limitation, are within my knowledge.\u2014I have the honor to be Sir Your huml. Servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0366", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Cutting, 13 April 1792\nFrom: Cutting, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Cape Fran\u00e7ais St. Dom[in]gue April 13th. 1792.\n          Since I did myself the honor of writing you under 1st. March ulto. I have been in daily expectation of quitting this City, and therefore discontinued that narration of public occurrencies which I have taken the liberty of transmitting you from hence, in the hope soon to have the pleasure of communicating it to you verbally; but finding it yet uncertain when I may have the gratification of paying you my personal  respects, I resume the pen, to acquaint you that several Transports arrived here in the course of the month of march, with Troops, military stores and provisions. The whole number of Troops actually arrived since the commencement of the Insurrection, which is now near eight months, is only about three thousand five hundred. I think these scarcely replace those Soldiers and Citizens who have been slain by the Insurgents, or who have fallen victims to the Sickness occasion\u2019d by those fatigues incident to military exertions in this Climate. Before the newly arrived Troops are season\u2019d, their numbers will probably be greatly diminished by sickness, which has already made considerable ravages among them.\u2014In my opinion, an active Campaign of one month would destroy one half of them.\u2014On the contrary the number of Insurgents daily increases, and they apparently act with greater ardour and obstinacy than in the early periods of the Revolt. It is but about three weeks since the Insurrection manifested itself throughout the Parishes of St. Jean Rabel and Mestique, near the Mole. The usual devastation follow\u2019d.\u2014The White party thus comparitively very weak in point of numbers, is still more enfeebled by moral than by physical causes. Those everlasting political dissentions which estrange the Colonists from the mother Country and from each other, prevent any important exertion of the public Force against the common Depradators. Now and then a small detachment of Whites make a sudden excursion into the plantations, expend considerable quantities of amunition without doing much execution and give the insulting Rebels convincing proofs of weakness by as speedily retreating into some fortified Poste. While jealousy and insubordination pervade almost every description of men in the Colony, these inutile skirmishes will continue destructive to the Party which pursues such a vague warfare. The Civil Authority fears to cede too much to the Military, lest such cession should be drawn into precedent and become permanent. The Military is vex\u2019d at the encroachments which the Civil power has lately attempted and at its interference in cases which fundamentally effect the discipline of Armies. Individuals in both Departments differ from their Collegues\u2014every individual would point out the mode of every proceeding and would insolently command on every occasion, but cannot stoop to obey on any. Cordiality seems to be banish\u2019d from the Council and the Field and Universal Licence prevents all the good effects that might result even from Individual exertion properly directed.\n          Toward the latter part of last month things were driven to that extremity between the Colonial Assembly and the General that it was thought some tragic scenes would inevitably ensue. While the General was in the midst of the Colonial Assembly endeavoring to  justify himself against sundry malignant charges, the Populace without Doors, and even in the Gallery of the Assembly, with loud cries demanded his head.\u2014Nothing less would apparently satisfy the sanguinary, many-headed monster. It was near three o\u2019clock in the morning before the tumult was so far appeased as that it was thought safe for the General to retire to his House, though surrounded and supported by 70 \u00e0 80 military officers. The expedient then adopted by the Assembly to restore tranquility, was arrogating to itself the sovereign authority by divesting the Governor General of his Command and ordering him sent immediately to France under a charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors. The next day all the Commission\u2019d Officers of the Troops of the Line station\u2019d here waited on the General with their resignations which they requested him to sanction, and also begg\u2019d permission to accompany him home. When an account of this transaction was laid before the Asembly, it seem\u2019d to bring a majority of the members to their senses a little. On a retrospective view of their recent resolves they found that they had far exceeded the legitimate limits of their authority, and began to dread the ill consequences that might result to the Colony and to them individually from so daring an insult offer\u2019d to the supreme executive of the nation. The still, small voice of Reason began to elevate itself, and a deputation was dispatch\u2019d to the Governor General, supplicating him to bury the late altercation in oblivion and to resume the reins of Government. A number of respectable Citizens join\u2019d the circle of military officers who still surrounded the General and declared publicly that they would seek for and endeavour to bring to justice those dark designing Knaves who produced the recent effervescence in the Populace, and would particularly endeavour to discover those sanguinary villains who had the audacity to demand the General\u2019s head. It was not without much persuation that M. de Blanchelande was prevail\u2019d on to comply with the requisition of the Asembly. He observed that as that Body had usurped the power of vacating the Government, it must be responsible for all consequences.\u2014He wished rather to return to France and submit his conduct to the investigation of his superiors than continue here in the exercise of a precarious authority, where he is not only subject to be continually vext by the most flagrant instances of insubordination, but must either be in a continual state of warfare with the Colonial Assembly, or submit to the mortification of sanctioning encroachments on the legitimate prerogatives of the Executive Power.\u2014However, he at length yielded to the repeated instances of the Commissioners who addrest him on this occasion, and was escorted down to the Hall of the Assembly amidst  the acclamations of a great number of sober Citizens, who were known, and who declared they would support him in the due exercise of all his functions. Since that day tollerably good order has prevail\u2019d. The General has assumed rather a higher tone with the Assembly; and in my conscience, to speak as a good common-wealth\u2019s man, I think him perfectly justifiable in it.\n          The Colonial Assembly lately appointed some new Commissioners from that Body to the National Assembly of France, in order verbally to plead the cause of the Colony and to endeavour to arrest the contagion of those specious opinions injurious to it which have been so industriously disseminated by some impolitic pretenders to philanthropy. Those Commissioners took their departure the week before last. The altercation between Messieurs the National Commissioners and the Colonial Assembly had arisen to such a pitch that there did not appear the least probability that the object of their mission would be attain\u2019d in any reasonable time. This, together with some personal insults, I suppose induced M. Mirbeck to abandon his pursuit and embark for France three or four days after the Colonial Commissioners.\u2014M. St. Leger for months past has been visiting the different Parties at Port-au-Prince, Croix-des-Bouquets, Leogane, and is said to be now at St. Marc. His manoeuvres are not favorably view\u2019d by the Colonists. M. Roume yet remains here; but I understand the Colonial Assembly refuses to hold any official communication with him; alledging that M. Mirbeck\u2019s departure for France abrogates in toto, the Commission under which he acted. The political Dictionary of those Gentlemen seems to give a definition of terms very different from that of St. Domingue, and the Partizans of both are tenacious of their respective interpretations. A majority of the Colonists are disposed to dispute the extensive power which the Commissioners claim.\n          When M. St. Leger was lately at Port-au-Prince, it seems he thought proper to exercise his dictatorial authority by giving particular directions to the principal officers of the Military Corps station\u2019d there, which induced them to disobey the requisitions of the Popular Magistrates.\u2014Thirty of the principal military officers have been sent round here in consequence, the Colonial Assembly have required the General to hold them under arrest and send them by the earliest opportunity to France there to take trial for their misdemeanors.\u2014Two days since the Governor General signified to the Assembly that he had come to a determination to take his departure immediately for France. The most respectable Citizens of the Cape, apprehensive that the worst consequences would result from the General\u2019s departure at this critical moment, exerted themselves to prevent it by the most loyal  representations to him and reitterated promises of their firmest support in the exercise of his legitimate authority. M. de Blanchelande, in consequence went this day to the Colonial Assembly, accompanied by a great number of the Citizens of the Cape, and made a manly and pointed address, wherein he represented how much his opperations had been cramped by the injudicious and illegal interference of the Assembly\u2014exprest his hopes that in future it would confine itself within due bounds and endeavour to fulfil the purposes of its institution,\u2014otherways he should be under the necessity of dissolving it, being assured of the support of a majority of the respectable Citizens of the Colony who had recently signified their determination to promote every measure which should be directed to the general good, however it might apparently interfere with their particular interest. I hope this spirited remonstrance, whereof I can only give you an imperfect sketch at present, will be attended with a good effect.\u2014I have the honor to be, most respectfully, Sir, Your most obedt. very huml. Servt.,\n            Nat. Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0367", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 13 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\n          The Secretary of state presents his compliments to Mr. Hammond, and incloses him the draught of a letter to the President of the U.S. which he has prepared to accompany Mr. Hammond\u2019s communication of the 11th. and letter of the 12th. The whole will probably be laid by the President before the legislature, and perhaps communicated to the public in order to let the merchants know that they need not suspend their shipments but to the islands of Jersey and Guernsey. Before sending the letter to the President the Secretary of state has chosen to communicate it to Mr. Hammond in a friendly way, being desirous to know whether it meets his approbation, or whether he would wish any alterations in it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0368", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, [13 April 1792]\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Mr. Hammond presents his most respectful Compliments to the Secretary of state, and has the honor of returning to him the draught of the letter to the President of the U.S., the contents of which certainly meet his full approbation, and are an accurate exposition of his personal sentiments.\u2014Mr. Hammond begs leave to assure the Secretary of State that he is perfectly sensible of this mark of his confidence, for which he returns his most grateful acknowledgments.\u2014Mr. H. being rather indisposed, was in bed, when Mr. Jefferson\u2019s letter reached him which circumstance has prevented him from returning an earlier answer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0369", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Hylton, 13 April 1792\nFrom: Hylton, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Richmond April the 13th. 1792.\n          Being Inform\u2019d that you are desirous to employ a Man to super intend your estate in this State, has promp me to write you a few Lines by my Friend Mr. Hylton acquainting you that I wou\u2019d most chearfully undertake the management of your Business, on such terms as wou\u2019d in all probability promote to your Interest. From the view that I have taken of Monticello and Shadwell, I am confident that there might be great Crops of wheat and all kinds of small grain made, to the greatest advantage which would improve those plantations in a few years by care and the greatest attention being paid to the moad of Farming altogether, which is my greatest Ambition to pursue. My anxiety is exceeding great to have it in my power to cultivate rich Soil, that I might be paid for the fatigues of mind which would always hang on my Spirits cou\u2019d I not succeede in makeing great Crops so as to contribute to the Interest and satisfaction of those who should employ me. The Frounds of fortune hitherto by my haveing to favourable an opinion of mankind has injured me greatly respecting my Circumstances therefore being possess\u2019d with a growing Family, and with these ties of Nature I am promp to fall on this moad to endeavour with every exertion in my power to make a living. If Providence spares me my Health, Industry and economy shall not be wanting on my part, to fulfill and accomplish any engagement that would determinate  to your interest and welfare. A few Lines wou\u2019d contribute to the satisfaction of, Yr. Sincere Friend & hle. obt. Servt.,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0370", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joshua Johnson, 13 April 1792\nFrom: Johnson, Joshua\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The annexed is the Copy of a letter I had the honor to write you on the 6th. Idem by the brig Mary Captn. McKenzie, via Maryland, and to which I pray your reference.\u2014Mr. G. Morris is still in London. I hear that he means to leave in a week or ten Days. I forward you all the Newspapers and a Pamphlet published on the Income and Expenditure of this Country; the News Papers will give a proper Idea of Occurrences in Europe, I need not therefore add any thing more on those Subjects from which it appears too evident that an European War will inevitably take place before Affairs can be arranged and settled: as yet we have not heard what Effect the Account of the Engagement between the English and French Frigate, and the Capture of the latter in the East Indies, has had on the National Assembly.\u2014I do not see any regulations in the Consular Bill which had passed the Senate respecting the Entry and Clearance of American Ships, and their Seamen. This is however highly necessary, and the sooner the better.\n          The rigid Conduct of the Custom, and Excise Officers, towards the American Captains, has been, and is a continual Complaint; sometime since I wrote the Commissioners of the Customs, and proposed to them to appoint a place to deposit all their Stores whilst in Port, and to be returned them on Clearance, which they rejected. As this must appear fair to every one, I cannot refrain from recommending that strictness should be observed by your Revenue officers towards the English Captains, who I am informed take out large Quantities of Liquors &ca. under the head of Stores, and dispose of them in the United States.\n          Inclosed you have a Copy of my Letter to the Commissioners, and their Answer.\u2014I am in hopes that Mr. Pinkney will appear soon, after which, and I have had an Interview with him, I will write you fully, in the mean time I am with Consideration, and Respect Sir Your most obedient and most Humble Servant,\n            Joshua Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0371", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Johnston, 13 April 1792\nFrom: Johnston, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Senate Chamber 13th. April 1792\n          I have heard of but few suits brought by British-Creditors, since the peace, for the recovery of Debts in the State of North Carolina, and never heard that any one had failed of a Recovery because he was a British Subject. In one instance where a Suit was instituted under my direction for the recovery of a Debt contracted in the year 1768 at which time the plaintiff returned to Great Britain and has been resident in London from that time, a recovery was had in the Superior Court at Edenton in April last, for the full value, nor was it any part of the defence that the Plaintiff was a British Subject, tho the fact was notorious. The parties were Alexander Elmsly agst. Stevens Lee\u2019s Exors.\n          The case of Bayard against Singleton, as I recollect it, was this. Mr. Cornell the Father of Mrs. Bayard was a Merchant in the Town of Newbern in North Carolina. Sometime previous to the Declaration of Independence, he went to Europe, leaving his Family in Newbern and after that returned from Europe to New York, then a British Garrison. From New York he came to Newbern in a Flag of Truce; but the Assembly, then sitting, refused to permit him to come on shore unless he would take an Oath of Allegiance to the State; which he refused. While on board the Vessel in the Harbour of Newbern, he conveyed the whole of his Estate in North Carolina to his Children respectively, by several Deeds of Gift, which were duly proved and registered. Mr. Cornell then, with the permission of the Executive, removed his Wife and Children to New York. All Mr. Cornell\u2019s estate was afterwards declared to be confiscated by Act of Assembly, and all the property which Mr. Cornell had conveyed [to] his Children  was seized and sold by Commissioners appointed f[or] the Sale of confiscated Estates. Mr. Singleton became a purchaser [of] part of it under this Sale. One of Mr. Cornell\u2019s Daughters, who cl[aimed] that part under one of the abovementioned Conveyances, instituted an Ejectment for the Recovery of it and on tryal a verdict was given for the Defendant.\n          I should have done myself the pleasure sooner to have answered your Queries, had I not part with your Notes immediately and did not get them back till this morning. I am Sir Your most Obedient Servant,\n            Saml. Johnston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0372", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 13 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          I have the honor to lay before you a communication from Mr. Hammond Minister Plenipotentiary of his Britannic Majesty covering a clause of a statute of that country relative to it\u2019s commerce with this, and notifying a determination to carry it into execution henceforward.\u2014Conceiving that the determination announced could not be really meant as extensively as the words import, I asked and received an explanation from the Minister, as expressed in the letter and answer herein inclosed: and, on consideration of all circumstances,  I cannot but confide in the opinion expressed by him, that it\u2019s sole object is to exclude foreign vessels from the islands of Jersey and Guernsey. The want of proportion between the motives expressed and the measure, it\u2019s magnitude and consequences, total silence as to the Proclamation on which the intercourse between the two countries has hitherto hung, and of which, in this broad sense, it would be a revocation, and the recent manifestations of the disposition of that government to concur with this in mutual offices of friendship and good will, support his construction. The Minister moreover assured me verbally that he would immediately write to his court for an explanation and in the mean time is of opinion that the usual intercourse of commerce between the two countries (Jersey and Guernsey excepted) need not be suspended.\u2014I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most profound respect & attachment, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0373", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Commissioners of the Federal District, 14 April 1792\nFrom: Commissioners of the Federal District\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            George Town 14th. April 1792\n          We are just closing our business this Evening, so that we may seperate in the Morning. Nothing very particular has happened in the course of this meeting.\n          Your Letter of the 9th Instant has again brought under our consideration the business of Mr. Ciracchi, and on every view of it, we cannot bring ourselves to depart from the sentiments communicated in our last.\n          We have hitherto been anxious to get things in order for a public Sale of Lots in the Summer: if the Loan is filled up we think it will be  well to depart from that Idea, advertizing that the state of our funds makes a public sale unnecessary though to promote improvement the Commissioners will treat the first day of every month, if not on a Sunday, and if it happens on a sunday, the next Day, with purchasers, under condition of Improvement.\n          It is with reluctance we at any time trouble the President: the reason for our submitting the Bridge contract to him and making it conditional was because the expenditure, tho\u2019 highly necessary, will be without the Limits of the City\u2014and because the time of suspension could not at all delay the Operation.\n          We shall wait for the Plans with impatience. Before they are approved, we do not wish to be too deeply officered. Perhaps the Draftsman of one or both may be desirous of conducting the execution, and if proper in other Respects, we should wish to engage him. Our delicacy on this head when Majr. L\u2019Enfant was expected to be Superintendant has led to the embarrassment and Delay we now suffer. We have had many applications for more Employments without work than we had ever thought of. At present we have a Captn. Williams, who has given us much Satisfaction by his activity and attention in the little we have to do, and Mr. Herbaugh who is a modest well tempered man, seems equally disposed and able to be very useful to us. Perhaps when the plans are agreed on, we may be able to get both foundations as well and soon done, with very little additional assistance as with all that may be necessary in a more advanced state of the work.\u2014By accident a prospect has opened of getting a sufficient number of Stone-Cutters from New York. We are Sir with the greatest Respect your mo Obt hum Servts,\n            Th Johnson\n            Danl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0374", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 14 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\n          In a former letter I asked your permission to let the bonds taken at my sale be sent to you, in hopes you would deliver them to Hanson for me, and take a proper receipt. Since that I have written to Mr. Lewis to desire he will send them to you immediately, lest Hanson should make any assignment again, or lest the time of paying the first  approaching, he should be disposed to insist on the money. I inclose you the form of a receipt which would be agreeable to me. However should he be scrupulous about any expressions in it, a receipt in the following general form will do. viz. \u2018Received of T. J. by the hands of Mr. Eppes the following bonds, to wit [here insert the list] which bonds I promise to collect and apply to the credit of the said T. J: on his bonds for part of the debt of The late J. Wayles to F. & J. according to written articles of agreement in consequence of which the said bonds were given.\u2019\n          Your son is well. He was bridesman yesterday evening at the wedding of young Mr. Lewis and Miss Norton. These things will make him think perhaps of a wedding for himself, and what will Mama say to that? Present my warm affections to her & the family, & believe me to be sincerely & affectionately Dear Sir your friend & servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0375", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Form of Receipt for Bonds, 14 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          EnclosureForm of Receipt for Bonds\n          Received of Thomas Jefferson by the hands of Mr. Eppes the following bonds, towit\n          A.B. and C.D. for \u00a3\u2014paiable 179\u2014. Nov\u2014 &c.\n          which bonds I promise to collect and apply to the credit of certain bonds given by the said Thomas Jefferson for his part of the debt of the late John Wayles to Messrs. Farrell & Jones, according to written articles of agreement entered into by me as agent for the said Jones surviving partner of the said Farrell & Jones, with the said Thomas Jefferson, Francis Eppes, and Henry Skipwith representatives of the said John Wayles: and I will apply the said bonds so received as far as they will go to the credit of the bonds so given by the said Thomas in the order of the dates at which the said last\u2014mentioned bonds become payable.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0376", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Mark Leavenworth, 14 April 1792\nFrom: Leavenworth, Mark\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have lately published (in a fictitious Name) the inclosed Pamphlet. The object was to evince that it was for the interest of G Britain to  admit into their Service American built Ships\u2014to admit American Vessels into their West Indies and American Provisions into their Ports.\n          I the more readily engaged in this, as many seem to wish for a treaty of Commerce between our Country and G Britain who appeared not to know what to ask for. They did not Seem to have defined in their own minds what they might expect.\u2014The object will explain some things in the Title and Manner of the Pamphlet which at first might appear strange. I am Sir yours,\n            M Leavenworth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0377", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Remsen, 14 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Remsen, Henry\n          I duly recieved your favor of the 11th. with the pamphlet it inclosed, for which be pleased to accept my thanks. In accepting the office I am in, I knew I was to set myself up as a butt of reproach, not only for my own errors, but for the errors of those who would undertake to judge me. It was the objection which the longest delayed my acquiescence in the President\u2019s appointment. I have therefore to console myself that obloquy has begun upon me so late as to spare me a longer interval of satisfaction than I expected; and that however ardently my retirement to my own home and my own affairs, may be wished for by others as the author says, there is no one of them who feels the wish once where I do a thousand times. The pamphlet was written and printed here. It\u2019s author has given so many points whereby to try him, that he cannot be mistaken by one who will attend to all his opinions, and who knows the characters here.\n          I learn with real concern the calamaties which are fallen on New York and which must fall on this place also. No man of reflection who had ever attended to the South sea bubble, in England, or that of Law in France, and who applied the lessons of the past to the present time,  could fail to foresee the issue tho\u2019 he might not calculate the moment at which it would happen. The evidences of the public debt are solid and sacred things. I presume there is not a man in the U.S. who would not part with his last shilling to pay them. But all that stuff called scrip, of whatever description, was folly or roguery, and yet, under a resemblance to genuine public paper, it buoyed itself up to a par with that. It has given a severe lesson: yet such is the public cullability in the hands of cunning and unprincipled men, that it is doomed by nature to receive these lessons once in an age at least. Happy if they now come about and get back into the tract of plain unsophisticated common sense which they ought never to have been decoyed from.\u2014It was reported here last night that there had been a collection of people round the place of Duer\u2019s confinement of so threatening an appearance as to call out the Governor and militia, and to be fired on by them: and that several of them were killed. I hope it is not true. Nothing was wanting to fill up the criminality of this paper system, but to shed the blood of those whom it had cheated of their substance. I shall be glad of your information during this interesting scene, and at all times happy to hear of your health and success, being with very sincere esteem & attachment Dear Sir your friend & servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0378", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 15 April 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Gibraltar, 15 Apr. 1792. The vessel headed for Boston with his 31 Mch. and 10 Apr. letters is still here.\u2014Muley Hussein, mistakenly referred to as Muley Ousine in his 16 Mch. letter, has been proclaimed Emperor in the province of Rife according to letters from Tangier, but his prospects are not considered promising. Muley Slema remains in the sanctuary at Wazan and Muley Suliman at Mequinez, while Muley Ischem plans to march north, so that a battle might be imminent. Abderhaman continues quiet at Tarudent whereas Ben El Kamel, the governor of Santa Cruz, has declared this seaport independent of any Emperor. Ben El Kamel\u2019s action has precedents in the  turmoil following the death of the Emperor Ismael, but in the end Santa Cruz will again be dependent on the general government. Letters from Mogodore of Mch. 27 bring additional news. Muley Ischem has summoned a commercial deputation from Mogadore to meet him in Morocco and the deputies have asked for safe conduct through the adjoining province of Shedmah. The people of Morocco, \u201cwho are tired of contending about which of the princes shall rule them,\u201d will be busy until the end of June harvesting barley and wheat. Since the reign of the last Emperor, the idea of turning away from the family of Sharifs and establishing someone of eminence as a limited ruler has been the subject of discussion in Morocco.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0379", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 15 April 1792\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          15 Apr. 1792. Having written last month by the Louisa and sent copies via New York, he now encloses a letter to him from Capt. Richard O\u2019Bryen with petitions to both houses of Congress from the American captives in Algiers praying for their deliverance from slavery. He also encloses a narrative by O\u2019Bryen for the U.S. government describing M. Lamb\u2019s proceedings and current events in Algiers, and hopes that TJ will submit all of these to the President and Congress.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0380", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 15 April 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          By the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to ask Mr. Jefferson if he has any knowledge of the writer of the enclosed letter?\u2014and if he has not, whether it is probable that information respecting him could be obtained from any respectable person in this Country?\u2014and that Mr. Jefferson will, after perusing and considering said letter, let the President know his opinion upon the expediency of encouraging the views and wishes of M. Pierre Charles Georgest.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0381", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Smith, 15 April 1792\nFrom: Smith, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Baltimore 15th. April 1792\n          The Enclosed publication has appear\u2019d in the Philadelphia Papers. From its Nature (If fully Insisted on) It seems to Exclude all American Exports in our Own Bottoms going to England.\u2014You will confer a very particular favor by informing me What your Opinion is on this Subject and whether the Clause of the Navigation Act will go to the prevention of American Ships Carrying American produce to Great Brittain &c. &c. I have the Honor to be Sir Your obdt. Servt.,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0382", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel Carroll, 16 April 1792\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The Commissioners did themselves the honor of writing to you on the 14th Instant, the Warrants having been sent a few posts before. Since then they have concluded to build a House for their Office and accomodation in the City near the place called the Church Square, being not far from the Center and nearly equidistant on the way between the Presidents House and the Capitol, and not far from the Post Road. It is expected this will occasion other improvements, and they requested me to mention it to you.\n          The President and Directors of the Potomac Co. met here last week. The measures they have adopted promise to compleat the navigation to the Great Falls before Winter.\u2014There is a handsome Sum in the Treasury, and a further dividend called for. Col. Gilpin speaks with Confidence on this Subject. He intends to employ from 150 to 200 Hands on the Locks and other work necessary on the Canal from the Little Falls. The produce being brought from above into the Canal at the Great Falls, may, he says, by a portage of a few hundred yards be delivered into the Vessells on the river from whence they may proceed to Market; this portage will be at the rate of about 2d per Barrill.\u2014Some hands will be employ\u2019d in the bed of the River, on what obstacles there may be between the falls, and others at particular places above; a Contract has been entered into, and Security given for making the  navigation according to Law from Cumberland about 20 or 20 Miles down. Considerable produce has been allready brought down, some from as high I am told as within 6 Miles of the Mouth of Savage River. I believe about \u2153 of the Lock seats at the Great Falls is blown, and it is hoped this object will be accomplishd during the next Season. The Commissioners meet again the first of next Month. I shall be here some time in each week untill that time.\u2014I am, Dear Sir, with great esteem, Your most respectfull and Obt. Servt.,\n            Danl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0385", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Mackay, 17 April 1792\nFrom: Mackay, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Bennington, Vt., 17 Apr. 1792. A victim of misfortune, he turns to TJ for succor, relying on TJ\u2019s reputation as a philanthropist, a republican, a patron of the arts, and a friend of the French nation. He seeks a form of employment more suited to his talents and wishes to promote better relations between the U.S. and France by serving as a French instructor in Philadelphia. He hopes that the recommendations he brings with him will induce TJ to procure twenty or thirty students for him to instruct in French for three or four hours a day. The fees from this work will also enable him to pursue his own studies.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0386", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 19 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n          In consequence of letters received from Mr. William Short on the subject of his property invested in the public funds, I am to desire that no transfer may be permitted of any stock standing in his own name, or in the name of any other for his use.\u2014I have the honor to be with perfect esteem & respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0388", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 19 April 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia April 19. 1792:\n          The following are the material facts in relation to the case of Rutgers agt: Waddington as far as they are now recollected, and a confidence is entertained, that the statement is substantially accurate.\n          The suit was brought in the Mayor\u2019s court of the City of New York, for the occupation and injury of a brewhouse in that City during the possession of it by the British army founded upon an act of the State of New York, entitled \u201cAn act for granting a more effectual relief in cases of certain trespasses\u201d which gives remedy by action of trespass, to all citizens who had resided without the enemy\u2019s lines, against those who had resided within those lines, wherever the property of the former had been occupied, injured, destroyed, purchased, or received by the latter, declaring \u201cthat no defendant should be admitted to plead in justification, any military order or command whatever of the enemy, for such occupancy, injury, destruction, purchase or receipt, nor to give the same in evidence on the general issue.\u201d This act was passed subsequent to the provisional, but prior to the definitive treaty.\n          The fact was that the defendant had occupied the brewhouse in question, under regular authority of the British army, proceeding for a part of the time, immediately from the commander in chief, and for another part of it, from the Qr: Master General, and had even paid rent for the use of it.\n          Several pleas were pleaded, for the different portions of time, corresponding with the State of the fact, one alledging the occupation, under the immediate order of the commander in chief, the other under that of the Quarter Master General.\n          The particulars of the pleas appear to be accurately stated in Mr. Hammond\u2019s memorial.\n          The court allowed the plea, which alledged the occupation, under the immediate authority of the commander in chief, and overruled the  other, giving judgement for the plaintiff for the portion of time covered by the latter.\u2014The ground of distinction, was that it could not be in the course of service, for a Quarter Master General to let out Brew houses.\n          The force of the treaty to overrule the inhibition against pleading a military order, was admitted by the decision, which allowed in fact the validity of such an order, when proceeding from the commander in chief.\n          But a writ of error was brought by the defendant to reverse the judgement in the supreme Court, and pending that writ, a voluntary compromise between the parties took place, which superceded its prosecution to a final decision. A sum of money was paid by the defendant, in consequence of this compromise.\n          It is however but candor to acknowledge, that from the uncertainty of the event, the desire of the defendant to compromise, as a prudential course, was not discouraged by his Counsel.\n          It is not recollected that any decision ever took place, in the Supreme Court of the State, giving effect to the inhibition above mentioned.\u2014It is believed that none ever did.\u2014The exceptionable clause was repealed by an Act of the 4th. of April 1787, which put an end to the question.\n          I acted as Attorney and Counsel for the defendant.\n            Alexander Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0389", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 19 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\n          Your\u2019s of Mar. 27. and Martha\u2019s of Mar. 28. came to hand on the 14th. with one of Apr. 2. to Maria. I am sorry to hear my sugar maples have failed. I shall be able however to get here any number I may desire, as two nurserymen have promised to make provision for me. It is too hopeful an object to be abandoned. Your account of Clarkson\u2019s conduct gives me great pleasure. My first wish is that the labourers  may be well treated, the second that they may enable me to have that treatment continued by making as much as will admit it. The man who can effect both objects is rarely to be found. I wish you would take occasion to express to him the satisfaction I recieve from this communication. If it would not be too much trouble for you to inform me how much wheat, rye and corn constitutes the growing crop in Albemarle, I shall be obliged to you. I am glad to hear that Clark was about getting his tobacco down.\u2014At length our paper bubble is burst. The failure of Duer, in New York, soon brought on others, and these still more, like nine pins knocking one another down, till at that place the bankruptcy is become general, every man concerned in paper being broke, and most of the tradesmen and farmers, who had been laying by money, having been tempted by these speculators to lend it to them at an interest of from 3. to 6. pr. cent a month, have lost the whole. It is computed there is a dead loss at New York of about 5. millions of dollars, which is reckoned the value of all the buildings of the city: so that if the whole town had been burnt to the ground it would have been just the measure of the present calamity, supposing goods to have been saved. In Boston the dead loss is about a million of dollars. The crisis here was the day before yesterday, which was a great day for payments. The effect will not be public in two or three days more. It is conjectured their loss will be about equal to that of Boston. In the mean time, buildings and other improvements are suspended. Workmen turned adrift. Country produce not to be sold at any price: because even substantial merchants, who never meddled with paper, cannot tell how many of their debtors have meddled and may fail: consequently they are afraid to make any new money engagements till they shall know how they stand. As much of the demand from Virginia, and especially for wheat, and indeed tobacco, was from this place, I imagine the stagnation of purchases, and tumble of prices will reach you immediately. Notwithstanding the magnitude of this calamity, every newspaper almost is silent on it, Freneau\u2019s excepted, in whom you will see it mentioned. Give my love to my dear Martha, & accept assurances of sincere esteem from Dear Sir Yours affectionately,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0390", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Blodget, Jr., 20 April 1792\nFrom: Blodget, Samuel, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          In reply to my letter respecting the Plan of the City of Washington, my friend has written, vizt. \u201cMr. Hill fears it will take 2 months to compleat the engraving and estimates the expence at about 160 Dollrs. No time shall be Lost to have it compleated in his best manner.\u201d\n          This City wears a very gloomy aspect owing to the late failures, fraudulent conveyances are much talkd of, and one, (suposed from Mr. McComb to his Brother in Canada, for upwards of \u00a370 000 in Real Estate,) it is said might be rendered null provided the Bankrupt Law now Pending in Committee is passd this Session of Congress. Excuse the Liberty I have taken to mention this, of which I am at present unable to form an opinion, and believe me to be with the most perfect respect your ever devoted humble servant.\n            S. Blodget Junr.\n            I return in a few days to Philadelphia and hope the honor of paying you Immediately my respects on Business.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0391", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 20 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\n            Gentlemen\n          Your favor of the 11th. has been duly received and laid before the President. He thinks it best to decline making any alterations in the plan of the city. The considerations which weigh with him are the expediency of fixing the public opinion on the thing as stable and unalterable, the loss of the work done if altered, the changing all the avenues which point to the Capitol, removing the two houses to a still greater distance, change in the engraving, and that it will not be necessary to dig away the hill to the Eastward, since were it to be dug away, private buildings would as effectually exclude prospect from the Capitol, except merely along the avenues. He thinks that the obstruction given by Mr. Young\u2019s house need not bring on any question for years to come.\n          The warrants are received; and your desire shall be attended to for releasing the lots mortgaged pari passu with the redemption: But I do not know that that can now be effected. You have certainly heard of the extraordinary crush which has taken place, here\u2014at N. York  and Boston, of persons dealing in paper, and of good merchants and others who had dealings with the paper men. It has produced a general stagnation of money contracts, which will continue till it is known who stands and who falls. During this crisis, Mr. Blodget thinks it prudent to suspend proposing our loan, and indeed we think so too. This will oblige you to keep back some of your operations. Perhaps proper offers to workmen and labourers, without being addressed to any place in particular, might at this moment draw great numbers from New York, Boston and this place. The procuring workmen from Scotland is an object of importance: and it may be doubted whether the importation of some Germans might not be a good experiment as well in economy, as to have a certain dependance. They are distinguished for their industry and sobriety, and might do good as an example and model to be referred to.\u2014I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect Gentlemen Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0393", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Irvine, [ca. 22] April 1792\nFrom: Irvine, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia [ca. 22] April 1792\n          I take the liberty to inclose a Copy of a Patent for a tract of land on the Mississippi, respecting which I had the honor to speak to you some time since, soliciting your friendly interposition with the Commissioners at the Court of Spain, to obtain restitution for the heir of the Patentee.\u2014The death of the Patentee at an early stage of the late war, minority of the heir, together with the unsettled state of things in that Country for so many years, prevented such prosecution of the claim, as I now understand is necessary to conform with the laws of that Province, and in common course the land is said to be granted to, and possessed by other persons. So long as the territory was under the British government Mr. Callender complied strictly with the terms injoined in the grant, by his agents, this can be established if necessary.\u2014In the year 1783 while I Commanded at Fort Pitt, I wrote to the Governor at New Orleans, (being Guardian of the young Man) requesting him to forbear regranting the land, for a certain time setting forth the causes that prevented the possibility of an immediate occupancy.\n          In confidence that the Ministers of a magnanimous and enlightened  Nation, may be induced in peculiar cases, to relax from a rigid adherence to the letter of law, especially where Orphans are concerned, I have given you this trouble. At present I shall only add for your information, that Mr. Callender the Patentee, lived long, and died a reputable Citizen of Pennsylvania, his family and connections are numerous and respectable, his only son is about to finish an Accademical education, and can soon go into the Country or do any necessary and proper thing, that may be enjoined.\u2014I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Sir Your Most Obedient Humble Servant,\n            There is also herewith inclosed a letter from a person who I employed to renew the claim in 1789, and there is a gentleman now at Orleans who is dayly expected to arrive here, from whom I will probably receive farther information.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0395", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Blount, 23 April 1792\nFrom: Blount, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Shortly after my arrival in this country, in the autumn of the year 1790, I saw a grant authenticated in due form by the Governor and Secretary of North Carolina for a piece of land laying south of french broad, and understood that it was in contemplation of several people to lay a large number of Armstrong\u2019s warrants, commonly called supernumerary, on the lands on that side of the river, founding their rights for so doing, on the latter part of the second condition of the act of cession. The grant I saw appeared not to be so well described as to authorize a belief that the Governor and Secretary of North Carolina knew where it lay. Hence I presume they had been imposed on, and gave them information of what was in contemplation. They both acknowledged the receipt of my letters and assured me no more grants should pass for lands on that side of the river, and this had the effect to stop I believe even attempts to obtain any, until since the ratification of the treaty of Holston. But since that period, that is about the sitting of the last general Assembly of that State, a number have issued, described as laying on the south of french broad, by which it is evident there was no deception in obtaining them.\u2014I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Your most obedient Humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0396", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Senators and Representatives of Maryland, [23 April 1792]\nFrom: Maryland Congressmen\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The subscribing Senators and Representatives of the State of Maryland in the Congress of the United States, in reply to the enquiries addressed to them by the Secretary of State, not having in this City, the necessary documents, to which they might particularly refer, can only inform him generally;\n          That soon after the pacification between these States and Great Britain, complaints of an obstruction to the recovery of British debts in some of the States, by his Britannic Majesty\u2019s Minister, Mr. Pitt, were transmitted by Congress to the several States, accompanied by a requisition of that honorable Body, that laws should be passed to secure the effectual observance of the Treaty. The Legislature of Maryland, in consequence thereof, enacted a law declaring the Treaty the supreme law of the land, which was, in reality, but a compliance in form, with what had, in effect, taken place, immediately after the exchange of the ratifications of the definitive treaty. British suits having been maintained, from that period, in the superior and inferior tribunals throughout the State, without any obstruction whatever, to our knowledge, except in one instance in the County of Charles, wherein a lawyer thought it advisable to withdraw some actions of this description, from a dread of popular interference. But on the speedy interposition of authority, those suits were all restored, and the persons concerned brought to a proper sense of their misconduct: from that event to the present, British Claimants, as well under contracts previous to the late war as since, have in every instance, enjoyed every  facility in the tribunals of Justice of Maryland, equally with her own citizens. They have recovered, in due course of law, and remitted to Great Britain, large debts of either description. It is, however, to be understood that the cases of persons, who during the late war, paid debts, contracted previously thereto, into the Treasury of Maryland, by virtue of and in conformity with two Acts of that State of 1780, Chapter 5th. and 45, have presented to the Courts of that Country, an important question, involving principles of much nicety, extensive national importance which, if not analogous to, and expressly protected by the laws of nations, and precedents drawn from other countries, were yet of novel impression in America, and required much deliberation. A variety of such suits were brought; the usual steps were regularly, and without interruption pursued; the gentlemen at the bar of the supreme common law court were nearly equally divided, on the different sides of these claims, and it was finally agreed between them, to select some one case for trial, on the fate of which the rest should depend. The case of Mildred against Dorsey, which is particularly mentioned by the Secretary, was the individual case so selected; and after a full hearing, the Court determined against the American citizens, in favor of the British claimants: On which an appeal was entered, as is usual in all cases of consequence, and that cause, together with all others similarly circumstanced, wherein new security could be procured by the defendants, removed to the high court of Appeals of Maryland, where it now remains for final decision, and where it will be tried, as soon as the accustomed legal forms are complied with. Throughout the whole progress of this suit, there has been no delay, on the part of the Courts or the defendants; all the forms have been conducted upon the principle of mutual agreement between the Counsel on either party.\u2014With respect to the case of Harrison\u2019s representatives: On the disclosure of facts made by the trustees of the will of Harrison on oath, in Chancery, in consequence of the claim made by the Attorney General, in behalf of the State, the Chancery Court determined it in favor of the State, it is believed, on this principle; that, however Great Britain might consider the Antenati, as subjects born, and that they coud not divest themselves of inheritable qualities, yet that the principle did not reciprocate on America, as those Antinati of Great Britain could never be considered as subjects born of Maryland. The Legislature, however, took the matter up, and passed an Act relinquishing any right of the State, and directing the intention of the testator to take effect, notwithstanding such right. It is conceived, that this was a liberal and voluntary interposition, on the part of the Legislature,  in behalf of the Representatives of Harrison, who are at liberty to pursue their claim.\n            Ch. Carroll of Carrollton\n            John F Mercer\n            Samuel Sterett\n            Philip Key\n            Upton Sheredine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0397", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Remsen, 23 April 1792\nFrom: Remsen, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I had the honor of receiving your favour of the 14th. on the 15th.; but a desire to communicate such intelligence as might be relied on, respecting the calamitous event which has happened here, and the proceedings of the mob, induced me to delay it until now.\n          A very intelligent person who is interested in the funds of the U.S., but who has not meddled with them for a twelvemonth past, and can therefore be supposed to speak without biass, attributes the whole of this business to Mr. Duer. Astonished at the rapid rise of the funds, he took such pains to ascertain it\u2019s cause, as to discover enough to convince him that it was without foundation, and originated in the spirit of monopoly. In this enquiry, he found that Duer had formerly, and at very enhanced prices, contracted to receive from different people and about at the same time, a number of the New York bank shares, exceeding considerably the number in existence. When the time for delivery arrived the shares were not to be had; and the consequence was, that those which did exist rose almost immediately 40 pr. Cent, and Duer received the difference of price. His success with respect to this plan, gave birth probably to the other for monopolizing the stocks of the U.S., and which has ended in his disgrace and the ruin of many of his fellow citizens. At first he purchased this kind of stock on his own account and on credit, and pledged it to the endorsers of his notes as security: but it continuing to rise, they associated themselves with him in business to appearance so very profitable, and formed themselves into a company, known among the stock dealers by the name of the 6 pr. Cent company. Their purchases and dealings however were extended to all kinds of stock. It is believed, and with reason that Duer alone knew the true state of their funds, and that the others (W. Livingston, Macomb, Whippo &c.) conceived themselves perfectly safe till very lately. Besides the monopoly by the company, Duer was engaged in a monopoly of Stocks on his own acct.; and finding no other people to endorse his notes whose credit was sufficient, he engaged John Pintard (formerly interpreter of the french language for your Departmt.) to procure money for him at an usurious interest, and allowed him \u00a31000 pr. annm. for his services. Pintard employed the lower kind of brokers to effect it, and was extremely successful in raising money, principally among the middling and poorer classes of people. It was the practice of these brokers, who are little better than robbers, to go into every house where they thought there was money,  and also to ascertain which of the small traders kept running accounts with the bank (for many of them did, and do still) and to ask them whether they had any money to put out on good interest, offering 1, 2 or 3 pr. Cent pr. Month as they found it necessary. To those who hesitated they offered a greater interest\u2014and there are instances where they have applied 4 or 5 times in vain, and succeeded in the 5th. or 6th. application, by encreasing their offers. The lenders then received notes signed by Duer and endorsed by Pintard, with the assurance that they were perfectly safe, as he received a transfer of stock more than sufficient to cover every note he endorsed. This went on some months, and probably some notes were renewed several times, the interest being discounted or added to the principal on the renewal. But it is to be observed, that as money grew scarcer the interest was raised from 1, 2 and 3, to 4, 5 and 6 pr. Cent per month.\u2014Several procuresses, and other people of the same character became creditors of Duer in this way.\n          The high prices given by the Company, and by Duer, for stocks from the commencement of their late rise, which was I believe in November or December last, occasioned a great influx from every part of the continent. This market concentrated 9/10th. of the quantity that was held merely for speculation at one time. A part of it was bought directly by the company or Duer for cash, and the cash carried away; but a very considerable and perhaps the greatest part by merchants, or men who possessed money or credit. These gave for it 22/, 23/ or 24/ cash, and sold it to the company or Duer on credit, some payable for when delivered, and others payable for at a future day and deliverable immediately, for 25/, 26/ and 27/. There are others who bought for 22/ and sold for 23/; these sold for 24/, the third purchaser sold for 25/, the fourth for 26/, the fifth for 27/ or 28/, the last purchaser being the company. All these dealings were on credit. The company failing and the stock falling in value, much lower than the first price of 22/, every one of those persons lose, some their whole fortunes, others the greater part of it. It would be impossible to relate the particulars of this ruinous business. The sum of it is, that the wealthy people who engaged in it have lost by the company, and the less wealthy by Duer, thro\u2019 the agency of Pintard. It has totally annihilated all confidence between man and man, and checked in a most surprising degree merchandizing and fair trade.\n          It appears that the Company intended to raise 6 pr. Cents to 30/, and 3 pr. Cents and deferred to 20/ each; and that they would privately sell a part of their own stock to raise money, in order to effect their  object by exaltg. the public value of it, and thereby induce people to buy.\n          It might be supposed that this business was quite important enough to engage the whole time and attention of one man, but the fact proves the contrary. Duer\u2019s projecting spirit could not brook confinement to a single object however important. After settling a plan of operations with Pintard for the part he was to act in the department assigned him, and furnishing him with blanks for notes ready signed, to be filled up as occasions required, and after fixing principles whereon the agent of the 6 pr. Cent company was to govern himself, Duer in conjunction with W. Livingston purchased a large ship, and sent her with many thousand dolls. to India. Of one man alone they got 80,000 dollars, on giving their note for 100,000 payable on the ship\u2019s return. He also bought a large tract of territory in one of the Eastern States, and contracted for many parcels of land in N. Jersey, in the vicinity of the spot contemplated for the establishment of the manufactory. He was already largely interested in lands on the Ohio; and had the contract for supplying our army with rations, and the frenchmen on the Scioto also with rations.\n          It is said here that the U.S. will experience some loss on account of his not having taken up the drafts of his agent, who was stationed at fort Pitt to pay for the provisions destined for our troops; Genl. St. Clair having been obliged to endorse them, which makes it the duty of the U.S. to pay them.\n          Before McComb engaged in speculation, he was in high repute and of extensive credit: His landed estate alone was computed to be worth \u00a360,000: But just before he declared himself a bankrupt and while he was tottering, he has been guilty of many vile, unprincipled acts, such as delaying the declaration of his bankruptcy until after the sailing of the packet, that advices of his situation might not go by her to England, receiving stock to a great amount on the 2d. of April, and assuring upon his honour those who delivered it, that he was able to and would pay for it on the 13th.\u2014remitting this very stock, and all other that he possessed by the packet to England to comply with a contract there\u2014selling bills under such assurances of their being honored, as could not be disputed, to the amount of 80,000 \u00a3 Stlg., when he knew his failure to be inevitable; and also conveying beyond the reach of his creditors all his property here, whether real or personal. He is now in gaol with Duer\u2014Whippo and Pintard have secreted themselves\u2014and W. Livingston has retired to his country seat amidst his tenants. Among the less notorious dealers and defaulters,  the fulfilment of Contracts has ceased, and they appear to be entirely dissolved and disregarded. Things in general however wear a better aspect than they did a few days since, and the stocks are getting up slowly to par.\n          Three or four days after the sailing of the English packet, a pilot boat, similar in construction and size to the Virginia built boats that ply in the Chesapeake, was dispatched for England. Many think she will never get there, being too small to escape should the weather prove tempestuous. It is conjectured that the holders of Macomb\u2019s sterling bills sent her off with the hope of her reaching England before the packet. Others suppose that Macomb himself sent her, dreading that some intimation of his approaching fate had been sent by the packet, while a few think that she conveys dispatches from the Secretary of the Treasury for our bankers in Holland. The first two appear to me to be probable; but the real object remains a secret to all except those who sent her. A gentleman wished to send a letter by her, but the Captn. refused to take it, and said \u00a31000 should not tempt him to carry it.\n          The collection of people about the gaol has consisted chiefly of boys and servants, who went from a motive of curiosity rather than the design of doing mischief. They assembled in consequence of handbills dispersed thro\u2019 the city, by some unknown person, exciting the citizens to inflict punishment on the authors of their wrongs, since they could obtain no redress. It is said some attempts were really made by a few individuals to enter the gaol. The magistracy thought it necessary to have a guard of constables and watchmen in it every night. On one or two nights the crowd stoned the gaol, and broke some windows and lamps; but it is a question whether this disorderly behaviour did not proceed from resentment against the constables &c., who in several instances treated the persons who were quiet spectators with great rudeness, for not retiring to their homes. For the two past nights there has been no collection of people at the gaol. During the two nights of the greatest disorder, no lives were lost nor limbs broken, neither were the militia called out, or a gun fired.\u2014The public mind is however so far from acquiescing in the series of calamitous events with which it has been aflicted, day after day, that but little address would be necessary to raise a mob that all the force of the city could not withstand. In every place Duer and his associates are execrated, and it is a remark in every person\u2019s mouth, that were they torn to pieces, or hung without undergoing any form of trial, it would be only a necessary example and a just punishment. I do not apprehend any thing serious while they remain in confinement, since their creditors seem bent more on recovering a part of the property which is concealed, than on inflicting  punishment personally; but it will be dangerous for either of them to appear again in public, unless they previously surrender their property.\n          Suffer me here, Sir, to obtrude an idea which may suggest some advantages to the Government and it\u2019s citizens. However well meant the law for reducing the public debt was, there have been disadvantages resulting from the manner of purchasing on the part of the U.S., that more than balance, in my mind, the advantages from the reduction that has been made. On the development of Duer\u2019s and the company\u2019s plans they were evident. The 6 pr. cent stock fell to 18/9, and the other kinds in proportion. Had Government then purchased to the extent of it\u2019s ready money, or it\u2019s resources, privately, instead of coming forward with fixed prices, they would with the same money have got more stock than they have done. The money thrown into circulation would have been the same and have afforded equal relief, and it would in addition, by reducing in a greater quantity the stock kept for speculation, have rendered the residue of a more stable value. It strikes me that money is rather scarce in this country; barely sufficient for a circulating medium. If then in this rage for speculation the matter of speculation, that is the stocks, can be reduced in quantity, the more advantageous it would be for the community. In the last public purchase but a small proportion that was offered could be taken\u2014in fact it commenced and ended in a moment\u2014for all had their papers ready and handed them in at the same time. The consequence was, that what was refused fell almost as low as it was before. Besides many supposing the treasury of the U.S. to be an inexhaustible mine, and arguing from precedt. bought on credit; and thus what was intended as a relief, did in a certain degree operate as an evil. Had the Government a sum in it\u2019s coffers sufficient to pay off the whole, or only half of it\u2019s debts at once, perhaps it would be true policy to purchase publicly. To any objection to private purchases, may [be] opposed the irredeemibility of the 6 pr. Cents; for few can believe that the continuance of the debt will prove a blessing. Nay the merchants, who it was supposed would feel none of the duties imposed on the articles of their trade for paying the interest, further than as far as their own consumption went, complain, and say that commerce is scarcely worth pursuing on this very account, and that they are stretched almost to a violation of our commercial laws.\n          I hope you will excuse me for thus offering my opinion without asking, or even without being warranted by any circumstance, except the favorable opinion you have been pleased to express of me.\u2014Indeed, Sir, I feel much obliged by your friendly and delicate conduct while I had the honor of being employed in your Office; and I assure you  nothing but the most pressing necessity could have induced me to a change. I knew, and I have since experienced, that no person but myself could do justice to my mother, and my young brothers and sisters, in attending to the concerns of my deceased parent. I am under the most grateful and lasting acknowledgments for the certificate you favored me with, which is more full than I expected; and I regard it as a testimonial to be of use whenever I should have occasion to exhibit it.\n          I shall not venture, Sir, to trouble you with any reflections on the pamphlet I sent you, further than to observe, that whoever has read it of my acquaintance, have ascribed it to party spirit, and envy\u2014to disappointed ambition perhaps\u2014but none have to what the author asserts his design to be, in publishing it, the public good. To one who has given up the peaceful enjoyment of domestic happiness, and devoted the best part of his life to the public, to uninterrupted labour and incessant cares, it would be a cruel sensation did he suppose the pamphlet above mentioned spoke the public voice, but as he must know it does not, that it is only intended to serve a political movement, and the purpose of party, he must have the approbation not only of his own conscience, but the approbation of all those who are honest and good men. You know so much of pamphleteers in Europe, Sir, and of their capability to blacken the best of men and measures, that I persuade myself you consign the one in question to the forgetfulness he deserves. I have heard it conjectured that Mr. Ames was the author, but Mr. King disbelieves it, or pretends to do so.\n          I cannot yet judge whether Govr. Clinton or Mr. Jay will be elected. Their advocates are respectively very zealous and sanguine. The great sale of land to Macomb has lessened Govr. Clinton\u2019s interest among the farmers in the upper part of the state, where he was formerly very popular; but in this city and indeed in the whole southern district of which this city is only a small part, he will have a decided majority of votes. Mr. Jay has gone on the Eastern circuit, and will not return before the election is over.\u2014I have the honor to be with great respect and attachment, Dr. Sir Your obliged & obedt. Servt.\n            Henry Remsen\n            P.S. I must not omit to mention a rumour of Mr. King and Mr. Lawrence the one a Senator and the other a Representative from this State in the legislature of the U.S., being among the unfortunates in speculation. The latter very deeply.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0398", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Smith, 23 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, Samuel\n          I have been prevented by business from sooner answering your favor of the 15th. In the mean time you will probably have seen a correspondence in the public papers between Mr. Hammond and myself explanatory of the subject of your letter. Lest you should not however I have the pleasure to inclose it to you. Still I think it will be prudent in merchants who send vessels to England, to instruct them to make due enquiry before they commit themselves so far in an English port. I am with great respect Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0399", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael and William Short, 24 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William,Short, William\n            Gentlemen\n          My letter of Mar. 18. conveyed to you full powers for treating with Spain on the subjects therein expressed. Since that our attention has been drawn to the case of fugitive debtors and criminals, whereon it is always well that coterminous states should understand one another as far as their ideas on the rightful powers of government can be made to go together. Where they separate the cases may be left unprovided for. The inclosed paper, approved by the President, will explain to you how far we can go in an agreement with Spain for her territories bordering on us: and the plan of a convention is there stated. You are desired to propose the matter to that court, and establish with them so much of it as they approve, filling up the blank for the manner of the demand by us and compliance by them, in such way as their laws  and the organization of their government may require. But recollect that they bound on us between two and three thousand miles, and consequently that they should authorize a delivery by some description of officers to be found on every inhabited part of their border. We have thought it best to agree specially the manner of proceeding in our country on a demand of theirs, because the convention will in that way execute itself, without the necessity of a new law for the purpose. Your general powers being comprehensive enough to take in this subject, no new ones are issued. I have the honor to be with great respect, gent. your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0400", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, 24 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William\n          I have the honor to inclose you copies of some papers received from General Irwin as guardian to a young citizen of this state, entitled in right of his father to certain lands in West Florida. Also copies of papers in the case of David Beveridge, a citizen of the U.S. complaining of losses sustained at the Havanna by undue proceedings of the officers of the government there: and I am to desire you to make application to the court of Madrid for that redress which the justice and friendly dispositions of the court give us reason to hope. Be so good as to give information here of your progress and prospects in these sollicitations, and to do the same as to the former ones referred to you, and most particularly that relating to the Dover Cutter. I have the honor to be with great esteem, Sir, Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0401", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel and Sheppard Church, 24 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Church, Samuel and Sheppard\n            Gentlemen\n          The President has referred to me your letter, covering that of John Church, dated from the Havanna Oct. 91. It does not appear from these papers of what country he had been a citizen. It is presumable he was not of the United States because engaged in a traffic unauthorized by the laws of the United States. His application to the Commander of a British ship of war induces a conjecture that he had been a British subject. But having settled as a Goldsmith at the Havanna, and there carried on his trade two years, and appearing to have been of St. Augustine before that, he had made himself a Spanish subject, was liable to their laws, was charged and found guilty of an offence against their government, by the competent authority of the country, and is now under punishment for that offence. Were he a citizen of the U.S. we should be bound to respect the judgment pronounced on him by the regular authority of the country, till it\u2019s injustice should be proved palpably. But having made himself a Spanish subject, we have no more right to enquire into that judgment than the court of Spain would have to do the same with respect to the criminals now in our jails. I am sorry therefore to be obliged to give it as my opinion, that it is a case in which this government ought not to interfere.\u2014I am gentlemen Your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0402", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from D\u2019Anmours, 24 April 1792\nFrom: Anmours, Charles Fran\u00e7ois, Chevalier d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Full of confidence in the marks of friendship I allways received from you, I beg leave to introduce to the honour of your acquaintance, M. Auguette, a Captain of dragoons in the regiment de la Reine, of the french army. He travels this continent with a view to add to a Stock of knowledge which study and former voyages on the other have rendered more than Sufficient to make him a very interresting  acquaintance.\u2014In former days he would have claimed your attention on two accounts; first he is no indifferent hand at chests; Secondly he is really a great Musician both theorically and practically; and among other instruments plays the violin so as to please even ears used to hear the masters of that instrument in europe. But I am affraid the avocations of a minister of State leave you, now, too few moments to give to these recreative talents. However as the merit of that officer is not confined to them, and, on the Contrary Stands upon a much firmer Basis, I Beg for him the honour of your attentions, convinced that his gratitude will equall mine tho\u2019 it can never exceed it.\u2014I have the honour to be Dr. Sir Your most obedient & humble Servant,\n            Chevr. d\u2019Anmours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0403", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Fenwick, 24 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fenwick, Joseph\n          I have desired Mr. Short to pass through Bordeaux in his way to Spain in order to take up any letters which may be lodged there for him. I therefore now inclose to you a packet for him which I will beg the favor of you to keep till he calls on you for it himself, or till you receive his directions what to do with it. In the mean time if you will be so good as to drop a line to him notifying your having received such a packet, it will oblige. In a letter of Sep. 1. I put under cover to Mr. Short a letter for you with two bills of excha. of about \u00a380. sterl. praying him to negotiate them and remit the money and letter to you, for obtaining some wine as explained in the letter. I have as yet received no acknolegemt. of the letter from Mr. Short, which gives me apprehension of it\u2019s miscarriage. Should it be otherwise, and the commission be yet unexecuted, I leave it to you to judge whether the wines should be ventured before autumn. I take for granted there would be methods of keeping the money from depreciating. I am with much esteem Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0404", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Catherine Greene, [ca. 24 April 1792]\nFrom: Greene, Catherine\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Mrs. Greene best and most respectful compliments to Mr. Jefferson, and will consider herself under the highest obligations to him, if he will have the goodness to write to Mr. Morris giving such directions as he shall think proper, for her sons return to America. She will also thank Mr. Jefferson to direct the enclosed letter to Mr. Morris, as she is not acquainted with his address.\n          Mrs. Greene is much mortifyed to be so troublesome to Mr. Jefferson but as she has no person acquanted with the various circumstances to whom she could apply, she hopes he will pardon her, and receive her grateful thanks.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0406", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John F. Mifflin, 24 April 1792\nFrom: Mifflin, John F.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Tuesday Morning April 24. 1792\n          I find on Examination that the Case you alluded to [in which the Executors of Bond or the Executors of Osburn were Plaintiffs against the Executors of Samuel Mifflin Defendants] was subsequent in Point of time to the Publication of Dallas\u2019s Reports, but the Doctrine you mention of the Court allowing no Interest on British Contracts during the Continuance of the late War has been often affirmed by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and is mentioned by the Court in Williams versus Craig (Dallas\u2019s Reports. 313) as a point settled.\u2014I am Sir with much Respect Your very humble Servant,\n            John F. Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0407", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 24 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n          [In my private letter of Mar. 18.] I gave you notice I should lodge subsequent ones perhaps at Bordeaux, after which I know no prospect of writing to you again till you leave Spain, with any hope of your getting the letter. [I mentioned to you the failure of some of the primary speculators, in New York. The crush has been tremendous and far beyond our expectation at that time. The dead loss at New York has been equal to the value of all the buildings of the city, say between 4. and 5. millions of dollars. Boston has lost about a million.  This place something less. Paper of the debt of the U.S. is scarcely at par. Bank stock is at 25. per cent. It was once upwards of 300. per cent. Judge what a slam you would have suffered if we had laid out your paper for bank stock.] The losses on this occasion would support a war, such as we now have on hand, five or six years. Thus you will see that the calamity has been greater in proportion, than that of the South sea in England, or Law\u2019s in France. [Tho it would have been improper for me to have given, at any time, an opinion on the subject of stocks to Mr. Brown, or any man dealing in them, yet I have been unable to refrain from interposing for you on the present occasion. I found that your stock stood so as not to charge Donald & co. I knew Brown to be a good man, but to have dealt in paper; I did not know how far he was engaged; I knew that good men might sometimes avail themselves of the property of others in their power, to help themselves out of a present difficulty in an honest but delusive confidence that they will be able to repay, that the best men and those whose transactions stand all in an advantageous form, may fail by the failure of others. Under the impulse therefore of the general panic, I ventured to enter a caveat in the treasury office against permitting the transfer of any stock standing in your name or in the name of any other for your use. This was on the 19th. of April. I knew your stock had not been transferred before Mar. 31. and that from that time to this Mr. Brown had not been in Virginia, so as to give me a reasonable confidence that it had not been transferred between the 1st. and 19th. inst. If so, it is safe. But it would be still safer invested in Ned Carter\u2019s lands at 5. dollars the acre,] at which price I believe they could be bought. If you think so, and will send me authority, I am going to Virginia in July or August, and will execute the commission for you. The last letter recd. from you is of Dec. 30. That acknoleges my letters to you no later than July 28. since which I have written as follows.\n          The letter of Sep. 1 covered a bill of exchange of John Vaughan on Le Coulteux for 1000. livres and another for \u00a340. sterl. to be negotiated and remitted to Mr. Fenwick at Bordeaux to buy me a stock of wines, and I inclosed a letter for him as to the disposal of the money. In my letter of Nov. 25. I desired you to engage and send forward 30. dozen bottles of M. D\u2019Orsai\u2019s best still Champagne for the President. Having no acknolegement  of these letters I begin to fear they have miscarried. If they have come to hand since Dec. 30. I hope you will have executed the commissions before your departure for Spain.\u2014We expect Mr. Pinkney here every day on his way to England, where he will probably be by the beginning of July. Congress will rise in about ten days. Adieu my dear Sir. Your\u2019s affectionately,\n            Th: Jefferson\n            [P.S. Not knowing how long you may remain in Spain, nor when I can get another letter to you, I am to desire that your public letters of the ensuing fall and winter may not be addressed to me by name, but to \u2018the Secretary of State for the U.S. at Philadelphia.\u2019]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0408", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 24 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n          [I had sealed my letter before I discovered that I had omitted to desire of you, while at Madrid, to procure if possible some account of the dollars of that country from the earliest to the last, stating their dates, places where coined, weight and fineness. Such a statement, if it can be here in time before the next meeting of Congress (Nov. 1.) to enable them, before we begin our coinage, to place our unit on a proper footing, will be of great and permanent importance.] I beg leave therefore to recommend this commission to your earliest attention. Mr. Rittenhouse is appointed Director of the mint. I am with sincere esteem Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0409", "content": "Title: Affidavit of Samuel Bayard, 25 April 1792\nFrom: Bayard, Samuel\nTo: \n            Philadelphia April 25th. 1792.\n          I do hereby certify that there never has been, either originally instituted, in the Supreme Court of the United States, or removed there, from any inferiour Court of the United States, any suit or claim, between a subject of the King of Great Britain on the one part and a citizen, or citizens of the United States on the other.\u2014As witness my hand,\n            Saml BAYARD Clk of the Supreme Court of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0411", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 25 April 1792\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The Hague, 25 Apr. 1792. Since his last of 21 Feb. his health and Europe\u2019s have been poor.\u2014He learned more than a month ago of Short\u2019s appointment as minister but has heard nothing from Short himself.\u2014His enemies and those of the U.S. have struck a deadly blow by offering one of his sons-in-law a court appointment on condition that he cease to communicate with Dumas. The young man\u2019s pusillanimity has severed all relations between them. Consequently Dumas now lives among strangers, deprived of one of the greatest consolations of old age. In this extremity he is grateful for the benevolence of the U.S. and asks God to forgive those responsible for his miseries. Short, to whom he will deliver a recently arrived letter from TJ, can always rely on his services.\u2014France declared war against Austria on the 20th of last month. Orders were sent to the French armies and couriers were dispatched to the other countries of Europe with news of this declaration on the following day. Lafayette should be the first in action.\u2014Short has gone to Madrid where  the present situation in Europe should facilitate his efforts with Carmichael to resolve the Mississippi question. Once that matter is settled he looks forward to enjoying Short\u2019s company here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0412", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Senators and Representatives of Georgia, 25 April 1792\nFrom: Georgia Congressman\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          In answer to your note of the 16th inst. we must say that we know of no instance of a recovery in the State of Georgia by a British creditor against his debtor: we say with equal truth, that we know no instance of any judgment against such recovery since the ratification of the treaty of peace as the creditors instead of resorting to the law, have settled, or are in a course of settling in an amicable way with their debtors: and we are still further able to assure you that the federal court is as open and unobstructed to British creditors in Georgia as in any other of the United States.\u2014With great respect we are Sir, your obedient humble servts.\n            W. FewJ. GunnAbr. BaldwinFrans: Willis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0413", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Catharine Greene, 25 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Greene, Catherine\n          Mr. Jefferson presents his most respectful compliments to Mrs. Greene, and will with great pleasure write to Mr. Morris, on the subject of her son\u2019s return, forwarding her letter at the same time. He thinks Mrs. Greene concluded that he should return by the way of  London. If he is mistaken she will be so good as to correct him, as his letter to Mr. Morris will otherwise be on that supposition.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0416", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 25 April 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I had the Honor on the tenth Instant to mention to you the Assassination of the King of Sweden. He is since dead of his Wounds. You will find by the public Prints that France declares War against the young King of Hungary and we are of Course to expect an immediate Invasion of the Austrian Netherlands. I am told that this Court notwithstanding their Guarantee of that Country to the House of Austria are determind (if possible) to stand neuter, and as a preliminary have within these few Days sent off a Courier to announce to the King of Hungary their opinion that let the Declaration of War come from whom it may they consider him as the Aggressor. This may be true for a large Party in this Nation are opposed to the Expence of any War and particularly to that whose Object may be the Subduing of a Spirit of Liberty in France. Mr. Pitt will I think rather take the popular Side of any serious Question and such Questions may soon arise and abundantly. A Society is forming to bring about a Reform in the Representation. This is like to prove very troublesome to the Advocates of corrupt Influence. The Abolition of the Slave Trade is also disagreable to them. When once the Spirit of Change begins to act it is impossible to say where it will stop. There are Abuses in Abundance which either grow out of the present Form of Government or have been so long connected and indeed blended with it that a Destruction of them cannot but give it some serious Wounds. Hence there is among the best Friends of Freedom here no small Degree of Apprehension and Anxiety. In Regard to the Line of Conduct which may be pursued in Brabant I do not believe that the King\u2019s Council are at all decided. The Dutch Government have for some Time past pressed hard for a Decision but without Effect. The patriotic or french Party in the United Provinces will perhaps seize the present Moment to abolish the Office of Stadtholder unless his Allies are in Force to support him and awe them. If it be true that the present Intention be to preserve a Neutrality it seems to me that in Case the War continues it will be easy for Prussia and Austria to force them into it simply by leaving the low Country expos\u2019d, for it is almost as much the Interest of England as of the King of Hungary and much more so than of the Kingdom of Hungary to prevent France from possessing herself of Flanders.\n          It is generally supposd that this Declaration of France will bring forward the whole of the Confederacy against her which has been so  long talk\u2019d of, but this Confederacy has several inefficient Members: Among these is Spain the Languor of whose Administration is as great as at any former Period of her History, and perhaps much greater. By the bye I have learnt within these few Days a Fact which it is proper you should be acquainted with. The Presidt\u2019s Letter to me and my consequent Communications with this Court were made immediate Use of to frustrate Mr. Carmichael\u2019s Negotiations at Madrid and with Effect. And yet I understand that the mentioning a Part of the Object to the french Embassador has been assign\u2019d by this Administration or by Somebody for them as a Reason why my Applications were not successful. I will make no Comment. I am sure the proper Reflections will suggest themselves to your Mind in a Moment.\n          I shall leave this City in two Days and proceed with all Speed to Paris. I did wish to see Colo. Smith who is I understand on his Passage and probably charg\u2019d with some Letters from you but Mr. Short is urgent with me to come forward and therefore I shall go.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0417", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Adam Lindsay, 26 April 1792\nFrom: Lindsay, Adam\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          About six days after the date of my last letter, I received one from you with a bank post note for 24 $ 50 Cts.\u2014You might justly conclude  from my long silence that some accident had happened, but my letter of 14th. will I hope set the matter in a clear light.\n          The Catherine Captn. Cunningham is arrived here in six weeks from London. Inclosed is one of the latest papers. Mr. Pitt has been severely attacked for the Rusian Armament, but was cleared of the censure by a very large majority. A Mr. Jenkinson in a maiden speech espouses the cause of ministry and I think will soon be recokoned one of their first-rate speakers. Mr. Pitt observed in introducing the intercourse Bill, that he had sent Mr. Hammond, with an intent to form a Treaty or Treaties with the American States; but until what he has done is known it would be necessary to pass the intercourse bill.\n          We have just had information that the Act of Charles 2d is not to be taken verbatim as Sir John Temple has published it to the world, but to be charged to account of his consul Generalship Blunder; at any rate it has brought a smile on the face of our Mercantile part of the community who were much chop-fallen in the first alarm.\u2014I must beg pardon for this long digression and believe me Dear Sir with respectful esteem Your very hble. Servt.,\n            Adam Lindsay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0418", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 27 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\n            My dear daughter\n          I received yesterday your\u2019s and Mr. Randolph\u2019s of the 9th. which shews that the post somehow or other slips a week. Congress have determined to rise on the 5th. of May. Colo. Monroe and Mrs. Monroe will set out on the 7th. and making a short stay at Fredericksburg pass on to Albemarle. I have reason to expect that my visit to Virginia this  year, instead of September as heretofore, will be about the last of July, and be somewhat longer than usual, as it is hoped Congress will meet later.\u2014Tell Mr. Randolph that Mr. Hylton informs me 43. hhds. of my tobacco, meaning of my mark, are arrived at the warehouse, and that he shall send them on by the first opportunity. As this cannot possibly be all mine, it must contain Mr. Randolph\u2019s, and therefore it is necessary he should enable Mr. Hylton to distinguish his, or it will all come round here. I am to have 5. dollars for mine, payable in September, from which will be deducted about half a dollar expences. Maria is well and joins me in affections to Mr. Randolph and yourself. Adieu my dear. Your\u2019s &c.\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0423", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Fenwick, 29 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fenwick, Joseph\n          Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Fenwick and incloses him a letter, a power of attorney, an extrait baptistaire and certificat  de vie of Mr. de Rieux his neighbor in Virginia, on the subject of a legacy on which he troubled him before. He cannot better put Mr. Fenwick au fait of Mr. de Rieux\u2019 desires on the present occasion than by inclosing de Rieux\u2019 letter of March 31. to Th: J. Mr. Fenwick\u2019s attention to this business will oblige him and serve a very worthy neighbor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0424", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 29 April 1792\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Lisbon, 29 Apr. 1792. There have been no important political developments in this kingdom since his letter of 30 Mch. The Queen continues to recover gradually. The government pursues the same course and the country enjoys the same peace as before the regency. He now has a reliable source of intelligence about the palace, having formed an intimate acquaintance with Dr. Willis.\u2014Since his last letter the Marquis D\u2019Oyra has arrived as the new Spanish ambassador. Many contradictory reports from Spain leave us uncertain what to believe. A late report of tumults in Madrid has been followed by more dependable intelligence that the city is calm and that strangers can now enter it without permission. Less reliable but generally accepted accounts report that the Spanish court has received Bourgoyne as Minister Plenipotentiary from France, and has declared its definitive intention to cultivate its traditional friendly connection with France while staying out of its internal affairs. He has heard nothing lately from William Carmichael but has received letters from Thomas Barclay.\u2014Europe is in ferment. The death of the Emperor and the attempted assassination of the King of Sweden deeply affect France. Sovereigns must become more concerned with the good will and the interests of their subjects. \u201cA wonderful change is taking place in men\u2019s minds, in regard to their ideas of Royalty and Nobility. Even the assassinating attack on the King of Sweden is spoken of with infinitely less horror, than it would have been but a few years ago.\u201d\u2014By the last English packet he received letters from Joshua Johnson stating that Johnson intends to resign as consul in London if Congress passes the consular bill in its present form.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0425", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 29 April 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\n          Being in want of an aid in my kitchen, and having at Paris had one who on occasion could supply his principal, I have desired my Maitre  d\u2019hotel to write to engage him to come to me. The inclosed letter to a Madame Fran\u00e7ois is on that subject, and I have taken the liberty of desiring that the person (Henri by name) may present himself to you, in hopes that you will be so good as to direct him how to come, that is to say, by the Diligence to Havre, where M. de la Motte will find him a passage. My letter to M. de la Motte, left open for your perusal, will let you see how he is to be provided for. The trouble of forwarding that as well as the letter to Madame Fran\u00e7ois I am obliged to put on you, as well as to encourage the young man to come. There is a possibility he may be married. His wife might probably employ herself advantageously in this city if she can do any thing: but I should not chuse to add the burthen of her passage to that of his. Perhaps he can pay that himself. The wages offered him are those I pay my other servants, 7. Dollars a month and their board and lodging. Pardon my troubling you with this petty business, and be assured of the sentiments of esteem & respect with which I am Dear Sir your most obedient humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0428", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 1 May 1792\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Marseilles, 1 May 1792. He forwarded with his letter of 16 [i.e., 15] Apr. a letter to him from Capt. O\u2019Bryen and two petitions of American prisoners at Algiers. He encloses another letter from O\u2019Bryen of 9 Jan. received only 5 days ago.\u2014The present dey appears more inclined to treat with the U.S. than the last, and it would be advantageous to American trade if a peace with Algiers could be made, the more so now that France has declared war on Hungary and Bohemia. \u201cTho\u2019 that Power has not Maritime Forces, however we are here apprehensive that many Privateers will be fitted at Ostend, Triest and Leghorn. Insurances on that account have risen here.\u201d He apprehends other powers connected with Hungary will join the war against France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0430", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 1 May 1792\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          In April 1791. in the district Court of Fredericksburg, in the case of Mitchell against Wallis, in which the law of the State was plead in bar of the debt, the following were the circumstances. Mitchell, a native of Great Britain residing and trading in Virginia, having debts due him to great amount, conveyed them with other property just before the war to the use of his creditors in Great Britain, and of one creditor in Virginia. In this situation, the debts remained through the war, and the action was brought in favor of the British Creditors in 1788. or 89, and judgment rendered for the plaintiffs. Several other judgments were entered in favor of the same parties in that and the subsequent term. This must be deemed such a debt as was supposed to be prohibited, and provided for by the treaty. It was so argued on the part of the defendant, whose Counsel I was, and yet judgment was given against him.\n          I have not known of any other instances wherein the right to recover was regularly contested. It was, however, always the Opinion of the ablest counsel at the bar, that those debts were recoverable, that no law prohibited it, and if it were otherwise, that the treaty would controul it. Since the establishment of the present government, upon the presumption there would be no further doubt on the Subject, I have likewise heard several of the State Judges say they had entertained the same Opinion.\n          \u2018Tis true the British Merchants declined generally bringing suits prior to that event, nor indeed have any great number been since brought in the federal courts. For the motive to this conduct, \u2018tis not necessary to hazard a conjecture, as your enquiries respect only  the law and the decisions under it. Certain it is, they have been progressing and with great success since the peace, in the amicable adjustment of their accounts with their debtors, which has perhaps been more effectual (admitting that there was no dispute about the recovery otherwise than other debts) than any other course would have been.\n          The County Courts, until very lately, have had exclusive jurisdiction of sums under ten pounds only. Upon all sums above that amount, their decisions have been subject to the revision and controul of the Superior Courts. A late modification gives them original jurisdiction of sums under \u00a330; but as well as I remember, subject as before to Correction of the Superior Courts by appeal or Supersedeas. I believe there are but few debts under that sum of the kind referred to.\n          In the federal Court no cause had been put at issue until the last November term, at which time, that of Jones and Walker was argued, but continued over to the present, upon Account of the absence of Judge Blair, who left the bench in consequence of the death of his Son.\u2014I have the honor to be with great respect and esteem, Your most Obedient and very humble Servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0431", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Knox, 2 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, Henry\n          Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to Genl. Knox and incloses him a letter from a Mr. Thorn solliciting a military appointment. He knows no more of the writer than his letter expresses, and can not conjecture from that, of what state he is.\n          He incloses also two letters from a Mr. Bowyer and Mr. Matthews (brother of the General) solliciting an appointment for a Mr. Gibson. The writers are good men and true, and are in a part of the country famous for the best of riflemen. Th:J. therefore commits the letters to General Knox to make such use of as circumstances may render expedient.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0432", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 2 May 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          My correspondence with you for some time past has been unsettled and lingering, as well on account of the indisposition under which I have laboured, as the lingering and unsettled posture in which I have been kept here. For these three months past I have had every reason to suppose that each letter which I had the honor of addressing you would be the last.\u2014Having learned through Mr. Morris and the gazettes of England and this country, his nomination by the President and the stages through which it has passed to full confirmation, it has been constantly expected that a few days would bring him here in order to take on him the trust thus reposed in him. After waiting somewhat in this position I wrote to inform him of my impatience for his arrival, and my anxiety at having charge of a post from the moment I had learned that the President\u2019s confidence respecting it had been placed in another.\u2014He answered me the 17th: of the last month that he should follow his letter in a few days and bring at the same time credentials which he had recieved for me, and which is all I know respecting them.\n          In this situation which has continued now so much longer than could possibly have been expected, it is my duty, and it would have been dictated by delicacy also, not to anticipate on any of the objects, which were capable of being deferred so as to be committed intact to the efforts of Mr. Morris; as the commencements which I might make, might not perhaps be in conformity to his views, and might be considered by him as prejudicial to them. I have accordingly abstained from all proceedings of that kind as formerly mentioned to you, and confine myself simply to give you information of such events here as were most essential among those with which the present moment is pregnant, hoping daily that this part of the duties of the office also will be taken up by a more permanent and more able hand.\n          In pursuance thereof I had the honor of informing you in my last of the decree passed in the assembly on the proposition of His Majesty, for declaring war against the King of Bohemia. The Minister of war yesterday went to the assembly to inform them of the unfortunate and dishonorable commencement of this war.\n          It had been determined that the Austrian Netherlands should be invaded by detachments from the main army garrisoned on the frontiers. A detachment from Lille of 3,000, men commanded by Major General Theobald Dillon, was to attack Tournay, one of 10,000 commanded by the Lieut. General Duke de Biron, was to attack Mons, and a still larger body collected at Givet, was to attack Namur under the command of M. de la fayette.\n          The ministry were so confident that these provinces would revolt and the Austrian troops desert to the French standard, immediately on their army passing the fronter, that they seem not to have taken into account the numbers of the enemies troops. The detachment from Lille marched on the night of the 28th. singing and dancing with joy, expecting to gain proselytes instead of finding resistance from an enemy. Before arriving at Tournay the van was attacked by a corps said to be of 6,000. On the first discharge they fled crying out that they were betrayed by their general and led only to a butchery. They put their rear in the same disorder, and all except a small corps of cavalry, commanded by the young Count Alexandre de la Rochefoucauld, retreated to Lille in the most disorderly and disgraceful manner.\u2014But their dishonor did not cease here. Before entering the garrison they siezed their general whom they had thus abandoned, and as it were to turn attention from their infamy committed the most atrocious of crimes. He with his aide camp, and the commander of the artillery (under pretext of his having not loaded the canon) and six of the enemies horsemen made prisoners in the retreat, were here massacred by the flying and alarmed soldiery. Their retreat or rather flight was protected with much courage by the corps of cavalry though commanded by a youth who was here for the first time in presence of an enemy. The Austrian troops after pursuing them quite to the walls of Lille, returned towards Tournay. The French lost from 250 to 300. men, according to estimation.\n          The minister said nothing of the expedition against Mons, but an officer despatched from Valenciennes arrived here last night, and brought the following acct. which will probably be communicated to day to the assembly. The Duc de Biron left Valenciennes the 28th and in the evening passed the frontier at Quievrain. The next day he arrived near Mons where the enemy had marched out to meet him. He formed his army in sight of them, not venturing an attack on account of the numbers and position of the enemy. In this situation, one of his regiments took the alarm and retired. He went alone in pursuit of them, and a report spread through the army that he had abandoned them to join the enemy. This occasioned a confused retreat to Quievrain where  he determined to pass the night. At day break the next morning the enemy fell on his frightened and disordered troops and easily routed them. They left a considerable part of their canon and baggage. Their loss is estimated at 1500 men. The rest took shelter in Valenciennes.\n          These orders having been given directly to M. de Biron, without the participation of M. de Rochambeau, have occasioned him as it is said to resign.\n          An express has been forwarded in consequence of these checks to prevent the Marquis de la fayette attacking Namur. It is uncertain whether he will be in time; and all are anxious to hear of him.\n          It seems to be hoped here that this lesson will induce the ministry to renounce the idea of offensive war, and it is certain they will no longer be supported in that idea, by many who have hitherto been for it from the certainty which ministry held out of an insurrection in the Belgic provinces and desertion in the enemy\u2019s troops.\n          It remains now to be seen whether the court of Vienna will be satisfied not to enter France; and it might be hoped if the late Emperor had lived, such a variety of reasons and particularly the violence with which he was pressed in to war by the cabinet of Berlin, having rendered him cautiously averse to it. But the youth of the present King of Hungary, the increasing influence of the cabinet of Berlin at Vienna, and above all the late conduct of the French troops after insulting the territory of their neighbor, would seem to render this less probable. You will certainly be kept fully informed of the progress of these affairs.\u2014I have the honor to be most respectfully, your most obedient humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0433", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Blodget, Jr., 3 May 1792\nFrom: Blodget, Samuel, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          By last nights post I have recd. information that Mr. Hill contracted to engrave the Plan of the City of Washington for 150 Dollars. He has promised to touch nothing in the line of his proffesion till this work is compleated which he hopes may be in all June at furthest. I expect to wait on you the seventh Instant at Phila. & am with great respect your most obedt. servant,\n            S Blodget Junr.\n            This City has remaind very quiet since my last. A Ship arrived this  day from London but without later Intelligence than we have had. It is said that Clinton will be re elected but this is mere conjecture at present. I mention these circumstances merely to shew my desire to give you news of which there is scarce any at Present.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0434", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ernst Frederick Gayer, 3 May 1792\nFrom: Gayer, Ernst Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia May 3. 1792.\n          The Memorial of Ernst Frederick Gayer Most respectfully sheweth\n          That your Memorialist is at present entirely out of Employ, nor has any convenient Place at present, where he could execute any Work, which he might be directed to make; whereas, when he had only some Assistance, he might have a Prospect of Sufficient Work to employ him: Emboldened by the Satisfaction, You have been pleased to express with Some of his Workmanship, and the kind Promise You were pleased to make of favoring him with further Employ, he begs Leave to lay his present forlorn Situation before You, and implore Your Protection, humbly praying; That You will vouchsafe to become his Patron and to grant him such Assistance as may enable him to establish himself in some constant Employ, in such manner as You Shall think meet, and at the Same time to favor him with the Opportunity, to shew by his Readiness to execute Your orders, that he was not altogether unworthy thereof.\u2014And your Memorialist as in Duty bound shall ever pray &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0435", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 3 May 1792\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Lisbon, 3 May. 1792. The Swedish agent to the Portuguese court confirms the death of the King of Sweden. \u201cIt appears that four Persons of some rank had drawn lots for the execution of the plot against the King\u2019s life. The Person on whom the task devolved, together with two of the others are  apprehended. The fourth committed suicide by poison. It is said many of the officers of Artillery were privy to the conspiracy, and that a number of Individuals are arrested.\u201d There is no need for him to trouble one so well versed in European affairs as TJ with speculation about Sweden\u2019s future course.\u2014He learned yesterday at a diplomatic dinner given by the Papal nuncio for the Spanish ambassador of \u201cfresh tumults in Turin between the Students and the Artificers.\u201d This affair did not begin with a dispute over government, but government must interfere and it is uncertain how the insurrection will end.\u2014The Queen\u2019s mental recovery is slower than her physical recovery.\u2014The Portuguese market is glutted with wheat and corn from various sources, depressing the price paid for imports of these commodities from America. More wheat just arrived from England, Holland, and the Mediterranean, and the \u201cappearances of crops in this Country are now very favorable.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0436", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Newton, Jr., 4 May 1792\nFrom: Newton, Thomas, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          This will be handed to you by Mr. Jas. Taylor a Nephew of Doctor Taylors and Mine and Grandson to Mrs. Tucker. I beg leave to introduce him to you and hope you will excuse the Liberty I have taken; with an assurance that if any of your friends shou\u2019d travel this way, that I will with the greatest attention render their time agreeable. I am respectfully Yr. Obt. Servt.,\n            Thos Newton Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0437", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 4 May 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have found it more convenient to send you a bill for the money you were so kind as to pay for me, than a Hhd. of Tobacco; allmost every Hhd. of mine, having been considerably damaged in their passage down the river, by heavy rains. Yours I am much afraid has allso been injured.\n          I feel myself disposed to continue your debtor rather than make such an ordinary return as my thanks for this addition to the many favors you have conferd on me. I must add to the number by requesting you to send Patsy a copy of Lavaters Moral Aphorisms. I left her and Ann  well eight days since.\u2014I have the bonds for Mr. Eppes with me and shall have the satisfaction of delivering them at Eppington in a few days.\u2014I am Dear Sir Your most sincere friend & obedt. Servt.,\n            Thos. Mann Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0439", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Dobson, 5 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dobson, John\n          Your letters of Feb. 5. and Apr. 24. were duly received. Having on the receipt of the former written to Mr. Eppes, to whom your letter referred me for the payments made on my bill of exchange, I received  from him an answer of Feb. 24. wherein he says \u2018since furnishing you with Mr. Dobson\u2019s statement of your account, I have paid him out of money recd. on account of Mr. Wayles\u2019s estate \u00a3150. He has also recd. from J. Bannister\u2019s administrator \u00a3100. more. I also have promised to pay him the balance when as much money comes into my hands. All this he not only appeared satisfied with, but pleased.\u2019 Having since furnished Mr. Eppes with a proven acct. against Bannister\u2019s estate, which was desired by his administrator to authorize the payment of his balance, I can do no better than leave this article of the bill of exchange under Mr. Eppes\u2019s arrangements with you, which he says you were satisfied with.\n          With respect to the bond the payment of \u00a3195. last December and that promised by Mr. Wilson of \u00a326-16-9 will leave a balance of between \u00a3460. and \u00a3470 currency due, on a loose estimate. On the credit of some tobacco now on it\u2019s way from Richmond here as Mr. Hylton supposes, or which, if not on the way, he will send off as soon as he arrives at Richmond, and which he supposed might be counted on as in this port by the last day of this month, I have engaged 1400. dollars which shall be in Richmond by the 7th. day of June. If the tobacco arrives sooner, you shall have the money sooner: if not arrived by that day I will see whether the person who is to receive it will advance the money before it is actually in port; but I cannot say he will, because I have no right to ask it, and therefore I do not chuse to say it shall be done. This will leave a balance due on the bond of between 40. and 50.\u00a3, which, having already strained my means to the utmost, I cannot accomplish, and therefore can only say so, and meet any consequences you think proper. I had before informed you that Mr. Pope would not have the money to satisfy the order on him till the fall. Should it be in my power to pay the balance before that, I will do it, as it is impossible for me to wish it to exist a moment beyond my possessing the means of discharging it. I am Sir your humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0441", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 7 May 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Gibraltar, 7 May 1792. He sends this letter and those of 31 Mch. and 10 and 15 Apr. by a vessel bound for New York.\u2014There is no foundation to the report that Muley Hussein was proclaimed Emperor in the province of Rif. Muley Slema renewed his request for a loan from the consuls in Tangier and hinted that in the event of noncompliance he would resort to naval warfare and expel them from the country. He also wrote a letter to the French consul general M. De Rocher asking him to go from hence to meet him in Morocco.\u2014The highly respected Saint \u201cwho lives at the Sanctuary of Wazan\u201d went to Fez to convince the \u201cChiefs of the people,\u201d who were meeting there instead of at the intended convention at the sanctuary of Muley Idris, to rescind their declaration in favor of Muley Slema. Muley Slema appointed a new governor of Tangier and its dependencies and dispatched a party of 30 horsemen commanded by one of his sons to enforce an order directing the governor of Rabat to proclaim him Emperor and to send him the money in the treasury. This party arrived in Rabat on 14 Apr. and, though supported by \u201cCayde L\u2019Abbas, a man of some Consequence, and several of his adherents,\u201d it encountered opposition from a number of the inhabitants who slew L\u2019Abbas and eight or ten other important townsmen. Muley Teib, \u201ca Brother of Suliman by the Mother as well as by the Father,\u201d took advantage of the confusion to enter Rabat at the head of 700 men and proclaim Muley Suliman Emperor. In the meantime the chiefs at Fez solemnly declared that \u201cas Ischem and Slema had cooperated with Christians against their Brother Yezid, when that prince had declared himself the head and protector of the Religion of the Muselmans, neither of them were worthy of governing, and therefore themselves and their posterity should for ever be rendered incapable of the Succession.\u201d After moving from the sanctuary at Wazan to the one near Teutan in consequence of this declaration, Muley Slema notified the people of Tetuan that he expected to observe Ramadan with them. The people of Tetuan and Tangier both refused to admit Muley Slema, and the latter city, from which the governor appointed by Muley Slema fled on 24 Apr., now awaits the arrival of Hamet Abd Sadack, the Basha appointed by Muley Suliman. Muley Slema\u2019s fortunes are so low that they can only be retrieved by the death of the other four brothers contending for  the imperial succession.\u2014Muley Suliman plans to march north with 30,000 men and will probably be proclaimed Emperor in Tangier and Teutan even before his arrival, \u201cso much are the people at the Moment prepossessed in his favor.\u201d Muley Ischem remains in the kingdom of Morocco and threatens to invade the kingdom of Fez with 40,000 men, but will probably be deterred for four to six weeks because so many people are involved in the harvest. The whereabouts of Rachmani are uncertain but he is operating independently of Muley Ischem.\u2014There have been tumults in Tetuan and it is also endanged by marauding mountaineers. All is quiet at Tangier where the Caydes have declared that any Moor insulting a Christian consul shall be executed. He has learned nothing certain about Tahar Fenis and doubts he is with Muley Slema.\u2014Francis Chiappe wrote that he would leave soon for Wazan, and requested sundry articles from here which have been sent. Barclay told him not to mention anything about U.S. affairs in Wazan, and he gave the same instructions to Joseph Chiappe of Mogadore prior to his leaving to meet Muley Ischem at Morocco, \u201cas I had some reason to believe his zeal would have led him to do what I wanted to avoid.\u201d\u2014[P.S. 10 May 1792] Muley Suliman has been proclaimed Emperor in Tangier and Tetuan. Fenis is at the sanctuary of Wazan and his property is in the magazines of Muley Suliman at Larach.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0442", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Martha Jefferson Randolph, 7 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            My Dearest Papa\n          Mr. Randolph recieved your letter respecting the bonds 2 days before he set off for Richmond and carried them down with him. He has by Mr. Colquehoun\u2019s not appearing been cast in his suit with Rogers and fined 77 pounds which added to the other expences attending a suit amounts to upwards of a hundred. It is particularly unlucky at this time as he has met with many misfortunes which will render the payment of it rather distressing. I am rejoiced from my heart to hear that you are coming in july instead of september. You will see that I am a much [be]tter gardner than last year tho in truth old George is so slow that [I] shall never shine in that way with out your assistance. Tom has been a man of honour with respect to the manure. We have had some very high winds here lately one of which blew down 5 large trees in and about the grove and did some other mischief. It was accompanied with very severe lightning. The noise of the wind kept us from hearing any thing of the thunder except when it was extreemly loud. We have discoverd a very beautiful tree near the lower round about a silver fir I believe. It differs from the common  pine in having a smooth green bark and the bottom of the leave white and much finer than the other. Mr. Randolph is still in Richmond. We are all well and Doctor Gilmer is perfectly recovered. My little Anne tho not handsome on account of her being allmost entirely bald is a source of infinite happyness to her fond Parents. She begins to prattle and is remarkably lively. Tell My Dearest Maria that I will write to her next week. Her friend Nancy Randolph is coming up with Mr. Randolph and Judy has a fine son. Adieu my dearest Father believe me your ever affectionate child,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0443", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maury, 8 May 1792\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I request you to have it made known that no Tobacco-laden Vessel whatever, under one hundred and fifty Tons Register, can enter an Irish port with out being subject, with Cargo, to Confiscation; even only touching for orders to a Market, this is precisely the predicament of the Defiance Cap: Hatton touching at Cork the 26th. past for the orders of the Consignee now under seizure for being under size; but I hope will be liberated.\u2014I have the Honor to be with the most perfect esteem Sir Your most Obedient and Most Humble Servant,\n            James Maury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0444", "content": "Title: George Washington to William Smith, 8 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Smith, William\n          I learn with much satisfaction from your letter of April 28. that you propose to undertake a history of the American revolution, and shall with pleasure procure you any aids I can towards the faithful execution of the work. I will therefore desire the heads of the Executive departments to communicate to you such papers of useful information in their respective offices as they, in their discretion, shall think may be communicated with propriety. I am &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0445", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 9 May 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia 9th May 1792\n          I avail myself of your obliging permission to communicate to you informally the opinions of Mr. Pagan\u2019s Counsel, which have been transmitted to me from Boston, and also the opinion of Mr. Tilghman of this city, whom I directed Mr. Pagan\u2019s agent here to consult on the proper mode of application for a Writ of error to the supreme Court of the United States.\n          Should the Attorney General coincide in sentiment with these Gentlemen I flatter myself that it will not be deemed absolutely necessary for Mr. Pagan to persist in an application for a Writ of error, which these Gentlemen imagine no federal judge will grant, and which, if granted, would subject Mr. Pagan to the obligation of finding bail for the whole amount of the judgment costs and interest, and to the subsequent delay of a tedious protracted and expensive Law-suit.\n          I hope to learn from you the Attorney-Generals sentiments upon this subject shortly, and in the mean time I have the honor to be, with the greatest sincerity, My dear Sir Your much obliged & faithful humble Servant,\n            Geo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0446", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Vans Murray, [9 May 1792]\nFrom: Murray, William Vans\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Mr. Murray presents his compliments to Mr. Jefferson and as he may not have the pleasure of seeing him this season again, he thinks the intelligence he has just received from Mr. Greene of N. York such as Mr. Jefferson might wish to know, if true.\u2014Mr. G. gives him leave to Mention to him \u201cThat he has had very late advices from Spain by way of the Spanish Islands to this effect\u2014that Count de Florida Blanca had been displaced to make room for d\u2019Aranda\u2014That war with france was inevitable\u2014That troops were marching from all quarters of the Kingdom to the frontiers and that Fifty sail of the Line had been commissioned. Mr. G. says he may be assured the advice is authentic\u2014That he might mention the particulars to the Secretary of State, but for particular reason to no other person.\u201d\n          Mr. Murray supposes Mr. Jefferson may probably have heard this, but as he had not heard it himself he thought it might not be amiss to give the intelligence and the authority.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0448", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 10 May 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Gibraltar, 10 May 1792. He has received TJ\u2019s 9 [Dec. 1791] letter but not the enclosed newspapers. He has been here five months and guesses the disturbances in Morocco will subside in July \u201ceither by a decisive engagement, or an agreement to divide the Empire into the kingdoms of Fez and Morocco.\u201d As soon as either of these occurs he will present himself to the new Emperor and seek to renew the treaty made with the former Emperor, \u201cbut I fear either of the successors will require that my Credentials be addressed to himself, and in that Case I shall be obliged to remain for New instructions.\u201d\u2014He wishes to know if he needs discretionary authority should he be obliged to wait on two sovereigns in Morocco.\u2014Catherine the Great has instructed the St. Petersburg Council of Commerce to keep abreast of events in Morocco. Russian imports from the Mediterranean, shipped under foreign flags, have increased from three million rubles in 1789 to upwards of five million in 1790, and this when the total value of all of Russia\u2019s foreign imports was twenty-three million rubles. He thinks that Catherine will soon try to make treaties with all the Barbary states.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0449", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel Carroll, 10 May 1792\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The Bearer of this is Mr. Collen Williamson of New York, from whence he came at the request of the Commissioners. They desird him to take a view of the Acquia quarries.\u2014He appears to be a person of knowledge, and experience. It is probable that some engagement will be made with him. I thought it might not be impropper to afford you an opportunity of having some conversation with him, if your leisure wou\u2019d permit, & am, Dear Sir, with great esteem, & respect, Your Most obt. & very Hble Servt,\n            Danl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0450", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 11 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\n            Gentlemen\n          I am to acknolege the receipt of your joint favor of April 14. and Mr. Carrol\u2019s separate one of Apr. 16.\u2014I had informed you in a former letter that the catastrophe among the paper dealers would retard the completion of the loan. I now inclose you a letter from Mr. Blodget by which you will perceive it\u2019s effect to be greater than he had at first supposed. He thinks that the payment of June, which if the loan had been filled up, would have been of 50,000 D. must now be thrown back and consolidated with that of November, except as to 10,000. Doll. which he undertakes to pay on the 15th. of June for 80 shares he takes himself, and 20. he has disposed of. After consultation with the President, we concluded nothing better was to be done than still to leave the matter in Blodget\u2019s hands. I therefore yesterday delivered him 500. warrants for which I inclose his receipt, and I return you the 19. supernumerary, which he wishes you to preserve, lest accident might destroy or deface some of those he has. He is sanguine in his expectations that he can dispose of the whole in the summer, and for so much as he can, he will obtain earlier payments than November of the first hundred dollars a share. You will of course however not enter into engagements faster than the actual sales. I have the honor to be with the most perfect esteem & respect Gent. your mo. obedd. hble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0451", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame d\u2019Enville, 11 May 1792\nFrom: Enville (Anville, Danville), Louise Elisabeth de La Rochefoucauld, Duchesse d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Vous nous aviez donn\u00e9 M. Short, Monsieur, nous nous Sommes si bien trouv\u00e9s de ce pr\u00e9sent que c\u2019est avec un extr\u00eame regret que nous le Voyons quitter la France. Tout le monde aime sa personne, estime son caract\u00e8re et sa capacit\u00e9; pour terminer son \u00e9loge, on reconnoit en lui l\u2019El\u00e8ve de Monsieur Jefferson qui auroit engag\u00e9 le Congr\u00e8s \u00e0 le  laisser en France s\u2019il avoit \u00e9t\u00e9 plus instruit de tout ce qui s\u2019y passe. Ses opinions mod\u00e9r\u00e9es et la discr\u00e9tion de sa conduite Sont approuv\u00e9es partout. Peut\u00eatre n\u2019en sera-t-il pas de m\u00eame de son Successeur, il a manifest\u00e9 si hautement ses opinions qu\u2019il n\u2019y a pas moyen de les r\u00e9voquer en doute et elles ne Sont certainement pas agr\u00e9ables \u00e0 ceux qui nous gouvernent actuellement.\n          Votre excellente t\u00eate, Monsieur, me Seroit pr\u00e9sentement bien n\u00e9cessaire pour me rassurer sur la Situation de la France.\n          Vous Savez peut-\u00eatre que l\u2019on a \u00e9crit \u00e0 Votre Pr\u00e9sident pour lui repr\u00e9senter l\u2019utilit\u00e9 dont M. Short pourroit vous \u00eatre dans ce pais-ci. Arrangez-vous ensemble pour nous le restituer. M. Short ignore absolument ce que je Vous \u00e9crit. Il m\u2019a remis l\u2019instruction Sur l\u2019\u00e9rable \u00e0 sucre que Vous avez bien voulu m\u2019addresser. Mon fils, qui vous fait mille remercimens, l\u2019a fait traduire. Sa Sant\u00e9, malgr\u00e9 toutes ses occupations, se soutient beaucoup mieux que je n\u2019osois l\u2019esp\u00e9rer. Nous vous respectons, Monsieur, nous vous estimons et nous vous aimons. Ma bellefille partage ces Sentimens, ainsi que Charles.\n            Larochefoucauld d\u2019enville", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0453", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 11 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\n            My dear daughter\n          Excess of business prevented my writing to you the last week or even having time to inclose the papers to Mr. Randolph. Since my last I have received yours of Feb. 28. and Mr. Randolph\u2019s of Apr. 9. 16. and May 4. Congress rose three days ago. Colo. Monroe sets out three days hence, and by him I shall send your watch, and the 2d. part of Payne\u2019s Rights of man for Mr. Randolph. Also, for yourself, my own copy of Lavater\u2019s aphorisms, which I fancy are not to be got here, and which I think you will sicken of in a few pages. Mrs. Pine has determined to go to England, so that I shall be obliged to send Maria to Mrs. Brodeau\u2019s, a better school, but much more distant from me. It will in fact cut off the daily visits which she is able to make me from Mrs. Pine\u2019s. I do not know whether I have before mentioned to you that the President will make his visit to Mount Vernon this year about the last of July: consequently mine to Monticello will be earlier than usual. Present my esteem to all my neighbors. My best affections to Mr. Randolph and yourself, not forgetting little Anne, who I suppose will be able to take a part in conversation by the time we see her. Adieu my dear dear daughter. Your\u2019s &c.\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0454", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hans Rodolph Saabye, 11 May 1792\nFrom: Saab\u00ffe, Hans Rodolph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Copenhagen the 11 May 1792\n          Two days ago your respected Lines of 7 March came to hands, which have given me the most lively Sensations of Satisfaction as well  as Gratitude, on account of the honour Bestowed on me by the united States of America, having appointed me Consul in the Kingdom of Denmark.\u2014I am very sensible of the high degree of confidence shewn me by the representatives of one of the most respectable Nations.\u2014The spirit of liberty, which placed America on the summit of Glory, secures her inhabitants admirers, and warm well wishers, in all parts of the Globe, where the light of reason illuminates the minds of the people.\n          What could more effectualy excite the most perservering Endeavours, to deserve the approbation of those sages, who erect every Law on the firm basis of Equity and the promotion of the happiness of every Individual in the common wealth! You\u2019ll excuse me Sir, for thus indulging myself in warm incomiums on your venerable Legislature.\n          They are the Echo of the feelings of my heart, and on this Occassion, which opend every sluice of it to be soft, pleasing emotions of gratitude I could not stop my ardent desire, to acquaint you with the high Esteem I long ago had entertaind for your excellent Constitution.\n          The thought of being in some measure made a Member of your happy Commonwealth is highly flattering to me. I request of your Goodness, to make these my sentiments known to the President and the Senate and to assure them, that I won\u2019t let pass any oportunities in my power, to fulfil my obligations in the Capacity, in which I was appointed here, of which I have the honor to transmitt you this early notice, intending to give you more ample Accounts of whatever relates to my office, as soon as a sufficient time has ellapsed, to take every necessary Step for that purpose.\n          Mean while I conclude with the sincerest wishes for the prosperity of the united States, and remain with sentiments of the most perfect Respect Sir! Your most obedient and most humble Servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0456", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Elias Vanderhorst, 11 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vanderhorst, Elias\n          I have just recieved a letter from Mr. Cathalan of Marseilles informing me had sent by the same vessel to Baltimore 4. casks containing 100. olive trees, and a cask of caper plants. Mr. Sterret, who happened to be then setting out for Baltimore promised to send them off immediately to Charleston. I have taken the liberty of having them addressed to you as President of the Agricultural society. These trees, as well as those sent before are of the best kind of Provence olive, and were intended to furnish slips for ingrafting. I do not know how it happens that Mr. Cathalan has not sent the olive berries for sowing in order to raise stocks, which he was desired to do, this being the quickest way of getting into a large stock.\n          I cannot help taking the liberty of suggesting to the society the expediency of adopting some plan of employing a common labourer at Marseilles to raise plants, and to go annually with them himself through the canal of Languedoc to Bordeaux to see them himself put on board a vessel for Charleston, with a quantity of the olive berries, then return to Marseilles to renew his operations. The whole expence might be 50. guineas a year, and continued for 7. years would fill your state with this the most valuable of the productions of the earth. Mr. Cathalan, our Consul at Marseilles, would employ a proper person, and superintend his operations, and I should with infinite pleasure contribute any thing I could towards setting the plan into operation. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0458", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 13 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n          I send you my ideas of what might be said on the distinction between bonds and simple contracts, if any thing should be said. But my office being to vindicate the opinions of the courts, and none of the courts having made any distinction between these two cases, I ought to  tread in their footsteps only: and the rather as Mr. Hammond has not raised any such distinction on his part. It would be quite time enough for me to answer any objection founded in that difference, when the objection shall be made. It probably will never be made. To enter into it voluntarily may be to move a peice into prise which there is no occasion to move at all.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0461", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel L. Hylton, 14 [May] 1792\nFrom: Hylton, Daniel L.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Richmond Virga. Monday [May] 14th. 1792\n          I have the pleasure to inform you of my safe arrival here after a very fatiguing journey. On resting a day I went in pursuit of a Vessle to forward your tobo. on and am happy to inform you have been successful in procuring the Linnet Capt. Wm. Walker Weymouth to take it and to morrow the whole will be on board, tho not the quantity I mentiond to you, Mr. Randolph having claim\u2019d 12 Hhds. out of the 43. Therefore only 31 Hhds. will be shipt on your acct. which I hope youll recieve safe. The greater part the Inspectors have reexamin\u2019d and found some in very bad order, and the damagd part they have cut of and repackd four Hhds: which will increase the expences considerably. An Acct. shall forward you by next post and write you more fully as I am in great haste. I have not seen Mr. Banks yet and Doctor Foushee informs me he has written you Mr. Banks will not exceed the price  offer\u2019d. If the Security is such as will make you safe I will close with him for the \u00a31500 agreeable to your request. By the next post you shall hear further as I must conclude least the mail is clos\u2019d before I get this down. Mrs. H. and family joins me in every happiness for you and yours. Am Dr Sir Yr. Fd. & St.,\n            Danl. L. Hylton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0462", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Page, 15 May 1792\nFrom: Page, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have at length taken up my Note. The manner of doing it (as I was disappointed in my Expectations of a Sale of my Lands, and had countermanded my Orders for Remittances from House in Consequence of those Expectations) was mortifying to me; but I am happy in being able to take your Name out of the Bank according to my Promise. I am much obliged to you for your friendly Aid.\u2014Wish you all Happiness & am sincerely your Friend,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0463", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John M. Pintard, 15 May 1792\nFrom: Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I did myself the honor to write you a few lines on the  instant, and at same time enclosed you copy of a decree passed by the National Assembly of France, declaring war against the King of Hungary and Bohemia. There are advices here of a later date which mention that a truce of nine days had been agreed upon, the result of which was not known on the 2d instant.\n          I beg leave to enclose you a letter I received from Capt. Dennis Butler, of the American ship Illustrious President, of Richmond in the State of Virginia, who sailed from this port yesterday for India, after having been unjustifiably detained by the arbitrary and audacious conduct of Capt. William Hargood, of his Britanick Majesty\u2019s frigate the Hyena. The circumstances of the transaction are as follows.\n          Seven sailors belonging to the Illustrious President, wrote a letter to the Commander of the British frigate, declaring they were English men, and claiming the protection of the British flag.\n          A boat from the frigate with an officer in went on board the Illustrious President and took down their names, and intimated that they should be sent for immediately. Capt. Butler informed me of this circumstance, on which I immediately applied to his Excellency the Governour, who ordered the seven discontented sailors to be brought on shore. A guard was accordingly sent off for them: but two of them declared that they were enticed by the others to behave as they had done and wished not to leave the ship, on which they were permitted to remain and only five were brought on shore. Immediately on their leaving the ship, the frigate\u2019s boat forcibly boarded the Illustrious President and took from her the two remaining men, with their cloaths and chests (one of them was a sweed by birth). I made a proper and spirited representation of this matter to his Excellency the Governour, Who on this as well as every occasion, gave me the warmest support, and I had the satisfaction of humbling the pride of the haughty Britain, who was obliged to deliver up the two men he had stolen. The British Consul then formally demanded the whole seven men from the Governour, but without effect, and the frigate made sail; but whether through mistake or on purpose, carried off the poor sailors cloaths, which they had forcibly taken from the ship. It would give me pleasure to hear that the Gouvernour\u2019s conduct on this occasion, met with the approbation of the President of the United States. He is truly deserving of it, and fixed an important precedent in favour of the flag of the United States.\u2014I have the honour to be with profound respect, Sir, your most obedient, and very humble servant,\n            John. M. Pintard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0464", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hugh Rose, 15 May 1792\nFrom: Rose, Hugh\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I am really ashamed for having so long delay\u2019d opening the Correspondence which when I saw you I solicited: but many Occurrences, and particularly the Cares of my derangd Affairs have too much absorbd the whole of my Thoughts, the same Cause now I honestly confess in a manner extorts this from me, for, I hate writing, but having so good  an Opporty. shou\u2019d have wrote even if nothing but upon Gossepping; however an Affair of greater Consequence to me causes me to crave your Attention.\u2014I am much distressd by my Creditors British and others; in order to extricate myself I advertised my Henry Land; for want of yr. written Opinion which I thought for good Reasons, you did not choose to grant, the Representatives of Coll. Jordan forbid the Sale, supposing I verily beleive that I had given them a false Narration of yr. Opinion, which had been agreed shou\u2019d be determinate. Some Strife has been the consequence; at Length they agree to wave yr. formal Opinion, for the Reasons that I gave them, and to content themselves with yr. bare ipse dixit to be communicated either by a Note to them, or in a Letter to me. This I hope you will do as it will prevent an expensive and tedious Law Suit, and will enable me the sooner to extricate myself from Debt which gives me real Affliction; but the Down fall of Tobo. is a great Bar to the Payment of Debts by the Sale of Lands, for I cannot get more than 20/ pr. Acre for my rich Harriss\u2019s Creek Land within 7 Miles of Lynburg lately become very populous and a Town of considerable Trade, and I beleive not more than half that Price for my Henry Lands, which possesses superiour Advantages, being within half a Mile of Smiths River which is now renderd navigable for Batteaux and within 5 Miles of the Court House where they are erecting a considerable Town; there are also upon the Tract which is mostly fertile about 600 Acres of the finest Meadow Land that I ever saw, with a Cataract upon a never failing Stream which I beleive wou\u2019d admit of 50 Mills in the Space of a Mile without the Expense of a Dam.\n          I am thus descriptive hoping that without Trouble or in the least stepping out of yr. Line you may have it in yr. Power to introduce among us either European Emigrants or Northern Farmers, who at this time I am convinced may purchase Lands (according to their intrinsic Value) cheaper here than perhaps in any of the united States owing to the low Price of Tobo. which has ever governd the Price of Land in this part of the Country. However enough of this dull Theme and I am sorry that I have but little of the domestic kind to entertain you with, but as I promised I will proceed in that Line. Mrs. Rose of Goddes is alive with eleven Children all well a few Days ago. My Brothers and Families are well. Charles at the Risque of his Life has been for several Years doing Penance for his past Folly but I hope he has now got pretty well through as his health is much restored. Our Friend Gilmer has been upon the Brink of Eternity by a Stroke of the Palsy which you conjectured wou\u2019d be the Case when we saw him last. Ed. Carter is no more; he has left a Will made it is supposed by  Madam in favour of her Son Champe which gives great uneasiness. The honble. P. Carrington was not long since married to a lovely Maid of 15. and I hourly expect to meet with the genteel Address of our old Acquaintance W. Fleming who I am informd is shortly to be joind to my Daughter Judy, a few Days over 16. Be upon your Guard for this Infection or more properly perhaps Infatuation may reach Philadelphia.\u2014Doctr. Turpin has thoughts of carrying his Family to England; he has met with a most extraordinary Instance of Friendship from a Doctr. Pannel who possesses an Estate of \u00a31000 pr. Annum. Their Friendship commenced in Edinburg; Pannel is an old Batchelor without a Relation and promises the Doctr. to share his Fortune with him to the last Farthing if he will go to England. I have seen nothing of the last Edition of your notes which you promised me, nor heard anything of the Musk Apricot; I raised a Number of yr. Italian blk. Eyed Peas last Year but I really think they are inferiour to those that we have been used to. My last Letter to the Address of Mr. Madison altho intended for the Perusal of you also I sent by a Nephew of mine whose prudent Conduct justifys me I hope for the Character which I thought I very justly gave him; this will be deliverd you by Mr. Chandler a Gentn. who has resided in my Neighbourhood for several years and by his good Demeanour has acquired the general Esteem of his Acquaintance with no small Share of Popularity. Being disappointed in his first Views of a Settlement for Life, he is now very desirous of obtaining a Commission in the Continental Army; from his Youth he had no Opportunity of having acquired military Knowledge during the War, but from his Ardor in Defence of the Constitution his Activity and Industry he will very quickly acquire the necessary Knowledge Militaire, but what is perhaps of more Consideration from his Popularity he will speedily raise his Compliment of Yeomenry one of whom is worth two of those now enlisting below. From these several Considerations I take the Liberty to recommend him to you and the Virginia Delegates, if you please, as a Person who will with Fidelity and Honor fill any Commission that may be obtaind for him. Remember me to my Friend Madison and tell him that I think he neglects me without a Cause, for he certainly may borrow time enough to write a few Lines to an old Friend now and then. I must request you both to make Interest with Genl. Knox to transfer John Newman from the Georgia to the Virginia Pension List, he lost his Arm at the Siege of Savannah and is allowd \u00a315 Stg. a year, but the Trouble and Expense of going after it is almost equal to the Pension.\n          May 23rd. Since writing the within Volume I have seen Colo. W. Cabell who insists upon my troubling you again with the Deed, I  only have to crave yr. Attention to the 14th. Section in the Law of Descents. I am yr. affectionate Friend,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0465", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 15 May 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I had the honor of recieving on the 7th. inst., your letter of Janry. the 23d. brought by Mr. Morris who arrived here the evening of the 6th.\u2014I am much flattered to recieve a new mark of the President\u2019s confidence, which being highly honorable for me in all cases, is particularly so at present as you observe it imports his approbation of my past conduct. I will endeavour to merit it by continuing to use the utmost of my exertions for accomplishing such of his wishes as may be communicated to me and in following the line traced in your letter.\u2014I do not take the liberty of interrupting the President by a letter, and therefore hope you will do me the honor to be the organ of these assurances.\n          Immediately on the arrival of Mr. Morris I wrote to the Minister of foreign affairs to inform him of it and ask a rendezvous for presenting him to him, and delivering him at the same time the letter you addressd him for closing my mission here. This took place to day. I leave to Mr. Morris to inform you of such circumstances as regard himself, only mentioning that in taking leave I have supposed I should follow your views in consulting with some of the other members of the corps diplomatique, as to the form and usage in such cases. I learned from them as well as M. de Sequeville that as Charg\u00e8 des affaires, it consisted only in delivering my letter of recall to the Minister of foreign affairs, which was accordingly done.\n          I shall leave also to Mr. Morris to describe the present aweful crisis  into which this country has been precipitated by the late declaration of war. It is some relief for me not to be under the necessity of painting a scene which becomes too terrible to be beheld without the most painful anxiety. Hope seems to have abandoned the most sanguine. The most bold dare not look forward to a prospect which presents this unhappy country torn by faction and groaning under anarchy, ready to yield without resistance from the present state of its army, to the enemies they have provoked, and what may perhaps be worse than all abandoned for some time to the efforts of private vengeances armed with the sword of justice and clothed in the robes of law.\n          I must close this part of my letter with correcting the errors of my last as to the losses sustained in the flight from Mons and Tournay. The numbers killed were mentioned as then believed by the best informed here. It since appears that they are infinitely less, as they scarcely stood to recieve a fire from the enemy. The news-papers sent to the present date will give you the official information.\n          I shall direct these papers to be given to Mr. Morris in future\u2014the subscriptions to some of them end only with the year. He will forward them to you of course.\n          I am now in the hurry of preparation in order to leave this place for the Hague. My anxious desire to be absent from the present distressing scene will make me leave several things undone which I purposed doing here as preparatory to my establishment at the Hague. I hope to set out the 25th. or 26th. and lament much the delay which has taken place in the rect. of your letter without which I might have passed through the Austrian Netherlands. I am now advised by every body not to take that route, on account of the danger of being stopped by the people notwithstanding any passeport, or exposed to the marauding parties of the two armies. The Minister of foreign affairs mentioned this particularly and recommended my going to embark at Dunkirk for Rotterdam. My aversion to the sea and the distressing sickness it always gives me renders this infinitely disagreeable. I shall be determined by circumstances at the moment of setting out, and you may be assured that I shall make every effort to accelerate my departure from hence and arrival there, and particularly as you express a desire that this should be previously to recieving the instructions for Spain.\n          You may think the time long perhaps from Jan. 23. the date of your letter, to my leaving this place. It may not therefore be improper to remind you that I did not recieve it before the 7th. inst. and of course did not know till then what were the intentions of government. The only information I had previously was such as did not enable me to decide whether I was to go the Hague or to Madrid first. This came  to me in general terms through Mr. Morris and the gazettes, and as I learned sometimes the one and sometimes the other, it was impossible for me to begin with any certainty the preparations of my journey, which were necessarily to be different according to that which I was to undertake first. Besides expecting daily to be informed definitively of this subject, it appeared much the most prudent to wait the arrival of the information expected from you.\n          Thus I have the honor of terminating my correspondence from hence, in which I have endeavoured to keep you as exactly as possible informed of facts, without fatiguing you with reasoning lengthily on them, thinking it better and less apt to induce you into error, if I should leave the conclusions to your own judgment fortified by your knowlege of this country.\u2014I should in justice to myself perhaps recall to your mind the untoward circumstances wch. disabled me, (and I should be mortified if I did not suppose would have disabled any other) from securing the advantages allowed to our commerce by the former government, from the innovating spirit of the former assembly, and the influence of merchants and other individuals on such subjects\u2014but having mentioned them to you in detail in my several letters I abandon them at present in order to save you the ennui of a repetition which could be of no use except to me alone. I hope and trust my successor will meet with more favorable circumstances, and I beg you to be assured that no body can desire whatever may prove advantageous to the U.S. in their relations with France, more than he who has the honor to be with the greatest respect, Dear Sir, your most obedt. humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0466", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 15 May 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I recieved on the 7th. inst. by Mr. Morris from London your private letter of Jan. 28 accompanying that of the 23d. of the same month public. I am now in the confusion of a precipitate though final departure from this place and write to you now for the last time from hence. I am particularly anxious that you should not attribute to me the length of time between the confirmation of the Senate of my nomination to the Hague and that of my departure from hence, and therefore beg  you to lose a moment in observing the stages through which this business has gone. On the 14th. of Febry. I learned from Mr. Morris my nomination. On the 18th. of the same month I recd. your letter of Jan. 10. informing me of the Senate having not then confirmed it. From that time I never heard a tittle from you until the 7th. inst. Thus I had only that kind of knowlege which left every thing uncertain. Still taking it for granted the confirmation would follow, and that I might remain here as short a time as possible where I appeared to all those with whom I had formerly lived, in an humiliating position from the ideas they had taken up, I begun by purchasing a carriage proper for the Hague. I soon after learned from Mr. Morris, and the gazettes that I was first to go to Madrid. The carriage not being proper for that journey I sold it that I might not be embarassed with it here. Having thus made a false step I determined not to make another until I shd. be certain what I was to do. I afterwards learned it was uncertain when I was to go to Madrid. In this anxious, and doubting posture I remained until the 7th. inst. expecting daily for two months past to be relieved by a friendly line from you. In this situation I could not but reflect often from how long an anxiety one may sometimes be relieved by a short letter from a friend which it wd. require a few minutes only to write. Such an one sent by Duplicates if written on the 16th. of Janry. wd. probably have arrived here a few days after yours of the 10th. of Janry. viz. on the 18th. of febry. and nearly three long, painful and anxious months before yours of Janry. 23, during which time I was put to the torture every day by questions relative to the subject, by expressions of astonishment at my learning nothing from my friends in America, and by the humiliation of learning the little I knew from others here or in England who were more early informed by indifferent people or the public prints. Immediately on recieving your letter on the 7th. inst. I begun with all the haste in my power having my books packed up, which takes up time, some having been then with the binder, I have only ventured for some time past to have them bound successively, that I might not be too long detained, purchasing only a few unbound at a time. I am now in the act of packing them. I was obliged also to have a carriage proper for the Hague, and not finding one at secondhand, was forced to take one that was nearly finished.\u2014I still hope however to leave this place the 25th or 26th when I am promised my carriage without fail, and can assure you, you cannot desire me to be arrived at the Hague half as much as I desire to be absent from hence, where all those whom I know exhibit to my mind such scenes of distress on account of the present situation of their country and themselves, that I suffer more  than I can describe to you, and not being able to give any kind of assistance, or relief, I burn to be away and lament most bitterly having remained so long to see such distresses and feel such pains.\n          Thus circumstanced you may readily believe that the poignant sensations which I have expressed at being succeded here, do not arise from my being obliged to leave the country. On the contrary the scenes which will pass here for some time to come, must make an indifferent person shudder; they would have been insupportable to me, and if appointed I should have sollicited for a short time at least leave of absence. They arise from various other causes wch. may perhaps, and I don\u2019t doubt do, make a very different impression on your mind, from what they do on mine.\u2014And I declare to you in all the sincerity of my heart that your silence and reserve wch. has appeared a kind of indifference on your part has given me more pain than any thing else, as I value your friendship above any place the government can give, and should suffer more from its diminution than from the loss of any place whatever. I did not expect or desire that it should induce you to push me for an appointment against the President\u2019s own indication, but in my situation I hoped for frequently hearing from you as a relief to an anxious and painful uncertainty. Although you could say nothing with certainty, yet saying something in such cases, proves an interest in the affairs of a friend, which is soothing in itself, and precludes often uneasy sensations in a mind that is sick from uncertainty, and to wch. silence is death.\u2014I speak here only of your reserve in the private capacity of a friend on whom I have been so long accustomed to look as on a father.\u2014But there is another kind of reserve also wch. was highly painful and wch. did not depend on you. It was to see that whilst government said nothing to me of their intentions during two long years (and of wch. I shd. have had less right to complain if it had been common to all) the same reserve was not used with respect to my successor, for although he now says he did not know he was to be proposed, yet previously to its being known there were circumstances which indicate the contrary. And what is more than meer circumstance he told me before he sat out last for London, he would bet that he should be appointed here, and I for that place.\u2014Had any successor whatever been sent here as soon as you had determined to remain in America, it would have been natural, but after having been kept here so long as it were on trial, and after every body here taking up that opinion and being sure I was to succeed, another being sent gives an unfavorable impression as it convinces them it arises from the experiment not being favorable to me\u2014but particularly so from the light in which they view my successor, for  various reasons which I formerly mentioned, and also because having been here during all that time it seems to them that it would have been more natural to have appointed him then than now unless some unfavorable circumstance had appeared against me, their prejudices not allowing them to see any favorable to him.\u2014I do not attempt to describe the effect it produced here amongst all those who are in favor of the revolution. It was urged by many that it was an intrigue of M. de Montmorin for various reasons there given. Others advanced other absurdities. Those who were best acquainted with America considered it as a calculation of the President on the present revolution, and were alarmed because they considered it as arguing his supposing it would fall through and yield to those to whom Mr. Morris wd. probably be agreeable. Some of these and among them the Marquis la Fayette affirmed it was impossible the President could know on what footing Morris stood here, and particularly how disagreeable he was to all those who were friends to the revolution, from the manner in which he spoke of it and them on all occasions and in all companies. The person abovementioned expressed his surprize and grief that you had not mentioned this as you could not but be persuaded of it from what you had seen here yourself. He seemed particularly hurt as he thought it indicated an opinion that the revolution here was falling through, and as no body respects more your opinion or that of [the] President than he does in such matters, and as nobody is more interested in the success of the revolution than he is, it seemed to make an impression on him which he expressed with much openess, but of which it was evident he concealed a part. He told me he intended writing to [the] President respecting it. Whether he has done it or in what style I cannot say. He said he considered it more to be attributed to you than anybody else, as having been here, and knowing the ground, it would have been easy for you to have prevented it. I told him I apprehended and was persuaded you had made a point of taking no part in the diplomatic appointments\u2014but it wd. be as easy to convey an idea of Color to the blind, as to make a Frenchman concieve that a minister of foreign affairs could be without influence in the nomination of foreign ministers. It now becomes every day more and more probable that a counter revolution will be effected by foreign force, and in that case the person appointed will not be disagreeable to those who govern, and politically may be a fortunate circumstance for the moment. But it has been a triumph already to the aristocrats which has much mortified the friends of the revolution. As Mr. Morris had acquired much celebrity for his opinions his appointment is constantly quoted as a proof that they are the prevailing opinions in America, and of course  that it is idle to think of supporting opinions less aristocratical in such a country as France.\u2014It is possible that ere long the friends of the revolution here may be deprived of the power of even expressing their chagrin at such a triumph.\u2014Were I in America and of course out of the diplomatic career, I should say much on this subject perhaps, and present some circumstances respecting it which time will discover. At present I have nothing to say but in confidence to yourself. So long as I continue in Europe I shall confine myself to perform my own duty with scrupulous exactness and as to what regards others leaving to time to indicate to all what my present situation discovers to me more clearly and more early. I will then recall it to your mind when retired and enjoying with you the sweets of domestic life. We shall then see perhaps how great events sometimes come from small causes\u2014and although they will then be grown out of your or my power, it will be not uninteresting to examine them.\u2014I thank you much for the details in your letter of Jan. 28. I will answer them from the Hague. My mind will then be more at ease and I shall be better able to express my desires. In general however I can say that change of place is far from being agreeable to my disposition. I shall hope if removed it will not be with the same grade, for reasons that I will mention and which concern the public interests.\u2014I am much mortified at my letter of Oct. 6. having miscarried as it inclosed my acct. and it went I think by Mr. Morris\u2019s cook sent from Havre by Mr. Franklin. He carried also others letters of which you acknowlege the rect. I now send you a third copy of that acct. The second was sent soon after my return from Amsterdam in Janry. last. There shall be no delay in future as to my accts. I inclose you a letter from Mde. D\u2019Enville and one from Mde. Bellanger. The former has given me some hint of the contents of her letter. I am sorry on account of the friendly footing on wch. I am in that family, that she shd. say so much, lest it may be supposed I have some influence in it wch. is far from being the case.\u2014Yours most sincerely,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0467", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Church, 16 May 1792\nFrom: Church, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Words cannot express my astonishment and distress at the tenour of your letter of 13th. March, which I this day received, the idea of demerit hinted at in your letter as a probable cause of precluding my pretensions, made me forget, for a moment, all the difficulties and troubles into which my appointment to Bilboa, had unhappily plunged me and my family, though intended, I am well convinced, as a favor.\n          The Vessell alluded to, was tried by a sworn, and very respectable Jury, and legally condemned in a Court of Admiralty in Boston as lawful prize, or capture, after having given the full time required to the Defendants to send to New Orleans to procure every document, and proof, to shew cause why the said capture shou\u2019d not be deemed just and lawful. The Council for the Captors were the Honble: Mr. J. Lowell, now one of the District Judges, Mr. Tudor of Boston, and Mr. T. Parsons of Newbury Port, whose characters in their profession, and in every other honorable view yield to none. Thus far therefore my Conduct stood justified by Law, so far at least as I was concerned in the business of the capture.\u2014At that time there was a Court of Appeals establish\u2019d by Congress at Philadelphia, consisting of three Judges, the Honble. G. Read, C. Griffin, and J. Lowell Esquires. This was a Court without a Jury. Mr. Lowell being one of the Council in the cause when tried at Boston, cou\u2019d not take his seat as Judge in the same cause when tried at Philadelphia. In this Court, consisting only of two Judges, without a Jury, the decree of the Admiralty Court in Boston was reversed, and for this reversal I am doomed to suffer a severe additional punishment nine years after. The Honble. James Willson Esqr. of Philada., and Mr. Lowell, were Council for the Captors at the Court of appeals, who at the time, expressed the utmost astonishment at the decree of said Court; I had a very favorable opportunity of being perfectly convinced of Mr. Lowell\u2019s sincerity, and was equally persuaded of that of Mr. Willson. Colonel Grayson from Virginia constantly attended the Court during the trial, and repeatedly assured Mr. Jarvis, one of the Owners, and myself, that the case was indubitably clear in favor of the Captors, and this certainly seemed to be the opinion of a great majority of the disinterested Persons who attended the trial. I wou\u2019d by no means be understood to arraign the Justice of the Court, on the contrary, I am persuaded that if the Judges had heard nothing but the truth on both sides, they wou\u2019d have decided otherwise. If notwithstanding the decree of the Admiralty  Court in Boston, the act is considered criminal, yet I cannot but consider it a great grievance to be singled out as the devoted victim, because I am certainly less concerned in the business, considered as an agent, than any of the other Owners of the Letter of Marque.\u2014When at New Orleans in 1782, I wrote to my Correspondents in Boston that a Vessell was fitting out at New Orleans under the pretext of a Flag of truce to carry two or three English prisoners to London, that she had a valuable Cargo on board; and intended as was generally known, to return with a Cargo of English Goods, the design was evidently fraudulent, as there was at that time a War between England and Spain, therefore the Owners were then acting in favour of the british interest, and consequently contrary to the interest of Spain, and of the United States; and it was the universal opinion in New Orleans that the Vessell wou\u2019d be a lawful prize to any of the Powers at War; but it was not my opinion that produced the enterprize, the Gentlemen to whom I wrote were Messrs. Jarvis & Russell, who communicated the Contents to Messrs. Sears and Smith. These were then two of the first commercial Houses in Boston, who wou\u2019d not have risk\u2019d their reputation by any improper undertaking, therefore these Gentlemen, as I have been informed, consulted some very respectable Gentlemen of the Law, the result of whose deliberations was, that the said Vessell wou\u2019d, if taken, be a legal capture; in consequence of which, the Gentlemen fitted out a letter of marque on a trading voyage, with particular orders to the Captain, to take that Vessell if he shou\u2019d meet her; as I requested they interested me in part of the Letter of Marque. She went to Cape Francois, discharged her Cargo, took in another for New Orleans, and on her return met the beforementioned fictitious Flag of truce, and took her in the Bay of Mexico. I have now related all that I did, or had to do, relative to the capture; the Captain had his orders from the Owners in Boston, and told me that he did not consider me as having any power or controul over him, and therefore wou\u2019d have proceeded exactly in the same manner if I had not been on board.\u2014When at New Orleans, I cou\u2019d by no means consider myself \u201cunder any circumstances of favor and protection\u201d as observed in your letter, being there only on private business, and as a Citizen of the U.S. neither required, nor received any particular protection or favor. I am free to own, that I do not consider privateering justifiable upon general principles, but I still think, if ever there was a just exception, the capture in question was one, and I doubt not the world would been confirm\u2019d in my opinion, if the cause had been tried at the Court of Madrid, instead of the Court of appeals at Philada.\u2014I am at present possessed of no papers relative to the business, many  important circumstances therefore must doubtless have escaped me in nine years; I have also purposely avoided mentioning any thing that is not generally known, and that cannot be supported by the testimony of many witnesses among whom are the Gentlemen before-mentioned, and which therefore cannot be controverted. The Vessell by which this letter goes will sail tomorrow for Charleston, So. Carolina. I know of no other Vessell now in this Port bound to the U. States. To be able to lay before you a particular statement of the whole business, and to procure the formal testimony of those Gentlemen, is totally out of my power at this distance without much time, labour, and expence; all I can possibly do here in my present situation, is to appeal to those persons whom I have named for a confirmation of what I have advanced, and to hope, as there is no specific charge, that no ex parte allegations will weigh either with his Excellency, or you. If unfortunately I shou\u2019d be doomed to wait \u2018till I can accomplish what must necessarily be the work of years, I appeal to your Justice and Humanity to consider what must be my fate without business, or other resource: my innocence will then avail little, after having unavoidably suffer\u2019d by the suspension, all the punishment and disgrace due to the most flagrant guilt.\u2014I am but too sensible of the force of your observation, that \u201cno salary is yet annexed to the Consulships\u201d and that \u201cthey avail only as they bring business and respect to the holder,\u201d and I will own that the expectation of a quantum meruit for my publick services, as well as the prospect of some business wch. such an appointment generally brings with it, were co-operative inducements to my ready acceptance of the appointment, but the failure of the first appointment has placed me in such a situation as leaves no other alternative but to accept a similar appointment if offered, and to trust solely to the hope of the business which it may bring, provided the place is such as to justify such a hope.\u2014Had my family been in America among their friends, I wou\u2019d have returned immediately to have confronted my accusers, if they wou\u2019d have stood forth; but I dare not leave them in a strange land, in a time of War and danger.\n          Permit me to implore your speedy answer; the sooner I can know my fate, the less difficult will be my removal wherever it may be; and let me farther hope, that you will kindly exert your interest to save an innocent fellow Citizen from ruin. I have no alternative but to wait your answer.\n          By a late letter from America I was informed that no Consul had yet been appointed for Lisbon, perhaps the same objection might not operate against Lisbon, as a spanish port. Pardon me for dwelling so  long on a subject that appears to have so much of self for it\u2019s object, the tenour of your letter requires I shou\u2019d be explicit, as well as the dread and danger of approaching distress to a family that has seen better days.\u2014With the highest esteem & respect I am Sir Your most humble, and most obedient Servant,\n            Edwd. Church", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0468", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Sharp Delany, 16 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delany, Sharp\n          Th: Jefferson asks from the Custom-house a permit to land from on board the Louisa Capt. Birkhead from Marseilles\n              4. casks of olive trees\n              1. cask of Caper plants\n          a small box of Confectionary contents and cost unknown, being a present.\n          He has nothing else consigned to him on board that vessel\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0469", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel L. Hylton, 16 May 1792\nFrom: Hylton, Daniel L.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Virga. Richmond May 16th. 1792\n          I wrote you last post and being much hurryd at the time prevented my writing you so fully as I coud have wish\u2019d. This day have seen Mr. Banks with whom I have closd the sale for your Elkhill Land at \u00a31500 which was the most I cou\u2019d obtain. To morrow he has promisd to enter in writing agreeable to your advertisement, which I shall forward on, and after he has fulfilld his part in giving the security approv\u2019d of, the deed can be executed by you. Your tobo. is now on bd. the Linnet Capt. Wm. Walker Weymouth, who I expect will sail from hence in a few days which I hope will arrive safe and in good time. I have not been able to procure the inspectors Acct. therefore can only send you the amt. already paid. The expences are high from an unavoidable circumstance in securing a part from the freshes landed at Westham. I have drawn on you at four days sight in favour of Mr. Wm. Austin for Twenty pounds, which sum I expect will be short of the expences  attending it. Mrs. H. and family unite with me in every wish for the happiness of you and yours and am Dr. Sir Yr. Fd. & St.,\n            Danl. L. Hylton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0470", "content": "Title: James Madison\u2019s Notes on Jefferson\u2019s Letter to George Hammond, [ca. 16 May 1792]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Was the evidence of none produced?\n              What meant by \u201cits different administrations\u201d\u2014and whatever its meaning is it a circumstance sufficiently marked to enforce the appeal?\n              Is not \u201cforeign\u201d likely to be criticized as not applicable in its ordinary and strongest sense. Distant Country\u2014unknown judges or some equivalent epithet might be free from the objection if a real one.\n              Might not a more apt word be substituted for perpetual chains which is not literally just\u2014nor congruous with the idea of becoming murderers &c.\n              Wd. it be superfluous to guard the universality of these terms so as to correspond with \u201cthe apud hostes inventas\u201d and \u201capud nos reperta\u201d of Bynk. In their unqualified sense they extend to hostile property found with neutral nations.\u2014Quer. also whether a State of war, as now understood, permits the seizure of property in the broad sense of Bynkershook. If there be ground for this doubt, some such words as \u201cin its rigor\u201d might be thrown in.\n              Will not this be called drawing up the curtain just dropped on the tragedy of the war? The expression might, if requisite, receive a less harsh form without weakening the inference.\n              May not the word \u201cidle\u201d give offence, as Hammond has rejected or disregarded the difference stated.\n              Mr. T. Pitt and Mr. Wilberforce seem to have very obscure ideas of the powers of Congs. and the obligation taken on them by the word recommend. Lord Hawkes seems not to understand the difference between recommending, and the constitutional power of making requisitions.\n              May not these proofs be repelled, if Mr. H. chooses, by alledging want of accuracy and authenticity in the publication\u2014and wd. it be amiss to admit both sub modo\u2014without relinquishing the sufficiency of the general scope and complexion of the debate which could not well be mistaken.\n              Is this consistent with the journals and reports of the Comissrs., which shew that they opposed and that the British negociators urged the admission of the people in question, to citizenship in this Country.\n              Why invert the geographical order of the States\u2014if in compliance with Mr. H. a little explanatory amendment is suggested in loco.\n              Is it so clear, as to need no proof or remark, that confiscation is compleat by the Law, without the subsequent process for carrying the law into effect? Perhaps Mr. H.\u2019s Memorial may admit what is assumed and In that case the quere is superseded.\n              Are not these acts of Jany. that is prior to Apl. 11. 1783 thrown out of the question by the distinction with which the review sets out.\n              \u201cwill excuse my answering\u201d\u2014Is this phrase correct. Sd. it not be excuse my not answering or excuse me from answering?\n              Quer. whether so much here and on p. 32. as animadverts on the Refugees &c. be necessary. And if not whether it be expedient.\n              May not this be viewed as unnecessarily pointed!\n              From accts. given of the Furr trade it is doubtful whether so great a proportion of it ever passed thro\u2019 the present U.S. as to place it among the most valuable branches of their commerce.\u201d\n              Is it clear that a nation can rightly make general war in the first instance, for a breach of any treaty\u2014or even a Treaty of peace?\n               Quer. whether so dishonorable an object can be prudently inferred from regulations which ostensibly were not at all, and perhaps really very little considered in that relation.\n              As the laws of all the States as well as of G.B. subject the body to restraint for debt, wd. it not be as well to omit this general denunciation of the practice as agst. reason?\n              Is not this pre-eminence to the civil law liable to mis construction?\n              The unwillingness to infringe the Treaty, seems here to be stated as the chief, if not sole motive agst. paper money.\n              Is not the value of paper emissions too strongly expressed. The depreciation was considerable in all and great in some [cases?]. It is also a tender in N. Jersey yet in certain (Quer.) unless superseded by the Constitution.\n              See p. 31. (b) As it is admitted that modifications in the recovery of the debts existed in some States, is not the position too broad that our Courts have been as open as theirs?\n              Quer. whether this reasoning is applicable to the case of positive and express stipulations between two Countries. In ordinary cases the individual foreigner claims under the law and the tribunals for expounding it, and his sovereign can not interfere unless for palpable and culpable wrong. In the former case, an innocent error of the Judge which might defeat the stipulation, might be ground of complaint and satisfaction.\n              To this it may be said, that the law being known, justice could not claim interest, and of course no national complaint wd. be warranted.\n              Does not this suppose that if America had been conquered, not only forfietures wd. have taken place, but without payt. of the debts of the traitors, a thing not presumable.\n              Will not the forced exile of some form an exception here? It wd. seem also that the departure of an alien creditor in all cases results of necessity on the event of a war, yet it is not the Modern practice to abate interest during war.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0471", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 16 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\n          May 16. 1792. Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Pinkney and informs him that Colo. Biddle, Walnut street No. 38. broker, will pay him 500. dollars whenever he will be so good as to call on him, and give him his bill of exchange for the value on Messrs. Wilhem & Jan Willink, Nichs. & Jacob Van Staphorst & Hubbard, bankers, Amsterdam. These gentlemen have been before instructed to answer Mr. Pinkney\u2019s bills: but to prevent all mistakes Th:J. will write letters of advice to accompany the bills. They may be drawn at the shortest sight which may have any effect on the price.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0472", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 16 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Van Staphorst & Hubbard\n          We had the honor to address You the 6 Jany. the Abstract of Your Account Current; And are this morning, favored with Your esteemed Letter of 29 ditto. Immediately on Receipt whereof we have caused the Account of the United States with Messrs. W. & J. Willink and Ourselves, to be credited Hd. Cy. \u01922.511.7\u2014for like Sum We made good unto them for Your Account; For which We inclose You the Acknowledgement.\n          In order to shew how Your Account with us stands, We transmit  You herewith Abstract of same. The Balance due by us to You, Hd. Cy. \u01926546.2. lies always at Your disposal.\n          Had Your Assignments on us, exceeded the amount of Your Funds in our hands, We should have chearfully complied with them, and shall ever be happy, to render You all the useful or agreeable Offices in our power, being with utmost Respect & Esteem Sir! Your most obedient humble Servants,\n            N & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0473", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 16 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          The day after your departure I received from a Mr. Greene, a merchant now at N. York, through a third person, the following communication. \u2018That he had had very late advices from Spain by way of the Spanish islands, to this effect, that war with France was inevitable, that troops were marching from all quarters of the kingdom to the frontiers, and that 50. sail of the line had been commissioned.\u2019 This was permitted to be mentioned to me, but, for particular reasons, to no other person. I suppose the particular reasons were some mercantile speculation founded on the intelligence: perhaps it may be to buy up all our flour. We have London news to the 1st. of April, and nothing of this is mentioned. I have a letter from Colo. Humphreys of March 18. which says nothing of it. I am in hopes therefore the only effect will be to get us a good price for flour or fish: this being our lookout, while the success of the speculation is that of the adventurer. You will recollect that we had learned the death of the emperor of Marocco after a battle in which he was victorious. The brother opposed to him it seems was killed in the same action, and the one, Muley Islema, who had been so long in the sanctuary, is proclaimed emperor. He was the best character of the three, and is likely to be peaceable. This information is from Colo. Humphreys. The Queen of Portugal is still in the same state. Wyllys does not pronounce her curable, tho\u2019 he says there is nothing which indicates the contrary. He has removed from her all her former physicians. Mr. Madison has favored me with  some corrections for my letter to Mr. H. It is now in the hands of the Attorney general, and shall then be submitted to Colo. Hamilton. I find that these examinations will retard the delivery of it considerably. However delay is preferable to error. Mr. Pinkney is engaged in going over such papers of my office as may put him in possession of whatever has passed between us and the court he is going to. I have 100. olive trees, and some caper plants arrived here from Marseilles, which I am sending on to Charleston, where Mr. Pinkney tells me they have already that number living of those I had before sent them. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment, Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0476", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel L. Hylton, 17 May 1792\nFrom: Hylton, Daniel L.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Richmond James River Virga. May 17th. 1792\n          Inclos\u2019d you have a Bill of Lading for thirty Hogsheads tobo. shipt on bd. the Linnet Capt. Wm. Walker Weymouth which I hope will arrive safe and to a good market. One of the hogsheads cou\u2019d not be found by the inspectors in time for this Vessle and I wou\u2019d not detain her for it. Mr. Randolph has left a Manifest with his Mercht. here during my absence for more tobo. then he mark\u2019d of in the inspectors books; therefore youll fall short of a Hhd. or two more then mentiond. in my last letter. Mr. Banks has not enterd into writings for the Elk hill land yet and find from the advertisemt. no notice was taken in the life of the old woman for the 50 Acres, tho expect that will be no objictin. if there is none on the security (that I fear will be attended with difficulty at least such as I shall require). However the best shall be done in my power for you. Am in haste with every wish for yr. Happiness Yr. Fd. & St.,\n            Danl. L. Hylton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0479", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jos\u00e9 de Jaudenes and Jos\u00e9 Ignacio de Viar, 17 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\n            Gentlemen\n            Philadelphia May 17. 1792\n          We lately received from Mr: Seagrove our Indian Agent for the southern department a letter, of which the enclosed is an extract; whereby it appeared that a party of the Creek indians under the influence of the adventurer Bowles had meditated some depredations on the Spanish settlements, from which they had been diverted by a friend of our Agent; but that their disposition to do injury was perhaps, not quite extinguished. Sensible how much it is in the power of neighbor Nations to contribute to mutual happiness and prosperity, by faithfully using their good offices wherever they may procure the peace or advantage of each other, and feeling a union of interest with Spain in whatever regards her adjacent possessions, we have not hesitated to give general instruction to our Agent in that department to cultivate in the Indians the same friendly dispositions towards the Spanish settlements as towards ourselves, and to promote their peace and interest in every case with the same zeal as our own.\n          I have the honor to enclose you one of those orders, to congratulate you on the intelligence that the leader who gave occasion to this particular interposition is no longer in a situation to threaten further danger, and to assure you that as far as shall depend on us we will, on every future occasion sincerely use what influence we may have with the Indians to discountenance and prevent every measure they may meditate against the peace or prosperity of your subjects. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Gentlemen, Your most obedient and most humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0480", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, [18 May 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n            Friday [Philadelphia, 18 May 1792]\n          I have just received a Northern hare, and have got from the market a common one. It may be worth your while to come half an hour before we go to E.R\u2019s to examine their difference, as they must be skinned soon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0481", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Sir John Sinclair, 18 May 1792\nFrom: Sinclair, Sir John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Whitehall London. 18h. May 1792\n          I have the honour of sending you some papers, which, I hope will give you pleasure. I wish we had a statistical survey of America, similar to the one I am now carrying on in Scotland, were it even to begin with the ensuing Century. If you retranslate the Prospectus into English and print it, a spirit to that effect may be roused. I depend upon you for my American information as to sheep. I received the Census you were so obliging as to send, and I am glad to see that America is still increasing in population. Yours faithfully\n            John Sinclair", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0482", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 18 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Since I wrote you the day before yesterday, I have recieved a letter of Mar. 25. from Colo. Humphreys informing me that the Queen of Portugal was considerably better: as also mentioning the death of the emperor of Germany. What effect this last event will have on the affairs of Europe, cannot be foreseen, the character of the successor being  absolutely unknown. He is 24. years of age. One would conjecture that if he has any dispositions to war, he would think a little time necessary to get his election passed in form, to see if the troubles within his dominions quieted by his father would be likely to break out or not &c. and that this would hold him back one campaign. Still this event renders peace less certain, as the character of his father was so decidedly pacific, that one might count on that. There seems to have been a magnificent story current in London for the three or four last days of March, of the capture of Seringapatam, and Tippoo Saib, great slaughter &c. but on the 1st. of April the date of the latest paper which the vessel brings (she is from Glasgow), it had died away to a hum, raised by Stockjobbers who wanted to sell out. It did in fact raise East India stock 2. or 3. per cent. Still it was not fallen into entire discredit, as appears by some paragraphs and consequently cannot be decidedly pronounced untrue. Perhaps the contradiction of it was the counter-hum of those who wanted to buy in. I have the honour to be with great & sincere respect & attachment Dr. Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0483", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joshua Johnson, 19 May 1792\nFrom: Johnson, Joshua\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          London, 19 May 1792. He has received no letters from TJ since writing him the 13th. ulto. via the Mary, Captain Reed. The newspapers carried by Mr. Marshall will reveal the operations of the French and Hungarian armies. The defeat of the former is considered unimportant, \u201cbut the unexampled barbarous Massacre of their Commander, makes every one shudder, nay, even the well wishers to their Independence and Freedom can say nothing.\u201d This has led to a change of ministers in France and the adoption of a defensive plan for a long war. The King of Prussia has announced his support for the King of Hungary and Bohemia, and other powers are expected to follow this example. The British are unlikely to remain neutral in this conflict, \u201cfor I understand at a Council a few days ago, there was a majority for fitting out a Fleet, and that the plan concerted was to draw all the Seamen from the frigates, and light Ships, and turn them over to Men of War, which are to be stationed as Guard Ships, but so arranged as to act at a short notice should it be necessary.\u201d This plan may be adopted to conceal the intentions of the government from the British people, who are averse to war. American ship captains coming to Britain should therefore have only American-born seamen who can prove themselves to be such.\u2014Mr. Pinckney should be here now because his rank would entitle him to information useful to TJ and the U.S., \u201cwho I hope take no part in the Disputes in Europe, but act the part of a good Neighbour to all, and benefit by it.\u201d\u2014He hopes to receive from Pinckney the consular regulations and a reply to his questions about business.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0484", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Willis, 19 May 1792\nFrom: Willis, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia May 19th. 1792\n          Having received information yesterday of the removal of a certain Anthony Powell of Georgia into the Spanish teritory, leaving two friends of mine bound as surety for a considerable sum of money; one of them persueed and saw him among the Spaniards and I suppose under their protection; but was not suffered to take any steps towards securing himself, and says he was at that time happy to save his life by returning not daring to persue his demand; altho the said Powell had property sufficient for his indemnification could he have obtained justice.\n          I have taken the liberty to communicate to you those circumstances, flattering myself that you will be able to point out a remidy for this evil; if there be none, and if this is to be an asylum for fugitives from justice, Georgia, from its vicinity, will be in a disagreeable situation.\u2014I am Sir with due respect Your Most Obt. Servt,\n            Frans Willis\n            P.S. I leave the City tomorrow morning for Georgia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0485", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 20 May 1792\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Bordeaux, 20 May 1792. Since his last of 30 Apr., he has received TJ\u2019s of 13 Mch. covering a certificate useful to Mrs. Oliver and a letter for Mr. Church, now delivered.\u2014TJ\u2019s of 1 Sep. sent by Mr. Short has never arrived, and he does not know its contents. He wishes to learn if the United States will reimburse him for postages and other expenses incurred in helping distressed American sailors return home. Policy and duty urge that unfortunate seamen abroad be assisted, and if consuls are not furnished with means of assistance or authority to require Captains to give them passage, \u201cthey must remain spectators of their distresses.\u201d\u2014The first French attack on Austria has been unsuccessful. The officers lacked confidence and the soldiers were insubordinate when exposed to action. The army that invaded Henault had to retreat and remains in its own fortifications.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0486", "content": "Title: Alexander Hamilton\u2019s Notes on Jefferson\u2019s Letter to George Hammond, with Jefferson\u2019s Response, [20\u201327 May 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas\n          Mr. Hamilton presents his respectful Compliments to The Secretary of State. He has perused with as much care and attention as time has permitted the draft of a letter in answer to that of Mr. Hammond of March 5th.\n          Much strong ground has been taken, and strongly maintained, particularly in relation to\u2014\n            1 The recommendatory clauses of the Treaty\n            2 The previous infractions by G Britain as to Negroes and Posts.\n            3 The Question of Interest.\n          And many of the suggestions of the British Minister concerning particular acts and adjudications, as far as can be judged without consulting the documents, appear to be satisfactorily obviated.\n          But doubts arise on the following particulars\u2014\n            1 The expediency of the retaliation in the 1. 2. and 3d. Pages. Much of the propriety of what is said depends on the question of the original right or wrong of the war. Should it lead to observations on that point, it may involve an awkward and irritating discussion. Will it not be more dignified as well as more discreet to observe concisely and generally on the impropriety of having deduced imputations from transactions during the war, and alluding in the aggregate and without specification to the instances of Legislative Warfare on the part of the British Parliament which might be recriminated, to say, that this is fo\u0153eborne as leading to an unprofitable and unconciliating discussion?\n            2 The soundness of the doctrine (page 4) that all Governmental acts of the States prior to the 11 of April are out of the discussion.\u2014Does not the term \u201csujets,\u201d to whom, according to Vatel, notice is necessary, apply merely to Individuals? Are not states members of a federal league the \u201cparties contractantes\u201d who are bound by the treaty itself from the time of its conclusion; that is, in the present case, from the time the provisional treaty took effect by the ratification of the preliminary articles between France and Britain?\n            3 The expediency of so full a justification of the proceedings of certain states with regard to Debts. In this respect, extenuation rather than Vindication would seem to be the desireable course. It is an obvious truth and is so stated that Congress alone had the right to pronounce a breach of the Treaty and to fix the measure of retaliation.  Not having done it the states which undertook the task for them contravened both their F\u0153deral duty and the Treaty. Do not some of the Acts of Congress import that the thing was viewed by that body in this light? Will it be well for the Executive now to implicate itself in too strong a defence of measures which have been regarded by a great proportion of the Union and by a respectable part of the citizens of almost every state as exceptionable in various lights? May not too earnest an apology for installment and paper-money laws, if made public hereafter, tend to prejudice somewhat the cause of good government and perhaps to affect disadvantageously the character of the General Government?\n            To steer between too much concession and too much justification in this particular is a task both difficult and delicate\u2014but it is worthy of the greatest circumspection to accomplish it.\n            4 The expediency of risking the implication of the tacit approbation of Congress of the \u201cretaliations of the four states\u201d by saying that they neither gave nor refused their sanction to those retaliations? Will not the national character stand better if no ground to suspect the connivance of the National Government is afforded? Is not the fact, that Congress were inactive spectators of the Infractions which took place, because they had no effectual power to controul them?\n            5 The truth of the position which seems to be admitted (Page 57) that the quality of Alien Enemy subsisted till the Definitive Treaty. Does not an indefinite cessation of hostilities founded too on a preliminary Treaty, put an end to the State of War and consequently destroy the relation of alien enemy. The State of War may or may not revive if points which remain to be adjusted by a definitive Treaty are never adjusted by such a treaty\u2014but it is conceived that a definitive Treaty may never take place and yet the state of War and all its consequences be completely terminated.\n            6 The expediency of grounding any argument on the supposition of either of the parties being in the wrong as in Page 65. The rule in construing Treaties is to suppose both parties in the right, for want of a common judge &c. And a departure from this rule in argument might possibly lead to unpleasant recrimination.\n            The foregoing are the principal points that have occurred on one perusal. They are submitted without reserve. Some lesser matters struck which would involve too lengthy a commentary. A mark thus + is in the margin of the places, which will probably suggest to the  Secretary of State, on a revision, the nature of the reflections which may have arisen. It is imagined that there is a small mistake in stating that Waddington paid no rent.\n          Jefferson\u2019s Response to Hamilton\u2019s Notes\n            1. The retaliating clause is struck out, and only a general allusion to the instances of legislative warfare by the British parl. as here proposed.\n            2. The reason of the rule will guide it\u2019s application to particular cases, and prove the 11th. of April to be the true time after which acts of the state legislatures, inconsistent with the treaty became wrongful. Notice alone of a law renders an action against that law criminal, in pure theory, but as the proof of individual notice, would in most cases be impossible, societies have been obliged to adopt the rule that promulgation is individual notice. This then fixes the point of time at which a law or a treaty becomes a rule of action for subjects, or those who have no other means of knowing it. But the Executives of the two nations have a knowledge of the transaction from it\u2019s first embryon to it\u2019s perfection. They are the \u2018parties contractantes\u2019 of Vattel and the \u2018paciscentes\u2019 of Wolf cited \u00a7. 48. Tho\u2019 they do not transact the business in person, but by plenipotentiaries, at some distance from themselves, yet the correspondence with these plenipotentiaries through the whole is understood to be so constant, and every proposition which passes is so immediately communicated, that, tho\u2019 at a distance, they know in fact what is doing, and hence their real knowlege is dated from the signature, and their actions must conform to it from that instant, tho\u2019 the formal knowlege may come to them some days later. But our state legislatures had no such constant communication of the progress of the negociation. They had no privity with it at all. As to matters of treaty the state governments were mere subjects. Their actions, like those of corporations in England, or like any other individuals, can only be governed by the promulgation, which therefore is the term for their conformity. They are the \u2018sujets\u2019 of Vattel and \u2018subditi\u2019 of Wolf in the passages before referred to.\n            3. The 1st. question is Whether this ground is defensible? The 2d. Whether it ought to be abandoned? It cannot be disputed that Gr. Brit. has been guilty of the first infractions; that these infractions have been highly injurious to us; that when one party has witheld execution of any article of a treaty, the other has a right to retaliate by equivalent inexecutions. Had Congress, after the first refusal to evacuate the posts, (the holding which, with an armed force, was, and is, a continuance of  the war on that part of our territory) declared firmly that they would withold the execution of the article for opening the courts of justice, in all the states, till all the states should be completely evacuated, it would have been justifiable. Can a part of the act then be less justifiable than the whole? If a refusal to open the courts in every state would have been right, can a refusal in a few states be wrong, and even in these not an absolute refusal, but a permission under modifications? It was a refusal in fact to such creditors only as did not chuse to prosecute under those modifications. Whether this partial retaliation has been by Congress, by the states, or by individuals, which form collectively the one party to the agreement, is a question which the other party has no right to ask. It is a point of internal order between Congress and those who undertook to act, and which they alone are competent to question, or decide. Congress, it is true, may disavow the retaliation. This will make it a wrongful act from the beginning, and thereby render, the Union in the first instance, and the retaliating states ultimately, liable to make good the damage sustained by the adverse party, tho\u2019 the aggressor. But Congress have a right also to avow the act, if nothing else is wanting to make it rightful: or, without either avowal or disavowal, to demonstrate to Gr. Britain that, as to her, it was right. And this is what has been attempted in the answer under consideration.\n            Shall this ground be abandoned? There is certainly room to suspect that Great Britain means to come forward with a demand of indemnification to her citizens for the debts pretended to have been lost thro\u2019 our wrong. If we have been guilty of a wrong, we must make good the losses it has occasioned. But if nothing more than a moderate and justifiable retaliation has taken place, we are liable for nothing. Will the Executive undertake to say that an unreasonable retaliation has taken place? To subject the Union, or the retaliating states, to the demand of indemnification? To commit the nation by a language of extenuation, which is pleading guilty, when vindication is truth?\u2014If any respectable part of our citizens have regarded these measures as exceptionable with respect to Great Britain, they have been misled either by the bold assertions of the opposite interest, or from a want of knolege of the facts, or of industry to put them together and to form a judgment for themselves. Whenever they shall know and consider them, they will condemn any complaisance we might now shew to their uninformed and premature opinions. I am therefore of opinion that Gr. Brit. cannot say we have done wrong in retarding in the moderate degree we have done, execution of some parts of the treaty, as an equivalent to what she had previously refused to fulfil on  her part; that she cannot found on that any claim of indemnification for debts lost by lapse of time; and that the justifiable rights of our country ought not to be given up by those whom they have appointed and trusted to defend them where they may be justly defended.\n            4. The passage here alluded to is in the Recapitulation ii \u00a7. 3. It is struck out, and it stands now that Congress induced by assurances from the British court &c. required from the states a repeal &c.\n            5. I rather consider a preliminary treaty as establishing certain heads of agreement, and a truce till these and others can be definitively arranged; as suspending acts of hostility, but not changing the legal character of enemy into that of friend. However as this might be susceptible of a contradiction not worth our while to excite in this instance, I have struck out all affirmation of the position, and observed that whether Judge Walton was right or wrong in supposing that between the Prelimy. and Definitive articles no subject of either party could maintain an action in the courts of the other, the interval was so short, and this probably the only instance of an action essayed, that it is not worth an investigation.\n            6. The word wrong, in the passage here alluded to \u00a7. 54. is struck out, and the word act substituted. We may say with truth that it was by their act we were hindered from paying interest, while, not qualifying it with the epithet either of right or wrong, they are free to consider it as the former, while we do, tacitly, as the latter.\n          Wherever the mark + has been found, and it\u2019s object understood, the passage has been corrected. They seem principally to have been affixed to those passages susceptible of being softened in the manner of expression. In some instances they were not understood.\u2014The mistake in the case of Wadington & Rutgers is corrected.\n   Many of them merely respecting particular expressions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0487", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 21 May 1792\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Lisbon, 21 May 1792. The remoteness and tranquility of Portugal makes it both inadvisable and unnecessary for him to trouble TJ with reports about the general political and military situation in Europe resulting from the declaration of war by the King of France against the King of Hungary. \u201cBut  there is one circumstance of considerable moment towards the success of the French cause, which is said to have happened nearer to us, and which is related in a manner that seems to demand credit. The Court of Spain having apparently changed its system of policy with its administration, instead of furnishing pecuniary supplies to the emigrant Princes, it is asserted, has sent a subsidy in money to the Court of France.\u201d Yesterday there were reliable reports here, one by land and one by water, that convoys of mules with money from Madrid arrived in Bayonne and were greeted by 10,000 people. M. Bourgoyne has been received at the Spanish court as minister plenipotentiary from the French King and has reportedly advised the French court that there is no need for troops along the Spanish frontier. The French aristocrats, however, remain in high spirits. The Duke de Coigny and the son of the French ambassador here are about to join the Princes.\u2014There have been no significant changes here since his letter of 3d. inst. The Queen has had two severe recurrences of her disorder but is now better.\u2014He has not heard from Carmichael or Barclay since his last and encloses the Spanish and Portuguese Gazettes.\u2014P.S. The French army\u2019s setback at Mons and the attendant excesses have heartened France\u2019s adversaries here. The Dutch minister states that his country has sent troops to its frontier as a precautionary measure.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0488", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 21 May 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 16th inst. I sincerely hope that the intelligence which has been communicated to you of a war between France and Spain being inevitable, is not founded in truth.\n          It is my intention to commence my Journey to Philadelphia on Thursday next. I shall stop in George Town one day, and proceed on from thence without further delay, unless my horses should require rest, some of which got foundered and lame on the journey to this place. With very sincere regard, I am, Dear Sir, Your affecte. & Obedt. Servt.,\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0489", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Philip Mazzei, 23 May 1792\nFrom: Mazzei, Philip\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Warsaw, 23 May 1792. By TJ\u2019s letter of 7 Jan., he learns that TJ received his of June by Petit, and one of two he sent early in September, one directly from France, the other via England. Enclosed in the latter were copies of a letter for de Rieux, but the duplicate that came from France also contained excerpts of dispatches dealing with matters in Europe. This was to satisfy a promise made to Ternant and for the curiosity of TJ and others. He wrote again on 3 Nov., answering TJ\u2019s of 2 Aug., enclosing more extracts, and stating that he was about to leave.\u2014He did not use the leave of absence which the King of Poland had granted him before TJ left France. The King decided that he wanted to know Mazzei personally.\u2014When time came to travel, he went first to Warsaw, as Piattolo also had advised. He will leave shortly, pleased with the reception he received from the King and the people.\n          If things go well here, he has reason to hope they will go well for him also. However, Poland now faces a great crisis. In order to understand, TJ should now read the enclosed copy of an article he sent two weeks ago to Luzac in Leyden, as well as to Le Moniteur in Paris.\u2014Four days ago the Empress of Russia made public the declaration that her troops would enter Poland to help the nation restore the old government. The insolence of her declaration strengthened the union. It is based upon the pretext that the nation consists of 11 refugees now living in St. Petersburg, and that the King, Diet, and all those who supported the new constitution, are a handful of \u201cfactionists.\u201d\u2014The Diet acts wisely and calmly; the deputies are preparing to return home to take up their stations, while the King prepares to take the field. He believes that Poland can stand its ground against Russia provided its neighbors stay out. One wishes the Empress would end up the way Louis XIV did.\n          He will leave for Vienna in three or four weeks, stay there eighteen or twenty days, winter in Italy, and return to Paris in the spring if the situation in France can offer satisfaction.\u2014He notes that TJ said in his of 2 Aug., \u201cMr. Blair paid me the balance of \u00a38:14:6:-\u00be Virginia currency \u00a3157: 2: for which you are to debit me.\u201d This sum was included in the \u00a3486:2 credited to him by Mr. Short after TJ\u2019s departure from France. He then added \u00a374:10 for two copies of portraits from Florence sent TJ in America by Mr. Barrow. Deducting the two sums from his debt to TJ of \u00a31200, he still owes \u00a3639:8, and shall continue to do so till TJ notifies him of receipt of additional sums.\u2014If TJ has a surplus to remit to him, he asks that it be sent to London or Amsterdam, as long as paper money remains legal tender in France.\u2014He does not understand a copy of Mr. Blair\u2019s account sent him, which, along with the \u00a38:14:6-\u00be entry, is another for \u00a338.8.7-\u00be, and he requests an explanation. He does not have the heart to write to Mr. Blair, for fear of reminding him of his son, and he asks TJ to assure Blair of his friendship and gratitude for handling his affairs. Tell him though there is little chance of it, he could not bear losing all hope of returning to America. Ask Blair if he was ever paid the six guineas Col. Banister owed him; whether the balance of \u00a382:13:2 (according to the account of \u00a3204:13:7 credit and \u00a3122:-2 debit) George Nicholas owed him will be \u201cs\u2019epolfo in Kentucky\u201d with the \u00a36:2: which Nicholas charged against him a second time. Also, whether the balance Mr. Garland owes him was ever collected or can be.\u2014Regarding his Virginia Certificates (which Blair  and TJ say must have already been converted into continentals), if they have not been sold already and there is a chance that they will increase in value, he prefers to retain them at the interest rate paid by Congress. But he wants exact details, to include in his will, for the benefit of his heir.\n          In TJ\u2019s memorandum of 15 Feb. 1790, he wrote: \u201cMr. Eppes promises to avail himself of an opportunity he thinks he shall soon have of having Hilton\u2019s debt to P. M. for wine.\u201d He asks TJ to write Hylton and refresh his memory.\u2014On 8 Nov. 1788 Col. Madison wrote that his books were selling well in Virginia, but he was doubtful about the other states. He also had advised of a forthcoming remittance of \u00a3300:18 by Dohrman via London, which never arrived. He asks TJ to collect the money for the books in the interim.\u2014He thinks that Madison is too kind to Dohrman, a man who got his money by deception in Richmond, and more than 7 years have passed. If affairs of Poland go badly, he would be in a difficult position, made more critical by his age. Since promissory notes have always enjoyed special rights, and having waited 7 years, he does not know why he should not compel Dorhman to sell the property he pledged. He begs TJ to have their friend end the business with a man whose conduct has been \u201cinescussabile\u201d and who keeps him \u201cin agitazione.\u201d Even if the interest owed were higher than it was, he could never be repaid \u201cdi quel che soffro.\u201d\n          He begs forgiveness for necessarily troubling him so. He encloses a letter for Ed. Randolph, and three notes for M. Oster, Mr. Anderson of Concord in Gloucester, and Mr. Mann Page. He asks TJ to add two lines to the note to Page, urging him to reply and remit the funds from the sale of his horse and gig. He cannot reconcile Page\u2019s conduct with his protestations of friendship.\u2014Either through Mann Page or by TJ when passing through Fredericksburg, he would like to get back from Hunter the Pistoia gunbarrel that was to be mounted, which was to be returned gratis. His agent made sure that he could not receive it before spring of 1785. Even if TJ has to pay for the mounting, he advises that he retrieve it, because he believes TJ will be pleased once he tries it.\u2014P.S. He delayed sending this to Short in Paris until 6 June, so he now encloses the speech of the King of Poland regarding the abovementioned declaration (translated and published in French). Poland is fighting in places with great courage, but he doubts they can resist for long alone; and he does not expect foreign help. What use are treaties made \u201ccotta mala fedi?\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0491", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 23 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          I have determined to make the subject of a letter, what, for some time past, has been a subject of inquietude to my mind without having found a good occasion of disburthening itself to you in conversation, during the busy scenes which occupied you here. Perhaps too you may be able, in your present situation, or on the road, to give it more time and reflection than you could do here at any moment.\n          When you first mentioned to me your purpose of retiring from the government, tho\u2019 I felt all the magnitude of the event, I was in a considerable degree silent. I knew that, to such a mind as yours, persuasion was idle and impertinent: that before forming your decision, you  had weighed all the reasons for and against the measure, had made up your mind on full view of them, and that there could be little hope of changing the result. Pursuing my reflections too I knew we were some day to try to walk alone, and if the essay should be made while you should be alive and looking on, we should derive confidence from that circumstance, and resource if it failed. The public mind too was then calm and confident, and therefore in a favorable state for making the experiment. Had no change of circumstances supervened, I should not, with any hope of success, have now ventured to propose to you a change of purpose. But the public mind is no longer so confident and serene; and that from causes in which you are no ways personally mixed. Tho these causes have been hackneyed in the public papers in detail, it may not be amiss, in order to calculate the effect they are capable of producing, to take a view of them in the mass, giving to each the form, real or imaginary, under which they have been presented.\n          It has been urged then that a public debt, greater than we can possibly pay before other causes of adding new debt to it will occur, has been artificially created, by adding together the whole amount of the debtor and creditor sides of accounts, instead of taking only their balances, which could have been paid off in a short time: That this accumulation of debt has taken for ever out of our power those easy sources of revenue, which, applied to the ordinary necessities and exigencies of government, would have answered them habitually, and covered us from habitual murmurings against taxes and tax-gatherers, reserving extraordinary calls, for those extraordinary occasions which would animate the people to meet them: That though the calls for money have been no greater than we must generally expect, for the same or equivalent exigencies, yet we are already obliged to strain the impost till it produces clamour, and will produce evasion, and war on our own citizens to collect it: and even to resort to an Excise law, of odious character with the people, partial in it\u2019s operation, unproductive unless enforced by arbitrary and vexatious means, and committing the authority of the government, in parts where resistance is most probable, and coercion least practicable. They cite propositions in Congress and suspect other projects on foot still to increase the mass of debt. They say that by borrowing at \u2154 of the interest, we might have paid off the principal in \u2154 of the time: but that from this we are precluded by it\u2019s being made irredeemable but in small portions and long terms: That this irredeemable quality was given it for the avowed purpose of inviting it\u2019s transfer to foreign countries. They predict that this transfer of the principal, when compleated, will occasion an exportation of 3. millions of dollars annually for the  interest, a drain of coin, of which as there has been no example, no calculation can be made of it\u2019s consequences: That the banishment of our coin will be compleated by the creation of 10. millions of paper money, in the form of bank bills, now issuing into circulation. They think the 10. or 12. percent annual profit paid to the lenders of this paper medium are taken out of the pockets of the people, who would have had without interest the coin it is banishing: That all the capital employed in paper speculation is barren and useless, producing, like that on a gaming table, no accession to itself, and is withdrawn from commerce and agriculture where it would have produced addition to the common mass: That it nourishes in our citizens habits of vice and idleness instead of industry and morality: That it has furnished effectual means of corrupting such a portion of the legislature, as turns the balance between the honest voters which ever way it is directed: That this corrupt squadron, deciding the voice of the legislature, have manifested their dispositions to get rid of the limitations imposed by the constitution on the general legislature, limitations, on the faith of which, the states acceded to that instrument: That the ultimate object of all this is to prepare the way for a change, from the present republican form of government, to that of a monarchy, of which the English constitution is to be the model. That this was contemplated in the Convention, is no secret, because it\u2019s partisans have made none of it. To effect it then was impracticable; but they are still eager after their object, and are predisposing every thing for it\u2019s ultimate attainment. So many of them have got into the legislature, that, aided by the corrupt squadron of paper dealers, who are at their devotion, they make a majority in both houses. The republican party, who wish to preserve the government in it\u2019s present form, are fewer in number. They are fewer even when joined by the two, three, or half dozen anti-federalists, who, tho they dare not avow it, are still opposed to any general government: but being less so to a republican than a monarchical one, they naturally join those whom they think pursuing the lesser evil.\n          Of all the mischiefs objected to the system of measures beforementioned, none is so afflicting, and fatal to every honest hope, as the corruption of the legislature. As it was the earliest of these measures it became the instrument for producing the rest, and will be the instrument for producing in future a king, lords and commons, or whatever else those who direct it may chuse. Withdrawn such a distance from the eye of their constituents, and these so dispersed as to be inaccessible to public information, and particularly to that of the conduct of their own representatives, they will form the most corrupt government  on earth, if the means of their corruption be not prevented. The only hope of safety hangs now on the numerous representation which is to come forward the ensuing year. Some of the new members will probably be either in principle or interest, with the present majority. But it is expected that the great mass will form an accession to the republican party. They will not be able to undo all which the two preceding legislatures, and especially the first have done. Public faith and right will oppose this. But some parts of the system may be rightfully reformed; a liberation from the rest unremittingly pursued as fast as right will permit, and the door shut in future against similar commitments of the nation. Should the next legislature take this course, it will draw upon them the whole monarchical and paper interest. But the latter I think will not go all lengths with the former, because creditors will never, of their own accord, fly off entirely from their debtors. Therefore this is the alternative least likely to produce convulsion. But should the majority of the new members be still in the same principles with the present and shew that we have nothing to expect but a continuance of the same practices, it is not easy to conjecture what would be the result, nor what means would be resorted to for correction of the evil. True wisdom would direct that they should be temperate and peaceable. But the division of sentiment and interest happens unfortunately to be so geographical, that no mortal can say that what is most wise and temperate would prevail against what is more easy and obvious? I can scarcely contemplate a more incalculable evil than the breaking of the union into two or more parts. Yet when we review the mass which opposed the original coalescence, when we consider that it lay chiefly in the Southern quarter, that the legislature have availed themselves of no occasion of allaying it, but on the contrary whenever Northern and Southern prejudices have come into conflict, the latter have been sacrificed and the former soothed; that the owers of the debt are in the Southern and the holders of it in the Northern division; that the Antifederal champions are now strengthened in argument by the fulfilment of their predictions; that this has been brought about by the Monarchical federalists themselves, who, having been for the new government merely as a stepping stone to monarchy, have themselves adopted the very constructions of the constitution, of which, when advocating it\u2019s acceptance before the tribunal of the people, they declared it insusceptible; that the republican federalists, who espoused the same government for it\u2019s intrinsic merits, are disarmed of their weapons, that which they denied as prophecy being now become true history: who can be sure that these things may not proselyte the small number which was wanting to place the  majority on the other side? And this is the event at which I tremble, and to prevent which I consider your continuance at the head of affairs as of the last importance. The confidence of the whole union is centered in you. Your being at the helm, will be more than an answer to every argument which can be used to alarm and lead the people in any quarter into violence or secession. North and South will hang together, if they have you to hang on: and, if the first corrective of a numerous representation should fail in it\u2019s effect, your presence will give time for trying others not inconsistent with the union and peace of the states.\n          I am perfectly aware of the oppression under which your present office lays your mind, and of the ardor with which you pant for retirement to domestic life. But there is sometimes an eminence of character on which society have such peculiar claims as to controul the predilection of the individual for a particular walk of happiness, and restrain him to that alone arising from the present and future benedictions of mankind. This seems to be your condition, and the law imposed on you by providence in forming your character, and fashioning the events on which it was to operate: and it is to motives like these, and not to personal anxieties of mine or others who have no right to call on you for sacrifices, that I appeal from your former determination and urge a revisal of it, on the ground of change in the aspect of things. Should an honest majority result from the new and enlarged representation; should those acquiesce whose principles or interests they may controul, your wishes for retirement would be gratified with less danger, as soon as that shall be manifest, without awaiting the completion of the second period of four years. One or two sessions will determine the crisis: and I cannot but hope that you can resolve to add one or two more to the many years you have already sacrificed to the good of mankind.\n          The fear of suspicion that any selfish motive of continuance in office may enter into this sollicitation on my part obliges me to declare that no such motive exists. It is a thing of mere indifference to the public whether I retain or relinquish my purpose of closing my tour with the first periodical renovation of the government. I know my own measure too well to suppose that my services contribute any thing to the public confidence, or the public utility. Multitudes can fill the office in which you have been pleased to place me, as much to their advantage and satisfaction. I, therefore, have no motive to consult but my own inclination, which is bent irresistably on the tranquil enjoyment of my family, my farm, and my books. I should repose among them it is true, in far greater security, if I were to know  that you remained at the watch, and I hope it will be so. To the inducements urged from a view of our domestic affairs, I will add a bare mention, of what indeed need only be mentioned, that weighty motives for your continuance are to be found in our foreign affairs. I think it probable that both the Spanish and English negociations, if not completed before your purpose is known, will be suspended from the moment it is known; and that the latter nation will then use double diligence in fomenting the Indian war. With my wishes for the future, I shall at the same time express my gratitude for the past, at least my portion in it; and beg permission to follow you whether in public or private life with those sentiments of sincere attachment & respect, with which I am unalterably, Dear Sir, Your affectionate friend & humble servant,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0492", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 23 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\n            Gentlemen\n            Philadelphia, May 23d. 1792.\n          In my letter of January 23d. I informed you among other things that Mr: Thomas Pinkney, our minister plenipotentiary for the Court of London would draw on you from time to time for monies to be paid out of the fund in your hands under the account of the Secretary of State. Mr: Pinkney being now here on his way to London, draws on you this day in favor of Francis & John West for one thousand three hundred florins, of which, to prevent doubt, I write you this letter of advice, and desire the bill to be honored out of the fund abovementioned. I am Gentlemen, Your most Obedient humble Servant,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0493", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. P. P. Derieux, 25 May 1792\nFrom: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Charlottesville, 25 May 1792. He encloses a letter for Mde. Bellanger, responding to the one transmitted to him. She was flattered by compliments he sent her on TJ\u2019s behalf, but she says that if TJ remembers her he need not write. She seems quite troubled by the Revolution\u2019s aftermath, thinking \u201cla Machine\u201d is about to fall, and states that the efforts of the \u201cassembl\u00e9e for\u00e7en\u00e9e\u201d are unbearable, that everyone refuses to pay taxes, and that this same assembly alleged that St. Domingue erred greatly by so promptly seeking aid from the United States. She begs TJ to believe that all measures enacted during the past two years were for the public good, that she did not become an aristocrat to find the nobility and clergy treated with injustice, that people in the country and certain villages were like \u201cune b\u00eate f\u00e9roce,\u201d never satisfied with committing yet another crime, and that none were more unfortunate than the honest people because a government no longer exists, laws are no longer enforced, and no one knows what to expect.\n          The letters from Mde. Bellanger were dated 2 Sep. [1791] and 1 Feb. [1792]. If events remain as she described, he will have a considerable loss on the exchange of assignats. He hopes that TJ received the papers concerning his Bordeaux leagacy that he sent \u201csur la fin de mars\u201d and that TJ will send them to Mr. Fenwick.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0494", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Fanning, 25 May 1792\nFrom: Fanning, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Brussels the 25th. May 1792\n          The foregoing is Copy of a letter I made bold to write your Excellency the 15 Janu: of last year. I have not had since a line relative to the lands in question, and as I have not been honoured with your answer, convinced by experience of your goodness and inclination to oblige, and of your indulgence for one in my situation, I venture to reiterate my request to you: to point out the steps that are to be taken to secure them Lands to my son and daughter to whom I have resigned my right and title to them; at same time I pray your Excellency to pardon the liberty I take in troubling you, which I wou\u2019d not presume to do, if I had any Correspondant on your Continent that I cou\u2019d apply to. I desire my son (He\u2019s in Paris) to pray the Gentleman charged with  the affairs of the united states to forward this letter, that it may be convey\u2019d to your hands with greater Safety.\n          I have waited above a year in this part of the world, in an indifferent State of health, in hopes that tranquility and order wou\u2019d be reestablished in France, in which case my intention was then to return to that Country and dispose of my property there, but matters don\u2019t mend there. The war they have enterred upon will probably \u2018ere long bring their affairs to a decision. May the thrice happy Regions you inhabit enjoy the blessings of peace and prosper to the end of time! That every happiness may attend you & yours is the most ardent wish of him that has the honour to be with the utmost respect Sir your Excellency\u2019s most obliged & most obedient Humble Servt.,\n            Ja Fanning", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0495", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel L. Hylton, 25 May 1792\nFrom: Hylton, Daniel L.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Richmond Virga. May 25. 1792\n          I have declin\u2019d writing you for several posts, until I cou\u2019d get Mr. Banks to enter in writing for the purchase of your Elkhill land, which at last have accomplishd and inclose you the original agreement. If convenient, wish you to send a deed, to enable me to have bonds executed with real security for the amount. Until that is done, he is not dispos\u2019d to give his bonds or mortgage on real property as security for the purchase. It will be much more satisfactory to me, if youll send a draft of a mortgage you wish to have on this business and such as you approve of shall strictly have enforc\u2019d according to the agreemt. Inclos\u2019d you have invoice of the tobo. Shipt on bd. the Linnet Capt. Wm. Walker Weymouth which I hope e\u2019re this, has reach\u2019d you, and to a satisfactory market. We have been excessive dry here and I fear from its long continuance our crops of wheat have sustained considerable injury. Our federal court has been seting for several days and the great question on the subject of British debts is procrastinated till next term. Our country cry aloud the manifest injustice government suffer our own citizens to experience, without great Britain having first comply\u2019d with the treaty on her part, or taken any measures for the security of them. The longer this decision is put of, the more our country becomes inflam\u2019d and accuses govermt. with want of spirit and firmness to act as a free nation. I am apprehensive the judges discover the flame rising and wish to delay a decision in hopes govermt. will take up this  great question and not leave a decision to them where thousands are interested in the event. You may be assur\u2019d unless our citizens recieve compensation for their losses, which by the treaty are to be restor\u2019d, the debts will not be pd. If this is done, I believe their will be no murmuring. When I was in philada: at the sign of the spinning wheel, Jon. Greer, I saw some small looking Glasses with mahogany frames at 6/ that curry. pd. I will thank you to send me 4 of them by return of the Vessle Yr. tobo. was shipt in or any other oppy for this place. Old Mr. Vaughan has been at me for a considerable time to solicit your friendship to try to procure for him the Keeper of the Lighthouse on our cape. He has a large family to support and the appointment wd. in all probability be a comfortable support to him. Mrs. H & family join me in our best wishes for the happiness of you & yours & am yr. fd. & st.,\n            Danl. L. Hylton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0496", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Rutledge, 26 May 1792\nFrom: Rutledge, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          My Son who is returning to New York, to finish his Studies at the College, passes thro\u2019 Philadelphia, for the purpose of seeing Major Pinckney: and knowing full well the affectionate Esteem I bear you, has requested me to give him a Letter of Introduction to you. As I am in the Habit of gratifying him, in all his virtuous Desires, I could by no means refuse him; on the contrary I freely confess that I felt a considerable degree of Pleasure at his requisition. It is not the Secretary of State\u2014It is the Friend of his Father, and of his Country, that he wishes to know. As far as his Education extends, he has learnt the same Political Principles that are fixed in me. He has the same Aversions, and the same affections that I have; and we live together, young as he is, in the Bonds of Friendship. We are melting down, too fast I fear, into one People, I speak of the Americans and the British\u2014I fear that the Latter, will attain an ascendancy in this Country; and that those who have Right to the first Rank, will scarcely keep the Second. The Alien Act, which to be sure was the most horrid Thing that ever was passed in any Country, bids high to accomplish this Business. But yet, I have infused into the Mind of my Son the propriety of considering his own Country as a distinct Nation, and of considering the British, as Aliens, under every Circumstance. I find you are endeavoring, however, to make Friends with them, and I wish  you Success. In truth I am rejoiced that the Negociation has fallen into your Hands, and that we are likely to have the affairs between the two Countries discussed during the Administration of the President. I have no doubts about Sacrifices. I am sure that more will be now made. Would to God, I could be as confident, for the days that are to come. However, after all, Posterity must be left to take care of itself. We must only take care that she suffers no Evil from our Misconduct. Adieu my dear Sir, & believe me ever your affectionate Friend & devoted Hble Servt,\n            Ed: Rutledge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0497", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Leiper, 27 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Leiper, Thomas\n          My tobacco arrived here yesterday by the Linnet Capt. Weymouth, whom I will direct to deliver it to you. There are 30. hhds, supposed to weigh about 40,000 \u2114. but the weights not having been forwarded, it may perhaps be necessary for you to weigh it here. Instead of sending the money on to Richmond, the Gentleman for whom it was destined writes me word he will be here between the 8th. and 15th. of June. I shall have occasion for about 200 Dollars in the course of the present week. I am Sir your very humble servt,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0500", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Martha Jefferson Randolph, 27 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I intended writing to My Dearest Father by the last post but being prevented I have taken this opportunity rather than differ it an other week. Young Nicholas Lewis is just returned from Williamsburg with his Lady whom I have not been to see as yet but I certainly intend it shortly. Altho I have some reason to complain of the airs that family has given themselves of late with me they find it so difficult to divest themselves of the authority they once enjoyed here that they continue to this day to exert it over every part of the enclosure to my great vexation as I look upon that to be my domain and of course infringing  upon my rights to take any thing out of it with out my leave. I have however overlooked their impertinence with regard to that as I am determined not to fall out with them if I can possibly avoid it tho I acknowledge it hurts my pride not a little to be treated with so much contemt by those of whom I am conscious of not diserving it having allways been particularly attentive to the whole family as far as I had it in my power. I rejoice to think that this is the last year I have to put up with it. Bergere has six fine little puppies, all of which I am in hopes of being able to raise. They have been peculiarly unlucky with those in the past I believe. They have had no less than thirteen this spring of which six are dead probably starved to death. Many of your sugar maples are alive and tolerably flourishing considering the drouth. Your acasias are not come up yet tho they were planted imediately. We are burnt up for want of rain. The drouth has continued for upwards of 5 weeks and there is no appearance of its discontinuing as yet. People are in great pain about their crops. Indeed they have a wretched prospect before them and many of them are suffering for bread even at this time. Joseph Monroe has been extreemly ill but he is perfectly recoverd now. It is generally supposed it was the gout. We are all in perfect health here my self particularly. I do not recolect ever to have been as fat as I am at present. Adieu my dearest father. Beleive me ever yours most affectionately,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0501", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 28 May 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Gibraltar, 28 May 1792. He encloses three papers received yesterday in a 6 Apr. letter from Captain O\u2019Bryen in Algiers. The same letter covered two petitions from the American captives in Algiers, one for the Speaker of the Senate and the other for the Speaker of the House. He also encloses a copy of a letter he wrote this day to William Carmichael.\u2014He corrects the information on Algerine naval forces in his 31 Dec. 1791 letter to TJ on the basis of information received from Captain O\u2019Bryen. Algiers has two xebecs of 14 to 20 guns each, not three, and six other xebecs, not five. The fortifications at Algiers are weak, as he learned from a gentleman who inspected them lately for the Dey in anticipation of a Neapolitan attack. Sixty boats, \u201cbuilt on the Spanish Model, and Armed with Guns sent them from this place,\u201d are Algiers\u2019 chief means of defense. These are the same boats with which Algiers repulsed Barcelo in 1784.\u2014Four vessels with 112 guns have been embargoing Algiers since early April. Seven other vessels are expected to join them as all hope of a settlement between Algiers and Sweden seems to be at an end. The Grand Seignor has presented Algiers with four large cargoes of military and marine stores.\u2014[P.S.] The Portuguese fleet now has three frigates and one brigantine  here, with one 74-gun ship, two frigates, and four brigantines expected to arrive hourly.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0503", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Knox, 28 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, Henry\n          Th:Jefferson presents his compliments to Genl. Knox and asks the favor of him to peruse the letter he has prepared in answer to Mr. Hammond\u2019s and to be so good as to suggest any alterations either of matter or manner which he thinks might be made to advantage. He begs his pardon for this trouble; but the importance of this first move in the business renders him anxious that it should be well corrected. The request has the more need of apology, as he is obliged to ask of Genl. Knox to get thro\u2019 it before the President\u2019s return. The last two sheets are not yet out of the hands of the copyist, but shall be sent as soon as they are. Mr. Hammond\u2019s letter is also sent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0505", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ezra Stiles, 28 May 1792\nFrom: Stiles, Ezra\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          There are some young Characters so ingenious and inquisitive, and promising to rise into future figure in the political World, as to become worthy the Favor and Patronage of those who have already arrived at the sumit of human Greatness in Society, and who take pleasure in cherishing those who may in time like themselves ascend to the Superior Improvements in political Life. Of this number is Timothy Pitkin Esqr. a Son of one of the Fellows of this College, and Grandson of the late President Clap, whose Genious and literary Abilities he inherits. Educated at this College he became one of its most excellent Scholars in the Classics, and the Sciences, espesially Mathematics and Natr. Philosophy and Astronomy. Impelled by an ardent Thirst for  Literature, and by assiduous Application, he has added to these a good Knowledge of the Belles Lettres and History. He then applied himself to the Study of the Law, is become a qualified Barrister and Practitioner at the Bar, and has been duely admitted a Counsellor in the federal Court. He is a most promising worthy young Character designed for the Career of civil and political Life. He is observant, and is continually imbibing Wisdom from observg. human Life and manners and the Spirit and Genious of Government. Should you condescend to honor him with a little literary Notice you would cherish an ingenious Mind, which in time may do honor to his Patrons, and to his Country. Forgive me this Liberty. Wishing you every Blessing, I am, Dear Sir, Your most obliged hble. Servt.,\n            Ezra Stiles", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0506", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 29 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\n            Philadelphia May 29th. 1792.\n          Your favor of March 5. has been longer unanswered than consisted with my wishes to forward as much as possible explanations of the several matters it contained. But these matters were very various and the evidence of them not easily to be obtained, even where it could be obtained at all. It has been a work of time and trouble to collect from the different States, all the acts themselves, of which you had cited the titles, and to investigate the judiciary decisions which were classed with those acts, as infractions of the Treaty of Peace. To these causes of delay may be added, the daily duties of my office, necessarily multiplied during the Sessions of the legislature.\n          \u00a7. 1. I can assure you with truth, that we meet you on this occasion with the sincerest dispositions to remove from between the two Countries those obstacles to a cordial friendship, which have arisen from an inexecution of some articles of the Treaty of Peace. The desire entertained by this country to be on the best terms with yours, has been constant, and has manifested itself, through it\u2019s different forms of administration by repeated overtures to enter into such explanations and arrangements as should be right, and necessary to bring about a complete execution of the treaty. The same dispositions lead us to wish that the occasion now presented should not be defeated by useless recapitulations of what had taken place anterior to that instrument. It was with concern, therefore I observed that you had thought it necessary to  go back to the very commencement of the war, and in several parts of your letter, to enumerate and comment on all the acts of our different legislatures, passed during the whole course of it, in order to deduce from thence imputations, which your justice would have suppressed, had the whole truth been presented to your view, instead of particular traits, detached from the Ground on which they stood. However easy it would be to justify our country, by bringing into view the whole ground, on both sides, to shew that legislative warfare began with the British parliament, that, when they levelled at persons or property, it was against entire Towns or Countries, without discrimination of cause or conduct, while we touched individuals only, naming them, man by man, after due consideration of each case, and careful attention not to confound the innocent with the guilty; however advantageously we\n   Proceedings prior to treaty\n might compare the distant and tranquil situation of their legislature with the Scenes, in the midst of which, ours were obliged to legislate, and might then ask Whether the difference of circumstance and situation would not have justified a contrary difference of conduct, and Whether the wonder ought to be that our legislatures had done so much, or so little\u2014we will wave all this; because it would lead to recollections, \n as unprofitable as unconciliating. The titles of some of your \n acts, and a single clause of one of them only shall be thrown among the Documents at the end of this letter; [No: 1. 2.] and with this we will drop for ever the curtain on this Tragedy!\n          \u00a7. 2. We now come together to consider that Instrument which was to heal our wounds, and begin a new chapter in our history. The state in which that found things is to be considered as rightful so says the law of Nations. \u2018L\u2019etat o\u00f9 les choses se trouvent au moment du Trait\u00e9 doit passer pour legitime; et si l\u2019on veut y apporter du changement il faut que le trait\u00e9 en fasse une mention expresse. Par consequent toutes les choses dont le Trait\u00e9 ne dit rien, doivent demeurer dans l\u2019etat o\u00f9 elles se trouvent lors de sa conclusion. Vattel. L. 4. \u00a7. 21. \u2018De quibus nihil dictum, ea manerit quo sunt loco,\u2019 Wolf. 1222. No alterations then are to be claimed on either side, but those which the Treaty has provided. The moment too to which it refers, as a rule of conduct for this country at large, was the moment of it\u2019s notification to the Country at large. Vattel. L. 4. \u00a7. 24. \u2018Le Trait\u00e9 de paix oblige les parties contractantes du moment qu\u2019il est conclu aussit\u00f4t qu\u2019il re\u00e7u toute sa forme; et elles doivent procurer incessamment l\u2019execution\u2014mais ce trait\u00e9 n\u2019oblige les sujets, que du moment qu\u2019il leur est notifi\u00e9. and \u00a7. 25. \u2018le trait\u00e9 devient par la publication, une Loi pour les Sujets, et ils sont oblig\u00e9s de se conformer desormais aux dispositions dont on y est convenu.\u2019 And another author as pointedly says \u2018Pactio pacis  paciscentes statim obligat quamprimum perfectum. Cum ex pacto veniat obligatio. Subditos vero et milites, quamprimum iisdem fuerit publicata; cum de e\u00e2, ante publicationem ipsis certo constare non possit.\u2019 Wolf. \u00a7. 1229. It was stipulated indeed by the IXth. article that \u2018if before it\u2019s arrival in America\u2019 any place or territory belonging to either party should be conquered by the arms of the other, it should be restored. This was the only case in which transactions intervening between the signature and publication were to be nullified.\n          Congress on the 24th. of March 1783 received informal intelligence from the Marquis de la Fayette, that Provisional Articles were concluded; and on the same day they received a copy of the Articles in a letter\n   Document No. 3.\n of March 19th. from General Carleton and Admiral Digby. They immediately gave orders for recalling all armed Vessels, and communicated the \n   Documt. No:4.5.\n orders to those officers, who answered on the 26th. and 27th. that they were not authorized to concur in the recall of armed Vessels on \n   Journ. Congr.\n their part. On the 11th. of April, Congress receive an official copy of these Articles from Doctor Franklin, with notice that a Preliminary treaty was now signed between France, Spain, and England. The event having now taken place on which the Provisional Articles were to come into effect, on the usual footing of Preliminaries, Congress immediately proclaim them, and on the 19th. of April a Cessation of hostilities is published by the Commander in Chief.\u2014These particulars place all acts preceding the 11th. of April out of the present discussion, and confine it to the Treaty itself, and the circumstances attending it\u2019s execution. I have therefore taken the liberty of extracting from your list of American Acts all those preceding that epoch, and of throwing them \n together in the paper No. 6. as things out of question. The subsequent Acts shall be distributed according to their several Subjects of I. Exile and Confiscation. II. Debts. and III. Interest on those Debts; \n   I. Exile and Confiscation.\n Beginning 1st. with those of Exile and Confiscation, which will be considered together, because blended together, in most of the acts, and blended also in the same Article of the Treaty.\n   Rightful acts of war.\n cannot be denied that the state of war strictly permits a nation to seize the property of it\u2019s enemies found within it\u2019s own limits, or taken in war, and in whatever form it exists, whether in action or possession. This is so perspicuously laid down by one of the most respectable writers on subjects of this kind, that I shall use his words. \u2018Cum ea sit belli conditio, ut hostes sint omini jure spoliati, rationis est, quascunque res hostium, apud hostes inventas, dominum mutare, et fisco cedere. Solet praeterea in singulis fere belli indictionibus constitui, ut bona hostium, tam apud nos reperta, quam capta bello, publicentur.\u2014Si merum jus belli sequamur, etiam immobilia  possent vendi, et eorum pretium in fiscum redigi, ut in mobilibus obtinet. Sed in omni fere Europ\u00e2 sola fit annotatio, ut eorum fructus, durante bello, percipiat fiscus, finito autem bello, ipsa immobilia ex pactis restituuntur pristinis dominis.\u2019 Bynkersh. Quest. Jur. Pub. L. 1.c.7. Every nation, indeed would wish to pursue the latter practice, if under circumstances leaving them their usual resources. But the circumstances of our war were without example; excluded from all commerce even with Neutral Nations, without arms, money, or the means of getting them abroad, we were obliged to avail ourselves of such resources as we found at home. Great Britain too, did not consider it as an ordinary war, but a rebellion; she did not conduct it according the rules of war established by the law of nations but according to her acts of Parliament, made from time to time to suit circumstances. She would not admit our title even to the strict rights of ordinary war: she cannot then claim from us it\u2019s liberalities.\u2014Yet the confiscations of property were by no means universal; and that of debts still less so. What effect was to be produced on them by the Treaty, will be seen by the words of the Vth. Article which are as follows.\n          \u00a7. 4. \u2018Article Vth. It is agreed that the Congress shall earnestly recommend it to the legislatures of the respective States, to provide for the restitution of all estates, rights and properties, which have been confiscated, belonging to real British subjects, and also of the estates, rights, and properties of persons resident in districts in the possession of his Majesty\u2019s arms, and who have not borne arms against the said United States, and that persons of any other description shall have free liberty to go to any part or parts of any of the thirteeen United States and therein to remain twelve Months, unmolested in their endeavors to obtain the restitution of such of their estates, rights and properties, as may have been confiscated: and that Congress shall also earnestly recommend to the several states a reconsideration and revision of all acts or laws regarding the premises, so as to render the said laws or acts perfectly consistent, not only with justice and equity, but with that spirit of conciliation, which on the return of the blessings of Peace should universally prevail. And that Congress shall also earnestly recommend to the several States, that the estates, rights, and properties of such last mentioned persons, shall be restored to them, they refunding to any persons who may be now in possession, the bon\u00e2 fide price (where any has been given) which such persons may have paid on purchasing any of the said lands, rights, or properties, since the confiscation. And it is agreed, that all persons, who have any interest in confiscated lands, either by Debts, Marriage Settlements,  or otherwise, shall meet with no lawful impediment in the prosecution of their just rights.\n          \u2018Article VIth. That there shall be no future confiscations made.\u2019\n   Recommendatory by Express words.\n that in every other article the parties agree expressly that such and such things shall be done. In this they only agree to recommend that they shall be done. You are pleased to say (pa. 7.) \u2018It cannot be presumed that the Commissioners who negotiated the Treaty of Peace would engage in behalf of Congress to make recommendations to the legislatures of the respective States, which they did not expect to be effectual, or enter into direct Stipulations which they had not the power to enforce.\u2019 On the contrary we may fairly presume that if they had had the power to enforce, they would not merely have recommended. When in every other article they agree expressly to do, why in this do they change the Stile suddenly and agree only to recommend? because the things here proposed to be done were retrospective in their nature, would tear up the laws of the several States, and the contracts and transactions private and public which had taken place under them; and retrospective laws were forbidden by the Constitutions of several of the States. Between persons whose native language is that of this Treaty it is unnecessary to explain the difference between enacting a thing to be done, and recommending it to be done; the words themselves being as well understood as any by which they could be explained. But it may not be unnecessary to observe that recommendations to the people, instead of laws, had been introduced among us, and were rendered familiar in the interval between discontinuing the old, and establishing the new governments. The conventions and committees who then assembled to guide the conduct of the people, having no Authority to oblige them by law, took up the practice of simply recommending measures to them. These recommendations they either complied with, or not, at their pleasure. If they refused, there was complaint, but no compulsion. So after organizing the governments, if at any time it became expedient that a thing should be done, which Congress, or any other of the organized Bodies, were not authorized to ordain, they simply recommended, and left to the people, or their legislatures, to comply or not, as they pleased. It was impossible that the negotiators on either side should have been ignorant of the difference between agreeing to do a thing, and agreeing only to recommend it to be done. The import of the terms is so different, that no deception or surprise could be supposed, even if there were no evidence that the difference was attended to, explained and understood.\n   Sense of Negotiators.\n the evidence on this occasion removes all question. It is well known that the British court had it extremely at heart to procure a restitution of the estates of the refugees, who had gone over to their side: that they proposed it in the first conferences, and insisted on it to the last: that our Commissioners, on the other hand, refused it from first to last, urging 1st: That it was unreasonable to restore the confiscated property of the refugees, unless they would reimburse the destruction of the property of our Citizens, committed on their part; and 2dly. That it was beyond the powers of the Commissioners to stipulate, or of Congress to enforce. On this point the Treaty hung long. It was the subject of a special mission of a confidential Agent of the British Negotiator from Paris to London. It was still insisted on, on his return, and still protested against by our Commissioners: and when they were urged to agree only that Congress should recommend to the State legislatures to restore the estates &c. of the refugees, they were expressly told that the legislatures would not regard the recommendation.\n In proof of this, I subjoin extracts from the letters and journals of Mr. Adams and Doctor Franklin, two of our Commissioners, the originals of which are among the records of the Department of State, and shall be open to you for a verification of the copies. These prove beyond all question that the difference between an express agreement to do a thing, and to recommend it to be done, was well understood by both parties, and that the British negotiators were put on their guard by those on our part, not only that the legislatures would be free to refuse, but that they probably would refuse. And it is evident from all circumstances that Mr. Oswald accepted the recommendation merely to have something to oppose to the clamours of the refugees, to keep alive a hope in them that they might yet get their property from the State legislatures; and that if they should fail in this, they would have ground to demand indemnification from their own government: and he might think it a circumstance of present relief, at least, that the question of indemnification by them should be kept out of sight till time and events should open it upon the Nation insensibly.\n          \u00a7. 7. The same was perfectly understood by the British Ministry, and\n   Sense of Ministers\n by the members of both houses of Parliament, as well those who advocated, as those who opposed the Treaty: the latter of whom, being out of the Secrets of the Negotiation, must have formed their Judgments on the mere import of the terms. That all parties concurred in this exposition will appear by the following extracts from the Parliamentary register, a work, which without pretending to give what is spoken with verbal accuracy, may yet be relied on, we presume, for the general reasoning and opinions of the Speakers.  House\n   Sense of Parliament.\n of Commons.\n          The Preliminary Articles under consideration. 1783. Feb. 17. Mr. Thomas Pitt. \u2018That the interest of the sincere loyalists were as dear to him as to any man, but that he could never think it would have been promoted by carrying on that unfortunate war which parliament had in fact suspended before the beginning of the Treaty; that it was impossible, after the part Congress was pleased to take in it, to conceive that their recommendation would not have it\u2019s proper influence on the different legislatures; that he did not himself see what more could have been done on their behalf, except by renewing the war for their sakes, and increasing ours and their calamities.\u2019 9. Debrett\u2019s Parl. Register 233.\n          Mr. Wilberforce. \u2018When he considered the case of the loyalists he confessed he felt himself there conquered; there he saw his country humiliated; he saw her at the feet of America! Still he was induced to believe, that Congress would religiously comply with the Article, and that the loyalists would obtain redress from America. Should they not, this country was bound to afford it them. They must be compensated; Ministers, he was persuaded, meant to keep the faith of the Nation with them, and he verily believed, had obtained the best terms they possibly could for them.\u2019 ib. 236.\n          Mr. Secretary Townshend. \u2018He was ready to admit that many of the Loyalists had the strongest claims upon this Country; and he trusted, should the recommendation of Congress to the american States prove unsuccessful, which he flattered himself would not be the case, this country would feel itself bound in honor to make them full compensation for their losses.\u2019 ib. 262.\n          Lord Shelburne. \u2018A part must be wounded, that the whole of the Empire may not perish. If better terms could be had, think you, my Lords, that I would not have embraced them? You all know my creed. You all know my steadiness. If it were possible to put aside the bitter cup the Adversities of this Country presented to me, you know I would have done it: but you called for peace.\u2014I had but the alternative, either to accept the terms, said Congress, of our recommendation to the States, in favor of the Colonists, or continue the war. It is in our power to do no more than recommend. Is there any man who hears me, who will clap his hand on his heart, and step forward and say, I ought to have broken off the Treaty? If there be, I am sure he neither knows the State of the country, nor yet has he paid any attention to the wishes of it.\u2014But say the worst: and that, after all, this estimable set of men are not received and cherished in the bosom of their own country.  Is England so lost to gratitude, and all the feelings of humanity, as not to afford them an Asylum? Who can be so base as to think she will refuse it to them? Surely it cannot be that noble minded man who would plunge his country again kneedeep in blood, and saddle it with an expense of twenty millions for the purpose of restoring them. Without one drop of blood spilt, and without one fifth of the expense of one year\u2019s campaign, happiness and ease can be given the loyalists in as ample a manner as these blessings were ever in their enjoyment: therefore let the outcry cease on this head.\u2019 ib. 70.71.\n          Lord Hawke. \u2018In America, said he, Congress had engaged to recommend their [the Loyalists] cause to the legislatures of the country: what other term could they adopt? He had searched the journals of Congress on this subject: what other term did they, or do they ever adopt in their requisitions to the different Provinces? It is an undertaking on the part of Congress: that body, like the King here, is the Executive power in america. Can the Crown undertake for the two Houses of Parliament? It can only recommend. He flattered himself that recommendation would be attended with success: but, said he, state the case, that it will not, the liberality of Great Britain is still open to them. Ministers had pledged themselves to indemnify them, not only in the address now moved for, but even in the last address, and in the Speech from the Throne.\u2019\n          Lord Walsingham. \u2018We had only the recommendation of Congress to trust to; and how often had their recommendations been fruitless? There were many cases in point in which provincial assemblies had peremptorily refused the recommendations of Congress. It was but the other day the States refused money on the recommendations of Congress. Rhode Island unanimously refused when the Congress desired to be authorized to lay a duty of 5 \u214c Cent; because the funds had failed. Many other circumstances might be produced of the failure of the recommendations of Congress, and therefore, we ought not, in negotiating for the Loyalists, to have trusted to the recommendations of Congress. Nothing but the repeal of the acts existing against them ought to have sufficed, as nothing else could give effect to the treaty. Repeal was not mentioned. They had only stipulated to revise and reconsider them.\u2019 11. Debrett\u2019s Parl. reg. 44.\n          Lord Sackville. \u2018The King\u2019s ministers had weakly imagined that the recommendation of Congress was a sufficient security for these unhappy men. For his own part, so far from believing that this would be sufficient, or any thing like sufficient for their protection, he was of a direct contrary opinion: and if they entertained any notions of this sort, he would put an end to their idle hopes at once, by reading from  a paper in his pocket, a resolution, which the assembly of Virginia had come to, so late as on the 17th. of December last\u2014the resolution was as follows. \u2018That all demands or requests of the British court for the restitution of property confiscated by this State, being neither supported by law, equity or policy, are wholly inadmissible: and that our Delegates in Congress be instructed to move Congress, that they may direct their Deputies, who shall represent these States in the general Congress for adjusting a peace or truce, neither to agree to any such restitution, or submit that the laws made by any independent State in this Union be subjected to the adjudication of any power or powers on earth.\u201d ib. pa. 62. 63.\n          Some of the Speakers seem to have had not very accurate ideas of our Government. All of them however, have perfectly understood that a recommendation was a matter, not of obligation or coercion, but of persuasion and influence merely. They appear to have entertained greater or less degrees of hope or doubt as to it\u2019s effect on the legislatures, and though willing to see the result of this chance, yet if it failed, they were prepared to take the work of indemnification on themselves.\n   Compliance by Congress.\n agreement then being only that Congress should recommend to the State legislatures a restitution of estates and liberty to remain a twelve-month for the purpose of soliciting the restitution and to recommend a revision of all acts regarding the Premises, Congress did immediately, on the receipt of the Definitive Articles, to wit, on the 14th. of January 1784 come to the following Resolution, vizt. \u2018Resolved, unanimously, nine States being present, That it be, and it is hereby earnestly recommended to the legislatures of the respective States to provide for the restitution of all estates, rights, and properties which have been confiscated, belonging to real British Subjects; and also of the estates, rights, and properties of persons resident in districts, which were in the possession of his Britannic Majesty\u2019s arms, at any time between the 30th. day of Nov. 1782, and the 14th. day of January 1784, and who have not borne arms against the said United States; and that persons of any other description shall have free liberty to go to any part or parts of any of the thirteen United States, and therein to remain twelve months unmolested in their endeavours to obtain the restitution of such of their estates, rights, and properties as may have been confiscated: And it is also hereby earnestly recommended to the several States to reconsider and revise all their acts or laws regarding the premises, so as to render the said laws or acts perfectly consistent not only with justice and equity, but with that spirit of conciliation, which, on the return of the Blessings of peace should universally prevail: And it is hereby also earnestly recommended to  the several States, that the estates, rights, and properties of such last mentioned persons should be restored to them, they refunding to any persons who may be now in possession the bon\u00e2 fide price (where any has been given) which such persons may have paid on purchasing any of the said lands, rights or properties since the confiscation.\n          Ordered, that a copy of the proclamation of this date, together with the recommendation, be transmitted to the several States by the Secretary.\n          \u00a7. 9. The British Negotiators had been told by ours that all the States would refuse to comply with this recommendation. One only however, refused altogether. The others complied in a greater or less degree, according to the circumstances and dispositions in which the events of the war had left them. But had all of them refused, it would have been no violation of the Vth. Article, but an exercise of that freedom of will, which was reserved to them, and so understood by all parties.\n   acts of States.\n following are the acts of your catalogue which belong to this head, with such short observations as are necessary to explain them; Beginning at that end of the Union, where the war having raged most, we shall meet with the most repugnance to favor.\n An act releasing certain persons from their bargains. A law had been passed during the war, to wit, in 1782 [A.30.] confiscating the estates of persons therein named, and directing them to be sold. They were sold; but some misunderstanding happened to prevail among the purchasers, as to the mode of payment. This act of 1783, therefore, permits such persons to relinquish their bargains, and authorizes a new sale\u2014the lands remaining confiscated under the law made previous to the Peace.\n An act to authorize the Auditor to liquidate the demands of such persons as have claims against the confiscated Estates. In the same law of confiscations made during the war, it had been provided that the estates confiscated should be subject to pay the debts of their former owner. This law of 1785 gave authority to the Auditor to settle with and pay the creditors, and to sell the remaining part of the estate confiscated as before.\n An act to compel the settlement of public accounts, for inflicting penalties, and vesting the Auditor with certain powers. This law also is founded on the same confiscation law of 1782 requiring the Auditor to press the settlement with the creditors, &c.\n An act for ascertaining the rights of Aliens, and pointing out the mode for the admission of citizens. It first describes what  persons shall be free to become citizens, and then declares none shall be capable of that character who had been named in any confiscation law, or banished, or had borne arms against them. This act does not prohibit either the refugees, or real British Subjects from coming into the State to pursue their lawful affairs. It only excludes the former from the right of citizenship; and, it is to be observed, that this recommendatory Article does not say a word about giving them a right to become citizens. If the conduct of Georgia should appear to have been peculiarly uncomplying, it must be remembered that, that state had peculiarly suffered; that the British army had entirely overrun it; had held possession of it for some years; and that all the inhabitants had been obliged either to abandon their estates and fly their country, or to remain in it under a military government.\n          \u00a7. 11. South Carolina.\n An act to vest 180 acres of land late the property of James Holmes in certain persons in trust for the benefit of a public school. These lands had been confiscated and sold during the war. The present law prescribes certain proceedings as to the purchasers, and provides for paying the debts of the former proprietors.\n An act to amend the confiscation act, and for other purposes therein mentioned. This relates only to estates which had been confiscated before the peace. It makes some provision towards a final settlement, and relieves a number of persons from the amercements which had been imposed on them during the war for the part they had taken.\n An act restoring to certain persons their estates, and permitting the said persons to return, and for other purposes. This act recites that certain estates had been confiscated, and the owners 124 in number banished by former laws; that Congress had earnestly recommended in the terms of the treaty\u2014it therefore distributes them into three lists or classes, restoring to all of them the lands themselves where they remained unsold, and the price, where sold: requiring from those in lists No. 1. and 3. to pay 12 \u214c Cent on the value of what was restored, and No. 2. nothing; and it permits all of them to return, only disqualifying those of No. 1. and 3. who had borne military commissions against them, from holding any office for seven years.\n          Governor Moultrie\u2019s\n letter of June 21. 1786 informs us that most of the confiscations had been restored; that the value of those not restored, was far less than that of the property of their citizens carried off by the British; and that fifteen instead of twelve Months had been allowed to the persons for whom permission was recommended to come and solicit restitution.\n          \u00a7. 12. North Carolina.\n An Act directing the sale of confiscated property.\n An Act to secure and quiet in their possessions the purchasers of Lands, Goods, &c. sold or to be sold by the Commissioners of forfeited estates. These two acts relate expressly to property \u2018heretofore confiscated,\u2019 and secure purchasers under those former confiscations.\n case of Bayard v. Singleton adjudged in a court of Judicature in North \n Carolina. Bayard was a purchaser of part of an estate confiscated during the war, and the Court adjudged his title valid; and it is difficult to conceive on what principle that adjudication can be complained of as an infraction of the Treaty.\n An act was passed to restore a confiscated estate to the former proprietor, Edward Bridgen.\n An Act to describe and ascertain such persons as owed allegiance to the State, and impose certain disqualifications on certain persons therein named.\n An act to amend the preceding act.\n An act of pardon and oblivion. The two first of these acts exercised the right of the State to describe who should be it\u2019s citizens, and who should be disqualified from holding offices. The last intitled an act of pardon and oblivion, I have not been able to see; but so far as it pardons, it is a compliance with the recommendation of Congress under the treaty, and so far as it excepts persons out of the pardon, it is a refusal to comply with the recommendation, which it had a right to do. It does not appear that there has been any obstruction to the return of those persons who had claims to prosecute.\n          The catalogue under examination presents no act of this State subsequent to the treaty of Peace on the subject of confiscations. By one of Oct. 18. 1784,\n   Doct. No.13.\n they declared there should be no future confiscations. But they did not chuse to comply with the recommendation of Congress, as to the restoration of property which had been already confiscated: with respect to persons, the first assembly which met after the peace, passed\u2014\n The act prohibiting the migration of certain persons to this Commonwealth, and for other purposes therein mentioned, which was afterwards amended by\n An act to explain and amend the preceding.\n          These acts, after declaring who shall not have a right to migrate to, or become citizens of the State, have each an express proviso that nothing contained in them shall be so construed as to contravene the treaty of peace with Great Britain, and a great number of the refugees  having come into the state under the protection of the first law, and it being understood that a party was forming in the State to ill treat them,\n   Doct. No.14.\n the Governor, July 26. 1784 published the Proclamation No. 14. enjoining all Magistrates, and other civil officers to protect them, and secure to them the rights derived from the treaty and acts of assembly aforesaid, and to bring to punishment all who should offend herein, in consequence of which those persons remained quietly in the state, and many of them have remained to this day.\n An act to vest certain powers in the Governor and Council. Sec. 3.\n An act to empower the Governor and Council to compound with [] the discoverers of British property, and for other purposes. These acts relate purely to property which had been confiscated during the war, and the State not chusing to restore it as recommended by Congress, passed them for bringing to a conclusion the settlement of all transactions relative to the confiscated property.\n          I do not find any law of this state which could prohibit the free return of their refugees, or the reception of the Subjects of Great Britain, or of any other country. And I find that they passed inNov.\n An act to repeal that part of the act for the security of their government which disqualified non jurors from holding offices and voting at elections.\n case of Harrison\u2019s representatives in the Court of chancery of Maryland is in the list of infractions. These representatives being British subjects, and the laws of this country, like those of England, not permitting aliens to hold lands, the question was whether british subjects were aliens. They decided that they were; consequently that they could not take lands, and consequently also, that the lands in this case escheated to the State. Whereupon the legislature immediately interposed and passed a special act allowing the benefits of the succession \n   see Doct. No:49.\n to the representatives. But had they not relieved them, the case would not have come under the treaty, for there is no stipulation in that doing away the laws of alienage and enabling the members of each nation to inherit or hold lands in the other.\n          This state in the year 1778 passed an act of confiscation against 46 citizens by name, who had joined in arms against them, unless they should come in by a given day and stand their trial. The estates of those who did not, were sold and the whole business soon closed. They never passed any other act on the subject, either before or after the peace. There was no restitution, because there was nothing to  restore\u2014their debts having more than exhausted the proceeds of the sales\n   Doct. No.15.\n of their property as appears by Mr. Reed\u2019s letter, and that all persons were permitted to return, and such as chose it have remained there in quiet to this day.\n          \u00a7. 16. Pennsylvania.\n          The catalogue furnishes no transaction of this State, subsequent to the arrival of the treaty of Peace, on the subject of confiscation, except Aug.\n An order of the Executive council to sell part of Harry Gordon\u2019s real estate, under the act of Jany. 31. 1783. This person had been summoned by Proclamation, by the name of Henry Gordon, to appear before the 1st. day of November 1781, and, failing, his estate was seized by the Commissioners of forfeitures, and most of it sold. The act 1783 January 31, cured the misnomer, and directed what remained of his estate to be sold. The confiscation being complete, it was for them to say whether they would restore it in compliance with the recommendation \n of Congress. They did not, and the Executive completed the sale as they were bound to do. All persons were permitted to return to this State, and you see many of them living here to this day in quiet and esteem.\n          The only act alledged against this State as to the recommendatory article, isDec. 23.\n An act to appropriate a certain forfeited estate. This was the estate of John Zabriski, which had been forfeited during the war, and the act gives it to Major General Baron Steuben in reward for his Services. The confiscation being complete, the legislature were free to do this.\n          Governor\n   Doct. No.41.\n Livingston\u2019s letter, is an additional testimony of the moderation of this state, after the Proclamation of Peace, and from that we have a right to conclude that no persons were prevented from returning and remaining indefinitely.\n          This State had been among the first invaded, the greatest part of it had been possessed by the enemy through the war; it was the last evacuated; it\u2019s inhabitants had in great numbers been driven off their farms, their property wasted, and themselves living in exile and penury, and reduced from affluence to want, it is not to be wondered at if their sensations were among the most lively\u2014accordingly they in the very first moment, gave a flat refusal to the recommendation, as to the\n   Doct. No.17.\n restoration of property, see Document No. 17. containing their reasons. \n They passed, however May 12. The act to preserve the freedom and independence of this State, and for other purposes therein  mentioned, in which, after disqualifying refugees from offices, they permit them to come and remain as long as may be absolutely necessary to defend their estates.\n          A single act only on the same subject is alledged against this State after the treaty of Peace. This wasAn\n act directing certain confiscated estates to be sold. The title shews they \n were old confiscations, not new ones, and Governor Huntington\u2019s letter, informs us that all confiscations and prosecutions were stopped on the peace, that some restorations of property took place, and all persons were free to return.\n          The titles of 4 Acts of this State are cited in your appendix, to wit\u2014May 27.\n An act to send out of the State N. Spink and J. Underwood who had formerly joined the enemy, and were returned to Rhode Island.\n An act to send William Young theretofore banished out of the State and forbidden to return at his peril.\n An act allowing William Brenton late an absentee, to visi his family for one week, then sent away not to return.\n An act to banish S. Knowles (whose estate had been forfeited) on pain of death if he return. Mr. Channing, the attorney of the United States \n for that District, says in his letter, \u2018he had sent me all the acts of that legislature that affect either the debts or the persons of British subjects, or american refugees.\u2019 The acts above cited are not among them. In the answer of April 6. which you were pleased to give to mine of March 30. desiring copies of these, among other papers, you say the book is no longer in your possession. These circumstances, will I hope excuse my not answering or admitting these acts, and justify my proceeding to observe that nothing is produced against this State on this subject after the treaty; and the District Attorney\u2019s letter, before cited informs us that their courts considered the treaty as paramount the laws of the State, and decided accordingly, both as to persons and property, and that the estates of all British subjects seized by the State had \n been restored, and the rents and profits accounted for. Governor Collins\u2019s letter No. 20. is a further evidence of the compliance of this State.\n          \u00a7. 21. Massachusetts.\n This State passed, an act for repealing two laws of this State, and for asserting the right of this free and sovereign Commonwealth to expel such aliens as may be dangerous to the Peace and good order of Government, the effect of which was to reject the recommendation  of Congress as to the return of persons, but to restore to them such of their lands as were not confiscated, unless they were pledged for debt and by\n An act in addition to an act for repealing two laws of this State, they allowed them to redeem their lands pledged for debt, by paying the debt.\n          Against New Hampshire nothing is alledged; that State, having not been invaded at all, was not induced to exercise any acts of rigor against the subjects or adherents of their enemies.\n          The acts then, which have been complained of as violations of the Vth: Article, were such as the States were free to pass notwithstanding the recommendation, such as it was well understood they would be free to pass without any imputation of infraction and may, therefore, be put entirely out of question.\n   future confiscations\n And we may further observe with respect to the same acts that they have been considered as infractions not only of the Vth. Article, which recommended the restoration of the confiscations which had taken place during the war, but also of that part of the VIth. Article which forbade future confiscations, but not one of them touched an estate which had not been before confiscated; for you will observe *that\n an act of the legislature confiscating lands, stands in place of an Office found in ordinary cases: and that on the passage of the act, as on the finding of the office, the State stands ipso facto possessed of the lands, without a formal entry. The confiscation then is complete by the passage of the act. Both the title and possession being devested out of the former proprietor, and vested in the state, no subsequent proceedings relative to the lands, are acts of confiscation, but are mere exercises of ownership, whether by levying profits, conveying for a time by lease, or in perpetuo, by an absolute deed. I believe, therefore, it may be said with truth that there was not a single confiscation made in any one of the United States, after Notification of the treaty: and consequently it will not be necessary to notice again this part of the VIth. Article.\n   citizenship of Refugees.\n Before quitting the Recommendatory article, two passages in the letter are to be noted, which, applying to all the States in general could not have been properly answered under any one of them in particular. In page 16. is the following passage. \u2018The express provision in the Treaty for the restitution of the estates and properties of persons of both these descriptions [British subjects, and Americans who had staid within the British lines, but had not borne arms] certainly comprehended a virtual acquiescence in their right to reside where  their property was situated, and to be restored to the privileges of citizenship.\u2019 Here seems to be a double Error; first in supposing an express provision whereas the words of the article, and the collateral testimony adduced, have shewn that the provision was neither express, nor meant to be so. And secondly, in inferring from a restitution of the estate, a virtual acquiescence in the right of the party to reside where the estate is. Nothing is more frequent than for a sovereign to banish the person and leave him possessed of his estate. The inference in the present case too is contradicted as to the refugees by the recommendation to permit their residence twelve months; and as to British subjects, by the silence of the Article, and the improbability that the British Plenipotentiary meant to stipulate a right for British subjects to emigrate and become members of another community.\n   Indemnifications by Gr. Britain\n Again, in pa. 34, it is said \u2018The nation of Great Britain has been involved in the payment to them of no less a Sum than four millions sterling, as a partial compensation for the losses they had sustained.\u2019 It has been before proved that Mr. Oswald understood perfectly that no indemnification was claimable from us; that, on the contrary, we had a counterclaim of indemnification to much larger amount: it has been supposed, and not without grounds, that the glimmering of hope provided by the recommendatory article, was to quiet for the present the Clamours of the sufferers, and to keep their weight out of the Scale of opposition to the peace, trusting to time and events for an oblivion of these claims, or a gradual ripening of the public mind to meet and satisfy them at a moment of less embarrassment: the latter is the turn which the thing took. The claimants continued their importunities, and the government determined at length to indemnify them for their losses; and, open-handedly as they went to work, it cost them less than to have settled with us the just account of mutual indemnification, urged by our Commissioners. It may be well doubted whether there were not single states of our Union to which the four Millions you have paid, would have been no indemnification for the losses of property sustained contrary even to the laws of war: and what sum would have indemnified the whole thirteen, and consequently, to what sum our whole losses of this description have amounted, would be difficult to say. However, though in no wise interested in the sums you thought proper to give to the refugees, we could not be inattentive to the measure in which they were dealt out. Those who were on the spot, and who knew intimately the state of affairs with the individuals of this description, who knew that their debts often exceeded their possessions, insomuch that the most faithful administration made them pay but a few Shillings in the pound, heard  with wonder of the sums given, and could not but conclude that those largesses were meant for something more than loss of property; that services and other circumstances must have had great influence. The sum paid is, therefore, no imputation on us. We have borne our own losses. We have even lessened yours by numerous restitutions, where circumstances admitted them: and we have much the worst of the Bargain, by the alternative you chose to accept, of indemnifying your own sufferers, rather than ours.\n   Debts\n The article of DEBTS is next in order: but, to place on their true \n   British Proceedings.\n grounds, our proceedings relative to them, it will be necessary to take a view of the British proceedings which are the subject of complaint in my letter of December 15.\n   Negroes.\n the VIIth. article it was stipulated that his Britannic Majesty should withdraw his armies, garrisons, and fleets without carrying away any Negroes or other property of the american Inhabitants. This stipulation was known to the British commanding Officers before the 19th. of March 1783, as provisionally agreed, and on the 5th. of April, they received official Notice from their Court of the conclusion and ratification of the preliminary Articles between France, Spain, and Great Britain, which gave activity to ours, as appears by the letter of \n Sir Guy Carleton to General Washington, dated April 6. 1783 [Document No. 21]. From this time then, surely no Negroes could be carried away without a violation of the Treaty. Yet we find that so early as the 6th. of May, a large number of them had already been embarked for Nova Scotia, of which, as contrary to an express stipulation in the Treaty, General Washington declared to him his sense and his surprise. In the letter of Sir Guy Carleton of May 12th. (annexed to mine to you of the 15th. of December) he admits the fact, palliates it by saying he had no right \u2018to deprive the Negroes of that liberty he found them possessed of, that it was unfriendly to suppose that the King\u2019s minister could stipulate to be guilty of a notorious breach of the public faith towards the Negroes, and that if it was his intention, it must be adjusted by compensation, restoration being utterly impracticable, where inseparable from a breach of public faith.\u2019 But surely, Sir, an officer of the King is not to question the validity of the King\u2019s engagements, nor violate his solemn Treaties, on his own scruples about the public faith. Under this pretext, however, General Carleton went on in daily infractions, embarking from time to time, between his notice of the Treaty the 5th. of April, and the evacuation of New York Nov. 25th. 3,000 Negroes, of whom our Commissioners had inspection, and a very large number more in public and private vessels, of whom they were not permitted to have inspection. Here  then was a direct, unequivocal, and avowed violation of this part of the VIIth. Article, in the first Moments of it\u2019s being known; an Article which had been of extreme solicitude on our part; on the fulfilment of which depended the means of paying debts, in proportion to the Number of labourers withdrawn: and when in the very act of violation we warn, and put the commanding Officer on his guard, he says directly he will go through with the Act, and leave it to his Court to adjust it by Compensation.\n          \u00a7. 27. By the same Article, his Britannic Majesty stipulates that he\n   Posts.\n will, with all convenient speed, withdraw his Garrisons from every post within the United States. \u2018When no precise term, says a writer on the law of nations [Vattel L. 4. c. 26.] has been marked for the accomplishment of a Treaty, and for the execution of each of it\u2019s articles, good sense determines that every point should be executed as soon as possible: this is without doubt what was understood.\u2019 The term in the Treaty, with all convenient speed, amounts to the same thing, and clearly excludes all unnecessary delay. The general pacification being signed on the 20th. of January, some time would be requisite for the Orders for evacuation to come over to America, for the removal of Stores, property and persons; and, finally, for the act of evacuation. The larger the post, the longer the time necessary to remove all it\u2019s contents; the smaller the sooner done. Hence, though General Carleton received his orders to evacuate New York in the Month of April, the evacuation was not completed till late in November. It had been the principal place of arms and Stores; the Seat, as it were, of their general Government, and the asylum of those who had fled to them. A great quantity of shipping was necessary, therefore, for the removal, and the General was obliged to call for a part from foreign countries. These causes of delay were duly respected on our part. But the Posts of Michillimackinac,\n   instead of this, Fort Erie was by error inserted in my letter of Dec. 15.\n Detroit, Niagara, Oswego, Oswegatchie, Point au fer, Dutchman\u2019s point, were not of this magnitude. The orders for evacuation, which reached General Carleton in New York, early in April, might have gone, in one month more, to the most remote of these posts: some of them might have been evacuated in a few days after, and the largest in a few weeks. Certainly they might all have been delivered, without any inconvenient speed in the operations, by the end of May, from the known facility furnished by the Lakes, and the water connecting them; or by crossing immediately over into their own Territory, and availing themselves of the Season for making new establishments there, if that was intended: or whatever time might, in event, have been necessary for their evacuation, certainly the order for it should have been given from England, and might have been given  as early as that from New York. Was any order ever given? Would not an unnecessary delay of the order, producing an equal delay in the evacuation, be an infraction of the Treaty?\u2014Let us investigate this matter.\n          On the 3rd. of August 1783, Major General Baron Steuben, by orders from General Washington, having repaired to Canada for this purpose,\n wrote the letter No. 22. to General Haldimand, Governor of the Province, \n and received from him the Answer of Aug. 13. No. 23. wherein he says \u2018The orders I have received, direct a discontinuance of every hostile measure only\u2019 &c. and in his conference with Baron Steuben, he says expressly \u2018that he had not received any orders for making the least arrangement for the evacuation of a single post.\u2019 The orders then which might have been with him by the last of April, were unknown, \n if they existed, the middle of August. See Baron Steuben\u2019s letter No. 24.\n          Again, on the 19th. of March 1784, Governor Clinton of New York, within the limits of which State some of these posts are, writes to General\n Haldimand the letter No. 25. and that General answering him May 10th. from Quebec, says \u2018Not having had the honor to receive orders and instructions relative to withdrawing the Garrisons,\u2019 &c. fourteen months were now elapsed, and the orders not yet received, which might have been received in four.\n          Again on the 12th. of July, Colonel Hull, by order from General Knox,\n the Secretary at war, writes to General Haldimand the letter No. 27.\n and General Haldimand gives the answer of the 13th. No. 28. wherein he says \u2018Though I am now informed by his Majesty\u2019s Ministers of the ratification, &c. I remain, &c. not having received any orders to evacuate the Posts which are without the limits,\u2019 &c. and this is eighteen months after the Signature of the general pacification! Now is it not fair to conclude, if the order was not arrived on the 13th. of August 1783, if it was not arrived on the 10th. of May 1784, nor yet on the 13th. of July, in the same Year, that in truth the order had never been given? And if it had never been given, may we not conclude that it never had been intended to be given?\u2014From what moment is it we are to date this infraction? From that at which, with convenient speed, the order to evacuate the upper posts might have been given. No legitimate reason can be assigned why that order might not have been given as early, and at the same time as the order to evacuate New York: and all delay after this was in contravention of the Treaty.\n          \u00a7. 28. Was this delay merely innocent and unimportant, as to us, setting aside all considerations, but of interest and safety? 1. It cut us off from the Fur-trade, which, before the war, had been always of great  importance as a branch of Commerce, and as a source of remittance for the payment of our debts to Great Britain: for to the injury of withholding our Posts, they added the obstruction of all passage along the Lakes and their communications. 2. It secluded us from connection with the North-Western Indians, from all opportunity of keeping up with them friendly and neighborly intercourse, brought on us, consequently, from their known dispositions, constant and expensive war, in which numbers of men, women and Children have been, and still are daily falling victims to the Scalping knife; and to which there will be no period, but in our possession of the Posts, which command their Country.\n          It may safely be said then that the Treaty was violated in England, before it was known in America; and in America, as soon as it was known; and that too in points so essential as that, without them, it would never have been concluded.\n          \u00a7.29. And what was the effect of these infractions on the American\n   American Proceedings.\n mind?\u2014On the breach of any article of a Treaty by the one party, the other has it\u2019s election, to declare it dissolved in all it\u2019s Articles, or to compensate itself by withholding execution of equivalent articles; or to wave notice of the Breach altogether.\n          Congress being informed that the British commanding officer was carrying away the negroes from New York, in avowed violation of the Treaty, and against the repeated remonstrances of General Washington, they take up the Subject on the 26th. of May 1783; they declare that it is contrary to the Treaty; direct that the proper papers be sent to their Ministers Plenipotentiary in Europe to remonstrate and demand reparation, and that, in the meantime General Washington continue his Remonstrances to the British commanding officer, and insist\n on the discontinuance of the measure. [see Document No. 29.]\n          \u00a7. 30. The State of Virginia, materially affected by this infraction, because the labourers, thus carried away, were chiefly from thence, while heavy debts were now to be paid to the very nation which was depriving them of the means, took up the subject in Dec. 1783. that is to say 7. months after that particular infraction, and 4 months after the first refusal to deliver up the Posts, and, instead of arresting the debts absolutely, in reprisal, for their negroes carried away, they passed [D.5.] the act to revive and continue the several acts for suspending the issuing executions on certain judgments until Dec. 1783, that is to say, they revived till their next meeting, two acts passed during the war, which suspended all voluntary and fraudulent assignments of debt, and, as to others, allowed real and personal estate to be tendered in discharge of executions: the effect of which was to relieve the body  of the debtor from prison, by authorizing him to deliver property in discharge of the debt.\u2014In June following 13 months after the violation last mentioned; and after a second refusal by the British commanding officer\n   Doct No.30.\n to deliver up the posts, they come to the Resolution No. 30. reciting specially the infraction respecting their Negroes, instructing their Delegates in Congress to press for reparation, and resolving that the Courts shall be opened to British suits, as soon as reparation shall be made, or otherwise as soon as Congress shall judge it indispensably necessary. And in 1787, they passed [E.7.] the act to repeal so much of all and every act or acts of assembly as prohibits the recovery of British debts; and at the same time [E. 6.] the act to repeal part of an act for the protection and encouragement of the commerce of nations acknowledging the independence of the United States of America. The former was not to be in force till the evacuation of the posts and reparation for the Negroes carried away: the latter requires particular explanation.\u2014The small supplies of European goods which reached us during the war, were frequently brought by Captains of Vessels and supercargoes, who, as soon as they had sold their goods, were to return to Europe with their Vessels. To persons under such circumstances, it was necessary to give a summary remedy for the recovery of the proceeds of their Sale. This had been done by the law for the protection and encouragement of the commerce of Nations acknowledging the independence of the United States, which was meant but as a temporary thing to continue while the same circumstances continued: On the return of Peace, the supplies of foreign Goods were made, as before the war, by Merchants resident here. There was no longer reason to continue to them the summary remedy which had been provided for the transient vendor of goods: and indeed it would have been unequal to have given the resident Merchant instantaneous judgment against a farmer or tradesman, while the farmer or tradesman could pursue those who owed him money, but in the ordinary way, and with the ordinary delays. The British creditor had no such unequal privilege while we were under British government, and had no title to it in justice, or by the Treaty, after the war. When the legislature proceeded then to repeal the law as to other nations, it would have been extraordinary to have continued it for Great Britain.\n          \u00a7. 31. South Carolina was the second State which moved in consequence of the the British infractions, urged thereto by the desolated condition in which their armies had left that country, by the debts they owed, and the almost entire destruction of the means of paying them. They passed [D.7. 20.] 1784 March 26. An ordinance respecting the recovery of debts, suspending the recovery of all actions, as well American as British, for 9 months, and then allowing them to  recover payment at four equal and annual instalments only; requiring the debtor in the meantime to give good security for his debt, or otherwise refusing him the benefit of the Act, by\n          [D.21.] 1787. Mar. 28. An act to regulate the recovery and payment of debts, and prohibiting the importation of Negroes, they extended the instalments a year further in a very few cases. I have not been able to procure the two following acts, [D.14.] 1785. Oct. 12. An act for regulating sales under executions, and for other purposes therein mentioned: and\n          [D.22.] 1788. Nov. 4. An Act to regulate the payment and recovery of debts, and to prohibit the importation of Negroes for the time therein limited; and I know nothing of their effect, or their existence, but from your letter, which says their effect was to deliver property in execution in relief of the body of the debtor, and still further to postpone the instalments. If, during the existence of material infractions on the part of Great Britain, it were necessary to apologize for these modifications of the Proceedings of the debtor, grounds might be found in the peculiar distresses of that State, and the liberality with which they had complied with the recommendatory Articles, notwithstanding their sufferings might have inspired other dispositions, having pardoned every body, received every body, restored all confiscated lands not sold, and the prices of those sold.\n          \u00a7. 32. Rhode Island next acted on the British infractions and imposed modifications in favor of such Debtors as should be pursued by their creditors, permitting them to relieve their bodies from execution by the payment of paper money, or delivery of Property. This was the effect of\n          [D.12.] 1786. March, An act to enable any Debtor in Jail on execution, at the suit of any Creditor, to tender real, or certain specific Articles of personal estate, and\n          [D.16.] 1786, May, An Act making paper money a legal tender. But observe that this was not till three years after the infractions by Great Britain, and repeated and constant refusals of compliance on their part.\n          \u00a7. 33. New Jersey did the same thing by[D.13.] 1786. Mar. 23rd. An Act to direct the modes of proceedings on writs of fieri facias, and for transferring lands and chattels for payment of debts. And\n          [D.18.] 1786. May 26. An act for striking and making current 100,000\u00a3. in Bills of credit to be let out on loan and\n          [D.17.] 1786 June 1. An act for making Bills emitted by the act for raising a revenue of \u00a331,259-5 per annum for 25 Years legal tender, and\n          \u00a7. 34. Georgia by [D.19.] 1786 Aug. 14. An act for emitting the  sum of \u00a350,000 in bills of credit, and for establishing a fund for the redemption, and for other purposes therein mentioned, made paper money also a legal tender.\n          These are the only States which appear, by the acts cited in your letter, to have modified the recovery of Debts. But I believe that north Carolina also emitted a sum of paper money, and made it a tender in discharge of executions; though, not having seen the act, I cannot affirm it with certainty. I have not mentioned, because I do not view the act of Maryland [D.15.] 1786. Nov. c. 29. for the settlement of public accounts &c. as a modification of the recovery of Debts. It obliged the British subject before he could recover what was due to him within the State, to give bond for the payment of what he owed therein. It is reasonable that every one, who asks justice, should do justice: and it is usual to consider the property of a foreigner in any country, as a fund appropriated to the payment of what he owes in that country exclusively. It is a care which most Nations take of their own citizens, not to let the property which is to answer their demands, be withdrawn from it\u2019s Jurisdiction, and send them to seek it in foreign Countries, and before foreign tribunals.\n   Instalments.\n respect to the obstacles thus opposed to the British creditor, besides their general justification, as being produced by the previous infractions on the part of Great Britain, each of them admits of a special apology. They are 1. Delay of Judgment. 2. Liberating the body from execution on the delivery of Property. 3. admitting executions to be discharged in paper money. As to the 1st. Let it be considered that from the nature of the commerce carried on between these States and Great Britain, they were generally kept in debt: that a great part of the country, and most particularly Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, New York, and Rhode Island, had been ravaged by an enemy, moveable property carried off, houses burnt, lands abandoned, the proprietors forced off into exile and poverty. When the peace permitted them to return again to their lands, naked and desolate as they were, was instant payment practicable? The contrary was so palpable, that the British creditors themselves were sensible that, were they to rush to judgment immediately against their debtors, it would involve the Debtor in total ruin, without relieving the Creditor. It is a fact, for which we may appeal to the knowledge of one member at least of the British administration of 1785. that the Chairman of the North American Merchants, conferring on behalf of those Merchants with the American ministers then in London, was so sensible that time was necessary, as well to save the Creditor as Debtor, that he declared there would not be a moments hesitation, on the part of the  Creditors, to allow payment by instalments annually for 7. years: and that this arrangement was not made, was neither his fault nor ours.\n          To the necessities for some delay in the payment of debts, may be added, the British commercial regulations, lessening our means of payment, by prohibiting us from carrying, in our own bottoms, our own produce to their dominions in our neighborhood, and excluding valuable branches of it from their home markets by prohibitory duties. The means of payment constitute one of the motives to purchase, at the moment of purchasing. If these means are taken away, by the creditor himself, he ought not in conscience to complain of a mere retardation of his debt, which is the effect of his own act, and the least injurious of those it is capable of producing. The instalment acts before enumerated, have been much less general, and for a shorter term, than what the Chairman of the american Merchants thought reasonable. Most of them required the Debtor to give security, in the meantime to his creditor, and provided complete indemnification of the delay, by the payment of interest, which was enjoined in every case.\n   Executions paid off in property.\n The 2nd. species of obstacle, was, the admitting the debtor to relieve his body from imprisonment by the delivery of lands or goods to his creditor. And is this idea original, and peculiar to us? Or whence have we taken it? From England, from Europe, from natural right and reason: for it may be safely affirmed that neither natural right nor reason subjects the body of a man to restraint for debt. It is one of the abuses introduced by Commerce and credit, and which even the most commercial Nations have been obliged to relax in certain cases. The Roman Law, the principles of which are the nearest to natural reason of those of any municipal code hitherto known, allowed imprisonment of the body in criminal cases only, or those wherein the party had expressly submitted himself to it. The french Laws allow it only in criminal or commercial cases. The laws of England, in certain descriptions of cases (as Bankrupcy) release the Body. Many of the United States do the same, in all cases, on a cession of property by the debtor. The levarifacias, an execution affecting only the profits of lands, is the only one allowed in England in certain cases: The Elegit, another execution of that and this country, attaches first on a man\u2019s chattels, which are not to be sold, but to be delivered to the pl. on a reasonable appraisement, in part of Satisfaction for his debt, and if not sufficient, one half only of his lands are then to be delivered to the plaintiff, till the profits shall have satisfied him. The tender Laws of these States were generally more favorable than the execution by elegit, because they not only gave, as that does, the whole property in  chattels, but also the whole property in the lands, and not merely the profits of them. It is therefore an execution framed on the model of the English Elegit, or rather an amendment of that writ, taking away, indeed, the election of the party against the body of his Debtor, but giving him, in exchange for it, much more complete remedy against his lands.\u2014Let it be observed too, that this proceeding was allowed against citizens as well as foreigners: and it may be questioned whether the Treaty is not satisfied, while the same measure is dealt out to British subjects as to foreigners of all other Nations, and to natives themselves. For it would seem that all a Friend can expect is to be treated as a native citizen.\n   Executions paid in Paper money.\n The 3rd. Obstacle was the allowing paper money to be paid for goods sold under execution. The complaint on this head is only against Georgia, South Carolina, Jersey and Rhode Island: and this obstruction like the two others, sprung out of the peculiar nature of the war. For those will form very false conclusions, who reason, as to this war, from the circumstances which have attended other wars, and other nations. When any nation of Europe is attacked by another, it has neighbors with whom it\u2019s accustomary commerce goes on, without interruption; and it\u2019s commerce with more distant Nations is carried on by sea in foreign bottoms at least, under protection of the laws of Neutrality. The produce of it\u2019s soil can be exchanged for money as usual, and the stock of that medium of circulation is not at all diminished by war; so that property sells as readily and as well, for real money, at the close, as at the commencement of the war. But how different was our case. On the North and South were our enemies: on the West, desarts inhabited by Savages in league with them: on the East, an ocean of 1,000 leagues, beyond which indeed were nations who might have purchased the produce of our soil, and have given us real money in Exchange, and thus kept up our stock of money, but who were deterred from coming to us by threats of war on the part of our enemies, if they should presume to consider us as a people intitled to partake the benefit of that law of war which allows commerce with neutral Nations. What were the consequences? The stock of hard money which we possessed in an ample degree, at the beginning of the war, soon flowed into Europe for supplies of arms, ammunition and other necessaries, which we were not in the habit of manufacturing for ourselves. The produce of our soil, attempted to be carried in our own bottoms to Europe, fell two thirds of it into the hands of our enemies, who were Masters of the Sea, the other third illy sufficed to procure the necessary implements of war, so that no returns of money supplied the place of that which had gone off. We were reduced then to the resource of a paper medium, and  that completed the exile of the hard money; so that, in the latter stages of the war, we were for years together without seeing a single coin of the precious metals in circulation. It was closed with a stipulation that we should pay a large mass of debt in such coin. If the whole soil of the United States had been offered for sale for ready coin, it would not have raised as much as would have satisfied this stipulation. The thing then was impossible; and reason and authority declare \u2018Si l\u2019empechement est reel, il faut donner du tems; car nul n\u2019est tenu \u00e0 l\u2019impossible.\u2019 Vattel L. 4. \u00a7. 51. We should with confidence have referred the case to the Arbiter proposed by another Jurist, who lays it down that a party \u2018Non ultra obligari, quam in quantum facere potest; et an possit, permittendum alterius principis, qua boni viri, arbitrio.\u2019 Bynk. Q. J. P. L. 2. c. 10. \u00a7. Quid. That four of the States should resort, under such circumstances, to very small emissions of paper money, is not wonderful: that all did not, proves their firmness under sufferance, and that they were disposed to bear whatever could be borne rather than contravene, even by way of equivalent, stipulations which had been authoritatively entered into for them. And even in the four States which emitted paper money, it was in such small sums, and so secured as to suffer only a shortlived and not great depreciation of value; nor did they continue it\u2019s quality as a tender, after the first paroxysms of distress were over.\u2014Here too it is to be observed that Natives were to receive this species of payment, equally with British subjects.\n          So that when it is considered that the other party had broken the Treaty from the beginning, and that too in points which lessened our ability to pay their Debts, it was a proof of the moderation of our Nation to make no other use of the opportunity of retaliation presented to them, than to indulge the Debtors with that time for discharging their Debts which their distresses called for, and the interests and the reason of their Creditors approved.\n   Interposition of Congress.\n It is to be observed that during all this time, Congress, who alone possessed the power of Peace and War, of making Treaties, and, consequently, of declaring their infractions, had abstained from every public declaration, and had confined itself to the resolution of May 26. 1783, and to repeated efforts through their Minister plenipotentiary at the court of London, to lead that Court into a compliance on their part, and reparation of the Breach they had committed. But the other party now laid hold of those very proceedings of our States which their previous infractions had produced, as a ground for further refusal, and inverting the natural order of cause and effect, alledged that these proceedings of ours were the causes of the infractions which they had committed Months and Years before. Thus the British Minister for foreign Affairs, in his answer of Feb. 28. 1786, to Mr. Adams\u2019s  Memorial, says \u2018The engagements entered into by Treaty ought to be mutual and equally binding on the respective contracting parties. It would, therefore, be the height of folly, as well as injustice, to suppose one party alone obliged to a strict observance of the public faith, while the other might remain free to deviate from it\u2019s own engagements, as often as convenience might render such deviation necessary, though at the expense of it\u2019s own national credit and importance. I flatter myself however, Sir, that Justice will speedily be done to British creditors; and I can assure you, Sir, that whenever America shall manifest a real intention to fulfil her part of the Treaty, Great Britain will not hesitate to prove her sincerity, to cooperate in whatever points depend upon her for carrying every article of it into real and complete effect.\u2019 Facts will furnish the best commentary on this letter. Let us pursue them.\n          The Secretary for foreign affairs of the United States, by order of Congress, immediately wrote circular letters to the Governors of the several\n States, dated May 3rd. 1786 [No. 31.] to obtain information how far they had complied with the Proclamation of Jan. 14. 1784. and the RECOMMENDATION accompanying it; and April 13. 1787. Congress, desirous of removing every pretext which might continue to cloak the inexecution of the Treaty, wrote a circular letter to the several States, in which, in order to produce more surely the effect desired, they demonstrate that Congress alone possess the right of interpreting, restraining, impeding, or counteracting the operation and execution of treaties, which, on being constitutionally made, become, by the Confederation, a part of the law of the land, and as such, independent of the will and power of the legislatures: that, in this point of view, the state acts, establishing provisions relative to the same objects, and incompatible with it, must be improper: resolving that all such acts now existing ought to be forthwith repealed, as well to prevent their continuing to be regarded as violations of the Treaty, as to avoid the disagreeable necessity of discussing their validity; recommending, in order to obviate all future disputes and questions, that every state, as well those which had passed no such acts, as those which had, should pass an act, repealing in general terms, all acts and parts of acts repugnant to the Treaty, and encouraging them to do this, by informing them that they had the strongest assurances that an exact compliance with the treaty on our part, would be followed by a punctual performance of it on the part of Great Britain.\n   State acts of acquiescnce. No.32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40.\n In consequence of these letters New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, passed the acts No: 32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40. New Jersey and Pennsylvania declared  that no law existed with them repugnant to the Treaty [see Documents\n 41.42.43]. Georgia had no law existing against the Treaty. South Carolina, indeed, had a law existing, which subjected all persons \n foreign or native [No. 44.] to certain modifications of recovery and payment. But the liberality of her conduct on the other points, is a proof she would have conformed in this also, had it appeared that the fullest conformity would have moved Great Britain to compliance, and had an express repeal been really necessary.\n   Treaties controul Laws.\n For indeed all this was supererogation. It resulted from the instrument of Confederation among the States that TREATIES made by Congress according to the Confederation were SUPERIOR to the LAWS of the States. The circular letter of Congress had declared and demonstrated it, and the several States, by their acts and explanations before mentioned had shewn it to be their own sense, as we may safely affirm it to have been the general sense of those, at least, who were of the profession of the law. Besides the proofs of this, drawn from the act of Confederation itself, the declaration of Congress, and the acts of the States beforementioned, the same principle will be found acknowledged in several of the Documents hereto annexed for other purposes. \n Thus in Rhode Island, Governor Collins, in his letter No. 20. says \u2018The treaty, in all it\u2019s absolute parts, has been fully complied with, and to those parts that are merely recommendatory, and depend upon the legislative discretion, the most candid attention hath been paid,\u2019 plainly implying that the absolute parts did not depend upon the legislative discretion. Mr. Channing, the Attorney for the United States in \n that State No. 19. speaking of an act passed before the Treaty, says \u2018This act was considered by our Courts as annulled by the Treaty of Peace, and subsequent to the ratification thereof, no proceedings have been \n had thereon.\u2019 The Governor of Connecticut in his letter No. 18. says \u2018The VIth. Article of the Treaty was immediately observed on receiving the same with the proclamation of Congress, the Courts of Justice adopted it as a principle of law. No further prosecutions were instituted against any person who came within that Article and all such prosecutions as were then pending, were discontinued.\u2019 Thus prosecutions going on under a law of the State, were discontinued by the Treaty operating as a repeal of the law. In Pennsylvania, Mr. Lewis, \n Attorney for the United States, says in his letter No. 60. \u2018The Judges have uniformly, and without hesitation declared in favor of the Treaty, on the ground of it\u2019s being the supreme law of the land. On this ground, they have not only discharged attainted Traitors from Arrests, but have frequently declared that they were entitled by the Treaty to protection.\u2019 The case of the Commonwealth v. Gordon Jan.  1788, Dallas\u2019s Rep. 233. is a proof of this. In Maryland, in the case of Mildred v. Dorsey, cited in your letter E.4. a law of the State, made during the war, had compelled those who owed debts to British subjects, to pay them into the treasury of that State. This had been done by Dorsey before the date of the Treaty, yet the Judges of the State General court decided that the treaty not only repealed the law for the future, but for the past also, and decreed that the def. should pay the money over again to the British Creditor. In Virginia, Mr. Monroe, one of the Senators of that State in Congress, and a Lawyer of\n eminence, tells us No. 52, that both court and counsel there avowed the opinion that the treaty would controul any law of the State opposed to it. And the legislature itself, in an act of October 1787. c. 36, concerning monies carried into the public Loan Office, in payment of British debts, use these expressions, \u2018And whereas it belongs not to the legislature to decide particular questions, of which the judiciary have cognizance, and it is therefore unfit for them to determine whether the payments so made into the loan office be good or void between the Creditor and Debtor.\u2019 In New York Mr. Harrison, Attorney for the United \n States in that District, assures us No. 45 that the act of 1782, of that State, relative to debts due to persons within the enemy\u2019s lines, was, immediately after the Treaty, restrained by the Superiour courts of the State, from operating on British Creditors, and that he did not know a single instance to the contrary: a full proof that they considered the Treaty as a law of the land paramount the law of their State.\n          \u00a7. 41. The very case of Rutgers v. Wadington [E.8.] which is a subject of complaint in your letter, is a proof that the courts consider the Treaty as paramount the laws of the States. Some parts of your information, as to that case, have been inexact. The State of New York had, during the war, passed an act [C. 16.] declaring that in any action by the proprietor of a house or tenement against the occupant for rent or damage, no military order should be a justification: and May 4th. 1784. after the refusal of the British to deliver up the Posts in the State of New York, that legislature revived the same act [C. 19.]. Wadington, a British subject had occupied a Brew-house in New York, belonging to Rutgers, an American, while the British were in possession of New York. During a part of the time he had only permission from the Quarter master General: for another part he had an order of the Commanding officer to authorize his possession. After the evacuation of the city, Rutgers, under the authority of this law of the State, brought an action against Wadington for rent and damages, in the Mayor\u2019s court of New York. Wadington pleaded the Treaty, and the Court declared the Treaty a justification, in opposition  to the law of the State, for that portion of the time authorized by the commanding officer, his authority being competent: and gave judgment for that part, in favor of the defendant. But for the Time he held the house under permission of the Quarter master General only, they gave judgment against the defendant, considering the permission of that Officer as incompetent, according to the regulations of the existing power. From this part of the Judgment the def. appealed. The first part, however, was an unequivocal decision of the superior Authority of the Treaty over the law. The latter part could only have been founded in an opinion of the sense of the Treaty in that part of the VIth. Article which declares \u2018There shall be no future prosecutions against any person for the part he may have taken in the war, and that no person should on that account suffer any future loss or damage in their property,\u2019 &c. They must have understood this as only protecting actions which were conformable with the laws and authority existing at the time and place. The tenure of the def. under the Quarter master General was not so conformable. That under the commanding Officer was. Some may think that Murders, and other crimes and offences, characterised as such by the Authority of the time and place where committed, were meant to be protected by this paragraph of the Treaty: and perhaps, for peace sake, this construction may be the most convenient. The Mayor\u2019s Court, however, seems to have revolted at it. The def. appealed, and the Question would have been authoritatively decided by the superior Court, had not an amicable compromise taken place\n between the parties. See Mr. Hamilton\u2019s statement of this case No: 46.\n          \u00a7. 42. The same kind of doubt brought on the arrest of John Smith Hatfield in New Jersey, whose case [E.9.] is another ground of complaint in your letter. A refugee, sent out by the British as a Spy, was taken within the American lines, regularly tried by a Court Martial, found guilty, and executed. There was one Ball, an inhabitant of the American part of Jersey, who, contrary to the laws of his Country, was in the habit of secretly supplying the British camp in Staten Island with Provisions. The first time Ball went over, after the execution of the Spy, of which it does not appear he had any knowledge, and certainly no agency in his prosecution, John Smith Hatfeild, a refugee also from Jersey, and some others of the same description, seized him, against the express orders of the British commanding officer, brought him out of the British lines, and Hatfeild hung him with his own hands. The British Officer sent a message to the Americans disavowing this act, declaring that the British had nothing to do with it, and that those who had perpetrated the crime ought alone to suffer for it.  The right to punish the guilty individual seems to have been yielded by the one party, and accepted by the other in exchange for that of retaliation on an innocent person; an exchange which humanity would wish to see habitual. The criminal came afterwards into the very neighborhood, a member of which he had murdered. Peace indeed had now been made, but the magistrate, thinking, probably, that it was for the honest Soldier and Citizen only, and not for the Murderer, and supposing with the mayor\u2019s Court of New York, that the paragraph of the Treaty against future prosecutions meant to cover authorized acts only, and not Murders and other atrocities, disavowed by the existing authority, arrested Hatfeild. At the Court which met for his Trial, the witnesses failed to attend. The Court released the criminal from confinement, on his giving the Security required by law for his appearance at another Court. He fled: and you say that \u2018As his friends doubted the disposition of the Court to determine according to the terms of the Treaty, they thought it more prudent to suffer the forfeiture of the recognizances, than to put his life again into jeopardy.\u2019 But your information in this, Sir, has not been exact. The recognizances are not forfeited. His friends, confident in the opinion of their counsel and the integrity of the Judges, have determined to plead the Treaty, and not even give themselves the trouble of asking a release from the legislature: and the case is now depending. See the letter of Mr. Boudinot, member\n of Congress for Jersey No.47.\n          \u00a7. 43. In Georgia, Judge Walton, in a charge to a Grand Jury, says\n   see Georgia Gaz. Aug.7. 1790.\n \u2018The State of Rhode Island having acceded to the Federal Constitution, the Union and Government have become complete.\u2014To comprehend the extent of the General Government, and to discern the relation between that and those of the States, will be equally our interest and duty. The Constitution, laws, and Treaties of the Union are paramount.\u2019 And in the same State, in their last federal circuit court, we learn from the public papers that in a case wherein the plaintiffs were Brailsford and others, British subjects, whose debts had been sequestered (not confiscated) by an act of the State during the war, the Judges declared the Treaty of peace a repeal of the act of the State, and gave Judgment for the Plaintiffs.\n   Judicatures vindicated.\n The integrity of these opinions and Proceedings of the several courts should have shielded them from the insinuations hazarded against them. In pa. 9. and 10. it is said \u2018That, during the War, the legislatures passed laws to confiscate the estates of the Loyalists, to enable debtors to pay into the State Treasuries paper money, then exceedingly depreciated in discharge of their debts.\u2019 And pa. 24. \u2018The dispensations of law by the State Courts, have been as unpropitious to the  subjects of the Crown as the legislative acts of the different assemblies.\u2019 Let us compare, if you please, Sir, these unpropitious opinions of our State courts with those of foreign lawyers writing on the same subject. \u2018Quod dixi de actionibus recte publicandis, ita demum obtinet, se, quod subditi nostri hostibus nostris debent, Princeps a subditis suis revera exegerit. Si exegerit, recte solutum est; si non exegerit, pace facta, reviviscit juspristinum creditoris.\u2019\u2014\u2018Secundum haec inter gentes fere convenit, ut nominibus bello publicatis, pace deinde fact\u00e2, exacta censeantur perisse, et maneant extincta; non autem exacta reviviscant et restituantur veris creditoribus.\u2019 Bynk. Quest. J.P.L. 1. c. 7. But what said the Judges of the State court of Maryland, in the case of Mildred and Dorsey? That a debt, forced from an American debtor into the Treasury of his sovereign, is not extinct, but shall be paid over again to his British creditor. Which is most propitious, the unbiassed foreign Jurist, or the American Judge charged with dispensing justice with favor and partiality? But from this you say there is an appeal. Is that the fault of the Judge, or the fault of any body? Is there a country on earth, or ought there to be one, allowing no appeal from the first Errors of their courts? And if allowed from errors, how will those from just judgments be prevented? In England, as in other countries, an appeal is admitted to the party thinking himself injured; and here had the judgment been against the British creditor, and an appeal denied, there would have been better cause of complaint than for not having denied it to his adversary. If an illegal judgment be ultimately rendered on the appeal, then will arise the right to question it\u2019s propriety.\n          \u00a7. 45. Again it is said pa. 34. \u2018In one State the Supreme federal court has thought proper to suspend for many months the final Judgment on an action of debt, brought by a british Creditor.\u2019 If by the Supreme federal Court be meant the Supreme court of the United States, I have had their records examined in order to know what may be the case here alluded to; and I am authorized to say there neither does nor ever did exist any cause, before that Court, between a British subject and a citizen of the United States. See the certificate of the Clerk of the\n Court. No: 48. If by the Supreme federal court, be meant one of the Circuit courts of the United States, then which Circuit, in which State, and what case is meant? In the course of inquiries I have been obliged to make, to find whether there exists any case, in any district of any circuit court of the United States, which might have given rise to this complaint, I have learnt that an action was brought to issue and argued in the circuit Court of the United States in Virginia at their last term, between Jones a British subject pl. and Walker an American  def. wherein the question was the same as in the case of Mildred and Dorsey, to wit, Whether a payment into the Treasury, during the war, under a law of the State, discharged the Debtor? One of the Judges retiring from Court in the midst of the argument, on the accident of the death of an only Son, and the case being primae impressionis in that Court, it was adjourned for consideration till the ensuing term. Had the two remaining Judges felt no motive but of predilection to one of the parties had they considered only to which party their wishes were propitious, or unpropitious, they possibly might have decided that question on the spot. But learned enough in their Science to see difficulties which escape others, and having characters and consciences to satisfy, they followed the example so habitually and so laudably set by the Courts of your country, and of every country where law, and not favor, is the rule of decision, of taking time to consider. Time and consideration are favorable to the right cause, precipitation to the wrong one.\n          \u00a7. 46. You say again pa. 29. \u2018The few attempts to recover British debts in the county Courts of Virginia have universally failed; and these are the Courts wherein from the smallness of the sum, a considerable number of debts can only be recovered.\u2019 and again pa. 34. \u2018In the same State, the county Courts (which alone can take cognizance of debts of limited amount) have uniformly rejected all suits instituted for the recovery of Sums due to the subjects of the Crown of Great Britain.\u2019 In the 1st. place, the county courts, till of late, have had exclusive jurisdiction only of sums below \u00a310. and it is known that a very inconsiderable proportion of the British debt consists in demands below that Sum. A late law, we are told, requires that actions below \u00a330. shall be commenced in those courts; but allows at the same time an appeal to correct any errors into which they may fall. In the 2d. place, the evidence of Gentlemen who are in the way of knowing the fact,\n [No. 52. 53.] is that, though there have been accidental checks in some of the subordinate Courts, arising from the chicanery of the debtors, and sometimes, perhaps, a moment of error in the Court itself, yet these particular instances have been immediately rectified either in the same, or the superior court, while the great mass of Suits for the recovery of Sums due to the subjects of the Crown of Great Britain have been uniformly sustained to judgment and execution.\n          \u00a7. 47. A much broader assertion is hazarded pa. 29. \u2018In some of the Southern States, there does not exist a single instance of the recovery of a British debt in their courts, tho\u2019 many years have expired since the establishment of peace between the two Countries.\u2019 The particular States are not specified. I have therefore thought it my duty to extend  my inquiries to all the States which could be designated under the description of Southern, to wit, Maryland, and those to the South of that.\n          As to Maryland, the joint certificate of the Senators and Delegates of the\n State in Congress, the letter of Mr. Tilghman, a Gentleman of the law in the same State, and that of Mr. Gwinn Clerk of their General Court, prove that British suits have been maintained in the Superior and inferior Courts throughout the State without any obstruction, that British claimants have, in every instance, enjoyed every facility in the tribunals of Justice, equally with their own citizens, and have recovered in due course of law, and remitted large debts, as well under contracts previous, as subsequent, to the war.\n          In Virginia, the letters of Mr. Monroe and Mr. Giles members of Congress\n from that State, and lawyers of eminence in it, prove that the Courts of law in that State have been open and freely resorted to by the British Creditors, who have recovered and levied their monies without obstruction: for we have no right to consider as obstructions the dilatory pleas of here and there a debtor, distressed perhaps for time, or even an accidental error of opinion in a subordinate court, where such pleas have been overruled, and such errors corrected in a due course of proceeding marked out by the laws in such cases. The general fact suffices to shew that the assertion under examination cannot be applied to this State.\n          In North Carolina, Mr. Johnston, one of the Senators for that State, tells us he has heard indeed but of few suits brought by British creditors in that State: but that he never heard that any one had failed of a recovery, because he was a British subject; and he names a particular case of Elmesly v. Lee\u2019s executors \u2018of the recovery of a British debt\n in the Superior court at Edenton.\u2019 See Mr. Johnston\u2019s letter No. 54.\n South Carolina we learn from No. 55. of particular judgments rendered, and prosecutions carried on, without obstacle, by British creditors, and that the Courts are open to them there as elsewhere. As to the modifications of the execution heretofore made by the State law, having been the same for foreigner and citizen, a court would decide whether the Treaty is satisfied by this equal measure; and if the British creditor is privileged by that against even the same modifications to which citizens and foreigners of all other nations were equally subjected, then the law imposing them was a mere nullity.\n Georgia, the letter of the Senators and Representatives in Congress, No. 56. assures us that tho\u2019 they do not know of any recovery of a British debt in their State, neither do they know of a denial to  recover since the ratification of the Treaty; the creditors having mostly preferred amicable settlement; and that the federal Court is open and unobstructed to British creditors there, as in any other of the United States; and this is further proved by the late recovery of Brailsford and others before cited.\n          \u00a7. 48. You say more particularly of that State pa. 25. \u2018It is to be lamented, that in a more distant State (Georgia) it was a received principle, inculcated by an opinion of the highest judicial Authority there, that as no legislative act of the State existed, confirming the Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, war still continued between the two countries; a principle which may, perhaps, still continue in that state.\u2019 No Judge, no case, no time, is named. Imputations on the Judiciary of a country are too serious to be neglected. I have thought it my duty therefore to spare no endeavors to find on what fact this censure was meant to be affixed. I have found that Judge Walton of Georgia, in the\n   Georgia Gaz.\n summer of 1783. the Definitive Treaty not yet signed in Europe, much less known and ratified here, set aside a writ in the case of Thompson a British subject v. Thompson, assigning for reasons 1. That there was no law authorizing a subject of England to sue a citizen of that State: 2. That the war had not been definitively concluded; or 3. If concluded, the treaty not known to, or ratified by, the Legislature; nor 4. was it in any manner ascertained how those debts were to be liquidated.\u2019 With respect to the last reason, it was generally expected that some more specific arrangements, as to the manner of liquidating, and times of paying British debts would have been settled in the Definitive \n Treaty. No. 58 shews that such arrangements were under contemplation. And the Judge seems to have been of opinion that it was necessary the Treaty should be definitively concluded, before it could become a law of the land, so as to change the legal character of an alien enemy, who cannot maintain an action, into that of an alien friend, who may. Without entering into the question, Whether, between the Provisional and Definitive Treaties, a subject of either party could maintain an action in the Courts of the other, (a question of no consequence, considering how short the interval was, and this, probably, the only action essayed) we must admit that if the Judge was right in his opinion, that a definitive conclusion was necessary, he was right in his consequence that it should be made known to the legislature of the State, or in other words to the State, and that, till that notification, it was not a law authorizing a subject of England to sue a Citizen of that State. The subsequent doctrine of the same Judge Walton, with respect to treaties, when duly completed, that they are paramount the laws of the several States, as has been seen in his charge  to a Grand Jury before spoken of (\u00a7.43.) will relieve your doubts whether the \u2018principle still continues in that State of the continuance of war between the two Countries.\u2019\n          \u00a7. 49. The latter part of the quotation before made, merits notice also; to wit, where, after saying not a single instance exists of the recovery of a British debt, it is added, \u2018Though many years have expired since the establishment of Peace between the two Countries.\u2019 It is evident from the preceding testimony, that many Suits have been brought, and with effect: yet it has often been matter of surprize that more were not brought, and earlier, since it is most certain that the Courts would have sustained their actions, and given them Judgments. This abstinence on the part of the creditors has excited a suspicion that they wished rather to recur to the Treasury of their own Country; and, to have colour for this, they would have it believed that there were obstructions here to the bringing their Suits. Their testimony is in fact the sole, to which your court, till now, has given access. Had the opportunity now presented, been given us sooner, they should sooner have known that the Courts of the United States, whenever the Creditors would chuse that resource, and would press, if necessary, to the highest tribunals, would be found as open to their suits, and as impartial to their subjects, as theirs to ours.\n   Popular Interference.\n There is an expression in your letter pa. 7. That \u2018British creditors have not been countenanced or supported either by the respective legislatures, or by the State courts, in their endeavors to recover the full value of debts contracted antecedently to the Treaty of Peace.\u2019 And again in pa. 8. \u2018In many of the States, the subjects of the Crown, in endeavoring to obtain the restitution of their forfeited Estates and Property, have been treated with indignity.\u2019 From which an inference might be drawn, which I am sure you did not intend, to wit, that the Creditors have been deterred from resorting to the Courts by popular tumults, and not protected by the laws of the Country. I recollect to have heard of one or two attempts by popular collections, to deter the prosecution of British claims. One of these is mentioned in No. 49. but these were immediately on the close of the war, while it\u2019s passions had not yet had time to subside, and while the ashes of our houses were still smoaking. Since that, say for many years past, nothing like popular interposition on this subject, has been heard of in any part of our land. There is no country, which is not sometimes subject to irregular interpositions of the people. There is no country able at all times to punish them. There is no country which has less of this to reproach itself with than the United States, nor any where the laws have a more regular course, or are more habitually and cheerfully  acquiesced in. Confident that your own observation and information will have satisfied you of this Truth, I rely that the inference was not intended, which seems to result from these expressions.\n   Present state of debt.\n Some notice is to be taken as to the great deficiencies in collection urged on behalf of the British Merchants. The course of our commerce with Great Britain was ever for the Merchant there to give his correspondent here a year\u2019s credit: so that we were regularly indebted from a Year to a Year and a half\u2019s amount of our exports. It is the opinion of judicious Merchants that it never exceeded the latter term, and that it did not exceed the former at the commencement of the war. Let the holders then of this debt be classed into 1st. Those who were insolvent at that time. 2nd. Those solvent then, who became insolvent during the operations of the war, a numerous Class. 3rd. Those solvent at the close of the war, but insolvent now. 4th. Those solvent at the close of the war, who have since paid or settled satisfactorily with their Creditors, a numerous class also. 5th. Those solvent then and now, who have neither paid, nor made satisfactory arrangements with their Creditors. This last class, the only one now in question, is little numerous, and the amount of their debts but a moderate proportion of the aggregate which was due at the commencement of the war; insomuch that it is the opinion that we do not owe to Great Britain, at this moment of sperate Debts, old and new, more than a Year, or a Year and a quarter\u2019s exports, the ordinary amount of the debt resulting from the common course of dealings.\n   Recrimination on British courts.\n drawing a comparison between the proceedings of Great Britain and the United States, you say pa. 35. \u2018The conduct of Great Britain, in all these respects, has been widely different from that which has been observed by the United States. In the Courts of law of the former country, the citizens of the United States have experienced without exception the same protection and impartial distribution of Justice as the subjects of the Crown.\u2019 No nation can answer for perfect exactitude of proceedings in all their inferior courts. It suffices to provide a Supreme Judicature, where all error and partiality will be ultimately corrected. With this qualification, we have heretofore been in the habit of considering the administration of Justice in Great Britain as extremely pure. With the same qualification, we have no fear to risk every thing which a nation holds dear on the assertion, that the administration of Justice here will be found equally pure. When the citizens of either party complain of the judiciary proceedings of the other, they naturally present but one side of the case to view, and are, therefore, to be listened to with caution. Numerous condemnations have taken place in your courts, of vessels taken from us, after the  expirations of the terms of one and two months stipulated in the armistice. The State of Maryland has been making ineffectual efforts for nine Years, to recover a Sum of \u00a355,000 sterling, lodged in the Bank of England previous to the war. A Judge of the King\u2019s Bench, lately declared in the case of Greene an American citizen v. Buchanan & Charnock, British subjects, that a citizen of the United States, who has delivered \u00a343,000 sterling worth of East India goods to a British subject at Ostend, receiving only \u00a318,000 in part payment, is not entitled to maintain an action for the Balance in a court of Great Britain, though his debtor is found there, is in custody of the court, and acknowledges the Facts. These cases appear strong to us. If your Judges have done wrong in them, we expect redress. If right, we expect explanations. Some of them, have already been laid before your court. The others will be so in due time. These, and such as these, are the smaller matters between the two nations, which, in my letter of Dec. 15. I had the honor to intimate that it would be better to refer for settlement through the ordinary channel of our ministers, than embarrass the present important discussions with them. Such cases will be constantly produced by a collision of interests in the dealings of individuals, and will be easily adjusted by a readiness to do right on both sides, regardless of party.\n   III. Interest.\n is made an objection to the proceedings of our legislative and judiciary bodies that they have refused to allow Interest to run on debts during the course of the war. The decision of the right to this rests with the Judiciary alone; neither the legislature nor the executive having any authority to intermeddle.\n          The administration of Justice is a branch of the Sovereignty over a country, and belongs exclusively to the Nation inhabiting it. No foreign power can pretend to participate in their Jurisdiction, or that their citizens received there, are not subject to it. When a cause has been adjudged according to the rules and forms of the country, it\u2019s justice ought to be presumed. Even error in the highest court, which has been provided as the last means of correcting the errors of others, and whose decrees are therefore subject to no further revisal, is one of those inconveniencies flowing from the imperfection of our faculties, to which every Society must submit: because there must be somewhere a last resort, wherein contestations may end. Multiply Bodies of revisal as you please, their number must still be finite, and they must finish in the hands of fallible men as Judges. If the error be evident, palpable, et in re minime dubi\u00e2, it there indeed assumes another form, it excites presumption that it was not mere error, but premeditated wrong, and the foreigner, as well as native, suffering by the wrong, may  reasonably complain, as for a wrong committed in any other way. In such case, there being no redress in the ordinary forms of the country, a foreign Prince may listen to complaint from his Subjects injured by the adjudication, may inquire into it\u2019s principles to prove their criminality, and, according to the magnitude of the wrong, take his measures of redress by reprisal, or by a refusal of right on his part. If the denial of Interest, in our case, be justified by law, or even if it be against law, but not in that gross, evident, and palpable degree, which proves it to flow from the wickedness of the Heart, and not error of the Head in the Judges, then is it no cause for just complaint, much less for a refusal of right, or self-redress in any other way. The reasons on which the denial of interest is grounded, shall be stated summarily, yet sufficiently to justify the integrity of the Judge, and even to induce a presumption that they might be extended to that of his Science also, were that material to the present object.\n          \u00a7. 54. The Treaty is the text of the law in the present case, and it\u2019s words are that there shall be no lawful impediment to the recovery of bon\u00e2 fide Debts. Nothing is said of Interest on those debts: and the sole question is Whether, where a Debts is given, Interest thereon flows from the general principles of the Law? Interest is not a part of the debt, but something added to the debt by way of damage for the detention of it. This is the definition of the English lawyers themselves, who say \u2018Interest is recovered by way of damages, ratione detentionis debiti.\u2019 2 Salk. 622. 623. Formerly all interest was considered as unlawful, in every Country of Europe: it is still so in Roman catholic Countries, and Countries little commercial. From this, as a general rule, a few special cases are excepted. In France particularly the exceptions are those of minors, marriage-portions, and money, the price of lands. So thoroughly do their laws condemn the allowance of Interest, that a party who has paid it voluntarily, may recover it back again whenever he pleases. Yet this has never been taken up as a gross and flagrant denial of Justice, authorizing national complaint against those Governments. In England also, all interest was against law, till the Stat. 37. H.8. c.9. The growing spirit of commerce no longer restrained by the principles of the Roman church then first began to tolerate it. The same causes produced the same effect in Holland, and, perhaps, in some other commercial and acatholic countries. But even in England, the allowance of interest is not given by express law but rests on the discretion of Judges and Juries, as the arbiters of damages. Sometimes the Judge has enlarged the Interest to 20 per cent per annum (1. Chanc. Rep. 57) in other cases he fixes it habitually, one per cent lower than the legal rate (2. Tr. Atk. 343.) and in a multitude of cases he refuses it altogether. As for instance, no Interest is allowed,\n          1. On arrears of rents, profits, or annuities (1. Chanc. rep. 184. 2. P. W. 163. ca. temp. Talbot. 2.)\n          2. For maintenance, Vin. abr. Interest. c. 10.\n          3. For monies advanced by Exrs. 2. Abr. eq. 531.15.\n          4. For goods sold and delivered. 3. Wilson. 206.\n          5. On book debts, open accounts, or simple contracts. 3. Chan. rep. 64. Freem. Ch. rep. 133. Dougl. 376.\n          6. For money lent without a note. 2. Stra. 910.\n          7. On an inland Bill of Exchange, if no protest is taken. 2. Stra. 910.\n          8. On a Bond after 20. Years. 2. Vern. 458, or after a tender.\n          9. On decrees, in certain cases. Freem. Ch. rep. 181.\n          10. On judgments in certain cases, as battery and slander. Freem. Ch. rep. 37.\n          11. On any decrees or judgments in certain Courts, as the Exchequer chamber. Douglass 752.\n          And we may add, once for all, that there is no instrument or title to debt so formal and sacred, as to give a right to interest on it under all possible circumstances. The words of Lord Mansfeild, Dougl. 753. where he says \u2018That the question was what was to be the rule for assessing the damage, and that, in this case, the Interest ought to be the measure of the damage, the action being for a debt, but that in a case of another sort, the rule might be different:\u2019 His words Dougl. 376. \u2018That Interest might be payable in cases of delay \u2018If a Jury, in their discretion shall think fit to allow it.\u2019 And the doctrine in Giles v. Hart 2. Salk 622. that damages, or interest, are but an accessary to the debt, which may be barred by circumstances, which do not touch the debt itself, suffice to prove that interest is not a part of the debt, neither comprehended in the thing, nor in the term, that words, which pass the debt, do not give interest necessarily, that the interest depends altogether on the discretion of the Judges and Jurors, who will govern themselves by all existing circumstances, will take the legal interest for the measure of their damages, or more, or less, as they think right, will give it from the date of the contract, or from a year after, or deny it altogether, according as the fault or the sufferings of the one or the other party shall dictate. Our laws are, generally, an adoption of yours; and I do not know that any of the States have changed them in this particular. But there is one rule of your and our law, which, while it proves that every title of debt is liable to a disallowance of Interest under special circumstances, is so applicable to our case, that I shall cite it as a text, and apply to it the circumstances of our case. It is laid down in Vin. Abr. Interest c. 7. and 2. Abr. eq. 529.3; and elsewhere in these words. \u2018Where, by a general and national calamity,  nothing is made out of Lands, which are assigned for payment of interest, it ought not to run on during the time of such calamity.\u2019 This is exactly the case in question. Can a more general national calamity be conceived than that universal devastation, which took place in many of these States during the war? Was it ever more exactly the case any where, that nothing was made out of the lands, which were to pay the Interest? The produce of those lands, for want of the opportunity of exporting it safely, was down to almost nothing in real money. e.g. Tobacco was less than a dollar the hundred weight. Imported articles of Clothing or Consumption, were from 4. to 8. times their usual price. A Bushel of Salt was usually sold for 100 \u2114. of Tobacco. At the same time these lands, and other property, in which the money of the British creditor was vested, were paying high taxes for their own protection, and the debtor, as nominal holder, stood ultimate insurer of their value to the creditor, who was the real proprietor, because they were bought with his money. And who will estimate the value of this insurance, or say what would have been the forfeit, in a contrary event of the war? Who will say that the risk of the Property was not worth the interest of it\u2019s price?\u2014General calamity then prevented profit, and consequently stopped interest, which is in lieu of profit. The creditor says indeed he has laid out of his money; he has therefore lost the use of it. The Debtor replies that if the creditor has lost, he has not gained it: that this may be a question between two parties, both of whom have lost. In that case the courts will not double the loss of the one, to save all loss from the other. That it is a rule of natural, as well as municipal, law, that, in questions de damno evitando, melior est conditio possidentis.\u2014If this maxim be just, where each party is equally innocent, how much more so, where the loss has been produced by the act of the Creditor? For a nation as a Society, forms a moral person, and every member of it is personally responsible for his Society. It was the act of the lender, or of his nation which annihilated the profits of the money lent; he cannot then demand profits which he either prevented from coming into existence, or burnt or otherwise destroyed after they were produced. If then, there be no instrument or title of debt so formal and sacred as to give right to interest under all possible circumstances, and if circumstances of exemption, stronger than in the present case, cannot possibly be found, then no instrument or title of debt, however formal or sacred, can give right to interest under the circumstances of our case. Let us present the question in another point of view. Your own law forbade the payment of Interest when it forbade the receipt of American produce into Great Britain, and made that produce fair prize on it\u2019s way from the debtor to the  creditor, or to any other for his use or reimbursement. All personal access between creditor and debtor was made illegal: and the debtor, who endeavored to make a remitment of his debt, or interest, must have done it three times, to ensure it\u2019s getting once to hand: for two out of three vessels were generally taken by the creditor nation, and sometimes by the Creditor himself, as many of them turned their trading vessels into Privateers. Where no place has been agreed on for the payment of a debt, the laws of England oblige the Debtor to seek his Creditor wheresoever he is to be found within the Realm. Coke Lit. 210. b. but do not bind him to go out of the Realm in search of him. This is our law too. The first act, generally of the Creditors and their Agents here, was, to withdraw from the United States with their books and papers. The creditor thus withdrawing from his debtor, so as to render payment impossible, either of the principal or interest, makes it like the common case of a tender and refusal of money, after which interest stops both by your laws and ours.\nWe see too, from the letter of Mr. Adams, June 16. 1786. No. 57. that the British Secretary for foreign affairs was sensible, that a British statute having rendered criminal all intercourse between the debtor and creditor, had placed the article of Interest on a different footing from the Principal. And the letter of our Plenipotentiaries to Mr. Hartley, the British Plenipotentiary for forming the Definitive Treaty\nNo. 58. shews that the omission to express interest in the Treaty was not merely an oversight of the Parties; that it\u2019s allowance was considered by our Plenipotentiaries as a thing not to be intended in the Treaty, was declared against by Congress, and that declaration communicated to Mr. Hartley. After such an explanation, the omission is a proof of acquiescence, and an intention not to claim it.\u2014It appears then, that the Debt and Interest on that Debt, are separate things in every country, and under separate rules. That in every country a debt is recoverable, while, in most countries, interest is refused in all cases; in others, given, or refused, diminished, or augmented, at the discretion of the Judge; no where given in all cases indiscriminately, and, consequently, no where so incorporated with the debt, as to pass with that ex vi termini, or otherwise to be considered as a determinate and vested Thing.\n          While the taking interest on money has thus been considered in some countries as morally wrong in all cases, in others made legally right but in particular cases, the taking profits from lands, or rents in lieu of profits, has been allowed every where, and at all times, both in morality and law. Hence it is laid down as a general rule, Wolf \u00a7. 229. \u2018Si quis fundum alienum possidet domini est, quantum valet usus  fundi, et possessoris quantum valet ejus cultura et cura.\u2019 But even in the case of lands restored by a Treaty, the arrears of profits or rents are never restored, unless they be particularly stipulated. \u2018Si res vi pacis restituendae, restituendi quoque sunt fructus \u00e0 die concessionis,\u2019 say Wolf \u00a7. 1224. and Grotius \u2018Cui pace res conceditur, ei et fructus conceduntur \u00e0 tempore concessionis, non utro.\u2019 L. 3. c. 20. \u00a7. 22. To place the right to interest on money on a level with the right to profits on land, is placing it more advantageously than has been hitherto authorized: and if, as we have seen, a stipulation to restore lands does not include a stipulation to restore the back profits, we may certainly conclude a fortiori that the restitution of debts does not include an allowance of back interest on them.\n          These reasons, and others like these, have probably operated on the different courts to produce decisions that \u2018No interest should run during the time this general and national calamity lasted.\u2019 And they seem sufficient, at least to rescue their decision from that flagrant denial of right, which can alone authorize one nation to come forward with complaints against the judiciary proceedings of another.\n          \u00a7. 55. The States have been uniform in the allowance of Interest before, and since the war, but not of that claimed during the war. Thus we know by [E. 1.] the case of Neate\u2019s executors v. Sands in New York, and Mildred v. Dorsey in Maryland, that in those States, interest during the war disallowed by the Courts. By [D.8.] 1784. May. the act is relating to debts due to persons who have been, and remained within the enemy\u2019s power or lines during the late war. That Connecticut left it to their court of chancery to determine the matter according to the rules of Equity, or to leave it to referees: by [E.2.] the case of Osborne v. Mifflin\u2019s executors, and [E.3.] Hare v. Allen, explained in the letter of Mr. Rawle,\n Attorney of the United States, No. 59. and by the letter of Mr. Lewis, \n Judge of the District court of the United States, No. 60., that in Pennsylvania the rule is that where neither the creditor nor any agent, was within the State, no interest was allowed: where either remained, they give interest. In all the other States I believe it is left discretionary in the Courts and Juries. In Massachusetts, the practice has varied. In Nov. 1784, they instruct their delegates in Congress to ask the determination of Congress, whether they understood the word \u2018Debts\u2019 in the Treaty as including interest? and whether it is their opinion that interest during the war should be paid? And at the same time they pass [D.9.] the act directing the courts to suspend rendering Judgment for any interest that might have accrued between April 19. 1775. and January 20. 1783. But in 1787. when there was a general compliance enacted through all the United States, in order to see if that  would produce a counter-compliance, their legislature passed the act repealing\n all laws repugnant to the Treaty No. 33. and their courts, on their part, changed their rule relative to interest during the war, which they have uniformly allowed since that time. The Circuit court of the United States at their Session atin1790, determined in like manner that interest should be allowed during the war. So that on the whole we see, that, in one State, interest during the war is given in every case; in another it is given wherever the Creditor, or any agent for him, remained in the country, so as to be accessible; in the others, it is left to the Courts and Juries to decide according to their discretion and the circumstances of the case.\n          To recapitulate,\n          \u00a7. 56. I have, by way of Preliminary, placed out of the present discussion, all acts and proceedings prior to the Treaty of Peace, considering them as settled by that instrument, and that the then State of things was adopted by the parties, with such alterations only as that instrument provided.\n          I have then taken up the subsequent acts and proceedings of which you complain, as infractions, distributing them according to their subjects: to wit,\n            I. Exile and Confiscations.\n            III. Interest.\n            I. Exile and Confiscations. After premising that these are lawful acts of war;\n  I have shewn that the Vth. Article was recommendatory only,\n  it\u2019s stipulations being, not to restore the confiscations and exiles,\n  but to recommend to the State legislatures to restore them.\n  that this word, having but one meaning, establishes the intent of the parties and moreover\n  that it was particularly explained by the american Negotiators, that the legislatures would be free to comply with the recommendation or not, and probably would not comply.\n  That the British Negotiators so understood it:\n  that the British Ministry so understood it:\n  and the members of both houses of parliament as well those who approved as who disapproved the Article.\n            I have shewn that Congress did recommend earnestly and bon\u00e2 fide:\n  that the States refused or complied, in a greater or less degree, according to circumstances, but more of them and in a greater degree than was expected:\n  and that Compensation by the British treasury, to British sufferers, was the alternative of her own choice, our negotiators having offered to do that if she would compensate such losses as we had sustained by acts unauthorized by the modern and moderate principles of war.\n            II. Before entering on the subject of Debts, it was necessary\n  1. To review the British infractions, and refer them to their exact dates.\n  To shew that the carrying away of the Negroes preceded the 6th. of May 1783.\n  That instead of evacuating the Upper posts with all convenient speed,\n  no order had been received for the evacuation Augt. 13. 1783.\n  none had been received May 10. 1784.\n  none had been received July 13. 1784.\n  from whence I conclude none had ever been given:\n  and thence that none had ever been intended.\n  In the latter case, this infraction would date from the Signature of the treaty,\n  but founding it on the not giving the order with convenient speed,\n  it dates from April 1783, when the order for evacuating New York was given:\n  as there can be no reason, why it should have been inconvenient to give this order as early.\n  The Infraction then respecting the Upper Posts was before the Treaty was known in america:\n  that respecting the Negroes, was as soon as it was known.\n  I have observed that these infractions were highly injurious;\n  the first, by depriving us of our fur-trade, profitable in itself, and valuable as a means of remittance for paying the Debts:\n  by intercepting our friendly and neighborly intercourse with the indian nations, and consequently keeping us in constant, expensive and barbarous war with them\n  the second, by withdrawing the cultivators of the soil, the produce of which was to pay the debts.\n            2. After fixing the date of the British infractions, I have shewn\n  That as they preceded so they produced the acts on our part complained of as obstacles to the recovery of the Debts:\n  That when one party breaks any stipulations of a treaty, the other is free to break it also, either in the whole, or in equivalent parts, at it\u2019s pleasure:\n  That congress having made no election,\n  four of the States assumed separately to modify the recovery of debts\n  1. by indulging their citizens with longer and more practicable times of paymt:\n  2. by liberating their bodies from execution, on their delivering property to the Creditor, to the full amount of his demand, on a fair appraisement, as practised always under the Elegit.\n  3. by admitting, during the first moments of the non-existence of coin among us, a discharge of executions, by payment in paper money.\n  That the first of these acts of retaliation was in Dec. 1783. nine months after the infractions committed by the other party:\n  And all of them were so moderate, of so short duration, the result of such necessities, and so produced, that we might with confidence have referred them alterius principis, qu\u00e2 boni viri, arbitrio.\n            3. That, induced at length, by assurances from the British court, that they would concur in a fulfilment of the treaty\n  Congress, in 1787, declared to the States it\u2019s will that even the appearance of obstacle raised by their acts should no longer continue,\n  and required a formal repeal of every act of that nature; and to avoid question\n  required it as well from those who had not, as from those who had passed such acts: which was complied with so fully that no such laws remained in any State of the Union, except one;\n  and even that one could not have forborne, if any symptom of compliance from the opposite party had rendered a reiterated requisition from Congress important.\n            4. That, indeed, the requiring such a repeal, was only to take away pretext: for \n  That it was at all times perfectly understood that Treaties Controuled the laws of the States:\n  the Confederation having made them obligatory on the whole;\n  Congress having so declared and demonstrated them:\n  the legislatures and executives of most of the States having admitted it.\n  and the Judiciaries, both of the separate and general governments, so deciding.\n  That the Courts are open every where upon this principle:\n  That the British Creditors have, for some time, been in the habit and course of recovering their debts at law\n  That the class of sperate and unsettled debts, contracted before the war, forms now but a small proportion of the original amount.\n  That the integrity and independence of the Courts of Justice in the United States are liable to no reproach,\n  Nor have popular tumults furnished any ground for suggesting that either courts or creditors, are over-awed by them in their proceedings.\n            III. Proceeding to the article of Interest, I have observed\n  That the decision whether it shall, or shall not be allowed during the war, rests by our Constitution with the Courts altogether:\n  That, if these have generally decided against the allowance, the reasons of their decision appear so weighty, as to clear them from the charge of that palpable degree of wrong which may authorize national complaint, or give a right of refusing execution of the treaty, by way of reprisal.\n          To vindicate them, I have stated shortly some of the reasons which support their opinion:\n            That Interest during the war, was not expressly given by the Treaty:\n  That the revival of Debts did not, ex vi termini, give interest on them:\n  That interest is not a part of the debt, but damages for the detention of the debt:\n  That it is disallowed habitually in most Countries, yet has never been deemed a ground of national complaint against them:\n  That in England also, it was formerly unlawful in all cases:\n  That at this day it is denied there in such a variety of instances, as to protect from it a great part of the transactions of life:\n  That in fact there is not a single title to debt so formal and sacred, as to give a right to Interest, under all possible circumstances, either there or here:\n  That of these circumstances, Judges and Jurors, are to decide in their discretion, and are accordingly in the habit of augmenting, diminishing or refusing interest in every case, according to their discretion:\n  That the circumstances against the allowance are unquestionably of the strongest in our case:\n  That a great national calamity, rendering the lands unproductive, which were to pay the interest, has been adjudged a sufficient cause of itself to suspend interest:\n  That were both pl. and def. equally innocent of that cause, the question who should avoid loss? would be in favor of the party in possession:\n  and, a fortiori, in his favor, where the calamity was produced by the act of the demandant.\n  That, moreover, the laws of the party creditor, had cut off the personal access of his debtor;\n  and the transportation of his produce or money to the country of the creditor, or to any other for him:\n  and where the Creditor prevents payment both of Principal and Interest the latter, at least, is justly extinguished:\n  That the departure of the Creditor, leaving no agent in the Country of the Debtor, would have stopped interest of itself:\n  the Debtor not being obliged to go out of the Country to seek him:\n  That the Brith. Minister was heretofore sensible of the weight of the objections to the claim of Intt.\n  That the Declarations of Congress, and our Plenipotentiaries, previous to the Definitive Treaty, and the silence of that instrument, afford proof that Interest was not intended on our part nor insisted on, on the other:\n  That, were we to admit interest on money to equal favor with profits on land, arrears of profits would not be demandable in the present case, nor consequently arrears of interest.\n            And, on the whole, without undertaking to say what the law is, which is not the province of the Executive,\n  We say that the reasons of those Judges who deny interest during the war appear sufficiently cogent,\n  to account for their opinion on honest principles:\n  to exempt it from the charge of palpable and flagrant wrong, in re minim\u00e9 dubi\u00e1:\n  and to take away all pretence of withholding execution of the treaty, by way of reprisal, for that cause.\n          \u00a7. 57. I have now, Sir, gone through the several acts and proceedings enumerated in your Appendix, as infractions of the Treaty, omitting, I believe, not a single one, as may be seen by a Table hereto subjoined, wherein every one of them, as marked and numbered in your Appendix, is referred to the Section of this Letter in which it is brought into view; and the result has been, as you have seen.\n          1. That there was no absolute stipulation to restore antecedent confiscations, and that none subsequent took place:\n          2. That the recovery of the Debts was obstructed validly in none of our States, invalidly only in a few, and that not till long after the infractions committed on the other side: and\n          3. That the decisions of courts and Juries against the claims of Interest, are too probably founded, to give cause for questioning their integrity. These things being evident, I cannot but flatter myself, after the assurances received from you of his Britannic Majesty\u2019s desire to remove every occasion of misunderstanding from between us, that an end will now be put to the disquieting Situation of the two Countries, by as complete execution of the Treaty as circumstances render practicable at this late day. That it is to be done so late, has been the source of heavy losses of blood and treasure to the United States. Still our desire of friendly accommodation is, and has been constant. No \u2018lawful impediment has been opposed to the prosecution of the just rights of your Citizens.\u2019 And if any instances of unlawful impediment have existed in any of the inferior tribunals, they would, like other unlawful proceedings, have been overruled on appeal to the higher Courts. If not overruled there, a complaint to the government, would have been regular, and their interference probably effectual. If your Citizens would not prosecute their rights, it was impossible they should recover them, or be denied recovery: and till a denial of right through all the tribunals, there is no ground for complaint, much less for a refusal to comply with solemn stipulations, the execution of which is too important to us ever to be dispensed with. These difficulties being removed from between the two nations, I am persuaded the interests of both will be found in the strictest friendship. The considerations which lead to it,  are too numerous and forcible to fail of their effect: and that they may be permitted to have their full effect, no one wishes more sincerely than he who has the honor to be, with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and respect, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant,\n            Th: Jefferson\n            EnclosuresTable of References\n            Translations\n            Translations of the Quotations\n                L\u2019etat on les choses &c. \u2018The state in which things are found at the moment of the treaty should be considered as lawful; and if it is meant to make any change in it, the treaty must expressly mention it. Consequently all things about which the treaty is silent must remain in the state in which they are found at it\u2019s conclusion.\u2019 Vatt. L. 4. \u00a7. 21.\n\u2007\u2007\u2018Those things of which nothing is said, remain in the state in which they are.\u2019 Wolf. 1222.\n\u2007\u2007Vattel. L. 4. \u00a7. 24. \u2018The treaty of peace binds the contracting parties from the moment it is concluded, as soon as it has received it\u2019s whole form, and they ought immediately to have it executed.\u2014But this treaty does not bind the subjects but from the moment it is notified to them.\u2019 And \u00a7.  25. \u2018The treaty becomes, by it\u2019s publication, a law for the subjects, and they are obliged thenceforward to conform themselves to the stipulations therein agreed on.\u2019\n\u2007\u2007Pactio pacis &c. \u2018The paction of the peace binds the contractors immediately as it is perfect, since the obligation is derived from the pact; but the subjects and souldiers as soon as it is published to them: since they cannot have certain evidence of it before it\u2019s publication.\u2019 Wolf. \u00a7. 1229.\n                Cum ea sit &c. \u2018Since it is a condition of war that enemies may be deprived of all their rights, it is reasonable that every thing of an enemy\u2019s, found among his enemies, should change it\u2019s owner, and go to the treasury. It is moreover usually directed, in all declarations of war, that the goods of enemies, as well those found among us, as those taken in war, shall be confiscated.\u2014If we follow the mere right of war, even immoveable property may be sold, and it\u2019s price carried into the treasury, as is the custom with moveable property. But in almost all Europe, it is only notified that their profits, during the war, shall be recieved by the treasury, and the war being ended, the immoveable property itself is restored, by agreement, to the former owner.\u2019 Bynk. Quest. Jur. pub. L. 1. c. 7.\n                Si l\u2019empechement &c. \u2018If the obstacle be real, time must be given, for no one is bound to an impossibility.\u2019 Vattel L. 4. \u00a7. 51. Non ultra &c. \u2018No one is bound beyond what he can do, and whether he can may be left to the decision of the other prince, as an honest man.\u2019 Bynk. Q. J. P. L. 2. c. 10.\n                Quod dixi &c. \u2018What I have said of things in action being rightly confiscated holds thus if the Prince really exacts from his subjects what they owed to our enemies. If he shall have exacted it, it is rightfully paid: if he shall not have exacted it, peace being made, the former right of the creditor revives.\u2014Accordingly it is for the most part agreed among nations that things in action being confiscated in war, the peace being made, those which were paid are deemed to have perished, and remain extinct; but those not paid, revive, and are restored to their true creditors.\u2019 Bynk. Q. J. P. L. 1. c. 7.\n                In re minim\u00e9 dubi\u00e2. In a matter susceptible of no doubt.\n                Ratione detentionis debiti. On account of the detention of the debt.\nSi quis fundum &c. \u2018If any one is in possession another\u2019s land, so much belongs to the owner as the use of the land is worth, and so much to the possessor as his labor and care are worth.\u2019\nSi res vi pacis &c. \u2018If things are to be restored by virtue of the peace, the profits are also to be restored from the day of the cession.\u2019\nCui pace &c. \u2018To whomsoever a thing is conceded by the peace, to him also the profits are conceded, from the time of the concession, but not back.\u2019", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0507", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Leiper, 29 May 1792\nFrom: Leiper, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have examined Six of your Hhds. of Tobo. and found them of a good quality but much damaged by Water but concluded it was not generally the case but this after noon I went on purpose to examine the remender and find them full as bad. I have ordered the Coopers to open some Twelve of them and I beg you would send or come and see them at half after six this afternoon for there is a very great number of them not in merchantable order. I am Sir your most Obedient St.,\n            Thomas Leiper\n            P.S. The Tobacco is on Morton\u2019s Wharff a little above the Bridge.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0508", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 29 May 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I yesterday received a letter from my mother, painting an embarrassment in one of my father\u2019s pecuniary affairs. The seriousness of its aspect has led me to asert myself for her relief. But until the first of July, I absolutely shall be unable; and her situation admits no delay. Excuse me then for begging your aid, until that day, as far as seven hundred dollars. I am to remit three hundred pounds sterling; and I shall be deficient in the sum mentioned. Nothing could have induced me to trouble you; but the truly-affecting situation of a parent. I am dear sir yr. friend & serv.,\n            Edm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0509", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mary Jefferson, [30 May 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Mary\n            Th:J. To his dear Maria\n          Ask, my dear, of Mrs. Pine, what would be the price of Mr. Madison\u2019s picture, and let me know when you come over to-day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0510", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Leiper, 30 May 1792\nFrom: Leiper, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have examined the Tobo. again in company with Mr. Strawbridge. He is of the opinion it is 5/ pr. Ct. damaged by cutting and the mixture of Grown Leaves. I could wish for your own satisfaction you could make it convenient to see it in its cut state that you may judge of the damage yourself. As this Tobacco has been imported for me I would take it at 33/9 pr. Ct. but if you are of the opinion you can procure as much or more I could wish you would take it and dispose of it for I  would much rather not have it in the State it is in. Should you take the Tobacco it may be some time before you can find a market for it. In that case you may look in a disappointment in the payment you are to make the 15th. of June. This shall be settled as was formerly agreed to have my note for 1000 Dollars and I will take yours for the same sum and you shall have the money the same as if I had the Tobacco and before these notes can become due there is no doubt but the Tobacco will sell. I could wish to have your opinion what you intend to do. I am Sir Your most Obedient St.,\n            Thomas Leiper", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0512", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 30 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          It is my duty to suggest to your attention that in the act of the late session of Congress for making certain appropriations, is a clause enacting that a sum of 50,000 D. in addition to former provision be appropriated to defray any expence which may be incurred in relation to the intercourse between the U.S. and foreign nations, and to add that the public service will be advanced by having that sum ready for your orders as speedily as may be conveniently effected. I have the honour to be with the most perfect esteem & respect Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0515", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Mease, 31 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mease, James\n          Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to Dr. James Mease and his thanks for his very learned and ingenious dissertation on canine madness. He had not before heard of the method of prevention by the use of water in a stream as mentioned on page 103, the theory of which appears probable and the application easy. He has lately had a letter from Algiers informing him of the cure of one of our captives there by a very strong use of Mercury, as recommended pa. 125. Whether the disease were real or not, it shews that this opinion is favored by the Arabic school of medecine, if we may use the expression. He has often thought that in order to discover some certain method of treatment of a disease, the most distressing of all those to which we are liable, it would be practicable and well worth while, to confine in a safe place a number of animals, communicating the disease successively to them, and subjecting them to various treatments till some one should be found the success of which might be relied on. The experimentalist who should be succesful in establishing by multiplied trials a certain method of cure, would merit an altar.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0516", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from F. P. Van Berckel, 31 May 1792\nFrom: Berckel, F. P. van\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Philadelphia, 31 May 1792. Having heard from their High Mightinesses, he is now able to reply to TJ\u2019s complaint about the prohibition of an American ship to trade in Batavia. The directors of the East India Company have viewed the importation of European and American produce in foreign vessels as injurious and have constantly and repeatedly given orders to the government of Batavia to impede this practice as much as possible. These orders never had the purpose of favoring one nation to the prejudice of another whose ships put into Batavia, nor would their High Mightinesses ever have allowed an infraction on their part to the Treaty of Commerce existing between the two republics. Their desire is to cultivate the good understanding that exists so happily between them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-0517", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Woodhouse, 31 May 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Woodhouse, James\n          Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to Dr. Woodhouse and his thanks for his interesting dissertation on the Persimmon tree. He is happy to find that this plant may become a valuable addition to our stock of Chemical and Pharmaceutical subjects, in both which lines Dr. Woodhouse has presented very interesting experiments on it. Th: Jefferson has for some time turned his attention to the same plant as a subject of Agriculture. In Virginia it springs up every where, and can with difficulty be rooted out where it\u2019s presence is inconvenient. He thinks the quantity of fruit it yeilds is far greater than what is quoted from Mr. Bartram, page 29. And he has been well informed that the quantity of spirit it yeilds is considerably more than that mentioned page 34. That it might be a substitute for the bark in tanning, is new to Th:J. and adds new value to it, as he has no doubt of the abundance in which it may be obtained.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-9001", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Senate, 9 April 1792 [document added in digital edition]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Washington, George\nTo: U.S. Senate\n          The Committee to report that the President does not think that circumstances will justify, in the present instance, his entering into absolute engagements for the ransom of our captives in Algiers, not callg. for money from the treasury, nor raising it by loan, without previous authority from both branches of the legislature\n          If the President should enter into a Provisional convention with Algiers for the ransom of our captives for a sum not exceeding 40,000 Doll. Will the Senate advise & consent to the ratification of it? the Government of Algiers being given to understand that we are not to be bound by the treaty until it shall be ratified. & the Senate understanding that that ratification is not to receive the great seal till the money shall have been voted by both houses.\n          If the sum appears too high, what lower limit would the Senate approve?\n          If the President should enter into a Provisional treaty of peace with Algiers at an expence not exceedingdollars paid on the ratificn, &dollars payable annually afterwards, during it\u2019s continuance, will the Senate advise & consent to the ratificn? the Government of Algiers being given to understand that we are not to be bound till the treaty shall be ratified, & the Senate understanding that the ratification is not to pass the great seal till both houses shall have concurred in provision for the money. \n          If the sums appear too high, what lower limits would the Senate approve?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-23-02-9003", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Senate, 8 May 1792 [document added in digital edition]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Washington, George\nTo: U.S. Senate\n          If the President of the U.S. should conclude a Convention or treaty with the Government of Algiers for the ransom of the thirteen Americans in captivity there, for a sum not exceeding 40,000 dollars, all expences included, will the Senate approve the same? or is there any & what greater or lesser sum, which they would fix on as the limit beyond which they would not approve the ransom?\n          If the President of the U.S. should conclude a Treaty with the Government of Algiers for the establishment of peace with them at an expence not exceeding  dollars paid at the signature, and a like sum to be paid annually afterwards during the continuance of the treaty would the Senate approve the same? or are there any greater or lesser sums which they would fix on as the limits beyond which they would not approve of such treaty?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0002", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 1 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 1. 1792.\nI sent you last week some of Fenno\u2019s papers in which you will have seen it asserted impudently and boldly that the suggestions against members of Congress were mere falshoods. I now inclose his Wednesday\u2019s paper. I send you also a copy of Hamilton\u2019s notes. Finding that the letter would not be ready to be delivered before the Pr\u2019s return, I made notes corresponding with his, shewing where I agreed, where I did not, and I put his and mine into the Pr\u2019s hands, to be perused at his leisure. The result was that he approved of the letter\u2019s remaining as it was, particularly on the article of Debts, which he thought a subject of justification and not merely of extenuation.\u2014He never received my letter of the 23d. till yesterday. He mentioned it to me in a moment when nothing more could be said than that he would take an occasion of conversing with me on the subject. I have letters from France censuring the appointment there in the severest terms. Adieu my dear Sir. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0003", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Middleton, 1 June 1792\nFrom: Middleton, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nCharleston S. C. June 1st. 1792\nWhen I had the honor of seeing you in Philadelphia about two years since I was happy enough to obtain leave to trouble you with a few Lines. I am just on the eve of embarking for Europe. After a residence of a few months in England I propose visiting those parts  of the Continent generally thought most worthy attention. If I find it conveniently practicable I intend pushing my excursions as far as Petersburg and Constantinople, cities seldom seen by my Countrymen. From the friend ship of Major Pinckney now appointed Plenipotentiary to the Court of London I have reason to expect Letters to such Gentlemen abroad as are in the diplomatic Line. As your condescension has permitted me to hope the favour of some few from you, I have requested him to take charge of such as you may think me worthy of. Should this arrive after his departure from the Seat of Government I must be under the necessity of troubling you to inclose them to my friend Mr: Edward Rutledge in So. Carolina. I rely on your goodness for pardoning this liberty and beg leave to Subscribe myself with every sentiment of esteem and respect Sir Your most obt. and hble Servt.\nHenry Middleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0005", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 1 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 1. 1792\nHaving failed to write last week on the regular day, my letter carried you three of Freneau\u2019s papers. Consequently the present covers but one. Fenno\u2019s are sent through Mr. Madison to you.\u2014Maria\u2019s mistress is just now on her departure for England. She came home yesterday. Whether she will enter with Mrs. Brodeau immediately or not, I have not determined. My tobacco is all arrived here, but in such miserable condition that I am obliged to give up half a dollar in the hundred of the price, making a loss of 200 dollars in the whole. The chief injury has been from rain between Bedford and Richmond which the badness of the hogsheads could not preserve the tobacco from. The purchaser admitted my Albemarle tobacco of the last year to have been equal to any he ever saw, and that the good and uninjured part of this was as good as that. He has promised me to make some observations in writing on what is necessary to put it in the best condition for market, which I propose to send to Mr. Clarke. Better casks and a separation into qualities will be well worth while, and the first alone should come here. My love to my dear Martha from Dear Sir Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0006", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Isaac Shelby, 1 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Shelby, Isaac\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 1st. 1792:\nThe district of Kentucky having this day become a \u201cNew State by the name and Stile of the State of Kentucky\u201d agreeably to an Act passed 4. February 1791, I have now the honor to transmit to your Excellency, herewith, two copies of the acts passed at the 1st. Session of the 2d. Congress, which, together with those of the first Congress with the treaties annexed to each volume, and the Census, sent by Mr. Brown a Member of the House of Representatives from Kentucky, may be relied on as authentic. I have the Honor to be, with sentiments of respect & esteem, Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0007", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Cavelier Fils, 2 June 1792\nFrom: Cavelier (Cavallier), M., fils\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDieppe, 2 June 1792. He encloses a copy of a letter from Barclay of 15 Sep. 1785 giving him powers to act as vice-consul of the United States at Dieppe. These functions he has fulfilled with zeal, reporting the arrivals and departures of tobacco ships and assisting captains as they required. Having learned that the United States has named vice-consuls in two French ports, and as the freedom of the tobacco trade could bring a few ships to Dieppe, where there are two tobacco factories, he wishes to know if he can continue to exercise the functions conferred by Barclay or if he needs other powers. If the latter, he asks that they be sent immediately and extended from F\u00e9camp up to Le Tr\u00e9port.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0010", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 2 June 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSaturday 2d. June 1/2 past 12 oClock.\nMr. Hammond presents his most respectful Compliments to Mr. Jefferson. He is this moment returned home, and has been extremely mortified at learning the mistake, which his servant, through ignorance, committed, in informing Mr. Jefferson that Mr. H. was then in the house, as at the time, when Mr. J. was so obliging as to call upon him, he had been absent from home more than half an hour.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0011", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 2 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nMr. Jefferson presents his respectful compliments to Mr. Hammond: after receiving his letter of this morning he had called on Mr.  Hammond to speak with him on the subject of it, according to the desire he had before expressed to him, that when once each party should have explained fully the ground on which they view the matters in difference between them, they might shorten by oral communications, what should afterwards be necessary. Mr. Jefferson would be very happy if Mr. Hammond should happen to be disengaged today and would come and dine with him solus cum solo, in order to consider together the present state of things between the two governments, and to concert what is to be done.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0013", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 2 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSaturday 2. June 92.\nMr. Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Hammond and requests for half after three tomorrow his company to a solo dinner, if no engagement shall happen to stand in his way.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0015", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [2 June 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nI wish more favorable explanations than I expect, from your interview with the British Minester.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0018", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Mortgage for Elk Hill, [ca. 3 June 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nEnclosureMortgage for Elk Hill\nThis indenture made on the  day of June one thousand seven hundred and ninety two between  on the one part and Thomas Jefferson of Monticello in the county of Albemarle Virginia on the other part witnesseth that the said  in consideration of the sum of five shillings current money of Virginia to him in hand paid hath given granted bargained and sold unto the said Thomas Jefferson two tracts or parcels of land on the Byrd creek in Goochland county, whereof the one called Elk hill contains by estimation three hundred and seven acres more or less and is bounded on the one side by the said Byrd creek on one other side by James river and on the other sides by the lands of David Ross, and the other parcel contains three hundred and sixty two acres beginning on the Byrd creek aforesaid and bounded partly by the same lands beforementioned of David Ross, which said parcels of land were conveyed by the said Thomas Jefferson to the said  by deed of bargain and sale indented bearing date the fourth day of June one thousand seven hundred and ninety two, with their appurtenances: To have and to hold the said parcels of land with their appurtenances to him the said Thomas Jefferson and his heirs. And the said  doth covenant with the said Thomas Jefferson that he the said  and his heirs the said parcels of lands to him the said Thomas Jefferson and his heirs will for ever warrant and defend. Provided nevertheless that if the said  or his heirs shall on or before the fifteenth day of June one thousand seven hundred and ninety five pay unto the said Thomas Jefferson his heirs executors or administrators the sum of three hundred and seventy five pounds current money of Virginia with interest at the rate of five per centum per annum thereon from the fifteenth day of June one thousand seven hundred and ninety two; and shall also cause to be paid on or before the fifteenth day of June one thousand seven hundred and ninety six one other sum of three hundred and seventy five pounds of like money with interest thereon at the rate of five per centum per annum from the same fifteenth day of June one thousand seven hundred and ninety two, unto the said Thomas Jefferson his heirs, executors or administrators, then this deed shall become void and of none effect, and the estate in the premises shall become ipso facto devested out of the said Thomas Jefferson and his heirs and revested in the said and his heirs. In witness whereof the said  hath hereto set his hand and seal on the day and year [\u2026].", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0019", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Witherspoon, 3 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Witherspoon, John\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 3. 1792.\nIn consequence of the last letter you were so kind as to write me, I wrote to Mr. Baker for further explanations on the subject of the tutor  wanted by Mr. Robinson. I have now the honor to inclose you their letters in further explanation of their views: and of repeating to you assurances of the great and sincere esteem with which I am Dear Sir Your most obedt. and most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0020", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Bell, 4 June 1792\nFrom: Bell, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond 4th. June 1792\nThe enclosed from our friend Dotr. Gilmer was handed me this day by Mr. Chandler. I have hutherto had no acquintance with him, but from the information of Several Gentlemen, have reason to believe he is a Gentleman of respectability and worthy of a Commission. Am well informed he has (from an anxiety to go into the army) raisd perhaps 20-odd men. He has with him Several letters from other Gentlemen on the Subject.\nOur Old Neighbour Mr. Marks and family are extreamly pleased with the flattering accounts you were so Obliging as to communicate about Hastings. I had a letter from him the other day. He says he is well pleased with his Situation.\nYou will see by the Docters note to me, that he is in a fair way of recovery, after having lost all hopes of himself. I have the Honer to be with due respect, your most Obedent Sert.\nTho Bell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0021", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Hemming, 4 June 1792\nFrom: Hemming, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAlexandria 4 June 1792\nInclosed I beg leave to forward you a letter from my Brother in law Mr. Boyd of Paris, which I should have done myself the honor of presenting you in person, but Mrs. Hemming is very ill and expects hourly to be brought to bed; I hope therefore your Excellency will  not deem my non attendance a want of respect to you, as I shall hold myself in readiness to attend you on the slightest intimation that there is a prospect [of] my presence being necessary or useful; and if your Excellency [can] spare time from your more important concerns to honor me with a line signifying whether this is likely to be the case or not, and acknowledging the receipt of the inclosed letter I shall esteem it a particular favor. I have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient humble Servant\nThomas Hemming", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0022", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 4 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 4. 1792.\nI wrote you the 1st. inst. which I will call No. 1. and number my letters in future that you may know when any are missing. Mr. Hammond has given me an answer in writing, saying that he must send my letter to his court and wait their instructions. On this I desired a personal interview that we might consider the matter together in a familiar way. He came accordingly yesterday and took a solo dinner with me, during which our conversation was full, unreserved and of a nature to inspire mutual confidence. The result was that he acknoleged explicitly that his court had hitherto heard one side of the question only, and that from prejudiced persons, that it was now for the first time discussed, that it was placed on entire new ground, his court having no idea of a charge of first infraction on them, and a justification on that ground of what had been done by our states, that this made it quite a new case to which no instructions he had could apply. He found from my expressions that I had entertained an idea of his being able to give an order to the governor of Canada to deliver up the posts, and smiled at the idea; and it was evident from his conversation that it had not at all entered into the expectations of his court that they were to deliver us the posts. He did not say so expressly, but he said that they considered the retaining of the posts as a very imperfect compensation for the losses their subjects had sustained: under the cover of the clause of the treaty which admits them to the navigation of the Missisipi and the evident mistake of the negotiators in supposing that a line due West from the lake of the Woods would strike the Missisipi, he supposed an explanatory convention necessary, and shewed a desire  that such a slice of our Northwestern territory might be cut off for them as would admit them to the navigable part of the Missisipi: &c &c. &c. He expects he can have his final instructions by the meeting of Congress.\u2014I have not yet had the conversation mentioned in my last. Do you remember that you were to leave me a list of names? Pray send them to me. My only view is that, if the P. asks me for a list of particulars, I may enumerate names to him, without naming my authority, and shew him that I have not been speaking merely at random. If we do not have our conversation before I can make a comparative table of the debts and numbers of all modern nations, I will shew him how high we stand indebted by the poll in that table.\u2014I omitted Hammond\u2019s admission that the debt from the Patowmac North might be considered as liquidated, that that of Virginia was now the only great object, and cause of anxiety, amounting to two millions sterling.\u2014Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0023", "content": "Title: Notes of a Conversation with George Hammond, 4 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nNotes of a conversation with Mr. Hammond June 3. 1792\nHaving received Mr. Hammond\u2019s letter of June 2. informing me that my letter of May 29. should be sent to his court for their instructions, I immediately went to his house. He was not at home. I wrote him a note inviting him to come and dine with me, alone, that we might confer together in a familiar way on the subject of our letters, and consider what was to be done. He was engaged, but said he would call on me any hour the next day. I invited him to take a solo dinner the next day. He accepted and came. After the cloth was taken off and the servants retired I introduced the conversation by adverting to that part of his letter wherein he disavowed any intentional deception if he had been misinformed and had mistated any facts, assuring him that  I acquitted him of every suspicion of that kind, that he had been here too short a time to be acquainted with facts himself or to know the best sources for getting at them. That I had found great difficulty myself in the investigation of facts, and with respect to the proceedings of the courts particularly had been indebted to the circumstance of Congress being in session, so that I could apply to the members of the different states for information respecting their states.\nI told him that each party having now stated the matters between the two nations in the point of view in which they appeared to each, I had hoped that we might by the way of free conversation abridge what remained. That I expected we were to take for our basis that the treaty was to be fully executed; that on our part we had pronounced our demands explicitly to have the Upper posts delivered up, and the Negroes paid for. That they objected infractions on our part, which we denied; that we ought to proceed to investigate the facts on which we differed, that this was the country in which they could alone be investigated, and if it should be found we had unjustifiably broken the treaty, the case was of a nature to admit of a proper compromise.\u2014He said that he believed the question had never been understood by his court, admitted they had as yet heard only one side of it, and that from a party which entertained strong feelings against us (I think he said the Refugees) that the idea would be quite new to his court of their having committed the first infractions and of the proceedings on the subject of their debts here being on the ground of retaliation. That this gave to the case a complexion so entirely new and different from what had been contemplated, that he should not be justified in taking a single step: that he should send my letter to the ministers, that they would be able to consider facts and dates, see if they had really been the first infractors, and say what ground they would take on this new state of the case. That the matter was now for the first time carried into mutual discussion, that the close of my letter contained specific propositions, to which they would of course give specific answers adapted to the new statement of things brought forward.\u2014I replied that as to the fact of their committing the first infraction it could not be questioned, confessed that I believe the ministry which signed the treaty meant to execute it, that Ld. Shelburne\u2019s plan was to produce a new coalescence by a liberal conduct towards us; that the ministry which succeeded thought the treaty too liberal and wished to curtail it\u2019s effect in the course of executing it: but that if every move and counter-move was to cross the Atlantic, it would be a long game indeed.\u2014He said No. That he thought they could take their ultimate ground at once, on having before them a full view of the facts, and  he thought it fortunate that Mr. Bond, from whom he got most of his information, and Ld. Dorchester would be on the spot to bring things to rights, and he imagined he could receive his instructions before November.\u2014I told him I apprehended that Ld. Dorchester would not feel a disposition to promote conciliation seeing himself marked personally as an infractor, and mentioned to him the opinions entertained here of the unfriendliness of Mr. Bond\u2019s mind towards us.\u2014He justified Mr. Bond, believed him candid and disposed to conciliate. Besides Mr. Bond, he had received information from their other Consuls and from the factors of the merchants, who assured him that they could furnish proofs of the facts they communicated to him and which he had advanced on their authority, that he should now write to them to produce their authority. He admitted that the debt to British subjects might be considered as liquidated from the Patowmac Northward; that S. Carolina was making a laudable effort to pay hers, and that the only important object now was that of Virginia, amounting by his list to two millions sterling: that the attention of the British merchants from North to South was turned to the decision of the case of Jones and Walker which he hoped would take place at the present session, and let them see what they had to depend on.\u2014I told him I was sorry to learn that but two judges had arrived at Richmond, and that unless the third arrived they would not take it up. I desired him to observe that the question in that case related only to that description of debts which had been paid into the treasury, that without pretending to know with any accuracy what proportion of the whole debt of Virginia had been paid into the treasury, I believed it was but a small one; that the case of Jones v. Walker would be a precedent for those debts only: that as to the great residuary mass there were precedents enough as it appeared they were in a full course of recovery, and that there was no obstacle, real or apparent.\u2014He did not appear to have adverted to the distinction, and shewed marks of satisfaction on understanding that the question was confined to the other portion of the debts only. He thought that the collection there being once under a hopeful way, would of itself change the ground on which our difference stands. He observed that the Treaty was of itself so vague and inconsistent in many of it\u2019s parts as to require an explanatory convention. He instanced the two articles, one of which gave them the navigation of the Missisipi, and the other bounded them by a due West line from the lake of the wood, which being now understood to pass beyond the most Northern sources of the Missisipi intercepted all access to that river: that to reconcile these articles that line should be so run as to give them access to the navigable  waters of the Missisipi, and that it would even be for our interest to introduce a third power between us and the Spaniards. He asked my idea of the line from the lake of the woods, and of now settling it. I told him I knew of no objection to the settlement of it, that my idea of it was that if it was an impossible line as proposed in the treaty it should be rendered possible by as small and unimportant an alteration as might be, which I thought would be to throw in a line running due North from the Northernmost source of the Missisipi till it should strike the Western line from the lake of the woods. That the article giving them a navigation in the Missisipi did not relate at all to this Northern boundary, but to the Southern one, and to the secret article respecting that. That he knew that our Provisional treaty was made seven weeks before that with Spain: that at the date of ours their ministers had still a hope of retaining Florida, in which case they were to come up to the 32d. degree, and in which case also the navigation of the Missisipi would have been important; but that they had not been able in event to retain the country to which the navigation was to be an appendage. [It was evident to me that they have it in view to claim a slice on our Northwestern quarter that they may get into the Missisipi. Indeed I thought it presented as a sort of make-weight with the Posts to compensate the great losses their citizens had sustained by the infractions charged on us.] I had hinted that I had not been without a hope that an early possession of the posts might have been given us, as a commencement of full execution of the treaty.\u2014He asked me if I had conceived that he was authorised to write to the governor of Canada to deliver us the posts?\u2014I said I had.\u2014He smiled at that idea and assured me he had by no means any such authority.\u2014I mentioned what I had understood to have passed between him and Genl. Dickinson, which was related to me by Mr. Hawkins, to wit that the posts might be delivered up on an assurance of the recovery of their debts in Virginia.\u2014He said that if any such thing as that had dropped from him, it must have been merely as a private and unauthorised opinion, for that the opinion of his court was that the retention of the posts was but a short compensation for the losses which their citizens had sustained and would sustain by the delay of their admission into our courts.\u2014[Putting together this expression and his frequent declarations that the face of the controversy was now so totally changed from what it was understood to be at his court, that no instructions of his could be applicable to it, I concluded that his court had entertained no thought of ever giving up the posts, and had framed their instructions to him on a totally different hypothesis.]\u2014He asked what we understand to be the boundary between us and the Indians?\u2014I told  him he would see by recurring to my report on the North Western territory, and by tracing the line there described on Hutchins\u2019s map.\u2014What did I understand to be our right in the Indian soil?\u20141. a right of preemption of their lands, that is to say the sole and exclusive right of purchasing from them whenever they should be willing to sell. 2. a right of regulating the commerce between them and the Whites.\u2014Did I suppose that the right of preemption prohibited any individual of another nation from purchasing lands which the Indians should be willing to sell?\u2014Certainly. We consider it as established by the usage of different nations, into a kind of Jus gentium for America, that a White nation setting down and declaring that such and such are their limits, makes an invasion of those limits by any other White nation an act of war, but gives no right of soil against the native possessors.\u2014Did I think the right of regulating the commerce went to prohibit the British traders from coming into the Indian territory? That has been the idea.\u2014He said this would be hard on the Indians.\u2014I observed that whichever way the principle was established, it would work equally on both sides the line; I did not know whether we should gain or lose by mutual admission or exclusion.\u2014He said they apprehended our intention was to exterminate the Indians and take the lands.\u2014I assured him that, on the contrary, our system was to protect them, even against our own citizens; that we wish to get lines established with all of them, and have no views even of purchasing any more lands from them for a long time. We consider them as a Marechaussee, or police, for scouring the woods on our borders, and preventing their being a cover for rovers and robbers.\u2014He wished the treaty had established an independant nation between us, to keep us apart. He was under great apprehensions that it would become a matter of bidding as it were between the British and us who should have the greatest army there, who should have the greatest force on the lakes? That we holding posts on this side the water, and they on the other, souldiers looking constantly at one another, would get into broils, and commit the two nations in war.\u2014I told him we might perhaps regulate by agreement the force to be kept on each side.\u2014He asked what was our view in keeping a force there, that he apprehended, if we had these posts, we should be able to hinder vessels from passing.\u2014I answered that I did not know whether the position of the present posts was such as that no vessel could pass but within their gun-shot, but that each party must have a plenty of such positions on the opposite sides, exclusively of the present posts. That our view in possessing these posts was to awe the Indians, to participate in the Fur trade, to protect that trade.\u2014Protect it against whom?\u2014Against the Indians.\u2014 He asked what I imagined to be their motives for keeping the posts?\u2014To influence the Indians, to keep off a rival nation and the appearance of having a rival nation, to monopolize the fur trade.\u2014He said he was not afraid of rivals, if the traders could have fair play. He thought it would be better that neither party should have any military post, but only trading houses.\u2014I told him the idea of having no military post on either side was new to me, that it had never been mentioned among the members of the Executive, that therefore I could only speak for myself and say that, prim\u00e2 facie, it accorded well with two favorite ideas of mine of leaving commerce free, and never keeping an unnecessary souldier. But when he spoke of having no military post on either side there might be difficulty in fixing the distance of the nearest posts.\u2014He said that tho\u2019 his opinion on this subject was only a private one, and he understood mine to be so also, yet he was much pleased that we two seemed to think nearly alike, as it might lead to something. He said that their principal object in the fur trade was the consumption of the goods they gave in exchange for the furs.\u2014I answered that whether the trade was carried on by English or Americans, it would be with English goods, and the route would be, not thro\u2019 Canada, but by the shorter channels of the Hudson or the Patowmac.\nIt is not pretended that the above is in the exact order, or the exact words of the conversation. This was often desultory, and I can only answer for having given generally the expression, and always the substance of what passed.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0024", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 4 June 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello June 4. 1792.\nI am sorry it is not in my power to give you such an estimate of the probable product of your harvest this year as might be satisfactory. The subject must appear of more importance now as you have some thoughts of retiring from public life, and the hope of doing you a trifling service even, will allways be the most powerfull motive in my mind. However vague the expression, it may perhaps give you some satisfaction to be told that in a journey of 300 miles which I was lately under a necessity of making, I did not see a field of Wheat as promising as the greater part of the crop now growing at Monto. and Shadwell. The quantity is not much less than the double of the last year. There is no Rye or oats growing. The long continuance of the Winter and a drought of 40 days which terminated on the 2d. of this month occasions the crop of Indian Corn to be the least advanced and most unpromising that ever was known in the county at this season. In poor lands a greater part of it has perished. It is every where in that stage of growth in which we generally have it early in April. An  abundant rain which fell on saturday has greatly revived the hopes of the Planters. At Monto. and Shadwell the quantity growing is so great that if the season from this time is tolerably favorable the crop must be very large. I am convinced that the step we have taken for the preservation of our Lands in the abolition of the Culture of Tobacco is of no importance compared with the one we have to make with regard to Indian corn. That crop whatever precautions are taken must allways be ruinous to lands which lie so unequally as ours in a climate subject to such excessive droughts and where the rain falls for the most part in torrents. By constant tillage the surface is reduced in dry Weather to an impalpable powder which is swept off in the first thunder-shower by the force of the water rushing down the declivities. Besides, the want of dew and fog occasioned by the elevation of the ground, must render it an unproductive crop in dry summers. These are advantages in the culture of wheat; to which moisture is unfriendly, and the more equal exposure to the air from the inclination of the plain on which it grows, beneficial. Some of the worst diseases to which this plant is liable are produced by fogs and heavy dews. The nature of the soil and the elevation of the ground in the S.W. mountains is so peculiarly favorable to the growth of Wheat, that from 2 years observation I have found the most slovenly agriculture to produce here a more abundant crop of a heavier grain than the most laborious cultivation with the best instruments can force from the lowlands of Virginia. From these considerations I have determined to drop immediately the culture of I. corn on my lands, and am convinced that you will find it advisable to do the same.\nBut I forget myself and am consuming your valuable time with my babil when it would be more becoming to confine my letter to an intimation of the health of your daughter and granddaughter. Your most aff. friend & obedt. Servt.\nTh: M. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0025", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Delamotte, 5 June 1792\nFrom: Delamotte\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHavre, 5 June 1792. He has received TJ\u2019s letter of March 13 and thanks him for the information on Mr. Delivet. He has sent to Short in Holland the packets for Morris, who, he believes, is still in London, but he has no letters from Short to forward. Political affairs continue much less settled than the general population desires; our war with the King of Bohemia remains scandalously checked as at the beginning. Intrigue seems to be the pivot of  our current government; the legislature is busy with it and does nothing to advance the happiness of nations. But for France\u2019s inconstancy in continually bringing forth another order of things, he would fear for its safety, if only because the present order has lasted too long. The unfavorable rate of exchange continues, apart from a few exports to the United States of luxuries or items of little utility, but perhaps they will lead to a more interesting reciprocal trade in the future. Yesterday the ship Minerva from Nova Scotia entered here under a British flag loaded with tobacco it took on at Philadelphia. He has informed the customs officers so that its tobacco would not be admitted. If customs at Philadelphia consigned it directly to France, it has committed a great error. In such a case, customs here would be equally opposed, in the interests of France, to having the cargo unloaded and would even address remonstrances to TJ. Besides, he suspects the Minerva undertook the voyage to some other country, but came here to try to have its cargo admitted.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0027", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Commissioners of the Federal District, 6 June 1792\nFrom: Commissioners of the Federal District\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGeorge Town 6 June 1792\nWe hand, through Majr. Ellicott, for the Presidents view, a Draft for the Capitol by Wm. Hart of Taney Town, and an imperfect Essay of Mr. Faw. These are all we have yet received. Nothing has happened in the Course of this meeting worth communicating. We are Sir your obedt hble Servts\nTh. Johnson\nDd: Stuart\nDanl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0028", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 6 June 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nWednesday 6 June 1792\nMr. Hammond presents his respectful Compliments to Mr. Jefferson. Having this morning received a letter from Richmond, which informs him of the adjournment of the circuit Court of that place, without any decision on the subject of actions brought by British Creditors, he will be much obliged to Mr. Jefferson, if he will have the goodness to acquaint him, whether this circumstance has arisen from the want of a number of Judges sufficient to constitute a quorum, or from any other cause.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0029", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 6 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nPhiladelphia June 6. 1792.\nTh: Jefferson presents his respectful compliments to Mr. Hammond: he had not heard of the adjournment of the circuit court at Richmond without deciding the case of Jones v. Walker, and therefore cannot say with certainty why it was not decided. He had been before informed through a private channel that but two of the three judges were arrived in Richmond, and that it would not be decided but with a full court. But he is not certain even of this fact. The question relative to the debts paid into the treasury (which Th:J. understands to be about one ninth of the sum Mr. Hammond mentioned as the whole amount of the debts of that state) being new and important would hardly be decided but by a full court, nor on a first hearing.\nTh:J. has recieved an answer from S. Carolina, which did not come in time to be put among the documents sent to Mr. Hammond with his letter of May 29. He begs him to receive it now and to arrange it among the documents as No. 55. b.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0031", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Martin, 6 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Martin, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 6. 1792.\nI have the honor to inclose you the copy of a letter recieved from Govr. Blount informing me that there have been divers grants of lands made by your state, since the date of the deed of cession, within the lines ceded thereby, South of the French broad river. As I am unable to judge from his letter whether this has been done by error, or under any claim of right, I must ask the favor of your Excellency to inform me on this subject, in order that proceedings may be instituted for trying the validity of those grants according to law, and in such way as shall be least inconvenient to the grantees. In the mean time the duty incumbent on the Executive to keep the lands belonging to the Union clear of intrusions, has rendered it necessary to desire Govr. Blount to remove any of the grantees who may have taken possession and prevent them in future, till the law shall have pronounced on their rights. If your Excellency will be so good as to favor me with an explanation, if the grants have been erroneously issued perhaps the grantees may surrender their grants, if on a claim of right, and it appears well founded, it may prevent prosecution altogether, there being no desire but to do that, with respect to these grants, which is right. I have the honor to be with great respect Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0034", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Donald, [8 June 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Donald, Alexander\nDear Sir\nPhila[delphia June 8, 1792]\n I was going to acknolege th[e receipt of yours of Jany. 5th. and Feb.] 15. when I was seised with a yearning of [the heart, which] obliges me to stop till I could write the inclosed. He is a good man to whom it is addressed, and he is himself the bearer of it. I shall make it the subject of a conversation with him. I thought it would not be disagreeable to you to enter with him the claim we have on you. Your letter of Jan. 5. is put into the hands of the Secretary of the Treasury, with whom all money matters rest.\u2014The books from Lackington are arrived. Having occasion to have a sum of about \u00a326. or \u00a327. sterl. paid to a Mr. Gautier of the house of Grand & co. in Paris, I inclose you a bill of exchange for \u00a337\u201310 sterl. drawn by count Andreani on Messrs. Battier, Zornlin & co. Devonshire square 10. in favor of Mr. William B. Giles, endorsed to me, and now endorsed to you. It will suffice to cover Mr. Gautier\u2019s draught and the \u00a39-3 paid by you for my box of books from Lackington. I say nothing of news because it will be old before it gets to you, as Mr. Pinkney is not yet certain of the time of his departure. I shall only therefore repeat assurances of the esteem with which I am Dear Sir your friend & servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0035", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 8 June 1792\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Hague, 8 June 1792. Having deferred sending these packets until now, he forwards them without being able to add his opinions on the affairs of Europe. The French, who ought to do everything, do nothing; the Prussians march and do not arrive; the English and Dutch fortunately remain observers. Providence seems to control events that disturb courts and their diplomacy, such as the war Russia has declared on the Poles and the recent death of the Prince-Bishop of Li\u00e8ge. On the one hand, one would wish an Austrian prince as his successor; on the other, perhaps one would wish to prevent it. If the two German powers finally attacked France in earnest, a prolonged war would ensue with insupportable expenses for the court of Vienna, which would have to subsidize Berlin and Turin. Morning and evening he prays that the United States may forever increase in virtue and prosperity, that at least one people might serve as an example to others in the enjoyment of true civil happiness. He longs to receive TJ\u2019s order as to the costly American embassy, which will run down if it is not sold soon. He commends himself to the protection of the United States, their Congress, President, and ministers, especially TJ.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0036", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Antoine Gautier, 8 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gautier, Jean Antoine\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 8. 1792.\nA Friend of mine having desired me to procure him a watch from Paris, I am led to trouble you with the commission, as well from the circumstance of your having aided me in getting one from Romilly for myself, as because I am glad of an occasion to keep hold on your acquaintance and recollection, which will ever be duly prised by me. Be so good then as to get M. Romilly to make exactly such another watch as he made for me before, only adding a second hand, in the eccentric plan, because this will not require a single additional wheel. Let him previously tell you the price, and draw for it immediately on account of Th: Jefferson on Mr. Alexander Donald of the house of Donald & Burton, London, who is furnished with the means of answering it. When the watch shall be done, be so good as to forward it by any safe hand to Mr. Pinckney, minister plenipotentiary of the U.S. of America at London, if it can be so done as to avoid English duties. He will forward it to me.\nI say nothing of your political affairs, because I could do it only on the ground of March last, and what I should say thereon, would by the time this reaches you, be like an old almanac. I wish them all possible success, and hope they will issue in a free and a good government. If your first assay is un[.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.] have got what is good, hold it fast as we do. [There are heads] among us itching for crowns, coronets, and mitr[es, but I hope] we shall sooner cut them off than gratify their [itching. Our] constitution is a wise one, and I hope we shall b[e able to adhere] to it. Present me affectionately, most affectionate[ly to Mr. and] Mrs. Grand the elder. Tell them if I had Fortunatu[s\u2019s wishing cap] the first use I would make of it should be to seat myself [between] them at dinner at Passy. Remember me also in the most friendly terms to Mr. and Mrs. Grand the younger, and accept yourself assurances of the esteem and attachment with which I am Dear Sir Your friend and servt.\nTh: Jefferson\nTell M. Le Vieillard I shall ever esteem him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0037", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Green, 8 June 1792\nFrom: Green, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia June the 8th. 1792\nThe two Papers which are inclos\u2019d not having a reference to the main question which was the Subject of my waiting on you on the 6: instant, were I apprehend given to me by mistake. I beg leave therefore to return the same, and have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, Your most Obedient & Most humble Servt.\nWilliam Green", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0038", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 8 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nPhiladelphia June 8. 1792.\nTh: Jefferson takes the liberty of presenting Mr. Pinkney the bearer hereof Alexander Donald esq. one of his youthful friends and found a constant one, even unto the end. He long resided in Virginia, is now established in London, and Th: Jefferson will be responsible to Mr. Pinkney that any esteem he may honor him with, will be worthily placed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0039", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 8 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear daughter\nPhiladelphia June 8. 1792.\nThe last news we have from Monticello is by your letter of May 7. I am in hopes tomorrow\u2019s post will bring us something, for some how or other your letters (if you write by post to Richmond) miss a post and are sometimes a week longer coming than they ought to be.\u2014The news from the French West India islands is more and more discouraging. Swarms of the inhabitants are quitting them and coming here daily. I wonder that none of your acquaintances write to you. Perhaps they may be in Martinique where the disturbance is not yet considerable. Perhaps they may be gone to France.\u2014Your friend Mrs. Waters is in a fair way of losing her husband, as he appears to be in a galloping consumption. The family are alarmed at his situation, tho he goes about his business still with activity. Maria\u2019s letter will inform  you she is well. Present me affectionately to Mr. Randolph, kiss dear Anne for me, and be assured of my tender love. Your\u2019s &c.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0041", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 9 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia June 9. 1792.\nI have been duly honoured with your favor of the 2d. inst. and have thought that I could not do better, with respect to the German emigrants, than to address the inclosed letter to the Messieurs Van Staphorsts & Hubbard of Amsterdam, leaving it to yourselves to point out the number and description of persons you want, and the conditions, and to open a correspondence with them yourselves directly on the subject, as it is probable this may not be the only occasion in which you may want similar supplies. If Mr. Damen is living, I think you may count on his executing your wishes; if any accident should have happened to him, the Messrs. Van Staphorsts & Hubard will be able to put your commission into other trusty hands.\nMr. Blodget is gone, I believe, to Boston. I shall hope to hear from him in the course of the ensuing week as to the 10,000 Dollars which ought to be paid on the 15th. inst. I have the honor to be Gentlemen Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0042", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 9 June 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nParis 9 June 1792.\nYours of the twenty ninth of April is just receivd. Previously thereto I had (unluckily) employd the Young Man you mention as my Cook. I did this on Mr. Short\u2019s Recommendation of his Integrity and because he had been in your Service. He is very grateful to you for the Offer you make him which he says he will accept of if I turn him away but he hopes I will not and wishes rather to continue in my Service which is natural enough because he receives higher Wages without leaving his Country. This being the case I really cannot find in my Heart to turn him away tho I sincerely wish he could be prevaild on to accept your Offer and to this Effect I order a Display to be made to him of the Advantages he might in future derive from establishing himself in the United States. I had on his declining the Offer desired him to look for a suitable Person but he told me that you had written to Madame Fran\u00e7ois not to send any other if he could not go.\nI pray you my dear Sir if you wish any Thing from hence to command me freely and to make no apology for it will give me real Pleasure to be in any wise subservient to your Wishes. I am with sincere Esteem your obedt. & humble Servt.\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0043", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Hore Browse Trist, 9 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trist, Hore Browse\nDear Browse\nPhiladelphia June 9. 1792.\nHaving understood that there was a considerable landed estate in England, which according to the events which have happened, would have descended on you intail had it not been barred, I enquired of Mrs. Trist whether you would take proper measures to investigate it\u2019s situation. I found that, from motives of delicacy, she had not urged this subject on you. I, who am under no such motives, and who sincerely wish you to obtain all the advantages you are justly entitled to, take upon myself to press this matter on you. There is nothing of morality or natural right to influence proceedings on either side. Your uncle, the last tenant in tail, had a right, from the law only, to hold the estate during his life. He had a right from the law also, to cut off the entail, by fine, recovery, or any other process which the law authorises. But the  law binds him down to the observance of many niceties in this process, and if, in cutting off the entail, he has neglected any of these niceties, then the same law says the estate is yours. Since neither of you then claim under moral or natural right, there is no immorality in either to avail yourselves of the rights given you equally by the law of the land, nor any reason why you should cede your legal rights, if you have any, to him who claims under your uncle similar legal rights. I would advise you therefore to enquire minutely into all the proceedings by which this entail has been barred. If it was by fine, your father\u2019s absence beyond the sea, and your infancy, may have saved your right if you attend to it in time. If it was by common recovery, there may have been irregularities in that also. It would doubtless be prudent for you to make your enquiries so cautiously as not to offend the family till you find there is some certainty of obtaining your object. If you could make a friend in the family who would attach themselves to your interest in preference to any other, you might get at all circumstances at once. I imagine it will be best, when you shall have furnished yourself with all the facts you can, to go to London to obtain the best council. I take the liberty of asking Mr. Pinkney there to advise you to whom to apply and how to conduct yourself, and I am sure you may count on his patronage, and every reasonable attention to aid you. I will take care to sollicit it from him, before he leaves us, as a favor to me, of which I shall be particularly sensible, being with every wish for your success & happiness, dear Browse your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0044", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 9 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia June 9. 1792.\nWhen I was at Amsterdam you were so good as to make me acquainted with a Mr. Herman Hend Damen, a merchant-broker, connected with you, who, being from the Palatinate, informed me he could at any time procure any number of emigrants from that country to come over on certain conditions then mentioned between us, or others equivalent: and that he would undertake to send me any number whenever I should be in readiness, on paying him 10. guineas each at Amsterdam or 11. guineas at the port of delivery, in lieu of all charges  of procuring and transporting them. Being not yet in a situation to avail myself of this proposal, it is not for myself that I mention it to you, but for the Commissioners of the new city of Washington on the Patowmac, which is to be our future seat of government. These gentlemen having occasion for a number of labouring people, tradesmen and others, I informed them that I thought by addressing themselves to Mr. Damen himself, or to him through you, they could probably be furnished. They therefore propose to do it, and will specify the kind of people they want, the number, and the conditions; and the object being interesting to our government, I take the liberty of adding, to their sollicitations for your attention and aid herein, those of, Gentlemen, your most obedient humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0047", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Le Veillard, 10 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Le Veillard, Louis\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 10. 1792.\nThe bearer hereof, Mr. Pleasants, goes to Paris to improve himself in medecine, surgery, and chemistry. Knowing your strength in the latter science, and your esteem for the lovers of all science, I take the liberty of introducing him to your acquaintance, assured, from the goodness of your character, that you will favor him with all those little services and counsels which you know are of so much value to the young man, the student and the stranger. In procuring him this service it is no small additional gratification to me to be thereby furnished with an occasion of repeating to you the assurances of my sincere and continual esteem, and of the sentiments of affectionate attachment with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir your friend and servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0048", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 10 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 10. 1792.\n   Clinton\n   Jay\n   Suffolk\n   Queen\u2019s cty.\n   King\u2019s cty.\n   city & county of N.Y.\n   Orange\n   Dutchess\n   Westchester\n   Richmond\n   Ulster\n   Columbia\n   Renslaer\n   Washington\n   Saratoga\nThe poll of the N.Y. election stood the day before yesterday thus. General Schuyler says there will be about 16,000 voters and offers to bet 3. to 1. as far as 500. guineas that Jay will still be elected. However he seems to be alone here in that expectation. We dined together at the P\u2019s on Thursday, and happening to set next one another, we got, towards the close of the afternoon, into a little contest whether hereditary descent or election was most likely to bring wise and honest men into public councils. He for the former, Pinkney and my self for the latter. I was not displeased to find the P. attended to the conversation as it will be a corroboration of the design imputed to that party in my letter.\u2014At a dinner of Jay-ites yesterday R.M. mentioned to the company that Clinton was to be vice-president, that the Antis intended to set him up. Bingham joined in attesting the project, which appeared new to the rest of the company. I paid Genl. Irvin 50 D. for Mr. Moore, the receipt he had, vouching it. Adieu. Yours affectionately", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0049", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 10 June 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 10 June 1792\nI have the Honor to acknowlege your favors of the tenth of March and twenty eighth of April. My last was of the 25th of April. As Mr.  Short remaind here untill the second Instant and was better acquainted with the current Transactions I relied on him for the Communication of them. He inform\u2019d you that we obtain\u2019d an Interview with Mr. de Mourier on the fifteenth of May. In this Interview he told me that he thought it was best that I should be presented to the King immediately, but yet my first Audience did not take Place untill the third of this Month. He apologiz\u2019d for this Delay as proceeding from the State of public Affairs which kept him continually occupied and agitated. I shall have occasion presently to say Something about them. In our first conversation as a fair Opportunity presented itself I made Use of it to tell him that during my Residence here in a private Character I had as well from my Attachment to the Cause of Liberty in general as to the Interests of France in particular endeavor\u2019d to effectuate some Changes in the Constitution which appear\u2019d to me essential to it\u2019s Existence. That being now in a public Character I thought it my Duty to avoid all Interference in their Affairs of which from henceforth I should be a meer Spectator. I will not trouble you with repeating what pass\u2019d at my Reception by the King and Queen.\nOn the next Day I dind with Mr. Demourier and delivered the Letter from the President to the King on his Acceptance of the Constitution, of which Letter I had previously made a Translation to avoid Mistakes of their Agents which are not uncommon. By the bye Several Members of the Corps diplomatique have spoken to me on the Subject of this Letter which has given them a high Idea of the President\u2019s Wisdom. I took occasion according to your Instructions to mention the obnoxious Acts of the late Assembly both to Mr. de Mourier and to Mr. Boncar\u00e9re his confidential Secretary. The latter told me that he coincided with me in Opinion fully on that Subject but that Nothing could be done till they brought the Assembly into more Consistency. That they could indeed command a Majority but that they could not bring that Majority into a Support of other Measures than those of the Moment. That (however) we might digest the Business and put it in Train. Mr. de Mourier told me that his System of politics was extremely simple. That a Power so great as France stood in no Need of Alliances and therefore he was against all Treaties other than those of Commerce. That he would very readily enter with me into the Consideration of a Treaty of Commerce but wished me to defer it untill he should return from the Frontiers.\nIn Order that you may fully understand the Facts which I shall have Occasion to communicate I think it most advisable to mention the State of Affairs in this Country such as it appears to me. I shall avoid speaking of Characters for evident Reasons. You are already inform\u2019d  I suppose of the Reasons which led to a Declaration of War against the King of Hungary, and you know that the Hope of an Insurrection in the austrian Flanders was among those Reasons. Indeed the Intention to excite it and the Efforts made to that Effect have (for the First Time I beleive in modern Days) been publicly avowed. This Hope has hitherto prov\u2019d fallacious and indeed as far as can be judg\u2019d from the Temper and Character of the Flemish People and from the Information I have been able to collect it seems to be the better Opinion that however they may feel an Aversion to the austrian Government they are still less dispos\u2019d to that of France. There is therefore no Probability of any capital Diversion in that Quarter and the Chance of it is daily decreasing from two natural Causes. First that the French Troops are extremely undisciplin\u2019d, and secondly that the Force of their Enemies will soon receive very considerable Additions. On the first of these Heads I need say Nothing since you will receive from various Quarters the sufficient Evidences. In Respect to the latter having combind all the Intelligence which can be relied on it results that about the middle of next Month the allied Armies will be one hundred and eighty thousand strong exclusive of the french Emigrants. It is doubtful whether these last will be permitted to act, and for the following Reasons. First it is not to be supposd that twenty thousand Gentlemen Volunteers serving at their own Expence can be well disciplind, consequently it is to be apprehended that they will be more injurious to their Friends than to their Enemies. Secondly it is next to impossible that in such a Number all irritated by Injuries either real or supposed there should not be some who will act more from Motives of private Vengeance than Regard to public Good and it is certain that Acts of Cruelty and Injustice will rather tend to prolong than terminate the Contest at least to give it that Termination which they wish for. Thirdly it is notorious that the great Mass of the french Nation is less solicitous to preserve the present order of Things than to prevent the Return of the antient Oppressions; and of Course would more readily submit to a pure Despotism than to that Kind of Monarchy whose only Limits were found in those noble legal and clerical Corps by which the People were alternately oppressed and insulted. And this Observation leads naturally to the Object of the Combind Powers, which I conceive to be the Establishment of a military Government on the Ruins of that anarchic System which now prevails, and in the Continuance of which no Power but England has any Interest. The others seeing that without a Counterpoise in the marine Scale Britain must possess the Empire of the ocean (which in the present commercial State of the World is a Kind of universal Empire) cannot but wish to reestablish  this Kingdom. But a great Question occurs. What Kind of Government shall be established. The Emigrants hope for their Darling Aristocracy: but it can hardly be supposd that Kings will exert themselves to raise abroad what they labor incessantly to destroy at Home, and more especially as the french Revolution having been begun by the Nobles, the Example will be so much the more striking if they become the Victims of it. But if the allied Monarchs have an Interest in destroying the Aristocracy, they have a much stronger and a more evident interest in preventing a free and well poiz\u2019d System from being adopted. Such System must inevitably extend itself, and force the Neighbouring Powers to relax from their Tyranny. If the Court of Berlin could have been insensible to this Truth, in which it is so deeply interested, the zealous Reformers here would not have permitted the prussian Ministers to slumber over their Danger. The Desire to propogate and make Converts to their Opinions has led them so far that the Quarrel which might have been only political has become personal, and I have good Reason to beleive, Notwithstanding the profound Secrecy which is preserv\u2019d respecting the Designs of the grand Alliance, that it is in Contemplation to put all Power into the Hands of the King. Things have been prepard for that Event by the inconsiderate Partizans of Liberty. In their Eagerness to abolish antient Institutions they forgot that a Monarchy without intermediate Ranks is but another Name for Anarchy or Despotism. The first, unhappily, exists to a Degree scarcely to be parralleld, and such is the Horror and Apprehension which licentious Societies have universally inspired that there is some Reason to beleive the great Mass of french Population would consider even Despotism as a Blessing, if accompanied with Security to Person and Property such as is experienced under the worst Governments in Europe. Another great Means of establishing Despotism here is to be found in that national Bankruptcy which seems to be inevitable. The Expence of the last Month exceeded the Income by about ten Millions of Dollars. This Expence continues to increase, and the Revenue to diminish. The Estate of the Clergy is consumed and the Debt is as great as at the Opening of the States General. The current Expence has, by taking away the Property of the Church, been encreasd about a sixth. The Dilapidation in every Department is unexampled. And they have, to crown all, an encreasing Paper Money which already amounts to above three hundred Millions of Dollars. From such Facts it is impossible not to draw the most sinister Presages. The Country People have hitherto been actuated in a great Measure by the Hope of Gain. The Abolition of Tithes, of feudal Rights, and burthensome Taxes, was so pleasant that a cold Examination  of Consequences could not be admitted; still less an Enquiry into the strict Measure of Justice. Next to the Abolition came on those philosophical and mathematical Arrangements of the Fisc which are very beautiful and satisfactory, and to which there lies but one Objection of any Consequence which is that they are inexecutable. Now I have frequently observed that when Men are brought to abandon the Paths of Justice it is not easy to arrest their Progress at any particular Point, and therefore as the whole Kingdom (Paris excepted) is interested in the Non Payment of Taxes the Question will be decided without much Difficulty if once the Legislature get out of this City.\nThey are already preparing for a March, and it is intended to take the King with them to which Effect a Decree has already passed to disband his Life Guard, and another to collect 20000 Men to the Northward of this City. An Opposition will be made by the parisian Militia to the latter Decree, because they begin to perceive the Object: and as it seems to be a pretty general Opinion among them that no capital Opposition will be made to the austrian and prussian Troops, they consider the Person of Louis the sixteenth as forming the most solid Reliance they have to protect them from Plunder and Outrage. This Decree may therefore occasion either a Schism between the Militia and the Assembly, or among the Inhabitants of Paris, or both. Already there exists a serious Breach between the Members of the present Administration, and a Part of them must go out. I have the best Reason to beleive that the whole will be changed before many Weeks, and some of them within a few Days. There exists also a mortal Enmity between different Parties in the Assembly. At the Head of the jacobine Faction is the Deputation of Bourdeaux, and that City is (as you know) particularly indisposed to our commercial Interests. It is this State of universal Hostility or rather Confusion to which Demourier alluded when he apologizd for delaying my Audience. And it was this also which his Confidant had in View when he mention\u2019d the Necessity of waiting for a greater Consistency in the Legislature before any Thing could be done.\nI mention\u2019d to you above that Mr. Demourier had it in Contemplation to visit the Frontiers. This was in his Quality of principal Minister, and certainly not as Minister of foreign Affairs. One of his principal Advisers tells me that he has dissuaded him from taking that Step. The Object was to bring the Army to Action; for having brought on a State of Hostility for which he is personally responsible, he is deeply concern\u2019d in the Success and he has little Hope unless from a Coup de Main before the Armies of the Enemy are collected. In Consequence, he has given repeated orders to fight both to Monsieur Luckner and  Monsieur de la fayette. The former has declin\u2019d, and the latter peremptorily refus\u2019d; the Situation of their respective Armies not permitting any well grounded Expectations. At present the two Armies are in March to form a Junction, when the whole will be commanded by Monsieur Luckner. It is expected that he will be at the Head of 60.000 pick\u2019d Troops, and the Austrians cannot well oppose above 35.000. It is said that they are to act immediately, but I have pretty good Reason to beleive that the Stroke will be about the twentieth to the twenty fifth.\nMr. de Mourier told me that he was perfectly easy in Respect to Prussia whose only Object was to get the House of Austria fairly engaged and then to take Advantage of it\u2019s Embarrasments. I told him that he must of Course be well inform\u2019d on that Subject but that since the Departure of the prussian Minister without taking Leave I could not but suppose the Intentions of that Court were more serious than he imagin\u2019d. He gave me many Reasons for his Opinion, which I should have suppos\u2019d to be only an ostensible one, if one of his Intimates had not on another Occasion quoted it to me, and if I did not know the principal Channel thro which he derives his Intelligence. A late Circumstance will tend rather to establish than remove this Opinion, I mean the Attack of Poland by the Empress of Russia to overturn the new Constitution. Whether this Movement be in Concert with the austrian and prussian Cabinets or not is doubtful. I cannot as yet make up any tolerable Judg\u2019ment on the Subject, but I beleive that in either Case those Cabinets will pursue their Object in Regard to this Country.\nThe Details I have entered into and the Informations which you will collect from the public Prints will shew that in the present moment it will be very difficult to excite Attention to other Objects than those by which they are so strongly agitated. The best Picture I can give of the french Nation, in this moment, is that of Cattle before a Thunder Storm. And as to the Government, every Member of it is engagd in the Defence of himself or the Attack of his Neighbor. I shall notwithstanding pursue the Objects which you recommend. The Obstacles to Success form but Incitements to the Attempt. It must however be made with Caution because any sudden Change of Affairs may bring forward Persons who would oppose a Measure, merely because their Predecessors had approvd of it.\nYou desird me among other Things to send you the Moniteur but the Editor of that Paper does not give so faithful a Report of what passes in the Assembly, as you will find in the Logo graphe. If there be any one of the Gazetteers who is impartial it is the Author or rather  Transcriber of this. I send you of Course the Gazette of France, which says you know whatever the Ministry order it to say. The Patriote fran\u00e7ais written by Mr. Brissot will give you the Republican Side of the Question, as the Gazette universelle does that of the Kind of Monarchy proposed by the Constitution. The Paper call\u2019d the Indicateur is written by a Party who wish a more vigorous executive, altho (strange to tell) this Party consists of the Persons who in the Beginning of the late Assembly did every Thing to bring the Kingdom into the Situation now experienced. The Journal of the Jacobines will give you what passes in that Society. The Gazette of Leyden which I transmit according to your Request will convey a Kind of Digest of all these different Sentiments and Opinions. Thus Sir if you have the Patience to look over these several Papers you will have a clear View not only of what is done but of what is intended. For the present I take my Leave with the Assurances of that sincere Respect and Esteem with whch I am yours\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0050", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 11 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia June 11. 1792.\nI have the honor to inclose you the President\u2019s order on the treasurer of Maryland for 24,000. Dollars according to the desire expressed in your letter of the 6th. instant, and of adding assurances of the esteem and respect with which I am, Gentlemen, Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0052", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Green, 11 June 1792\nFrom: Green, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia June the 11. 1792\nI have the honor to inclose you herewith a Memorial, concerning the predicament in which I stand, and the losses which I have suffer\u2019d, as a Citizen and Merchant of the United States, in consequence of the measures and Conduct of the Administration of the British Government; and which amount as you will perceive, by that Memorial and the accompanying proofs, to upwards of Two hundred thousand Dollars specie.\nI beg you will please to submit my Memorial to the President of the United States, with an earnest but respectful sollicitation, that Mr. Pinckney (who I understand is appointed in a Public Character to the Court of London) may be instructed at his arrival there, to lay the State thereof before that Court, and to require for me a full and ample compensation in Justice, for that Loss and damage.\nThe body of evidence which I offer, in proof of my various allegations is become legal by the late Consular Act, in all the Courts of these States; and the Certificate of the New act with the grounds of it, attested by Six Gentlemen, all of them certified by the Consul of the United States in London, to be respectable, and one of them, Sir John Peter, actually the Consul General of the British Nation in the Austrian Netherlands, is I humbly apprehend, fully equal in reason and in policy, to any positive record of any British Court of Law, which must necessarily in a certain degree be under the influence of its Judge. With great respect, I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedient & Most humble Servant\nWilliam Green", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0053", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Hemming, 11 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hemming, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 11. 1792.\nI have duly recieved your favor of the 4th. inst. covering one from Mr. Boyd of whose health and success I am always glad to hear. I sincerely wish it were in my power to gratify his and your desire by finding some employment for your talents which might bring advantage to yourself at the same time. I had the honor of explaining to you personally that our government has few offices in it\u2019s gift, and myself fewer than any other of it\u2019s members. I have had but a single appointment to make since I have been in office, which was a copying clerk at 500 dollars a year. It would have been delusive therefore had I given you expectations which there would have been so little probability of fulfilling, and it would be so were I to excite such expectations now. While I avoid this, in obedience to the dictates of candor and truth, I can with equal truth and candor assure you that were an occasion of serving you to present itself I should with pleasure embrace it, being  with every wish to gratify yourself and Mr. Boyd, Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0054", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 11 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 11. 1792.\nThe letter I have addressed to Admiral Jones, of which you have had the perusal, has informed you of the mission with which the President has thought proper to charge him at Algiers, and how far your agency is desired for conveying to him the several papers, for receiving and paying his draughts to the amount therein permitted, by redrawing yourself on our bankers in Amsterdam who are instructed to honor your bills, and by acting as a channel of correspondence between us. It is some time however since we have heard of Admiral Jones. Should any accident have happened to his life, or should you be unable to learn where he is, or should distance, refusal to act or any other circumstance deprive us of his services on this occasion, or be likely to produce too great a delay, of which you are to be the judge, you will then be pleased to send all the papers confided to you for him, to Mr. Thomas Barclay our Consul at Marocco, with the letter addressed to him, which is delivered you open, and by which you will perceive that he is, in that event, substituted to every intent and purpose in the place of Admiral Jones. You will be pleased not to pass any of the papers confided to you on this business through any post-office. I have the honor to be with great & sincere esteem, Sir, your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0055", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 11 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia. June 11. 1792.\nI have already had the honor of delivering to you your commission as Minister Plenipotentiary of the U.S. at the court of London, and  have now that of inclosing your letter of credence to the king, sealed, and a copy of it open for your own information. Mr. Adams, your predecessor, seemed to understand, on his being presented to that court, that a letter was expected for the queen also. You will be pleased to inform yourself whether the custom of that court requires this from us, and to enable you to comply with it, if it should, I inclose a letter sealed for the Queen, and a copy of it open for your own information. Should it\u2019s delivery not be requisite, you will be so good as to return it, as we do not wish to set a precedent which may bind us hereafter to a single unnecessary ceremony.\nTo you, Sir, it will be unnecessary to undertake a general delineation of the duties of the office to which you are appointed. I shall therefore only express a desire that they be constantly exercised in that spirit of sincere friendship which we bear to the English nation, and that in all transactions with the Minister, his good dispositions be conciliated by whatever in language or attentions may tend to that effect. With respect to their government, or policy, as concerning themselves or other nations, we wish not to intermeddle in word or deed, and that it be not understood that our government permits itself to entertain either a will or an opinion on the subject.\nI particularly recommend to you, as the most important of your charges, the patronage of our commerce, and it\u2019s liberation from embarrasments in all the British dominions; but most especially in the West Indies. Our Consuls in Great Britain and Ireland are under general instructions to correspond with you as you will perceive by the copy of a circular letter lately written to them, and now inclosed. From them you may often receive interesting information. Mr. Joshua Johnson is Consul for us at London, James Maury at Liverpool, Elias Vanderhorst at Bristol, Thomas Auldjo Vice Consul at Pool (resident at Cowes) and William Knox consul at Dublin. The jurisdiction of each is exclusive and independant and extends to all places within the same allegiance nearer to him than to the residence of any other consul or vice-consul of the U.S.\u2014The settlement of their accounts from time to time, and the payment of them, is referred to you, and in this the act respecting Consuls and any other laws made or to be made are to be your guide. Charges which these do not authorize, you will be pleased not to allow. These accounts are to be settled up to the first day of July in every year, and to be transmitted to the Secretary of state.\nAn act of Congress of July 1. 1790. has limited the allowance of a Minister plenipotentiary to 9000. dollars a year for all his personal services and other expences, a year\u2019s salary for his Outfit and a quarter\u2019s  salary for his return. It is understood that the personal services and other expences here meant, do not extend to the cost of gazettes and pamphlets transmitted to the Secretary of State\u2019s office, to the printing of necessary papers, postage, or couriers. These additional charges therefore may be inserted in your accounts; but no other of any description, unless where they are expressly directed to be incurred. By an antient rule of Congress, your salary commenced from the time you left your own home to come on this mission. It will cease on your receiving notice or permission to return, after which the additional quarter\u2019s allowance takes place. You are free to name a private secretary whenever you shall find one necessary, and he will be allowed from the public 1350. dollars a year, without any allowance for extras. I have thought it best to state these things to you exactly that you may be relieved from all doubt as to the matter of your accounts: and I must beg leave to add a most earnest request that on the 1st. day of July next, and on the same day annually afterwards, you make out your own account to that day, and send it by duplicates by the very first safe conveyances. In this I must be very urgent and particular, because at the meeting of the ensuing Congress it will always be expected that the Secretary of state lay before them a statement of the disbursements from this fund from July to June inclusive. I have given orders to Messrs. Willinks, Van Staphorsts & Hubbard our bankers in Amsterdam, to answer your draughts for the allowances herein before mentioned.\u2014The peculiar custom in England of impressing seamen on every appearance of war, will occasionally expose our seamen to peculiar oppressions and vexations. These will require your most active exertions and protection, which we know cannot be effectual without incurring considerable expence: and as no law has yet provided for this, we think it fairer to take the risk of it on the Executive than to leave it on your shoulders. You will therefore with all due economy and on the best vouchers the nature of the case will admit, meet those expences, transmitting an account of them to the Secretary of state to be communicated to the legislature. It will be expedient that you take proper opportunities in the mean time of conferring with the minister on this subject in order to form some arrangement for the protection of our seamen on those occasions. We entirely reject the mode which was the subject of a conversation between Mr. Morris and him, which was that our seamen should always carry about them certificates of their citizenship. This is a condition never yet submitted to by any nation, one with which seamen would never have the precaution to comply, the casualties of their calling would expose them to the constant destruction or loss of  this paper evidence, and thus the British government would be armed with legal authority to impress the whole of our seamen.\u2014The simplest rule will be that the vessel being American, shall be evidence that the seamen on board her are such. If they apprehend that our vessels might thus become asylums for the fugitives of their own nation from impress-gangs, the number of men to be protected by a vessel may be limited by her tonnage, and one or two officers only be permitted to enter the vessel in order to examine the numbers aboard; but no pressgang should be allowed ever to go on board an American vessel till after it shall be found that there are more than their stipulated number on board, nor till after the master shall have refused to deliver the supernumeraries (to be named by himself) to the press-officer who has come on board for that purpose and even then the American Consul should be called in. In order to urge a settlement of this point before a new occasion may arise, it may not be amiss to draw their attention to the peculiar irritation excited on the last occasion, and the difficulty of avoiding our making immediate reprisals on their seamen here. You will be so good as to communicate to me what shall pass on this subject, and it may be made an article of convention to be entered into either there or here.\nYou will receive here a copy of the journals of the antient Congress, and of the laws and journals and reports of the present. Those for the future, with gazettes and other interesting papers, shall be sent you from time to time; and I shall leave you generally to the gazettes for whatever information is in possession of the public, and shall specially undertake to communicate by letter, such only relative to the business of your mission, as the gazetteers cannot give. From you I ask once or twice a month a communication, of interesting occurrences in England, of the general affairs of Europe, the court gazette, the best paper in the interest of the ministry, and the best of the opposition party, most particularly that one of each which shall give the best account of the debates of parliament, the parliamentary register annually, and such other political publications as may be important enough to be read by one who can spare little time to read any thing, or which may contain matter proper to be kept and turned to on interesting subjects and occasions. The English packet is the most certain channel for such epistolary communications as are not very secret, and intermediate occasions by private vessels may be resorted to for secret communications, and for such as would come too expensively burthened with postage by the packets. You are furnished with a cypher for greater secrecy of communication. To the papers beforementioned  I must desire you to add the Leyden gazette, paper by paper as it comes out, by the first vessel sailing after it\u2019s receipt.\nI inclose you the papers in the case of a Mr. Wilson, ruined by the capture of his vessel after the term limited by the Armistice. They will inform you of the circumstances of his case, and where you may find him personally, and I recommend his case to your particular representations to the British court. It is possible that other similar cases may be transmitted to you. You have already recieved some letters of Mr. Adams\u2019s explanatory of the principles of the armistice and of what had passed between him and the British minister on the subject.\nMr. Greene of Rhode island will deliver you his papers, and I am to desire that you may patronize his claims so far as shall be just and right, leaving to himself and his agent to follow up the minute details of sollicitation and coming forward yourself only when there shall be proper occasion for you to do so in the name of your nation.\nMr. Cutting has a claim against the government, vouchers for which he is to procure from England. As you are acquainted with the circumstances of it I have only to desire that you will satisfy yourself as to any facts relative thereto, the evidence of which cannot be transmitted, and that you will communicate the same to me that justice may be done between the public and the claimant.\nWe shall have occasion to ask your assistance in procuring a workman or two for our mint; but this shall be the subject of a separate letter after I shall have received more particular explanations from the Director of the Mint. I have the honor to be with great and sincere esteem Dear Sir your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0056", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Rittenhouse, 11 June 1792\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nJune 11th. 1792\nI have read over Mr. Keiths paper carefully, and endeavoured to make out his meaning. He has indeed expressed himself so very loosely that it is not easy to say what he intended. One thing however is clear, that he meant to depreciate the Rod-pendulum; and this he has done in a manner that does no credit to his Candour or Abilities. We have only his assertion, unsupported by any thing that can be called reasoning, \u201cThat it is impossible to fix an invariable or nearly equal measure from the Rod of a Cylindrical Pendulum\u201d; and he barely hints at an Objection which you may remember I made to that Pendulum, and which I take to be far the most important, I mean the difficulty of making it precisely of the same thickness throughout. As to the other difficulty, which he likewise slightly mentions, the placing one extremity of the rod exactly in the center of motion, I conceive every workman will pronounce it too trifling to merit attention.\nMr. Keith must certainly have wrote down his very first thoughts on the subject, which he never afterwards considered or corrected. For I think I never saw so much no meaning, so ill expressed and in so few lines as his paper contains. He observes that \u201cthe length of Mr. J\u2014s Standard is not the length of the seconds pendulum.\u201d I believe no one ever said it was, in the sense in which Mr. Keith sometimes uses the word pendulum, and sometimes does not. He adds, \u201cthe length of the pendulum has nothing to do with the whole length of the rod.\u201d This I conceive is not strictly true in any sense. The length of the rod will not in all cases determine the length of the pendulum, but all other circumstances being given the whole length of the rod does determine the length of the pendulum. He says, \u201cit is the distance between the point of suspension and the center of Oscillation which the Philosopher calls a pendulum.\u201d A Philosopher might indeed call that distance the length of his pendulum, but I conceive he would require something  more than pure space to give the name of pendulum to. All this is, however, perhaps nothing more than cavilling at some expression the Secretary had used. For instance, he may have called his cylindrical Rod simply a pendulum, instead of a Rod-pendulum.\nMr. Keith says, \u201cif a Rod-pendulum could be made of equal thickness, and density of matter, and vibrated from the very point of suspension in a Cycloid and in Vacuo, the true length of the pendulum would be exactly two thirds of the distance between the two extremities of the Rod.\u201d This I think compleats Mr. Keiths period, but it is surely very imperfect. For, not to mention the Burlesque Idea of making a rod vibrate in a Cycloid, or the inaccuracy of not stating one extremity of the rod to be at the point of suspension, it is egregiously false unless the thickness of the rod be limited, which he has not done. The next paragraph far exceeds all that this gentlemen has said besides in absurdity; it is as follows. \u201cIf this rod were not very fine, and if the center of motion were not at the top of the rod, or point of suspension, the length of the pendulum would be two thirds of the distance between the center of motion and that of Oscillation.\u201d That is, the length of the pendulum would be two thirds of what Mr. Keith had, a little before, defined to be the length of the pendulum. But this wonderfull passage may be more easily reconciled to truth and common sense than Mr. Keith himself would perhaps imagine. It is but striking out the little word, not, twice, and writing the lower extremity of the rod instead of the Center of Oscillation; and with these alterations the sentence is unexceptionable.\nMr. Keith now seems to think he has demolished the rod-pendulum; having shewn it to be useless for the purpose intended; but before he quits the subject adds, \u201cFor, measured from its extremities, a second pendulum is of all possible lengths, from 39 to 58 \u00bd inches.\u201d How is it possible for us to guess what kind of pendulum he means in this place? Is it the Ball-pendulum, or is it the cylindrical Rod-pendulum? The assertion however is not true; or at least is very inaccurate, of any kind of pendulum whatever. According to his own definition of the word pendulum, a seconds pendulum can be neither more nor less than 39 inches and a fraction. We must therefore suppose that he uses the word in a sense similar to that for which he blames Mr. J. for using it in. There are I think but three kinds of pendulums which he could have had in view. If he meant any other he ought certainly to have described it. The first is the Ball-pendulum in which the weight of its slender rod is not considered. The limits of its length, measured from one extremity to the other, I find to be 39.1 and 55.9 inches. The next is the Simple cylindrical rod-pendulum; which, its  thickness not being given, may be of any length whatever under 58.7 inches. But if the thickness does not exceed half an inch its limits will be nearly comprized between 58.7, and 58.7005, the difference being about 1/2000 of an inch. The third is the pendulum compounded of both Ball and rod, and by varying the proportions between them it may be made of any length whatever. As to what Mr. Keith says of the Monstrous Error in the Cubic foot derived from the Rod-pendulum, he certainly meant nothing more than that the difference between it and the English cubic foot is very considerable, and I believe nobody ever thought otherwise, or asserted the contrary. I am, Dr. Sir, your most obedt.\nDavd. Rittenhouse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0057", "content": "Title: George Washington to Thomas Barclay, 11 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barclay, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 11. 1792.\nCongress having furnished me with means for procuring peace, and ransoming our captive citizens from the government of Algiers, I have thought it best, while you are engaged at Marocco, to appoint Admiral Jones to proceed to Algiers, and therefore have sent him a commission for establishing peace, another for the ransom of our captives, and a third to act there as Consul for the U.S. and full instructions are given in a letter from the Secretary of state to him, of all which papers, Mr. Pinkney now proceeding to London as our Minister Plenipotentiary there, is the bearer, as he is also of this letter. It is sometime however since we have heard of Admiral Jones, and as, in the event of any accident to him, it might occasion an injurious delay, were the business to await new commissions from hence, I have thought it best, in such an event, that Mr. Pinkney should forward to you all the papers addressed to Admiral Jones, with this letter, signed by myself, giving you authority on receipt of those papers to consider them as addressed to you, and to proceed under them in every respect as if your name stood in each of them in the place of that of John Paul Jones. You will of course finish the business of your mission to Marocco with all the dispatch practicable, and then proceed to Algiers on that hereby  confided to you, where this letter with the commissions addressed to Admiral Jones, and an explanation of circumstances, will doubtless procure you credit as acting in the name and on the behalf of the United States, and more especially when you shall efficaciously prove your authority by the fact of making, on the spot, the payments you shall stipulate. With full confidence in the prudence and integrity with which you will fulfill the objects of the present mission, I give to this letter the effect of a commission and full powers, by hereto subscribing my name this eleventh day of June one thousand seven hundred and ninety two.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0058", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 12 June 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 12 June 1792. Since writing to TJ on 19 May he has learned that the report of the capture of a Spanish boat by the Moors was untrue. In Morocco, Muley Ischem is about to march north with a large army commanded by Ben Assar, so that by July or August the civil war will be decided by force of arms or a partition of the Empire. Last month Muley Ischem sent an ambassador to Spain to ask for assistance, but the success of this mission is doubtful because of Spain\u2019s decision to recall supplies earmarked for Morocco. Muley Ischem\u2019s appointment of his brother Absulem as governor of Sus has failed to quell the opposition to him in that province, especially in the capital city of Santa Cruz. Earlier this month partisans of Muley Ischem attacked a caravan near Rabat, killing or wounding almost 40 persons and making off with much plunder. Suliman awaits his brother\u2019s army, having been joined at Fez by Tahar Fenis, whom he appointed governor of Tangier, much to the dissatisfaction of its people, who prevailed upon Ischem to send them Hamet Bensadok in his stead. Before Bensadok\u2019s arrival, Suliman sent the foreign consuls in Tangier the enclosed letters of 11 and 13 May and 1 June, the latter in answer to their complaint that the captains of his cruisers were attempting to extort presents from them. The governor has confirmed his master\u2019s strict orders to do impartial justice without distinction as to religion and adds that the  Christians have been recommended to his care. According to reports, Suliman will send an ambassador to Spain to counteract the maneuvers of his brother\u2019s emissary at that court.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0059", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Dobson, 12 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dobson, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 12. 1792.\nAccording to the desire expressed in your letter of May 30. to receive negociable paper rather than money, I now inclose you Mr. Pinkney\u2019s bill of exchange on Willinks, Van Staphorsts & Hubbard of Amsterdam, bankers of the United States for 2535 gilders on public account for which I paid him one thousand dollars (@ 2[\u00bd?] per gilder) and my own bill on the Van Staphorsts & Hubbard for 1014. gilders on my own account, equal to four hundred dollars, the payment of both which is certain. I inclose triplicate letters of advice to accompany the bills. I presume I may count this sum to my credit as of the 19th. inst. and desire it may be placed to that of my bond to Jones of Bristol assigned to you. Whatever balance remains due on that bond, can only be paid by me out of the proceeds of the crop now growing, whenever that can be turned into money, and out of that it shall be paid.\n I am sorry it is not in my power to send you a copy of the paper given me from you by Mr. Eppes whereon were stated the payments made on my bill of exchange transferred to you from Mr. Tabb. This paper was left at my house in Virginia, where I keep all my papers of private account. I find a note of the balance due thereon as calculated by me Sep. 30. 1791. about \u00a3247\u20135\u201310 currency against which are to be set off Mr. Eppes\u2019s payments of \u00a3250. so that there can be little due on that except what may be occasioned by any difference of exchange my calculation having been made at par. All this being a matter of simple calculation will be susceptible of no difficulty and may therefore be settled with Mr. Eppes as you propose. An acknolegement of the receipt of the inclosed bills, by post, will oblige, Sir your humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0060", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 12 June 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nOrange June 12th. 1792\nSince I got to the end of my journey I have been without an opportunity of dropping you a line: and this is written merely to be ready for the first casual conveyance to Fredricksburg. I received yesterday your two favors No. 1 and 2. The gazettes under a preceding cover had come to hand some days before. Your answer to Hammond has on the whole got triumphantly through the ordeal. It is certainly not materially injured, though perhaps a little defaced by some of the criticisms to which you have yielded. The points on which you did not relax appear to me to be fully vindicated; the main ones unanswerably so. The doctrine which would make the States the contracting parties, could have been as little expected from that quarter, as it is irreconcileable with the tenor of their confederation. The expectation of Hammond, if sincere, of final instructions by the meeting of Congress throws light I think on the errand of Bond. He can scarcely calculate on the result of his Court\u2019s reconsideration of the subject within the short time allowed, by five months after deducting the double voyage.\nI have letters from Kentucky down to the 8th. May. Little depredations from the Savages continue to be complained of. The people however are chiefly occupied with the approaching distribution of the new offices. Nothing is said as to their probable Govr. Congress and the Judiciary are thought of more importance to the State. Brown can be what he pleases. Some are disposed to fix him on the Bench. None will object to his going into the Senate if that should be his choice. Campbell and Muter are the other names in conversation for the Senate: and Brackenridge and Greenup for the House of Reps. I have this information from a Mr. Taylor a pretty intelligent man engaged in their public affairs. George Nicholas specifies no names, observing that it is impossible to conjecture those that will succeed in the competitions. Among the contents of the inclosed letter is a printed copy of the Constitution of Kentucky as finally agreed to. You can take out that or any thing else for perusal as you please; after which you will be good eno\u2019 to have the letter handed in such way as you may  judge best. I would not have thrown the trouble on you, if any other channel had occurred.\nThe unpopularity of the excise has evidently increased in this quarter, owing partly to the effect of Sidney who has found his way here, and partly to the unavoidable vexations it carries into the family distilleries.\nThe tax on newspapers is another article of grievance. It is not very well understood, but if it were it would not be satisfactory first because too high, secondly because suspected of being an insidious forerunner of something worse. I am afraid the subscriptions will soon begin to be withdrawn from the Philada. papers, unless some step be speedily taken to prevent it. The best that occurs seems to be to advertise that the papers will not be put into the mail, but sent as heretofore to all who shall not direct them to be put into the mail. Will you hint this to Freneau? His subscribers in this quarter seem pretty well satisfied with the degree of regularity and safety with which they get the papers, and highly pleased with the paper itself.\nI found this Country labouring under a most severe drought. There had been no rain whatever since the 19 or 20 of April. The flax and oats generally destroyed. The corn dying in the hills. No tobacco planted. And the wheat in weak land suffering; in the strong, not injured materially; in the very strong perhaps benefited. 8 days ago there was a very local shower here. A day or two after a better, but still very local. Neither of them from appearances extended as far South as Albemarle. For several days past it has rained almost constantly and is still raining with the wind from North East; with every appearance of a general rain: so that the only danger now is of too much wet for the wheat, which I am happy to find has effectually supplanted Tobacco in the conversation and anxieties of our crop mongers, and is rapidly doing so in their fields.\nI met the P. on the road. I had no conversation with him; but he handed me a letter which he had written to me at home. Its contents are very interesting but do not absolutely decide the problem which dictated yours to him.\nMonroe and his lady left us on wednesday on their way home. He is to meet the revisors at Richmond about the 15th. I understood Mrs. M. was to be added to the family at Monticello during his absence.\nWill you be so good as to cover under your next, a copy of Mease\u2019s inaugural oration on the Hydrophobia. Rush sent me a copy which had just been printed, the morning I set out for Docr. Jones. I wished to have got one for another friend, but had not time. If the bulk will permit, send two and I will send one for the amusement of Gilmer, who  I hear, though thro\u2019 imperfect channels, is still in a critical situation. Always & affectly Yours\nJs. Madison Jr\nThe promised list of names is inclosed. When your Tableau of National debts and polls is made out may I ask a copy?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0065", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 13 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia June 13. 1792.\n Your favor has been duly recieved, inclosing my account current of Feb. 28. balance in my favor \u01923116\u201318s. since which I have Mr. Short\u2019s acknolegement of the receipt of Ruston\u2019s bill of Exchange on Paisley for \u00a340. sterling, which he said he would immediately remit to you to receive the money and carry it to my credit. From this is to be deducted my order on you in favour of the Treasury of the U.S. Jan. 29. \u01922511-7. Having occasion to place in London the sum of 1014. gilders I have drawn on you for that amount in favor of Mr. John Dobson merchant of that place. Not being advised by Mr. Short of any other draughts on you on my account, I have presumed myself safe in the one I make on you, and have only to desire that if any payment unknown to me should not have left enough in your hands to cover the draught in favor of Dobson, that you will still be so good as to honour it and I will take care to replace it on notice. I am with great esteem, Gentlemen Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0066", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Bingham, 14 June 1792\nFrom: Bingham, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhilada June 14. 1792.\nI will use every Exertion to procure Copies of the Laws that you are desirous of obtaining in order to compleat your Sett of the Pennsylvania Code.\nFully concurring in opinion with you on the Necessity of the general Government being possessed of the respective Laws of the Several States and aware of the difficulty of procuring them I introduced into a Bill during the last Session of the Legislature, a Clause that induces a Duty, on the Part of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, to furnish regularly to the Secretary of the State, a Copy of the Laws that may be passed during each Session, So that henceforward your office will be regularly Supplied with the legislative Acts of Pennsylvania. I have the Honor to be with Respect & esteem Sir Your obedt hble sevt\nWm Bingham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0067", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 14 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 14. 1792.\nThe U.S. being now about to establish a Mint, it becomes necessary to ask your assistance in procuring persons to carry on some parts of it, and to enable you to give it, you must be apprised of some facts.\nCongress, some time ago, authorised the President to take measures for procuring some artists from any place where they were to be had. It was known that a Mr. Drost, a Swiss, had made an improvement in the method of coining and some specimens of his coinage were exhibited here, which were superior to any thing we had ever seen. Mr. Short was therefore authorised to engage Drost to come over, to erect the proper machinery and instruct persons to go on with the coinage; and as he supposed this would require but about a year, we agreed to give him a thousand Louis a year, and his expences. The agreement was made, two coining mills, or screws, were ordered by  him; but in the end he declined coming. We have reason to believe he was drawn off by the English East India company, and that he is now at work for them in England.\u2014Mr. Bolton had also made a proposition to coin for us in England, which was declined.\u2014Since this the act has been passed for establishing our mint, which authorises, among other things, the employment of an Assayer at 1500. D. a year, a chief coiner at the same, and an engraver at 1200. D. but it admits of the employment of one person both as Engraver and chief coiner; this we expect may be done, as we presume that any engraver, who has been used to work for a coinage must be well enough acquainted with all the operations of coinage to direct them; and it is an economy worth attention, if we can have the services performed by one officer instead of two; in which case it is proposed to give him the salary of the Chiefcoiner, that is to say 1500. Dollars a year. I am therefore to request that you will endeavor, on your arrival in Europe to engage and send us an Assayer, of approved skill, and of well attested integrity, and a Chief-coiner and Engraver, in one person, if possible, acquainted with all the improvements in coining, and particularly those of Drost and Boulton. Their salaries may commence from the day of their sailing for America. If Drost be in England, I think he will feel himself under some obligation to aid you in procuring persons. How far Boulton will do it seems uncertain. You will doubtless make what use you can of the good dispositions of either of these or of any other person. Should you find it impracticable to procure an Engraver capable of performing the functions of Chief coiner also, we must be content that you engage separate characters. Let these persons bring with them all the implements necessary for the carrying on the business, except such as you shall think too bulky and easily made here. It would be proper therefore that they should consult you as to the necessary implements and their prices that they may act under your controul. The method of your paying for these implements and making reasonable advances to the workmen shall be the subject of another letter, after the President shall have decided thereon. It should be a part of the agreement of these people that they will faithfully instruct all persons in their art, whom we shall put under them for that purpose. Your contract with them may be made for any term not exceeding four years. I have the honour to be with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Should you not be able to procure persons of eminent qualifications for their business in England, it will be proper to open a correspondence with Mr. Morris on the subject and see whether he cannot  get such from France. Next to the obtaining the ablest artists, a very important circumstance is to send them to us as soon as possible.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0069", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jerman Baker, 15 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Baker, Jerman\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 15. 1792.\nI forward the inclosed letter from Doctr. Witherspoon the moment it comes to my hand, in hopes that I may receive Mr. Robinson\u2019s ultimate determination before I leave this place; as, should it come afterwards his or your letter might remain here unopened and the opportunity be lost. I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0070", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Barton, 15 June 1792\nFrom: Barton, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhilada. June 15. 1792\nThe inclosed Observations on the Hessian Fly, in answer to the Queries published by the Committee of the Philosophical Society, and addressed, to You, were transmitted (under Cover) to me, since the last stated Meeting of the Society.\nIn the Letter, to me, which covered these Observations, the ingenious Writer\u2014Dr. De Normandie of Burlington\u2014makes mention, that the Magnifier he used on the Occasion, took in the whole Compass of the Fly, and enlarged it to the size of the Yellow wasp. He brought into his Chamber, in their Chrysalis state, some of the Flies, which he had procured from a parcel of damaged Wheat; and provided for them young, growing Wheat, either for them to feed on, or upon which they might deposit their Eggs, neither of which they did. He also placed some of them on the green Wheat: but they instantly deserted it, and flew to the Windows, which by that time he had darkened with the Shutters. This discouraging the Doctor from any further Attempt, and inducing him to decline the investigation in that way, he confined his Attention to their progress in their natural State. From the result, he is inclined to think, they do not couple very soon after they enter their Fly-state; and he supposes, that last Operation of their life\u2014the propagation of their species\u2014is reserved for the Fall of the Year, when the young Grain affords a safe Lodgment for the Egg, and provision for their Worm-state. I have the Honor to be, With great Respect, Sir, Yr. mo. obedt. hble. Servt.\nW. Barton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0071", "content": "Title: Enclosure: John A. De Normandie to Thomas Jefferson, 24 May 1792\nFrom: Normandie, John A. de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosureJohn A. De Normandie to Thomas Jefferson\n Sir\nBurlington May 24th. 1792\nThe following Observations on the Hessian Fly were made during the Years 1788 and 1789 with a view of investigating their Natural History. The paper from the Committee of the Philosophic Society induced me to furnish such observations as I then made. I fear I have been prolix, but as it perhaps will be  impossible positively to prove they are Indigenous, I have added such reasons as induced me to believe they are so which I submit to the Committee, and am with the greatest respect Sir Your most Obedient Humble Servant\nJohn Abm: De Normandie\n1. The fly as I have been informed made its first appearance on Long or Staten Island during the time the British were in possession of those Islands: nevertheless the probality is, they are Indigenous in America for reasons hereafter to be assigned.\n2. I never could discover theire eggs. In their worm state they are extreamly tender bursting with the slightest handling, about one sixth of an Inch long, and perfectly white; and the probability is they soon pass thro\u2019 that state, as with the most diligent attention I found but few in it. As in their several stages they observe the same laws with those of the Moth, is it not probable that like them they propogate but once. To obtain their perfect history, I apprehend will be difficult, as after coming out of their Chrysaline state I never could get them to couple, tho every provision was made for their accomodation. After leaving their shell, they immediately flew to the window endeavoring to make their escape, and in about five days died. In this part of the Country, the brood that does the injury is laid in the fall of the year on Wheat, Rye, and Timothy grass, the only vegetables on which I ever discovered them, and that, after the plants had acquired three or four leaves; during the fall of the year the eggs hatch and the worm passes into its Chrysaline state, in which it continues during the Winter, which when remarkable severe, destroy great numbers; such as survive enter their fly state sometime in April.\n3. All sorts of Wheat are subject to their impression except that kind of bearded Wheat whose stalks are almost solid, which they have not injured, but numbers of Farmers have suffered from sowing other sorts. In this part of New jersey spelts are not raised. I never observed the roots to be injured, neither do they affect the Farina or leaves. The part of the stalk to which they confine themselves in the fall, is the joint just above the root, but in the spring, I have found them in the joint above, but these have appeared a month or Six weeks later than the general crop; in no other part of the stalk have I ever seen them, neither have I ever found them amongst the grain, or heard of their attaching themselves to it. The injury I suspect is intirely done by pressure in the tender state of the plant, whilst the insect is in its Chrysaline state. In its worm state, it has no organs that ever I could discover even with a large magnifier, capable of piercing the straw, neither with the same magnifier could I ever discover the stem had ever been punctured. In the last period of their worm state, they collect themselves just above the first joint close to the root, which they compleatly embrace and so close together as to prevent the sap from rising to nourish the plant, and appears to have the same effect as a Ligature drawn tight round them would have; what appears a further confirmation that from this cause the injury proceeds is, that in all my observations, I found the stem opposite the part in which they had lodged themselves reduced to the size of a small needle, when the parts above it were considerably enlarged. My reasons for supposing them indigenous are, they from every appearance continue but a short time in their egg state. In that of a worm they do not continue long, as the eggs are laid, hatched, and pass thro the worm into the Chrysaline state, after the Wheat has come up in the Autumn, and acquired some growth. In their worm State they appear to receive their nourishment by sucsion, as their  mouths are well adapted to that operation. Should they have been imported, it must have been in their Chrysaline state; as the Fly ever deposits its eggs on green vegetables, where as soon as they are hatched, the young brood may have a ready supply of food; the only way in which there is a possibility of theire being brought from Europe is during their Chrysaline state, but in that it must appear evident they could not be imported. On full grown healthy Straw I never have discovered Eggs, Worm, Chrysalis, or Fly, and could it be presumed they were taken on board the Transports in such Straw; the warmth of the Soldiers bodies, as well as the Season of the year in which such people are generally embarked, would bring on the fly state, when for want of green plants on which to lay their eggs, and to afford food for the worm, they must unavoidably perish.\n4. I have not seen or heard of their injuring any kind of Spring-grain, or other grass than Timothy, other persons whose researches have been more extensive, may have a better opertunity of answering this question. About four Years past great numbers were observed in my Garden in their fly state; they did no damage, but resorted under some Italien Mulberry trees, and settled on the ground where numbers of the ripe Mulberry had fallen; and under One Tree situate in a moist spot, the greatest numbers collected. I have never discovered them in any other parts of a plant than those already mentioned, and am of opinion they do no injury either in the worm or Fly State.\n5. The Fly has been found to commit its depredations equally in every kind of soil, wether Sandy, Gravelly, or Loam. A method persued by some Farmers who have plenty of Stable dung has succeeded equal to their wishes. They prepare theire fallows in the usual manner; Manuring highly before the last ploughing, but defer sowing until some time in October, when the fly has done laying their Eggs, when tho\u2019 late in the Season for Sowing, the warmth and fertility communicated to the Soil by the quantity of Manure put on it, brings on so rapid a vegetation that the Crop ripens at the usual time of Harvest. It is probable the sole benefit arising from this mode is to be attributed to the late sowing, after the flies have laid their eggs, and not to any peculiarity in the dung, either from its smell or any other cause that may have rendered it disagreeable to them.\n6. From information, for I have had no opertunity of inspecting Fields sown with the different kinds of bearded Wheat I am told that all the kinds of that grain, except the One whose stalks are almost solid, are as susceptible of the injury from the fly as Common wheat.\n7. Persons living near the extreme parts where the fly has committed its depredations can only ascertain the extent of their ravages, but as far as my observations have extended, they appear not to have pursued any specific rout. Taking Long or Staten Island as a Center, from whence they migrated; the Sea would limit them to the South. To the Northward and Westward their progress has been nearly equal, what progress they have made to the Eastward the Friends to this enquiry will no doubt give the necessary information. Their Yearly progress appears not to have been regulated to any particular distance. Near the time of laying theire eggs, they fly in innumerable quantities to a considerable distance to obtain their favorite Wheat, in which to deposit theire eggs, which if found in the vicinity of the place where they assume the fly state, theire progress was more slow.\n9. Exclusive of the method of escaping the ravages of the Fly mentioned in \u00a7 5 I know of no experiment that has succeeded in preventing the fatal effects of this insect. In the Egg state I have never seen them, in their Chrysaline state they are extremely hard and incapable of being injured from any pressure that could be applyed to them. In theire worm state they are as remarkably tender, and could the precise time be discovered in which they enter that state the probability is the Roller would destroy the whole brood: this precise time must be discovered by constant inspection as it is not to be discovered by the appearance of the wheat, till the mischief is done, and they have been for some time in their Chrysaline state.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0072", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Burwell, 15 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Burwell, Nathaniel\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 15. 1792.\nI herein inclose a letter to you from Mrs. Paradise, lately come to my hands, as also one addressed to me, wherein she asks from you the favour of an inventory, or roll of certain articles of their estate in Virginia. In my letter of Aug. 26. I took the liberty of proposing a subscription of their public paper to the loan of the General government which was then near closing. Not knowing whether that was done, I take the liberty of adding that the same loan is now re-opened so that, if not subscribed then, it may be now. The check on the market price of public paper, which followed the late bankruptcies, renders this not the moment for selling: but the price is rising, and as soon as it is up to it\u2019s true value, I should think it eligible for Mr. Paradise that his paper should be sold and the proceeds remitted to his trustees in England as it will make a great impression on the principal of his debt, and proportionably lessen the annual call of interest. Proposing to write to him soon, I will thank you for any information on his affairs, which may enable me to state the present prospect. It was on a statement from me that his creditors were induced to liberate his body, and I am anxious therefore to let them see the progress of the business. I am with great esteem, Sir, your most obedt. humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0073", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Hylton, 15 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hylton, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 15. 1792.\nI have duly recieved your favor of Apr. 13. and am as much concerned at the want of success in your affairs which renders you desirous of engaging in other business, as that it is not in my power at present to propose any to you. I am at this time furnished with a very good manager in Bedford, and another in Albemarle. The last is now in the first year of my employment, but having been all his life in the neighborhood, leaves no doubt of his qualifications. I hope however that with your industry and integrity you will have no difficulty to find the kind of employment you wish to engage in and am with sincere wishes for your prosperity, Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0074", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Garland Jefferson, 15 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, John Garland\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 15. 1792.\nI snatch a moment from business to acknolege the receipt of your favor of June 6. and to express the satisfaction with which I learn that you have advanced in your reading as far as Burrows. I imagine I advised you, from the time you began Coke\u2019s reports, to abridge and commonplace all your subsequent law reading, and that this has been done. You will soon commence the Chancery reading which you will find more agreeable. I doubt whether Kaim\u2019s Principles of Equity will admit of being commonplaced, or of being abridged. I am sure Blackstone cannot be; so that I mean to except these two authors from the recommendation of commonplacing every thing. You will find it useful to have your commonplace-book at the District courts with you, that you may put the arguments and decisions you hear to the test of what you have read. I shall be glad to see you at the September district court of Charlottesville, as I shall then be in Virginia. I hope  you have been furnished with a credit on the merchant who bought my wheat for the sum I directed, so as that you may have been under no difficulties on that account.\u2014I am not afraid to warrant to you any degree of success and consideration you may desire, if you qualify yourself by a perseverance in study, and by an invariable determination to do, under all circumstances what reason and rigorous right shall dictate, keeping under absolute subjection all the passions which might lay your mind under any bias. The practicability of doing it is not generally enough known, nor it\u2019s importance sufficiently estimated. I am sure that in estimating every man\u2019s value either in private or public life, a pure integrity is the quality we take first into calculation, and that learning and talents are only the second. After these come benevolence, good temper &c. But the first is always that sort of integrity which makes a man act in the dark as if it was in the open blaze of day. Adieu, my dear Sir, and believe me to be ever Your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0075", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Mackay, 15 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mackay, Samuel\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 15. 1792.\nTho the matters which perpetually harrass my mind, and oblige me to give my first attentions to the calls of rigorous duty, may with truth be offered as an apology for a part of the delay of this acknolegement of your letter of Apr. 17. yet a greater part has proceeded from a desire to try in one place what could not be done in another on the subject of the letter. I made my first enquiries here, and found from gentlemen in the line of public education, that the number of teachers of the French language both in the colleges and private circles, exceeded the demand for them, insomuch that there would be little prospect of your obtaining a tolerable support here, especially considering how much dearer every necessary is here than any where else. I then wished to extend my enquiries to Baltimore and Richmond: and the fact is that the former is a place where commerce alone is pursued, and instruction in the French language little attended to. In Richmond there are some persons of fortune with whom education is an object, but they are too few to give employment and subsistence, were you to go there. I sincerely wish I could have collected more agreeable information for  you: but it will be some consolation if it should be so far useful as to prevent your embarrassing yourself by any unsuccesful measure. Being with every wish for the happiness of yourself & Mrs. Mackay, to whom I pray you to present my respects, Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0076", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 15 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 15. 1792.\nI recieved yesterday your favor of the 4th. inst. and am happy to hear our prospects of wheat are so good. I the more wonder at it when I recollect we were very late in our sowing last fall. As to Indian corn I think there is yet time for it to come to. I concur with you in opinion that it is a very hurtful culture to such lands as ours. I have been hesitating between it\u2019s total abolition, and the tolerating just as much as would feed my negroes. Two motives occasion this hesitation. 1. their attachment to it as a food, an attachment which, under existing circumstances, must have weight. 2. the multiplying the chances of a crop, because years are often such that your small grain fails, while the Indian corn flourishes. I believe in general it may be adviseable to cultivate several species of food, as wheat, rye, Indian corn, potatoes, peas &c in order that if the season occasions some of them to fail entirely, we may find a resource in the others. Mr. Lewis thinks as much of wheat can be made from a feild as of rye, and therefore better to cultivate wheat. This may be true, and yet it may be doubted whether the cultivating some rye is not advantageous, as that may succeed when our wheat fails. I confess myself undecided on this question.\u2014The Hessian fly has made an alarming progress to the Southward this year. They talk of them at Baltimore. This neighborhood abounds with them. A particularly vigorous species of bearded wheat and good husbandry seem to be a perfect preservative against them. We have an opportunity now of examining this insect well. I have several of them now hatching. The examination of a single one which hatched a week ago, gives me reason to suspect they are non-descript, and consequently aboriginal here.\u2014My love to my dear Martha. I am Dear Sir Yours affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0078", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 15 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nFriday 15. June 1792\nWhen Artizans are imported, and criticism is at Work, the inducement is greater to obtain those who are really skilful: for this reason, if Mr. Pinckney should not readily meet with those who are unequivocally such; or, if there is a chance of getting better in France than in England, I think it would be well to instruct him to correspond with Mr. Morris on this subject with a view to obtain the best. I should be mortified to import men not more understanding in the business of Assaying, Engraving and Coining than those who are already among us. Yours &ca.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0079", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lafayette, 16 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nPhiladelphia June 16. 1792.\nBehold you then, my dear friend, at the head of a great army, establishing the liberties of your country against a foreign enemy. May heaven favor your cause, and make you the channel thro\u2019 which it may pour it\u2019s favors. While you are exterminating the monster aristocracy, and pulling out the teeth and fangs of it\u2019s associate monarchy, a contrary tendency is discovered in some here. A sect has shewn itself among us, who declare they espoused our new constitution, not as a good and sufficient thing itself, but only as a step to an English constitution, the only thing good and sufficient in itself, in their eye. It is happy for us that these are preachers without followers, and that our people are firm and constant in their republican purity. You will wonder to be told that it is from the Eastward chiefly that these champions for a king, lords and commons come. They get some important associates from New York, and are puffed off by a tribe of Agioteurs which have been hatched in a bed of corruption made up after the model of their beloved England. Too many of these stock jobbers and King-jobbers have come into our legislature, or rather too many of our legislature have become stock jobbers and king-jobbers. However the voice of the people is beginning to make itself heard, and will probably cleanse their seats at the ensuing election.\u2014The machinations of our old enemies are such as to keep us still at bay with our Indian neighbors.\u2014What are you doing for your colonies? They will be lost if not more effectually succoured. Indeed no future efforts you can make will ever be able to reduce the blacks. All that can be done in my opinion will be to compound with them as has been done formerly in Jamaica. We have been less zealous in aiding them, lest your government should feel any jealousy on our account. But in truth we as sincerely wish their restoration, and their connection with you, as you do yourselves. We are satisfied that neither your justice nor their distresses will ever again permit their being forced to seek at dear and distant markets those first necessaries of life which they may have at cheaper markets placed by nature at their door, and formed by her for their support:\u2014What is become of Mde. de Tessy and Mde. de Tott? I have not heard of them since they went to Switzerland. I think they would have done better to have come and reposed under the Poplars of Virginia. Pour into their bosoms the warmest effusions of my friendship and tell them they will be warm and constant unto death. Accept of them also for Mde. de la Fayette and your dear children\u2014but I am  forgetting that you are in the feilds of war and they I hope in those of peace. Adieu my dear friend! God bless you all. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0080", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Mease, 16 June 1792\nFrom: Mease, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 16th. 1792.\nOn my return from New York last evening, to which place I went, the day after I did myself the honor of presenting you with a Copy of my dissertation, your polite and obliging favour was delivered to me. Be pleased, Sir, to accept of my most grateful thanks for it. The fact communicated of the success of mercury, is of great importance, but its authenticity not being sufficiently ascertained, as you observe, must certainly detract from the Utility which it otherwise would be attended with.\nI have not the least doubt, that mercury would succeed, if its use was properly conducted, and a quantity thrown into the system, sufficient to counteract the effects of the virus, by its forcible, and powerful stimulus on the nervous System. As I have observed, this medecine has been given in the most partial and feeble manner. Timid minds, and such there are to be found among the profession, would rather suffer their patients to die by a disease, rather than boldly push a medecine of an active nature. To those, the old maxim of the excellent Celsus is very justly applicable, and which like an honest man he gives us in his elegant treatise \u201cde re medicina,\u201d as the uniform rule of his conduct \u201cAnceps remedium, potius quam nullum.\u201d\nI perfectly agree with you Sir, in respect to the propriety of various modes of treatment being tried, on a number of different animals  properly secured, and as to the reward, that would be due to the discoverer of a certain method of cure. Our ignorance of the \u0153conomy of brute animals, renders the difficulty of curing their diseases, duobly great, with that which we find to our shame, takes place in the human race. I do not dispair however of a remedy being found out. Dr. James has indeed informed us in the Phil. Trans. that mercury in a very active form; that of turpeth mineral, was always successful with him, in the cure of the disease, among dogs, and gives us several communications, from gentlemen; sportsmen, to corroborate his experience. I have never had an opportunity of experimentally trying its efficacy, which I mean to do, whenever a case should occur.\nThe length to which it would have extended my dissertation besides adding very considerably to the expence, already too great, prevented me from entering in a disscussion of the mode of cure among dogs, which I originally intended to do, and likewise induced me to omit above one half of the manuscript, which I had actually given into the hands of the printer. In many parts I have but slightly touched the subject, and others I have been under the necessity of not mentioning in the least. I expect however, to be able once, to bring the whole of what I had prepared for the press, in a second edition, together with what I shall hereafter add, as soon as the present impression is disposed of, which I have the pleasing reflexion to find, is selling beyond my expectation. All that has been as yet written on the subject is, but, as it were entering the threshold of it, and on account of my thus deeming the subject, so far from being exhausted, I shall continue to pursue the plan I have laid down in the further investigation of it. I hope to live to see the day, when the disease will be as easily mastered, as the once terrific tetanus, or the formerly fatal intermittent. With every sentiment of respect I am dear Sir, your obliged friend\nJames Mease", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0081", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 16 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 16. 1792.\nMy last to you was of Mar. 28. Yours of Apr. 6. and 10. came to hand three days ago.\nWith respect to the particular objects of commerce susceptible of being placed on a better footing, on which you ask my ideas, they will shew themselves by the inclosed Table of the situation of our commerce with France and England. That with France is stated as it stood at the time I left that country, when the only objects whereon change was still desireable, were those of salted provisions, tobacco, and tar, pitch and turpentine. The first was in negociation when I came away, and was pursued by Mr. Short with prospects of success till their general tariff so unexpectedly deranged our commerce with them as to other articles. Our commerce with their West Indies had never admitted amelioration during my stay in France. The temper of that period did not allow even the essay, and it was as much as we could do to hold the ground given us by the Marshal de Castrie\u2019s Arret admitting us to their colonies with salted provisions &c. As to both these branches of commerce, to wit, with France and her colonies, we have hoped they would pursue their own proposition of arranging them by treaty, and that we could draw that treaty to this place. There is no other where the dependance of their colonies on our states for their prosperity is so obvious as here, nor where their negociator would feel it so much. But it would be imprudent to leave to the uncertain issue of such a treaty the reestablishment of our commerce with France on the footing on which it was at the beginning of their revolution. That treaty may be long on the anvil; in the mean time we cannot submit to the late innovations without taking measures to do justice to our own navigation. This object therefore is particularly recommended to you, while you will also be availing yourself of every opportunity which may arise of benefiting our commerce in any other part. I am in hopes you will have found the moment favorable on your arrival in France when M. Claviere was in the ministry and the dispositions of the National assembly favorable to the ministers.\u2014Your cypher has not been sent hitherto because it required a most confidential channel of conveyance. It is now committed to Mr. Pinckney; who also carries the gazettes, laws and other public papers for you. We have been long without any vessel going to Havre. Some of the Indian tribes have acceded to terms of peace. The greater part however still hold off, and oblige us to pursue more vigorous measures of war.\u2014I inclose you an extract from a circular letter to our Consuls,  by which you will perceive that those in countries where we have no diplomatic representative, are desired to settle their accounts annually with the minister of the U.S. at Paris. This business I must desire you to undertake. The act concerning Consuls will be your guide, and I shall be glad that the 1st. of July be the day to which their accounts shall be annually settled, and paid, and that they may be forwarded as soon after that as possible to the office of the Secretary of state, to enter into the general account of his department which it is necessary he should make up always before the meeting of Congress.\u2014I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir your most obedient and most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I have said nothing of our whale oil, because I believe it is on a better footing since the Tariff than before. I inclose you a letter from a person in Lyons to Mr. Short, desiring enquiries might be made after a M. de St. Pry, with the result of the enquiries. I am unable to say how you will find the letter writer, as I have no information but what is in the letter itself.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0082", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Rittenhouse, 16 June 1792\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nJune 16th. 1792\nI have bargained with the owner for the House and Lot on Seventh Street, between Arch and Market Streets, of which you saw the Draught for the Use of the Mint. The price \u00a31600. in Cash, Pennsylvania Currency, Subject to a Ground-rent of 21 Dollars \u214c An. payable to the Friends Alms-House. If his Excellency the President approves of this purchase the Conveyance shall be made in such manner as he shall direct. Dr Sir, your humble Servt.\nP.S. My Engagements for this day are such as will make it inconvenient for me to Dine with the President, You will please to make my Apology to his Excellency.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0085", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 17 June 1792\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond June 17. 1792.\nI came here a few days past to attend the ct. of appeals, it being an irregular term and formed of Judges of the general court and some of those of the proper ct. of appeals, to take cognizance of those causes in which any of the judges of the latter ct. may be interested. Tis likewise expected a meeting of the gentlemen appointed for the revision of the laws will be obtained and that business finally concluded as the 15. was appointed for it, and little remains to be done. I left Mrs. M. in Albemarle not perfectly recovered from the fatigue of the journey, but in other respects in tolerable health. Our child was well. We saw Mr. and Mrs. Randolph on our return who were likewise well. Mrs. M. will be with them, part of the time that I shall be absent.\nThe length of the last session has done me irreparable injury in my profession, as it has made an impression on the general opinion, that the two occupations are incompatible, and altho\u2019 I am satisfied that no future session need be protracted to such length, yet in respect to that opinion, and especially to avoid the possibility of neglecting the interest of those who might be disposed to confide in me, have determined to withdraw from those courts where an interference might take place, and in general to make such an arrangement in my business, as will in other respects leave me more at liberty to discharge the duties of the other station. This will in a great measure, if not altogether, exclude from it the idea of professional emolument; it connects with it however that of a perpetual presence with my family (if the expression is applicable to any thing here) and the almost uninterrupted application of my mind to objects so far as of a political nature equally necessary, and when diversified certainly more gratifying. I shall however endeavor to attend the districts near me, and to conduct business regularly in them; my attendance on other courts will be only occasional. In pursuit of this plan I am sorry that my plantation in Alb: is not such as I could wish it. Its position and improvements were suited to the other object, and for that they were well calculated. But for this less so, as  my dependance will be more on it. I sincerely wish I could purchase a valuable plantation near there, or indeed if I could retain a seat there and procure a productive one elsewhere I should be contented, and this perhaps may be done.\nI find the general sentiment of the people of this state against the fashionable doctrines of some person[s] in and about the government; founded too and supported in such manner as to forbid the prospect of any change. I have seen nor have I heard of any display of passion, but in the sober exercise of their reason they disapprove of them. I mean those doctrines which may be deemed anti-republican or which inculcate or furnish the means for the support of a government by corrupt influence, or indeed by any other than the pure interest of those who formed it. They want information of facts and seem not even to suspect the measures that have been practiced under them, but ascribe the whole to a mere difference of opinion on political questions, siding here with the republican party. The appointment of Gr. Morris and Wayne is so generally reprobated that no one appears to vindicate it in either instance. It is said that it would have been difficult to have found more unfit persons for those stations, even if some industry had been used to select them out. The excise is generally disliked but whether any tax more acceptable could be substituted to raise the same sum I have not been able to collect. The additional impost is likewise complained of. In truth most articles of foreign growth or manufacture are raised in this state, to the prices they held in the course of the late war. How these burdens shall be lessened and the publick engagements as now modified fulfilled, will require much thought and information. Whether it should be attempted at the next session or postponed for further experiment and the increased representation should likewise be early examined. I expect to stay here about a fortnight, have not heard from you but been told a letter has passed for Alb:\u2014I found Gilmer much bettercapable of taking sustenance and an appetite for it\u2014but his voice and countenance somewhat altered. I think he will recover.\nI have disposed of my carriage to Chs. Carter perhaps for his mother. The death of the old gentleman made it impossible, as Executors were not qualified &ce, to take that at German town; but as I wished to part with mine and calculate on their engagements to furnish the money to replace it in the fall I let him have it. Our plan is to keep one in Phila. and avail ourselves of some other vehicle for travelling backward and forward between home and Phila. A chariot is rather too heavy and too valuable for that purpose. At present we have a Ph\u00e6ton somewhat like yours but less valuable. I have taken the liberty  to inclose a note to Mr. Kerr instructing him to make me a chariot by the time of our arrival there. Will you likewise be so obliging as advise him occasionally upon its parts &c. We wish it a post chariot, light, strong and neat and modified as you think fit. Divers has sent forward the money to pay for his. I informed him you were so obliging as to superintend its completion. With great respect & esteem I am Dear Sir very affectionately your friend & servant\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0086", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 17 June 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nParis 17 June 1792\nI had the Honor to write to you (No. 1) on the tenth Instant. The Ministry is chang\u2019d rather sooner than I expected that is to say as to the Totality. Messieurs Servan, Roland, and Claviere were dismissed by Mr. de Mouriez. He filld the Places of the two former with his particular Friends and as this Step was decisive and would certainly bring on very serious Quarrels it was suppos\u2019d that he had prepard himself before Hand for all Consequences. It would seem however that he was less firmly fix\u2019d than he had imagin\u2019d for as the Reason for sending away the other Ministers was that they insisted on the royal Sanction to the two obnoxious and unconstitutional Decrees it was in the natural order of Things that they should be immediately sent back to the Assembly. Instead of that it is said that Mr. de Mouriez insisted on passing both and in Case of Refusal threatned Resignation. To his Surprize the King accepted the Resignation, and in Consequence his Friends newly appointed go out with him. As the present Sett have not all taken the oaths I will defer giving you the List for the present but put at the Foot of my Letter the Names and Places of such as may finally be fixed on. The Jacobines were busy all last Night to excite a Tumult in the City but the Precautions taken to prevent it have as yet prov\u2019d successful. I am told that Mr. Lukner and Mr. de la fayette still persist in their Determination not to risque an Action. If so the present State of Uncertainty may continue some Time. If they fight and gain a victory it is not improbable that we may witness some Outrages of the most flagitious Kind. If on the contrary there is any capital Defeat  the jacobine Faction will be a little moderated. On the whole Sir we stand on a vast Volcano. We feel it tremble and we hear it roar but how and when and where it will burst and who may be destroy\u2019d by it\u2019s Eruptions it is beyond the Ken of mortal Foresight to discover.\nWhile I am writing I learn the following to be the Arrangement for the new Ministry. Of the old Sett two remain Mr. Duranthon and Mr. l\u2019acoste. The former is said to be a pretty honest Man but rather too much attach\u2019d to the Faction bordeloise. The latter is considerd as an honest Man well acquainted with the Business of his Department, the Marine. Mr. Lajar is appointed to the Department of War. He is a Creature of Monsieur de la fayette. His Ability doubtful but his Principles sound. Mr. Chambonas is appointed to the Office of foreign Affairs. He is un homme d\u2019esprit, but une mauvaise t\u00eate, un mauvais Suj\u00e9t, and ignorant of the Business. At least so says my Informant and he is well inform\u2019d. Mr. de Monciel a very worthy Man is nam\u2019d to the Departmt. of the interior but his Acceptance is very doubtful. The Minister of Impositions is not yet fix\u2019d on. He will I beleive be a Cypher for two or three such have been applied to.\nThis new Ministry will be purg\u2019d (at any Rate) of some of it\u2019s members but one great Doubt exists whether it will not be driven off by the Jacobine Faction. It is in Contemplation to make a serious Effort against that Faction in favor of the Constitution and Mr. de la fayette will begin the Attack. I own to you that I am not sanguine as to the Success. Very much is to be done and there is very little Time to do it for the foreign Enemy will soon be greatly superior in Number, and it seems now to be ascertaind that Alsace and Lorraine are dispos\u2019d to join the Invaders. Thus while a great Part of the Nation is desirous of overturning the present Government in order to restore the antient Form and while another Part still more dangerous from Position and Numbers are desirous of introducing the Form of a f\u0153deral Republic, the moderate Men attack\u2019d on all Sides have to contend alone against an immense Force. I cannot go on with the Picture for my Heart bleeds when I reflect that the finest Opportunity which ever presented itself for establishing the Rights of Mankind throughout the civilized World is perhaps lost and forever.\nI write on as Events arise and shall continue to do so untill the opportunity to send my Letters shall present itself. I am very truly my dear Sir yours\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0087", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 17 June 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Attorney General will, I presume, draw the Deed for the Lot for the Mint. The purchase of it, I approve of.\nIf you can aid me in answering the queries of Mr. Young, contained in his letter enclosed, I would thank you\u2014I wish to write to him by Mr. Pinckney.\nIs not fish Oil one of the things that will claim the particular attention of Mr. Morris? Yours &ca.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0088", "content": "Title: Notes on Arthur Young\u2019s Letter to George Washington, 18 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nNotes on Mr. Young\u2019s letter.\npa. 3. Is the labour (of negroes @ \u00a39. sterl.) to be commanded in any amount?\u2014If taken by the year it may be commanded in any amount: but not if wanted on particular occasions only, as for harvest, for particular dressings of the land &c.\npa. 4. The labour of a negro Mr. Young reckons cent per cent dearer than the labour of England.\u2014To the hirer of a negro man his hire will cost \u00a39. and his subsistence, cloathing and tools \u00a36. making \u00a315. sterl. or at the most it may sometimes be \u00a318.\u2014To the owner of a negro his labour costs as follows. Suppose a negro man of 25. years of age costs \u00a375. sterling: he has an equal chance to live 30. years according to Buffon\u2019s tables; so that you lose your principal in 30 years. Then say\nInt. of \u00a375. annually\none thirtieth annually of the principal\nsubsistence, clothes &c. annually\nThere must be some addition to this to make the labour equal to that of a white man, as I believe the negro does not perform quite as much work, nor with as much intelligence.\u2014But Mr. Young reckons a laboring man in England \u00a38. and his board \u00a316. making \u00a324.\npa. 5. \u2018in the instances of Mountain land, the expressions seem to indicate waste land, unbuilt and uninclosed.\u2019 If Mr. Young has reference here to the notes which Th:J. gave to the President on the subject of Mountain land, the following explanation is necessary. The lands therein contemplated are generally about one half cleared of the timber which grew on them, say all the land of the first quality and half that of the middling quality. This half is for the most part inclosed with rail fences which do not last long (except where they are of chesnut) but are easily repaired or renewed. The houses on them for the use of the farm are so slight and of so little worth that they are thrown into the bargain without a separate estimate. The same may be said of the farmer\u2019s house, unless it be better than common. When it is of considerable value, it adds to the price of the land, but by no means it\u2019s whole value. With respect to the soil I saw no uplands in England comparable to it. My travels there were from Dover to London, and on to Birmingham, making excursions of 20. or 30. miles each way. At Edgehill in Warwickshire my road led me over a red soil something like this, as well as I recollect. But it is too long ago to speak with certainty.\npa. 7. \u2018That in America farmers look to labour much more than to land, is new to me.\u2019\u2014But it is a most important circumstance. Where land is cheap, and rich, and labour dear, the same labour, spread in a slighter culture over 100. acres, will produce more profit than if concentrated by the highest degree of cultivation on a small portion of the lands. When the virgin fertility of the soil becomes exhausted, it becomes better to cultivate less and well. The only difficulty is to know at what point of deterioration in the land, the culture should be increased, and in what degree.\npa. 10. \u2018can you sell your beef and mutton readily?\u2019 The market for them, fresh and in quantity, is not certain in Virginia. Beef well salted will generally find a market, but salted mutton is perhaps unknown.\npa. 11. \u2018mutton dearer than beef.\u2019\u2014Sheep are subject to many diseases which carry them off in great numbers. In the middle and upper parts of Virginia they are subject to the wolf, and in all parts of it to dogs. These are great obstacles to their multiplication. In the middle and upper parts of the country the carcase of the beef is raised on the spontaneous food of the forests, and is delivered to the farmer  in good plight in the fall, often fat enough for slaughter. Hence it\u2019s cheapness. Probably however sheep, properly attended to, would be more profitable than cattle as Mr. Young says. They have not been attended to as they merited.\npa. 13. Mr. Young calculates the employment of \u00a35040. worth of land and 1200\u00a3 farmer\u2019s capital, making an aggregate capital of \u00a36240. in England, which he makes yeild 5. pr. cent extra, or 10 pr. cent on the whole. I will calculate, in the Virginia way, the employment of the same capital, on a supposition of good management in the manner of the country1. supposing negro laborers to be hired.2. supposing them to be bought.\n1. Suppose labourers to be hired, one half men @ \u00a318. the other half women @ \u00a314 for labor, subsistence, clothg. (I always mean sterlg. money)\nInt. of\n for 3310. as. of land @ 25/ pr. acre.\nof\n for farmer\u2019s capital of stock, tools &c.\ntaxes @ 7d. the acre (I do not know what they are)\nhire of 33. labourers @ \u00a316.\n\u2003\u2003Produce to be sold annually.\nWheat 6600. bushels @ 3/.\nmeat & other articles @ \u00a35. for each laborer\n\u2003Net profit over & above the 5. pr. cent above charged\n\u2003Add annual rise in the value of lands\n\u2003real profit over & above the 5. pr. cent above charged\n\u2003which is 6 \u2155 per cent extra, or 11 \u2153 pr. cent on the whole capital.\n2. Suppose labourers to be bought, one half men, & one half women @ sterl. on an average.\nInt. of\nof\n farmer\u2019s capital of stock, utensils &c.\nof\n for purchase of 25. laborers.\n subsistence, clothing &c.\nI allow nothing for losses by death, but on the contrary shall presently take credit 4. pr. cent pr. annum for their increase over & above keepg. up their own numbers.\nTaxes @ 7d. the acre\n\u2003Produce to be sold annually\nWheat 5000. bush. @ 3/\nmeat & other articles @ \u00a35. for each labourer\n\u2003\u2003\u2003Net profit over & above the 5. pr. cent above charged\n\u2003\u2003\u2003add 5. pr. cent annual rise in the value of lands\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20034. pr. cent increase of negroes more than keepg. up original number\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003real profit over & above the 5. pr. cent above charged.\nwhich is 9. pr. cent extra, or 14. pr. cent on the whole capital.\nIn the preceding estimate I have supposed that 200. bushels of wheat may be sold for every labourer employed, which may be thought too high. I know it is too high for common land, and common management. But I know also that on good land and with good management it has been done thro\u2019 a considerable neighborhood and for many years. On the other hand I have overrated the cost of labouring negroes, and I presume the taxes also are overrated. I have observed that our families of negroes double in about 25. years, which is an increase of the capital, invested in them, of 4. per cent over and above keeping up the original number.\nI am unable to answer the queries pageas to the expence necessary to make an acre of forest land maintain one, two, or three sheep. I began an experiment of that kind in the year 1783. clearing out the under-growth, cutting up the fallen wood but leaving all the good trees. I got through about 20. or 30. acres and sowed it with white clover and greenswerd, and intended to have gone on through a forest of 4. or 500. acres. The land was excessively rich, but too steep to be cultivated. In spite of total neglect during my absence from that time to this, most of it has done well. I did not note how much labour it took to prepare it; but I am sure it was repaid by the fuel it yielded for the family. The richness of the pasture to be thus obtained, will allways be proportioned to that of the land. Most of our forest is either midling, or poor. It\u2019s enclosure with a wood fence costs little, as the wood is on the spot.\nTh: JeffersonJune 18. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0089", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Paine, 19 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paine, Thomas\n[Ed. Note: TJ\u2019s letter to Paine of 19 June 1792 was printed in Vol. 20: 312\u201313 as part of a group of documents on Paine\u2019s Rights of Man.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0090", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Gottfried Paleske, 19 June 1792\nFrom: Paleske, Charles Gottfried\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhila. the 19th. June 1792\nIt is with great satisfaction that I find expressed in the instructions, which I have received from his Majesty, the King of Prussia, a desire to cultivate a commercial intercourse with the United States of America, upon liberal and extensive principles; and I shall deem myself peculiarly fortunate, if, in prosecuting the duties which are assigned to me, I become the instrument to accomplish an object, that cannot fail to promote, reciprocally, the interests, and permanently, to cement the friendship, of the contracting Nations.\nAs an inducement, Sir, to consider this Subject with attention I request you will communicate to the President that I am authorised to declare to his Excellency, that the King of Prussia, from a pure regard for the United States, as well as from the prospect of a mutual benefit, is disposed to facilitate and encourage the importation of the various articles of American produce into his Majesty\u2019s dominions, not only by giving those articles a General preference, but by an Actual  diminution of the duties of import, to which they, in common with other foreign commodities, are now liable. The important advantages, which the United states will derive from an arrangement of this kind, must naturally occur to his Excellency, when he reflects upon the great demand of the Prussian markets for Rice, Indigo and Tobacco, the staple of the Southern states; and for oil and fish the staple of the Eastern States. But it is not on articles of Domestic growth alone, that the advantages will arise: the supplies of Sugar, coffee, cotton, and other productions of the West Indies, must necessarily be obtained by his Majesty\u2019s subjects in a circuitous course, and, therefore, if a preference in the regulations of trade is added to the natural advantages of Situation, the Americans must inevitably, as to those supplies, become the carriers of Prussia.\nThe commodities, with which that Kingdom could in return supply the United States, upon advantageous terms, are of the Woolen, Linen, and Cotton fabrics; besides a variety of inferior articles of trade; and I believe, that in the quality of the goods, as well as the moderation of the price, no country will be found superior.\nPermit me, Sir, to remark, that the regulation which the wisdom of the Federal Legislature may establish, to promote the interest, and cherish the friendship, of her commercial allies, whether by exacting a higher tonnage from the vessels, or imposing a higher duty on the exports, of other nations, will excite a spirit of emulation and rivalship among the European Powers, and become an efficient instrument to exalt and enrich the trade of America.\nIn order to facilitate any commercial arrangements, in which his Excellency the President shall be disposed to concur with his Majesty the King of Prussia, it may be proper, at this time, in pursuance of the 25 Article of the existing Treaty, to regulate, by particular agreement, the functions of the Consuls and Vice-Consuls of the respective Powers; and for that purpose, I beg leave to suggest, that the principles of the Convention between his Most Christian Majesty and the United States of America, will readily be adopted, on the part of the King of Prussia, as the basis of the negotiation.\nI shall be happy to receive an early intimation of the President\u2019s pleasure on the present occasion; and, in the meantime, I remain, with Sentiments of great respect and consideration Sir Your most obedt. & most Humble Servt.\nCharles Gottfried Paleske", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0091", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Wythe, [before 19 June 1792]\nFrom: Wythe, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nG.W. to T.J.\n[before 19 June 1792]\nI thank you for the \u2018rights of man\u2019, which you sent to me. When you have leisure, I beg the favour of you to employ Mr. Scott, or some other good hand, to make a seal for our court of chancery. The diameter of it I would not have more than that of a dollar. I send the design by Mr. West. Put any part of it, or any thing else of which you more approve, on the seal. The assembly have given twenty five pounds for the work, which shall be paid on sight of the performer\u2019s order. I am your grateful friend, and cordial well-wisher.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0094", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 20 June 1792\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLisbon, 20 June 1792. According to an account from a gentleman at Gibraltar, Barclay remains there and the civil war in Morocco continues. Muley Ischem and Muley Suliman both claim the title of Emperor. The former stays in the capital and is recognized everywhere south of the Morbeya, the latter resides at Mequinez and is acknowledged north of that river. Unless the brothers agree to divide the Empire between them, the issue will soon be decided by battle. It was expected that the Algerine navy would be reinforced this month \u201cby an auxiliary fleet from Constantinople.\u201d He offered to pay the Comte d\u2019Expilly, who arrived here in great need of money, the 800 dollars the Comte had advanced for the American captives in Algiers, but there is some perplexity in the matter because d\u2019Expilly assigned this debt to one of his creditors in Madrid. This may explain why the accounts have not been received from Carmichael, to whom he has written about them and the arrangements that have been made to subsist the prisoners. TJ will learn more about the  plight of the captives from the memorials they recently sent to the United States government.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0095", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Redick, 20 June 1792\nFrom: Redick, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWashington June 20th 1792\nI find by a late news paper that the Philosophical Society wishes to learn among many other things respecting the Hessian Fly wheather their progress have been Stoped by mountains as also the course they Steer. I can Now inform the committee that the fly appears this Season about Six or Seven Miles South of this Town. Several fields of wheat are much injured. I have enquired wheather they are to be found either east or west of the Neighbourhood and not learning that they are to be found else where, I Suppose they must have been brought to the Spot by transportation. The Settlement where they appear is composed of people chiefly from the Jersey State. A considerable Number yearly Arrive in Waggons. I have been therefore led to Suppose that the insect has probably come in Straw with which the people frequently Over lays the bottom of the Waggon bed. The fields infected will be a few miles more North than Philadelphia and about three hundred Miles West. If the Fly continues in this country and which I greatly fear, I purpose paying some attention to the wishes of the committee: but the Season is rather far advanced for immediate purposes as the insect has left the Stalk: but have left Nits as I am informed. Am Sir your most obt Sevt\nDavid Redick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0098", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 21 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 21. 1792.\nYour No. 1. came to hand two days ago. When I inclosed you the papers of the last week I was too much hurried to write. I now therefore write earlier, and inclose only one of Fenno\u2019s papers. The residue of the New York election was as follows\nClinton\nJay\nAlbany\nThe Otsego votes were rejected, about 1000. in number, of which Jay had about 850. say a majority of 700. so that he was really governor by a majority of 500. votes, according to his friends.\nMontgomy.\nHerkimer.\nOntario.\nTotal.\ndifference\nThe Clintonians again tell strange tales about these votes of Otsego. I inclose you two New York papers which will put you fully in possession of the whole affair (take care of them if you please, as they make part of a collection). It does not seem possible to defend Clinton as a just or disinterested man if he does not decline the office, of which there is no symptom; and I really apprehend that the cause of republicanism will suffer, and it\u2019s votaries be thrown into schism by embarking it in support of this man, and for what? to draw over the Antifederalists, who are not numerous enough to be worth drawing over. I have lately seen a letter from \u2014\u2014 to \u2014\u2014 on receiving his appointment. He pleads guilty to the charge of indiscretion hitherto, and promises for the future the most measured circumspection, and in terms which mark him properly and gratefully impressed with the counsel which had been given him pretty strongly as you know.\u2014I have made out my table; but instead of settling the proportion of the debt of each country to it\u2019s population, I have done it to it\u2019s revenue. It is as follows.\nDate\n Country\n Public debt\n Annual revenue\n Proportion of debt to revenue\n Authority\nU.S. of Amer.\n\u00a3 sterl.\n \u00a3 sterl.\nZimmerm.\nGr. Britain\nlivres\nlivres\nFrance\n silver dollrs.\nSweden\nflorins\nflorins\nAustria.\nrubles\nrubles\nRussia.\n \u00a3. sterl.\n \u00a3 sterl.\nPortugal\npiastres\npiastres\nSpain\ndollars\ndollars\nDenmark\ndollars\nPrussia.\nI have not yet examined into the debt of the U.S. but I suppose it to be about 20. years revenue, and consequently that tho the youngest nation in the world we are the most indebted nation also. I did not go into the debts and revenues of the United Netherlands, because they are so jumbled between general and provincial, and because a great deal of their debt, is made by borrowing at low interest and lending it at high, and consequently not only this part is to be struck off from the amount of their debt, but so much of the residue of it also as has it\u2019s interest paid by this means.\u2014Brandt, the famous Indian is arrived here; he dined with the P. yesterday, will dine with Knox to-day, Hammond on Sunday, the Presidt. on Monday &c. Adieu my dear Sir. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0099", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Blodget, Jr., 22 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Blodget, Samuel, Jr.\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 22. 1792.\nThe 15th. inst. being past when a deposit of 10,000 dollars was expected by the Commissioners of the Federal seat, and not having heard from you, I take the liberty of asking a line from you, on account of the Commissioners who wish to know what they may be permitted to count on. I am Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0104", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Knox, 22 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTh: Jefferson presents his respectful compliments to the Secretary at War, and to the testimonies inclosed, can add his own that Thomas Divers therein is a man of worth, activity, and skill in accounts, and likely to be of service in the staff if there be any occasion for services in that department, more than already engaged.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0105", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Adam Lindsay, 22 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lindsay, Adam\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 22. 1792.\nThis being the first moment since the rising of Congress, that it has been in my power to take up my private letters wanting answers, I make it my first duty to acknolege the receipt of yours of Apr. 12. and the two casks of cyder by Capt. Tatem, and to inclose a bill of 6 \u2154 dollars which with the 24 \u00bd dollars in my letter of Apr. 9. make up the amount. I pray you to accept my thanks for your attention. We have nothing new here but what the public papers have given you, except the arrival here of the famous Mohawk chief Capt. Brandt. I am with much esteem Sir your most obedient humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0106", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John de Neufville, 22 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Neufville, John de\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 22. 1792.\nThe House of Representatives of the U.S. have been pleased to refer to me your Memorial praying to be reimbursed sundry advances in money and supplies in support of the American cause during the late war, and losses sustained by exertions to produce a commercial treaty between Holland and the U.S. with instructions to examine the same, and report my opinion thereon to the house at their next session. I must therefore ask the favor of you to furnish me with an account of those advances, supplies, and losses, with the proofs thereof as soon as you can conveniently, that the matter may be got ready for the house of representatives at their next meeting. I am Sir Your very humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0108", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 22 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear Martha\nPhiladelphia June 22. 1792.\nYours of May 27. came to hand on the very day of my last to you, but after it was gone off. That of June 11. was received yesterday. Both made us happy in informing us you were all well. The rebuke to Maria produced the inclosed letter. The time of my departure for Monticello is not yet known. I shall within a week from this time send off my stores as usual that they may arrive before me. So that should any waggons be going down from the neighborhood it would be well to desire them to call on Mr. Brown in order to take up the stores should they be arrived.\u2014I suspect by the account you give me of your garden, that you mean a surprise, as good singers always preface their performance by complaints of cold, hoarseness &c.\u2014Maria is still with me. I am endeavoring to find a good lady to put her with if possible. If not, I shall send her to Mrs. Brodeaux as the last shift. Old Mrs. Hopkinson is living in town but does not keep house.\u2014I am in hopes you have visited young Mrs. Lewis, and borne with the old one so as to keep on visiting terms. Sacrifices and suppressions of feeling in this way cost much less pain than open separation. The former are soon over: the latter haunt the peace of every day of one\u2019s life, be that ever so long. Adieu my dear, with my best affections to Mr. Randolph. Anne enjoys them without valuing them.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0109", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Cleves Symmes, 22 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Symmes, John Cleves\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 22. 1792.\nThe several articles of your letter of Jan. 25. which were proper for legislative provision, were put into a proper channel for their notice and have been provided for, as far as they judged expedient by the 19th. 30th. and 42d. chapters of the laws of the late session.\nYour letter of Jan. 27. was laid before the President and he permitted me to inform you that explicit orders are given to the Military in the North Western territory to consider themselves as subordinate to the civil power on every occasion where the civil has legal authority to interfere, and this I believe may be counted on for observance.\nWe are proceeding in the printing the laws of the North Western territory, and seals for the same territory shall be provided whenever it shall be known what seals are wanting. I am Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0110", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 22 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 22d: 1792.\nI have the honor to inclose you a letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, covering the extract of one from a custom house officer, complaining of a practice of the Consul of France at Norfolk, which tends to defeat the Execution of the revenue laws, to which I take the liberty of asking your attention, and am, with entire respect and esteem, Sir, Your most obedient, and most humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0111", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Elnathan Haskell, 23 June 1792\nFrom: Haskell, Elnathan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York June 23rd. 1792\nWhen I was in France I made sale of 30,000. Dollars American Funds bearing interest from the 1st. day of January 1790. to Mr.  Robert Pigott. From some arrangements made afterwards in the Treasury department, I have never been enabled to transmit the exact sum. At the time of Contract I deposited with Messrs. Boyd Kerr & Co. Bankers at Paris, for its fulfilment on my part, a certificate for 50,000 Dollars signed by Joseph Nourse Register, in favor of Richard Platt which he by a notarial act annex\u2019d to it, had transferred to me. I have written to Mr. Pigott acquainting him of the difficulty at the Treasury and that I will pay what 30,000 Dollars will yeild agreeably to the Funding Cystem\u2014But that it will be requisite for him to name his Agent in Philadelphia, to whom I am to pay it, and at the same time transmit you the deposit, before mentioned, to hold until his demand be satisfied.\nI know of no person who so fully posses the confidence of Mr. Pigott as yourself and to whom he would be so likely to transmit the deposit; and on this ground I have taken a liberty which I hope you will excuse as it involves much of my property, and it being the most probable way to complete a business I exceedingly wish to have settled.\nWhenever the Certificate shall come into your hands I beg you will acquaint me of it, and that you will not part with it to any person whatever without my express order. I am Sir with much respect & esteem Your most obd Sert\nE. Haskell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0112", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Hopkinson, 23 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hopkinson, Joseph\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Hopkinson. He possesses a very beautiful figure of Diana the huntress made by Houdon in plaister of Paris, with which his friend the late Mr. Hopkinson was so extremely taken, that it was the full intention of Th:J. to have insisted on his accepting it. He begs young Mr. Hopkinson\u2019s permission to fulfill his intention by asking his acceptance of it, and to be so good as to indicate to what place it shall be sent. The tenderness of the figure requires careful handling, and it\u2019s nudity may be an objection to some to recieve the deposit.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0113", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 23 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia. June 23. 1792.\nSupposing the particulars of the New York election interesting to you, I will give you a statement of the votes, as follows.\nClinton\nJay\nSuffolk\nQueen\u2019s county\nKing\u2019s county\nCity & County of N.Y.\nOrange\nDutchess\nWest-Chester\nRichmond\nUlster\nColumbia\nRenslaer\nWashington\nSaratoga\nAlbany\nMontgomery\nHerkimer\nOntario\n On the result of these votes, Clinton was declared elected. The Canvassers set aside the votes of the county of Otsego, where Jay had about 850. and Clinton 150. which would have given a majority to Jay. The reason of setting them aside was that the election was held by the sheriff of the last year, the new one not being yet qualified. The Jayites say he was sheriff de facto, and therefore his proceedings, being in favor of public right, are valid: and that it was Clinton\u2019s fault that there was not a new sheriff. \nThe Clintonians answer that a new commission had been in good time delivered to Judge Cooper, the Bashaw of Otsego, and furious partisan of Jay, who finding the ex-sheriff strongly in favor of Jay, and the new one neutral, kept the commission in his pocket: they say that had all the good votes set aside for irregularity in all the counties, been admitted, Clinton has a majority, that in Otsego particularly far the greater part were the votes of persons unqualified. For instance, in the town of Otsego where were only 18. qualified voters, upwards of 500. votes were recieved for Mr. Jay.\u2014Among the attacks on Clinton has been an endeavor to prove him concerned in Mc.Comb\u2019s great purchase. They therefore took Mc.Comb\u2019s deposition. He swore that Clinton was not, as far as he knew or believed, concerned in that purchase:  but that in a purchase he made of ten townships of 10. miles square each on the St. Lawrence, he had partners, to wit, Genl. Schuyler, Renslaer his son in Law, Colo. Hamilton, Genl. Knox, Ogden, and two or three others whose names I forget.\u2014Upon the whole it seems probable that Mr. Jay had a majority of the qualified voters, and I think not only that Clinton would have honored himself by declining to accept, and agreeing to take another fair start, but that probably such a conduct would have ensured him a majority on a new election. To retain the office when it is probable the majority was against him is dishonorable. However there is no symptom of his refusing the office on this election and from the tumultuous proceedings of Mr. Jay\u2019s partizans, it seems as if the state would be thrown into convulsions. It has silenced all clamour about their bankruptcies.\u2014Brandt is arrived here.\u2014Nothing else new or interesting but what the papers will give you. My best affections to Mrs. Monroe, and believe me to be Dear Sir your sincere friend & servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0114", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 23 June 1792\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie 23 de Juin 1792.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u la lettre que vous m\u2019avez fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire hier avec les papiers qui l\u2019accompagnoient, concernant un usage du Consul de France \u00e0 Norfolk qui entrave l\u2019ex\u00e9cution des loix fiscales des Etats-Unis. Nos loix prescrivent aux capitaines fran\u00e7ois de faire leur rapport d\u00e8s leur arriv\u00e9e dans un port \u00e9tranger ch\u00e9z le Consul de leur Nation, et de lui repr\u00e9senter leur Cong\u00e9 (Register) et autres papiers de mer, qu\u2019il est d\u2019usage de garder avec ce role d\u2019\u00e9quipage dans la Chancellerie du Consulat jusqu\u2019au d\u00e9part des batimens. Cette disposition de nos loix qui au premier coup d\u2019oeil paroit se croiser avec celle du Congr\u00e8s, par laquelle il est ordonn\u00e9 aux Collecteurs de demander et de garder le Cong\u00e9 de chaque batiment jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que le tonnage soit pay\u00e9, est probablement ce qui a donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 la difficult\u00e9 dont se plaint Monsieur le Secretaire de las Tr\u00e9sorerie. Le Consul de Norfolk est sans doute oblig\u00e9 de maintenir les loix de France, aussi bien que le Collecteur de Bermuda-hundred doit faire observer celles des Etats-Unis, mais les devoirs prescrits par les loix des deux pays peuvent se concilier. Tout Capitaine fran\u00e7ois doit \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e se pr\u00e9senter d\u2019abord ch\u00e9z  le Consul de sa Nation, de qui il re\u00e7oit les reseignemens n\u00e9cessaires pour se conformer aux Loix commerciales du pays. Son rapport \u00e9tant fait, et le Cong\u00e9 (Register) y \u00e9tant repris par date et numero, il n\u2019y a aucun inconvenient \u00e0 lui remettre cette pi\u00e8ce (Register) qu\u2019il peut alors porter aussit\u00f4t \u00e0 la Douane, et l\u2019y laisser jusqu\u2019apr\u00e8s l\u2019acquittement du droit de tonnage.\nJe trouve, d\u2019apr\u00e8s les eclaircissemens que je me suis fait donner sur cet objet par le Vice Consul de france ici, que les difficult\u00e9s de la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce ont \u00e9t\u00e9 termin\u00e9es de cette mani\u00e8re \u00e0 New York et \u00e0 Philadelphie. Je lui ai prescrit en cons\u00e9quence de mander aussit\u00f4t \u00e0 notre Consul resident \u00e0 Norfolk qu\u2019il ait \u00e0 suivre en tous points l\u2019usage adopt\u00e9 \u00e0 New York et \u00e0 Philadelphie, et j\u2019esp\u00e8re que ce moyen de conciliation en obviant \u00e0 tout embarras ult\u00e9rieur, remplira convenablement les vues du Gouvernement des Etats Unis. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, avec estime et respect, Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur\n(sign\u00e9) Ternant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0116", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Fay, 24 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fay, Joseph\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 24. 1792.\nI received yesterday your favor of the 12th. and shall be very thankful if you can have the Quebec papers brought to me regularly, to which I would wish to have added those of Montreal, now that they are to be in separate governments. Newspapers shew the temper of a country, and it will always be proper for us to have an eye on that of Canada. I am in hopes the printer or postmaster at Bennington can be made the channel for recieving the newspapers and forwarding them without troubling you.\u2014You know of the war between France and her neighbors which probably will end in the freedom of the latter.\nCapt. Brandt is arrived here. We are in hopes he can be made useful to the peace of the U.S. with our neighbors. I lately wrote a letter to Mr. Mackay which I hope he received. It was in answer to one wishing to know if he could find occupation here in giving instructions in his own language. I was unable to go into enquiries till Congress rose. I soon found there was little certainty here, and that it would be expedient to extend my enquiries to Baltimore and Richmond. But I was not enabled to encourage him to go to either of those places. The emigrants from France and the West Indies into every state of our union seem to have fully occupied the ground of instruction in their language. With my respects to him and Mrs. Mc:Kay, I have the honor to be with sentiments of perfect esteem, Sir, your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0117", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 24 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 24. 1792.\nI have the honor to inclose you the answer of the Minister of France to the letter I wrote him on the subject of the complaint of the Collector  of Bermuda hundred against the French Consul at Norfolk, whereby you will see that he undertakes to have the latter set right. I have not thought it necessary to reply to his observation that \u2018Le Consul de Norfolk est sans doute oblig\u00e9 de maintenir les loix de France, aussi bien que le Collecteur de Bermuda hundred doit faire observer celles des etats-unis\u2019; presuming he can only mean when the former do not interfere with the latter. The supremacy of the laws of every country within itself is too well known to be drawn into question. I shall take care however to note to him in conversation that the latitude of his expression, if taken in all it\u2019s extent, would render it erroneous. I have the honour to be with every sentiment of respect Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0118", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 24 June 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOrange June 24. 92.\nSince my last I have had the pleasure of your two letters of the 10. and 17. inst: the latter has but just come to hand, and I can not say any thing as to the legal arrangement of the Cutters.\nWe have had very seasonable weather of late in this quarter. I understand it has been less so farther South. How Albemarle and Bedford have fared I can not tell. Notwithstanding the good weather the very latter wheat is injured, in some instances very much, by the rust. Below, the injury is much complained of. In general in our region the harvest will be great.\nShilby is Govr. of Kentucky. The Senate does credit to the mode of choice. The elite of the Country compose it. A partial list of the House of Delegates also looks pretty well. The appointments to Congs. had not taken place, nor is any further aid given to conjecture.\nThe error in the sum left for Irwin proceeded either from my self or the young gentleman at Carlisle, I can not say which. I thank you for correcting it. If Leiper should lodge money in your hands as I left word, you will replace the 10 dollars advanced. I write in a hurry to catch a very safe conveyance to Fredg. Yrs. always & affly.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0119", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 24 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nTh: Jefferson begs leave to trouble Mr. Pinckney with the following commissions.\nFaden, map maker in London is engraving a map of S. America from one which Th:J. furnished him. He is to return the original and half a dozen copies. Colo. Smith employed him. Will Mr. Pinckney be so good as to jog him from time to time?\nWill he also be so good as to procure a model of those parts of the threshing machine (spoken of in Young\u2019s annals of 1791.) in which the principle of the machine consists, and a written description of the rest, mentioning particularly the diameter of wheels, no. of cogs, rounds &c. without which a number of bungling essays may be made unsuccesfully, merely from not hitting the convenient proportions of the parts. The expence shall be immediately and thankfully replaced. Perhaps Mr. Pinkney may have occasional employments of money here, and Th:J. will gladly interchange offices of this kind.\nTo send Th:J. Chalmers\u2019s pamphlet \u2018Opinions on interesting subjects,\u2019 also the 2. publications by Knox, for the use of his office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0120", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Blodget, Jr., 25 June 1792\nFrom: Blodget, Samuel, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBoston June 25th. 1792\nMr. H. Otis, the Bearer of this will deliver you four first Impressions of the City of Washington, from the plate executed by your order, for Mr. Hill, who wishes to make some slight additions before he sends it forward to you. I hope by return of Post to receive your permission to take off a few for my friends provided you may deem that the circulating them as presents may be conducive to the general good of the object I have so much at heart.\nI have found every one much disposed to favour the Plan of the City, and believe we shall obtain many good Citizens from this Place, where I have disposed of as many of my lots as I thought were sufficient to  make it of general notoriety; but this I have done at a low price. However I doubt not, by the next season, that the laying the foundation for the principle Buildings will give due encouragement to settlers, many of whom are only waiting to see the principle objects rising at their aproach to the seat of our future greatness:\u2014merely owing to a want of Cash of all the persons who promised to assist in the Loan not one have paid in their first Instalment except myself, and this I have done at some disadvantage. However, the circulating money will encrease by means of the late establishment of a new Bank in which this state are concernd one third, under the title of the Union Bank. This has been effected on a plan of mine with the assistance of Mr. S. Adams, Dr. Jarvis, Mr. Austin, and the \u201cOld Whigs\u201d in order some say to counteract in part the too great Influence of the U.S. Bank and its Branches in tending fast toward the Consolidation of the State Governments &c. &c. I must beg pardon for diviating in part from my orders by paying one half of the money only to Vizt. 5000 dollars into the Branch Bank which remains subject to the order of the Commissioners, by any Bill at Sight that may be signd by them for the amount. The other 5000. dollars rests with the agents for the Union Bank and an draft Order for that amount on me or on Benja. Green their treasurer, will be as duly honored as the former. Mr. Bulfinch, through modesty, has declined presenting his Plan and this has frightned me out of my Intention. However I doubt not but that there will be enough to make a choice from. The Plate I will keep till I hear from you and am till then and ever after with much respect your devoted Servant\nS Blodget Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0121", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Augustine Davis, 25 June 1792\nFrom: Davis, Augustine\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRichmond, June 25th. 1792\nA. Davis, with respectful Compliments to his Th. Jefferson, has the honor to inform his Excellency that he received his favor of the 18th. instant, agreeably to which he has forwarded one of the 1st. Volume of the Debates of the Virginia Convention.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0122", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 25 June [1792]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nI wrote last evening by a conveyance that hastly occurred to Fredg. This, an idea occurred which I have executed in the inclosed; and shall carry with me to Orange Ct. today whence I expect to find another to the post office. Yrs. affy.\nJ. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0123", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 25 June 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello June 25. 1792.\nIn your last letter you mention nothing of your trip to Virginia, which makes us fear that it will take place later than you expected some time ago. Be good enough to inform us in your next if we may still expect the pleasure of seeing you in July.\nBy Freneau\u2019s paper of the 14: we learn that the National Assembly has authorized hostilities against the King of Hungary: we will thank you to give us any information you may have on the subject in your next as we feel ourselves much interested. Mme. Bellanger in her last letter assures M. De Rieux that M. de la Fayette has totally lost his popularity: we are very willing to suspect that prejudice has induced  her to misrepresent and her political principles may authorize the suspicion; perhaps it is in your power to satisfy us.\nThe papers which you are so good as to inclose are particularly acceptable at this time. From some misunderstanding between the postmaster in Richmond and his agent in Charlottesville (the latter refusing to become answerable for the postage of the papers) they have been stoped in Richmond for several posts. Those which you send are asked with eagerness and communicated with pleasure to the neighbourhood.\nThe Weather for the last fortnight has been very seasonable and our prospects of Indian Corn are now great. Your harvest commenced three days ago: the grain is as fair and the crop as heavy as the land ever bore.\nWe are all in tolerable health. I am Dear Sir, your most faithfull friend & hble Servt.\nThos. Mann Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0125", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from F. P. Van Berckel, 25 June 1792\nFrom: Berckel, F. P. van\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\n\u00e0 Philadelphie Ce 25e. Juin 1792.\nUn Huissier de la justice, muni d\u2019un ordre donn\u00e9 par un des Magistrats de Cette Ville pour arr\u00eater un de mes Domestiques pour une dette peu Considerable, qui Ce dernier pretend n\u2019\u00eatre pas d\u00fb, S\u2019est present\u00e9 dans ma Maison pour executer Son ordre, et y a arr\u00eat\u00e9 mon Domestique, non obstant qu\u2019il fut parfaitement inform\u00e9 de l\u2019illegalit\u00e9 de Cet Acte. Ne me trouvant pas Ch\u00e9s moi lorsque le Huissier S\u2019y est present\u00e9, mon Domestique ne Sachant trop Comment Se conduire, et intimid\u00e9 par les menaces, qui Lui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 faites, d\u2019etre m\u00ean\u00e9 en prison, a pay\u00e9 la Somme qu\u2019on exigeoit de Lui, Comme il paroit par la Quittance du Huissier, que j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019inclure, de m\u00eame que l\u2019ordre du Magistrat qui prouvent les faits que je viens de p\u00f4ser.\nIl est de mon devoir, Monsieur, de Vous porter mes plaintes au Sujet de Cette affaire, qui est de la derniere irregularit\u00e9, Comme je m\u2019assure que Vous n\u2019hesiterez pas \u00e0 en Convenir, apr\u00e9s quoi j\u2019ose me flatter d\u2019obtenir telle Satisfaction que les Circonstances permettront, mais qui rendra toujours nul l\u2019Acte d\u2019Autorit\u00e9 qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 exerc\u00e9 dans ma Maison en infraction de l\u2019inviolabilit\u00e9 qui Lui est d\u00fbe. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur  d\u2019etre avec les Sentimens de la plus parfaite Consideration Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s Obeissant Serviteur\nF: P: Van Berckel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0126", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 26 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Hamilton presents his respectful Compliments to Mr. Jefferson and requests to be favoured with a copy of his Report concerning the distillation of Fresh from Salt-Water.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0127", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Pollard, 26 June 1792\nFrom: Pollard, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nFront above Callowhill Street No. 263 June 26th. 1792.\nHaving brought the Machine for spinning Cotton to perfection, which your board was pleased to grant me a Patent for; and having erected a small Mill which will shew in some measure to what extent it may be carried, and its usefullness in such a Country as ours, I shall be very hapy if you, Sir, Mr. Randolph and General Knox will honor me with a visit, I think it will please you because it promises to be very usefull, if you can spare any hour this Week and be pleased to let me know I will write to or call on the other Gentlemen, any other Gentlemen I shall be glad to see; I think it probable that our worthy President wou\u2019d be pleased to see it if you, Sir, wou\u2019d be pleased to mention it to him, I am very respectfully Sir your most obedt. Servant\nWm. Pollard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0129", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 26 June 1792\nFrom: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMui se\u00f1or nuestro\nPhiladelphia 26. de Junio de 1792.\nPor las copias del Memorial presentadas al Governador de San Agustin de la Florida, Carta que este escrivi\u00f2 al del Estado de Georgia, y su Respuesta, que tuvimos la honrra de pasar \u00e0 manos de V.S. con la presente se hallar\u00e0 V.S. enterado del Robo de Cinco Esclavos pertenecientes \u00e0 Juan Blackwood (Vasallo Espa\u00f1ol en aquella provincia) que cometieron Thomas Harrison, David Rees y Guillermo Erwin vezinos del Estado de Georgia, y las diligencias practicadas por el Govierno de San Agustin.\nLa demora que se est\u00e0 experimentando en la restitucion de los precitados Esclavos, y el haverse pasado mas de Seis meses sin recivirse aviso alguno en aquel Govierno de San Agustin, a pesar de lo que prometi\u00f2 el Governador de Georgia, juntamente con la suma falta, que hacen los Esclavos al Memorialista Due\u00f1o de ellos, nos induce a participarlo a V.S. para que con su acostumbrada actividad, y notoria buena disposicion, se sirba tomar aquellos pasos que V.S. juzgase conducentes, y produzcan la deseada Restitucion, Reparacion prudente de los perjuicios causados y el Castigo, que prescriven las Leyes \u00e0 los Delinquentes.\nNo dudamos que se efectar\u00e0 todo asi como que \u00e8s el medio, no solo de precaver semejantes atentados en lo venidero, sino de consolidar la mexor harmonia, buena correspondencia, \u00e0 cuia conservacion se hallan tan bien dispuestas dos Naciones.\nDios guarde \u00e0 V.S. los muchos a\u00f1os que deseamos. BIMo. de V.S. Sus mas atentos, y obedientes Servidores\nJosef Ignacio de Viar\nJosef de Jaudenes\neditors\u2019 translation\nOur very dear Sir\nPhiladelphia 26 June 1792\nBy the copies of the petition presented to the Governor of San Agustin de la Florida, a letter which he wrote to the Governor of the State of Georgia, and its answer, which we had the honour of sending to you, you will with this communication, be informed of the robbery of five slaves belonging to John Blackwood (a Spanish subject in that Province) committed by Thomas Harrison, David Rees, and William Erwin, inhabitants of the State of Georgia, and also of the measures taken by the Government of San Agustin.\nThe delay being experienced in the restitution of the aforesaid slaves and the passage of more than six months without any information being received by the Government of San Agustin, notwithstanding what the Governor of Georgia had promised, together with the great need for the slaves felt by the petitioner, their owner, obliges us to communicate these things to you so that with your customary dispatch and well known good intentions those measures may be taken which you shall judge appropriate, and that achieve the desired restitution, a reasonable compensation for the damages caused, and the punishment the laws prescribe for offenders.\nWe have no doubt that all this will be done, since it is the means not only of preventing in the future similar attempts, but likewise of consolidating the harmony and good relations, to the preservation of which our two nations are so much disposed. May God preserve you for the many years we desire for you. Your most attentive and obedient servants who kiss your hand.\nJosef Ignacio de Viar\nJosef de Jaudenes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0130", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Auldjo, 27 June 1792\nFrom: Auldjo, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCowes, 27 June 1792. He sends the latest newspapers by the Amelia bound direct for Philadelphia. Nothing is new and everything is tranquil in this country. About six or seven of the guard ships are outfitting, but only to exercise their peacetime complement of men in the Channel and to attend the King at Weymouth in July or August.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0131", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 29 June 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department June 29th 1792\nIn consequence of the letter, which you sent me from Mr. Short, I find it will be convenient to draw on the Commissioners in Holland for the sum which is required pursuant to the third Section of the Act intitled \u201cAn Act making certain appropriations therein specified.\u201d I therefore propose the following arrangement that the Treasurer draw bills, in your favour, for a sum in guilders equal to fifty thousand dollars; that you give him an acknowlegement for these bills, as a purchase for the use of your department; promising to pay the amount when you shall be furnished with money for that purpose from the Treasury, pursuant to the abovementioned Act.\nThis will, consistently with the course of the Treasury, put you in possession of the requisite sum, for the next packet and will avoid the necessity of a loan \u2018till the occasion for an application of the amount of the bills here shall occur, according to the destination of that fund.\nThis arrangement being merely with a view to Treasury-convenience and \u0153conomy will not I presume appear liable to any objection. Should it not, it shall be immediately carried into effect. I have the honor to be, very respectfully Sir Your most Obedient Servt\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0132", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Hopkinson, 29 June 1792\nFrom: Hopkinson, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nEaston June 29th. 1792\nI accept the offer, you have been good enough to make me, of the elegant figure of Diana, not only with the pleasure which the possession of so valuable a present would of itself afford, but also with a far superior gratification arising from the unmerited notice you thus bestow upon me, and the Testimony it bears that my Father yet lives in your Memory. Altho\u2019 I was too young to partake of the Intimacy that subsisted between you and him, it afforded me infinite satisfaction that he should possess a friend in so good and so great a Man. I can never hope to deserve such Friendships, and shall probably never be blessed with them, but it shall nevertheless be my endeavour to follow such examples and imitate those virtues that will always lead to them. If you will not consider it an intrusion that presumes too much upon your Goodness, I will do myself the honor to wait upon you when I next visit Philadelphia.\nWould it not be possible to have the Diana so carefully packed up, that I might with safety remove it to Easton, and have it under my own eye and protection. Nothing but the fear of injuring the figure (which it shall always be my Pride to preserve) would induce me to ask the favor of you to give such Directions for putting it up, as you suppose will secure it. When this is done, (if it can be done) if deposited with my Grandmother, who lives at a Mr. Thompson\u2019s nearly opposite to the German Lutheran Church in fourth street, I will take measures to have it conveyed to me by Water. With the greatest respect I have the Honor to be Your most Obt. & hbl Servt Jos.\nJos. Hopkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0133", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel L. Hylton, 29 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hylton, Daniel L.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 29. 1792.\nYour glasses are this day sent off by the Schooner Relief Capt. Welsh bound for Richmond, in a box marked dh. They have waited because I thought they would go safer with a number of packages of my own, than if sent alone. I am impatient to learn that all papers are duly executed with respect to the Elk hill lands. I am with great esteem Dear Sir your friend & servt.\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. The captain delivers my things to Mr. Brown and perhaps your box also.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0134", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 29 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 29. 1792.\nI wrote you last on the 21st. The present will cover Fenno of the 23d. and 27th. In the last you will discover Hamilton\u2019s pen in defence of the bank, and daring to call the republican party a faction.\u2014I learn that he has expressed the strongest desire that Marshall should come into Congress from Richmond, declaring there is no man in Virginia whom he wishes so much to see there, and I am told that Marshall has expressed half a mind to come. Hence I conclude that Hamilton has plyed him well with flattery and sollicitation, and I think nothing better could be done than to make him a judge.\u2014I have reason to believe that a regular attack, in phalanx, is to be made on the Residence act at the next session, with a determination to repeal it if the further assumption is not agreed to. I think this also comes from Hamilton tho\u2019 it is thro\u2019 two hands, if not more, before it comes to me.\u2014Brandt went off yesterday, apparently in the best dispositions, and with some hopes of effecting peace.\u2014A letter received yesterday from Mr. Short gives the most flattering result of conversations he had had with Claviere and Dumourier with respect to us. Claviere declared he had nothing so much at heart as to encourage our navigation, and the freest system of commerce with us. Agreed they ought immediately to repeal their late proceedings with respect to tobacco and ships, and recieve our salted provisions favorably, and to proceed to treat with us on broad ground. Dumourier expressed the same sentiments. Mr. Short had then recieved notice that G.M. would be there in a few  days, and therefore told the ministers that this was only a preliminary conversation on what Mr. Morris would undertake regularly. This ministry, which is of the Jacobin party, cannot but be favorable to us, as that whole party must be. Indeed notwithstanding the very general abuse of the Jacobins, I begin to consider them as representing the true revolution-spirit of the whole nation, and as carrying the nation with them. The only things wanting with them is more experience in business, and a little more conformity to the established style of communication with foreign powers. The latter want will I fear bring enemies into the feild, who would have remained at home; the former leads them to domineer over their executive so as render it unequal to it\u2019s proper objects. I sincerely wish our new minister may not spoil our chance of extracting good from the present situation of things.\u2014The President leaves this about the middle of July. I shall set out some days later, and have the pleasure of seeing you in Orange. Adieu my dear Sir. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0135", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 29 June 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOrange June 29. 1792\nYour favor of June 21. No. 4. came to hand yesterday. I shall take due care of the N.Y. gazettes and return them by some safe conveyance to the post office. I have given a hasty perusal to the controversial papers on the election. The spirit of party sufficiently appears in all of them. Whether Clinton ought to wave the advantage of forms may depend I think on the question of substance involved in the conduct of the Otsego election. If it be clear that a majority of legal honest votes was given against him, he ought certainly not to force himself on the people. On a contrary supposition, he cannot be under such an obligation, and would be restrained by respect for his party if not by a love of power. It is curious eno\u2019 to see Schuyler who is supposed to have made millions by jobbing in paper, under his own measures, accusing and abusing Clinton in the face of the world for jobbing in land under the same aggravation. Should Clinton\u2019s character suffer in any way by the Transaction, the consequence you have always apprehended, will  be made certain and worse; but from the attachment of a number of respectable and weighty individuals, a reconsideration is not much to be looked for; unless the aspect of the man should be greatly varied in their eyes by this or some other occurrence. Our harvest goes on well. The weather has been hot, but otherwise favorable. The crop will be great in this neighbourhood. A little farther South the rust is said to have been hurtful. The Thermometer for several days has been remarkably high. Yesterday at 2 oC. it was at 92. During the early part of the month, distinguished by such extremes of cold and heat, I find by Philada. papers, that the heat there was two degrees greater than here, and the cold here two degrees less than there, a fact much in favor of our climate.\nIn Crantz\u2019s History of Greenland I find a curious phenomenon of Looming, which, to supply the want of the Book if not at hand or the trouble of searching it, if at hand, and not of the same edition, I will transcribe. \u201cVol. 1. p. 49\u2014But nothing more surprized me, or entertained my fancy more, than when on a fine, warm, serene summer\u2019s day, the Kookoernen, or the islands that lie four leagues west of Good-Hope, presented a quite different form than what they have naturally. We not only saw them far greater, as thro\u2019 a magnifying perspective glass, and plainly descried all the Stones, and the furrows filled with ice, as if we stood close by, but when that had lasted a while they all looked as if they were but one contiguous land, and represented a wood or tall cut hedge. Then the Scene shifts, and shews the appearance of all sorts of curious figures as ships with sails, streamers and flags, antique elevated castles, with decayed turrets, stork\u2019s nests, and a hundred such things, which at length retire aloft or distant and then vanish. At such times the air is quite serene and clear, but yet compressed with subtle vapours, as it is in very hot weather, and according to my opinion, when these vapours are ranged at a proper distance between the eye and the islands, the object appears much larger, as it would thro\u2019 a convex glass; and commonly a couple of hours afterwards a gentle west wind and a visible mist follows, which puts an end to this lusus natur\u00e6.\u201d To this paragraph the following note is subjoined from Gmelin\u2019s journey P. III vol. 129. \u201cI have observed something like this at Bern and Neufchatel, of the Glaetshers, lying towards the South. When these mountains appear nearer, plainer and larger than usual, the countryman looks for rain to follow, which commonly makes good his expectation the next day. And the Tartars at the mouth of the river Jenisei in Siberia, look upon a magnified appearance of the Islands as the presage of a storm.\u201d Adieu. Yrs. affy.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0136", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 29 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia. June 29. 1792.\nYour favor of the 18th. came to hand yesterday, and I observe mine of the 8th. was received at Monticello on the 18th. On recurring to the dates and reciept of those from Monticello, I find they have come to hand very regularly on the 10th. day.\u2014I find that the President will leave this about the middle of July. Consequently I shall set out earlier than I had expected, as I foresee nothing which can detain me many days after his departure. My stores for Monticello go off in the Schooner Relief which sails from hence to-day, for Richmond directly. They make their voyages from 6. to 10. days. Consequently she will be in Richmond by the time you recieve this. I address them to the care of Mr. James Brown as usual. Will you be so good as to desire Mr. Claxton to seek out for the first waggons going to Richmond, and to get them taken in as a backload. The waggons of the neighborhood would be most to be trusted, because the waggoner will be in the way of being called on if he acts amiss. I think there will be two waggon loads. I desire Mr. Brown to drop you a line in the moment of their coming to hand, so that the waggons may be under no incertainty, it being possible that contrary winds may make the passage of the vessel longer than expected.\u2014My love to Martha and believe me to be Dear Sir your\u2019s very affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0137", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 29 June 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague June 29. 1792\nI had the honor of writing to you from hence for the first time on the 25th. inst.\u2014my letter was forwarded to London to go by the packet. This is intended as a duplicate of the part of my last relative to the objection made by their High Mightinesses to the style of my letter of credence. I accordingly inclose you a second copy of the resolution they came to on that subject the 20th. inst\u2014which will explain the circumstance.\nI repeat here what I then did myself the honor to mention to you, for greater security, having already experienced the uncertainty arising from the want of repetition in letters which are to cross the sea.\nI informed you that your letter of Jany. 23. did not get to my hands until the 7th. of May\u2014brought from London by M. Morris\u2014that until then I did not know whether I was first to go to Madrid or come here and accordingly was not able until then to begin the preparations for my journey. These circumstances were more fully communicated to you also in my letters from Paris No. 100 and 101. In my last I added by what means my departure from Paris had been retarded seven days longer than I had expected, viz. until the 2d. inst. and by what accident I had been forced after setting out with the intention of passing through Valenciennes to change my route and pass through England\u2014which prevented my arrival here until the 15th. I mentioned also that the two following days being days of vacation I did not deliver my letter of credence until the 18th. and added the agreable manner in which I had been recieved, particularly by the Grand Pensionary at present the most influential person in the Republic. I explained also the difficulty on account of the letter of credence not giving the usual title to their High Mightinesses, and the manner in which it was passed over for the present, as appears by their resolution of the 20th. of which I then inclosed you also a copy. Being fully convinced that the President would have no objection to adding the title which is used by other nations, I found no difficulty in accepting the resolution communicated to me in the accustomed manner by the Agent of their H.M. and promising the Greffier that I would ask for a new letter with the addition desired.\nAfter an interruption in the post of France, which together with the partial intelligence recieved from that country by express, had caused much anxiety to all its well wishers, information that may be relied on has been at length recieved of the late disgraceful and alarming crisis  which has existed at Paris\u2014the supplement to the Leyden gazette of this date containing a very clear and full account of all that is as yet known here, I cannot do better than inclose it, referring you to it, and informing you that you may fully rely on it. This is by way of precaution only, not doubting that you will be more early, and much more satisfactorily informed of whatever passes in France by the American Minister there.\nA private letter which I have just recieved from Paris, which has been forwarded by an indirect way, contains an account perfectly similar to that which you willl find in the supplement abovementioned. It incloses also a copy of M. de la fayette\u2019s letter therein alluded to, which is uniform throughout the whole, and informs me that the honest part of Paris, really friends to the Monarchy and constitutional liberty, have had their desponding hopes much revived by M. de la fayette\u2019s thus declaring himself and holding out a prospect of support to those who are fatigued by the insupportable tyranny of the present domineering faction. Should M. de la fayette persevere in this line, and in future keep a posture which should exclude all idea of indecision\u2014and present a conduct as vigorous and as firm as his intentions are pure and patriotic, he will recover much of the opinion which he has lost with some of his countrymen. It is much to be feared however that in this stage of the business no effort of his can suffice to counteract the consequences to be at present apprehended from foreign war and internal disorganisation.\nThe State of Poland is equally precarious, although the inhabitants are almost unanimous in favor of their new constitution. Abandoned by the court of Berlin and nothing to hope from that of Vienna, that country must necessarily submit in the end to the oppressive arm of Russia. Notwithstanding the government keeps up a shew of resistance; there is an opinion here, which I believe well founded, that to avoid the public misfortunes and private sufferings by which they would be led to that result in the case of an useless resistance, that they will endeavour first to modify the proposals of Russia by negotiation, and should that fail, submit unconditionally.\nHaving not yet had the honor of recieving any letter from you since that of Jan. 23. I begin to be uneasy as to the fate of that which you then announced there. I am waiting for it with some degree of anxiety lest it may have miscarried altogether in the way, the present length of the delay giving grounds for such an apprehension. I have the honor to remain most respectfully Dear Sir, your obedient & humble servant\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0138", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [29 June 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nI am grieved to find that Mr. Short was, on the 22d. of April, without his Commission and Instructions\u2014and that Mr. Morris was not then in Paris.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0140", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Carey, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Carey, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPear Street June 30: 92\nEncouraged by a Resolution of Congress, of May 25, 1784, allowing Mr. Gordon a free access to certain papers, now in your Office, I beg leave to request a similar indulgence, if you see no impropriety in granting it. If permitted to copy out such of those papers as no longer require Secresy, I would wish to incorporate them, in their proper places, in an abridgment of the Journals of the old Congress, which I mean to publish as soon as I shall have procured a Sufficient number of subscribers. I have the honor to be, with perfect respect, Sir, your most humble Servt.\nJohn Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0141", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSaturday June 30th. 1792\nThe President of the U. S. wishes the opinion of the Secry. of State whether the present chief Coiner of the Mint is properly authorized by the resolution of Congress passed on the 3d day of March 1791.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0142", "content": "Title: Memorandum on Americans Captured at Sea during the Revolutionary War, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nMemorandum of Americans taken on sea during the war and obliged to do duty on board British men of war under the act of parliament.\nJames Caskey an Irishman taken on board the ship Oliver Cromwell, Capt. Coulter from Philada. in 1777 by the Beaver, an English sloop of war, put on board the Weldon, Capt. Landle to be carried to Cork, but taken out on the 27th. July and put on board the Exeter man of war, and forced to do duty till the 5th. of Dec. 1778. when he escaped alone. While on board (being a house carpenter) he was employed in the Carpenter\u2019s crew. He was in the action between Admiral Keppel and Ct. D\u2019Orvilliers, and obliged to stand in the line and fight. He came and settled in Philadelphia in 1771.\nThese facts taken from himself by Th:J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0143", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia, June 30. 1792.\nJudge Wilson, to whom application was made for a citation in the writ of error, desired in Pagan\u2019s case, has taken the subject into consideration again, at my instance. Not more than one half of the record was laid before him; and the portion, which he did not see, was the most important; as alone containing the matter, upon which a writ of error could be pressed. I cannot say, what may be the consequence of having drawn an opinion from a judge, even upon mutilated documents, and afterwards soliciting him to revise it. But Mr. Wilson confessed, that the business wore a different aspect since his inspection of the record at large, from what it assumed on its first mention to him; and requested, that it should remain, as it now is, until the body of judges shall assemble on the first monday in August in this city. I shall not urge him to an earlier decision, unless you insist upon it. I have the honor, sir, to be yr. mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0144", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 30 June 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia, June. 30th. 1792.\nI have laid before the president of the United States the letter of May 10th. of Captain Henry Burbeck, commandant of the Fort of St: Tammany, to his Excellency the Governor of East Florida, with the other letters relating thereto, which you were pleased to put into my hands, and I have the honor to inform you that, the president having entirely disapproved of the expressions which Capt. Burbeck has permitted himself to use in the said letter to Governor Queseda, the Secretary at War, has by his instructions written to Capt: Burbeck the letter whereof I inclose you a copy: and Capt: Burbeck being no  longer in the same command, a copy will be sent to his Successor, as an admonition that no conduct of this kind will be countenanced by the government of the United States. I hope that you will see, Gentlemen, in these proceedings, a proof of the respect entertained for the person and character of his Excellency Governor Queseda, and of the desire that the most friendly understanding should be kept up between the United States, and the neighboring Governments of Spain. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of perfect esteem and respect, Gentlemen, Your most Obedient, and most humble Servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0145", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, 1 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brown, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 1. 1792.\nI have taken the liberty of addressing to you 17. packages of stores which go by the Relief Capt. Welsh, and 4. do. by the Sally Capt. Chesroe, both of which vessels sail from this port this morning, bound for Richmond, the freight of the former paid here, the latter not so, because shipped unknown to me on board the vessel. It will probably be about a dollar. I must beg the favor of you to receive and store them in a cool place, and to be so good, the moment they arrive, as to address a line to Mr. Randolph at Monticello, by the post, giving him  notice of their arrival, and he will send for them. But were there to be any waggons of the neighborhood of Charlottesville at Richmond, they might go by them. I mention of the neighborhood, because being always in the way to be called to account, they are less likely to embezzle or neglect. I inclose you the receipt of Capt. Welsh, and bill of lading of Capt. Chesroe, the box marked dh. is for Mr. Danl. Hylton. I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0146", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 1 July 1792\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLisbon, 1 July 1792. In compliance with TJ\u2019s instructions of 15 Mch. 1791, he encloses a statement of his accounts with the United States to this date. Because he lacks vouchers, minor expenditures for the relief of American seamen here and postal charges paid for him in England by Johnson are not included in it. The statement also omits the 32,175 Dutch guilders he drew on the American bankers in Holland for Barclay\u2019s negotiations in Morocco because this matter is separate and TJ has acknowledged receiving Barclay\u2019s receipts. He has repeatedly explained his efforts to examine the accounts of previous expenditures for maintaining American prisoners in Algiers, as well as to make arrangements for their subsistence. As yet he has been unable to draw on the Dutch bankers for these purposes, but he hopes to hear soon from Carmichael on this matter.\nP.S. 22 July 1792. The delay occasioned by the wait for a good conveyance enables him to enclose copies of letters from Carmichael and Montgomery of Alicante. The Comte d\u2019Expilly has been arrested by the police and expelled from Portugal, ending the troubles given by his importunities. Since \u201csome measures may be taken in consequence of representations respecting our Prisoners at Algiers which will require farther pecuniary arrangements,\u201d he recommends that they be handled instead by someone on or closer to the scene, as he is distant and lacks acquaintances in a place \u201ceasy of communication with Africa.\u201d He has recently learned through letters from Barclay and a conversation with a gentleman just back from Tangier that parties and other things in Morocco remain much the same as before represented. English newspapers exaggerate the Queen of Portugal\u2019s recovery. She is better in body, thanks to the ministrations of Dr. Willis, and much improved in mind, but has not recovered fully because Willis\u2019s plans have been thwarted by those around her. With the hope of a rapid recovery gone, Willis has communicated a mode of treatment for her to a physician from Co\u00efmbra and is planning to return to England. The Queen regrets his departure and the Prince is satisfied with his conduct, as are \u201cmost others except the Queen\u2019s Confessor, Prime Minister, and a few great ones, whom he excluded absolutely from her presence.\u201d It is very doubtful that the Queen will ever head the government again. The kingdom remains quiet despite the \u201clittle circumstances\u201d mentioned in letter No. 55. It is no surprise that the French Revolution has few supporters in Portugal  \u201cwhen the public Characters of that Nation established here are enemies to it,\u201d but the Madrid and Lisbon gazettes seem to be more favorably disposed to it than in the past. The restoration of his health makes it unnecessary to take the water excursion requested in letter No. 51.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0147", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel L. Hylton, 1 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hylton, Daniel L.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 1. 1792.\nYour box containing 4. glasses, marked dh. goes by the Relief Capt. Welsh which has sailed this morning. It will be delivered to Mr. Brown, with my packages, and you had better be on the lookout lest it should be sent on with mine to Albemarle. Will you be so good, the moment they arrive, to drop a line by post to Mr. Randolph at Monticello, informing him of their arrival that he may send for them, if Mr. Brown should not have an opportunity at the moment. If you should know any thing of my servants Martin or Bob, and could give them notice to be at Monticello by the 20th. I should be obliged to you. Should the papers for the Elkhill lands not be sent off in time to reach this by the 14th. I would wish them addressed to me at Monticello. I am anxious to recieve them in order to propose in time a meeting with Mr. Hanson. Adieu my dear sir Your friend & servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0148", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 1 July 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 1 July 1792\nAccording to your orders I sit down to render this Day a State of my Account which will be but short because I shall charge at present no Contingencies. There are some such which will come in my next  Account and which would be stated this Day, but as I have not yet got into the House which I hired immediately after my Arrival and which I have daily been in the Hope of entring, my Papers and Books remain in the State in which they were. Add to this that the Amount is not great and that I am very much occupied and frequently interrupted.\nI left London on the last Day of April wherefore my Salary to the last Day of June being for two Months was fifteen hundred Dollars. My outfitt is nine thousand making together ten thousand five hundred Dollars which I have drawn for on the Bankers of the United States at Amsterdam.\nI have boxed up the several Newspapers to this Day and shall send them to Havre. My Secretary\u2019s Salary will now commence. I am respectfully Dear Sir Your obedient & humble Servt\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0149", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Elnathan Haskell, 2 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Haskell, Elnathan\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 2. 1792.\nI have duly recieved your favor of June 23. and shall with pleasure do thereon whatever may serve yourself and Mr. Pigott, provided it may not lead me to implicate myself in any legal difficulties. It will be necessary for me to see beforehand, that whenever any danger of this kind may appear, I may clear my hands of it by transferring the deposit into other hands, as the Treasury office, the bank, or some other. I am with great esteem Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0151", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Martha Jefferson Randolph, 2 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Papa\nMonticello July 2 1792\nI have just recieved yours of June 22. The sudden departure of the post who entered Charlottesville the morning and left it before dinner prevented my writing Last week tho Mr. Randolph did and sent his letter after him as far as fluvana courthouse before they could overtake him. To his iregularity is owing that which you complain of in the receipt of my letters. I am very sorry you cannot fix the time of your departure. As it aproches my anxiety augments. All other thoughts give way to that of shortly seeing two people so infinitely dear to me. What I told you of my garden is really true. Indeed if you see it at a distance it looks very green but it does not bear close examination the weeds having taken possession of much the greater part of it. Old George is so slow that by the time he has got to the end of his labour he has it all to do over again. 2 of the acasia\u2019s are come up and are flourishing. I have visited the two Mrs. Lewis\u2019s. The young lady appears to be a good little woman tho most intolerable weak. However she will be a near neighbor and of course worth cultivating. Dear little Anna has been in very bad health her illness having been occasioned by worms. Dr. Gilmer advised the tincture of sacre the effects of which were allmost imediate. She still looks badly but I imagine that may be partly owing to her cutting teeth. I must now trouble you with some little commissions of mine. The glass of one of those handsome engravings I brought in with me has by some accident got broke and not being able to suply the place of it in Richmond I should be extremely obliged to you to bring me one according to the measure and also a small frame with a glass to it for a picture of the size of the enclosed oval paper. Adieu my dear papa. The heat is incredible here. The thermometer has been at 96 in Richmond and even at this place we have not been able to sleep comfortably with every door and window open. I dont recolect ever to have suffered as much from heat  as we have done this summer. Adieu my Dearest Father. Believe me with tender affection yours\nM. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0153", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 2 July 1792\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia, 2 July 1792. In conformity with orders just received, he sends copies of the new clearance form for French merchant vessels. He requests TJ to show it to the President and to ask him to issue the necessary orders to American ports so that these vessels can receive clearance in accordance with the law and sail without impediment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0154", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to F. P. Van Berckel, 2 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Berckel, F. P. van\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 2nd. 1792.\nIt was with extreme concern that I learnt from your letter of June 25th. that a violation of the protection due to you as the representative of your nation had been committed by an officer of this State entering your house and serving therein a process on one of your Servants. There could be no question but that this was a breach of privilege; the only one was how it was to be punished. To ascertain this, I referred your letter to the Attorney General, whose answer I have the honor to enclose you. By this you will perceive that from the circumstance of your Servant\u2019s not being registered in the Secretary of State\u2019s office, we cannot avail ourselves of the more certain and effectual proceeding which had been provided by an act of Congress for punishing infractions of the law of nations, that act having thought proper to confine the benefit of its provisions to such domestics only as should have been registered. We are to proceed therefore as if that act had never been made, and the Attorney General\u2019s letter indicates two modes of proceeding. 1. By a warrant before a single magistrate to  recover the money paid by the Servant under a process declared void by law. Herein the Servant must be the actor, and the government not intermeddle at all. The smallness of the sum to be redemanded will place this cause in the class of those in which no appeal to a higher tribunal is permitted even in the case of manifest error, so that if the magistrate should err, the government has no means of correcting the error. 2nd. The second mode of proceeding would be to indict the officer in the Supreme Court of the United States, with whom it would rest to punish him at their discretion in proportion to the injury done and the malice from which it proceeded, and it would end in punishment alone, and not in a restitution of the money. In this mode of proceeding, the Government of the United States is actor, taking the management of the cause into its own hands, and giving you no other trouble than that of bearing witness to such material facts as may not be otherwise supported. If you will be so good as to decide in which of these two ways you would chuse the proceeding should be; if the latter, I will immediately take measures for having the offender prosecuted according to law. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of respect Sir, Your most obedient, and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0155", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 2 July 1792\nFrom: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAmsterdam 2d. July 1792\nCraving reference to what we had the honour of addressing you the 30 May, We have now principally to wait on you with an abstract of the Account Current of the Department of State up to the 30 June by which it appears that We retain in our hands a Balance of f69889.3 to face the further disposals of the American Ministers in Europe, which We have no doubt but you will find correct. We have the honour to subscribe ourselves with much respect Sir Your mo: obedt. & hble Servts.\nWilhem & Jan Willink\nN. & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0156", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Carey, 3 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carey, John\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Carey and will with pleasure give him access to any papers of his office which no longer require secrecy. The difficulty will be how to separate these from those still requiring secrecy, without giving Mr. Carey access to the whole, which Th:J. would not think himself free to do. Perhaps Mr. Carey can from the Journals of Congress, or other sources, designate the particular papers he would wish to publish. He shall be ready to confer with Mr. Carey on this subject when he pleases.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0159", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 3 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 3. 1792.\nInclosed is a letter to our bankers in Amsterdam covering a bill of exchange drawn on them by the treasurer for one hundred and twenty three thousand seven hundred and fifty current guilders which I have endorsed thus \u2018Philadelphia July 3. 1792. Enter this to the credits of the Secretary of state for the United states of America. Th: Jefferson.\u2019 to prevent the danger of interception. My letter to them makes the whole subject to your order. About 3. aclock P.M. of the day after you left this I received the inclosed letters for you. I had been notified by Mr. Vaughan that 8. aclock of that morning would be the last chance of sending letters after you, and it was not till several days after that I learned that your Capt. staid in town till the next morning. Nothing interesting has occurred since your departure, and as the President leaves this on the 12th. and myself on the 14th. inst. for Virginia it is probable I shall not write to you again till October. I have the honor to be with compliments to Mrs. Pinckney and perfect esteem for yourself Dear Sir your most obedt. and most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0161", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Stuart, 3 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stuart, David\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 3. 1792.\nThe President, I suppose, informs you that he will be at George town on the 15th. to consult with you in the choice of plans for the public buildings. I expect to pass there on the morning of Wednesday the 18th. on my way to Virginia, and the purport of the present is to remind you that you were so kind as to promise to enquire for the road  which would lead me from George town directly into the Frog-eaten country and through that to Elkrun church. I was pretty well informed that there is such a road leading from Elkrun church by Champ\u2019s old race ground, Slatyrun church, and Summer\u2019s tavern to George town, entirely level, except the 5 miles next to George town, and 10. miles nearer than by Newgate. From Elkrun church to Slateyrun church was said to be 12. miles. The other distances I could not learn, but should not amount to above 17. miles more, say 29. miles from Elkrun Ch. to George town. Instead of this the Colchester road makes it 62. miles from Georgetown to Elkrun church, and mostly very hilly. The Newgate road is so hilly that I shall never attempt it again. It misses the Frogeaten country almost entirely, coasting along a little above it\u2019s edge. If you will have the goodness to leave directions for me with Mr. Shuter in George town you will much oblige me.\u2014I wrote lately to Mr. Blodget but have no answer from him.\u2014I have the honor to be with great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0162", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Telfair, 3 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Telfair, Edward\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 3. 1792.\nI have the honor to inclose to your Excellency the copy of a letter I have received from His Catholic Majesty\u2019s representatives here in consequence of a complaint from the Governor of Florida that three inhabitants of the state of Georgia, to wit, Thomas Harrison, David Rees, and William Ervin, had entered the Spanish territory and brought from thence five negro slaves the property of John Blackwood a Spanish subject without his consent, in violation of the rights of that state and the peace of the two countries. I had formerly had the honor of sending you a copy of the convention entered into between the said  Governor and Mr. Seagrove on the part of the U.S. for the mutual restitution of fugitive slaves. I now take the liberty of requesting your Excellency to inform me what is done or likely to be done with you for the satisfaction of the Spanish government in this instance. Nobody knows better than your Excellency the importance of restraining individuals from committing the peace and honor of the two nations, and I am persuaded that nothing will be wanting on your part to satisfy the just expectations of the government of Florida on the present occasion. I have the honor to be, with great respect, your Excellency\u2019s most obedt. and most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0163", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 3 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia July 3. 1792.\nI have laid before the President your letter of June 26. with the papers accompanying it on the subject of the robbery supposed to have been committed within the territory of Florida by three citizens of the state of Georgia: and I have it in charge to assure you that due enquiry shall be immediately made into the transaction, and that every thing shall be done on the part of this government which right shall require, and the laws authorise. I have written to the Governor of Georgia on this subject, and shall not fail to communicate to you the result of our enquiries and proceedings on this business. I regret the delay which the circumstance of distance may occasion: but this is unavoidable. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem, Gentlemen your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0164", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 3 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia July 3. 1792.\nI inclose you the first of a bill of exchange drawn on you by the Treasurer of the U.S. for one hundred and twenty three thousand seven hundred and fifty current Gilders, which please to enter to the credit of the Secretary of state for the U.S. Mr. Pinkney our minister at London is authorised to draw on you at times to this whole amount for particular purposes independant of the general ones of his mission heretofore explained to you. You will therefore be pleased to honour the bills he shall so draw on you. I am in hopes your account with the Secretary of state settled to the 1st. day of this month is on it\u2019s way to me. I have the honour to be with great esteem, gentlemen Your most obedient humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0165", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 4 July 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nE.R. to Mr. J.\nDoes not Marius on bills of exchange (p. 29) give satisfaction as to your bill; which I understand to have been drawn, payable to you or order, and similarly indorsed by you?\nUntil my papers arrive from New-York, I cannot be more decisive in Leigh vs. West, than I have been. However, if Mr. John Brown, the clerk of the general court, will look into the order books during May\u2019s and Pendleton\u2019s clerkships, he will be able to say, whether judgment has been obtained, as I conceive, in the days of paper money?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0168", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Commissioners of the Federal District, 5 July 1792\nFrom: Commissioners of the Federal District\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWashington. July 5th. 1792\nWe have received several plans for the public Buildings, which we had prepared to send forward; and expect several more will be presented; but as we have just heard, from the Presidents Steward, that he may be expected here, by the 15th Instant; we shall, to save the Trouble of carrying and returning, retain them for his inspection and choice here.\nMr. Hoben, applies himself closely, to a Draft for the President\u2019s house; he has made very favorable impressions on us. Our affairs in general are in rather a pleasing Train; and we hope that as soon as plans are approved, we shall be able to proceed with vigour. We are Sir, your mo. Obedt & mo hble Servts\nTh Johnson\nDd: Stuart\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0169", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 5 July 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 5th July 1792.\nI have the honor of submitting to your consideration copies of certain papers, which I have received from Canada. They contain information that some persons, acting under the authority of the State of Vermont, have attempted to exercise legal jurisdiction within districts now occupied by the King\u2019s troops, and have committed acts of violence on the persons and property of British Subjects residing under the protection of his Majesty\u2019s garrisons.\nAt this period, when the grounds of the subsisting differences between our respective countries are become the subjects of serious and temperate discussion, I cannot but entertain the strongest confidence that the general government of the United States will entirely disapprove of the violent conduct observed by the State of Vermont upon this occasion, and will in consequence thereof adopt such measures as may be best calculated to prevent a repetition of it in future. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of the most perfect consideration, Sir, Your most obedient, humble servant,\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0170", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 5 July 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOrange July the 5th. 1792\nMy last acknowledged the last of yours that has come to hand. From the date of that I shall probably have the pleasure of another as soon as an opportunity from Fredericksbg. happens. I write at present merely for the sake of one thither which has just fallen in my way. The most remarkable occurrence of late date here, was the excessive heat on sunday the first instant. At two OClock the Thermometer in its ordinary position was at 99\u00b0. At four it had got up to 103\u00b0. On being taken into the passage the coolest part of the House it stood at the former hour at 97\u00b0, and at the latter at 98\u00b0. On applying the heat of the body it fell to 96\u00b0. The wind blew very briskly from West from morning till about 5 OC. and during the hottest part of the time was so sensibly above the annual heat, that it was more disagreeable to be in its current than out of it. The day following the heat about 2 OC approached very near, but not equal that of the first. Our harvest is now closing and will all be got in well in this quarter. The wheat  is fine and the quantity equal to every reasonable calculation. There have been several fine showers during the harvest which have aided the Corn, without injuring the Wheat. Yrs. always & affy.\nJs. Madison Jr.\nThe Thermometer this morning as low as 58\u00b0.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0174", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 6 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 6. 1792.\nI have the honor to acknolege the receipt of your letter of the 1st. instant covering the form of the Permit for the vessels of your nation, and will take care to lay it before the President and to have it duly notified to all whom it may concern. I have the honour to be with great esteem & respect, Sir Your most obedt. and most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0175", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 6 July [1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe enclosed will, I think, throw the labouring Oar upon Mr. H\u2014\u2014 and is approved of accordingly.\nGW", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0176", "content": "Title: Edmund Randolph\u2019s Opinion on Recess Appointments, 7 July 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe answer of the attorney general of the United States to the question propounded to him by the Secretary of State on the following case.\nBy the constitution, the President shall nominate and by and with  the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint Ambassadors, &c, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not therein otherwise provided, and which shall be established by law. He has also power to fill up vacancies, that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session.\nThe act establishing a mint directs, that for the well conducting of the business there shall be among other officers a chief Coiner.\nThis act passed on the 2nd. of april 1792 and the Senate which concurred was sitting daily from thence until the 8th. of May following. But the chief Coiner was not nominated during their then sitting, tho\u2019 a Director was appointed.\nThe question is, whether the President can, constitutionally, during the now recess of the Senate grant to a chief Coiner a Commission which shall expire at the end of their next session?\nIs there a vacancy in the office of chief Coiner? An office is vacant when no officer is in the exercise of it. So that it is no less vacant when it has never been filled up, than it is upon the death or resignation of an Incumbent. The office of Chief Coiner is therefore vacant.\nBut is it a vacancy which has happened during the recess of the Senate? It is now the same and no other vacancy, than that, which existed on the 2nd. of April 1792. It commenced therefore on that day or may be said to have happened on that day.\nThe Spirit of the Constitution favors the participation of the Senate in all appointments. But as it may be necessary oftentimes to fill up vacancies, when it may be inconvenient to summon the senate a temporary commission may be granted by the President. This power then is to be considered as an exception to the general participation of the Senate. It ought too to be interpreted strictly. For altho\u2019 I am well aware, that a chief Coiner for satisfactory reasons could not have been nominated during the last Session of the Senate; Yet every possible delicacy ought to be observed in transferring power from one order in government to another. It is true that the Senate may finally disapprove. But they are not left to a Judgment absolutely free, when they are to condemn the appointment of a Man actually in Office. In some instances indeed this must be the case; but it is in them a case of necessity only; as where the Officer has died, or resigned during the recess, or a person appointed during the Session shall not notify his refusal to accept, until the recess.\nIt may well be asked in what the power of now for the first time granting a temporary commission for this new office is distinguishable in principle from granting a commission to one person in consequence  of another who has been approved by the Senate, refusing to accept the first appointment to a new office? Is not the Vacancy under these circumstances one which has never been filled up and therefore in the same predicament, as the Office of Coiner? However a refined construction may make the cases approach each other, they are different in their relation to the constitution. In the one, the Senate have had a full opportunity to shew their sense. In the other not. In the one the vacancy was filled up, as far as the President and Senate could go; and the Vacancy may be said to have happened during the Recess in consequence of the Refusal. In the other, not.\nAn analogy has been suggested to me between a Minister to a foreign court and the appointment now under consideration. With much strength it has been contended that a Minister may be appointed who, or whose mission was never mentioned to the Senate. But mark the peculiar condition of a Minister. The President is allowed by law to spend a limited sum on diplomatic appointments, no particular courts are designated; But they are consigned by the Constitution to his pleasure. The truth then is that independently of congress, or either house the President may at any time during the Recess declare the court and the grade. But this power would be nugatory during the recess if he could not also name the Person. How unlike is this example to that of the Coiner, in which the office can be created by congress alone; And in the appointment to which the Senate might have an opportunity, of concurring at the Session when the law was passed creating it?\nMy opinion upon the whole is, that the President cannot now grant a temporary commission to a Chief Coiner.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0177", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [7 July 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSaturday [7 July 1792]\nPray send me Mr. Hammond\u2019s communications to you on Thursday and your letter to him in answer;\u2014and let me See you at Eight \u2019O clock this Morning. Yrs.\nGW", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0179-0002", "content": "Title: I. Accounts as Minister Plenipotentiary in France, 8 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nThe United States of America to Th:Jefferson Dr.\nJuly\n To pd. Capt. Grey for my passage from Portsmouth to Havre. 8. guineas\nTo salary from Apr. 11. to this day inclusive @ 11,111 1/9; Dollars per ann.\nAug.\nTo pd. for copying press for my office, 5. reams paper, ink &c. \u00a317\u20133\u20136. sterl.\nSep.\npostage 2\u20b6\u201316\u201424. stationary 20.\u20b6\u2014Oct. 22. postage l\u20b6\u201316\u201427. do. 20\u20b6\u201315\nOct.\na quarter\u2019s salary @ 9000.D. per ann.\nNov.\nDec.\ntwo months salary\nJan.\npostage 2.\u20b6\u201415. stationary l\u20b6\u201310\u201418. postage 5\u20b6\u201310\u201426. do. 6.\u20b6\nFeb.\nMar.\na quarter\u2019s salary\nApr.\nMay\nOutfit as Minister Plenipotentiary resident. a year\u2019s salary.\nportage & charges of Copying press from London.\ncash to Alexr. Learmouth a poor American to carry him to Lorient\nJune\na quarter\u2019s salary\nJuly.\nstaty. 50.\u20b6\u201429. postage 4\u20b6\u201319\n [Page 2:]\nAug.\nSep.\na quarter\u2019s salary.\nOct.\npd. Count Langeac, on takg. lease of his house.\npostage 10.\u20b6\u20147. stationary 8.\u20b6\u201411. postage 9\u20b6\u20132s\npd. rent of Gueraut\u2019s house from May 2. (when I recd. my appointmt.) to Oct. 15. 5\u00bd months.\npostage. 41\u20b6\u20132\u201425. stationary. 1\u20b6\u2013 4s\u201428. postage. 118\u20b6\u20135s.\nNov.\nDec.\na quarter\u2019s salary @ 5\u20b6\u20138s. the doll. for Oct. & 5\u20b6\u201312s for Nov. & Dec.\ngazettes of Leyden & France for this year sent to Mr. Jay 36\u20b6 + 15\u20b6\nJan.\nCourt fees at Versailles.\npaid Ct. Langeac a quarter\u2019s rent\npd. taxes on Gueraut\u2019s house 5\u00bd months @ 50.\u20b6 per month\nFeb.\nMar.\na quarter\u2019s salary @ 5\u20b6\u201312s the Dollar.\nApr.\nExpences from Mar. 4. to, at, & from London. viz.\npd. in French money.\nCarriage to & from Calais\n[Page 3:]\nMay.\ncash to James Barclay a shipwreckt American sailor\ntransportation of my baggage from Calais by the Diligence\nJune\na quarter\u2019s salary\nJuly\nAug.\nSep.\na quarter\u2019s salary.\nOct.\npostage 97.\u20b6\u20145. stationary 43.\u20b6\u201414. postage 16\u20b6\u201314s.\nNov.\npostage 139\u20b6\u201310s\u20136d.\ncash to Daniel Lemasney a poor American.\ncash to an American sailor.\nDec.\ncash to Alexr. Mc.Intosh a shipwreckt sailor from New York\na quarter\u2019s salary\npd. Genl. la Vallette for Colo. Fleury (one of the foreign officers) certif. for interest.\nGazettes of France & Leyden for this year sent to the office of foreign affairs\n[Page 4:]\nJan.\nCourt-fees at Versailles.\npostage 51\u20b6\u20131s\nFeb.\nMar.\na quarter\u2019s salary\nApr.\npostage 4\u20b6\u201315s\nMay.\npostage 45.\u20b6\ncash to Mr. Barclay at Bordeaux on acct. of his Marocco mission.\npostage. 7\u20b6\u20137s.\u2014June 6. do. 3\u20b6\u201318s.\nJune.\ncash to an American sailor.\na quarter\u2019s salary.\nJuly\nDeaugustini for translating\ncash to an American shipwreckt sailor from New London.\nAug.\npd. Mr. Barclay\u2019s bill on acct. of Marocco mission to enable him to return to America.\nSep.\na quarter\u2019s salary\nOct.\nDeaugustini for translating\n[Page 5:]\nNov.\npaid a quarter\u2019s rent to Ct. Langeac\nDec.\npostage 32\u20b6\u20132 + 38\u20b6\u201310s.\u201431. Courier to Havre 96.\u20b6\na quarter\u2019s salary\nGazettes of France & Leyden to Office of foreign affairs for this year.\nJan.\nCourt fees at Versailles\npd. a quarter\u2019s rent to Count Langeac\npostage 100\u20b6\u201319s\u201426. do. from Dec. 30. to this day 171\u20b6\u20137s\nFeb.\npostage from Jan. 27. to Feb. 23. 149\u20b6\u2013 8s\nMar.\npd. E. Mc.Carthy\u2019s bill for prize money of Bonhomme Richard\npd. fitting carriage for journey to Amsterdam, workmen working day & night\nmy expences from Paris to Amsterdam\ndo. in Amsterdam, including a part of Mr. Adams\u2019s\na quarter\u2019s salary\nApr.\nhalf my expences from Amsterdam to Paris (allowg. half for detour to Strasbg.)\nhire of carriage for the journey\npostage from Feb. 24. to Apr. 26.\nportage of Schweighauser\u2019s papers from Nantes\nportage of papers of the Consular office from Lorient\npaid Mr. Short in part of his salary\n[Page 6:]\nMay\nrepd. Mr. Grand a quarter\u2019s rent he had paid to Ct. Langeac\npaid Mr. Short in part of his salary\ncash to Walter Henry, a shipwreckt sailor from New York\nJune\npostage from Apr. 26. to May 31.\na ream copying paper from London\npostage from June 1. to June 28.\na quarter\u2019s salary\nJuly\npostage from New York\nAug.\npostage from June 29. to July 26.\npd. Cabaret Stationary from 1787. May 24. to 1788. June 29.\npostage from July 27. to Aug. 30. 141\u20b6\u20133s + 9\u20b6\u20136s.\nSep.\npostage from New York.\nprinting 18\u20b6\u201316s.\na quarter\u2019s salary.\nOct.\npostage from Aug. 31. to Sep. 27.\npacking & portage of Consular papers to Havre by Diligence\nNov.\npostage from Sep. 28. to Oct. 25.\nrepd. Mr. Grand two quarter\u2019s rent he had pd. Ct. Langeac.\npaid Clousier for printing Consular conventn. & Observas. on Whale fishery\nDec.\npostage from Oct. 26. to Nov. 29.\n four reams copying paper from London. \u00a33\u201314 sterl.\npostage from Nov. 30. to Dec. 27.\nGazettes of France & Leyden this year to office of Foreign affairs\na quarter\u2019s salary\n[Page 7:]\nJan.\nCourt fees at Versailles\ncash to an American sailor\npostage\nFeb.\npostage from Dec. 28. to Jan. 24.\nrepd. Burrell Carnes\u2019s disbursemts. at Nantes for the U.S.\nMar.\npostage.\nrepd. Mr. Grand my order in favor of Foulloy for Deane\u2019s letter & acct. books\npostage from Jan. 25. to Feb. 21.\npd. Cabaret for Stationary from 1788. Aug. 9. to 1789. Feb. 23.\npostage. 2\u20b6-8s\u201419. Clousier printing 14.\u20b6\na quarter\u2019s salary\nApr.\npaid Deaugustini for translating several articles.\npostage from Feb. 22. to Mar. 28.\npd. Mr. Limozin\u2019s postages 10\u20b6\u20137s\u2014his disbursemts. for Consulr. papers 6\u20b6\u2013 8s\u20139d\npd. Upton in part for Medal boxes 96.\u20b6\u201412. pd. do. for do. on acct. 102.\u20b6\npd. Ct. Langeac for the first & last half years rent of his house on the new lease\nMay.\npostage from Mar. 29. to Apr. 25.\npostge. from Apr. 26. to May 30. 100\u20b6\u2013 10s.\u2014June 27. do. from May 31. to June 27. 126\u20b6\u20136s\nJune\na quarter\u2019s salary.\nJuly.\npd. for a silver medal of Genl. Greene 26\u20b6\u20134s\u20139d\u2014do. of Genl. Gates 31\u20b6\u2013 16s\npostage from New York 115\u20b6\u20130.\u2014postage from Jun. 28. to July 25. 123\u20b6\u2013 9s.\npaid Upton for a medal case for 11. medals.\nAug.\ngave David Barnett a poor American\nSep.\npd. Clousier for printing for U.S.\npd. Blanc for 6. officers fusils, models for war office\n[Page 8:]\nSep.\nTo pd. Cabaret for stationary\nTo postage from July 26. to Sep. 19.\nTo pd. for a box &c. packing fusils.\nTo cash to Thomas Walter a poor American\nTo a quarter\u2019s salary\nOct.\nTo pd. acct. for velvet for lining a medal case\n To postage 24\u20b6\u20133s\u2014Oct.5. to do. 4\u20b6\u201317s\u2003\u2003acct.\nTo postage 4\u20b6-17s\u201415. do. l\u20b6\u201410s\nDec.\nTo a quarter\u2019s salary.\n[Page 9:]\n1784. The United States in account with Th Jefferson Cr.\nMay\nBy cash from Rob. Morris esq. in Philadelphia.\nJune\nBy do. from Mr. Lovell in Boston\nJuly\nBy do. from do.\nBy do. from do.\nBy do. from Thos. Russell for my draught on Rob. Morris\nAug.\nBy do. from Mr. Grand\nBy do.\nSep.\nBy do.\nOct.\nBy do.\nBy do. from Le Coulteux on Mr. Adams\u2019s bill of f6000.\n \u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007on Holld.\nNov.\nBy cash from Mr. Grand\nDec.\nBy do.\nJan.\nBy do.\nFeb.\nBy do.\nMar.\nBy do.\nApr.\nBy do.\n[Page 10:]\nMay\nBy cash from Mr. Grand.\nJune\nBy do.\nJuly.\nBy do.\nAug.\nBy do.\nSep.\nBy do.\nOct.\nBy do.\nBy do.\nNov.\nBy do.\nDec.\nBy do.\nBy do.\nJan.\nBy do.\nFeb.\nBy do.\nBy do.\nMar.\nBy do.\nBy my bill on Mr. Grand in favor of Teissier of London.\nApr.\nBy do.\nBy do.\nBy do.\nMay\nBy cash of Mr. Grand.\nJune\nBy do.\nBy do.\n[Page 11:]\nJuly\nBy cash from Mr. Grand.\nAug.\nBy do.\nBy do.\nSep.\nBy do.\nBy Mr. Grand\u2019s letter of credit in favr. Colo. Smith on my acct.\nBy le Fevre, Roussac & co\u2019s bill on me paid by Mr. Grand.\nOct.\nBy cash of Mr. Grand.\nNov.\nBy do.\nDec.\nBy do.\nBy do.\nJan.\nBy do.\nFeb.\nBy do.\nBy do. to Mrs. Barclay on my order.\nBy cash of Mr. Grand.\nBy do. to Petit on my order\nMar.\nBy do. of Finguerlin & Scherer at Lyons\nBy do. to Petit on my order of Feb. 28.\nApr.\nBy do. of Brethous at Marseilles.\nBy pd. by Finguerlin & Scherer my bill in favr. of Parent\nBy cash of Mr. Grand to Petit on my order of Feb. 28.\nMay\nBy do. of Brethous at Marseilles\nBy do. of Baron Le Clerc at Nice\n[Page 12:]\nMay\nBy Col. Smith\u2019s bill of \u00a346. on me pd. by Mr. Grand.\n By my order in favor of Philip Mazzei pd. by Mr. Grand\nJune\n By cash of Feger, Gramont & co. at Bordeaux\n By pd. to do. by Mr. Grand for me for wine.\n By cash to Petit by order of Mr. Short for my use.\n By cash of Mr. Grand.\nJuly\nBy do.\nBy Feger, Gramont & co.\nAug.\n By cash of Mr. Grand.\nOct.\n By cash for bill on Willincks & Van Staphorst for\nNov.\n By do. on do.\nDec.\n By do. on do.\nBy do. on do.\nFeb.\nBy do. on do.\nMar.\nBy do. on do.\n By cash in Amsterdam from Willinks\n\u0192. Court. \u2007324\u2013\n By do. at different times from V. Staphorsts\nApr.\nBy cash at Strasburgh on my draught on V. Staphorsts for\nMay\n By cash for bill on Willinks & V. Staphorsts\nJune\nBy do. on do.\nJuly\nBy do. on do.\n[Page 13:]\nJuly\nBy pd. by Van Staphorsts to Peuchen of Cologne for me.\nAug.\nBy cash for bill on Willinks & V. Staphorsts\nSep.\nBy do. on do.\nOct.\nBy do. on do.\nNov.\nBy do. on do.\nDec.\nBy do. on do.\nBy do. on do.\nFeb.\nBy do. on do.\nMar.\nBy do. on do.\nApr.\nBy do. on do.\nBy do. on do.\nMay.\nBy do. on do.\nBy do. on do.\nJune\nBy do. on do.\nJuly\nBy do. on do.\nBy cash overpd. by Grand & refunded to me by Gateau for medals.\nAug.\nBy cash for bill on Willinks & Van Staphorsts\nSep.\nBy do. on do.\nBy do. on do.\nOct.\nBy my bill on do. in favor Grand & co\n\u2007\u2007(at same exch.)\nBy do. on do. in favr. Thos. Auldjo for \u00a3210. sterl. @ 25. \u20b6 the pound sterl.\n[Page 14:]\nAmount of Dr.\nAmount of Cr.\n\u2007page 1.\n page 9.\nThe U.S. of America in acct. with Th:Jefferson\nDol.\n To salary from Dec. 31. to this day when I enter on office of Secy. of state, 81. days.\n To allowance for return settled by Congress at a quarter\u2019s salary.\n[his note.]\n To public articles paid by Wm. Short & charged by him to me. 2466\u20b6\u201313\n To credit to U.S. with Will. V. Stap. & Hub. by V. Stap. & Hub. on my order\nBalance due from Th:J.\nCr.\nBalance due from Th:J. to the U.S. as by precedg.\n By my bill from N. York on Will. V. Staph. & Hub.\n By Mr. Short\u2019s two bills of\u2007\u2007this day for me on do.\nSep.\nBy do.\nDec.\nBy do.\n  The U.S. of America in account with Th:Jefferson\nDol.\nCr.\nBy balance as above\nBy error in dating my appointmt. from Apr. 11. instd. of May 9. 1784. never discovered till this 8th. July 1792\nTh: Jefferson\n[On separate sheet:]\n  The U.S. of America in acct. with Th:Jefferson\n To credit to the U.S. with Will. & Staph. & Hub. by V. Staph. & Hub. on my order\nCr.\nBy balance due from Th:J. as before\n Th: JeffersonOct. 12. 1792.\n   converted by Mr. Short at 5\u20b6\u20137s\u20132d. This accidental price of hard money is surely the temporary effect of it\u2019s scarcity, & of the inundation of assignats.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0179-0003", "content": "Title: II. Explanatory Notes on Accounts, [8 July 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nExplanatory Notes\nIn order to explain the principles on which some articles of this account are founded, it will be necessary to enter into a developement of the proceedings of Congress from the beginning, with respect to their ministers.\nWhen they made their first appointments, having themselves no experience or knolege of the allowance usually made by other nations, and confiding in the discretion of their ministers, they left it to themselves to find what should be their expences, engaging to pay those expences, and a handsome allowance besides for their services. [See resolution Sep. 28. 1776. and May 7. 1778.] The Ministers, on their arrival in Europe, had therefore to do as they saw others of their grade do.In Aug. 1779. Congress settle the allowance which they had promised for their services, at \u00a3500. sterl. a year \u2018besides their expences\u2019 and in Oct. 1779. they establish a fixed salary of \u00a32500. sterl. for both the services and expences of their Ministers. But what particular expences were to be considered as those of the Minister, and to be covered by this salary, were not specified, from the same want of information in Congress which had obliged them from the beginning to go step by step only, in fixing the allowances. The ministers therefore, now as before, enquired into the usage established by other nations, in order to know what expences were considered as those of the Minister, and what of the sovereign; and they found the rule to be [see papers of June 11. 1781. and Oct. 4. 1781.] \u2018where a salary was given for service and expences, the expences understood were merely those necessary to the man, such as housekeeping, cloathing, coach &c. that clerks, couriers, postage, stationary, illuminations, courtage [or court-fees] were expences of the prince or state, who also furnished an hotel, by rent, or purchase, to be considered as the hotel of the prince or state.\u2019On these principles then their accounts were kept. At Paris, the U.S. rented an hotel: at the Hague they resolved to buy one, which was done. See resolution Dec. 27. 1782. On the 7th. of May 1784. they reduced the salary from \u00a32500. sterl. to 9000. Dollars: and on the 9th. of May they appointed Th:J. one of their ministers for negotiating treaties.It is to be observed that they had never had occasion to consider at all the article of Outfit to a Minister separately, because no appointment had taken place since Octob. 1779. when the salary was first fixed: and all the Ministers then  resident in Europe, having at the time of their outfit, been allowed their expences, these necessarily included the Outfit.\nThe appointment of Th:J. being only for a special purpose, and not to reside in Europe, consequently not obliging him to take or furnish a house, he did not on that appointment claim an Outfit.When he was afterwards appointed to reside at Paris, as Minister there, he applied to his predecessor Dr. Franklin, to know how he was to keep his accounts: who told him that the U.S. furnished the hotel, paid clerks, couriers, postage, stationary and court fees. He applied also to Mr. Barclay, who was authorised to settle all accounts of the U.S. in Europe; who gave him a copy of Dr. Franklin\u2019s account to be his guide. This contained an Outfit in fact, as has been before mentioned.Th:J. accordingly began an account of the cost of his furniture, carriage, horses, clothes, &c. but finding that the details were numerous, minute, and incapable from their nature of being vouched, that a year\u2019s salary was allowed by most nations and considerably more by some for this article, and that even this would be less than the actual amount of the particulars of his Outfit, he thought it better to charge it at once at a year\u2019s salary, presuming that Congress would rather at length fix a sum for that article also, as they had done for the salary. He wrote a private letter to Mr. Jay, then Secretary of foreign affairs, on this subject, who laid it before Congress. They referred it to a Committee, who concluded that a certain sum should be given equal to what Th:J. had expended. But, for want of a representation of 9. states necessary in money matters, they never could report, during the old government, and so it laid over for the new.July 1. 1790 the Congress of the present government passed a general law, fixing the Outfit at a year\u2019s salary. This was not retrospective, and is only mentioned as shewing their sense that a year\u2019s salary was a reasonable allowance for Outfit.\nFrom hence it appears, that previous to the law last mentioned, there was no complete and legal ascertainment of the principles on which the accounts of Ministers were to be settled. They were governed in some articles by fixed allowance, in others by the usage of other nations, by precedents or practice of their predecessors, and by the reason of the thing. Thus, in the present account, the article of salary till the 1st. of Aug. 1784. stands on the ground of the resolution of Congress of Oct. 4. 1779. and after that on that of May 7. 1784. That of hotelrent, couriers, postage, stationary, court fees, on usage and precedent; that of outfit on the same, and on the proceedings of the Committee of the old, and Congress of the new government.The rent of the  hotel was paid by Mr. Grand for the most part when he had money, and at other times by Th:J.\nNote on the value of the Dollar, in French money.\nThe intrinsic worth of a Dollar in French money results from the following facts. The Piastre of Spain contains 499.94 As of pure silver. [The As is a Dutch weight whereof 10,240 make a pound, poid de Marc.] The value of the piastre is 2 \u00bd florins of Holland. Encycl. Meth. Commerce. Monnoie. Espagne. 211.b. Again ib. Amsterdam 181. \u2018la piastre neuve d\u2019Espagne 2. flor. 10. sols argent courant.\u2019 ib. France 214.b. \u2018l\u2019ecu de change qui contient 276.08 As d\u2019argent fin vaut au pair 27 \u215a sols argent de Hollande.\u2019 We have this ratio then. 50 sous court. : 1. Doll. : : 27 \u215a sous court. : 0.5525 Doll. Then 1\u20b6 = 0.5525/3 = 0.1841 \u2154 Dollar And 1. Dol. = 5.\u20b643 = 5\u20b6\u20148s\u20147 1/5 d. However the common estimate being of 5\u20b6\u20148s for the dollar, and the late Minister of finance having fixed on that in his public accounts, as the just value, I have adopted it.\nNote on Expences of travelling.\nWhen a Minister has been sent from his residence into another country on special business, his expences have been allowed. I have charged such only as were doubled on account of my journey, that is to say, such as were continuing at Paris, notwithstanding my absence. These were 1. subsistence; my table being kept up for Colo. Humphreys, Mr. Short &c. 2. servants. 3. Lodging. 4. post hire, packages, portage.\nNote on the value of the Dollar in French money\nThe reduction in the value of the livre in France took place on the 1st. of Nov. 1785. by reducing the quantity of gold in the Louis. Till then the Louis was worth intrinsically 242 6/11 pence sterling. On the recoinage which took place, 15 9/77 pence sterling of gold was withdrawn from it, so that it remained intrinsically worth but 227 3/7 pence sterling. Had there been nothing but gold in circulation, the livre would have been reduced exactly 97/154ths of a penny sterling. But there being also silver money in circulation, and that being untouched, the reduction had but half it\u2019s effect, to wit the livre became worth only 97/304ths of a penny sterl. less. This multiplied by 5\u20b6\u20148s-7 \u00bdd the former value of the dollar, raises it to 5\u20b6\u201412s. Exchange with foreign countries was immediately affected, and began to fall. After some little vibrations it settled down to 4. per cent below what it had  usually been. The pound sterling, which before this operation of M. de Calonne had been ordinarily settled @ 24.\u20b6 rose, after it, to 25\u20b6\u20143s among the bankers, and with those less minute, it was generally settled @ 25.\u20b6 which is about 4. per cent.\u2014The same sum of money drawn from Holland paid 5\u20b6\u201412s to Th:J. after this operation, which had paid him but 5\u20b6\u20148s before.\nP.S. July 8. 1792. The old French Louis was estimated in Philadelphia at 34/6 the new one is estimated at 32/6. Hence we have this proportion. As 32/6 new Louis : 34/6 old Louis :: 5\u20b6\u20148s : 5\u20b6\u2014 14 64/100S and halving the difference would give the dollar = 5\u20b6\u201411 32/100S a fraction less than the European estimate, because our estimate at 5\u20b6\u20146s is a little below the truth.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0179-0004", "content": "Title: III. James Wilson\u2019s Certification of Jefferson\u2019s Oath on Accounts, [9 July 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wilson, James\nThomas Jefferson personally appeared before me James Wilson one of the Judges of the Supreme court of the U.S. and made oath that this account between the U.S. of America and himself as their Minister Plenipotentiary, commencing May 9. 1784 and ending Jan. 29. 1792, contained in fourteen pages, is true and just to the best of his knolege and belief. Given under my hand this 9th. day of July 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0180", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Chittenden, 9 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Chittenden, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia, July 9th. 1792.\nI have the honor to enclose you sundry papers communicated to me by the British Minister residing here, which have been duly laid before the President of the United States, and further to solicit from your Excellency information as to the facts therein stated: and while I am authorized to assure you that the government is proceeding sincerely and steadily to obtain by the way of negociation a relinquishment of our territory held by the British, I am at the same time to press that no measures be permitted in your state, which, by changing the present state of things in districts where the British have hitherto exercised jurisdiction, might disturb the peaceable and friendly discussion now in hand, and retard, if not defeat, an ultimate arrangement. I have the honor to be with perfect respect and esteem, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0184", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 9 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia July 9th. 1792.\nInformation has been received that the Government of West Florida has established an Agent within the territory of the United States belonging to the Creek Indians, and it is even pretended that that agent has excited those Indians to oppose the marking a boundary between their district and that of the Citizens of the United States. The latter is so inconsistent with the dispositions to friendship and good neighborhood which Spain has always expressed towards us, with that concert of interest which would be so advantageous to the two nations, and which we are disposed sincerely to promote, that we find no difficulty in supposing it erroneous. The sending an agent within our limits we presume has been done without the authority or knowledge of your government. It has certainly been the usage, where one nation has wished to employ agents of any kind within the limits of another, to obtain the permission of that other, and even to regulate by convention and on principles of reciprocity, the functions to be exercised by such agents. It is not to a nation whose dominions are circumstanced as those of Spain in our neighborhood that we need develope the inconveniences of permitting reciprocally the unlicensed mission of agents into the territories of each other. I am persuaded nothing more is necessary than to bring the fact under the notice of your government in order to it\u2019s being rectified, which is the object of my addressing you on this occasion; with every assurance that you will make the proper communications on the subject to your court, I have the honor to be, with Sentiments of perfect esteem and respect, Gentlemen, Your most obedient and most humble Servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0186", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 9 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President and sends him two forms of approbation of the proposals of the Director of the mint. That which would be to be signed by the President himself would probably be most satisfactory to the Director, but might be liable to the objection of drawing the President into the details of business with a greater number of officers of government. This on the other hand would sometimes shorten business. The President will decide and make use of which he pleases.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0187", "content": "Title: George Washington to David Rittenhouse, [9 July 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rittenhouse, David\nHaving had under consideration the letter of the Director of the mint of this day\u2019s date, I hereby declare my approbation of the purchase he has made of the house and lot for the mint, of the employment of Mr. Voight as Coiner, of the procuring fifteen tons of copper, and proceeding to coin the cents and half cents of copper and dismes and half dismes of silver: and I leave to his discretion to have such alterations and additions made to the buildings purchased as he shall find necessary, satisfied that under his orders no expence will be incurred which reason and necessity will not justify: and I desire that he will make out an estimate of the sums of money which will be wanting for these purposes, and of the times at which they will be wanting, in order to enable the treasury to make arrangements for furnishing them with convenience. Given under my hand this 9th. day of July 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0188", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Blodget, Jr., 10 July 1792\nFrom: Blodget, Samuel, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBoston 10th July 1792\nMr. Bacon the bearer of this will deliver herewith my first attempt in a Plan for the Base and elevation of the Capitol, my second drawing from this first study is not yet ready, but if there is any probability of its being wanted a line from you on the subject will flater me much.\nMy deviations from the maison qurre a Nimes in the four principle projections, were deemed esential to accomodate it to its new apendage the dome. I have rob\u2019d it of its corinthian capital to bestow this chef d\u2019Ovre in its proper place Vizt on the Columns that bear up the dome. The arches for the foundation, the sections &c I will forward if wanted  which I fear will not be, however I have performed my promise in part and difidence only has prevented my aiming at the whole of the design.\nI hope I shall be pardoned if I remind you that the full Elevated Columns and the Dome has been admired by all ever since they were Invented so say all the modern conoiseurs, therefore I hope no new fritters will take the place of Noble ancient grecian and Roman first Principles the result of the experience of ages. I am told that the clay of Maryland does not make substantial Brick and Indeed the stone of our City quarry is so excellent I pray the outside of the Building including the Columns may be made from it.\nThe dome may be made of Wood according to your Idea which I am sure will make a great difference in point of expence. Oeconomy is certainly necessary in every thing we do, but if we should be too sparing in the Instance of the Capitol all our lands and the loan will stick on hand and the City will be delayd of course. I have shewn my Plan (to prove what I have said) to a number of gentleman and they begd leave to exibit it at a public office, poor as it may be compared with others you have received its magnitude occassiond the sale of a number of my lots, and Several offerd donations toward erecting it till I told them it was the only one of many from which the commissioners were to chose. I have not attended to the ornaments at all, because it will be time enough to do that when the foundation and Rustic Base may be compleated. The drawing is rather slovenly but I trust it will bear you my Ideas and be understood by any architect or Builder whatever. The Dome that appears too large at present will be greatly changed by a perspective view, but as this must be well known to you I beg you will excuse my mentioning it and that you will forgive the length of my scrawl I am most respectfully your very obt. Sert\nSam Blodget Junr\nMay I request you to view the figure at lest at 3 yards distance in a good light before you determine on the effect it may produce.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0190", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 10 July 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 10 July 1792.\nI had the Honor to write to you (No. 3) on the first Instant. On the seventeenth of the last Month I mention\u2019d the Plans then in Contemplation and gave a short View of the existent State of things. I did not communicate those Events which have since taken Place, because you will find the most ample Details in the several Gazettes. On Saturday the seventh a Farce was acted in the Assembly in which the principal Performers played well their Parts, and the King was dup\u2019d according to Custom. Things are now verging fast to the Catastrophe of the Play. For some Weeks the adverse Parties, I mean the Court and jacobines, have been laboring each to cast on the other the odium of violating entirely the Constitution, and commencing the civil War. The Party which calls itself independent, and which in Fact is the fearful Party, begs hard for Peace, and seizes eagerly whatever bears the Appearance of the Name. It was to catch these Gudgeons that the Scene of Saturday was exhibited. The King and Queen beleiving that the Actors were in earnest, and knowing that their Lives had been at Stake, were overjoy\u2019d: and their timid Counsellors, trembling under the tyrannous Powers of the Assembly, seiz\u2019d with Eagerness the Bait of Reconciliation which had been thrown out without any Hope that they would swallow it. One of them, whom I have already mention\u2019d to you as a very worthy Man, saw thro the thin Veil of Deception, and oppos\u2019d the Opinion of the others, but in Vain. Events in justifying him have fixd his Predominance. This Day the King will commence  a new Career, and if he goes thorough, I think he will succeed. I have every Reason to beleive that this Letter will go safely, but yet I cannot justify saying more on the Subject, because otherwise the Confidence reposed in me might in the Course of Events prove fatal to my Informant.\nThe present Intention of the King is to secure the Liberty of France; but whether he will preserve the Steady Purpose thro those varying Events which must soon take Place, to me appears uncertain. Indeed I doubt whether he will be sufficiently Master of his own Party, to execute such Purpose, even if it be not chang\u2019d. Whether he will live thro the Storm is also uncertain. It will blow hard.\nThe exterior Enemy hovers over his Prey, and only seems to wait the Moment which he has fix\u2019d to himself for his own Stroke. New Parties to the Grand Alliance daily shew themselves. The Palatinate has declar\u2019d, Holland seems on the Point of adhering, and Doubts in Regard to England begin to appear. The Force which france can oppose to her numerous Assailants does not exceed 180.000 undisciplind Men; some of whom wait but the Opportunity to desert. Against her are collected two hundred and fifty thousand of the best Troops in Europe, under the Command of the ablest General in this Hemisphere: The Intention was not to enter before the Harvest, in order that Subsistence might be easily procur\u2019d. Whether this Plan will be chang\u2019d, in Consequence of what is like to happen here, I cannot say. I rather think it will. I understand that the Manifesto which precedes Attack, will disavow the Constitution and claim for the King (what it calls) his Rights; for the Clergy its Possessions. That this City will be rendered responsible for the royal Family. That the Gardes Nationales will be considered as arm\u2019d Peasants, medling with Business not their own, and therefore not under the Protection of the Laws of War. The allied Monarchs are to declare themselves in Arms not against France, but against the Revolt\u00e9s. You will easily see that these broad Terms will mean whatever Power may chuse to explain them to.\nI have repeatedly pressed the Minister of foreign Affairs to come to a Settlement of Accounts, which he has promised to do; and I think I shall accomplish my Purpose, because the marine Department is to treat with me for Supplies to St. Domingo. I mean to be generous in the terms of Exchange for this Supply, obtaining at the same Time a beneficial Liquidation of past Payments: for you will observe, Sir, that the whole Account is open. Two Reasons operate with me on this occasion. First I think that we ought to encourage our own Agriculture and Arts, And Secondly I think that what is paid here goes into a Gulph of unbottom\u2019d Profusion, and can but little advance the real Interests of the Nation.\nI have also repeatedly call\u2019d the Minister\u2019s Attention to the obnoxious Acts of the late Assembly, and to their Proposition of a new commercial Treaty. He has replied very candidly that for himself, he should be glad to settle every Thing to my Satisfaction, but that his ministerial Existence is too precarious to undertake any extensive Plan, that the Attention of Government is turn\u2019d too strongly towards itself (in the present Moment) to think of its exterior Interests, and that the Assembly at open War with the executive, would certainly reject whatever should now be presented to them. These are Truths which I knew before, and therefore I thought it best not to urge too strongly for a Decision, in the unpropitious Moment. The apparent Reconciliation of Saturday seemd to give a better Prospect. The Court on Sunday had an Air less embarrassed, and therefore (altho the Dictate of my Judgment was different from that of others) I thought it my Duty to make a formal Application, which I did yesterday in a Letter Copy of which shall be transmitted. My Intelligence of this Morning justifies the Opinion I had formd, and proves that the Matter must be yet for some Time suspended. I am Sir very truly yours\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0191", "content": "Title: Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, 10 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nJuly 10. 1792. My letter of to the President, directed to him at Mt. Vernon, had not found him there, but came to him here. He told me of this and that he would take an occasion of speaking with me on the subject. He did so this day. He began by observing that he had put it off from day to day because the subject was painful, to wit his remaining in office which that letter sollicited. He said that the declaration he had made when he quitted his military command of never again acting in public was sincere. That however when he was called on to come forward to set the present government in motion, it appeared to him that circumstances were so changed as to justify a change in his resolution: he was made to believe that in 2 years all would be well in motion and he might retire. At the end of two years he found some things still to be done. At the end of the 3d: year he thought it was not worth while to disturb the course of things as in one year more his office would expire and he was decided then to retire. Now he was told there would still be danger in it. Certainly if he thought so, he would conquer his longing for retirement. But he feared it would be said his former professions of retirement had been mere affectation, and that he was like other men, when once in office he could not quit it. He was sensible too of a decay of his hearing. Perhaps his other faculties might fall off and he not be sensible of it. That with respect to the existing causes of uneasiness, he thought there were suspicions against a particular party which had been carried a great deal too far. There might be desires, but he did not believe there were designs to change the form of government into a monarchy. That there might be a few who wished it in the higher walks of life, particularly in the great cities. But that the main body of the people in the Eastern states were as steadily for republicanism as in the Southern. That the peices lately published, and particularly in Freneau\u2019s paper seemed to have in view the exciting opposition to the government. That this had taken place in Pennsylvania as to the excise law, according to information he had received from Genl. Hand. That they tended to produce a separation of the union, the most dreadful of all calamities, and that whatever tended to produce anarchy, tended of course to produce a resort to monarchical government. He considered those papers as attacking him directly, for he must be a fool indeed to swallow the little sugar plumbs here and there thrown out to him. That in condemning the administration of the government they condemned him, for if they thought there were measures pursued contrary to his  sentiment, they must conceive him too careless to attend to them or too stupid to understand them. That tho indeed he had signed many acts which he did not approve in all their parts, yet he had never put his name to one which he did not think on the whole was eligible. That as to the bank which had been an act of so much complaint, until there were some infallible criterion of reason, a difference of opinion must be tolerated. He did not believe the discontents extended far from the seat of government. He had seen and spoken with many people in Maryld. and Virga. in his late journey. He found the people contented and happy. He wished however to be better informed on this head. If the discontent were more extensive than he supposed, it might be that the desire that he should remain in the government was not general.\nMy observations to him tended principally to enforce the topics of my letter. I will not therefore repeat them except where they produced observations from him. I said that the two great complaints were that the national debt was unnecessarily increased, and that it had furnished the means of corrupting both branches of the legislature. That he must know and every body knew there was a considerable squadron in both whose votes were devoted to the paper and stockjobbing interest, that the names of a weighty number were known and several others suspected on good grounds. That on examining the votes of these men they would be found uniformly for every treasury measure, and that as most of these measures had been carried by small majorities they were carried by these very votes. That therefore it was a cause of just uneasiness when we saw a legislature legislating for their own interests in opposition to those of the people. He said not a word on the corruption of the legislature, but took up the other point, defended the assumption, and argued that it had not increased the debt, for that all of it was honest debt. He justified the excise law, as one of the best laws which could be past, as nobody would pay the tax who did not chuse to do it.\u2014With respect to the increase of the debt by the assumption I observed to him that what was meant and objected was that it increased the debt of the general government and carried it beyond the possibility of paiment. That if the balances had been settled and the debtor states directed to pay their deficiencies to the creditor states, they would have done it easily, and by resources of taxation in their power, and acceptable to the people, by a direct tax in the South, and an excise in the North. Still he said it would be paid by the people. Finding him really approving the treasury system I avoided entering into argument with him on those points.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0192", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 11 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia July 11. 1792.\nI am honored with yours of the 5th. inst. The President has left this place this afternoon. Being encumbered with lame and sick horses he was uncertain when he should reach Georgetown. Perhaps on Monday morning. I forwarded to you by post this morning two plans you had formerly sent to the President and a plan of a Capitol and another of a President\u2019s house by a Mr. Hallet. I now send a proof sheet of the plan of the town engraving at Boston. I observe the soundings of the creek and river are not in it. It would be well to know of Mr. Ellicot whether they were in the original sent to Boston. If not, you will probably think it adviseable to insert them in this proof sheet, and send it to Boston, addressed to Mr. Blodget, under whose care the engraving is going on. I inclose you a letter received from him this day, informing you that the deposit of 10,000 dollars is made in the two Boston banks and will be paid to your orders.\nI inclose you an account and vouchers of my office against you. No appropriation which would cover this purpose having been made by Congress, we should not be able to pass these articles in the accounts of the office. I have the honor to be with great esteem Gentlemen your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0194", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 11 July 1792\nFrom: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMui Sor. Nuestro\nPhiladelphia 11. de Julio 1792.\nHemos recivido con el aprecio debido la favorecida de V.S. de 9. del Corrte.\nTenemos razones tan poderosas para persuadirnos de la buena harmonia que desea el Rey nuestro amo subsista entre Espa\u00f1a, y los Estados Unidos, y del justificado proceder del Govierno de la Florida Occidental, que sino admiten duda los hechos que V.S. nos refiere en su citada Carta, nos inclinamos \u00e1 creer que acaso los Comisionados de los Estados Unidos para demarcar los limites con la Nacion Creeke, pretender\u00e0n fixarlos por donde se reconozca claramente ser perjudiciales \u00e1 Espa\u00f1a, y opuestos al Interes de la misma Nacion Creeke; y si fuese asi, no parece se deben juzgar inconsequente con la buena disposicion de S.M. hacia los Estados Unidos, qualquiera pasos, que acompa\u00f1ados de la prudencia, puedan contribuir \u00e1 protexer las Ventajas de Espa\u00f1a, y de la Nacion Creeke.\nNos aprovecharemos gustosos de la primera oportunidad para informar \u00e0 S.M. sobre este objeto, y nos lisonjeamos que las Reales disposiciones que se nos comuniquen, sean de tal naturaleza que nos proporcionen la satisfacion de reiterar \u00e0 V.S. las mismas pruevas de amistad, y correspondencia hacia los Estados Unidos que actualmente reinan de nuestra parte. Tenemos la honrra de subscrivirnos con las veras de una perfecta voluntad, y sumo respeto Se\u00f1or Los mas humildes, y obedtes. Servids.\nJosef de Jaudenes\nJosef Ignacio de Viar\nEDITORS\u2019 TRANSLATION\nOur very dear Sir\nPhiladelphia 11 July 1792\nWe have received with due appreciation your kind letter of the 9th of the present month.\nWe have such powerful reasons to believe in the harmonious relations that our Lord and King desires to exist between Spain and the United States, and in the justified conduct of the government of Western Florida, that, if the facts which you, Sir, recount in your aforementioned letter do not admit of doubt, we are inclined to believe that perhaps the Commissioners of the United States for setting the boundaries with the Creek nation will try to fix them along lines that will obviously be harmful to Spain and contrary to the interests of the Creek nation; and if such should be the case, any prudent steps that may contribute to safeguarding the rights of Spain and the Creek nation ought not to be judged inconsistent with the good intentions of His Majesty toward the United States.\nWe shall be pleased to take advantage of the first opportunity to inform His Majesty of this matter, and we flatter ourselves with the belief that the royal decisions that are communicated to us will be of such a nature as to afford us the satisfaction of repeating to you, Sir, the same assurances of friendship and good will toward the United States as, for our part, prevail at present. We have the honor of subscribing ourselves with sincere good will and utmost respect, dear Sir, your most humble and obedient servants\nJosef de Jaudenes\nJosef Ignacio de Viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0195", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 11 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 11. 1792.\nI wrote you my No. 6. on the 3d inst. Since that I have received your No. 4. of June 29. The President sets out this afternoon, which being a day sooner than was expected, will enable me to set out a  day sooner, to wit on Friday afternoon. This however will produce no other effect than to enable me to rest a day at George town and thereby ensure my being with you as I had mentioned on Saturday morning the 21st, or at the most on Friday evening, and to rest with you a day.\u2014I shall be with you so soon after this letter that I add nothing more. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0196", "content": "Title: Note of Agenda to Reduce the Government to True Principles, [ca. 11 July 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nAgenda.\n committee to count money in treasury\n 1.\u2007\u2008divide the treasury department\n 2.\u2007\u2008abolish the bank\n 4\u2008\u2007\u2008repeal the Excise law & let states raise the money.\n 5.\u2007\u2008lower impost\n 3.\u2007\u2008treasurer to pay and recieve cash not bills.\n qu?repeal irredeemable quality and borrow at 4. pr. cent\n qu 6.\u2007\u2008exclude paper holders\n condemn report of manufactures\n[On verso:]\nsenators revoke at will\npaper men excluded", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0197", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 11 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 11. 1792.\nYour favor of June 25. came to hand on the 5th. inst. I wrote to my daughter on the 3d. informing her that I should set out on the 14th. and be at Mr. Madison\u2019s on the 21st. and wishing that a pair of plough or waggon horses could come for me on that day to John Jones\u2019s, 17 miles from Monticello and about 12. miles from Mr. Madison\u2019s, and there wait till I arrive at Jones\u2019s. The President sets out this afternoon, which being a day sooner than he had intended, enables me to set out a day sooner, towit on Friday the 13th. But this will have no other effect on my journey than to give me a day\u2019s rest at Georgetown, and thereby ensure my arriving at Mr. Madison\u2019s and Monticello on the days I had proposed.\u2014Being full of hurry I have only time to add assurances of my sincere affection. Your\u2019s Dear Sir\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0198", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 11 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe President of the U.S. informs the Secretary of State that he has retained one of the proof Sheets of the federal City, and returns the others with the letter from Mr. Blodget, which the President thinks had better be sent to the Commissioners by the mail, which will certainly reach G. Town on Monday.\nThe President\u2019s Cavalry are in such order that he cannot say with  any precision when he shall reach that place; he however, wishes the Secretary to mention to the Commissioners that he sat out this afternoon; but being incumbered with lame and sick horses it is uncertain when he will be at George-Town.\nThe President observes that the soundings of the River and Branch are not noted either in this or the other proof sheet, which he thinks would be very satisfactory and advantageous to have done.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0199", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Blodget, Jr., 12 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Blodget, Samuel, Jr.\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 12. 1792.\nI have duly received your favor of June 25. and forwarded the letter it inclosed for the Commissioners. I am setting out tomorrow for Virginia, and therefore in the midst of hurry have only time to say that I suppose it will be well to retain a few copies of the plan of the town, disposing of them where they will be most seen. I observe the soundings are not in the sheets you send me. I have written to the Commissioners recommending to desire Mr. Ellicot, if they were not in the original, to insert them in one of these proof sheets and forward it to you that they may be put into the plate. Some good plans of buildings have been proposed. I am Sir your most obedt. humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0200", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Chittenden, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Chittenden, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 12. 1792.\nI had the honor of inclosing to you on the 9th. instant copies of some papers I had received from the British minister here, and I have now that of forwarding some received from him this day. I must renew my entreaties to your Excellency that no innovation in the state of things  may be attempted for the present. It is but lately that an opportunity has been afforded of pressing on the court of Gr. Britain our rights in the quarter of the posts, and it would be truly unfortunate if any premature measures on the part of your state should furnish a pretext for suspending the negociations on this subject. I rely therefore that you will see the interest even of your own state in leaving to the general government the measures for recovering it\u2019s rights, and the rather as the events to which they might lead are interesting to every state in the highest degree. I have the honor to be with sentiments of perfect respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0201", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Christopher Gore, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gore, Christopher\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 12. 1792.\nThe date of the inclosed bank post note for 19 Dol. 50. cents, will shew you how long it has by an accident been delayed. Being put into a bundle of papers where it would regularly have come under my eye to be forwarded, it slipped into the fold of one, and by it\u2019s extreme thinness escaped observation, and hazard alone brought it at length into notice. I lose no time now in conveying it to you with my acknolegements for your attention in procuring the laws, and assurances of the sentiments of respect with which I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt: & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0202", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 12 July [1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 12. [1792]\nBy an act of Congress passed on the last day of their session it was made the duty of the Secretary of state to have seals prepared for the courts of the two Western governments, but nothing particular was said as to the resource for making payment for them. I have therefore to ask the favor of information from you whether there are any funds which you should think it justifiable to apply to the payment of these objects. I presume they will amount to several hundred dollars. I have  the honor to be with great respect Sir your most obedt. and most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0203", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThursday 12th July 1792.\nMr. Hammond has the honor of transmitting to Mr. Jefferson copies of some farther documents, which he has received, relative to the acts of violence committed, under the authority of the state of Vermont, within the district of Caldwell manor, now occupied by his Majesty\u2019s forces. Mr. Hammond trusts that these papers will tend still farther to justify his solicitude that the general government of the United States should take the earliest and most effectual measures to prevent a repetition of such conduct in future.\nThe object of Mr. Hammond\u2019s visit this morning was to request Mr. Jefferson to favor him with that explanation, on the case of Mr. Pagan, which, in his note of the 2d of this month, inclosing the Attorney General\u2019s letter, Mr. Jefferson was so obliging as to promise.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0204", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nThursday July 12. 92.\nTh: Jefferson presents his respectful compliments to Mr. Hammond, and seeing that the Governor of Vermont himself has moved in the business on which Mr. Hammond has written, he will write this afternoon more particularly to the governor.\nTh:J. leaves town tomorrow afternoon. If possible he will have the honor of waiting on Mr. Hammond, being very desirous of speaking with him on Pagan\u2019s affair. He is so hurried with what he has still to do within doors and without, that he is unable to tell one hour where he shall be the next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0205", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Humphreys, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Humphreys, David\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 12. 1792.\nWe have been very long indeed without any vessel going from this port to Lisbon. This is the reason why I have been so long without acknoleging the receipt of your letters. Your Nos. from 45. to 53. inclusive are received except No. 52. not yet come to hand. The President set out yesterday for Virginia, and I shall follow him tomorrow. During my absence the public papers will be forwarded to you by every opportunity by Mr. Taylor, with whom this letter is left as we know of no present opportunity of forwarding it. The state of Vermont has lately taken some decisive steps to extend it\u2019s jurisdiction nearer to the British posts than has hitherto been done. This has produced a complaint from Mr. Hammond. We shall endeavor to keep things quiet, in hopes of voluntary justice from them. We shall probably have no campaign this year against the Indians. There are some hopes they will accept of peace, and the rather as we have never asked any thing in return for it. We really wish not to hurt them. I need not repeat occurrences which you will see in the gazettes. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0206", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Leiper, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Leiper, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 12. 1792.\nI have made a statement of our account for the last tobacco as herein inclosed, which corresponds with yours, except a small variance in the weight as certified in the paper you gave me, and as entered in your account.\u2014By this you will perceive that of the 1528 Doll. the amount of the notes given in to the bank 424.44 must be provided for by me, and 1103.55 by yourself, that is to say two new notes will be to be given of these sizes, the smaller of which will be mine.\u2014I find the weight of the tobacco very nearly 2000 \u2114 short of the warehouse weights. This with the loss of half a dollar a hundred on the balance has been the cause of my falling thus short in my engagements. I shall be glad to see you and arrange the note on my part before my departure which will be tomorrow afternoon. I am with esteem Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0208", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 12. 1792.\nThe President set out yesterday for Virginia, and I shall follow him tomorrow, and shall not return here till the last of September, consequently shall not again write to you before that date. Nothing interesting has occurred since your departure, except some attempts on the part of the state of Vermont to extend their jurisdiction a little closer to the British forts than has hitherto been done. We have received a complaint from Mr. Hammond on the subject and shall endeavor to keep matters quiet till we see whether there is any hope of their doing us justice voluntarily.\u2014I think we shall have no campaign against the Indians this year. There is some ground of expectations that they will accept of peace, as we ask nothing in return for it. The public papers will be sent you from my office regularly during my absence. I leave this with Mr. Taylor, not knowing how or when it will be sent. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0209", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 12. 1792.\nMr. Van Berckel, the resident for the United Netherlands with this government, having, as you will perceive by the copies of his letters inclosed, complained of an infraction of the law of nations by an officer of this state, entering his house and therein serving a process, I take the liberty of putting into your hands the inclosed copies with a desire that you will proceed in such due course of law as you shall think best for establishing the truth of the fact, and, if established, for subjecting the offender to such punishment as the law directs. I have the honour to be with great esteem, Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0210", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to F. P. Van Berckel, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Berckel, F. P. van\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 12. 1792.\nI have recommended to the Attorney General of the U.S. to institute such proceedings as he shall think best for establishing the fact complained of in the letter of June 25. which you did me the honor to write me and for punishing the offender according to law, and may with safety assure you that nothing will be omitted on his part to do this. As I am about to be absent some time from Philadelphia, I will ask the favor of you to be so good as to receive the Attorney General\u2019s direct applications for any supplementary information he may have occasion for, and to furnish it to him as far as you shall be able. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0211", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 12 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wythe, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 12. 1792.\nOn receipt of your favor inclosing the device for a seal, I had enquiry made of different workmen here, and have found one of them alone, who is within the bounds of reason. This is a Mr. Poupard who will do the seal for 32. dollars for each side, say 64. for the two sides, in brass, and for twice that sum in steel. I have thought it best to ask your pleasure in which metal you will have it executed, and of what size; and if you will be so good as to address an answer to Mr. Taylor at the Secretary of state\u2019s office Philada., or to me at Monticello your will shall be done. The former address will save a week or ten days. Being all hurry on the approach of my departure I can only add assurances of eternal esteem & respect from your affectionate\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0212", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 13 July 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 13 July 1792. Nothing of consequence has occurred in Morocco since his letter of 13 June. A force of 1,500 soldiers commanded by Abdalmeluk Ben Idris, a branch of the family of the Sharifs, appeared at Tetu\u00e1n, reportedly to rendezvous with an army supporting the claims of Muley  Suliman. Ben Idris pursued a group of mountaineers, who had attacked a caravan, and camped near Tangier, where he assured the consuls of Muley Suliman\u2019s support. He then marched with his troops to Mequinez, since which time the mountaineers have cut off communication between Tetu\u00e1n and the rest of Morocco, forcing the city to import corn from Gibraltar. The last accounts from Sal\u00e9 indicate that Muley Ischem was planning to enter the kingdom of Fez with a large force, his father-in-law, Rachmani, having made peace and given him a present of 100,000 dollars. Ben Assar is expected to lead the army. Muley Slema left the sanctuary near Tetu\u00e1n and decided to throw himself at the feet of his brother Suliman, but was put under guard; however, he escaped and returned to the sanctuary, where he will remain pending the outcome of the struggle between Suliman and Ischem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0214", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 13 July 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 13th July 1792\nI have received your note of yesterday. Though I should feel the greatest reluctance to intrude upon moments appropriated to the arrangement of your concerns, public or domestic, at the eve of your departure, yet instigated as I am by every sentiment of humanity and duty to use every exertion to relieve an unfortunate British subject, who has been in a state of unjust confinement for nearly three years, I trust you will not esteem me too importunate in requesting you to inform me, of the actual situation of Mr. Pagan\u2019s case, and of the measures intended to be pursued, in consequence of a writ of error being granted or refused by the supreme Court. I also wish to know whether the opinion of the Court is to be taken on the propriety of granting  to Mr. Pagan a writ of error unaccompanied by the preliminary step of his finding bail for the whole amount of the debt and costs. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir, your most obedient humble Servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0217", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 14 July 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhilada. July 14. 1792\nI do myself the honor to transmit to you the pamphlet on the Colony Commerce of Great Britain, which you were so kind as to lend me. It was not untill six oClock yesterday afternoon, that I could find it, when I was sorry to learn you had set out, as it was my intention to have paid my respects to you before your departure.\nI beg your acceptance of the other pamphlet, which will be found in this Inclosure.\nThere is no public intelligence since the time of your departure but what is contained in the Gazettes. The list of disordered sovereigns is said to be encreased by the extreme illness of the Empress of Russia. It is probable that the present state of things will try severely all persons of that order, who have any weakness of mind or body. I have the Honor to be with perfect respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble Servant\nTench Coxe\nI have good reason to believe the pamphlet said to be written by Alexr. Campbell Brown was produced by a Citizen of Connecticut, now in England.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0218", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 14 July 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 14th. 1792\nThere are two funds out of which the expense you mention may be defrayed, one a sum originally of 10,000 Dollars, placed under the disposition of the President to defray the Contingent charges of government\u2014another a sum of 5,000 Dollars appropriated at the last session to satisfy demands liquidated and admitted at the Treasury for which there was no special appropriation. In this Case the accounts for the seals must be presented to the Treasury for settlement. Some arrangement in one way or other can and will be made, if you procure the seals. I have the honor to be &c.\n(signed) A. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0219", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame de Neufville, 15 July 1792\nFrom: Neufville, Madame de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBoston July 15th 1792\nThe letter which your honor has pleased to favour my husband John de Neufville with did not come to hand till the 12th of this month, Should not have failed to answerd it imediatly had he received it Sooner; Mr. John de Neufvilles bodyly indispossition prevents him the honor of writing him Self to you, you will therefore be pleased to excuse a femalle advocate, unacquainted with your Language, but anxious to comply with your demands, to State these facts, to which  Mr. John de Neufville will lay his oath of, if you think it necessary; his losses are in the first place goods which he has Send to St. Eustatia to a Mr. Hawkins, to facilitate, or Supply, either congress or individualls, with what they may have wanted at that time; which where taken and confiscated at the time the Iland was, as goods belonging to a Rebell, he was called Such on account his having Planed and Sined the Commercial treaty Betwen the U,S, and holland, the losses of the goods were 6 thausen pounds Sterling; he further Supplied goods for South Carolina, which went in those frigates, Commanded by Commodore Gillon, to the amount of 15000 pounds Sterling. The British politick checking Mr. de N. Credit on all Side his crediteurs pressing upon him to answer the demands for them goods, he found him self necessitated to Sell his Elegant Mansion house in Amsterdam, upon which he lost 4000 pounds Sterling; he might have evoided it, would he have Sacrifice the American Cause and Credit; he 3ly found it necessary to promote the american cause and credit, to reduce if Possible the Credit of the British Stock; he therefore Sold his Shares in them and Sustained the lost of 5000 pounds Sterling; he 4thly Kept an open tabell for 3 years his house was then the only house for the american cause to result to, as well Public or Private characters; his hospitallities and travell during that period, which are to innumerable to Specifie, has cost him at least 10000 pounds Sterling; Major Jackson was at that time in [Holland?] and was an Eye witness of Mr. de N. hospitalties, and travells to Paris for pollitick or Commercial casses; I Supose he will not refuse you a Testimony there of, as every Patriotick Soul must feel for one an a n\u2019other; it would be difficult to Prove immediatly the losses above mentioned, as the Persons and papers are in Europe where it has happened, and Mr. de Neufvilles Sons miend not being altogether Calculated to Keep his Books nor papers in order has been already the cause of innumerable losses; if you will be satisfied my husband declaring this Statement upon oath before the justice of peace, I shall send it to you as soon as you desire it, if you will favor me with a Line in which manner you wish it to be.\nAs to the result of Mr. de Neufvilles exertions in promoting the Commercial treaty betwen the u, S, and Holland, I must refer you to william Lee Esqr. letter, which is in your Possession, and left as Mr. gerry informs me with the Memorial\u2014Certain it is that the British have persued Mr. de N where ever they Could, and have Ruin him entirely on account of my husband being the first in holland whom took the cause of the Americans at heart, and may I even be bold enough to assure you that he was the only author in promoting to  effect that the Duth goverment became in favour of america\u2014to Show you his unbounded attechemet to your Cause, notwithstanding the Risk of his life and fortune hung but on a Silken thread, when Henry Lawrence was captivated, and in the dunjon of Londen, and his own Country could not assist him at that moment, he gave him Credit of two thausen pounds, when Mr. Lawrence was relissed and at Liberty he came to holland to thank him for his Kindness\u2014to prove further what Little Support Mr. de N had at that time in his own goverment, in favour of your Cause, a gentleman belonging to the Court of the Hague came with instrution from powerfull hands of that Court, to Mr. de N. and told him that if he would drop the american Cause, they would give him as much Credit as he should want in the commercial Line, and above that an Employ, which should bring him in yearly near five thausen pounds; and all the answerd Mr. de N gave him, was, that he woud Sacifice him Self, and that a free Nation would be dearer to him than to be made passesor of [Peru?]; I can peldge my oath for this conversation which I was witness too at Bonn, at the Court of the Elector of Cologne, Mr. Heathcot Minister Plenipotentiary from the British court at this, Shook hands with Mr. de Neufville, and told him Sir, it is fortunate for you, that we are at peace now with america, your life would not have been So Secure could I have obtain you 3. 4, years ago I had orders from my goverment to persue your life and fortune where ever I could.\nWhen we came to america in 1785 the demands of the house of John de Neufvill & Son, were nearly Sixty thausen pounds Sterling, which consisted in Congress, State, an Private debts; of which Mr. de N. has Little nor any thing recovered; his great humanity and Lenity of dispossion in not pursuing the Private Debtors on account of theire pleading losses Sustained during the war, and Law at that Time was not in Some of the States in favor of recovering very expedisiouly any demands, and as Private debts Seldom growes better by delay, has Ruin Mr. de Neufville So far, as that he is now in his infirm State of body beholden, to a few of his Relations from holland, for his dayly Subsistence in a Country boarding house, which can be atested by Mr. Stephen Higginson of Boston, Mr. Cazenove a gentleman from holland, Mr. James Searle a gentlemn of Philadelphia, can testify like wise Mr. de Neufvilles excertion in the Cause of America\u2014Shall write to Henry Lawrence Esqr. by the first opportunity, and as amost expedisious way of information have taken the Liberty to inclose a line to Major Jackson, for which I must claim your honors Candour; if true Patriotism and Personnell Ruin merits rewards Mr. de Neufville  will undoubtely find it by your excertions, in a Republican goverment, whose Basis is Philantropi\u2014I have the honnor to be with a profound respect your honnors very humble Servant\nA, M, de Neufville", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0220", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Giuseppe Ceracchi, 16 July 1792\nFrom: Ceracchi, Giuseppe\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAmsterdam 16 July 1792\nI have the honor to acquaint you of my safe arrival after six weeks passage. Among the books I have read to pas my time, the Istory of American Revolution as being for me very interesting end am very sory that never had time to perused it in Philadelphia.\nHere I had the satisfaction to see You the most staidy support of the Pileus. You Sir refused to go abroad till it was fixed with a proper fondation, end emploid your wisdom in wrighting and thinking for to oppose end blow of, every blak clouds that covered the means miesurs of Dispotism. La nuda verit\u00e0 est\u00f2 stordita, Dante. Now I saes no more for Im affraid to offend the modesty of a Person that I estime to much. I was extreemely satisfid, to confirme the merit of Mr: Madison as you had reppresented to me some time ago. He had the Eminent Genius to draw the plan of the present Costitution, that prouves great Knowledg of Uman passions. Now excuse me Sir for I cant helpe to observe the coolnesse of the People of America upon personal merits, in any contry, end in every ages Mr: Madison would have received public acknowledgments, which are the sols of Emuletion; by that whay Grees and Rome became the norsery of Illustrious Men. If those honors produced disorder it must be attributed to the Time that corrupt every think, however I belive it is a vicius severity to confounde Eminent merits with the crowd of unfits, I\u2019m very hangry on this subjet end will take a revenge. I shall honor my chisel with  cutting his bust in marbre; Artists reputation must be raised under the shadow of Great Men, so I serve my self at same time.\nThe general\u2019s pleasing news I find in Urope are the march of Kings and Emperors in the Campi Elisei. The powerful Armies will not prevent the Frence revolution, in this moment the Jacobins are in perfect Ormony with the Assembly end the King, wich vanished all tragical fear of a civil war.\nI Shall go now to joing my Dear Family, then towgater directely at Rome to emploi my self peacealy in the delightful Art of Prometeus. I shall take in hand at first the Dear record I intend for your Amiable Daughter. Mean time desireus of being honored with your Commands I\u2019m Sir Your Most Ob Hul Ser\nJoseph Ceracchi\nP:S: I hope that Mr. Rittenhouse as find the drawings I did for the Mint at the Senate house.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0221", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 16 July 1792\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBordeaux, 16 July 1792. He encloses a list of American vessels entered and cleared from this port for the last six months. The account of merchandise loaded aboard these vessels is inexact. The political situation in France is now pretty quiet, but the country\u2019s enemies seem to increase daily and it is impossible to foresee when peace will be restored. He has been unable to fix agents at Bayonne, Isle de Rh\u00e9, or La Rochelle. Morris has promised to obtain government approval for these agents, without which the municipalities will not recognize them, but prospects for this are uncertain. The consul at Nantes has resigned and must be replaced soon to deal with efforts to bring tobacco and oils into France in English vessels. He has received from Knox the law regulating consular functions and fees and awaits TJ\u2019s general instructions thereon. It is not known if the assembly will approve a proposed \u201cchange in the Tobacco System Established by their predecessors and to admit Tobacco of all countries and in all vessels subject to a duty of 15\u20b6 \u214c Ct: in American vessels coming direct from America 12\u20b6, and in french vessels coming direct from the country of the Growth of Tobacco 10\u20b6.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0226", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 20 July 1792\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMarseilles, 20 July 1792. He is deprived of letters from TJ, but encloses a certified account of American vessels arriving at the ports in his district for the first six months of 1792. He will conform to the consular act as soon as he receives it from Fenwick. The King of Sweden has made peace with Algiers for a large sum in ready money and annual tribute. It is his hope that TJ will soon be able to treat successfully with \u201cthat Barbarian Power\u201d because he wishes \u201cto See the American Flag Frequenting Freely in the Mediteranean Sea, and Carrying on an extensive and very advantageous Trade with the Spanish, French and Italian Ports.\u201d Political affairs are still in \u201cthe Same Critical Situation,\u201d but TJ will be better informed by French newspapers; \u201cwe are in a Great Crisis.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0227", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 20 July 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague July 20. 1792\nMy two last letters will have informed you of my arrival here and my reception in quality of Minister resident, as well as the objection made to the form of my letter of credence, on account of its not giving the States-general, the title of High Mightiness which they insist on and recieve from other powers. You will have seen by the copies of their resolution for my admission, which I had the honor of inclosing to you, that they expect to recieve from the President of the United States, another letter of credence giving them the customary title, which they take for granted was omitted without intention.\nAs yet I have had no occasion to exercise my ministry with respect to the protection of our commerce in this country and its colonies, as recommended to me in your letter of Jany. 23d. (the last which I have had the honor of recieving from you). No complaints have come to my knowlege and I therefore suppose no injury has been offered. I am endeavouring at present to acquire a more particular acquaintance with the state of our commerce in the several parts of these countries as well as their colonies, in order to ascertain the best means of extending its privileges. I shall find difficulty in this pursuit except at Amsterdam, owing to there being no person to whom I can particularly address myself elsewhere. I am not acquainted with the reasons for consuls having not been appointed in this as well as the other commercial parts of Europe; but I should imagine it would be useful to have one at each of the ports of Amsterdam and Rotterdam. I cannot help recalling to  your mind what I mentioned to you in a former letter from Amsterdam as an objection to the person whom I had heard designated for that place.\nThe political situation of this country seems to promise perfect tranquillity both to external and internal affairs. There is no doubt of the malevolence of government as to those who dominate, in France at present, but there is every reason to believe they will adhere to the neutrality which after the example and under the influence of England, they have hitherto professed. They have lately given a mark even of complaisance to the French government and of incivility to the King\u2019s brothers which was not expected; and the more so as it was obtained by the French minister here who is personnally extremely disagreeable to their High Mightinesses, being an agent of the late Jacobin ministry, and a partisan of their system. At his request the magistrates of Amsterdam and Rotterdam have arrested several persons on suspicion of being engaged in forging assignats, and a promise was further given him of being allowed to send them to France for trial. Of the prisoners one was an agent of the King\u2019s brothers, having an authority from them to raise money by loans on their account. His papers and authority were delivered up to M. de Maulde, the French minister here. The Princes who have representatives in several of the European courts sent one here also. He had informed them that their H. M. had expressed marks of strong attachment to their cause. In consequence of this they wrote a letter to their H.M, as exercising the sovereignty of France during the captivity of the King, marking their satisfaction for sentiments expressed to their representative here (the Count de Walderen aide du camp to the Count D\u2019Artois) complaining of the arrestation of their agent at Amsterdam, as well as the conduct of M. de Maulde, and asking his immediate liberation. I am told that the States general have not only refused to answer the letter, but have expressed their displeasure, that the representative of the Princes should have given them reason to believe that they, their H.M. professed sentiments which they had never declared. And indeed, it must strike all those who are not as infatuated as the Princes themselves, that their H.M. having formally admitted a minister from the King, could not acknowlege in his brothers the character they assumed. Still however as you may suppose, in a government composed of various persons and different parties, opinions are various also, and there are, no doubt, some who from different motives would wish to engage their country in the coalition against France.\nWith respect to internal affairs also the government has acquired such strength from the late revolution as will insure tranquillity, until  one of those periodical crises to which the nature of man and the form of their government necessarily subject them, shall arrive. Such a period seems far removed at present, the Stadtholder himself being young, his family numerous and his successors of age to take on themselves the government. Those who form what is called the patriotic party are numerous, rich, and discontented. This circumstance will probably keep the Stadtholder and the Regents of the several cities and their Representatives in the States of the several provinces united, and so long as they are, their will can meet with little opposition, the more so as the lowest and most numerous class of the people is almost unanimously in their favor, and the army of course, as they pay and command them. The rich inhabitants who enjoy no kind of political rights whatever, are the only persons they have to fear. The late revolution having proved unsuccessful in itself and shewn them how prejudicial such a state of things is to their business and property, will also render many of them averse to make a new attempt for change. The failure of the revolution too in France, and the misfortunes both public and private which it has occasioned and will still occasion, though begun under such favorable auspices, will have great influence in this country.\nNotwithstanding this posture of affairs government here exercise a degree of caution which seems to border on apprehension of danger\u2014an instance of this exhibited on the 14th inst. is particularly remarkable. The French minister had a te Deum sung in his chapel in honor of the federation, and although this was as it were a private ceremony at which a few people only were present, in consequence of it, the guard here was doubled and every mark of readiness to act, shewn.\nAll who wish well to France were anxious to learn how that day passed at Paris, where there were grounds for serious apprehension. Accounts which remove the alarms for that moment have been recieved here, no accident having happened. I forbear troubling you with the affairs of that place, as you will undoubtedly be more early and much better informed of them by M. Morris.\nThe Austrian and Prussian armies are assembling on the frontiers and are to be commanded by the Duke of Brunswic who has already arrived at Coblence, where he had a long interview with the King\u2019s brothers. It is said they will not enter France until after the harvest shall have been gathered in and this by the advice of the Duke of Brunswic. It is certain there will be nothing to oppose the march of such an army\u2014but what means these powers will pursue of reinstating the former government, until men\u2019s minds in France shall  have changed, or of indemnifying themselves for their expences I cannot say. Probably they will be guided by circumstances and do not yet know how far the torrent will carry them. Their best friends undoubtedly have been those mad and corrupted people in France who under the name of liberty have destroyed their own government, and disgusted all the real supporters of the constitution, men of honesty and property, with an order of things where all the rights of humanity and those of society and property are daily violated with impunity\u2014where universal anarchy prevails and where of course there is no succour from the protecting arm of the law against mobs and factions which have assumed despotic power.\nYou will learn from the gazettes inclosed the election of the new Emperor. I beg leave also to refer you to them for other articles of intelligence; mentioning only what you will not find there, that the affairs of Poland have already become so desperate that some of the principal members of the present government have asked the King\u2019s permission to allow them to retire out of the country for safety and it has been debated in their council of state whether the King himself ought not to do the same. In the meantime a treaty is on foot between Russia and Prussia which gives every reason to believe that the latter not content with basely abandoning the poor Poles, intends to add to his dishonor by sharing in their spoils.\nIt is probable the affairs of this unhappy country and of France will be carried on in concert between the three great Northern Powers. The Empress cannot consent to forego the glory she considers resulting from the operation in France. She has from the beginning been the most forward in the idea of going to relieve a captive monarch. She had determined to furnish troops for the expedition. The Prince of Nassau the emissary of the Princes at Petersburg, has lately induced her to substitute pecuniary succours (of which the Princes are much more in need) to men. He has accordingly arrived at Coblence with the sum of a million of reubles.\nDuring these Continental troubles the island of Great Britain is enjoying peace and prosperity, their revenues increase, and their successes in the East Indies are complete. Now and then there is some appearance of fermentation on particular occasions, but the government is so strengthened by the general prosperity that I should suppose they had nothing to fear from it, although the King\u2019s proclamation published two months past would indicate that they were not without some kind of apprehension.\nSince the helm of affairs in Spain has been put into the hands of the Count Daranda, the conduct of that government towards France  has been changed to the appearance of a perfect neutrality and in general the administration has given more satisfaction to the country. An amelioration in the state of their affairs may be expected under his ministry, but the order of nature will necessarily prevent its being a long one.\nI have now the honor Sir of enclosing you my account with the U.S. from July 1 1791. to July 1 1792. I hope it will be more fortunate in arriving than that which I sent you for the year preceding; and in order to insure it I shall forward also successively a duplicate and triplicate. In the mean time I must ask your attention to the following observations with respect to this account. By accident some papers relative to it as well as the copy of my last account transmitted to you, were left at Paris, not finding them among those I brought with me; although I thought until examination here, that I had packed them up. This however will make a very small difference, as it only prevents my charging in the present account some articles\u2014of small value\u2014that for postage paid in Paris during the last year will be the most considerable\u2014there is a trifling advance to two or three poor sailors also for which I have their reciept\u2014but not being able to recollect precisely the sums without the papers, I thought it best to postpone charging them until my next account giving you this previous notice of it. The balance due me on my former account and with which I begin my charge in this is taken from my letter of Oct. 6. 91. inclosing that account. I think the sum cannot be mistaken, but I will ask the favor of you to compare it with the balance of my last account (of which I sent you a duplicate and triplicate immediately on apprehending the miscarriage of the first copy) and correcting the error if by chance there should be one contrary to my expectation. The carriage charged in this account is one which I purchased in London for the Spanish journey\u2014that which I formerly had for the journies to Holland had been much abused and ruined by these journies. It was without wheels and out of repair. It was sold in assignats for the most that could be had for it. It was no more than it would have sold for if there had been no assignats, as several articles had not augmented on account of the assignats, and this among them\u2014on account of the exchange however it produced much less in florins. I have credited the U.S for it as you will see in my account. From your letter of Jany. 23. having every reason to believe I should find at the Hague those relative to Spain, I thought it prudent to procure a carriage for the journey whilst in London. I should probably have been obliged to have sent for one from thence, having been advised by those who had gone the same journey, to undertake it with an English carriage. It would have cost  more to have had it sent to me here, besides the delay. In my account I charge what it cost for transportation from Harwich to Helvoetsluys, and also the duty paid there. This latter I could have had re-imbursed I suppose on a formal application, but did not suppose it would be proper to make it for so small a sum. There is no deficiency on the Cr. side of this account, occasioned by the papers left in Paris. I give the U.S. credit for all the sums advanced me by their bankers during the last year, being furnished with the state of them here by them. I find there is a difference made by them between the sums expressed in the bills I gave Mr. Grand and that with which they charge me, on account of the agio being added. I mention this because in my former account I expressed these sums according to those of the bills I gave Mr. Grand and of course left out the addition of the agio. There will be therefore a small difference between the sums of the respective bills for which I credited the U.S. on that account and those which will have been expressed by the bankers in their account furnished either to you or to the treasury. The agio fluctuated during that period above and below par, so that the difference will be inconsiderable. Still it is proper I should correct it by this explanation.\nI subjoin a note of the expences of my late journey from Paris to the Hague. Your letter of Jany did not say expressly I was to charge them, and therefore I did not do it\u2014if it was your intention I will ask the favor of you to say so\u2014if not, then I submit to you whether the augmentation occasioned by the journey through England on account of the situation of the frontiers and the circumstances of my departure from Paris, should not be allowed. However I mention these things only by way of memorandum, and shall be perfectly satisfied whatever be your decision; only observing that if it is the intention that the salary should be an indemnity for the expences of travelling, it will not be equally just for the persons employed in different grades and with different salaries since the expences are the same in all cases, and in my case particularly, they have been extraordinarily augmented by the extraordinary situation of the frontiers, at least doubling the expences of the journey from Paris to the Hague.\nI have lately recieved a letter from M. Fenwick of Bordeaux in which he informs me he has recieved from you a packet for me that you desired him to keep to deliver to me on my way through there to Spain. This augmented my uneasiness as to the fate of the letters which I had expected to find here from you, as it would seem you must have written them some time ago, from expecting that I should be already at Bordeaux. I wrote to the bankers to know whether they had any knowlege of any vessel from America to Amsterdam being  missing, and they informed me at that time that all of which they had any knowlege had arrived except the Sion Capt. Oliver, which sailed from N. York about the 9th or 15th of March last. And that great fears were entertained for her safety. You will know whether you made use of that conveyance. I have the honor to remain with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment, Dear Sir, your most obedient humble servant\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0230", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Delamotte, 22 July 1792\nFrom: Delamotte\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHavre, 22 July 1792. Since his last of 5 June the Minerva has again left here for London with a cargo of tobacco. He is very pleased with the customs officers at Havre on this occasion and, since English ships with tobacco had been admitted to some French ports through inattention rather than design, he has taken the necessary measures with customs to ensure that it will never happen here. He transmits his report for the first six months of the year and sends an enclosure for Cutting.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0231", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peyton Short, 22 July 1792\nFrom: Short, Peyton\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nW[ood]ford Cty. (Kentucky) July 22d. 1792\nHerewith I send you enclosed a Letter to my Brother. May I impose so far on your Benevolence as to request the favor of you to forward it with some one of your Packets?\nI take the Liberty also of forwarding you a Copy of our Constitution. Although as a Statesman you may consider it as no very valuable prize, I yet thought it might not be unworthy of your perusal, as every object of Nature or Art furnishes food for Philosophy. I am, dear Sir, with the highest Sentiments of respect & Esteem Yr. most Obt. Sert.\nPeyton Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0232", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Lee, 23 July 1792\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond July 23d. 1792.\nThe General Assembly in their last Session, passed a resolution and address congratulating the National Assembly of France on their late Arduous Struggle for the melioration of their nation.\nI am at a loss how to convey these papers and to whom to address them, whether to the president of the National Assembly, or to the Monarch.\nBe so good to favour me with your information and Council. I have the honor to be sir with perfect respect Your ob: h: sert\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0233", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 23 July 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon July 23d: 1792\nThe friday after you left this place I received the enclosed dispatches from Governor Chittenden, of the State of Vermont.\nIf you conceive it to be necessary, under the circumstances which exist, to write again to that Gentleman before he replies to your former letter on the subject in dispute, you will, of course, take such measures thereupon as shall appear proper under a full view of all circumstances. With great esteem & regard I am, Dear Sir Your Obedt. & Affecte Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0234", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Wythe, 24 July 1792\nFrom: Wythe, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nG. Wythe to Mr. Jefferson\nRichmond, 24th of july, 1792.\nI wish, my dear sir, to refer the whole business of the seal to your judgment; and if the cost excede the general assembly\u2019s allowance  so much as twenty pounds, will advance the money, although they may refuse to reimburse it. My best wishes ever attend you and your connections.\nA seal of a small size seems most convenient; but I know not the fit size to admit a proper exhibition of the figures.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0235", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, 26 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brown, James\nSir\nMonticello July 26. 1792.\nTaking for granted that the stores which I sent from Philadelphia the 1st. of the month by Capt. Chesroe, and Capt. Walsh must be arrived at Richmond, a waggon now comes for them. I had also desired another waggoner which went down yesterday, to apply for as much of them as he could bring, as he had engaged to others the principal part of his back load. In the event of the latter not taking any part of them, and there being more than the present waggon can bring, the Nos. which I would chuse to remain behind, as being least important, are 4. 5. 8. 15. 16. 18. or so many of them as cannot be brought. Whatever cannot now be brought I shall be obliged to you to send by any waggons coming to or through Charlottesville. I am with great esteem Sir Your most obedt. hble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0236", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 26 July 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague July 26. 1792\nMy late private letters to you have been of Jan 24. Feb. 29. and May 15 (1792). I should have written to you probably more often had it not been, that having so long importuned you on painful and  personal subjects, I did not chuse to continue fatiguing you by my Jeremiades on my present situation. I found it impossible to lose sight of it entirely in my unreserved communications with you; and you will readily suppose that whilst in view it was impossible to stifle altogether the distressing ideas which it occasioned. In whatever point of view I considered it it was impossible for me to dissemble to myself, that after seven years absence from my country, employed in its service in one particular line, and having thus sacrificed all advancement in any other, I found myself now defeated in the hopes of a place (which so many circumstances which never can conspire again seemed to justify) and reduced to one denounced in the very moment of its creation by the public voice and a considerable part of the Senate, as useless to the public\u2014of course the place precarious in its existence and probably approaching the term of its expiration, and the occupant necessarily regarded by many as a public burthen.\nI said the same circumstances could never again conspire in my favor; and indeed how can I expect it when I consider that at present\u20141. Having been so long in Paris, and employed, though in a different grade, yet in the same business which was to be pursued there I had in my favor that idea of prior occupancy, and experience in the same line, which in all countries has weight and in none so much as in the U.S. because as yet there are fewer of those motives which oppose the principle than in any other. 2. Fewer persons as yet have been employed in that career and fewer have pretensions or a desire to enter it than will be the case in future and of course my competitors were less numerous than they can ever be again\u2014besides the circumstance of the language necessarily diminished their number. 3. The person at the head of the foreign department was better acquainted with me and certainly more partial to me than any other would have been. 4. The person preferred to me and who indeed was perhaps the only one whose pretensions and desire combined to present a competitor, had for years past been known at the place to which he is appointed, as a person busied in affairs of private commerce, speculation and land selling, and pushing in all the various ways which there distinguish the class of people called les intriguants (although I do not pretend to say he really deserved it, and even justified him often as well as I could against appearances, which however stamped the opinion of several who declared it to me a long time ago, and particularly of the corps diplomatique) and presented him as the last kind of person who could enjoy the confidence of such a government as ours; and particularly when added to the opinions so unreservedly expressed, and a conduct so volunteerly practised, with respect to the French revolution as to  have acquired him an uncommon degree of celebrity. I then supposed it arose more from vanity than ill intention\u2014time will shew whether it was intended as a means to aid in obtaining the end in which he has succeeded. 5. My exertions for the public service, so far from being dissatisfactory that at the same time that this happened I recieved from the Sec. of the Treasury a repetition of the expressions of satisfaction which the event of the business at Amsterdam (certainly as delicate in its nature as that at Paris) had procured to the public, the President and himself.\nNotwithstanding so many circumstances in my favor, and so many against the only person opposed to me, I had the mortification to learn from himself and to be the witness of his own triumph and my defeat, and to know the sentiments and opinions which it could not fail to have excited among all those who knew us both at Paris, and who giving all possible weight to the objections against him, could attribute his being preferred only to absolute incapacity in me. Had this preference taken place immediately after your departure, it would have been less mortifying, but after so long an experiment (as they consider it) made of me, and after being fully convinced that I could not fail of being appointed, the being displaced for another who had been there during so long a time and under such circumstances necessarily makes them suppose there is some cause of preference now which did not exist in the beginning, or that he would have been appointed then. And indeed it cannot but appear somewhat cruel that with the intention so long entertained of ultimately giving him this place, I should have been kept in suspense (notwithstanding he was always on the spot) as a kind of stop-gap until the favorable moment for him should come\u2014and moreover treated with such singular reserve as to the intention of government in this respect. I say singular, because M. Morris\u2019s vanity did not allow him to conceal from any body, or admit of his witholding from me, towards the end, his knowlege of the lot which was to befal him. Vanity is a terrible ingredient in the talents of any man\u2014it is a lever of a terrible force when made use of with dexterity against him who possesses it. The French have always been remarked for their acquaintance with this power and their address in using it, and if I do not mistake we shall ere long have proofs of this.\nI will not repeat here the objections to be made to this gentleman from his opinions in favor of our commerce with France being carried on by monopoly. The sophistical arguments (as well as the source of them) which he constantly used on the subject, are as well known to you as to me\u2014nor those arising from his being engaged in commerce on his own account, and (as I should have supposed) in the way  of having his private interests sometimes interfere with those of the public. These I suppose are not considered as objections in America\u2014and of course I have no right to consider them as such. Besides he says he has dissolved his partnership. As all these circumstances as well as his conduct and character at Paris, were known to you, it forces me to conclude that you considered him as having other qualities which over-balanced them\u2014for although it is easy and even natural to suppose that a person at the head of a department would not propose for a place a person for whom he was thought to have a considerable partiality, and particularly if he did not think him proper for the place\u2014yet it is as impossible to suppose, he would quietly and silently see put into one of the most confidential places of his department a person against whom he thought there were such objections, as that the person would have been placed there against the inclination and in spite of the objections made by the head of the department. And the more so as in this instance he was the only person in the way of being acquainted with or of judging of such of those objections as arise from local circumstances.\nI mentioned to you in a former letter how much the Mar fai had been and mortified at this circumstance. He was the more so because as his sentiments with respect to Morris were fully known it shewed he had lost the confidence which it was generally supposed you and the Presidt. and the Americans in general had in him the Mar. There were several circumstances which I did not mention to you, because I thought it might perhaps be as well to omit them then, and perhaps even now it would be proper for me and certainly I should not mention them to any body but yourself. When Morris\u2019s nomination was first known, the person abovementioned on coming to Paris for a few days, sent for me and after discovering really more mortification than could have been imagined, and having the air of concealing still more, told me what a bad effect it would produce on the minds of many, how certain he was that the Presidt. was ignorant of it, and how much surprized he was that you had not informed him on the subject. He asked me if there was no way of preventing its consummation, viz. if France could not without giving offence to the U.S. find out some means of refusing to admit him. I told him I thought not (for I found it was the only means of preventing some of the members of the assembly and particularly of the diplomatic committee from insisting on the then minister refusing to recieve him, and he would have joined them). He said then he would write to the Presidt. on the subject. Some of the members of the committee also were of opinion that refusing a minister was tantamount to a declaration of war\u2014some of them  however were for satisfying their personal enmity to M. M., and one of them who spoke in the name as it appeared of others came to ask of me, whether if M. M. was refused I would remain as I was until a successor was appointed. I without any kind of hesitation told him I would not\u2014that my orders were to go to the Hague, and that I should obey them, and could not concieve that they would abruptly refuse the minister in whom our government had placed their confidence. This was the language I held when forced to speak\u2014on other occasions I was silent and avoided as much as possible seeing those who were in the way of speaking to me on the subject. Yet I am convinced that if the Jacobin ministry had not come in that the committee would have forced M. de Lessart to have refused M. Morris, from what I have since learned and from the circumstances of the committee\u2014as they were suspicious of M. de Lessart being too Royal and knew M\u2019s sentiments they would have been more afraid of him and of his aiding M. de Lessart in what they called a counter revolution &c. &c. As soon as they had a minister who was of a different cast they apprehended M. less, and this minister having affirmed soon after his arrival at the helm in his correspondence on the refusal of M. de Semonville whom he had named minister to the court of Turin, that the King of Sardinia was obliged by the droit des gens, first to admit him and then to particularize his objections, he was forced to maintain the same principle as to M. Morris, when the committee came to an unanimous resolution for refusing him provisorily, as happened a little before his arrival at Paris. I was informed of this by two different sources both of which were unquestionable and learned at the same time that it was agreed between the minister and the committee, that (he M. Dumouriez) should write to the minister of France in London desiring M. Morris not to come to Paris, and at the same time that the King should inform the President of M. M. being disagreeable. Before his letter could have arrived in London M. M. must have left it and on his arrival in Paris the minister having communicated the subject to the diplomatic committee, it was decided after some altercation that it would be improper to force M. M. to retire from France\u2014that notwithstanding he was disagreeable it would be more agreeable to the U.S. to recall him of themselves which it was trusted they would do on the representation that the Minister engaged should be made on the subject\u2014this was told me by a person who had it from M. Koch, the President of the committee. As the minister never expected to keep his place long enough to recieve an answer from America I think it highly possible he may have neglected his engagement with the committee. Another idea which existed and which was  in M. Morris\u2019s favor particularly with the minister, was, that if he was refused and I did not remain in Paris, as I had affirmed would be the case, that the payments which were expected would be delayed. I did not discourage this idea at all, as I was persuaded it would have weight, and as I should have been sorry for several reasons that he should have been refused. You may be fully assured however that under other circumstances, or sent from any other country he would have been rejected without hesitation\u2014grounded on examples furnished them by other countries, and also by their own history. Fortunately for M., the rapid succession of events had made some forget his interference with respect to the King\u2019s accepting the constitution\u2014others never knew whether it was real or not\u2014and those who learned it from M. himself\u2014in salons where his vanity did not allow him to conceal it, would of course not take advantage of it.\nAfter having said so much about Paris and about things which have already past, I will mention to you those which are to come and which of course are more important for me. I have just received a letter from M. Carmichael in which he tells me that one which he has received from you informed him I was to have been with him during the month of May\u2014this confirms my fears that yours to me must have miscarried\u2014my anxiety increases every day on the subject\u2014and I really know not what steps to take\u2014though it is evident that I can do nothing until I recieve the letters expected from you\u2014my ignorance also of several points which will be contained in them renders it impossible for me to judge of the effect of such a delay. I should apprehend from the tenor of yours of Jany. 23. that it could not but be prejudicial.\nWhilst M. Cutting was in England and I at Amsterdam he wrote to ask me to lend him a small sum of money stating that his wants proceeded from advances he was under the necessity of making on account of our sailors impressed. The sum was thirty odd pounds stlg. I had no difficulty in advancing it to him on loan, thinking myself authorized even to furnish if necessary money for such purposes on public account. As he asked it however only by way of loan and promised to return it soon I did not think it worth while to consider it in that light and therefore simply desired Messrs. V. Staphorst & Hubbard to advance him the money and to recieve it from him, so that I was the security. That has been so long ago that they have paid it to their correspondent in London and of course I have been obliged to pay it to them. M. Cutting wrote me that he would reimburse me immediately on his return to America. He then wrote me he was petitioning Congress to be re-imbursed his advances, and  would immediately thereon remit the part advanced by me, and since then which has been a very long time ago I have heard nothing from him. I had some intention of entering this into my account with the U.S. leaving them to set it off against Cuttings demand\u2014however I have not done it determining to wait until I hear once more from him\u2014but if you think it necessary, as it is with you Cutting is to settle his account as he informed me on his return to America, inclosing me a letter from you to him, to shew on what footing his demand stood, I will ask the favor of you to do it or settle it with Cutting for me, in which case it need not enter into the public account.\nIn your letter to me you say nothing of the house here belonging to the U.S., still I suppose, it being vacant, that I have an implied right to occupy it. M. Dumas tells me he has often written to you with respect to it, and to advise its being sold but has never recieved any answer. He tells me at the same time that since some years this kind of property has so fallen that he is persuaded the house would not now sell for the half of what it cost, which was 14,000 florins\u2014also that the prices at present bear no proportion to the rents of houses, of which I saw a proof a few days ago in an house, renting for a thousand and some odd florins selling for eight thousand. Under these circumstances I hope the U.S. will not direct the house to be sold. Having so long kept it without a minister\u2019s being here, to sell it now immediately on one\u2019s arriving would be a disagreeable circumstance with respect to that minister, and particularly if another person was directed to do it. I am not sure I should occupy it however, as it is so badly situated and so inconvenient in other respects\u2014still it would have been possible rather than have gone to the expence with my salary of hiring an house\u2014the place not admitting of hiring an appartment, as with my grade and salary might be done at Paris\u2014but if I were not to occupy it I should be sorry it should be immediately sold by another, because in this little residence, where every thing makes a subject of conversation, it would be the talk for some time and I should be not only questioned myself, but it would be an object of commerage in every society. If I remain here and it should be sold, I had rather be authorized to do it a short time hence\u2014but if I am not to remain but to be turned away then of course I had rather it should be subsequent\u2014and as M. Dumas tells me this kind of property is getting up at present and gives symptoms of continuing, delay would be advantageous. What I should like the best of all would be to be authorized to exchange this house for another more suitable. It would occasion no expence to the U.S.\u2014it would be no sacrifice since it would be having the same kind of property, and vested in an house better situated in every respect  for the accomodation of a minister, to whom it would be always an agreeable circumstance and more advantageous than the sale of such an object would be now to the U.S.: and after having so long been placed among the powers having hotels here to change immediately on having a minister would be a singular thing, qui ferait jaser. If you think the President, or whoever has the power, would consent I will ask the favor of you to turn the application that way, and to inform me of it as soon as possible. These are my ideas, and that is all I can say or do, after which I add, as all the humble servants of government, \u2018thy will be done.\u2019\nI acknowleged from Paris (May 15) your letter of Jan. 28. (the last which I have had the honor of recieving from you) adding that I would answer the details from hence. You there are so good as to state to me the Precarious footing on which I stand and to desire me to do in this what I chuse informing you of my wishes that you may cooperate with them &c. Encouraged by this kind and friendly offer I resume a subject which I had so much repented having formerly importuned you about (namely my wishes as to my own personal advancement). My reasons for not desiring to return to America as yet and with which you are acquainted and my being thus launched in the diplomatic career put me absolutely IN the power of government so that they may do what they please for the present I am obliged to accept and obey. It has been my misfortune to lead myself on to this situation but as there is now no remedy I must submit to it. I had hoped from my favorable circumstances to have been employed in a conspicuous station where I should have been known, to my country by my services rendered and of course have had pleasure and inducements to return to it after so long an absence. I had seen others younger than myself and under other less favorable circumstances employed in equal or higher stations from countries where they had many more competitors. The event has shewn me how fallacious all my hopes were and I have bad adieu to them for ever being sure the same chance will never occur again. Yet as remaining in Europe without being employed would rather tend to diminish my inducements to return to America I laid open to you from the beginning my whole heart and shewed you what I would accept rather than nothing. Towards the end I should have thought differently as to such a place but I do not pretend to say I should refuse the place you talk of in Spain. With the same grade however I prefer infinitely remaining here although even here ministers of the third order are exposed to many humiliations. It would be still worse in Spain less so in Paris and London because there every body and particularly such characters are less in view. Diplomatic luxury I mean with respect to grades has  increased as much as any other in this century, so that ministers of the third order are at present little employed but by the most insignificant powers, or to the most insignificant courts\u2014every little Prince whether able to pay him or not employs a minister of the second order so that the grade has now become so common that the inferior one of the third order is hardly considered diplomatic, except in particular cases. This will be very observable on examining the diplomatic appointments of the different European courts and comparing them with what they were formerly. The ministers of the third order are from usage by no means at present what they appear in diplomatic authors\u2014because these books were either written, or copied from those written, under what may be called the ancien regime diplomatique when such grades were common even among powers of note. I have often reason to wish my grade here was plenipotentiary even with my salary. I was formerly of a contrary opinion but experience has convinced me of my error. It would be much more honourable both for myself and America for several reasons. In Spain it would be particularly to be desired on account of the forms of principal court. If then I am to have the grade of resident I should prefer infinitely remaining here. If the grade is to be Plenipotenty. I should prefer Spain. What would be worse than all would be to be turned away from here without any place as it would be like a laquay turned away without even a certificate of honesty and yet after what has happened in the late appointments, I should not be surprized at it. The machine being now properly mounted at amsterdam it may be conducted from Paris or London and the place here may be thought useless. I have one consolation however that I have done every thing in my power in this and every other case to deserve better treatment if others after employing the same time in serving themselves are to reap the benefit of honour I cannot help it. I only wish that in future the public may feel that their services are in like manner solely devoted to them. After being employed in a business in such a nature my being now turned out of service altogether after others being called in who had not before been employed is only saved perhaps by the accident of carmicles asking leave to retire. This would have been putting on my conduct a censure which no place would have induced me to have exposed myself to if i had not counted enough on the justice of government to have [\u2026] sure there [\u2026] have [\u2026] no of it if my conduct was satisfactory. I have made use of your permission to inform you of my wishes as to my self as well as I can in my ignorance of future circumstances and I feel a pleasure in doing it as it reminds me of your friendship which I prize above all things. If I were allowed to add any thing  further it would be that from my view of a diplomatic establishment for the U.S. it seems to me they should have at Paris and London the grade of en extra and Minister Pleny. and elsewhere the grade of minister Pleny. even if they would not augment the salaries. They might after appropriating the sum to the foreign [establishment?] let the president apportion the sallaries according to the court or if not say that the salary should not [\u2026] allowing the president to fix each at what rate he pleases according to the court where they were.\nI hope most sincerely as well for the sake of America as my own that you will be dissuaded from executing your design of retiring as mentioned in your letter of Jan. 28. It would be painful to me beyond measure to abandon that hope and yet I own the expressions of your letter seem to indicate a fixed determination and alarm me a good deal. I might truly then consider my dark prospects as presenting only the alternative of being turned out as mentioned above or lingering on like poor Carmichael.\nI inclose at present a copy of my account to July 1. 92, and shall send one or two more. The first went in my No. 104., where I explained every article that required it, and to which I beg leave to refer you at present, mentioning only that the postage paid Messr. Donald is for the letters which I sent to him to be forwarded to you or Mr. Hamilton or which he has received and forwarded to me during the time of my residence in Paris as charg\u00e9 des affaires, or rather beginning with the year 1790, when he begun. I could not get the account of what was paid prior to July. 91. or I should have forwarded it with my former account. It is therefore comprehended with that for the year ending July 1. 92.\nI beg pardon for so long and tedious a letter, and beg you to be assured of the unalterable sentiments of attachment of Dear Sir, your friend & servant\nW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0237", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 27 July 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nI received yesterday your letters containing the papers inclosed. I received at the same time a letter from Mr. Maury of Liverpool in which was the little note which I also inclose.\nBrown and a Col. Edwards are the Senators for Kentucky. The latter said to be a good man and not likely to differ from the politics of his colleague. A distant kinsman of mine Hubbard Taylor is likely to be one of the Reps. The other altogether uncertain. Muter is appointed a Judge and out of the question. I am this moment setting out for Frederick and only add in haste that I am Yrs. always & affy.\nJs. Madison Jr\nBe so good as to let Col. Monroe have the Kentucky paper after you have done with it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0239", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 27 July [1792]\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJuly 27th. [1792] From the Hague\nI wrote you yesterday a very long private letter\u2014it will go to London by a private hand and be forwarded from thence in the same way. I here subjoin an extract in cypher taken from it\u2014it will go by the post in order if possible to be sent by the Packet.\nM. Dumas has this moment received your letter of June. 3. via Amsterdam which he has shewn to me\u2014he expects the laws to-morrow and promises to be so good as to let me have the perusal of them also. I find from your letter to him that you expect me to be gone from hence\u2014of course I apprehend more certainly and with more anxiety now that your letters to me on that subject have miscarried. I sometimes flatter myself you may have thought it worth while in such a business to send duplicates.\nI observe you inform M. Dumas that you purpose sending him an order soon as to the hotel. Should the U.S. after having kept an hotel vacant here so many years determine no longer to have one immediately on their minister\u2019s coming here, it will have an odd appearance in the public, and particularly with respect to me. However I do not wish any sacrifice to be made on my account, but if I had not seen your letter to M. Dumas I should have thought myself authorized to occupy it. I have not however yet entered it and shall not do it, after having seen your letter. I remain with much respect, dear Sir, your friend & obedt. Sevt.\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0241", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, 29 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brown, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello July 29. 1792.\nYour favor of the 8th. has been to Philadelphia, and followed me to this place. I will shortly give my conjectures in answer to the queries it contains. With respect to the effect which the war in Europe may have on the price of American stocks, I presume it must lower them by finding other employment for the money which might otherwise come here in competition for the purchase of them.\u2014Our produce must certainly be raised in price by the war. Indeed I know nothing else which could have produced the price and demand for wheat now existing. Otherwise the price must have been low. Tobacco will be less benefited but still I presume it will bear somewhat a better price. But the diminution of the culture will influence it more I should suppose.\u2014On the hypothesis that England remains neutral as I think she will, the carrying trade will feel little effect from the war, as no maritime powers will be contending on that element. Ours will be more affected if the present French ministry make good their late promise to Mr. Short to repeal the laws of the former national assembly which had struck so deeply at our navigation. I hope this will be done.\nAfter a two years trial of the Philadelphia market with my tobacco I am now disposed to try that of London, and think to send my growing crop to Mr. Donald. It is of the same plantations in Bedford, and of the same manager with ready money. Of any ready money which may be recieved I have desired Colo. Lewis to pay \u00a370. in the first place for another purpose, and your balance out of the rest, if so much should be recieved. Nothing further than this is in my immediate power.\nI am sorry to see from a letter of yours to Colo. Lewis that you are about to leave us in the spring. There is no person with whom I would have been so glad to have wound up this business, as with yourself. I must beg the favor of you, before your departure, to furnish me with a settlement, under your own hand, of the paiments you have received, as well as a declaration of the original current money debt, according to the legal exchange existing at the time of the contract, so that no disagreeable difference may take place with the person to whom you  leave this settlement. I am with great esteem, Sir, Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0242", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 29 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\nGentlemen\nMonticello July 29th 1792\nI inclose you a letter and receipt for the engraved plate of the City, just come to hand, from Mr. Blodget. As the Plate will Probably be delivered, in my absence to Mr. Taylor chief clerk of my Office, I write to him by this Post to hold it subject to your orders, and to execute any thing you may choose to have done with it. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect, Gentlemen, &c.\nTh. Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0243", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel L. Hylton, 29 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hylton, Daniel L.\nDear Sir\nMonticello July 29. 1792.\nI am this moment favored with yours of the 13th. with respect to the sale of Elk hill. You know it is made for the payment of my part of Mr. Wayles\u2019s debt to Farrell & Jones, and that by my bargain with Mr. Hanson, I am clear, if the security proves sufficient. This is my look out. As to a mortgage on 83,000 acres of land on Green briar and the back counties it is next to nothing at all in my eye. The mortgage on Elk-hill the value and title of which I know myself, I will never dispense with. As a supplementary security, I would rather have some responsible person joined in each bond. Either this, or the mortgage on the 83.000 acres, or on any other land of the value of the whole sum, whichever you shall settle on, will satisfy me: but I wish to have it immediately terminated.\nThe glasses cost 80. cents apiece. I am, with my best respects to Mrs. Hylton Dr Sir\nAs you may find it necessary to shew the letter which covers this to the parties, I commit my suspicions to a separate paper. Why has Mr. Banks been made use of as an agent in a purchase for Dr. Taylor? May not this be a contrivance for him to get the money into his own hands, and leave me with a law-chase and 83.000 as. of his lands in the moon? Certainly Dr. Taylor will lose nothing by coming forward and acting for himself, without an intermediate agency which can only beget suspicion and caution on my part. I wish he would get some good person to join him in every bond, as security, which with a mortgage on Elk hill would, by means of our Agreement with Hanson, relieve me for ever from all anxiety.\nTh:J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0244", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Lyle, 29 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lyle, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello July 29. 1792.\nAt the time of my settlement with Mr. Hanson and yourself, I had flattered myself that those demands were so modelled that I might provide for a punctual discharge of them by sale of property for the later payments and, for the earlier, from the profits of my estate. Two flattering crops had made me count on the latter resource too sanguinely, and the importunities of the other creditor have been such as to throw the deficiencies since the first year on you. I have now, by paiment partly, but chiefly by sales of property completely provided for Farrel & Jones (about one hundred pounds excepted, paiable 6. or 7. years hence) and the bonds are partly delivered to Hanson, and will be so entirely, before I return to Philadelphia. Tho\u2019 the paiment of \u00a3200. a year to you, is a very different thing from that of \u00a3700 to yourself and Hanson, and might therefore be attempted from annual profits, yet having two paiments in arrear, and disabled from answering them by the application of my crops to get clear of the other demand, I have determined to sell property this fall for the paiments of 1791. 1792. 1793. and perhaps may another year extend it farther. The credit of one and two years, necessary to be given, will still delay your receipt of the money, for which I know not how to apologize but by this candid statement of facts. The bonds shall be delivered to you to be put into such hands as you shall think proper to be collected and accounted for  to you. In addition to this whatever the profits of my estate shall enable me to do shall be done. I had thought myself sure with those of the last year. But the shortest crop of corn I ever made in the worst of years, and the destruction of the greater part of a crop of 3000 bushels of wheat by the weavil have taught me that there are too many casualties to confide ultimately in any thing but a sale of property.\n This being the first time of my coming home since your information that a balance of \u00a3126\u20139\u20136 due from my mother had been omitted in our settlement, I have now for the first time had an opportunity of recurring to the accounts which guided our settlement, and find in fact that no such sum was included. Tho\u2019 I have long since overpaid all my mother\u2019s assets yet I have no hesitation to pay this debt. Having left your first letter and my answer at Philadelphia, I have nothing to direct me but your second letter of Nov. 28. 1791. from which I have taken the sum of \u00a3126\u20149\u20146, have reduced it @ 33\u2153 to \u00a394\u201417\u20141\u00bd stg. and inclose you my bond for that payable July 19. 1796. with interest from Sep. 1. 1771. to Apr. 19. 1775. and from Apr. 19. 1783. till paid. I am with great esteem Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0245", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Taylor, Jr., 29 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, George, Jr.\nDr. Sir\nMonticello July 29. 1792.\nThe inclosed letter from Mr. Maury, being one of the parcel just recieved from you, be pleased to have published in Freneau\u2019s and Fenno\u2019s papers, with the names, date &c and to have the within letter delivered to Mr. Freneau by Crosby. I am with much esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Mr. Blodget writes me that he has sent from Boston by Capt. Norton of the sloop Juno, an engraved plate of the new city. I write to the Commissioners desiring them to inform you what they will have done with it. Be so good as to follow their directions on the subject.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0246", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Witherspoon, 29 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Witherspoon, John\nSir\nMonticello July 29. 1792.\nI take the liberty of troubling you once more by inclosing Mr. Robinson\u2019s explanation of his propositions for an assistant in his school, to which I have only to add assurances of the sentiments of perfect esteem & respect with which I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient and most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0247", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Brown, 30 July 1792\nFrom: Brown, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond 30 July 1792\nI received your favor from Philada: with Sundry Articles which were all delivered in good Order except One Cask containing Fish Without mark or Number, Supposed to be No. 7. The remainder of the Articles will be Sent you as soon as opportunities offer. Enclosed you have a letter from Mr. Short which came to my hands a few days ago. With Much Respect I am Sir Your Obedt Se\nJames Brown", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0248", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Malesherbes, 30 July 1792\nFrom: Malesherbes, Chr\u00e9tien Guillaume de Lamoignon de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 30 July 1792. He recommends to TJ\u2019s attention M. and Mme. Masson, who have left Saint-Domingue and sought asylum in New York. He does not know them, but has learned of their plight from one of his best friends, M. Secr\u00e9tier, Mme. Masson\u2019s brother, who was also a colonist in Saint-Domingue before establishing himself in France, where he is busy with public works and farming. He hopes TJ can help the Massons, since they do not know English. M. Secr\u00e9tier being unknown in America, he takes it upon himself to be their guarantor up to the sum of 10,000 livres tournois in cash. He will obtain a banker\u2019s bond if it is preferred by the lender and promises that he and Secr\u00e9tier will have credit for the sum among French merchants or bankers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0249", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Walker, 30 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Walker, Francis\nDr. Sir\nMonticello July 30. 1792.\n In a former letter I had mentioned to you that I had found in the book of accounts kept for my father\u2019s estate by Mr. Harvie, that Dr. Walker was debited in his account in these words \u20181762. to cash in account with Mr. Mc.Caul \u00a3199\u201418\u20141\u2019 and that in the same book Mr. Mc.Caul was credited in his account in the following words \u20181762. Dec. 25. By cash paid per orders from Thomas Walker \u00a3199\u201318\u20131\u2019 which sum Dr. Walker had credited in round numbers at \u00a3200. But as he had omitted to credit a subsequent sum of \u00a3200. charged in Kippen & co\u2019s account, it was supposed possible these might be the same articles. I have now however obtained from Mr. Lyle the earlier part of the account of my father\u2019s estate, to wit from 1757. Aug. 20. to 1772. Aug. 31. wherein the paiment of the \u00a3199-18-1 is entered as follows\nTo Richard Randolph\n Jany. 17.\nTo cash paid Capt. Meriwether\nTo do. pd. Walker\u2019s orders\nMr. Lyle\u2019s former doubt is accounted for from his having searched only for the sum of \u00a3200. as credited in round numbers by Dr. Walker. Mr. Harvie\u2019s book stating the sum in it\u2019s true fractions and that it had been paid on different orders, leads to the particular items of Kippen & co\u2019s account which constituted the payment. Should your business lead you at any time into this part of the neighborhood I shall be very glad to see you and exhibit to you these proofs, that we may get this article settled. Independantly of which I shall at all times be happy to see you, being with sincere esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0250", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 30 July 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMonticello July 30. 1792.\nI received yesterday the letter you did me the honor to write on the 23d. inst. covering one from the Governor of Vermont. As the question Which party has a right to complain, depends on the fact Which party has hitherto exercised jurisdiction in the place where the seizure was made, and the Governor\u2019s letter does not ascertain that fact, I think it will be better to wait his answer to my two former letters in which he cannot fail to speak to that point. I inclose a letter just received from Colo. Humphreys; as also one for the Commissioners of the federal territory from myself, covering one from Mr. Blodget.\u2014The inhabitants of Culpepper are intent on opening a short and good road to the new city. They have had a survey of experiment made along the road I have so much enquired after, by Slate run church, Champs\u2019 racepaths and Songster\u2019s tavern to George town, and they have reason to believe they may make it shorter by 20. miles and better than any of the present roads. This once done, the counties from Culpepper Southwardly will take it up probably and extend it successively towards Carolina. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect & attachment Dr. Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0253", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Brown, 1 August 1792\nFrom: Brown, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond 1st: Augt. 1792\nI am this moment favored with your letter of the 29th: Ulto: and think as you do on the Subject of Stocks Grain &ca. I have very late letters from different ports in Europe, all state a great surpluss of Grain at the different markets, so great indeed at Lizbon that 50 heavy  ships were then and had been laying some time in that port loaded for want of Grainarys, these Crops at same time were promising. I am much pleased to Observe you intend shipping your Tobacco to London hereafter. To give you an idea of the quality of the Crop sold Mr. Donald 1790 I beg leave to annex you the quality list returned me, which proves better than most Crops I shipped that year. If you could prevail on your Overseers to Std. \u00bc or \u2155 of your Crop, the Std. to be taken clean out, the Tobacco laid loose in the Hhd. and prized to [Wt?] 2000 \u2114. I am well satisfied it would answer well. The Leaf Ought to be packed up as nice and clean as possible and all sent to this place by the 1st: Augt. at furthest, that it may go hence at a good Season of the year. The money you mention or to double the Amount you may have at Any moment. Mean time I am with Respect Dear Sir Your Ob. Hl. St.\nJames Brown", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0254", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 1 August 1792\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMarseilles the 1st. August 1792.\nThis Town has been in a Very Critical Situation Since the 20th. ulto.\nThe 21st. 22d. and 23d ditto Six Mens Vizt. a Draper, Two Scrime Masters, a Periwig Master and Two Reffractory Priests, were Taken, Carried into Prison, then Murdered, hanged, and Drawned in the Streets of this Town by the People.\nThe others Reffractory Priests were ordered to take Immediately Passage for Italy, and all of them, about 160 are departed.\nI beg your Refference to the news Papers on what has been done by the administrative Powers on this Occasion, as well as on the debates in the Nal. Assembly.\nTo these Dreadfull days, have Succeeded Joyful ones, which still continue from the Morning to 11. o Clock at Night; Dances Farandoulles, on all the Public Places, at the altar of the Liberty in Both Play houses, in the Exchange &ca.\u2014in Such a Circumstance nothing is done in Business, as in the holy Days.\nThey have cutted in the neighbouring Country about 2500 Pine  Tries which they are Planting as Liberty Tries in the Public Places, Buildings and before Great many houses.\nYesterday the Board of Trade having Resolved to Plant in the Meedle of the Exchange a Liberty Trie, the Bishop, the administrative Powers &c. were all Invited to assist to this Ceremony which was made with Great Pump and Sollemnity; The Exchange was Furnished with hanghings in Cramoisy Damas with great number of Sconces &ca.\nAt the Liberty Trie was Suspended the National with the English Colours.\nAs I was in the Exchange, dressed that day with my Consular uniform, amongst all the other Merchants, many ones made to me the observation that the American Colour ought to be Joined to the Two other ones; (I had observed myself that in many others occasions these Two Flags had been Joined without the American). I answered to them that it was not to me to make any application to obtain the union of this colour, but that I would approve any Body who would make the motion;\nThey desired me to do it, I declined, apprehending that being not authorised by the united States, The President of the united states, tho\u2019 he would not disapprove the Matter or the Motive, would however disapprove Conduct which could appear adventured by me; but they Insisted, Saying, that no Body would do it, that the Ceremony would not be a Compleat one, without the American Colour and it would be my own Fault if it was not Joined; I then Consented to make the Motion, as I was encouraged, also, by some Private Motives.\nI then asked Leave, to Speack, to the Mayor and Municipals, exposing them the motive, they encouraged me, paying many kind Compliments Civilities and affectuous Expressions towards the united States, who are a Free nation, Friends and ally\u2019d to France.\nAfter the Religious Ceremonies, and Sundry Speaches, I made the Following Motion. \u201cMessieurs\u2014avec L\u2019agrement de Monsr. Le Maire, Je demande a faire une motion qui, J\u2019ose Esperer Sera Favorablement accueillie par vous,\n\u201cJe desirerais que, aux Pavillons, national et anglais, que Je vois arbor\u00e9s a l\u2019Arbre de la Libert\u00e9, que vous ven\u00e9s de planter dans cette enceinte, vous y Joign\u00e9s Le Pavillon des Etats unis.\u201d\nI was then Interupted by unanimous applauses and desire of Seeing that Free Colour fixed on Immediately. None Being under hand, they have sent to My chancelary and placed my own, which is to remain there till a Such one in Silk of the Same Size of the other, which has been ordered may be made and fixed in it\u2019s Place.\nThis Ceremony beggun at Twelve a Clock ended at Two in the after noon.\nAt Seven a Clock the Exchange was Lighted, Farandoulles and a Public Ball Beggun and Continued till the wedsnesday Morning.\nI dare hope, that my Conduct in this Occasion will not be disapproved by the President of the united States; it was unexpected a kind of an Imprompt\u00fb; when I went into the Exchange, I could not foresee that event which by it\u2019s Good effect will add new ties of Friendship between our Two Trading Nations. I have the honor to be with Respect Sir your most obedient, humble & Devoted Servant\nStephen Cathalan Junr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0256", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 1 August 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 1 Aug. 1792. The Duc de Penthi\u00e8vre has recommended Monsieur de La Mariniere, who requests for his daughter-in-law, Madame de La Mariniere, an introduction to the best company in Baltimore, where she has taken refuge from the calamities of Saint-Domingue. Having no particular connections in that town, he recommends the matter to TJ\u2019s kind attention.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0257", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 2 August 1792\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie 2 aout 1792 L\u2019an 4 de notre libert\u00e9\nConform\u00e9ment aux ordres de ma cour, j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous informer, que sur la derniere reponse faite \u00e0 Mr. de Noailles par la Cour de Vienne le 4 d\u2019avril dernier, le Roi s\u2019est rendu \u00e0 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale o\u00f9, apr\u00e8s avoir fait exposer par son Ministre des affaires \u00e9trang\u00e9res, tous nos griefs contre la conduite de cette Cour, Sa Majest\u00e9 a propos\u00e9 au Corps l\u00e9gislatif de d\u00e9lib\u00e9rer sur le cas urgent d\u2019une d\u00e9claration de guerre contre le Roi de Hongrie et de Boh\u00eame, et qu\u2019il est result\u00e9 de la demarche et de la proposition du Roi, un d\u00e9cr\u00e8t et une loi, dont j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de joindre ici des exemplaires. J\u2019esp\u00e9re que vous ne recevrez pas cette importante communication sans y prendre int\u00e9r\u00eat, et sans me mettre \u00e0 m\u00eame de transmettre \u00e0 ma Cour les sentimens du Gouvernement des Etats unis \u00e0 ce Sujet. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0258", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 3 August 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew-York 3d August 1792\nI have the honor of informing you that, by the Halifax packet, which arrived here on Wednesday last, I have received a dispatch from my Court, communicating to me his Majesty\u2019s entire approbation of my conduct, relative to my conversations and explanatory correspondence with you, on the subject of the circular notification which I transmitted to you on the 12th of April.\nHaving obtained this sanction to the sentiments, which I expressed to you upon those occasions, it is necessary for me at present only to add that that notification was then, and is now, intended to apply solely to Merchant-vessels strictly foreign; under which denomination ships belonging to Citizens of the United States cannot be generally comprehended, so long as the Kings proclamations, regulating the commercial intercourse between Great Britain and this country, shall continue in force, and assign to the ships of the latter those distinctions, which they now possess. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of great respect, Sir, your most obedient humble Servant,\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0259", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 3 August 1792\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew-York 3d August 1792\nThe inclosed letter I have received from Mr. Hartley, with a request that I would transmit it to you. I presume it contains some further explanations on the subject of his invention for tempering steel.\nI set out for the eastward on Sunday next but expect to be returned to Philadelphia early in September. Be assured that I am, ever Dear Sir, your faithful humble Servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0260", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bowling Clark, 5 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clark, Bowling\nSir\nMonticello Aug. 5. 1792.\nHaving come from Philadelphia to make some short stay here, but not long enough to go to Bedford, I should be glad if you could take the most convenient time for yourself to come here, between this and the middle of next month, about which time I shall be returning again to Philadelphia. This seems necessary as well that I may have a view  of the affairs of the present year, as of the next. It would be material that you could bring such papers with you as may give me a knowlege of the outstanding accounts of the plantations under your care, a list of the negroes with their ages, and as good a statement of your stock as you can. I should also be glad to have a list of the tobacco made in the years 1789. 1790. and 1791. The first of these I sold to Mr. Donald, and having given him at the time the list I had, I have never got another to see whether my account with him stands right. Of the crops of 1790. and 1791. which I sold in Philadelphia I have doubted whether some had not miscarried, and I never had the Lynchburg list of them. The loss of wheat here the last year leaves many accounts unpaid, for which I must get all the assistance in money you can possibly give. I am Sir Your humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. It will be a satisfaction to have a line from you letting me know when I may expect you. If sent to Richmond it will come safely.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0261", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 6 August 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Aug. 6. 1792\nI have this instant recieved from a gentleman here an article of intelligence with respect to Poland that arrived this evening and which I lose no time in communicating to you\u2014namely that the views of Russia have been crowned with complete success. The Empress having refused the armistice proposed by the King of Poland and exacted of him in the most imperious terms his adhesion to the counterfederation, one of the Potockis proposed the King\u2019s putting himself at the head of the troops and yielding nothing but by force\u2014opinions were about to divide on this question when the King came forward and declared his determination to submit and to give the adhesion required. This or something very near it has taken place so that the counter-revolution in Poland may be considered as complete.\nWe know not yet with certainty how the same business goes on in France, where at present there is certainly much less unanimity than in Poland. At the departure of the last post the declaration of the Duke of Brunswic was not public there\u2014and indeed it will be impossible to judge of its real effect until he shall have supported it by a real entry into the Kingdom, and until it shall be seen whether his conduct is entirely conformable to the promises contained in his declaration.\nThe Nestor of European ministers, the Prince de Kaunitz, has as it is said and believed given up his place. His advanced age and some opposition to the present system adopted by the court of Vienna are the causes\u2014the latter probably the principal as he has been so long accustomed to be absolute that he would admit of no contradiction.\nI have now the honor of inclosing you a supplement to the No. 61. of the Leyden gazette which has appeared since the departure of my last inclosing that gazette\u2014another number is also subjoined\u2014and also a triplicate of my account with the U.S. up to July 1. It is marked duplicate, though in fact it is a third, as I sent a press copy of the first with my letter of July 26. The original was forwarded in my No. 104. I beg leave to refer you to these two letters for any explanation which may be necessary.\nI shall set out to morrow morning for Amsterdam to sign the contract and bonds of the last loan opened there and shall be absent from hence five or six days. It is useless to mention that I have not yet recieved the letters expected from you, and so often spoken of in my letters. I have the honor to remain most respectfully Dear Sir, your most obedient & humble servant\nW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0262", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 6 August 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Aug. 6. 1792\nMr. Cobbett who will deliver you this letter is an English [gentleman], at present I believe in France, and about to embark for America. He has been formerly in the English possessions to the Northward and  intends now to go and settle in the United States. A Gentleman in the family of the English Ambassador here, and acquainted with Mr. Cobbett, wishing to serve him, asks me to give him an introduction to some person in Philadelphia which may from his first arrival there shew him to be a man of worth and merit. Having a particular esteem for the gentleman here who has asked this letter of me I beg leave to present to you his friend Mr. Cobbett, and to ask of you for him those civilities which I know your readiness to shew to every stranger of that description. I am with sentiments of the most perfect attachment Dear Sir, Yours &c\nW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0265", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 8 August 1792\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia 8 of August. 1792.\nI am once more disappointed which grieves me infinitely. Our last packet, just arrived, sailed from l\u2019Orient on the 20th. of June, and yet, has not brought me a single ministerial dispatch, nor a private letter or a news-paper posterior to the 15th. of may which is the time when She ought to have put to sea. The official dispatch relative to my communication to you of the 2d. inst. reached me by a merchant vessel lately arrived at New-york, and is dated the 21 april. My anxiety is truly very great: and as other trade-ships may daily arrive with letters for me, I think it best not to journey far for the present. I am now going to the yellow spring about 30 mils from here, and I will send this and my other letters to your office as the best mode of getting them  Safely conveyed to your country-seat. With the warmest sentiments of respect and attachment, Beleive me Dear sir your most obedient and humble servant\nTernant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0267", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Gottfried Paleske, 9 August 1792\nFrom: Paleske, Charles Gottfried\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia, 9 Aug. 1792. Having transmitted to the King of Prussia a copy of his exequatur from the President, he is commanded by the King to request that he be acknowledged and granted \u201cthe privileges and immunities, due to a consul general of the most favoured nation\u201d in conformity with the treaty of commerce between the United States and Prussia. He also requests the United States to appoint as quickly as possible commissioners to conclude a convention regulating the functions of consular officials in the two nations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0268", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Remsen, [10?] August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Remsen, Henry\nTh:J. will be obliged to Mr. Remsen to purchase two copies of Hutchins\u2019s historical narrative of Louisiana and West-Florida immediately. They are for Mr. Short and Mr. Carmichael, to be paid for out of his contingent money. He will thank him for a 3d. copy which he will pay for himself. It is said they are to be had at Berry & Rogers\u2019s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0269", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from E. Laughlan, 11 August 1792\nFrom: Laughlan, E.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nColumbia Augt. 11th. 1792\nI have not the honor of being in the least acquainted in person with you yet I trust as my subject is of public nature, that is a sufficient excuse.\nThe post rider from Richmd. to Staunton has an inclination to get if possible employed by the United States instead of being employed by Subscription. The post Master in Richmd. has advised him to you, to know your Sentiments thereon, and in case you approve of the plan, to get the favor of you to write to the post Master genl. on the Subject. The post is poor but has perform\u2019d his duty very well untill lately and his failing latterly has been entirely owing to sickness. Any Services that you can render him I think will be well placed. I have the Honor to be very respectfully &c\nE. Laughlan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0270", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Lyle, 11 August 1792\nFrom: Lyle, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nManchester Augt. 11 1792\nI am honoured with your Letter July 29h; and would have wrote you sooner but Sickness for this fortnight past prevented me. I received your bond for Mrs. Jeffersons (your Mother) debt, the sum was right, and the mode and time of payment generous, and agreeable; Could you inspire our Debtors in Virginia with sentiments similar to yours, how happy it would make our Companys. But alas! I meet with much ingratitude, and dishonesty (as it appears to me). I will wait your time of payment, and am sorry the Honest heart should ever feel distress: I hope yours is nearly at an end. I want no Security for your debt, but if I can be of any service to you in the collection of any debts due to you, I will take any trouble of that kind with pleasure. I am with due Respect Dear Sir Your Most hume Servt.\nJames Lyle\nMr. McCaul and our Co. at Glasgow will be informed how Reasonably you settled your Mothers Account, as they were when you settled your own\u2014the world ought to know it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0271", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 12 August 1792\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLisbon, 12 Aug. 1792. He transmitted his accounts for the year past with his letter of 1 July. Since then no significant foreign news has arrived, but he expects to hear soon of the invasion of France and the Russian invasion of Poland. Now that Dr. Willis has returned to England, he will be able to learn little from \u201cthe interior of the Palace,\u201d except from the Duke of Laf\u00f5es, who is weary of public life and unwilling to enter a palace again unless he can be of service to his country. Sensible people despair of the Queen\u2019s full recovery. The Prince of Brazil seems to have confidence in no one. Fransini, an Italian who was the Prince\u2019s mathematical preceptor and was thought to have influence with him, has left the kingdom, probably because of his disgust over the rising influence of the prime minister, the Marquis de Ponte de Lima. The Marquis, the Queen\u2019s confessor, and several others who had been excluded from the Queen and her court through the influence of Dr. Willis must rejoice in the doctor\u2019s departure. The nation is devoted to the royal family, but this may change if the Prince does not have an heir because \u201cthe young Spanish Prince who will be likely to succeed, can have no legal claim to the Crown.\u201d A \u201cgreater degree of ease than has commonly been enjoyed by Individuals, resulting from the rapid improvement of the Colonies and the general prosperity of the nation, keeps men\u2019s minds tolerably quiet, and tends to postpone the days of Convulsion or Revolution.\u201d He regrets that \u201cthe prospects of markets here for the produce of the U.S. are not more favorable. There is a great supply of wheat and Indian Corn on hand. This summer has in general been more cool and less dry than the last, and more friendly to vegetation. It may not every where be the same. The Indian corn in some of the Countries on the Mediterrean which used to send that article here has been cut off, and the wheat is likely to be uncommonly scarce in some parts of the Coast of Barbary.\u201d Barclay reports from Gibraltar that all is in suspense in Barbary and that he hopes something decisive will happen this summer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0273", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 12 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMonticello Aug. 12. 1792.\nI have the honor to inclose you two letters lately recieved from Mr. Barclay. Under another cover also I send to the Commissioners, open for your examination, a plan for a Capitol from Mr. Blodget, which came by the last post. You will see, by that, the use of the paper of which I presented you a few sheets, Blodget\u2019s plan being on a sheet I had given him. It renders the use of a scale and dividers unnecessary.\nI had thought my self secure of a weekly conveyance of letters, by the establishment of a private post here, till the public one could get into motion. But of 4. postdays since my return, he has missed three. Mr. Davies is however endeavoring to procure a public rider. We have had abundant rains since my return, which were necessary to bring on our corn. Some appearances of weavil give us apprehensions for our wheat, and increase the wishes for a machine which would enable us to get it out within the months of July and August. I have the honor to be with perfect respect and attachment Dr. Sir your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0274", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph G. Chambers, 13 August 1792\nFrom: Chambers, Joseph G.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMercersburg Franklin County August. 13. 1792:\nI have not the happiness of any personal acquaintance with the Secretary of State but am not a stranger to his public reputation as a Statesman and philosopher. In this Character Sir I presume there needs no Apology for troubling you with projects which have for their Object the general benefit of society and the cause of humanity. Permit me therefore without farther preface (which I am so ill qualified to make) to introduce the following subjects which I have conceived might be of some importance and deserving the Attention of public men.\nThe first I shall mention is of the literary kind being a proposal and plan for reforming our English Orthography and System of Letters. A sketch of this plan hath been published in the Columbian Magazine 1791. Vol. 2. under the title Elements of Orthography &c. by adverting to which a Judgment may be formed of its nature and merits. I have understood that Mr. Jefferson was principally concerned in proposing the Standard of Weights and Measures lately reported to Congress. And conceiving so great an Analogy between the Subjects I persuade myself that the Arguments which may be adduced in favour of a permanent simple and uniform method of numbering and reckoning weights and measures will apply with equal force for the Adoption of a complete system of letters calculated to establish a uniform Standard of Language and permanent Vehicle of Sounds. And the person who hath a Genius and Taste for the former will be very capable of determining the propriety of the latter. It would methinks be a happy Circumstance if our Reading and Writing as well as Arithmetic (which are the fundamental and most generally useful part of Education) could at once undergo such a reformation as would bring them to the utmost perfection of which the Subjects are capable. But it is needless to enlarge. If the proposal should be thought worthy of farther attention I may have an opportunity of communicating my Sentiments more particularly: For it may be observed I was obliged to abate much of the original Idea that the piece might not be thought too romantic for publication. And an actual exemplification which would be the most satisfactory cannot be procured without some new types.\nOne other Subject at present I wish to recommend to your Attention Sir which is of the Military kind. It may appear singular that a person professing some skill in the humane Science of letters should have any taste or Genius for the Diabolical Arts of making havoc of the  human species. But it has fallen in my way to bestow some attention upon both. In the course of the late War I was a Student at New jersey Colege which was broken up by the irruption of the Brittish in -76. After this I followed our Army for some time and being of a Mechanic or inventitive Disposition I found great entertainment in contemplating the principles and structure of warlike Engines and searching after such improvments as might be of importance in our (then) situation. I conceived a project of constructing a Vessel in the nature of a Row Galley which should be sufficient to combat and destroy a whole Fleet. And I believe I should have succeeded if my means had been equal to my Design. But I underwent the usual fate of projectors. My Friends concluded the Boy was mad and thus refused me every assistance to the Design which I had considered as in my own power.\nBut to the present purpose. Among others there occurred to me an improvment on the method of using fire Arms which being only secondary I did not so much attend to at that time but have since upon a more critical investigation concluded may if properly introduced become of considerable importance. And altho the occasion which prompted me to these enquiries does now no longer exist yet it is to be lamented the bleeding Cause of Justice and humanity has still abundant need of every possible Aid. I feel myself highly interested for the Friends of Liberty and the Rights of men in Europe and throughout the world. And I should be happy (if any of my inventions can be of importance) that their first fruits might be dedicated to the service of the common Cause. I wish for an opportunity to communicate this experiment on Fire Arms to some of the European Patriots in such a proper manner as might ensure its best success. With this view Sir I trouble you on the present occasion that after proper information had of its nature and Effects you may advise concerning the disposal thereof.\nMy Principle is this Viz. To charge a Gun barrel full from one end to the other and upon occasion to fire these off successively at any desired intervals from one to seven or eight seconds discharging at each voley a ball proportioned to the bore of the Gun or any greater number of balls which taken together do not exceed that weight. I have never made trial of a Cannon but there is no reason to doubt of the principle applying equally to any Gun. This Idea first occurred to me for the Defence of my Row galley against sudden attacks of great numbers which I design\u2019d in the following manner. Take any convenient number of barrels of size for an Ounce ball and seven or eight feet in length. Suppose Fifty of these hooped together with Rings  and trunnions in the middle in form and weight similar to a Nine pounder and mounted so as to be movable towards the Object like a swivel for these Guns in firing will not rebound. Each barrel of eight feet will receive Seventy Charges with four balls of the size of a common Rifle amounting in all to Fourteen Thousand Shots in the space of from two to ten Minutes. It would certainly be very difficult to force a vessel or fortress defended by a number of such Guns which might be fired successively as occasion required and managed by one or two hands to each. It is obvious the Guns must be previously Charged, and kept in readiness.\nBut not to be tedious I shall conclude with a few observations on the manner in which this principle may be applied to the ordinary purposes of Battle. From the Experiments I have made I find that a common Musquet will bear to be charged about one fourth part of its length Viz ten Charges and I should in general prefer four balls to each Charge as it would be absurd to spend so great a fire at long shot and in close quarters the greater number would do most sudden execution. The first shot may be set off by means of an additional Lock or by a Match in the manner of hand Granades. And this communicates to each succeeding one without any farther attention the last shot always remaining in the Gun to be fired by its own lock. I think a charge with bayonets in this manner would be very formidable. As to the Horse a Pistol will receive five Charges and a Carabine equal to a Musquet. I have Fired twenty out of both Musquets and Carabines but some have bursted, and the shot will not have the same force where there is not a strength of mettle. A Gun designed to be charged full must be of sufficient and equal strength from one end to the other. And it is remarkable that a barrel charged to four Inches of the muzzle will do sufficient execution at a hundred yards distance. I have thought that common Gun barrels might be easily transformed for this purpose by seting them in moulds and casting brass around them so as to render them of equal thickness from breech to Muzzle. This might answer sudden exigencies till proper ones were provided. Such barrels or some of greater length might perhaps be used on horse. For instance suppose a troop about to charge were furnished in addition to other weapons each with two such barrels hung at the horses sides in such manner as might be found convenient to be fired by match or lock advancing. This would certainly be a capital annoyance to the opponents. In short this method of firing would have so many advantages over the ordinary practice that I am persuaded the latter will be of little farther use after the invention shall become public. That is as to Attacks Storms and other close fighting. It will naturally be apprehended that this method  must depend on principles delicate and precarious. But nothing can be more simple and certain requiring no essential ingredient but powder and ball insomuch that I can take a huntsmans or soldiers apparatus in the woods and in the space of three or four hours prepare and Charge fifty rounds. There are however other preparations of more Art and convenience which would admit of numbers being employed in the materials who would not be apprized of their use.\nThus Sir I have in some hurry endeavoured to give an Idea of this subject having in view an instant opportunity of forwarding this letter. You will pardon the clumsy form and execution thereof. If the Contents should be thought worthy of farther Attention a line by the Bearer or by post to Chambersburg will come to hand and be properly regarded. And remain Sir with all proper Deference Your most Obedient &c\nJoseph G. Chambers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0276", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Adrien Petit, 13 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Petit, Adrien\nMonticello. 13. Aout. 1792.\nCe n\u2019est que d\u2019hier, mon ami, que j\u2019ai re\u00e7u votre lettre du 28. Juillet et je suis tr\u00e8s fach\u00e9 des desagremens qu\u2019on vous a fait eprouver pendant mon absence. Mais je ne trouve aucun difficult\u00e9 de l\u2019arranger \u00e0 votre gr\u00e9. J\u2019ecris actuellement \u00e0 Monsr. Taylor de parler \u00e0 Fran\u00e7ois, de lui rapeller que ce n\u2019etoit que de pure indulgence que j\u2019ai permis \u00e0 sa famille d\u2019occuper leur apartement, que s\u2019il ensuit des desagremens dans la maison, qu\u2019il faut qu\u2019il les etablisse ailleurs, et particulierement que s\u2019il ne vous donne toutes les assurances que vous desirerez que vous ne serez jamais plus inquiet\u00e9 de leur part, sa femme et ses enfans ne peuvent plus y rester, et que ce dependra absolument de vous de dire que vous en serez content, oui ou non.\u2014Peutetre qu\u2019en condannant la porte qui donne de leur apartement dans l\u2019ecurie vous en serez moins inquiet\u00e9. Monsr. Taylor fera faire tout ce que vous voulez dans cette affaire: et soyez assur\u00e9 que je fais trop de cas de vous de permettre que votre tranquilit\u00e9 soit troubl\u00e9. Si je vous ai fait chercher en France, si je vous ai attendu une ann\u00e9e entiere, ce doit vous rassurer que je ne permettrai pas qu\u2019on vous oblige de me quitter de sitot, et que je suis et serai toujours votre ami\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0277", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Taylor, Jr., 13 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, George, Jr.\nDr. Sir\nMonticello Aug. 13. 1792.\nHaving no other person to whom I can apply, I am obliged to trouble you with the settlement of a domestic difference which seems to have broken out in my Philadelphia family between Monsr. Petit the maitre d\u2019hotel, and the wife of the coachman Francis. I will ask the favor of you to speak to Francis, to remind him that the permission to him to bring his wife and children into the apartment they occupy was a mere gratuitous indulgence on my part, that if this cannot continue, without disturbance to the family, they must be removed, that I have had such long experience of the fidelity of Petit, and value him so much, that I have not a moment\u2019s hesitation to say that no person shall stay about the house who treats him ill. It must rest then with Francis to satisfy Petit that his wife shall never more give him disturbance. If Petit shall say he is satisfied with these assurances, the family may remain: otherwise I must trouble you to notify to him the necessity of their removal, and to be so good as to settle this matter for me the one way or the other, letting each party know what I have written above. I shall be glad to hear from you the result. I am with sincere esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0278", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Taylor, Jr., 13 August 1792\nFrom: Taylor, George, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia 13th. Augt. 1792.\nI had the honor to receive your favor of the 29. Ult. on the 7th. instant. The letter from Mr: Maury I caused to be inserted in the papers of the following day agreeably to your desire.\nSome mistake having arisen not only in the communication from the Commissioners to me, but also with respect to the plans or plate said to have been forwarded by Mr. Blodget in the Sloop Juno Captain Norton, I have thought it my duty to inform them thereof by a letter the copy of which I send herein enclosed.\nMr: Poupard, who is sinking the seals for the western territory informed me that Judge Turner desired him to sink the Great Seal in Silver. As this will require at least eight dollars, and it may not accord with your wishes to have any of them of that metal, I take the liberty to request your instructions on the subject. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the highest respect, Dr. Sir, Your most obedient and very humble servant\nGeo: Taylor Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0279", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Vaughan, 13 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello Aug. 13. 1792.\nA French gentleman (Monsr. De Rieux) a neighbor of mine whom I much esteem, having had a legacy left him by a relation in France, his friends, on account of the depreciation of their paper medium, thought it better to invest the money in goods, and to remit it in that way. They consisted in glass of various kinds, ribbons &c and were to leave Havre in May last addressed to Monsr. Hombert of Philadelphia. Monsr. De Rieux having no acquaintance in Philadelphia I have undertaken to him to recommend his interests to your care, to ask the favor of you to advise us whether the goods are arrived or not, and even to dispose of them if an advantageous offer can be obtained. I inclose you the memorandum in his own handwriting which he left with me for this purpose, and am with sincere esteem Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0280", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 13 August 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon Augt. 13th. 1792.\nSince my last to you dated the 23d. of July, I have received the second epistle of Govr. Chittenden enclosing a copy of the Lieutt. Governor of Canada\u2019s letter to him; but as he does not in that letter acknowledge the receipt of the One which went to him from the Secretary of State\u2019s office the motives which suspended an answer to his first letter still exist, unless he has given the information required  of him immediately to yourself; however, that you may have the whole matter before you, to answer when you are possessed of all the facts which relate to the subject, I forward the Governors last letter to me\u2014as I also do that from Colo. Humphreys to you, covered by yours of the 30th. Ulto. I am Dear Sir yr. Affecte.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0281", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Garland Jefferson, 14 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, John Garland\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGoochland August 14. 1792.\nI heard about a fortnight ago, of your safe arrival, at Monticello, and received sensible satisfaction at the news. The pleasure it gave me woud have been compleat if I had been there to have congratulated in person your wished for return: but I content myself in the anticipation of the pleasure I hope to experience in your company in the fall. I must declare to you at the same time, that this hope rests on the contingency of your furnishing means. For without a horse, saddle, or bridle, my inability to attend the court agreeable to your directions, is too evident for me to doubt, without the aid of borrowing: and the difficulty of that is sufficiently known to all who have tryed it in this neighbourhood. This therefore with a belief of your wishes, induces me to lay before you my true situation, and to trust to your known friendship. I received your favor of June 6. some time ago, and cant forbear mentioning the particular satisfaction I experienced in the perusal of it. I am sensible of the importance of its contents, and think I can promise any thing of which gratitude, the fullest confidence of the sincerity of your counsels, or the most ardent desire of promoting the interest of my country, or friends is capable. These considerations alone are sufficient to give me any degree of perseverance necessary for the attainment of such desireable ends, and your being director may be sufficient to warrant the closest application, and most strict attention. Rest then assured, that nothing on my part shall be wanting to promote my interest, or your friendly, and disinterested views. I have been furnished with the credit you directed, and have reason to be pleased with the regulation. Be pleased to present my compliments to Mr. Randolph, his lady, and  the family. And believe me to be with the most cordial esteem, Your grateful, and very hbl. servant\nJno G: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0282", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 15 August 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Aug. 15. 1792\nI returned to day from Amsterdam. An express which arrived here a few hours ago from Paris brings a continuation of the horrid accounts for which the letters by the last post of the 10th had prepared us. I don\u2019t doubt you will be informed in the most expeditious way of these distressing events, by M. Morris. Still I can not forbear by way of greater certainty inclosing you a copy of the decree passed on the 10th. inst. by the assembly and brought here by the express. The preamble and considerants are left out not having time to have them copied. Some alterations were immediately made to some parts of the decree as mentioned in letters received here, and particularly with respect to the ministry. The assembly turned out those who had been chosen by the King and recalled Claviere, Rolland and Servan, whom he had formerly dismissed, adding to them others of their own black cast.\nAccounts by the express say that the whole regiment of Swiss guards have been massacred by the people and that the streets literally are red with blood. The King and his family who had taken refuge in the assembly were present during the debates of that execrable day and night; and heard all the insulting denunciations brought against themselves and countenanced by the assembly. They are still alive, but suffer a thousand deaths daily.\nThe constitution being thus destroyed by the destruction of one of its essential parts, it remains to be seen what will be the conduct of the army and those who have taken so many oaths to support it. This is the day fixed for the Duke of Brunswic\u2019s entering the French territory. I send you the Leyden gazettes up to the present. I forwarded to you from Amsterdam three packets of the Logographe. In the last of them you will see at length an address delivered to the assembly in the name of the sections of Paris by the organ of the Mayor Pethion, and which prepared the way to the abominable work which has been since executed. A majority of the assembly having voted against the  accusation of the Marquis de la fayette made this storm burst sooner than it otherwise would have done probably. All are anxious to see what part he will now take. These late scenes must add new distresses to his situation, and particularly as his enemies will not fail to attribute them to him as the primary cause, and even many of his friends will attribute them to the half way measures he has lately adopted.\nShould an express be sent off before the departure of the next English post, this letter will be sent by it. I remain with sentiments of attachment & respect, dear Sir, your friend & servant\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0283", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Wythe, 15 August 1792\nFrom: Wythe, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nG.W. to Mr Jefferson\nRichmond, 15 august 1792.\nI wrote to you lately, kind sir, begging the favour of you to direct in every thing about the seal, and undertaking to add twenty pounds to the money allowed for it by the general assembly. The smallest size will be most convenient; and perhaps the figures may be represented on a small as well as on a large one. I pray you to remember me affectionately to all your family, and that you will believe me to be ever mindfull of your manifold valuable kindnesses to me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0284", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, 16 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William\nDear Sir\nMonticello Aug. 16. 1792.\nYou honored me with a letter by the bearer hereof Mr. Cassinave, when he came to America, and from what I have seen and heard of him, he merited in every respect your recommendations. Having established himself in commerce at Baltimore, he is now going to Spain with a view to introduce more considerable exchanges of productions between the two countries, in which I have no doubt he will receive any aid you can give him. He supposes the government of Spain may have occasion of some supplies from hence which he shall be able to  furnish, and to take in payment assignments on our debt to them, to which, if given at the par, we can have no objection. Recommendations of him to you being unnecessary, I shall only add assurances of the esteem & respect with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir your most obedient & most hble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0285", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Etienne Clavi\u00e8re, 16 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clavi\u00e8re, \u00c9tienne\nSir\nMonticello Aug. 16. 1792.\nMr. Cassinave, a merchant, lately established at Baltimore, will have the honor of delivering you this letter. He supposes he can be instrumental in extending the use of French manufactures in the United states, if he can participate of the advantage of supplying your government in return with the flour and other productions of this country. Knowing that you see in it\u2019s just point of view the connection which might take place to the advantage of both countries, and that commerce would be a main basis for it\u2019s establishment, I take the liberty of asking you to hear the propositions of Mr. Cassinave, which done, yourself will be the best judge whether they may be nationally advantageous. Permit me to avail myself of the occasion this presents me of expressing to you the sincere pleasure with which I learnt your advancement to the ministry of France. The honour of your personal acquaintance, as well as that with your writings was a security to me that no opportunity would be omitted of multiplying those connections between our two countries which may be so useful to both. Accept I pray you the homage of my congratulations, and of those sentiments of profound respect and esteem with which I have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0288", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Taylor, Jr., 16 August 1792\nFrom: Taylor, George, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Augt. 16. 1792.\nThe plate in question I have this moment found at your house. The Steward, who has hitherto punctually sent every thing addressed to you, to the office, had laid it aside and forgotten it.\nI have the honor to send you enclosed copy of the letter I have written to the Commissioners on the subject; and also, among others, a communication this day received from the french minister of a Commission from the King of France to the Sr. Mangourit, as Consul for North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia\u2014the Exequatur for the said Consul with the date left Blank, and a duplicate letter from Mr. Dumas, which was put up with the Leyden Gazatte for Feby., March and April last. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the highest respect, Dear Sir, Your most obedient and very humble servt.\nGeo: Taylor Jr.\nP.S. Warrants are made out at the Treasury in favor of David Wood and David Owen for 14 dolls. 36 Cents each, but for the want of a power of attorney I cannot receive them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0289", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 17 August 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 17 August 1792\nIf I have not hitherto mentioned the Applications made to me by the foreign Officers who have Certificates whereof the interest is payable in this City, it has not been for Want of sufficient cause, but because I did daily hope to have receiv\u2019d some orders on that Subject. Many have spoken to me, written to me, and call\u2019d upon me. I have given to all the general Assurances that Justice would be done, that I would transmit their Claims, and the like. I now enclose a Letter from the polish Envoy relative to the Claims of Brigadier General Koskiusko, and I have told the Count d\u2019Oraczewski that I daily expect Dispatches from you on this Subject. I did this because General du portail told me that he has Information from Colo. Ternant that these Claims are all honorably provided for. In the Uncertainty as to what may have been done I feel it my Duty to bring the Matter to your Recollection perswaded that you will do every Thing which may be proper on the Occasion.\nI enclose in like Manner a Letter I have receivd from Mr. Francis Coffyn of Dunkirk, respecting the Consular Office in that City. I tell him in Answer to it that I shall enquire of Mr. de la Motte as to the Appointment he complains of and will transmit his Letter to you, and take your Orders. These you will I trust be so kind as to give me. I know not Mr. Coffyn and consequently can say Nothing either for or against him. I am with Esteem and Regard Dr Sir your obedient Servant\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0290", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Knox, 19 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, William\nDear Sir\nMonticello in Virginia Aug. 19. 1792\nYour favor of May 28. has come to my hands at this place. At that date you could not have recieved mine written at the close of the last session of Congress. That of May 13. 1791. the reciept of which you acknolege had informed you that it would not be in my power to keep up a close correspondence with the consuls, but that I still wished they should punctually and constantly make such communications to me as might be useful or guide the conduct of the government. I have at the close of each session of Congress acknoleged to every Consul the reciept of his letters, have given him such instructions and information as circumstances required, accompanying them with a copy of the laws of the session, and have only written special letters when something special called for it. The present letter is occasioned by that paragraph in yours of May 28. wherein you desire that, if the act concerning Consuls should not have contained such a provision as to admit of your remaining in Ireland, that I would request the President to excuse your returning to America at least for a few months. Your letter is communicated to the President, and on this request I have only to say that as the Consulships of the U.S. have no salaries or perquisites for the support of those who hold them, they have been generally given to such persons as, being in commerce, or proposing to enter into it, have asked them with an expectation that they would be the means of enlarging their business, or at least give some distinction to their character either useful or agreeable. Under this view the government does not expect that the office should so far tie the holder to a constant presence at his residence as would be inconsistent with that business by which he is supported. The absence of a few months therefore which you desire, is perfectly under your own will; no doubt being entertained that if you should hereafter determine to make it perpetual, or even longer than your letter supposes, you will immediately on such determination give notice of it to government. I have the honor to be with great esteem Dr. Sir your most obedt. humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0291", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Sampson Mathews, 19 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mathews, Sampson\nMonticello Aug. 19. 1792.\nTh: Jefferson with a renewal of his respect and esteem for Colo. S. Matthews, takes the liberty of putting under cover to him the inclosed letters to Mr. Pleasants and Mr. Winston, the former to be forwarded to the springs by any safe opportunity the latter to be delivered to Mr. Winston only when he shall arrive at Stanton. He wishes many long and happy years to Colo. Matthews.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0292", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Gottfried Paleske, 19 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paleske, Charles Gottfried\nSir\nMonticello in Virginia. Aug. 19. 1792.\nI have recieved at this place your favor of the 9th. inst. wherein you request that agreeable to the treaty of commerce between the U.S. and his Prussian majesty, his Consul general be acknoleged as belonging to a most favored nation: that the privileges and immunities due to a Consul-general of the most favored nation be granted to his Consul general, and that Commissioners be appointed to regulate by particular convention the functions of the Consuls and vice consuls of the respective nations.\nTreaties of the U.S. duly made and ratified, as is that with his Prussian Majesty, constitute a part of the law of the land, and need only promulgation to oblige all persons to obey them, and to entitle all to those privileges which such treaties confer. That promulgation having taken place, no other act is necessary, or proper, on the part of our government, according to our rules of proceeding, to give effect to the treaty. This treaty however has not specified the privileges or functions of consuls; it has only provided that these \u2018shall be regulated by particular agreement.\u2019 To the proposition to proceed as speedily as possible to regulate these functions by a convention, my absence from the seat of government does not allow me to give a definitive answer. I know in general that it would be agreeable to our government, on account of the recent changes in it\u2019s form, to suspend for a while the contracting specific engagements with foreign nations, until something more shall be seen of the direction it will take, and of it\u2019s mode of operation, in order that our engagements may be so moulded to that as to ensure the exact performance of them which we are desirous  ever to observe. Should this be the sentiment of our government on the present occasion, the friendship of his Prussian majesty is a sufficient reliance to us for that delay which our affairs might require for the present: and the rather as his vessels are not yet in the habit of seeking our ports, and for the few cases which may occur for some time, our own laws, copied mostly in this respect from those of a very commercial nation, have made the most material of those provisions, which could be admitted into a special convention, for the protection of vessels, their crews, and cargoes coming hither. We shall on this however, and every other occasion, do every thing we can to manifest our friendship to his Prussian majesty, and our desire to promote commercial intercourse with his subjects, and of this we hope he will be fully assured. I have the honor to be with sentiments of perfect regard, Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0293", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Taylor, Jr., 19 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, George, Jr.\nMonticello Aug. 19. 1792.\nTh: Jefferson with his compliments and good wishes to Mr. Taylor, incloses some papers which he will see what is to be done with, without explanation. He wishes he could recieve here an octavo copy of the laws of the U.S. comprehending the last session, being at a loss for want of them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0294", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 19 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nMonticello Aug. 19. 1792.\nI was yesterday honored with your\u2019s of the 13th. inst. covering the Governor of Vermont\u2019s of July 16. I presume it cannot now be long before I shall receive his answer to the two letters I wrote him from Philadelphia on the same subject. I now inclose letters received by yesterday\u2019s post from Mr. Hammond, Mr. William Knox, and Mr. Paleske, with answers to the two latter. Should these meet your approbation, you will be so good as to seal and let them go on under the cover to Mr. Taylor, who will have them conveyed according to their  address. Should you wish any alteration of them, it shall be made on their being returned. The Prussian treaty is, I believe, within four years of it\u2019s expiration. I suspect that personal motives alone induce Mr. Palaske to press for a convention which could hardly be formed and ratified before it would expire; and that his court cannot lay much stress on it.\u2014Mr. Hammond\u2019s former explanations of his notification of the 12th. of April, having been laid before Congress, may perhaps make it proper to communicate to them also his sovereign\u2019s approbation of them. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment, Sir, your most obedt. & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0295", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Winston, 19 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Winston, Edmund\nDear Sir\nMonticello Aug. 19. 1792.\nWe learn that you are one of the Judges to attend our district Court the ensuing month. The object of the present is to express my hope that you will come and take your abode with us, during the session, the distance and season of the year favouring my wishes, to which the use of my law books may add something. I shall be happy in such an opportunity of renewing our ancient acquaintance and of repeating to you assurances of the sincerity of that esteem with which I am dear Sir Your friend & Servt.\nTh. Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0296", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Telfair, 21 August 1792\nFrom: Telfair, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nState-house, Augusta, 21st. Augt. 1792\nYours of the 3d. ultimo I have been favored with\u2014also its enclosure, a copy of a Letter from His most Catholic Majesty\u2019s Representative on the subject of a Communication dated the 30th. December 1791 from His Excellency the Governor of East Florida to me: herewith are transmitted certified copies of the Executive proceedings had in the premises. When the Law Officers, who are now on the Circuit, make a report (which measure shall not admit of much longer delay) you shall be immediately furnished therewith. I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedt. hble. Servt.\nEdwd. Telfair", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0298", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 22 August 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 22d August 1792\nMy last (No. 7) was of the seventeenth Instant. In No. 6 of the 16th. I mentiond the Revolution of the tenth. I suggested my Idea that the Force commanded by Monsieur de la fayette would not be brought to immediate Action, and that in such Case he and his friends had Nothing to hope for. He, as you will learn, encamped at Sedan and official Accounts of last Night inform us that he has taken Refuge with the Enemy. Thus his circle is compleated. He has spent his Fortune on a Revolution, and is now crush\u2019d by the wheel which he put in Motion. He lasted longer than I expected. Some other Officers tried to influence their Troops in favor of the late Constitution but without Effect. They are it seems yet to learn that an Officer has never compleat possession of his Soldiers till rigid Discipline has led them by the Hand over Fields of Glory in which he has shar\u2019d their Danger and pointed them the Path which leads to Triumph. These Scenes are yet remote but, if the combined Powers cannot succeed in the present Plans, they must hereafter take Place. In the mean time much Suspicion much Jealousy and many Victims are all in the natural Order of Things. I do not find that the Prince of Brunswic has made those rapid Movements which the existent State of Things requir\u2019d, and he looses much by the Delay. He probably understands too well the Business of War, and his high Station requires a Man in whom the accomplish\u2019d General should be but a secondary Talent. I cannot for a Moment suppose a Possibility of beating him with the french Army, if Army it can be call\u2019d where there is no Discipline; but if he will not commit himself a little to Fortune, it appears to me a very easy Matter to wear away the Time till Winter shuts the Theatre. We are now far advanc\u2019d in August, and he has at most three Months before him.\nThe Day before Yesterday the british Embassador receiv\u2019d a Dispatch from his Court which he immediately transmitted to the present  Minister of foreign Affairs, and at the same Time ask\u2019d for Pasports. This Dispatch has not yet been communicated to the Assembly, because it runs rather Counter to Expectations which had been rais\u2019d, and of Course the public Mind is not duly prepar\u2019d. The Purport of this Dispatch is that Britain has determin\u2019d on a strict Neutrality that she means to preserve it, and therefore as his Letters of Credence are to the King now dethron\u2019d, he had best come away. To this is subjoin\u2019d a Hope that Nothing will happen to the King or his Family because that would excite the Indignation of all Europe. This Dispatch turn\u2019d into plain English is shortly that the british Court resent what is already done, and will make War immediately if the Treatment of the King be such as to call for or to justify Measures of Extremity.\nThe different Embassadors and Ministers are all taking their Flight and if I stay I shall be alone. I mean however to stay unless Circumstances should command me away because in the admitted Case that my Letters of Credence are to the Monarchy and not to the Republic of France it becomes a Matter of Indifference whether I remain in this Country or go to England during the Time which may be needful to obtain your Orders or to produce a Settlement of Affairs here. Going hence however would look like taking Part against the late Revolution and I am not only unauthoriz\u2019d in this Respect but I am bound to suppose that if the great Majority of the Nation adhere to the new Form the United States will approve thereof because in the first Place we have no Right to prescribe to this Country the Government they shall adopt and next because the Basis of our own Constitution is the indefeasible Right of the People to establish it.\nAmong those who are leaving Paris is the venetian Embassador. He was furnish\u2019d with Pasports from the Office of foreign Affairs, but he was nevertheless stoppd at the Barrier, was conducted to the Hotel de Ville, was there question\u2019d for Hours and his Carriages examind and search\u2019d. This Violation of the Rights of Embassadors could not fail (as you may suppose) to make Impression. It has been broadly hinted to me that the Honor of my Country and my own require that I should go away. But I am of a different Opinion, and rather think that those who give such Hints are Somewhat influenced by Fear. It is true that the Position is not without Danger; but I presume that when the President did me the Honor of naming me to this Embassy, it was not for my personal Pleasure or Safety, but to promote the Interests of my Country. These therefore I shall continue to pursue to the best of my Judgment and as to Consequences they are in the Hand of God.\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0299", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Barton, 23 August 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barton, William\nSir\nMonticello Aug. 23. 1792.\nI omitted, before my departure from Philadelphia, to enquire into the situation of Doctr. Currie\u2019s suit against Griffin, and must now therefore ask the favor of you to inform me of it by letter, sent to my office. The principal questions are whether there are any probable indications of property in the hands of any of the garnishees, and when we may expect a final judgment against them. Doctr. Currie desires me to inform you that he has received intimations from Griffin of an intention to take the benefit of an insolvent act, and hopes nothing will be omitted which may guard him against the effect of that. I am with great esteem Sir your most obedt humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0301", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 24 August 1792\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMarseilles the 24th. August 1792.\nI have the honour of Confirming you my Last Letters;\nSince four others Mens have experienced The Same Fate, as the 6 Mentionned to you in my Last; but now we have all reason to expect that those dreadfull Scenes will not be renewed, S\u00fbspected People will be Judged by Law.\nI Inclose here a Deliberation Resolved by the Section No. 13. of this Town, which is Composed of the most uneasy People, and agreed by all the others at the unanimity; Since every Body is united to a Same Sprit.\nNow I offer to your wise Consideration a Very interesting Matter, explained in Full in a Memoire, which I have presented to this Municipality, of Marseilles, of which I remit you here Inclosed a Copy, dated the 19th. Inst. on the Subject of wheats and Flour, to which I beg your Refference; We are in the Greatest apprehension to be in the greatest need of these So necessary Commodities, and to See Prices Grad\u00fbaly Rise, till next Month of July, from \u00a353 a 54. per charge of \u2114 290 Marseilles Weight (Flour the Same Price per Barrel) which they would now obtain on arival ready money on the Warf at the Landing to \u00a365 before next Month of December, and \u00a370. before March, on the actual Course of Forreing Exchanges and Specie, rising again till next Crop in July next.\nThis Memoir was So well received by this Municipality, that they have determined to writte a Letter to Genl. Georges Washington President of the united States of America dated of this day, which I have the Pleasure of remit you here Inclosed; Begging you Sir to Present to him in the name of the Town of Marseilles.\nI hope that the american Merchants on his Invitation, will contribute in all their Power to Supply this Town abundantly; and as Soon as  advices from you, will require the desired protection in the Streights, it will be already Granted and executed.\nYou may assure them that Brandies will be at moderate Terms about \u00a345 a \u00a340 per ql. Gross of 90 \u2114 English, they will make an advantageous Remittance at Lenght from my Part, in the Consulate Line, as well as in Commercial one, they may Rely on all my endeavours, to render their voyage and adventures as Beneficial as Possible.\nTobacco on the Contrary abunds now and Can\u2019t obtain here \u00a354\u20b6. Marc Weight no Purchasers.\nI am departing for Bordeaux in Two hours to See Consul Fenwick\u2014when arived, I will have the honour adressing you, and Send you a Copy of this and the Municipality Letter. I am with Respect Sir Your most obedient humble & Devoted Servant\nStephen Cathalan Junr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0304", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josiah Parker, 26 August 1792\nFrom: Parker, Josiah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nVirginia August 26th. 1792\nMessrs. Blow & Milhaddo of Portsmouth have met with injury and insult from the Conduct of an officer of the British Government on the coast of Africa which in my opinion deserves the notice of the Government of the United States. As those Gentlemen are respectable Merchants and good Citizens of the United States I have to request you will pay full Credence to their report on the subject which will accompany this. With much respect & esteem I have the honor to be your most Obedient Servt.\nJ: Parker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0305", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 26 August 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir\nPhiladelphia August 26. 1792.\nMr. Wilson, after a consultation with his brethren, has allowed Pagan\u2019s writ of error. No security is required, as he is in custody. His counsel and attorney are informed of this, and will, I presume, proceed without delay.\nI wrote to Mr. Madison, on the subject of the attack in Fenno\u2019s paper, signed an American; expecting, that he would communicate the part of my letter at least to you. On such an occasion, it is difficult to know, what course ought to be pursued. Indeed the discretion of the person interested ought to be the guide. I shall therefore only say, that I shall not hesitate to be instrumental, where you think I can be serviceable; and that I am with truth Dear sir yr. friend & serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0306", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Taylor, Jr., 26 August 1792\nFrom: Taylor, George, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia 26th. Augt. 1792.\nI had the honor to receive your favors of the 11 and 13th. on the 23rd. instant. The letter for Mr. Pinckney I shall forward agreeably to your direction.\nIt gives me pain to learn that the pleasures of your retirement, should have suffered any interruption from the complaint of a member of your family here.\nI have spoken to the maitre d\u2019hotel on the subject of his complaint, and find that tho\u2019 he had mentioned Francis\u2019 wife only (whom he  allows to have had no connection with the house since the dispute) he now objects also to Francis\u2019 continuance. I told him that as he alleged nothing against him, it would not only be cruel but unjustifiable in me to discharge him. He declared that unless both were removed he would go to france. After ineffectual endeavors to soften him down even to let the matter rest till your return, and finding that nothing but the removal of Francis and his family would answer, I promised merely to gratify him that that should take place.\nI then desired Francis to look out for a habitation for his family, and in the meantime to prevent their having any communication with the house or even speaking to Mr. Petit if it could be avoided. Francis observed, that his removal would be involved in that of his family, and that if they could not be allowed to remain, he must, tho\u2019 reluctantly, solicit a character, and leave your Service. I told him that I did not suppose, from the present appearance of things, you wished him to go away, but that I would inform you of what he had said.\nIn the meantime, should any difference take place between Mr. Petit and him, and my attempts to reconcile them, again prove fruitless, I shall, upon the strength of your letter dismiss Francis.\nBe assured, that I shall always be happy in executing your commands, and in the opportunity of convincing you of the sentiments of high respect with which I have the honor to be Dr. Sir, Your most obedt. and very humble Servt.\nGeo. Taylor Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0307", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Yard, 26 August 1792\nFrom: Yard, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSt. Croix, 26 Aug. 1792. He has received TJ\u2019s letter of 31 May 1792 and the laws passed in the last session of Congress. Having decided to sail for the United States, he will defer his observations on these islands until seeing TJ.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0311", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 29 August 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 29th. August 1792\nEvents of the most interesting nature have taken place in Europe since my arrival, of which the papers herewith sent will present you with the detail. To this I can add no information on political subjects, as the whole corps diplomatique and all the heads of departments are in the Country; some of the latter indeed meet in town occasionally and leave it as soon as the business which brought them is transacted. All that I can collect from those with whom I occasionally converse is that the wishes of the people in power are very adverse to the new order of things in France; whether these wishes will, if occasion should require, be converted into active operation comes within the line of conjecture. Lord Grenville who is at the head of the foreign department married a short time before my arrival and has been constantly since that time (except one day) in the Country: this has prevented me from  bringing forward some matters of business on which I am desirous of conferring with him, particularly on the subject of impressment, for altho\u2019 I am not apprized of any instances having lately occurred here, yet the present state of Europe seems sufficiently unsettled to justify the apprehension that marine armaments may take place; and in all events it would be most advantageous to discuss such a subject while no immediate interest gives an unfavorable biass to either party. I am told at the office that any matter of business I may have to transact with my lord Grenville will be immediately communicated to him by their messenger\u2014but I fear that if I were to occasion his leaving home under his present circumstances he might not bring with him that temper of mind in which I hope to meet him at a future day.\nI have examined Mr. Wilsons papers and he appears to me to have a fair claim to compensation from this government for the loss of his Ship: I found him in such miserable circumstances that on application from a mercantile house in the City who wished to know with what prospect of reimbursement they might make him some small advances to relieve the distress of his family, I told them I thought him so fully intitled to receive a considerable sum of money that if he should finally fail of obtaining justice here, I would endeavor to support an application at home to have payment made to them to the amount of \u00a3100 or so much of that sum as they might lend him.\nI have not yet been able to obtain an answer on the propriety of procuring officers from hence for our Mint but am promised it in a short time.\nI have lately heard from Mr. Morris and Mr. Short. They are well, and the latter I find still in Holland, not having received the dispatches he expected to meet there and which I fear must have fallen into improper hands. I find a difficulty in getting a letter properly conveyed to Mr. Barclay which will oblige me to incur greater expence than I was hopeful would be necessary. I have experienced already such essential inconvenience from the want of a confidential person with me that I must send to desire Mr. William Alleyne Deas to come to me in the character of Secretary by the next Vessel that sails from Carolina.\nOur Bankers at Amsterdam have given me notice that they will answer my drafts to the amount of the Bill inclosed in your favor of the third of July, which I forwarded to them as soon as received. With sentiments of sincere respect & perfect esteem I remain Dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble Servt\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0312", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 30 August 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 30 August 1792.\nMy last (No. 8) was of the twenty second Instant. In No. 6 I mention\u2019d to you that I had not been able to adjust with the Minister of foreign Affairs the Rate of Exchange which should govern the Payments made and making in America on Account of our Debt to France. And that I had not been able to see the Minister of Marine to adjust with him the Sums which the Assembly had determind to apply out of that Debt to the Use of St. Domingue. You will have seen by my Correspondence with the Commissioners of the Treasury that the last Payment of Six Millions will nearly ballance the Account according even to their Statement of it over and above the 400000 Dollars which are to be paid at Philadelphia during the current Year.\n A few Days since Mr. Monge the present Minister of the Marine desir\u2019d an Interview and at our Meeting presented me a regular Contract for Payment of 800000 Dollars as being Equivalent to the 4,000,000\u20b6 of livres which the Assembly had appropriated as abovemention\u2019d. I will not trouble you with the Conversation because it ended in a Request on his Part to meet Mr. Lebrun the Minister of foreign Affairs and Mr. Claviere the Minister of public Contributions. This Meeting took Place Yesterday by their Appointment. The same Form of Agreement was again produc\u2019d and Mr. Claviere who was principal Spokesman mentioned my signing it as a Thing of Course. I told him that I had been authorizd to settle with the late Government the Exchange of one Half of that Sum already paid and paying on this very Account. He spoke of such Settlement as the easiest Thing in the World and advancd on the Subject exactly  those Principles which Mr. Short had refusd to be govern\u2019d by; and rejected as visionary those which Mr. Short had stated as just, and which I think are reasonable and right. The great object however was to get the Money, and Congress was to fix the Exchange. I told them (which is very true) that I felt a very sincere Desire to furnish Aid to that unhappy Colony and had done every thing in my Power to comply with the Wish of the Legislature in that Respect but in Vain. That at last our Bankers in Holland being extremely anxious to discharge themselves of the large Sums which had for Months been lying in their Hands, their own Commissaries of the Treasury being also desirous to receive, Mr. Short (to whom the Management of that Business had been committed by the United States) being also solicitous that the Payments should be made, I had desird him to place in the Hands of the Bankers named by the Commissaries an Equivalent of 6000000 of livres by which Means the Installments of our Debt already due were overpaid. That of Course any Advances now made must be on Account of those Installments which are to become due hereafter. That I have no Instructions respecting them, for Reasons I had already assign\u2019d, and that of consequences if I should enter into the Agreement they wish\u2019d I should probably be blamed for exceeding the Line prescribd to me. That there remain\u2019d however another Point worthy of their Attention which was that my Agreement would be in itself void because I had no Powers to treat with the present Government. It follow\u2019d therefore that the Ministers of the United States would feel themselves as much at Liberty as if Nothing had been done and act according to their own Ideas of the Object distinctly from my Engagements; that it would be equally usefully to them, and more proper in me, to state the Whole Matter to you in the first Instance, and that I would add my earnest Request to make the desired Payment. This however did not at all suit their Ideas. Mr. Claviere made many Observations on the Nature of our Debt and the Manner in which it had accrued. He said that the United States would certainly act in a different Manner towards the present Government than the Monarchs of Europe did. That it was impossible I should have any Difficulty if I inclin\u2019d to do what they ask\u2019d, and then concluded by asking me peremptorily whether I would or would not. His Language and Manner was such as naturally to excite some little Indignation, and altho I could pardon much to a Man whose Stockjobbing Life had not much qualified him for a Station in which Delicacy of Manner and Expression are almost essential; Yet I could not submit to an Indignity in my Person towards the Country I represent. I told him therefore  that I did not understand what he meant to say. My Countenance I believe spoke the Rest of my Sentiment and led him to say in Explanation that it was necessary for them to have some positive Engagement because otherwise they must make provision for the Service from another Source, and then he again exprest his Conviction that the United States would recognize them; and at any Rate would not disavow the Engagements which I might make. I told him that it was not proper for me (a Servant) to pretend to decide on what would be the Opinion of my Masters. That I should wait their Orders, and obey them when receiv\u2019d. That the present Government might collect my Sentiments from my Conduct. That I could not possibly take on me to judge Questions of such Magnitude. That I would do every thing I could with Propriety: and again repeated my Offer which they would not listen to, and I left them not a little displeasd if I may judge from Appearances by no Means equivocal.\nThe Dutch Embassador, who din\u2019d with me, told me that he had receiv\u2019d his Orders, and should ask for Passports this day. The British Embassador went off two Days ago and Mr. Lindsay their Minister intends going Tomorrow. He offers to take my Letters to Mr. Pinkney to whom I shall enclose this to be forwarded to you.\nLast Evening between ten and eleven I receivd a Visit from some Commissaires de Section who came in Consequence of a Denunciation made by some Blockhead or Rascal that I had Arms conceald in my House. I made them sensible of the Impropriety of their Conduct, told them that I had no Arms and that if I had they should not touch one of them. That in such Case they must apply to me thro their Minister of foreign Affairs and ask me to cede them. I insisted that the Man who had presum\u2019d to make this Denunciation should be seiz\u2019d, and then I would demonstrate the Falsehood that he might be punish\u2019d. The Scene finish\u2019d by Apologies on their Part. Last Night there was a general Visit and Search throughout the Town for Arms, and I presume for Persons also. It still continues. Between nine and ten the Commissary call\u2019d on me with many Apologies, and took a Note of my Reply, so that we met and parted good friends.\nYou will see by all this my dear Sir that I have sufficient Cause to take Offence and depart if I were so inclin\u2019d, but I will stay if possible so as to preserve to you the most perfect Liberty of Action. I do not indeed feel offended at what is done by the People, because they cannot be suppos\u2019d to understand the Law of Nations, and because they are in a State of Fury which is inconceivable and which leaves them liable to all Impressions and renders them capable of all Excesses. I shall endeavor nevertheless to preserve the proper Firmness and let what  will happen. I hope that tho my Friends should have Occasion to lament my Fate, they will never be oblig\u2019d to blush for my Conduct. I am ever my dear Sir very truly yours\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0313", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 31 August 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Aug. 31st. 1792.\nThis is the post of the English packet for New-York and agreeably to your desire I write to you by it as usual and forward you also such of the Leyden gazettes as have appeared since my last. You will find them replete with the affairs of France which absorb at present the whole attention of the public. In the last particularly you will find what relates to M. de la fayette\u2014the cause of his leaving France\u2014and his intention in so doing. He is now detained near Brussels and I have not been able to learn any thing further respecting him than what is contained in a letter he wrote me from thence by post on the 26th. inst. In it he says\u2014\u201cI could have found a high station in the new order of things, without even having meddled with the plot, but my feelings did not admit of such an idea. I raised an opposition to Jacobine tyranny\u2014but You know the weakness of our honn\u00eates gens. I was abandoned\u2014the army gave way to clubish acts. I had nothing left for me but to leave France.\u201d His wish was to have got to neutral ground. He requests me to go immediately to Brussels and to insist on seeing him\u2014adding that he is an American citizen, an American officer and no more in the French service. I have been pained and embarassed beyond expression by this application. It seemed to me however that there would be manifest impropriety in the measure he proposed for a variety of reasons and no probability of rendering him any service. The same motives which induced the Government of the Netherlands to consider him as a prisoner would probably have induced them to refuse my request to see him, and certainly any request I could make for his being allowed to quit their territory. The principle on which M. de la fayette may be considered as an American citizen is one that that government certainly would not acknowlege\u2014and no other would authorize me to ask for any thing respecting him, yet that there should be any request made by a person who has so nobly and so disinterestedly stood forward in whatever concerned the U.S. as M. de la fayette, with which it is impossible to comply cannot but be painful in the extreme. Taking it for granted however that it  will meet the approbation of government, I shall if required direct our bankers to advance him such sums of money as may be necessary to him personally for the moment. Although his letter gives no hint of this kind yet I cannot but suppose that his own resources being now cut off, he must have need of other assistance. I hope you will instruct me how to proceed on this occasion. Although it would be impossible to wait until I could hear from you, yet the less time I act without having particular orders from you the more agreeable it will be to me.\nSince the arrestation of M. de la fayette and his companions all the baser part of what is called genteel society, are open mouthed against him here. They affect to consider him as dangerous wherever he goes and to believe that his object here would have been to excite trouble\u2014some are stupid enough to believe it, but many say it without believing it\u2014on the whole I fear he would have had a disagreeable time if he had wished to remain long in this country\u2014perhaps even he would not have been allowed to have done it.\nAt the date of the last letters from Paris only one person had been tried before the new tribunal of blood erected there\u2014he was executed\u2014many others are expected to follow, and multiplied arrestations throughout the kingdom take place daily.\nIn the mean time preparations are going on every where for electing the national convention which is expected to assemble in Paris (unless prevented by the foreign troops) about the end of Septr. As far as any conjecture can be formed at present, they will if not interrupted from abroad, proceed to declare the King dechee, and then, he being no longer inviolable, go on to try, condemn and execute him. The Queen will in that case undergo the same fate.\nThis will be the situation of affairs at Paris if left to itself. It remains to be seen what the Duke of Brunswic will do in the mean time\u2014at this moment it is uncertain whether he intends marching immediately on Paris, as was supposed, or remaining first to take Metz, and other strong places on the frontiers\u2014a few days will solve this doubt\u2014in the latter case I see no possibility of the King\u2019s being saved, and it is possible the invaders or a part of them may be more indifferent about it, than has been generally imagined. So long as the present monarch is alive the allied powers can march but in one line\u2014but suppose him and the queen out of the way; and a variety of new combinations present themselves. One particularly which seems to me the most alarming for the rest of Europe I have not heard hinted by any body, and therefore I endeavour to treat it with myself as visionary\u2014a short time will shew what consideration it merits and I shall be happy  if I find my apprehensions, which indeed are as yet of the most vague kind, altogether without foundation. Taking it for granted however that France neither can of itself, or would be allowed by the other European powers to exist without a monarch\u2014and that the French would submit to any other as soon as one of the emigrant Princes (this is in the hypothesis of the present monarch and dauphin being out of the way)\u2014and considering that the Emperor would then be less personally interested than at present\u2014that there are other powers who having remained neuter, and being even in favor in the present domineering party\u2014and connected with the commander in chief of the allied armies who may have garrisoned the frontiers of France in the manner he may think proper, I own it seems to me these things may bring on a torrent of circumstances the force of which is perhaps not yet calculated by the parties themselves.\nThe most perfect harmony continues to subsist between the United Provinces and England with respect to French affairs. Their Ambassadors at Paris had orders to act together and uniformly. They are both recalled\u2014as yet we have not intelligence of Ld. Gower\u2019s having left Paris where he was waiting for passports\u2014he has probably left it before this. The two countries however repeat the assurances which they have hitherto given of a strict neutrality. Their High Mightinesses particularly, who had taken ad referendum, the invitation of the courts of Vienna and Berlin, have resolved on their answer thereto, the 17th. of this month. They decline accepting their invitation on grounds of the war being now commenced an adhesion to their invitation though in itself of a defensive nature would be offensive as to France. As this was after the King\u2019s suspension it shews that these provinces do not as yet intend to proceed further than merely to break off official communication with the present governors of France. This gives us also the measure of the intentions of England.\nThe treaty which has been for some time on the tapis between Prussia and Russia, was signed as I am informed on the 7th. inst. Its nature is not fully known but said to be calqu\u00e9 on that which subsisted between the late King and Russia. This measure seems to be without the participation of Austria, which power still continues however on an amicable footing of negotiation with the Empress, but in such a manner that if the courts of Berlin and Vienna were to be placed in opposition by any means, it is thought that the Empress would act with the first if she acted at all.\nShe has completed the business of Poland as far as military force can go. Her guarantee and her influence in that country will of course  revive. The report of the King of Poland\u2019s intending to abdicate is mere conjecture\u2014as appears from his letters to his minister here\u2014yet his place may be rendered so disagreeable as to become untenable, and his abdication would no doubt be agreeable both to the Empress and the chiefs of the confederation of Targowice, as it would put the one in the way of giving and the others in the way of a chance for receiving a crown.\nI took the liberty of formerly mentioning to you the inconvenience of being without a consul of the U.S. at Amsterdam and Rotterdam. I continue to feel it in every step I make in researches on the state of our commerce in this country. I take it for granted no person would come to reside there on purpose, but I should imagine persons resident would be found as well there as in the other European ports\u2014although I cannot say I know any one, no application having been made to me, except one from a friend of Ternant\u2019s at Amsterdam eighteen months ago, who I am told is by no means worthy of any place. Ternant then recommended him to me, but if he has not renewed the application, since his arrival in America, I suppose he has changed his opinion with respect to him.\nI have sent to you by the way of Amsterdam a collection of treaties for the last thirty years by Martens 3. v. 8vo.\u2014and also a valuable work by the same author on the Droit des gens moderne de l\u2019Europe, 2. v. 12o. They are both esteemed and seem to me such as you will find highly proper for your office. I take it for granted you have the collections which have been lately printed in England.\nI have not as yet had the honor of recieving any letter from you since those so often mentioned to you as having been brought to me to Paris by M. Morris. I have written to M. Pinckney on the subject of those I considered as lost. He leaves me no doubt on the subject, although he knows nothing of the route by which they were sent. Accept assurances of the attachment & respect with which I have the honor to remain, Dear Sir, your friend & servant\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0314", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 1 September 1792\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 1 Sepr. 1792\nI had the honor of writing you the 16 Ulto. by the Theoditia Capn. Lake.\nI now send you a few news papers which will give you some idea of the actual situation of this Country. Things are now pretty quiet. The Electors to chuse the members for the national convention are all nominated to proceed the 2d Inst. to the choice of Deputies to meet at Paris the 20th. to judge the King and revise the Constitution if necessary.\nThe Austrians have taken Longwy a french post on the frontiers, and are said to be advancing into the Country.\nThe Assignats have not suffered any depreciation from the late measures adopted by the National Assembly. At the exchange now on London they are worth 6d Strlg. \u214c Livre, and specie I believe is between 60 and 50 \u214c Ct. advance fluctuating; and from the prospect before us, I can form no idea how it will rule, or how matters will end.\nA proposition was made in the Assembly to arm thirty ships of the Line but rejected. There remains then only twelve sail equipped. I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedt. and most humble Servant\nJoseph Fenwick\nPlease to send the news papers after reading them to Mr. J. Mason, Geo. Town.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0316", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Syme, 2 September 1792\nFrom: Syme, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRockey Mills 2d Sepr. 1792.\nI duly received your Message by Doctor Currie, relative to My Horse Romeo, who is one of a pair, that Mrs. Syme and the Girls, are Very fond of, and who Carrys them to Richmond, Very comodiously, Indeed, 30 Miles upon Occasion, which makes them Unwilling to part with them; at all events, not to break the pair.\nI Have other Nags, that you shall see, either single, or together, that are Very Good, and will not break in, on those Hobby Horses of the Ladys, of which please Advise Me.\nWe are greatly Concern\u2019d, in this part of the World, to Hear of your retiring, from publick Business. Will it be impertinent, in an Old Freind, One that Has serv\u2019d with You, Both in peace and War, Reveres Your Virtues, and Wishes You to Stand forth, at this Crisis, and not to loose sight, of the Old Dominion, after Embarking in the present constitution, which I confess, always appear\u2019d Terrible to Me, to Sollicit Your Continuance, somewhat Longer, seeing We View the present time, as the Crisis of Our Affairs.\nMrs. Barclay is My next Door Neighbour, presents Her Most respectful Compliments to You, thanks you for your former Attention,  and Wishes you\u2019ll give me any intelligence you can of Mr. Barclay, or When He Will return, as she seldom gits Letters from Him. The Ladys Here, all Join in best Wishes, for Yourself and Family; Those of the Retreat, Mrs. Barclay\u2019s Seat unite in the Same, with Dear Sir Yours Most Sincerley\nJ. Syme", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0318", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Currie, 4 September 1792\nFrom: Currie, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond Sepr. 4th. 1792\nI came to Richmond by the way Of Colo. Symes, to whom I spoke in regard to Romeo, but Mrs. Syme has in fact the disposal of him. Her price for him and his match Rain Bow, is \u00a3100., and not less. Of course I said, no more, only wishing to purchase Romeo and they will not be sold separately. Colo. Syme told me he would write you and as he had several fine horses of hire Supposd he could accommodate you. I have examind, the Box, at Stevensons it is about 4 feet in height. The  address is His Excellency Thomas Jefferson, Paris and must be what you expected from Mr. Short. If you wish it sent up before you leave Virga., Ill endeavor to get an opportunity upon notice given me\u2014or in any other way, in which I can be serviceable to you here, it will afford me pleasure. This place is dull just now. As for news, you have them more regularly than I hear of them. Jerman Baker, is no more, whose death I regret much, on several Accounts among others his having sent repeatedly here from P.Burg desiring my attendance while I was absent. Mrs. Currie begs leave to join me in our warmest wishes to all our friends at Monticello. Adieu from Sir yr very Respectfull & Most Ob Servt\nJames Currie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0319", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Powhatan Bolling, 6 September 1792\nFrom: Bolling, Powhatan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLynchburg 6th. September 92.\nAlthough letters from a person unknown like me, to Men in your exalted station are generally fraught with publick matter, as the friend of a deceas\u2019d parent, give me leave to flatter myself you\u2019ll excuse the deviation of a Son, who owes you equal respect and Esteem; and who, presumeing on that alone, ventures to address you as such and call on your attentions.\nThat bright star which gave life and liberty to America, produc\u2019d a revolution here, and beam\u2019d its glorious rays successfully on France. There\u2014mounted to a blaze, a genial influence is reflected back so paramount to prejudice, that to participate the sufferings of those brave people, or share the smiles of their success has finally become the height of my ambition. Dureing our late struggle for independance, my Youth has often been lamented. Now\u2014when arriv\u2019d to a proper age, blest with a constitution capible of the fatigue, and above all, enraptur\u2019d with the prospect of signalizeing myself in so noble a cause: behold\u2014the great creditor of Our Country, presents an ample field to gratify each longing inclination, one only obsticle excepted; the Medium of some Friend to succeed in a country where custom expects it, and where a state of warfare may make it necessary.\nAs a stranger\u2014I have ventur\u2019d hard in addressing you with so much Freedom. But\u2014if you knew the time I have taken to reconcile its Quixotic features, Your answer would be ready and candid. Meanwhile, should you do me the Honor I\u2019ve express\u2019d, I shall leave my Country the ensueing Spring, with a resolution, not willingly to disgrace  it, and impress\u2019d with a becomeing degree of gratitude to You. I am, Dear Sir, with respect & esteem,\nP. Bolling\nP.S. Judge Fleming, informs me you advocated my Father as Executor of Edward Bolling Deceased in a Dispute between him and Mr. Archibald Bolling. That the arguments were drawn up Mr. Wythe, plaintiff and yourself for the Defendant on the examination of which Mr. Wythe retract\u2019d several demands brought forward by him at first. You will much oblige me by transmitting such information as you may find convenient and think necessary, the dispute still continuing on hand.\nPB", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0320", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Donald, 6 September 1792\nFrom: Donald, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGlasgow, 6th. September 1792\nI had much pleasure in receiving your letter of the 8th. June, and I beg you will accept of my thanks for the warm and Friendly introduction to Mr. Pinckney. I shall certainly wait upon that Gentleman as soon as I return to London. Your letter for Paris is forwarded, and the money for the watch will be duly paid, but I am sorry to inform you that the Bill of Exchange for \u00a337.10. Str. drawn by Count Andriani on Messrs. Battier & Co: Devonshire Square, has been noted for nonacceptance, and if not paid when due, will be returned you under protest. I am glad that the Books had been received. In Justice to our long acquaintance and Friendship, I shall expect that you will never apply to any other Person for any thing which you may want from this Country.\nThe Secretary to the Treasury was so polite as write me by the Pigou, and I have by this Packet taken the Liberty of troubling him again in money negotiations; but knowing him to be compleatly master of such subjects, I have just touched upon them.\nSeveral People here have been making enquiries after you, especially your Old Friend Mr. Alexr. McCaul whom you will remember in Richmond many years before the Revolution.\nYou will learn by this opportunity that the French have at last got clear of their monarchial Government. I am sorry to say that they do not appear capable of substituting any other in its place. At  least they have not yet shewn any signs of being skilful Legislators, most People in this Country are friendly to the Revolution, but they lament exceedingly the vindictive and sanguinary measures which have been adopted for the bringing it about. A few months will probably determine the Fate of France. I am with sincere esteem & respect My Dear Sir Your Faithful & obt.\nA Donald", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0321", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 6 September 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nCharleston Sepr: 6th: 1792.\nColl: Vanderhorst the late President of the Agricultural Society communicated to them your favour of the 11th: of last May; and they have directed me as the Chairman of their Committee of Correspondence to express to you the high sense they entertain of your very kind and polite attention in promoting the views of their institution. The four Casks of Olive Trees by the way of Baltimore arrived safe, and the plants are in good order. Of the Cask of Caper Plants only one plant was alive on its arrival; and that was then so weakly, and still continues to be so, that we doubt whether we shall be able to save it. On a former occasion when we received Olive Plants they were accompanied by a Box of Olive fruit preserved in Earth, but tho\u2019 great care was taken in sowing them in a variety of situations, not a single one vegetated. I am directed by the Society to inform you that they have resolved to adopt the Plan you were so good as to suggest to them of employing a common Labourer at Marseilles to raise plants, to go annually with them himself through the Canal of Languedoc to Bourdeaux, and to see them himself put on board a Vessell for Charleston with a quantity of the Olive fruit or Stones, and some Caper Plants, and then to return to Marseilles to renew his operations; and that they have directed the Sum you mention of Fifty Guineas to be annually appropriated to defray this expence. They gratefully accept your polite offer of setting the Plan into operation, and will be obliged to you to write to Mr. Cathalan our Consul at Marseilles for his good offices, and to inform me to whom and in what way Mr: Peter Smith our Treasurer had best make the requisite remittances.\nThe two last importation of Olive Plants are in a very flourishing situation, but we observe adhering to the bark of most of them, an  excrescence somewhat like Gall Nutts, but in shape longer, and in greater abundance, occasioned we suppose by the puncture of some Insect who chuses the Olive Plant as a Nest for its Eggs. If you could recommend to us a good Modern Treatise on the culture of the Olive Tree, it would tend to promote the increase of this plant here, as it might inform us of the best means of getting rid of this blemish, and instruct us in the best mode of raising Olive Trees. Some Olive Plants which were imported about fifty years ago from Lisbon have not this excrescence; and we have experienced since you have obligingly recommended to us the culture of Olive Trees, that they may be propagated with success by Suckers. We are now making some Experiments to ascertain whither they may not also be raised from layers and cuttings; with the event of which you shall be informed. I have the honour to be with great respect Your most obedt. hble Servt\nCharles Cotesworth Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0322", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 8 September 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 8 Sep. 1792. The unexpected delay of this vessel enables him to convey the following intelligence from Francisco Chiappe, who has just left here after a short visit. The outcome of the succession struggle in Morocco is still in doubt. Both Suliman and Ischem are poor, and Spain, content with the death of Muley Yezid, is disinclined to support either. It would be unwise of the United States to support one of the contenders lest it offend the other. Ischem, still at Morocco, took seventy hostages at Santa Cruz to insure compliance with his orders to close the port. Ben Asser avows his support for Ischem but appears indisposed to further bloodshed. Rachmani governs a district near Morocco named after himself. The person with the greatest influence over Ischem at present is Omar Ben Dandi, a former governor of Mogador noted for his moderation and justice. Ischem has no ships at his disposal. Suliman\u2019s presence in the field is uncertain. Two weeks ago a party of 300 horsemen sent by him to collect unpaid tribute from an interior province were beaten off by the Arabs. The English vice-consul at Larache had a dispute with the governor there and was ordered to be imprisoned in Fez. The frigates belonging to Suliman\u2019s late father are in a ruinous state. The fifteen galleys and half galleys Suliman ordered to be repaired at Tangier are thought not to be intended for cruising against the Christian powers. The boats lately purchased here belong to the captains who bought them and are to be used for mercantile purposes. Tahar Fenis lost popularity in Tangier by attaching himself to Slema and will probably have neither authority nor influence under Suliman or Ischem. Benothman, lately returned from Spain, is the person through whom access to Suliman must be gained. Chiappe plans to confine himself to the commercial line in Dar el Beida until Morocco is governed by  one sovereign. There is little chance of the Sharif family being put aside because of reverence for the descendants of Mahomet and lack of a suitable alternative. The people of Morocco respect the present contenders but are tired of war, and the winner will probably be \u201cpleased with a Continuation of friendship with the United States without making any Demands that will be exorbitant or unreasonable.\u201d The difficulty of procuring Christian pilots and the death of Sidi Mahomet prevented the sailing of two frigates which that Emperor had ordered to proceed to America. The presents prepared, \u201cexcept the liqueurs,\u201d are well calculated for their purpose, but it would be improper to offer \u201cany thing Spirituous\u201d to either of the princes unless requested. Chiappe believes that the Emperor will receive presents from a consul but will only renew the treaty with a minister. This difficulty \u201cmay be avoided by a Consul assuming the Character of a Minister.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0324", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 8 September 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 8th. Septr. 1792\nI avail myself of the opportunity offered by the Packet of forwarding to you such of the Leyden Gazettes as have been received since my  last by the Pigou. It would afford me satisfaction if I could furnish you with intelligence drawn from sources less remote from those which set the great political machine of Europe in motion, but the absence from London of every person from whom I could expect to derive information of this nature prevents me from obtaining even such as casual conversation might afford. Mr. Sayer of New York, formerly a banker of this City, who has been ruined as he tells me, on account of his exertions in the American cause and has still considerable sums due to him from the United States for services rendered, independant of other expectations from the same quarter, wished that for these reasons he should be appointed my secretary (if only nominally) whereby he would be entitled to the privilege of freedom from arrest and urged it as a protection due from the Minister of the United States to a man suffering on their account. As I did not consider the privilege in question intended for the purpose to which in this case it would have been applied, (supposing the merits and sufferings of Mr. Sayer to have been of a nature intitled to every exertion of the U.S. in his favor) I had no hesitation in declining to comply with his request and I only trouble you with this detail as a ground for desiring some information concerning this Gentleman and that in case an occasion should occur wherein I could with propriety render him service I may know how far as a public man he merits exertions in his favor.\nI am in hourly expectation of seeing Mr. Morris\u2019s Secretary from Paris by his return which will be immediate. I mean to transmit the papers I have in charge for him.\nIt gives me much uneasiness that I have not yet been able to take the necessary steps in the business for which your last Bills were sent, but I still hope to put it speedily in train.\nMr. Faden informs me that your map of South America will not be finished before the end of the year 1793. With sentiments of sincere esteem and respectful consideration I remain Dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble Servt.\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0325", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 8 September 1792\nFrom: Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAmsterdam 8 September 1792.\nYour ever esteemed favor of 9 June, has been forwarded to us thro\u2019 the Commissioners of the Federal City with a Letter addressed by them to Mr. Herm. Hend. Damen, relative to a number of German labouring People, Tradesmen &c. they wish to have dispatched to America.\nWe take the liberty to enclose open for Your Government, our answer to the Commissioners, begging You to transmit it to them, assuring You that we shall ever be happy in evincing our Sincere desire to comply with Your wishes and Recommendations all in our Power. We are respectfully Sir! Your most obedient humble Servants\nN & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0326", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 9 September 1792\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLisbon, 9 Sep. 1792. Since his last of 12 Aug. TJ has undoubtedly learned of the bloodshed in Paris, the provisional suspension of the King of France, the convocation of a new national convention on the 20th of this month, and the retreat of Poland to the old government. The Queen\u2019s condition has worsened after Dr. Willis\u2019s departure and the Princess of Brazil is believed to be pregnant. A letter from Church mentions that he has received unofficial news of his appointment as consul at Lisbon and will set out upon receipt of his commission. Unfortunately, Wingate has erroneously assured Church that,  according to information received from TJ, the Portuguese government allows the American consul 300 guineas per annum to make up for the inadequacy of consular fees.\n\u201cHaving just received certain intelligence that a negociation is secretly carrying on for establishing a commercial Treaty between Portugal and Naples, in which very great exclusive privileges are proposed to be granted to each; and particularly to the latter that of furnishing all the Wheat which shall be wanted for the use of the former: I asked an interview with the Secretary of State for foreign Affairs to converse on the subject. The Neapolitan Minister here is indefatigable in pressing the conclusion of the Treaty. And the new Portuguese Minister at Naples (who is Son to the Prime Minister of this Court) has interested himself in the success of it. To prevent, if possible, a measure so full of impolicy in general and injury to the U.S. in particular, I shall beg leave to be permitted to offer such temperate and firm arguments and remonstrances, as the nature of the case may seem to dictate and authorise.\u201d\nP.S. The captain of a vessel that left Havre de Grace eight days ago reports that Lafayette and several distinguished officers fled to England. But a vessel from Bordeaux brings news that Lafayette retired to Germany, and a third account has it that he was arrested by authority of the National Assembly. The gap in the Spanish and Portuguese newspapers is owing to their irregular arrival.\n16 Sep. 1792. It is now certain that Lafayette escaped to Liege and was then detained by the Austrians. \u201cIt is thought he must have lost his life from the madness of the prevalent party, had he continued in France.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0327", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Garland Jefferson, 9 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, John Garland\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGoochland September 9. 1792.\nI was taken a few days ago with the aigue, and fever. The first aigue was very slight, but was followed by a most violent fever. Yesterday my fever returned with such violence that I was almost delirious: it lasted all night, and I am at this time very much indisposed. I cou\u2019d scarcely trace before the fever, any vestiges of the aigue, which I have cause to fear is about to be changed into some more serious complaint. My indisposition renders it unnecessary to send for me at this time. But I should be very happy to see you before your return. I shall indeavour by recourse to the bark in due time, to prevent the ill consequences I fear; and I imagine as soon as I am well enough to ride, the air at Monticello would be of great service. I rejoice to hear that you are so soon to reside in Virgia: and that you may long enjoy health, and happiness, and promote the freedom, and prosperity of the country you have so long and effectually served is one of my  warmest wishes. While you live this country will never want a friend, nor the distressed a benefactor: oppression will ever find an opposer, and liberty a supporter. Pardon me if I may be deemed to have spoken too freely, since I am writing at a time when every tender sensation is more excited, and the heart is susceptible of a degree of softness of which at other times it is incapable. Mrs. Carr has been for some [time?] very unwell, and Miss Lucy has been very ill, and is not yet recovered. I shall be glad to know what I shall hereafter do with the books as I shall finish them: Mr. Samuel Carr intends before long to go to Williamsburg, and to compleat his study there. The gentleman with whom I board will shortly move, and it is doubtful whether I shall find a place of residence anywhere near Mrs. Carr, unless at a very sickly place, and I am too sensible of the value of health to wish that. Adieu my dear Sir, and believe me to be with the most sincere and grateful esteem Your most obt. and very Humble servant\nJno. G: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0328", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Needler Robinson, 9 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Robinson, Needler\nSir\nMonticello Sep. 9. 1792.\nOn the 27th. of Aug. I inclosed to Mr. Baker for you a letter from Dr. Witherspoon informing me of an ultimate arrangement taken for you respecting an aid in your school. As the death of Mr. Baker may delay the communication of it to you and it is interesting to you to see it, I thought it necessary to give you the present information. I am Sir Your very humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0329", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Stuart, 9 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stuart, Archibald\nDear Sir\nMonticello Sep. 9. 1792.\nI wrote you a long letter from Philadelphia early in the summer, which would not now have been worth recurring to, but that I therein asked the favor of you to sound Mr. Henry on the subject you had written to me on, to wit, the amendment of our constitution, and to find whether he would not approve of the specific amendments therein mentioned, in which case the business would be easy. If you have had any conversation with him on the subject, I will thank you for the result. As I propose to retire from my present office at the close of the ensuing session of Congress, and to fix myself once more at home I begin to feel a more immediate interest in getting the constitution of our country fixed, and in such a form as will ensure a somewhat greater certainty to our laws, liberty, and property, the first and last of which are now pretty much afloat, and the second not out of the reach of every enterprize. I set out for Philadelphia about the 20th. and would therefore be happy to hear from you before that. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your constant friend & servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0330", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 9 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMonticello Sep. 9. 1792.\nI received on the 2d. inst the letter of Aug. 23. which you did me the honor to write me; but the immediate return of our post, contrary to his custom, prevented my answer by that occasion. The proceedings of Spain mentioned in your letter are really of a complexion to excite uneasiness, and a suspicion that their friendly overtures about the Missisipi have been merely to lull us while they should be strengthening their holds on that river. Mr. Carmichael\u2019s silence has been long my astonishment: and however it might have justified something very different from a new appointment, yet the public interest certainly called for his junction with Mr. Short as it is impossible but that his knolege of the ground of negotiation of persons and characters, must be useful and even necessary to the success of the mission. That Spain and Gr.  Britain may understand one another on our frontiers is very possible; for however opposite their interests or dispositions may be in the affairs of Europe, yet while these do not call them into opposite action, they may concur as against us. I consider their keeping an agent in the Indian country as a circumstance which requires serious interference on our part: and I submit to your decision whether it does not furnish a proper occasion to us to send an additional instruction to Messrs. Carmichael and Short to insist on a mutual and formal stipulation to forbear employing agents or pensioning any persons within each others limits: and, if this be refused, to propose the contrary stipulation, to wit, that each party may freely keep agents within the Indian territories of the other, in which case we might soon sicken them of the license.\nI now take the liberty of proceeding to that part of your letter wherein you notice the internal dissentions which have taken place within our government, and their disagreeable effect on it\u2019s movements. That such dissentions have taken place is certain, and even among those who are nearest to you in the administration. To no one have they given deeper concern than myself; to no one equal mortification at being myself a part of them. Tho\u2019 I take to myself no more than my share of the general observations of your letter, yet I am so desirous ever that you should know the whole truth, and believe no more than the truth, that I am glad to seize every occasion of developing to you whatever I do or think relative to the government; and shall therefore ask permission to be more lengthy now than the occasion particularly calls for, or would otherwise perhaps justify.\nWhen I embarked in the government, it was with a determination to intermeddle not at all with the legislature, and as little as possible with my co-departments. The first and only instance of variance from the former part of my resolution, I was duped into by the Secretary of the treasury, and made a tool for forwarding his schemes, not then sufficiently understood by me; and of all the errors of my political life, this has occasioned me the deepest regret. It has ever been my purpose to explain this to you, when, from being actors on the scene, we shall have become uninterested spectators only. The second part of my resolution has been religiously observed with the war department; and as to that of the Treasury, has never been farther swerved from, than by the mere enunciation of my sentiments in conversation, and chiefly among those who, expressing the same sentiments, drew mine from me. If it has been supposed that I have ever intrigued among the members of the legislature to defeat the plans of the Secretary of the Treasury, it is contrary to all truth. As I never had the desire to influence  the members, so neither had I any other means than my friendships, which I valued too highly to risk by usurpations on their freedom of judgment, and the conscientious pursuit of their own sense of duty. That I have utterly, in my private conversations, disapproved of the system of the Secretary of the treasury, I acknolege and avow: and this was not merely a speculative difference. His system flowed from principles adverse to liberty, and was calculated to undermine and demolish the republic, by creating an influence of his department over the members of the legislature. I saw this influence actually produced, and it\u2019s first fruits to be the establishment of the great outlines of his project by the votes of the very persons who, having swallowed his bait were laying themselves out to profit by his plans: and that had these persons withdrawn, as those interested in a question ever should, the vote of the disinterested majority was clearly the reverse of what they made it. These were no longer the votes then of the representatives of the people, but of deserters from the rights and interests of the people: and it was impossible to consider their decisions, which had nothing in view but to enrich themselves, as the measures of the fair majority, which ought always to be respected.\u2014If what was actually doing begat uneasiness in those who wished for virtuous government, what was further proposed was not less threatening to the friends of the constitution. For, in a Report on the subject of manufactures, (still to be acted on) it was expressly assumed that the general government has a right to exercise all powers which may be for the general welfare, that is to say, all the legitimate powers of government: since no government has a legitimate right to do what is not for the welfare of the governed. There was indeed a sham-limitation of the universality of this power to cases where money is to be employed. But about what is it that money cannot be employed? Thus the object of these plans taken together is to draw all the powers of government into the hands of the general legislature, to establish means for corrupting a sufficient corps in that legislature to divide the honest votes and preponderate, by their own, the scale which suited, and to have that corps under the command of the Secretary of the Treasury for the purpose of subverting step by step the principles of the constitution, which he has so often declared to be a thing of nothing which must be changed. Such views might have justified something more than mere expressions of dissent, beyond which, nevertheless, I never went.\u2014Has abstinence from the department committed to me been equally observed by him? To say nothing of other interferences equally known, in the case of the two nations with which we have the most intimate connections, France and England, my system was to give some satisfactory distinctions to  the former, of little cost to us, in return for the solid advantages yeilded us by them; and to have met the English with some restrictions which might induce them to abate their severities against our commerce. I have always supposed this coincided with your sentiments. Yet the Secretary of the treasury, by his cabals with members of the legislature, and by high toned declamation on other occasions, has forced down his own system, which was exactly the reverse. He undertook, of his own authority, the conferences with the ministers of these two nations, and was, on every consultation, provided with some report of a conversation with the one or the other of them, adapted to his views. These views thus made to prevail, their execution fell of course to me; and I can safely appeal to you, who have seen all my letters and proceedings, whether I have not carried them into execution as sincerely as if they had been my own, tho\u2019 I ever considered them as inconsistent with the honor and interest of our country. That they have been inconsistent with our interest is but too fatally proved by the stab to our navigation given by the French.\u2014So that if the question be By whose fault is it that Colo. Hamilton and myself have not drawn together? the answer will depend on that to two other questions; Whose principles of administration best justify, by their purity, conscientious adherence? and Which of us has, notwithstanding, stepped farthest into the controul of the department of the other?\nTo this justification of opinions, expressed in the way of conversation, against the views of Colo. Hamilton, I beg leave to add some notice of his late charges against me in Fenno\u2019s gazette: for neither the stile, matter, nor venom of the pieces alluded to can leave a doubt of their author. Spelling my name and character at full length to the public, while he conceals his own under the signature of \u2018an American\u2019 he charges me 1. with having written letters from Europe to my friends to oppose the present constitution while depending. 2. with a desire of not paying the public debt. 3. with setting up a paper to decry and slander the government. 1. The first charge is most false. No man in the U.S., I suppose, approved of every tittle in the constitution: no one, I believe approved more of it than I did: and more of it was certainly disapproved by my accuser than by me, and of it\u2019s parts most vitally republican. Of this the few letters I wrote on the subject (not half a dozen I believe) will be a proof: and for my own satisfaction and justification, I must tax you with the reading of them when I return to where they are. You will there see that my objection to the constitution was that it wanted a bill of rights securing freedom of religion, freedom of the press, freedom from standing armies, trial by jury, and a constant Habeas corpus act. Colo.  Hamilton\u2019s was that it wanted a king and house of lords. The sense of America has approved my objection and added the bill of rights, not the king and lords. I also thought a longer term of service, insusceptible of renewal, would have made a President more independant. My country has thought otherwise, and I have acquiesced implicitly. He wished the general government should have power to make laws binding the states in all cases whatsoever. Our country has thought otherwise: has he acquiesced? Notwithstanding my wish for a bill of rights, my letters strongly urged the adoption of the constitution, by nine states at least, to secure the good it contained. I at first thought that the best method of securing the bill of rights would be for four states to hold off till such a bill should be agreed to. But the moment I saw Mr. Hancock\u2019s proposition to pass the constitution as it stood, and give perpetual instructions to the representatives of every state to insist on a bill of rights, I acknoleged the superiority of his plan, and advocated universal adoption. 2. The second charge is equally untrue. My whole correspondence while in France, and every word, letter, and act on the subject since my return, prove that no man is more ardently intent to see the public debt soon and sacredly paid off than I am. This exactly marks the difference between Colo. Hamilton\u2019s views and mine, that I would wish the debt paid tomorrow; he wishes it never to be paid, but always to be a thing wherewith to corrupt and manage the legislature. 3. I have never enquired what number of sons, relations and friends of Senators, representatives, printers or other useful partisans Colo. Hamilton has provided for among the hundred clerks of his department, the thousand excisemen, customhouse officers, loan officers &c. &c. &c. appointed by him, or at his nod, and spread over the Union; nor could ever have imagined that the man who has the shuffling of millions backwards and forwards from paper into money and money into paper, from Europe to America, and America to Europe, the dealing out of Treasury-secrets among his friends in what time and measure he pleases, and who never slips an occasion of making friends with his means, that such an one I say would have brought forward a charge against me for having appointed the poet Freneau translating clerk to my office, with a salary of 250. dollars a year. That fact stands thus. While the government was at New York I was applied to on behalf of Freneau to know if there was any place within my department to which he could be appointed. I answered there were but four clerkships, all of which I found full, and continued without any change. When we removed to Philadelphia, Mr. Pintard the translating clerk, did not chuse to remove with us. His office then became vacant. I was again applied to there for  Freneau, and had no hesitation to promise the clerkship for him. I cannot recollect whether it was at the same time, or afterwards, that I was told he had a thought of setting up a newspaper there. But whether then or afterwards, I considered it as a circumstance of some value, as it might enable me to do, what I had long wished to have done, that is, to have the material parts of the Leyden gazette brought under your eye and that of the public, in order to possess yourself and them of a juster view of the affairs of Europe than could be obtained from any other public source. This I had ineffectually attempted through the press of Mr. Fenno while in New York, selecting and translating passages myself at first, then having it done by Mr. Pintard the translating clerk. But they found their way too slowly into Mr. Fenno\u2019s papers. Mr. Bache essayed it for me in Philadelphia; but his being a dayly paper, did not circulate sufficiently in the other states. He even tried at my request, the plan of a weekly paper of recapitulation from his daily paper, in hopes that that might go into the other states, but in this too we failed. Freneau, as translating clerk, and the printer of a periodical paper likely to circulate thro\u2019 the states (uniting in one person the parts of Pintard and Fenno) revived my hopes that the thing could at length be affected. On the establishment of his paper therefore, I furnished him with the Leyden gazettes, with an expression of my wish that he would always translate and publish the material intelligence they contained; and have continued to furnish them from time to time, as regularly as I recieved them. But as to any other direction or indication of my wish how his press should be conducted, what sort of intelligence he should give, what essays encourage, I can protest in the presence of heaven, that I never did by myself, or any other, directly or indirectly, say a syllable, nor attempt any kind of influence. I can further protest, in the same awful presence, that I never did by myself or any other, directly or indirectly, write, dictate or procure any one sentence or sentiment to be inserted in his, or any other gazette, to which my name was not affixed, or that of my office.\u2014I surely need not except here a thing so foreign to the present subject as a little paragraph about our Algerine captives, which I put once into Fenno\u2019s paper.\u2014Freneau\u2019s proposition to publish a paper, having been about the time that the writings of Publicola, and the discourses on Davila had a good deal excited the public attention, I took for granted from Freneau\u2019s character, which had been marked as that of a good whig, that he would give free place to pieces written against the aristocratical and monarchical principles these papers had inculcated. This having been in my mind, it is likely enough I may have expressed it in conversation with others; tho\u2019 I do not recollect that I did. To Freneau I think I could not,  because I had still seen him but once, and that was at a public table, at breakfast, at Mrs. Elsworth\u2019s, as I passed thro\u2019 New York the last year. And I can safely declare that my expectations looked only to the chastisement of the aristocratical and monarchical writers, and not to any criticisms on the proceedings of the government. Colo. Hamilton can see no motive for any appointment but that of making a convenient partisan. But you Sir, who have recieved from me recommendations of a Rittenhouse, Barlow, Paine, will believe that talents and science are sufficient motives with me in appointments to which they are fitted: and that Freneau, as a man of genius, might find a preference in my eye to be a translating clerk, and make good title moreover to the little aids I could give him as the editor of a gazette, by procuring subscriptions to his paper, as I did, some, before it appeared, and as I have with pleasure done for the labours of other men of genius. I hold it to be one of the distinguishing excellencies of elective over hereditary successions, that the talents, which nature has provided in sufficient proportion, should be selected by the society for the government of their affairs, rather than that this should be transmitted through the loins of knaves and fools passing from the debauches of the table to those of the bed.\u2014Colo. Hamilton, alias \u2018Plain facts\u2019 says that Freneau\u2019s salary began before he resided in Philadelphia. I do not know what quibble he may have in reserve on the word \u2018residence.\u2019 He may mean to include under that idea the removal of his family; for I believe he removed, himself, before his family did, to Philadelphia. But no act of mine gave commencement to his salary before he so far took up his abode in Philadelphia as to be sufficiently in readiness for the duties of the office. As to the merits or demerits of his paper, they certainly concern me not. He and Fenno are rivals for the public favor. The one courts them by flattery, the other by censure: and I believe it will be admitted that the one has been as servile, as the other severe. But is not the dignity, and even decency of government committed, when one of it\u2019s principal ministers enlists himself as an anonymous writer or paragraphist for either the one or the other of them?\u2014No government ought to be without censors: and where the press is free, no one ever will. If virtuous, it need not fear the fair operation of attack and defence. Nature has given to man no other means of sifting out the truth either in religion, law, or politics. I think it as honorable to the government neither to know, nor notice, it\u2019s sycophants or censors, as it would be undignified and criminal to pamper the former and persecute the latter.\u2014So much for the past. A word now of the future. When I came into this office, it was with a resolution to retire from it as soon as I could with decency. It pretty early appeared to  me that the proper moment would be the first of those epochs at which the constitution seems to have contemplated a periodical change or renewal of the public servants. In this I was confirmed by your resolution respecting the same period; from which however I am happy in hoping you have departed. I look to that period with the longing of a wave-worn mariner, who has at length the land in view, and shall count the days and hours which still lie between me and it. In the mean while my main object will be to wind up the business of my office avoiding as much as possible all new enterprize. With the affairs of the legislature, as I never did intermeddle, so I certainly shall not now begin. I am more desirous to predispose every thing for the repose to which I am withdrawing, than expose it to be disturbed by newspaper contests. If these however cannot be avoided altogether, yet a regard for your quiet will be a sufficient motive for deferring it till I become merely a private citizen, when the propriety or impropriety of what I may say or do may fall on myself alone. I may then too avoid the charge of misapplying that time which now belonging to those who employ me, should be wholly devoted to their service. If my own justification, or the interests of the republic shall require it, I reserve to myself the right of then appealing to my country, subscribing my name to whatever I write, and using with freedom and truth the facts and names necessary to place the cause in it\u2019s just form before that tribunal. To a thorough disregard of the honors and emoluments of office, I join as great a value for the esteem of my countrymen; and conscious of having merited it by an integrity which cannot be reproached, and by an enthusiastic devotion to their rights and liberty, I will not suffer my retirement to be clouded by the slanders of a man whose history, from the moment at which history can stoop to notice him, is a tissue of machinations against the liberty of the country which has not only recieved and given him bread, but heaped it\u2019s honors on his head.\u2014Still however I repeat the hope that it will not be necessary to make such an appeal. Though little known to the people of America, I believe that, as far as I am known, it is not as an enemy to the Republic, nor an intriguer against it, nor a waster of it\u2019s revenue, nor prostitutor of it to the purposes of corruption, as the American represents me: and I confide that yourself are satisfied that, as to dissensions in the newspapers, not a syllable of them has ever proceeded from me; and that no cabals or intrigues of mine have produced those in the legislature; and I hope I may promise, both to you and myself, that none will recieve aliment from me during the short space I have to remain in office, which will find ample employment in closing the present business of the department.\u2014Observing that letters written  at Mount-Vernon on the Monday, and arriving at Richmond on the Wednesday, reach me on Saturday, I have now the honor to mention that the 22d instant will be the last of our post-days that I shall be here, and consequently that no letter from you after the 17th. will find me here. Soon after that I shall have the honor of receiving at Mount Vernon your orders for Philadelphia, and of there also delivering you the little matter which occurs to me as proper for the opening of Congress, exclusive of what has been recommended in former speeches and not yet acted on. In the mean time and ever I am with great and sincere affection & respect, dear Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0334", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel L. Hylton, 10 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hylton, Daniel L.\nDear Sir\nMonticello Sep. 10. 1792.\nYour favor of Aug. 20.-Sep. 1. never came to my hands till yesterday. I have been ever since pondering on the proposition that Elkhill shall not be resorted to unless the 83,000 acre in Greenbriar should prove deficient, and I find it totally inadmissible. For see how it will work. The 83,000 I suppose are in a great number of surveys, say for example 83. surveys. The mortgage will not hinder Mr. Banks from selling them in the mean time. He sells them to 83. different purchasers. Then the suit in Chancery to foreclose the equity of redemption and sell the lands must be against all these persons, and every one may use all the evasions of process which the Chancery allows, till we can get a decree against them all. Then the lands are to be sold under the decree and there will be 83. new purchasers, in the county of Greenbriar and consequently might as well be in the East Indies. And as long as any one of these can stave off the Chancery process for the money, so long Elkhill is to be untouched. Were it possible ever to get to the end of the process against the 83,000, I am then to have a second chase in Chancery against Elkhill. Thus you will perceive that this would be infinitely worse than to take a mortgage on Elkhill alone, because I could then get at it: and as to that on the 83,000 it would be nothing more to me than a barrier to keep me from getting at Elkhill. And as to it\u2019s value, I would really rather have a mortgage on a horse or a cow within the reach of process. I cannot consent therefore to put Elkhill out of my power. But to shorten the matter instead of asking a mortgage on another tract of equal value, I will take Dr. Taylor\u2019s own bonds for the money and a mortgage on Elkhill alone. Dr. Taylor may then countersecure himself for the 83,000 acres sold to Mr. Banks by a mortgage on that, or otherwise as he pleases. This is a matter between themselves. But the objections to leaving Elkhill in pledge prove that it is not expected the money will be paid, but that I shall resort to the mortgage lands for it. It is my business then to see that my way to them be clear and ready.\u2014As I set  out for Philadelphia within a fortnight I will trouble to obtain a decisive answer to the above proposition, a mortgage on Elkhill, and on other lands of equal value within the ordinary reach of justice, or else a mutual declaration that our treaty is dissolved, in order that I may seek another purchaser. I do not absolutely refuse the 83,000 acres in conjunction with Elkhill, provided I am free to resort to Elkhill in any stage of failure, but I should much rather, instead of the 83,000. have a single tract within the Chancellor\u2019s scope, or good personal security", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0335", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 10 September 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 10 September 1792\nMy last No. 9 was of the thirtieth Ultimo. The Object of this is merely to transmit a Letter forwarded to me by Mr. Cathalan who desires me to communicate the Scarcity to my Friends and at the same Time mentions that if I will encourage him thereto he will immediately set off to America to procure Wheat. My Answer of this Date is enclos\u2019d. By the first convenient Opportunity I shall write to you respecting the State of Things here, and I shall now send with this Letter the several Gazettes. We have had one Week of uncheck\u2019d Murders in which some thousands have perishd in this City. It began with between two and three hundred of the Clergy who had been shut up because they would not take the Oaths prescrib\u2019d by Law, and which they said was contrary to their Conscience. Thence these Executors of speedy Justice went to the Abbaye where the Persons were confind who were at Court on the tenth. These were dispatchd also and afterwards they visited the other Prisons. All those who were confin\u2019d either on the Accusation or Suspicion of Crimes were destroy\u2019d. Madame de Lamballe was (I believe) the only Woman kill\u2019d, and she was beheaded and embowelled, the Head and Entrails were paraded on pikes thro the Street and the Body dragged after them. They continued I am told at the Temple till the Queen look\u2019d out at this horrid Spectacle. Yesterday the Prisoners from Orleans were put to Death at Versailles. The Destruction began here about five in the Afternoon on Sunday the second Instant. A Guard had been sent a few Days since to make the Duke de la Rochefoucault Prisoner. He was on his Way to Paris, under their Escort, with his Wife and Mother when  he was taken out of his Carriage and killed. The Ladies were taken back to la roche guyonne where they are now in a State of Arrestation. Monsieur de Montmorin was among those slain at the Abbaye. You will recollect that a Petition was sign\u2019d by many Thousands to displace the Mayor on Account of his Conduct on the twentieth of June. The Signing of this Petition is considered as a sufficient Proof of the Crime of Feuillantisme and it was in Contemplation with some to put all those who were guilty of signing that Petition to Death. This Measure seems however to be suspended (for the present at least) but as there is no real Executive Authority, the Plan may be easily resum\u2019d should it suit the Views of those who enjoy the Confidence of that Part of the People who are now active. I am my dear Sir very sincerely yours\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0336", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Taylor, Jr., 10 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, George, Jr.\nDear Sir\nMonticello Sep. 10. 1792.\nI have duly received your favor of  and thank you for your interposition between Petit and Francis. What you have done and what you propose, is exactly what I would have wished. As I shall leave this place on the 24th. inst. for Philadelphia nothing which you send hither after you recieve this will find me here. Indeed what you will have sent the week before, may perhaps not be in time, but I shall lodge orders with the Postmaster in Richmond to send them back to Philadelphia, where they will arrive before me. I am with great esteem Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0341", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ferdinando Fairfax, 11 September 1792\nFrom: Fairfax, Ferdinando\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMount Eagle (near Alexa.) Septr. 11th. 92\nI have the pleasure to acquaint you, that the road which you propose travelling from Elk-run Church to Georgetown, is far from being impracticable to a carriage; and, if you can bear with the inconveniences of indifferent fare, long stages, a few hills, a few ruts, and not a few stones\u2014for the advantages of a more direct way, and a much shorter distance\u2014you will not be deterred from trying it. Having generally found people aukward at giving directions; tho\u2019 of roads immediately in their own neighborhood, and to save you the trouble of enquiry, I inclose you some general account of the part I travelled, which will, I think, prevent your mistaking the way. That part from Songster\u2019s to the Falls Church I did not travel; because I was satisfied from his account of it, as well as from other Circumstances, that it is a very good road, and frequently passed by Carriages, and because tho it is very direct to Geo. Town, \u2018tis some miles out of the way to this place. Hearing you express a desire of seeing Mr. Triplet\u2019s Survey of the road from Stevensburg, I send you also a copy of the several distances according to that Survey, and his observations on the Strait Line, which I obtained of Mr. Banks at Elk-run Church. Mr. Banks, being in a hurry when he drew off this copy (as he informed me) omitted the Stages beyond Gaines\u2019s Tavern; but Gaines told me that Triplet went from there to N. Gate, and thence down the Alexandria Road, to the crossing of the road from Songster\u2019s to the Falls Church; as you may also see by the Surveyor\u2019s Observations.\nI think it will be found, that the nearest (good) road, which can be  had from Elk-run Church to the City of Washington, will pass near the Occoquan Mills, and cross the New Gate road but a few miles above Alexa. For the whole distance from that Church, by Dumfries, to Alexa. is about 52 Miles\u2014and by Slaty-run Church and the Falls Church it is also 52 M: which proves that one is as far to the left as the other is to the right of the strait Line. Now by going from Songster\u2019s to Ravensworth instead of the Falls Church, the distance is 48 m; and if the road can be conducted still more to the right of Songster\u2019s it will save more ground. From the nature of the ground immediately westward of the Federal City the proposed Road, when opened, must of necessity incline either to George Town or Alexa. A Question, then, which arises, is, whether, in good Policy, it ought not rather to go near to the latter by Roads already cleared, than to the former? Since it will probably be some time before the road will be frequented to the Federal City, and, in the interim, the Trade, by way of the same, must go, either to Geo. Town or Alexandria. If at some future period, when Washington becomes a flourishing place, some alteration in the Road should be required, \u2018twill then be time enough to make it; and in the mean time, it will save expence to conduct the projected Road into one of the Roads already opened above Alexandria. But perhaps these Observations are out of place. I will therefore trespass no longer on your patience, but conclude with declaring, that if the little information respecting your Rout to Geo: Town can be of any Service, few Circumstances have afforded me greater satisfaction, than this opportunity of communicating it: next to which is that of having the Honor to subscribe myself With sentiments of the Most perfect Respect Sir, Your very hble. servant\nFerdinando Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0342", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 11 September 1792\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 11 Sepr. 1792\nI had the honor of addressing you the 1st. Inst. since I am without any advise from you.\nI have this day learnt the confirmation of the Decree I mentioned to you in my last relative to Tobacco. It was decreed the 6th. Inst.  that after the first day of October all Tobacco\u2019s that were subject to a duty of 18\u20b6\u201415s. \u214c Ct. should pay 10\u20b6 \u214c Ct. and such as paid 25\u20b6 \u214c Ct. duty should pay 12\u20b6. All other Tobacco of whatever Country should be admitted on paying a duty of 15\u20b6 \u214c quintal. Thus American Tobacco stands favored in the duty 5\u20b6 \u214c Ct. imported in french vessels, and 3\u20b6 Livres if imported in American bottoms direct from America.\nThe administrators of the Impost have given general orders to the Directors of the Customs Houses to admit no merchandize or productions whatever to the payment of the duties without a certificate of their origin. This Certificate must be from the french Consul in the Port of the expedition or in case there should be no Consul by a notary or Justice of the Peace.\nThis information is interesting to the Merchants throughout the United States.\nWe are quiet in this place, but I realy cannot say how they are in the northern and southern departments. The information we get is not much to be depended on. The prussian and Austrian forces have taken verdun and are advancing toward Paris. Great exertions are making to oppose them and I presume the french have not less than 400 thousand men now on foot tho\u2019 illy equipped and undisciplined. I have the honor to be Sir your most obd & Humble Servant\nJoseph Fenwick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0343", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Fleming, 11 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fleming, Robert\nSir\nMonticello Sep. 11. 1792.\nI recieved in Philadelphia your letter of June 8. but it was not in my power to answer it from thence, because all my papers and memorandums respecting my Law practice are here. I have now diligently examined these, and find that I was employed in May 1771. in the case of Leigh v. West, an action of debt on a bond removed by Habeas Corpus. None of my memorandum\u2019s shew whether I was ever  possessed of the bond, or, if I was, whether it was filed in court. They shew however that in Aug. 1774. I left this case with Mr. Randolph to finish and delivered to him whatever papers I possessed in it. I spoke to him in Philadelphia, and he seemed certain that Mr. Brown the clerk of the court, by recurring to some particular place, could give satisfactory information on the subject. Perhaps on applying to these gentlemen you may obtain the information you desire. My memory does not enable me to add a single fact to these here stated. I am Sir Your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0345", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 11 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nDear Madam\nMonticello Sep. 11. 1792.\nI have to acknolege the receipt of several letters from you. In consequence of them I wrote from Philadelphia in June last to Colo. N. Burwell to obtain the particular statement you desired. I now inclose you a letter from him written in consequence of it. The transmission of this letter has been greatly delayed by it\u2019s going to Philadelphia from which place I have been absent near two months. I am happy to be informed by Colo. Burwell that Mr. Paradise\u2019s stock has been sold advantageously, and that with this he expected to remit to your trustees about 1200\u00a3 sterl. and 30. hogsheads of tobacco. I hope that this with Norton\u2019s debt when recieved will make good all our calculations for your relief. I am a stranger to the number of negroes and quantity of land you possess. But I think it very possible that as negroes double in about 25. years, yours may by this time be too many for the lands. Whenever this is the case, they lessen instead of increasing the profits of an estate. I just throw out these hints for your consideration: as, if they are founded, the surplus negroes, by being sold might release you from the whole balance of your incumbrances and at the same time increase the amount of your profits. But this must depend on the question whether you have more slaves than can be advantageously employed on your lands. My daughters are well and desire their love to you. Be so good as to present my most friendly respects to Mr. Paradise and to be assured of the esteem & attachment of Dear Madam your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0346", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Hugh Rose, 11 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rose, Hugh\nDear Sir\nMonticello Sep. 11. 1792.\nI received at Philadelphia your much esteemed favor of May 15. and wrote you from thence a long letter in answer. The part of it respecting  your dispute with Colo. Jordan\u2019s representatives I shall await your orders in. I am now within a few days of returning to Philadelphia, but shall be at home again in March, never more to change my residence. Then and ever after I shall be always ready to do in this and every other matter what may prove my friendship and esteem for you. Very possibly I may take a trip to Bedford among the first moves after I come home, in which case I shall have the happiness of seeing you at your own house. Present my respectful compliments to Mrs. Rose and your brothers and be assured of the esteem with which I am Dear Sir Your sincere friend & hble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0347", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Rutledge, 11 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rutledge, Edward\nDear Sir\nMonticello Sep. 11. 1792.\nI received, during a visit to this place, a letter from Mr. H. Middleton asking some of introduction for him in Europe. As he does not specify the countries he means to visit, I have thought I could not do better than give him letters to our diplomatic gentlemen in Europe and desire them to procure him others for the particular countries he may fix on. The inclosed covers those letters, and at his desire I take the liberty of putting them under cover to you, and with pleasure embrace this, as every other occasion of repeating to you assurances of the sincere esteem and respect with which I am Dear Sir Your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0348", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 11 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wythe, George\nDear Sir\nMonticello Sep. 11. 1792.\nI have duly received your favors referring to me the size and execution of the seal for your court, and as I can best decide on this after a consultation with the artist and due enquiry from him, I refer it till my return to Philadelphia which will now be within about ten days.\u2014As I propose to return home to reside at the close of the next session of Congress I hope I shall then have opportunities of sometimes seeing you, and perhaps be able to induce you to see this part of our country.  In all times and places I shall ever be with the sincerest attachment Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0350", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Brown, 15 September 1792\nFrom: Brown, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond 15th Septr 1792\nI am favord with your letter of the 11th: \u214c Mr: Munro, by which Gentleman I now send you Fifty Dollars in Gold, you Might as well have made it 100 Dollars in case of Accidents.\nI note what you write on the Subject of your Crop of Tobacco which is pleasing. My letters from London as late as the 23d: July give me great hopes you will get a good price for your Tobacco. Messrs: Donald & Burton have uniformly urged their friends to Std: \u00bc or \u2153 d. of their Crops, which I beg leave to recommend to you. With Much Respect I am Dear Sir Your Obt. Hle. St\nJames Brown", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0352", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 15 September 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon Septr. 15th. 1792\nThis letter goes Express, to obtain the signature of the Secretary of State to the enclosed Proclamation. The reasons for sending it in this manner, are, to avoid the circuitous rout by Richmond, and the delay it might meet with by the Post, not having reached my hands until this morning, too late for the Mail of this day\u2014nor in time for any other before Tuesday next\u2014and because it is unknown to me, when one will set out from Richmond for Charlottesville.\nIf good is to result from the Proclamation, no time is to be lost in issueing of it; as the opposition, to what is called the Excise Law, in the Western Survey of the District of Pennsylvania, is become too open, violent and serious to be longer winked at by Government, with out prostrating it\u2019s authority, and involving the Executive in censurable inattention to the outrages which are threatened.\nI have no doubt but that the measure I am about to take, will be severely criticised; but I shall disregard any animadversions upon my conduct when I am called upon by the nature of my office, to discharge what I conceive to be a duty\u2014and none, in my opinion, is more important, than to carry the Laws of the United States into effect.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury; the Secretary of War and the Attorney General, concur in the expediency of the Proclamation; as forbearance seems to have produced no other effect than to spread the evil.\nI have scored a few words, which possibly may as well be omitted; and if, upon an attentive perusal of the draught, others should appear which you think might as well be expunged or altered; mark them in like manner with a pencil, and I will give due consideration thereto.\nYour note of the 27th. ulto. with the enclosures to Mr. Tayler, were forwarded in the manner you desired, by the first Post after they came  to my hands. With sincere & affectionate regard, I am Dear Sir, Your very hble Servt.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0353", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 16 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello Sep. 16. 1792.\nI inclose you a state of the case between Barrett and myself. You will be so good as to observe that it is not the money sued for that I care a rush about, but that I am anxious it should not be thought that I had put anybody to the trouble or delay of suing me for a just debt. Barrett, by suing me without having applied to me either personally or by letter, put it out of my power to propose to him an arbitration, or accomodation of any kind, which I should readily have done, tho\u2019  convinced in my conscience that the debt has been paid. When so much passion has been indulged on his part, I may be allowed a little also, and consequently to be willing to give him all the delay possible by continuances when practicable. I am Dear Sir Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0355", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, 17 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nMy Dear Sir\nMonticello, September 17, 1792.\nThe last post brought me your favor of the 26th of August; but it brought me at the same time so much business to be answered by return of post, and which did not admit of delay, that I was obliged to postpone the acknowledgment of yours. I thank you sincerely for what respects myself. Though I see the pen of the Secretary of the Treasury plainly in the attack on me, yet, since he has not chosen to put his name to it, I am not free to notice it as his. I have preserved through life a resolution, set in a very early part of it, never to write in a public paper without subscribing my name, and to engage openly an adversary who does not let himself be seen, is staking all against nothing. The indecency too of newspaper squabbling between two public ministers, besides my own sense of it, has drawn something like an injunction from another quarter. Every fact alleged under the signature of \u201can American\u201d as to myself is false, and can be proved so; and perhaps will be one day. But for the present, lying and scribbling must be free to those mean enough to deal in them, and in the dark. I should have been setting out to Philadelphia within a day or two, but the addition of a grandson and indisposition of my daughter will probably detain me here a week longer. My best respects to Mrs. Randolph, and am, with great and sincere esteem, dear Sir, your affectionate friend and servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0357", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Webb, 17 September 1792\nFrom: Webb, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nTuckahoe, 17th. Septr. 1792.\nYour favor respecting the Sale of Elk Hill I did not receive \u2018til yesterday evening. A few days before the receipt of your Letter I had concluded a bargain for a tract of Land near Richmond, and therefore have it not now in my power to purchase Elk Hill. I wish you an agreeable journey to Philadelphia, and am with great sincerity, your friend & Most Obedt. Servt.\nGeo. Webb", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0358", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. P. P. Derieux, [18 September 1792?]\nFrom: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Charlottesville], \u201cCe Mardi apr\u00e8s midi\u201d [18 Sep. 1792?]. He encloses a letter from Mme. Bellanger and the one received from Mr. Homassel. He also sends a new letter for Mr. Homassel which seems more concise and analogous to the subject than the one he delivered to TJ this morning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0360", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Vans Murray, 18 September 1792\nFrom: Vans Murray, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCambridge. Dorset. E. S. Maryland 18. Sep. 1792.\nThe inclosed little attempt to make a vocabulary of the language of the Nanticokes, may remind you of a circumstance, and promise of mine, which probably have escaped your memory. You gave me the printed list of words last spring. On the reverse of the printed side which is filled up is added a number of words which occured to me. The tribe has dwindled almost into extinction. It is still however possessed of five thousand acres of land which were reserved to them by the Assembly of Maryland in the first settlement of the Province. The little town where they live consists but of four genuine old  wigwams, thatched over with the bark of the Cedar\u2014very old\u2014and two framed houses\u2014in one of which lives the queen Mrs: Mulbery, relict of the Colonel who was the last Chief. They are not more than nine in number: The others of the tribe, which in this century was at least Five hundred in Number, having died or removed towards the Frontiers, generally to the Six nations\u2014perhaps by a comparison of The languages of them and of those a correspondence may be discovered. They went to the Senecas often. You will find they have no word for the personals he and she. They were much at a loss for all terms to express abstract ideas. It is a little surprising they had a word for Truth. They speak their language exclusively among themselves. A few years must totally extinguish the remains of this Tribe, and it will be owing to you Sir if a trace is left of their language.\nI have preferred the very list which I filled in a Wigwam to any neater copy and therefore have chosen that to transmit to you. I have the honour to be Dear Sir with great respect & attachment yr. mo. obt\nW. V. Murray", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0363", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 18 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMonticello Sep. 18. 1792. 2. aclock P.M.\nYour express is this moment arrived with the Proclamation on the proceedings against the laws for raising a revenue on distilled spirits, and I return it herein inclosed with my signature. I think if instead of the words \u2018to render laws dictated by weighty reasons of public exigency and policy as acceptable as possible\u2019 it stood \u2018to render the laws as acceptable as possible\u2019 it would be better. I see no other particular expressions which need alteration. I am sincerely sorry to learn that such proceedings have taken place: and I hope the proclamation will lead the persons concerned into a regular line of application which may end either in an amendment of the law, if it needs it, or in their conviction that it is right. If the situation of my daughter (who is in the straw) admits it, I purpose to set out about a week hence, and shall have the honour of taking your commands for Philadelphia. I  have now that of being with great & sincere respect & attachment, Dr. Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. The express is detained but about twenty minutes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0364", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maury, 19 September 1792\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLiverpool, 19 Sep. 1792. Acknowledging TJ\u2019s letter of 31 May 1792, he encloses the bond required by the Consular Act which he desires his brother Fontaine Maury and other friends to endorse for him. He has begun a correspondence with the American minister to London, but has not settled his account with him and will lay any disallowed expenses before TJ. He encloses the price current for this port, which remains closed to foreign wheat. The rise in wheat prices resulting from the rainy weather will probably cause the port to be opened sooner than expected. He encloses a petition from Mr. Domenico of Genoa, \u201ca Gentleman of Character and property worthy the Confidence he petitions for.\u201d Our vessels maintain their decided preference mentioned in former letters, and he expects their departures this year to exceed those of any preceding year.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0365", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 19 September 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 19 September 1792\nMy last was of the tenth Instant. I shall confine myself on the present Occasion to the transmitting Copies of my Correspondence with the Ministry on the Subject of the Conference mentiond to you in mine (No. 9) of the thirtieth of last Month. I transmit however Copy of what I wrote on the twentieth of August because the Answer of the eighth of this month would not be otherwise intelligible. I will not\n at present make any Comments on this Correspondence and I do not know whether I shall ever mention it again. I send you also as the best Means of communicating the State of this City and Kingdom the short but lively Picture drawn of them in the Assembly by Monsieur Masuyer on Saturday last the fifteenth instant and the Report made on Sunday Morning by Monsieur Roland Minister of the interior. I wish it were in my Power to communicate a more flattering Prospect than is held out by these Extracts. It gives me Pain to write and will I am sure give you pain to read the distressful State of a Country for which we have both a sincere Regard. All which I can do under present Circumstances is to be silent. Bad News have a Flight so rapid that I will not add to their Wings. I am my dear Sir very truly yours\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0366", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 19 September 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 19 Septr. 1792\nThis will be accompanied by dispatches received from Mr. Morris since the last Vessel sailed for Philadelphia, together with a continuation of the Gazettes &c. These will convey all the intelligence relating to the present busy scenes in Europe. In this Country every body of consequence is still out of London. I shall wait impatiently for instructions concerning the tenor of my conduct in consequence of the late revolution in France, and general directions which may meet any future occurrence of the like nature; for though I am only delegated to this Court I find matters relating to this question incidentally brought forward. With sentiments of perfect esteem & respect I remain Dear Sir Your faithful and obedient Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0367", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. P. P. Derieux, 20 September 1792\nFrom: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCharlottesville, 20 Sep. 1792. He sends a little memorandum concerning his merchandise in Philadelphia. He will be much obliged to have TJ sell them in the manner he judges most advantageous, and to try to obtain for him now or from the 1st to the 15th of November a sum of \u00a3150 Virginia currency, whether it be by a loan on the person charged with the merchandise or by an extraordinary discount on a merchant\u2019s note. Having his heart very much set on liquidating his commitments and setting up his business, he greatly desires that all the merchandise be sold as soon as possible so that he will be able to draw the total before Christmas. He even thinks a bank discount, be it double that ordinarily demanded, would be easily recovered here by the difference it would make in his present situation. If, however, none of the merchandise has been sold by 1 Nov., rather than sacrifice to obtain the \u00a3150, he would prefer to limit himself to the \u00a350 or \u00a360 which TJ could always, in extremity, obtain by public sale, for whatever would then be the sacrifice, he would be forced into it by this latter date.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0369", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Powhatan Bowling, 21 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bowling, Powhatan\nDear Sir\nMonticello Sep. 21. 1792.\nI am honored with yours of the 6th. instant, and cannot but applaud the motives which have led you to think of going to France. I wish I could say with sincerity that I expect the success of the trip to answer your wishes. But knowing something of the ground, and writing to one who has not been there, perhaps it is my duty to express my doubts of the subject. However should you continue your intention of going at any time, on receiving notice from you a little before, I will with pleasure write to the Marquis de la Fayette, to whom alone a letter can be requisite.\nI do not recollect to whom I delivered the papers and arguments in the case of Archibd. Bolling against your father. It is now I think 17. years ago. I should suppose I had delivered them to the executors. None of them remain in my hands, and scarcely a trace in my memory of the subject in dispute. A copy of my own arguments kept for my own use, is among the many losses I have sustained in my library during my absence in Europe. I wish it had been more in my power to have made you any useful communications on the subject; but it is not. I have the honor to be with great esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0370", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bowling Clark, 21 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clark, Bowling\nSir\nMonticello Sep. 21. 1792.\nThe following are the slaves which I have concluded to sell from Bedford, to wit.\nSam. Dilcey (daughter of Bess) born in 1769. Ambrose born in 1785. Hanah born in 1789. and Dinah born in 1791. forming one family.\nYork and Jame boy sons of old Will and Judy. The purchasers will have [to] be willing to receive the two old people for nothing, should they chuse to go with their sons. This as they please.\nJudy (Abbey\u2019s daughter) and Amy.\nFrank, Lunda\u2019s. Will, the one which has no wife in the estate. These being only 11. in number are not sufficient to make a sale by  themselves, and indeed I do not (while in public life) like to have my name annexed in the public papers to the sale of property. On consultation with Mr. Winston and Mr. Clay, we conclude it will be best to carry them to some other sale of slaves in that part of the country to be sold. Sam\u2019s family to be sold in one lot, the credit to be one year for half, and 2 years for the other half, with interest from the date. But if paid at the day of paiment the interest to be given up. For ready money allow 5. per cent discount. If the purchaser is substantial, take one substantial security with him in each bond. If he is not substantial himself require two good securities in each bond, to be bound jointly and severally. I have joined Mr. Winston and Mr. Clay in the power of attorney now inclosed to you, as their experience in business will render their advice and assistance useful.\nYou were observing when here that the sale of Peter had deprived you of your shoemaker but Jam[e?] Hubbard is a much better shoemaker than Peter: he always assisted in making the shoes here, and can certainly make those for the Bedford plantation. I mentioned to you my wish that you would tend hemp and cotton the next year sufficient to clothe the negroes. I think it will require 1000 hills of cotton for every working hand, and 2 or 3 acres of hemp for the whole. Mr. Clay tells me his negroes collect a good deal of white clover seed every year for sale, and could collect a great deal if desired. I wish you to get from them as much as they will get, and to sow it on your wheat about the last snow that falls in the spring. I cannot too earnestly recommend to you the substituting the culture of wheat instead of corn to as great a degree as the situation of the plantation will admit. Also to sort your tobacco for the London market as well as you can, and by all means to quicken it down to Richmond. Mr. Brown has expressed a desire to have one third of it stemmed: but this I leave altogether to your own discretion. I send you herewith some blank bonds for the sale of the negroes. When the sale is over, send the bonds by any safe conveyance to Mr. Randolph at this place keeping, for fear of accident, an exact list of them, naming the obligors, sum, day of paiment, and for which negroes they were given. I am Sir your humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0371", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Power of Attorney for Sale of Slaves, [21 September 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nEnclosurePower of Attorney for Sale of Slaves\nI Thomas Jefferson of Albemarle in Virginia do hereby constitute Edmund Winston and Charles Clay esquires and Bowling Clarke my attornies for the special purpose of selling, and conveying the following slaves to wit, Sam, Dilcey, Ambrose, Hanah and Dinah of one family, York Jameboy, Judy, Amy, Will and Frank, and taking paiment or obligations of paiment for the same: and I hereby ratify and confirm whatever acts relative to the premises shall be done by them, or any two of them, in like manner as if done by myself. In witness whereof I have hereto set my hand and seal this twenty first day of September 1792.\nWitness\nP. DeRieux\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0372", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Hallet, 21 September 1792\nFrom: Hallet, Stephen\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nGeorge town 21 7bre 1792.\nVous Serez Sans doute instruit de ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 decid\u00e9 ici au Sujet du Capitol, ou plustot, vous aurez Su par le president qu\u2019il n\u2019y a pas eu de Decision.\nJe m\u2019etois propos\u00e9 de vous rendre compte de ce qui est Venu a ma connoissance Sur ce Sujet, et de vous presenter l\u2019assurance de ma reconnoissance pour l\u2019inter\u00eat dont vous avez bien voulu m\u2019honorer, mais J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 forc\u00e9 de Differer ce devoir Jusqu\u2019a ce que Je Susse o\u00f9 vous faire parvenir ma lettre.\nMM. les Commissaires m\u2019ont appel\u00e9s ici pour faire quelques improvemens a mon plan; et pour n\u2019en point changer la forme il a fallu en augmenter considerablement les proportions. Les colonnes de Fordre ext\u00e9rieure Etoient de cinq pieds de diametre et par consequent de cinquante pieds d\u2019elevation. Cela cut \u00e9t\u00e9 magnifique mais on a paru craindre que l\u2019execution ne Soit trop Dispendieuse, et il n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 agre\u00e9, ni aucun de ceux qui etoient Sous Consideration, mais, J\u2019ai recu ordre de travailler a un nouveau projet dans le Sist\u00eame de celui que J\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous faire voir a Philadelphie l\u2019ann\u00e9e derniere. J\u2019aurois Souhaite qu\u2019on me laissat plus de libert\u00e9 pour la Composition  mais Je ne pouvois pretendre a plus de Confiance que Je n\u2019ai eu Occasion d\u2019en Justifier. Ce nouveau plan Sera re\u00e7u ou rejett\u00e9 apres avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 expos\u00e9 au jugement du Public qui Sera Sans doute nombreux ici le huit Octobre a cause de la Vente de terreins qui aura lieu a cette epoque.\nLe Pr\u00e9sident m\u2019a fait beaucoup de questions Sur mes etudes theoriques et pratique et a paru Souhaiter des preuves de ce qu\u2019il m\u2019a donn\u00e9 occasion de lui repondre. Je n\u2019avois pris aucune precautions a ce Sujet en quittant paris parce que J\u2019\u00e9tois connu de plusieurs personnes interess\u00e9es dans l\u2019etablissement pour lequel Je m\u2019etois destin\u00e9.\nMais J\u2019espere Monsieur que vous aurez une preuve en ma faveur et qui ne peut \u00eatre Suspecte, c\u2019est l\u2019Almanach Royal, edition de 1786 et Suivante. Vous y trouverez la preuve que J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 recu Architecte Jure-Expert de la 1re Colonne en 1785. Mais l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e Nationnale ayant compris ces offices dans les Suppressions Je me Suis trouv\u00e9 sans \u00e9tat, J\u2019en Suis venu Chercher un en Amerique, et Si Je pouvois le trouver dans cette affaire-ci il Seroit plus beau que Je n\u2019avois os\u00e9 me le promettre.\nVous Connoissez Monsieur mes relations a Philadelphie ou Je vis depuis pres de Deux ans. J\u2019ai vu habituellement Mr. Tellier, Col. Biddle, Mr. Cazanove, &c. De plus vous avez vu de mes ouvrages dans plusieurs occasions. Si Vous Croyez pouvoir hazarder quelques temoignages en ma faveur ils ne peuvent manquer d\u2019etre Decisifs. J\u2019ai L\u2019honneur d\u2019etre tres Respectueusement Monsieur Votre tres humble et obeissant Serviteur.\nStephen Hallet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0373", "content": "Title: Memorandums for Manoah Clarkson, [23 September 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clarkson, Manoah\nMemorandums for Mr. Clarkson\nThe butcher has furnished me his account of meat supplied from the time I came home which I leave with you. He has furnished 589\u00be \u2114 of beef, and about 202\u00bc \u2114 of mutton. He has already received one beef towards payment, and is to be paid the balance in beef in good order.\nEndeavor to agree with him about this.\nCredit Ben Calvard the amount of his account against Mr. Randolph, also some flooring plank\n   bond delivd to TMR.\n he has for me which he may make up 1756 feet, exclusive of the refuse. The balance will be due [on?] Jan. 18. and should be collected.\nCollect also the following sums.\n   put into Quarles\u2019 hands & \u00a35\u20133\u20134 pd.\nJohn Quarles\n for Robert Smith\nabout\n for Thos. Norris\nabout\nJohn Henderson\u2019s executors (I give you his acct.)\n   see note\nThomas Massey\n   has given his note\n (I give you his acct.) sue him if he does not pay immediately. Colo. Nicholas Lewis can prove he assumed to pay it.\nJoseph Mansfeild\n   put into Quarles hds & suit brot.\n (I give you his account) get him to give a note for his acct. and allow him reasonable time if necessary.\nSell the wheat, supposed 750. bushels for what you can get.\n \u2007\u2007All these articles will bring in about\nThe following paiments to be made.\n Necessaries for the negroes & plantations\n Mr. Randolph a balance of about \u00a366\u201316. deducting what we shall allow Calvert for him.\n the Sheriff of Albemarle (see his note)\n about\n Peter Marks for 2. backloads from Richmond. I found one horse and forage for the other three.\n David Wood. Whatever balance Mr. Lewis shall settle to be due to him. I guess it to be\nabout\n yourself for overlooking the 5. workmen\nFencing. Mend up the fences of the inclosure round the house, the orchard, and inclose the calf pasture Eastward of the spring.\nTend the next year two acres of hemp on east side the river, and 1000 cotton hills for every working hand.\nLewis, Johnny, King, Goliah and Dinah are to be withdrawn from the crop at the usual time.\nDavy and John are to come home as soon as their year is up with Calvert.\n[Jupi?]ter is not to be engaged out longer than till I come home.\n[The] following work is to be done for me by Abram., Phill, Jupiter, Lewis, Johnny, Davy and John. To wit.\nMake Phill bring in immediately with the oxcart the plank I have bought of Calvert, and lock it up in the shop, and what more he may saw.\n150. perch of stone are to be raised at the bottom of the park and brought up here by the oxcart. This must be done at such times as the oxcart is not wanting for bringing in the corn, or carting wood for Mr. Randolph. Jupiter, Abram. and Phill are to raise the stone, and while they are raising, Phill should be employed in bringing away all the large stone which will require more than one hand to lift it into the cart, leaving the small stone which he can load himself to be brought after Abram and Jupiter shall have finished raising, which they will do much faster than he can cart it. An iron crowbar must be provided, and some other tools. The sooner this carting is done the better, before the roads get miry.\n1000 bushels of limestone to be raised by Jupiter and such other of the above gang for a striker as can be best spared from time to time. This quantity will fill two pens 10 feet square and 6. feet high. Let them make the pens by the road side where the stone may be conveniently taken away, and throw the stone into them day by day as they raise it. This will enable you to judge of their progress. Tools and powder will be wanting for this.\nDavy must make 3. pair of wheels for wheelbarrows, such as I used to have formerly. The wheels 3. feet diameter. He is also to make the bodies with a pole, not handles. He may take some of the wheel stuff I bought of Gaines.\nThe sawyers are to get 9 stocks 9 feet long and 16. Inches square of the best poplar, clear of sap, and 3. stocks 11 feet long and 16. Inches square, and they are to split them with the saw thro\u2019 the middle, crosswise, into peices 8. Inches square. This to be done as soon as possible that they may be seasoned for window frames by the spring. Let t[hem] be hauled in as they are cut, and piled across one another [in] the shop.\nWhen the oxcart is not otherwise employed, let it be br[inging?] up good clean sand from the river side, fit for mortar.\nFive log houses are to be built at the places I have marked out, of chesnut logs, hewed on two sides and split with the saw, and dove tailed. Mr. Randolph will shew the places, and direct the kind of houses. They are to be covered and lofted with slabs from Mr. Henderson\u2019s. Racks and mangers in three of them for stables.\nThe hands on both sides of the river are to be joined and to cut wood in a convenient place for Mr. Randolph, small enough for Tom to put into his mule cart. Whenever the mule cart cannot bring it in, the oxcart must do it.\nMr. Randolph to be furnished from the plantations with corn, fodder, milchcows, wheat.\nMake out at Christmas a list of all the stock, distinguishing the cattle into calves, yearlings, 2 year olds, 3 year olds, cows and steers, the hogs into sows, fattening hogs, shoats, and pigs, the sheep into yews and wethers.\nIn selling the wheat, leave enough to last the house till next harvest.\nKing if well enough, Goliah, Mingo, Fanny and Dinah to be employed in grubbing the orchard, and other things as Mr. Randolph will direct.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0374", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Bell, 25 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bell, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Sep. 25. 1792.\n I have this day drawn an order on you in favor of Mr. Brown for \u00a315\u201318\u20139. I have also desired Mr. Lewis if he should receive a debt of \u00a310-14-5 from Lewis\u2019s and Meriwether\u2019s estates for which he is executor, to call on you for \u00a31-12 to make up a sum of \u00a312-6-4\u00bd due to Henry Guy, and if Guy should come in before Mr. Lewis receives the \u00a310-14-5 then to call on you for the whole \u00a312-6-4\u00bd and reimburse you from Lewis and Meriwether\u2019s estates when in cash. As this will certainly be done before I shall call for money from Philadelphia, I shall then value on you for the balance of \u00a330-4\u20149\u00bd with the \u00a36-6 for Freneau\u2019s papers and a conjectural sum for the hire of Mary from Jan. 1. 1787. having first however deducted the \u00a315- 18\u20149 and \u00a31\u201412 abovementioned and any sum I may be indebted to Hierom Gaines, which must be very small. I have now so nearly closed all my business as to be assured of setting out on Thursday morning without fail. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0377", "content": "Title: Receipt for Nicholas Lewis, 25 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lewis, Nicholas\nRecieved from Colo. Nicholas Lewis the books and papers relative to my affairs and his superintendance of them from 1783. to this day and I hereby give him a full acquittal and discharge thereof and of all  balances and demands on account of the same. Witness my hand the day and year above written.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0378", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Mullins, 25 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mullins, Henry\nSir\nMonticello Sep. 25. 1792.\nI have for some time been in treaty for the sale of Elkhill, however I have not yet accomplished it. In the mean time it is necessary some attention should be paid to the place, and as I shall not be fixed at home till next March so as to be able to do it myself, I must ask the favor of you. The present tenant I am told is to pay a proportion of the produce in rent. This therefore I must ask the favor of you to sell for me when paid, and have it delivered, and out of it to pay the sheriff\u2019s dues should I not sell the land, which I shall know within a short time and will give you notice of from Philadelphia. I should be glad to rent it again the next year on the same condition that there shall be no Indian corn made on it.\u2014When I come in in March I must ask your assistance to establish the payments to R. Anderson. I am Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0379", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Pope, 25 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pope, Nathaniel\nSir\nMonticello Sep. 25. 1792.\nMr. Carr informed me you either had or would soon have judgments in all the cases against Woodson & Lewis for me. Confirming therefore the orders I had given on you in favor of Donald Scott & co. and William & James Donald, I am to ask the favor of you to hold, subject to my further order, the balances which will remain in your hands after the above paiments, and for which I had given an order in favor of Mr. Dobson. As a more prompt paiment was necessary for him I was obliged to resort to prompter resources so as to accomodate him  before his departure. I must trouble you with the collection of the money by execution or otherwise, as I believe I before desired. When you shall have got judgments you will oblige me by informing me of the exact sums by a letter to be sent by post to me in Philadelphia. I shall be at home at our April District court and shall then be happy to see you. I am Sir Your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0380", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Syme, 26 September 1792\nFrom: Syme, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nVirginia, Rockey Mills 26th. Sepr. 1792.\nI am Honor\u2019d by the account of Yours, of 17th inst., being the Day, of Your departure from Us. I can bear Witness You never sought Places, but places sought you. These are the Men We want at present, and not Men to fill Offices, created for them. You Have sacrificd Much for Your Country, both at Home and abroad. You are not Yet too Old. To whom from the Southern States, shall We Look up. My Blood runs Cold as to the Northern people. I expect P. Henry \u2018e\u2019re long, in His Way, to the great and Mighty F\u0153deral Tribunal. As Lord Botetourt said, of the spirited Resolves of Our assembly, in support of Our Liberty, He augur\u2019d ill of their Effects. We augur ill, of the Judges from the North.\nIt would Have given Me Great Delight, that you Could Have Met together, before you left the State (being sensible your sentiments are the Same) either from the Chapter of Chances, or Otherwise.\nWe are Oblig\u2019d as to Mrs. Barclay. You Will please Write Me, which Will be the Same as to Herself, and My Waggoner shall Call Twice a Week, at the post Office Richmond. I dare say you may remember, as it Was in Your Neighbourhood, the Very great Quantity of Flour I furnish\u2019d for Burgoin\u2019s Troops, for which I am Yet unpaid. It has Well Nigh Ruin\u2019d Me. I some time since, laid a Memorial for the same, before Mr. Hamilton. Will you for the sake of Justice, an Old Friend, an Active Whig, who had (some say merit) at least suffer\u2019d much, in His property, During our late Conflict; Cast a glance over it, and be refer\u2019d to E. Randolph for particulars. Your Kindness for the Familys you Mention, rely on it, are Treasur\u2019d up in Grateful Hearts, which Concludes Me, with Every Sentiment of Difference, Esteem & Regard, My Dear Sir, Your Oblig\u2019d & obt. Servt.\nJ Syme", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0381", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 27 September 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 27th September 1792\nMy last (No. 11) was of the 19th., I therein transmitted Copies of my Correspondence with the Minister respecting the Subject of the Conversation mentiond in mine of the thirtieth of last Month, of which, as well as of those of the seventeenth and twenty second Copies are here enclosd. I think it is proper to mention to you now a Circumstance relating to that Conversation because it may explain Transactions connected therewith. I had good Reason to beleive that a private Speculation was at the Bottom of the Proposals made to me, and the extreme Urgency which was exhibited by one of the Conferees, who had been designated to me as concern\u2019d therein, tended not a little to confirm the Information I had receiv\u2019d. The Wrath excited by the Unwillingness on my Part to jump over all the Bounds of my Powers and Instructions, did by no Means lessen, but came in Support of the same Idea. Since that Period I have been askd by a Person who said he was offered a Bill drawn by the Government here on the Treasury of the United States, whether such Bill would be paid. I exprest my Surprize thereat, and was told that this Bill would be for the Sum decreed by the Assembly to be employd in purchasing Supplies for the Colony of St. Domingo. I observd thereon, that it seemd a strange Procedure either to sell or buy such a Bill: because the Vender could only employ the Money in America, and of Course need not risque a Draft; and the Purchaser, who must make the Expenditure thereof, could not I suppos\u2019d find his Account in the Transaction. This led to an Explanation. The Bill was to be paid for in Assignats at Par, six or nine Months hence, and the Produce was to be employ\u2019d in purchasing Manufactures suitable to the Colony in this Country. I told the Person who applied to me that I did not think this would be consider\u2019d in America as falling within the Decree, and that no good Reason could be assign\u2019d for paying under great Disadvantages in Philadelphia, what could be paid with great Advantage in Paris, when the Sum paid was not to be expended in the United States but in France. At length the true Object of this Application to me came out: I discover\u2019d that it was meerly a Scheme of Speculation to be carried  into Effect if I could be induc\u2019d to recommend the Payment, under what was known to be a favorite Idea with me, viz the expending in America what we owe to France; for the Support of the Colony of St. Domingo. As my Concurrence could not be hop\u2019d for, I beleive that the Plan is abandon\u2019d, but perhaps it is only abandon\u2019d in Appearance.\nI also take the Liberty to enclose the Extract of a Letter from Mr. Short respecting Monsieur de la fayette, with my Answer thereto. I understand that he was forwarded from Luxemburg (privately) on the Route to Vienna, and had got as far as Brisgaw several Days ago. I presume that his treatment will depend very much on the Success of the military Operations. If the allied Monarchs, finding themselves disappointed in their Expectations from the present Campaign, are oblig\u2019d to look forward to more extensive and more permanent Efforts, they will probably endeavor to gain one of the great Parties in this Country: and should they turn their Eyes towards the quatre vingt neufs or Feuillans they will naturally consider Monsieur de la fayette as the most fitting Instrument to be employ\u2019d. And he will, as naturally, desire to aid in the Establishment of the Party and the Principles which he considers as true Supporters of Liberty in this Country. For you will observe that in like Manner as the Cleric and aristocratic Parties considered the Assembly in 1789 as an Usurper, the Leaders of that Assembly affixd on the Jacobines the same Charge of Usurpation; and now the Leaders of the last Revolution, are charg\u2019d by some of their Brethren with Feuillantism. You will see by the Gazettes that there is the same Enmity between the present Cheifs which prevaild heretofore against those whom they considered as their common Enemies, and if either of the present Parties should get the better, they would probably again divide; for Party like Matter is divisible ad infinitum, because things which depend on human Opinion can never be tried by any common Standard. And not only is it unavoidable that there should be Differences among different Men, but it is even uncommon to find in the same Man, the same Sentiments, for a continued Length of Time, tho upon the same Subject, for either the Circumstances change or else the Man.\nYou will see that the King of Prussia has made some Overtures for Treaty which were not listened to. I consider the offer as a meer military Man\u0153uvre, because it is not possible that Treaty should succeed in the present Moment, and because Preparations are making for more vigorous Efforts the ensuing Campaign. I am told that both Sweden and Denmark have acceeded to the League, and that they count on the Assistance of Great Britain, should that become necessary. On this last Subject much may be said. Of the King\u2019s personal Opinions there  can be no Doubt, and I have some little Reason to beleive that, not only his Ministers, but the great Mass of Property and Interest in that Kingdom would readily embark in a Contest to crush Opinions which are considerd as fatal to the Peace and order of civil Society. And you know of how little Consequence it is, as to human Action, whether Opinions be or be not well founded. On the other Hand there is a Party in England not inconsiderable as to Numbers, and very important from the Activity of its Members, who joining to high Notions of civil Liberty some Mixture of the Enmities and Prejudices of particular Sects of Religion, aim at a Subversion of Monarchy Hierarchy and Aristocracy. But as any great Convulsion must necessarily overturn the stupenduous Fabric of national Credit which has been erected within this Century, there are among the Chieftains even of this Party, several who rather wish that the Battles for Freedom should be fought on french than english Ground. Yet these same Men, should it become necessary to take a decided Part, would range themselves (I think) under the Revolution Standard. But in this uncertain State of Men and Things, the Ministry have to fear from Inaction that the Principles of the Government will be sapped, and they have to fear a total Defeat, should they declare War without first securing the Aid of Opposition. This they have been laboring at for some Time, but with little Effect because there are two or three great Places desird by both Parties. Of these Intrigues however Mr. Pinkney will I doubt not give you ample Details, as they are closely connected with the Objects of his Mission. I have little Doubt but that a Junction or Coalition between these two Parties would enable the Government to act with all the Energy it could wish, and there seems to me to be a little Cause not much noticd, but of considerable Effect, which may lead them into a War. It is the legal Advantage to be gaind over those who, in supporting certain opinions, may in Case of War be brought under the Statute of Treasons, as adhering to the foreign Enemy.\nAn Opponent more dreadful than any of the Armies which can be sent against this Country, or any of the Parties by which it may be distracted, seems to be preparing his Vengeances. Famine is among the Things on which to calculate. The Crop in Sicily was short, that of the Southern Provinces (always insufficient) is much less than usual. The Supplies usually drawn from the Coast of Barbary, will (I am told) be totally cut off by those Powers, who in Consequence of the Affair of the tenth of August mean to break with this Country. The Grain Provinces on the North and East if not possess\u2019d by the Enemy will be totally exhausted by the two Armies, and Poland whose Granaries are shut up till the next Spring, will be engross\u2019d by the Enemy to  furnish his own Magazines. I consider it therefore as next to certain that the Want here will be very great during the ensuing Year; and as this must by the End of December become apparent to every Body, most other Resources will then be shut by the Hand of mercantile Speculation. Hence it would seem that our Merchants would act wisely in sending hither Cargoes of Flour, and I have but one Apprehension in recommending it, which is that (from the Laxity of Government) Property of that Sort may become precarious, when the Price has got so high as to oppress the Poor: and yet it must so rise, or else the Merchant will suffer, because the Exchange cutts off a great Proportion of what he receives.\nI submit, my dear Sir, to your better Judgment all these Ideas, perswaded that you will turn them to the best Account, and I pray you to beleive in that sincere Regard with which I am yours,\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0383", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Anderson, 28 September 1792\nFrom: Anderson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nParis 28 September 1792.\nBy the recommendation of Major Mountflorance I am induced to address you.\nI am a native of Charles town South Carolina, and not unknown to The Honble Mr. Bingham, Mr. Harrison, Mr. Hayfeild Connyingham, and many other Gentlemen in Philadelphia, and to whom I have already wrote, requesting of them to procure for me an appointment in France, under the government of the United States of America.\nI propose to remain in Paris this winter for the sole purpose of acquiring more of the French language than what I already know.\nI will candidly acknowledge Sir, that I have been unfortunate in the earlier part of my life in the commercial line, by the capture of the Island of St: Eustatius and other events, which I could not guard against, but I will be bold to declare, that my heart is uncorrupted: if then in your goodness Sir, you will deign to honor me with the smallest attendtion, I pledge my honor to you Sir and my country, that I will endeavour to merit any appointment which you may please to bestow upon me.\nI have never forfeited the protection of my country, which is very dear to me by any political act, and when I had the power I always gave proofs, that I merited the birthright of an American.\nI am known to Mr. Short and had the honor to dine three or four times with him, before that Gentleman left Paris for Holland.\nMr. Mountflorance will I flatter myself Sir, be able to give you satisfactory answers, to any enquiries which you may please to make. With the greatest Respect I have the honor to be, Sir Your most ob hble St.\nJames Anderson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0385", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 28 September 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Sep. 28. 1792\nThe affairs of France have continued to engross the whole attention of Europe as described to you in my last\u2014and as if the operations of the other parts of this quarter of the globe were suspended by them every thing elsewhere seems to remain stagnant.\nThe last accounts from Paris informed us only of the assembling of the convention\u2014their forming\u2014and discovering such symptoms as were expected by every body. We were waiting with infinite impatience for the arrival of the French post to day. It has not come in, which added to the situation of Paris when we last heard from thence, augments exceedingly the anxiety of all those who have the safety of the King and his family at heart. As their assassination, either with or without the forms of trial, seems the most probable as well as the most momentous event to be apprehended, it is that which first rushes on the mind of every one.\nI think it probable the communication between Paris and London will not be interrupted\u2014of course you will recieve by the English packet which carries this letter, intelligence from M. Morris as low down as yesterday, which is much later than we should have had even if the post had arrived to day. I am persuaded you will learn whatever has taken place of importance, from him, and also the probable issue of that aweful crisis.\nBesides the Leyden gazettes I enclose you the official part of that of Brussels. You will see in them the anxiety entertained with respect to the situation of the King and his family\u2014and the representations on that subject made by the Imperial and Neapolitan Ministers here and at London.\nWith respect to the doubts and fears expressed in my last nothing has since occurred either to augment or diminish them; at least as far as is known here.\nIt seems that an agent of the name of Noel was really sent to the British Ministry. The Imperial Envoy writes that he has returned to Paris having quitted London much dissatisfied with his reception from  Mr. Pitt. Some people augur a good deal from this circumstance-others nothing at all\u2014and say that such an agent at such a moment could not but have met with such a reception. And indeed whatever might be the intentions of any power with respect to French affairs, it is certain no one would commit itself by treating openly with an agent from thence at present sent by any man or body of men, since there is none that has force enough or consistency sufficient to insure any thing they might engage for\u2014so far from being certain of retaining their power; they cannot be of securing their lives\u2014those who are most popular one day are nearest the fury of the people the next.\nThe English Ambassador with those of his suite ostensibly employed by government left Paris some time ago and have arrived in London. The Dutch Ambassador who left it since arrived here four days ago. All the European powers as far as I know have ordered their ministers to leave the Kingdom. The Dutch Ambassador sollicited permission to be allowed on account of his extreme age to remain in France withdrawing himself from Paris; but their High Mightinesses refused it. The Minister of Parma on leaving Paris with a passeport from the present Minister of foreign affairs, was stopped by the people under the pretext of his not being able to produce the letter of his court recalling him, and carried to the bar of the assembly\u2014who sent him under the sauvegarde de la loi to his own house\u2014and the examination of the affair to the diplomatic committee.\nThe Marquis de la fayette and his three companions who were members of the assembly, remain in the Chateau de Wesel. I cannot doubt from what the Imperial Minister here has told me that it is the intention, should the King be restored, to deliver them up to him. Whether they would do it to his successor I cannot say, but suppose it infinitely probable if he should be one of his brothers. Nobody can question in that case that it would be adding to the violation of the most sacred right (which has been already committed with respect to these prisoners) the infamy of delivering up to be assassinated by his enemies an helpless individual, in the person of the Marquis de la fayette. I informed you in my last of the subject of my letters to Mr. Pinckney and Mr. Morris on the confinement of a person in whose fate every individual in America, I am persuaded, must feel himself interested. Their answers have only served to confirm me in the opinion I had given to the person he had sent here that there was no possible means of the American ministers interfering with the most distant hope of success. I have in private and inofficial conversations with the Imperial minister here endeavoured to find out what degree of importance his court attached to the Marquis\u2019s imprisonment and  it has been by no means encouraging for his friends\u2014as he said it depended altogether (as far as he in his private capacity could judge) on the importance which the King of France could be supposed to attach to having the Marquis in his possession when restored to his throne. He told me however he would write to Vienna and procure more precise information which he would communicate to me. There was of course nothing official either on one side or the other.\nI inclose you an advertisement which has been given me by the Envoy Extr. of several German princes here\u2014with a request that it should be published in Virginia. It explains itself\u2014but I fear the time too near expired for it to be of any service.\nI have not had the honor of recieving any letter from you since that which I have so often mentioned. I have that of remaining with perfect respect & attachment, Dear Sir, your most obedient humble servant\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0387", "content": "Title: Notes of a Conversation with George Mason, 30 September 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nGunston Hall. Sep. 30. 92. ex relatione G. Mason\nThe constitution as agreed to till fortnight before the convention rose was such a one as he could have set his hand and heart to. 1. The president was to be elected for 7. years, then ineligible for 7. more. 2. Rotation in the senate. 3. A vote of \u2154 in the legislature on particular subjects and expressly on that of navigation. The 3. new Engld. states were constantly with us in all questions (Rho. Isld. not there, and N. York seldom) so that it was these 3. states with the 5. Southern ones against Pennsva. Jersey and Delaware. With respect to the importation of slaves it was left to Congress. This disturbed the 2 Southernmost states who knew that Congress would immediately suppress the importation of slaves. Those 2 states therefore struck up a bargain with the 3. N. Engld. states. If they would join to admit slaves for some years, the 2 Southernmost states would join in changing the clause which required \u2154 of the legislature in any vote. It was done. These articles were changed accordingly, and from that moment the two S. states and the 3 Northern ones joined Pen. Jers. and Del. and made the majority 8. to 3. against us instead of 8. to 3. for us as it had been thro\u2019 the whole Convention. Under this coalition the great principles of the Constitution were changed in the last days of the Convention.\nAnecdote. Yates Lansing and Hamilton represented N.Y. Yates and Lansing never voted in one single instance with Ham. who was so much mortified at it that he went home. When the season for courts came on, Yates a judge and Lansing a lawyer went to attend their courts. Then Ham. returned.\nAnecdote. The constitution as agreed at first was that amendments night be proposed either by Congr. or the legislatures. A committee was appointed to digest and redraw. Gov. Morris and King were of the committee. One morning Gov. M. moved an instruction for certain alterations (not \u00bd the members yet come in) in a hurry and without understanding it was agreed to. The Committee reported so that Congr. should have the exclusive power of proposing amendments. G. Mason observed it on the report and opposed it. King denied the  construction. Mason demonstrated it, and asked the Committee by what authority they had varied what had been agreed. G. Morris then imprudently got up and said by authority of the convention and produced the blind instruction before mentioned which was unknown by \u00bd of the house and not till then understood by the other. They then restored it as it stood originally.\nHe said he considered Hamilton as having done us more injury than Gr. Britain and all her fleets and armies. That his (Mason\u2019s) plan of settling our debt would have been something in this way. He would have laid as much tax as could be paid without oppressing the people. Particularly he would have laid an impost of about the amount of the first laid by Congress, but somewhat different in several of it\u2019s articles. He would have suspended all application of it one year during which an office should have been open to register unalienated certificates. At the end of the year he would have appropriated his revenue 1st. to pay the civil list. 2. The interest of these certificates. 3 Instalments of the principal. 4. A surplus to buy up the alienated certificates still avoiding to make any other provision for these last. By the time the unalienated certificates should have been all paid, he supposed half the alienated ones would have been bought up at market. He would then have proceeded to redeem the residue of them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0388", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 1 Oct. 1792. Having nothing worth communicating from Barbary, he sends copies of his letters of this date to Geronimo and Joseph Chiappe. He wrote to the former at Tangier because Muley Suliman will probably arrive soon in Tetu\u00e1n, where he will meet the consuls and make inquiries about the United States. It would be unwise to offend Suliman because his three or four galleys at Tangier \u201cmight prove sufficient to exclude us from the streights and from this port.\u201d He wrote to Joseph Chiappe at Mogador in response to his assurance that Muley Ischem had expressed favorable dispositions toward the United States. Ischem\u2019s friendship is of less importance to the United States than Suliman\u2019s, though he does profit \u201cfrom the Duties we pay on the Exportation of Mules from Mogadore.\u201d Slema left the sanctuary and was defeated by troops sent by his brother Suliman to punish the inhabitants of Hyena for refusing to pay tribute. A reward is offered for Slema, and the eldest son of the late Emperor Yezid was reportedly killed while fighting in the action against Suliman. He hopes TJ\u2019s next letters will instruct him how to act \u201cunder all probable circumstances.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0389", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joel Barlow, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Barlow, Joel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 1 Oct. 1792\nI recieved your favour of the 20th. June by Mr. Pinckney, who appears to deserve all that you say of him as a true republican. I wish as much could be said in this respect of our minister at Paris. It is really unfortunate for our interest as well as for the cause of liberty in general, that he does not accord better with the principles which do and ought to govern the people of France.\nThat country is now taking the proper ground on which to establish a glorious republic, nor will it be in the power of all the combined despots to prevent it. I should have sailed for America before now, were it not for the interesting turn that the affairs of Europe have taken. But as I had nothing particular for the moment to do in America, and  it appeared that I might do some good by staying, I have delayed my departure much longer than I intended. I now send you another little Pamphlet, which appeared to me to stand a chance to do some good in France. It is already translated, as I suppose, and will probably be well recieved there.\nI now intend to sail in January. But I do not feel so sure of it as I did of sailing last spring. I have not given over the idea of attempting the American History, but it is not certain when I shall find leisure to do it.\nPaine will do much good in the National Convention, they seem now to be removing all the rubbish out of the way, in order to lay the proper foundation for a rational government. I am, dear Sir with great respect, your obet. Servt.\nJ. Barlow", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0390", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel L. Hylton, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Hylton, Daniel L.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNorfolk. Virga: Ocr. 1. 1792\nMy brother having just arrivd here, with his family from the Island of Jamaica, which country he has left forever and intends to become a resident in some part of the continent, at present a temporary one in Richmond, during the winter, on leaving the Island he disposd of his carriage and part of his furniture in full expectation he coud accomodate himself here immediately. As our carriage makers here, are Much higher for their work and the execution not so faithful, I beg leave to take the liberty to trouble you in employing one of the best workmen to make a plain neat and handsome coach, agreeable to the directions my particular friend Jno. Ricketts Esqr. will give, whose acquaintance I beg leave to introduce to your particular notice as a gentleman of family and merit. Every civility shewn him will confer an Obligation on Your Fd & St\nDanl. L. Hylton\nP.S. The Money will be remited immediately on hearing of its being ready to ship.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0391", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir\nGeorgetown Oct. 1. 1792.\nI called at Gunston hall. The proprietor just recovering from a dreadful attack of the cholic. He was perfectly communicative, but I could not in discretion let him talk as much as he was disposed. I proceeded to M. Vernon and had a full, free, and confidential conversation with the President. The particulars shall be communicated when I see you. He declares himself quite undecided about retiring, desirous to do so, yet not decided if strong motives against it exist. He thinks if he declares a month before the day of election it will be sufficient: consequently that he may make his declaration even after the meeting of Congress. Bishop Madison whom I met here is just stepping into the stage; therefore I can only add assurances of my sincere affection\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0392", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir\nBladensburg. Oct. 1. 1792.\nIn the line I scribbled to you from Georgetown to-day I omitted to inform you that I had unfortunately dropped your letter with some papers of my own in the road between Mount Vernon and Alexandria. Proper measures are taken to recover them.\u2014I have reflected on Govr. Lee\u2019s plan of opposing the Federal bank by setting up a state one, and find it not only inadequate, but objectionable highly, and unworthy of the Virginia assembly. I think they should not adopt such a milk and water measure, which rather recognises than prevents the planting among them a source of poison and corruption to sap their catholicism, and to annihilate that power, which is now one, by dividing it into two which shall counterbalance each other. The assembly should reason thus. The power of erecting banks and corporations was not given to the general government. It remains then with the state itself. For any person to recognise a foreign legislature in a case belonging to the state  itself, is an act of treason against the state, and whosoever shall do any act under colour of the authority of a foreign legislature whether by signing notes, issuing or passing them, acting as director, cashier or in any other office relating to it shall be adjudged guilty of high treason and suffer death accordingly, by the judgment of the state courts. This is the only opposition worthy of our state, and the only kind which can be effectual. If N. Carolina could be brought into a like measure, it would bring the General government to respect the counter-rights of the states. The example would probably be followed by some other states. I really wish that this or nothing should be done. A bank of opposition, while it is a recognition of the one opposed, will absolutely fail in Virginia. Adieu. Yours affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0393", "content": "Title: Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, 1 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nBladensbg. Oct. 1. This morning at Mt. Vernon I had the following conversation with the President. He opened it by expressing his regret at the resolution in which I appeared so fixed in the letter I had written him of retiring from public affairs. He said that he should be extremely sorry that I should do it as long as he was in office, and that he could not see where he should find another character to fill my office. That as yet he was quite undecided whether to retire in March or not. His inclinations led him strongly to do it. No body disliked more the ceremonies of his office, and he had not the least taste or  gratification in the execution of it\u2019s functions. That he was happy at home alone, and that his presence there was now peculiarly called for by the situation of Majr. Washington whom he thought irrecoverable and should he get well he would remove into another part of the country which might better agree with him. That he did not believe his presence necessary: that there were other characters who would do the business as well or better. Still however if his aid was thought necessary to save the cause to which he had devoted his life principally he would make the sacrifice of a longer continuance. That he therefore reserved himself for future decision, as his declaration would be in time if made a month before the day of election. He had desired Mr. Lear to find out from conversations, without appearing to make the enquiry, whether any other person would be desired by any body. He had informed him he judged from conversations that it was the universal desire he should continue, and the expectation that those who expressed a doubt of his continuance did it in the language of apprehension, and not of desire. But this, says he, is only from the North, it may be very different in the South. I thought this meant as an opening to me to say what was the sentiment in the South from which quarter I came. I told him that as far as I knew there was but one voice there which was for his continuance. That as to myself I had ever preferred the pursuits of private life to those of public, which had nothing in them agreeable to me. I explained to him the circumstances of the war which had first called me into public life, and those following the war which had called me from a retirement on which I had determined. That I had constantly kept my eye on my own home, and could no longer refrain from returning to it, to as to himself his presence was important, that he was the only man in the U.S. who possessed the confidence of the whole, that government was founded in opinion and confidence, and that the longer he remained, the stronger would become the habits of the people in submitting to the government and in thinking it a thing to be maintained. That there was no other person who would be thought any thing more than the head of a party.\u2014He then expressed his concern at the difference which he found to subsist between the Sec. of the Treasury and myself, of which he said he had not been aware. He knew indeed that there was a marked difference in our political sentiments, but he had never suspected it had gone so far in producing a personal difference, and he wished he could be the Mediator to put an end to it. That he thought it important to preserve the check of my opinions in the administration in order to keep things in their proper channel and prevent them from going too far. That as to the idea  of transforming this government into a monarchy he did not believe there were ten men in the U.S. whose opinions were worth attention who entertained such a thought. I told him there were many more than he imagined. I recalled to his memory a dispute at his own table a little before we left Philada., between Genl. Schuyler on one side and Pinkney and myself on the other, wherein the former maintained the position that hereditary descent was as likely to produce good magistrates as election. I told him that tho\u2019 the people were sound, there was a numerous sect who had monarchy in contemplation. That the Secy. of the Treasury was one of these. That I had heard him say that this constitution was a shilly shally thing of mere milk and water, which could not last, and was only good as a step to something better. That when we reflected that he had endeavored in the Convention to make an English constitution of it, and when failing in that we saw all his measures tending to bring it to the same thing it was natural for us to be jealous: and particular when we saw that these measures had established corruption in the legislature, where there was a squadron devoted to the nod of the treasury, doing whatever he had directed and ready to do what he should direct. That if the equilibrium of the three great bodies Legislative, Executive and Judiciary could be preserved, if the Legislature could be kept independant, I should never fear the result of such a government but that I could not but be uneasy when I saw that the Executive had swallowed up the legislative branch. He said that as to that interested spirit in the legislature, it was what could not be avoided in any government, unless we were to exclude particular descriptions of men, such as the holders of the funds from all office. I told him there was great difference between the little accidental schemes of self interest which would take place in every body of men and influence their votes, and a regular system for forming a corps of interested persons who should be steadily at the orders of the Treasury. He touched on the merits of the funding system, observed that [there] was a difference of opinion about it some thinking it very bad, others very good. That experience was the only criterion of right which he knew and this alone would decide which opinion was right. That for himself he had seen our affairs desperate and our credit lost, and that this was in a sudden and extraordinary degree raised to the highest pitch. I told him all that was ever necessary to establish our credit, was an efficient government and an honest one declaring it would sacredly pay our debts, laying taxes for this purpose and applying them to it. I avoided going further into the subject. He finished by another exhortation to me not to decide too positively on retirement, and here we were called to breakfast.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0394", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 1 October 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Oct: 1. 1792.\nUpon examining the Set of Buffon which you gave me in consequence of your kind offer to endeavor to procure in Paris the deficient volumes I find that the 15. des Oiseaux and the same of the Histoire\n[On verso:]\n Diary.\n Sept. 28.\nM.O.\n Large White frost. f.\n f. Looming most remarkable\n \u2007f. Horizon much obscured by vapor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0396", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 2 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh:J. to J.M.\nBaltimore Oct. 2. 1792.\nI wrote you twice yesterday. This is chiefly to cover the inclosed. On a sum of the poll last night at Annapolis and Baltimore (the only places of polling in Mercer\u2019s district) he was ahead of Thomas only about 25. votes in upwards of 400. The election was then to continue 3. days more. From every thing I can hear it is so doubtful that I would take up 100. to 99 either way. Thomas is a quaker, unaffected to our cause during the war, now a farmer and also factor for British merchants in the shipping business, of the purest character, and a man of letters, that is to say, a poet. Here is also a great contest between Smith and Ridgeley. The Baltimorians say Smith will carry it, but they wish it. The other is the man of the landed interest. Three days more will decide. Adieu.\nThe result of the poll here and in the county for to-day is this moment brought me. Out of 1500 polled, Smith has a majority of 450. and they pronounce that of the whole poll which it is thought will be about 3000. Smith will have 2000.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0398", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Martin, 4 October 1792\nFrom: Martin, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nState of North Carolina October 4th. 1792.\nIn my last I did myself the honor to write you an answer to your letter respecting supernumerary warrants from entries made in Armstrong\u2019s Office on lands lying south of French Broad river, between the waters of Tenassee and Pigeon rivers; I had not attended immediately (having the Cession Act then before me) to the Act of Assembly for opening the Land Office in the western Country, in which Act the above lands are reserved for the use of the Cherokee Indians. I take this opportunity to inform you, I am well satisfied with the claim the United States have to these lands since the treaty of Holsten, and though I had been cautious in executing grants for these lands, it was from a different principle, that the persons inhabiting the same might be intitled to their pre-emptions when an entry office should be opened for said lands as mentioned in the Cession Act. In order to deter persons from practising frauds on the Secretary and myself in future, which from artifice, and perhaps our inattention have been effected, and that the clauses of the entry office act may be more fully known, which reserved those lands for the Cherokee Indians I have issued a Proclamation, the copy of which you have enclosed, and which Governor Blount is requested to publish in the western Territory and that he take such measures he may think proper against the offenders who chiefly reside in his Government that the evil complained of be punished.\nI have to acknowledge the receipt of all the authenticated copies of the acts of the last Session of Congress which you have been pleased to transmit to me. I have the honor to be with very great esteem & respect, Sir, your most obedient huml. Servt.\nAlex: Martin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0399", "content": "Title: Paragraph for George Washington to Gouverneur Morris, 4 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nForeigners would suppose from some of our newspapers that there were inveterate political dissensions among us, and even that we were on the eve of dissolving the Union. Nothing is farther from the truth. The people are sensible of the blessings of the general government, and of the prosperous state of our affairs, nor could they be induced to any change. Under a government like ours, personal dislikes often assume the garb of public dissension. It is one of the evils to be set off against the innumerable blessings of a free press.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0400", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Th\u00e9ophile Cazenove, 5 October 1792\nFrom: Cazenove, Th\u00e9ophile\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNew York, 5 Oct. 1792. He transmits a letter to the President from Mr. Alta which he received from Messrs. Van Staphorst of Amsterdam, who assure him that Alta is highly esteemed in Holland for his agricultural knowledge.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0401", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Delamotte, 5 October 1792\nFrom: Delamotte\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHavre, 5 Oct. 1792. Today he received TJ\u2019s letter of 31 May and the enclosed compilation of laws passed by the first session of the second Congress. He will obey the consular law, arrange the required security with Morris, and confer the agent\u2019s commission in Dunkirk on Coffyn, who will be directed to provide TJ with the information he wishes about that port. Despite variations  in the public funds of the United States, no government\u2019s credit is more respected in Europe. The plentiful harvest of grain in the United States will allow France to make up for its shortage, but if necessary, this matter will have to be negotiated between the two governments because merchants dare not import grain lest the people accuse them of hoarding. The government will not apply to the United States until after the harvest it is gathering in the North is closed off. Since the prices are about the same, the advantages of prompt and safe shipment lie with the North. As of 1 Oct. the duty on tobacco on American ships has been reduced to 12 livres per hundred as compared to 10 for French ships, a difference that will not prevent an absolute preference for American shipping. There is no demand for tobacco because six months ago the government sold all of it from \u201cl\u2019ancienne ferme.\u201d The exchange rate of Paris on London is quoted at 18/4d. per 3 livres. The National Convention, which replaced the second legislative assembly about 26 Sep., has just abolished the monarchy and established a republican government.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0402", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 5 October 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 5th. October 1792\nA protest having been handed to me by our Consul at this Port made by Captain Smith the Master of an American Vessel, wherein he states that while lying in harbour at the Cape of good hope four of his men deserted and enterred on board a British man of war, the Captain of which not only detained them, alledging they were British Subjects, but by threats compelled him to pay them part of their wages due, and to give his obligation for the ballance, altho\u2019 the Act of Congress and Articles signed by the mariners in conformity thereto were shewn to him: and that the same Captain had also taken from his Vessel an American seaman under a similar pretext of his being a British subject, I took the earliest opportunity after lord Grenville\u2019s return to town to request an interview whereat I laid before him Captain Smiths protest, and requested that an enquiry might be made into the matter, and justice be done. His lordship told me he knew it had been a custom for the Captains of his Majesty\u2019s Navy to take British seamen, but did not know what the custom had been respecting their wages, but would make enquiries concerning it. I observed that whatever the custom might have been, it could not be used with propriety to shelter persons of any description from performing reasonable contracts voluntarily  entered into; but that there was peculiar hardship in extending the exercise of such a custom to our Vessels, as similarity of language and manners rendered it easy for Seamen to declare (which was all the proof that seemed necessary) that they belonged to whichever nation might suit their present inclination or convenience. This naturally offered an opportunity of leading the conversation to the subject of impressment (which was my principal object in that interview) of which measure I endeavored to shew the mischievous tendency, and proposed that regulations should be adopted which might prevent future inconvenience. Ld. Grenville said he had considered the subject during the time of the Spanish armament with a view to devise some means to obviate the difficulty, but the pressure of the occasion passing over, he had not lately turned his thoughts to it, but requested if I had that I would impart my ideas thereon to him by way of free conversation. I then proposed to him the plan which you suggested of letting the Vessels protect a certain number of men according to their tonnage, the quantum to be ascertained by a fair agreement founded on the usual computations. He said the obvious objection to this proposal was that in case of war with any other nation our vessels would afford such protection to their Seamen as would induce them to crowd into our Vessels to the manifest injury both of their royal navy and merchant service. I told him that the measure I had proposed appeared to me to be less exceptionable than any that had been suggested and that I did not doubt when we went more into the detail of the business the inconvenience he apprehended might be obviated. He said he would consider the business more fully and the result shoud be the subject of a future conference to take place at an early period. During this interview I also brought forward the case of Mr. Philip Wilson which the minister said he would enquire into and answer in a short time. Be pleased to observe, Sir, that in this as in all other accounts of conversations I only endeavor to give the purport of the material parts.\nI inclose the Leyden Gazettes received since my last, and a letter handed to me by Mr. Livingston Secretary to Mr. Morris, whom I have been expecting here since the middle of August; he arrived here three days ago and set off this morning on his return to Paris with the dispatches I brought for Mr. Morris from America. I have the honor to be with sentiments of high respect & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0403", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 5 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nWilmington. Oct. 5. 1792.\nWe arrived here safely last night, and without any accident on the road. We are pursuing our journey this morning to the city where we shall dine, but as the post will be set out before our arrival and a letter from hence will reach Monticello a week sooner than if written after our arrival in Philadelphia, I have thought it better to drop a line from hence. My anxiety to hear frequently from you, and of you all, makes reciprocity a duty in me, as it is also a pleasure at all times to assure you of the sincere regard and attachment of Dear Sir Yours affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0405", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Mary Gomain Hallet, [ca. 6 October 1792]\nFrom: Hallet, Mary Gomain\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nJe vous Supplie pardonner deccuser madresser a vous pour vous prillier de medonner des nouvelles de Mr. Hallet mon mary. Voisi quel que ten que je nen neresue de lettres et jensui inquiete. Deplus je vous demende la permisons de vous decrire laposisions dans laquel jesui depuis Son absenses. Le 5 ou les 6e aoux il partie dappres les hordres quil enresue de Mrs. les comisere. Je reste moi et 3 enfens a vec tres peut darjans que peu melese mon mariy. Depuis Son absense, je ne sesset detres malade. Unedes Suite hordinere dela posisons dans laqueljesuis car veullie apprendre que jesui Sur lepoin dacouche, Sequi me met tres inquiete. Deplus leproprietere dela maisons que jocuppe metourmente pour lui peillier monterme \u00e9chu le dernier a oux. Non Seullemen jenelepui peiller mais jenepui moi meme meprocurer les chose depremier nesessitee. Je menque de tout il fait unfroy horible a lacampajne mes enfens enson incomode et jenepui les Secourire. Veullie mepermettres Monsieur dinvocquer isi votre clemens envous prillien de macordere unleje Secoure Sur les honorer que vous  Soupsonnes pourons aitres acorde a mon mary. Permettez moi encoredevous demende Si vous croylie quil poura seficcez a jorjetonne dans Sequa je voudrois pouvoir li rejoindres pendens que jelepuis encore car dans lecouren dumois de novenbres jeneseret pas trensportables.\nDegne repondres atoute mes question et ne les pas trete dehardiese.\nDeigne jeter les eux Sur laposisons ou je metouve et Sur Selle ou je mesui trouve enfrense. Jesui fillie de feux Me. Gomain Greffe au parlemens deparis alie de Mr. Rolland presidans. Jeresue lameme educcasion que Mde. delafaliete avec laquel julonneur de reste 3 anne aucouven apres enaitres Sortie elle monora deson amitie et Sefut meme elle qui fut enpartie lacose denotre avenueicy. Je di denotre jai tore car elle et lemarqui de lafaliete medie derestere que javois unappartemens dans leur hotelle que mes enfen reseverois les mesoi que les leur enfens deleur presepteur et quil ferois ensorte que jemapersuse le moin posibles delabsense demon mary quil preparerois les lieux et que lorquil Serois enetat de meresevoire il mapelerois aupres delui, que lenploi quil alois avoire dans lacompagni du cioto nous rendrois Sou peut 2 mil cent derente, mais que Comme il faloi forme des ville &c. que jeprouverois des desagremens et quil les falois eviter. Je remercie endisen que lhonneur que lon moffroi meferois le plus grand plesire Si jelepartajois avec mon mary querien aumonde nemedeterminerois a lequite, quepartout jelesuiverois Seque jai fai. Je nemerepens pas et jedie meme que toute lapesn et lamiser quejai eprouve dans les peillie des Sovaje nesrien pour moi puis que jai conservez mes enfens et leur pere. A pardonnez moi mafebles Si Sen est une, en mepermetent devous dire que jamais nefut plus digne des Sentimens quajamais jeprouvere pour lui. Il est bon [quom?] bon mary et a toute les qualite quil faut pour Se merite lestime et les bonte detoute les personne qui veul bien prendres la pene de lejuge.\nJe memet a vos pie pour Sollisiterpour lui la continuasions de votreprotections. Jai lhonneur Detres avec respect Monsieur Votre tres humbles et tres obeisente Servente\nGomain Hallet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0406", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 6 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department October 6th. 1792\nBy an order of the Senate of the United States dated the 7th of May past of which copies are herewith transmitted, it is required of the Secretary of the Treasury to lay before them at their next session a  statement of the salaries, fees and emoluments, for one year ending the first of this month to be stated quarterly of every person holding any civil office or employment under the United States (except the Judges) and of the actual disbursements and expences in the discharge of their respective offices or employments for the same period.\nTo enable me to comply with the requisition of the Senate I have to request that you will be pleased to furnish me as soon as may be convenient with an account embracing the objects and stated in the manner and for the period before mentioned as it regards your office, and with similar accounts from the diplomatic and consular officers abroad as soon as it may be practicable. This however is of course submitted to your construction of the resolution. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your Obedt Servant\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0407", "content": "Title: John Sheppard to the Committee of the American Philosophical Society, [ca. 6 October 1792]\nFrom: Sheppard, John\nTo: Committee of the American Philosophical Society\nRespected Friends\nI receiv\u2019d through your Casper Wistar a Request to Communicate what Accrued to my Observation in regard to the Hessian fly. I have not been able to Collect much Information in regard to their Progress or ravages, by reason of their late Appearance among us, as we Saw nothing of them till late last spring. What I have made follows in Order.\nQu. 1st. This can be best answer\u2019d from the Eastward where they first Appeared.\n2d. have no remarks worth Communicating.\n3d. They have been seen up near the head of the Wheat but are mostly found near the ground, between the first and Second Joints where they Suck the Juice and weaken the Straw so that it falls but I believe it may be established as a Certain fact that they never injure the grain, nor Effect it in the least, and Consequently cannot be transported with it.\n4th. The Spring wheat was Injur\u2019d with us as much as any but no other grain, nor grass except the Timothy a little.\n5th. It seems most Injurious to wheat sown on a low wet Soil, its ravages appear much less in ground recently manur\u2019d.\n6th. No Species quite escaped, the yellow bearded least Injured.\n7th As near as I can ascertain they have traveled to the Southward about 20 miles a year.\n8th not any With us.\n9th. We have not had them long Enough to make any experiments.\nI am very Respectfully &c:\nJohn Sheppard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0409", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 7 October 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Oct: 7. 1792.\nYou are surprized no doubt that the letters which came to Charlottesville for you in the last mail of September, did not return to Richmond by the same post to be forwarded to Philada. I am much afraid that the detention may have caused you some trouble. The packet was sent up to Monto. improperly, by the postmaster as he must have been acquainted with your departure: it arrived when I was out, was put aside and forgotten untill the day after the mail-carrier had passed on his return from Staunton, when I was first informed of its being in the house.\nI am grieved to inform you of the recurrence of little Annes disease: the symptoms are somewhat different from those of the first attack, not so strongly indicative of worms, rather demonstrating a general debility of the Alimentary Canal. This variation does not diminish our uneasiness as such a weakness is apt to grow into a constitutional vice. With the same want of appetite, and excessive thirst she has more frequent vomitings and a much lower pulse, with discharges, at intervals not too short, of the little food she takes in a crude and wholly undigested state. Gilmer depends entirely on the Tincture of Bark and Black snake-root which I fear the constancy of her fever will prevent our giving in sufficient quantity.\nThe Dr. has just set out from here with Mrs. Gilmer for Castlehill. He is in good health and spirits again. Colo. Monroe began his journey on the 5. inst.\nI can give you no account of the effects of the frost at Poplar-forest but we may expect the worst as from what I can learn the destruction is general. I have some hope that the crop was forward there. The frost has been severe on this mountain, as high as the lower Roundaboutwalk: a few leaves of the sweet-potatoe have felt it in the Garden but it has been very slight as yet on the Summit. I am Sir your most aff. friend & hble Servt.\nTh: M. Randolph Jr.\nDiary\nM. at Sunrise or afew minutes after\nE.\nBetween 3 & 4.\nOct. 1.\n flying clouds. Rain with Th: & Light.\n47.f. Wind N.W. Frost.\nat 10 oClock at night.\nCalm.\n47.f. Severe frost\n55. Hazy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0410", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Remsen, 7 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Remsen, Henry\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 7. 1792.\nYou may remember that I troubled you with my letters of Mar. 18. to Messrs. Carmichael and Short, their instructions &c which you had written me word you could send to Amsterdam by a ship of Messrs. brothers Coster & co. which was to sail about the 21st. of March. By a letter from Mr. Short dated Amsterdam July 20. he had not yet recieved them, and being anxious on the subject had enquired of our bankers whether any ship from N.Y. to Amsterdam had been lost. They said that the Sion Capt. Oliver which had sailed from New York about the 9th. to the 15th. of March was still missing and apprehended to be lost: but no other was missing. I must trouble you to inform me particularly by what vessel and person these papers went, and to enquire whether and when the vessel is known to have arrived at Amsterdam, delivered her letters &c. If you can convey this information to me by the end of the week so that I may lay the matter before the President with all the certainty possible on his arrival I shall be much obliged to you. The importance of the case will I hope excuse the trouble I give you. I am with constant esteem & attachment Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0411", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 7 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon Oct. 7th. 1792\nThe enclosed were found in the Road by a Neighbour of mine and sent to me. A letter to Mr. Danl. Carroll was along with them, and was forwarded to the Post Office in Alexandria.\nTo releive your anxiety on Account of these Papers I forward, rather than be the bearer of them myself to Philadelphia. With sincerety and Affection, I am always Yrs.\nGo: W\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0412", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 8 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 8. 1792.\nThe bearer hereof Doctor Waters, a physician of this place, and citizen of the U.S. proposing to go into the South of France for his health, I take the liberty of recommending him to your attentions and services. He is the son in law of Mr. Rittenhouse who is the director of the mint of the U.S. and well known in the republic of letters. He is a man of science, worth, and discretion, and will therefore in every point of view merit any service you can render him.\u2014I am uninformed of the arrangements he takes for the regular supply of his expences, and I know that no arrangements can ensure against all accidents. Should any thing of this kind happen with him, and induce an application to you, I make myself responsible for his engagements to you, and for these and all other favors to him shall hold myself bound to you as if done to myself. I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0413", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fay, 8 October 1792\nFrom: Fay, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBennington 8th. October 1792\nI have taken the earliest care to collect a few of the maple seeds, which you will receive herewith by the post; should the soil of Virginia prove friendly you will soon be able to furnish the State, as they produce very spontaniously. Please to offer a few to Mr. Madison with my best respects. I also enclose a Small bunch to his Excellency the President which perhaps his curiosity will lead him to accept, if you will please to take the Trouble to offer them. This seed must be committed to the Earth as soon as convenient this fall, in some place where they will not be exposed to be devoured by fouls and squirrels. Please to accept the warmest wishes of Sir your friend & most Obedient Humble Servant.\nJoseph Fay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0414", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 8 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth\nSir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 8. 1792.\nI found on my return here three days ago your favor of Sep. 6. and am happy to learn from it that the Agricultural society has adopted the plan of employing a person at Marseilles to raise and send olive trees to them annually. Their success in S. Carolina cannot be doubted, and their value is great. Olive grounds in France rent higher by the acre than those of any other growth in the kindgom, which proves they yeild the greatest nett produce. Marseilles is the proper place for your nurseryman to be fixed because it is the neighborhood of the best olives; and Mr. Cathalan the properest person to whom we can commit the whole superintendance because he is our Consul, is concerned in our commerce, eager to extend it, is a good man, a wealthy one, and has offered his services repeatedly in this very business. He was brought up in a counting house in London, is connected there, and therefore I think that the most convenient place on which to enable him to draw for the expenditures. This may be either by an annual letter of credit to him on some house there for any sum not exceeding fifty guineas, or a standing letter of credit for that annual sum till your further orders. I would advise that he should never be suffered to be in advance for the society that there may be no motive for his being cool in the business. If you think proper to write to Mr. Cathalan merely to  open the correspondence with him, inclosing him a letter of credit and referring him to me for the mode of conducting the enterprize I will inclose it to him with proper instructions as to the mode. My reason for this caution is that from my knolege of circumstances and from what has already passed between him and me I can fix him at once to that moderate scale of expence which I know to be sufficient, and which he might transcend under the idea that this is a public enterprize, supported by powerful and wealthy gentlemen. A copy of my letter shall be sent to you so that you may make any alterations in the plan which may be agreeable to your ideas of the business, in the course of your future correspondence with Mr. Cathalan: and I shall at all future times be ready to do any thing further in my power to promote the object.\u2014I am happy that while I was in the olive country, I enquired for and procured the best book on the subject of the Olive tree, which I now deliver to Mr. Smith for the use of the society. I suspect that the excrescence on your olive trees described in your letter is what they call the leprosy, which prevails among these plants I believe in every country.\u2014I have the honour to be with great respect and esteem, Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0415", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Rawle, 8 October 1792\nFrom: Rawle, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nA prosecution having been commenced against Elihu Meeker a constable for serving process in the dwellinghouse of the Resident from the United Netherlands, I have to request you will give orders for furnishing me with the original receipt and any copy of process which may have been sent to your office in order to make use of them as evidence at the trial which probably will take place on friday next at York town\u2014for which place I am about to set off. I have the honor to be Sir your most obedt humble Servant\nW: Rawle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0417", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Gilmer, 9 October 1792\nFrom: Gilmer, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\n9 Octr 1792 Castlehill\nYour little Grand daughter after having recovered, has had some slight indisposition. I flatter myself will again be reinstald in perfect health; since your quiting us have been much indisposed but hope by persevering obstinately in a total abolition of that excess of the Ardent Spirits or any use of the Brownonian System shall be renewed in constitution. Mr. Everett comes to perfect himself in the Philadelphia schools. When leizure will permitt you\u2019l favor me with a line remembering that it will act as a more universal catholicon than any stimulus. With every sentiment of respect your Servant\nGeorge Gilmer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0418", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joshua Johnson, 9 October 1792\nFrom: Johnson, Joshua\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon 9 October 1792\nI received the honor of your favor of the 31st. May by Mr. Pinkney, together [with] the Laws of the last Session of Congress, and have  paid the greatest Attention to the one you refer to, Chapter 24, regulating the Consular Office; by this Act I find that Bond, with two Securities must be given within twelve Months from its date (14 April last) for the faithful discharge of a trust for which there is no Compensation made to the Appointed for his Labour or loss of time: considering this to be a direct violation of the Promise contained in your Letter of the 7th. August 1790, attending the Commission which the President honored me with, and which I hold binding on you, for the reimbursement of every Expence incurred on Account of the Public; I shall decline giving my Friends the trouble of being my Security, or executing any Bond myself, but will continue to execute the functions of my Office to the best of my Judgment; and for the benefit of my Country, until the President shall be pleased to appoint some other person to take my place.\nI have not yet exhibited my Accounts to Mr. Pinkney for Payment; I have still some Law Charges to get in; that shall however be done by or before the close of the Year and you shall be informed of the Arrangement. With this I transmit you the half Years Accounts of the inward and outward Entries of American Ships ending the 30th. June, in the most perfect manner in my power, but as the Act of Congress does not direct the Captains of Ships belonging to the U.S.A. to report and clear at the Consul\u2019s Office, full one half of them have since the commencement of the last half Year, neglected it; and as the Customs have in some Instances, refused us permission to take Copies from their Books, the Accounts hereafter must be very imperfect; add to which it has very much diminished the Dignity of the Office: I have thought it a Duty to mention this, that you may take it into Consideration, and if you think proper remedy the evil. I am delighted at the Accounts you give me of the prospect of a plentiful Harvest, the Surplus will prove a Blessing to Spain and France, who stand in great need of it, at the same time will make the Husbandman a generous Reward for his Industry and Labour; even the Harvest in this Country is much injured from the great Quantity of Rain that has fallen; and in many parts of the Kingdom it now lays rotting in the Fields, so that I incline to think that recourse must be had from hence to America for Supplies; few other Articles the Produce of our Country, are in Demand here.\nI cannot but complain of the hard treatment I have received from my Country, it is now two Years since I have appropriated my time, and been at a heavy Expence in her Service, during which you, Sir, must be sensible of the Services I have done my Country individually, and my Country generally. Yet so lightly has Congress considered them, that they have given me nothing, and what is still more mortifying  to a mind ever attached to the Honor and Prosperity of his Country, and governed by the strictest rectitude, to find not even a hint of Approbation; my Conscience tells me I deserve it. Hoping that the Office may never be filled with one less so I remain with the most perfect respect Sir Your most Obedient, and most Humble Servant\nJoshua Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0419", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 9 October 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nYour 3 favors from G. Town, Bladg. and Balte: have come safe to hand. The accident mentioned in the 2d. has caused no small anxiety; which would be much greater were it not hoped from your not waiting to repair it, that a safe train had been laid for the purpose, and particularly that the article had been put under seal. The possibility of its falling into base hands at the present crisis cannot be too carefully guarded against. I beg you to let me know its fate the moment it is in your power. Was my letter for Carroll and that for Beckley in your lost packet? I hear nothing more on the project of Govr. Lee. Your objections to it seem unanswerable. I see no probability however that the politics of the Session, will be saved from the random course to which they are exposed. Monroe left me the day before yesterday. He calculates on setting out from Fredg. about the 20 or 21. Adieu", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0420", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 9 October 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Oct. 9. 1792\nSince my last all communication has been cut off with France\u2014no post since then has arrived, and no person has recieved an express  from thence\u2014so that nothing is known of what the convention has done except what has leaked through the different chanels that are not absolutely blocked up. The little that is known you will find in the Leyden gazettes inclosed, to which I beg leave to refer you.\nIt is supposed that the post has been so long stopped, by the operations of the Austrian army in Flanders\u2014contrary winds have also prevented the English mail from arriving for the last ten days, which uncommon circumstance prevents intelligence being recieved from Paris, through that quarter.\nThe movements of their armies, being nearer the frontiers, are better known. The gazettes inclosed will inform you of the bombarding of Lille\u2014a report has circulated here to day of the Austrian army having retired from that place; I cannot say whether it is to be depended on. There being no official supplement published according to custom with the Brussels gazette, indicates at least no success having taken place.\nAnother report better authenticated which circulates here, and which is written from Brussels by the British Minister there to the Ambassador at this place, is that the combined armies have been obliged to make a retrograde movement\u2014supposed to proceed from the absolute want of provisions, a mortality which had taken place among their horses, and diseases among their men. If this is the case and that they should be forced to retire from France it will be attended probably with consequences of a serious nature for themselves, and place the contest in a very unexpected position.\nThe last accounts from Brussels before this were that the French army was so surrounded as to have asked to capitulate. This was so fully believed that the government of the low countries sent an express with it to their Minister here, who immediately announced it in such a public and official manner, as to have somewhat exposed that government, it being now certain that the details and circumstances as then related, and said to be received from the King of Prussia, were not true.\nOn the French side they state this offer of capitulation, as an overture of negotiation from the Duke of Brunswic\u2014a letter which I have just seen, being the copy of an extract of one from Genl. Dumourier at St. Manchoud\u2014to Genl. Biron at Strasburg\u2014affirms this to have been the case\u2014a truce had been agreed on, as he states it between his army and the Prussian army alone\u2014he adds \u201cLe Duc de Brunswic a tout gat\u00e9 en m\u2019envoyant une f_ _ _ plus de tr\u00eave, comme je vais le lui annoncer ce soir.\u201d This was the first of October. He adds that he had begun to oppose the enemy with an army of 17,000 men and that he  now had one of 100,000\u2014that the Duke of Brunswic had begun with 80,000\u2014of which he had already lost 25,000, and other gasconades of this kind, in his style\u2014although the details of his letter are certainly exagerated, yet they serve to shew that he is no longer in the difficult position in which he was not long before, and which gave rise to the intelligence mentioned from Brussels.\nThe account you will see in the Leyden supplement of to day, of the French having entered the Empire, may be relied on. They are also in possession of Savoy, where the people join them, and are for municipalizing their country. Should these dispositions pass the Alps and sieze the lower order of people, nothing will be able to prevent its ravaging all Italy, their force and numbers being out of all proportion with the people of property and the military\u2014and where in many parts, the military would probably join them.\nLord Auckland continues to remain here and follows with marks of the most anxious observation whatever relates to the French contest\u2014he will certainly leave this place as soon as it shall be settled, or its issue reduced to a certain calculation. Although a man really of talents by no means common, and enjoying every advantage here, he has not been more successful than in Spain in effectuating the treaty of commerce aimed at. A person who saw the skeleton of it as proposed, has told me that all the advantages were in favor of England, to such a degree, that nothing could have justified such ideas but the persuasion that English influence was here not to be resisted. The ad referendum of this government had probably been forgotten in their calculation\u2014and which gives them an advantage over all countries in avoiding what they do not wish to do; as has been observed by all the negotiators who have had any thing to do with them.\nM. Necker and Mounier have each published a valuable work on the French revolution. I don\u2019t doubt you will recieve them from Paris, which is the only reason I do not send them to you, considering them fully within the description of those you designated in your letter of Jany.\nThis letter will be delivered to you by M. Sterett whom I shall ask to repeat to you assurances of the sentiments of attachment & respect with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant\nW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0421", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ernst Frederick Walterstorff, 9 October 1792\nFrom: Walterstorff, Ernst Frederick, Baron von\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSt. Croix, 9 Oct. 1792. Although not once during his five years as governor has he troubled TJ with letters of introduction for visitors from the Danish West Indies, he makes an exception for his friend, Colonel von Rohr, a resident of St. Croix for upwards of thirty years who has served as \u201cChief Ingineer, Inspector General of the public Buildings and Surveyor.\u201d Rohr is deeply interested in natural history, and his botanical garden \u201cis hardly inferior to Dr. Anderson\u2019s at St. Vincents or to any in the french Islands.\u201d After studying the cultivation of cotton in the West Indies, the Spanish Main, and Cayenne and personally experimenting with it for five years, Rohr has now published a \u201csmall Treatise\u201d on the subject that \u201cdeserves to be the guide of every Cottonplanter.\u201d Having taken the lead in abolishing the slave trade, the king has established a new colony on the coast of Guinea near the Volta to promote civilization among the Negroes and the cultivation of West India produce, especially cotton. With the sudden death of the gentleman in charge of this successful colony, the king believes that Rohr would be the person best able to ensure its permanent prosperity. Even if Rohr fails to achieve the success he anticipates, he will undoubtedly \u201cincrease the treasures of natural history\u201d so that within a few years \u201cwe shall see many african plants flourish in our gardens.\u201d The voyage on which Rohr has embarked gives him a claim to the attention of everyone who \u201cwishes success to philanthropic undertakings and the extension of human knowledge,\u201d and he hopes that as a zealous promoter of the arts and sciences in America TJ will meet with Rohr and suggest objects of observation and enquiry. He asks that TJ gratify the colonel\u2019s wish to be presented to General Washington, a favor he will request for himself as soon as he receives a leave of absence to visit America.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0422", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Wilson Miles Cary, 10 October 1792\nFrom: Cary, Wilson Miles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nCeeleys October the 10. 1792.\nIt is now a long Time since I had the pleasure of either seeing you or hearing from you by Letters, \u2018tho I have been frequent in  my enquiries about you. My Son and his Family who are here viz 4 Children, and another expected, this Winter, is now labouring under the scarlet Fever or putrid sore throat, which has gone through his Family, I thank God, happily enough. The Doctor flatters us there is no danger. I have often thought it would not be amiss considering his complication of disorders, and my advanced Age, to solicit your favour and attention in the directing the Euducation of my Grand Sons, in Case any accident should happen to their Father. They will inherit genteel Estates for Virginia, and I could wish that their Educations might enable them to render some services to America, as well as honour to their connections.\nI am requested by a neighbour of mine Majr. George Wray, an indigent Gentleman, but of as amiable a Heart as I believe exists, to request your assistance with the Secretary of the Treasury or the proper Board, for the appointment of the Director of the Light House on Cape Henry in this State. His Friends are poor as well as himself, and very illy able to assist him. If you could in unison with your general Plan, contribute to this old Mans happiness, you would confer an act of charity I think on a proper Person. He is every way equal to the Office, and \u2018tho 60 years old healthy and of extreme sobriety. I must intreat your pardon for these freedoms\u2014particularly the last request. You know there is no refusing under certain circumstances, and yet I confess it is a business that I could wish seldom to engage in. Mrs. Cary, Your Niece and Wilson all join me in best wishes for your Health and happiness. I am my dear Sir Your Most Affectionate Friend & Sv.\nWilson-Miles Cary", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0424", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Delamotte, 10 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delamotte\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 10. 1792.\nHaving occasion for some books from Paris I have written the inclosed letter to my old bookseller, whose integrity has been fully tried with me, and I leave it open for your perusal. Having no person at Paris to whom I could order the books to be delivered, you will see that I have taken the liberty of directing him to send them to you, and have even made so free as to propose to make the payment pass thro\u2019 your hands. What I have therefore to ask of you is, to forward the inclosed to M. Frouill\u00e9 libraire Quai des Augustins, \u00e0 Paris, to receive and forward the books to me, to accept his draught (which will probably be something more or less than 15. Louis, for I do not know how much more of the Encyclopedie is come out) as soon as you know the amount of his bill, draw for it on my account on Messrs. Donald & Burton merchants of London to whom I now write to honour your draft. Let me ask the favor of you to send me with the box of books 50. lb. of Macaroni, an article for the table not to be had in America, and which I presume can be had at Havre, but certainly at Paris. Include the cost of the Macaroni in your draught on Donald & Burton. As I am about to transport my library to Virginia, be pleased to send the books &c. by some vessel to Richmond to the care of James Brown merchant there. If no conveyance offers for that place, Norfolk in Virginia is the next best port. I flatter myself you will pardon the liberty I have taken on this occasion, and even that you will permit me to do the same on any future one for the execution of the small matters of business I may have to do at Havre or Paris. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir your most obedt humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0425", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Fenwick, 10 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fenwick, Joseph\nSir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 10. 1792.\nHaving occasion for some of the best vin rouge [ordinaire] of Bordeaux, such as is drunk at the best tables there and costs about 400\u20b6  (old money of 10d sterl. the livre) per tonneau, permit me to ask the favor of you to send me 500 bottles of that quality, ready bottled in strong bottles and safely packed. That it may arrive before the warm weather of the ensuing spring, be so good as to send it by the first vessel, deliverable if possible at Richmond (to Mr. James Brown) because that will save expence and great risk; if no timely opportunity to Richmond, then the next best port would be Norfolk to the care of Colo. Thomas Newton, and next to that this place, from which I might reship it to Richmond. For the amount be pleased to draw on the house of Donald & Burton, Richmond, to whom I now write to honour your draft. There was formerly a balance with you against me of 143\u20139 if I remember rightly, which I have expected has been drawn for on Mr. Short. If not be pleased to comprehend it in your draught on Donald & Burton rating it in Sterling money according to the value of the livre when it became due. I have the honour to be with great esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0426", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Fran\u00e7ois Froull\u00e9, 10 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Froull\u00e9, Jean Fran\u00e7ois\nMonsieur\nAyant presque perdu l\u2019habitude de parler et d\u2019ecrire en Francois, il faut que vous ayez la bont\u00e9 de me permettre de vous ecrire en Anglois, et de vous la faire traduire.\u2014I resume with pleasure my correspondence with you as a bookseller, and from time to time shall probably trouble you. You recollect that you have furnished me with the Encyclopedie Methodique to the 38th. livraison inclusive. Be pleased now to send me the 39th. and subsequent livraisons. Having lost the 15th. vol. of Buffon Histoire naturelle, and also the 15th. vol. of his Oiseaux, be so good as to send me these two volumes. The former contains the Putois, Furet, Belette, hermine, ecurueil, rat, souris &c. The latter contains the Ibis, Courlis, vanneau, pluvier &c. My Histoire naturelle is the edition in 12mo. of Buffon and Daubenton in 31. vols, and the Oiseaux is also in 12mo. I have the two first vols. in 12mo. published by M. de Cepede. If any more has been published by him in that format, send it. Add the following books.\nAeschyli tragoediae. Gr. Sch\u00fctz. Halae Grebaveri. 1782. 8vo. I bought of Koenig at Strasburg the four first tragedies, which were all that were then printed. I want the remaining three to complete my set. To be stitched but not bound.\nLucian. Gr. Lat. Basileae. Sebastien Henri Petri. 4 vols. small 8vo. I want the 4th. only to complete my set: but if it cannot be had separately, send the whole.\nDiodorus Siculus. ab Obsopoeo Gr. Colon. 1539. 4to. This edition or any smaller one which is compleat either in Greek alone or Gr. and Lat.\nTheologie Politique de Spinoza. In Latin or French.\nHistoire critique de Jesus Christ. Attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 Mirabeau.\nLes epitres familieres de Ciceron en latin et Fran\u00e7ois, par l\u2019Abb\u00e9 Prevost. 5. vols in 12mo.\nLettres de Ciceron \u00e0 Atticus. Lat. et Franc. par Montgault. 6. vols. 12mo.\nLettres de Ciceron \u00e0 Brutus. Lat. et Franc. par Prevost. in 12mo.\nMontucla. Histoire des Mathematiques.\nConnaissance des tems. 1791. 1792. &c. as far as published. Bound.\nLet these books be very securely packed against wet, and send them to Mr. de la Motte of the house of Le Mesurier & la Motte at Havre, who is my correspondent, and draw on him for the amount, payable at so many days sight as will enable him to redraw on London, according to the directions I give him.\nI hear with great sorrow of the difficulties your country experiences in the settlement of it\u2019s government. I hope you have not personally incurred any misfortunes on the occasion and beg leave to assure you that I am with constant sentiments of great esteem Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0427", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Remsen, 10 October 1792\nFrom: Remsen, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York October 10th. 1792\nI had the honor to receive your favor of the 7th. this afternoon, and am happy to find you are returned in good health to Philadelphia, which was announced in one of our papers of this day.\nThe dispatches made up in February for Mr. Short I sent to Messrs.  Brothers, Coster & Co. to go in their vessel, the Brig Sion, bound to Amsterdam. There were a number of packages, and they contained, besides your letters, Laws, journals newspapers &c. A minute of their contents and of their having been sent I left, with other memorandums, with Mr. Taylor. The enclosed letter from Messrs. Brother & Coster will shew that they safely reached their hands. After I came here, by your permission in March, I received several packages directed to Mr. Short, accompanied with your favor of 18th. March, which packages I myself delivered to Messrs. Brothers, Coster & Co. to go with the others, and I believe in answering your letter, I mentioned they arrived just in time as the vessel was to sail the next day.\nMessrs. Brothers, Coster & Co. inform me that all these letters, together with some of Mr. LeRoy and other gentlemen, were carefully put up in a bag, and delivered with the usual directions to the Captain of the Sion, who sailed between the 22d. and 26th. of March, that in a severe gale of wind she sprung a leak, and the Captain finding she could not be kept from sinking, went with his crew on board an English vessel which fortunately appeared after she had 7 feet of water in the hold, taking with him the bag containing the letters, soon after which the Sion sunk, that the Vessel which took these unfortunate people on board was bound to Newfoundland, and arrived there in safety, from whence the Captain of the Sion informs his owners, in a letter dated in April, that he purposes sending the bag of letters to Amsterdam by any vessel bound thither, or by the way of London.\nMessrs. Brothers, Coster & Co. say further, that they have had no advices of the receipt of their own letters sent by the Sion, but they persuade themselves from the character of the Captn., that he has punctually fulfilled what he has promised, and that all the letters are by this time in Amsterdam, unless some further disaster has attended them.\nThis was the first intelligence I received of the fate of the Sion, or should have communicated it, without waiting your request. I beg you to be assured, Sir, that this enquiry, or any other you may chuse to ask of me, cannot be conceived troublesome; and that I am with the most respectful attachment, Your obliged & most obt. Servt.\nHenry Remsen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0429", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 10 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Oct. 10. 1792.\n I am to acknolege the receipt of your two favors of May 16. and July 20. the former informing me of your payment \u01922511\u20147 Holld. Currency to Messrs. Willinks V. Staphorsts & Hubard for the U.S. on my account, which left a balance in your hands in my favor of \u0192656\u20142 and the latter that you should pay my draft in favor of Dobson for \u01921014\u20142. Holld. Currency when presented, which of course would leave a balance against me of 358\u0192. for which advance be pleased to accept my thanks. The former order in favor of the U.S. was given on a supposition that that was the exact balance resulting to them on my public accounts. I have been lately however engaged in carefully preparing them for final settlement, and have discovered an error which has stood in them undiscovered for 8 years, to wit, a mistake of the month in which I was nominated, which occasions a difference against me of Dol. 888\u201367 cents say \u01922221\u201314 Holld. Curry. Unwilling that in such an account a balance should stand against me one moment, (which never should have existed but from error) and having no means for it\u2019s instantaneous payment to which I would resort so willingly as to your friendship, I have determined to ask you to pay to Messrs. Willinks V. Staphorsts & Hubbard bankers of the U.S. to my credit the further sum of \u01922221\u201414s Holld. currency. However unwilling I am to have a balance against me in private hands, I am more so with respect to the public, and feeling a consciousness of my own disposition towards you, I have flattered myself with a reciprocity of some degree of confidence on your part, strengthened by the kind expressions in your two letters before cited. The balance shall be repaid with my first convenience, and as much sooner as any order from you shall direct. Permit me therefore to take the liberty of now balancing my account with the U.S. by this debit on the presumption that you will justify it on your receipt of this. I am with great esteem & attachment Gentlemen Your most obedt. humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0430", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. P. P. Derieux, 11 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 11. 1792.\nOn my arrival here I called on Mr. Vaughan, and found that there were only 25. boxes of glass in Mr. Homassel\u2019s hands, which he had begun to sell, and some articles newly arrived addressed to Mr. Morris. As Homassel had begun the sale of what was in his hands, he thought it best to let them remain. As to those in Mr. Morris\u2019s possession I called on him, and he promised me he would immediately deliver them to Mr. Vaughan, not [having indeed?] himself to undertake the sale of them. On the whole Mr. Vaughan undertakes that 200 dollars shall be remitted you by the 15th. of November. As this must be by a bank post bill payable in Richmond, let me know immediately to whom there it shall be made payable. The sale of the other things shall be pressed as much as will be consistent with a due degree of attention to your interests, and you shall know it as soon and as often as any certain prospect of remittances occur. With compliments to Mrs. Derieux I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I forward you a letter from Mr. Fenwick which requires immediate attention.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0431", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Donald, 11 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Donald, Alexander\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 11. 1792.\nHaving determined to try my Bedford tobacco this year at the London market, I could have no hesitation to whom to consign it. I have therefore ordered it to be very carefully handled, and in some degree sorted, to be got down to Richmond as early as possible and there delivered to Mr. Brown to be shipped to you on my account. According to arrangements taken with Mr. Brown as to the sum I might draw on either Richmond or London, I make the following calls on you in London. viz.\nI have ordered a few books from M. la Motte at Havre and authorized him to draw on Messrs. Donald & Burton for the amount, which I suppose will be about\nDollars 100.\nI have ordered some wine from Mr. Joseph Fenwick of Bordeaux, desiring him to draw on you in like manner for the amount, which will be between 65. and\nI have ordered some wines from Messieurs John Bulkeley & son of Lisbon and have drawn on you in their favor @ 30. days sight\nI inclose you an invoice of books to be bought in Ireland &c according to the directions thereon, and some additional articles to be sent me from London, which will be under\nmaking probably something under the whole sum of\nMy orders beforementioned in favor of M. la Motte, Fenwick and Bulkeleys, I pray you to honor. No letter of advice accompanied them. They will be presented probably soon after your receipt of this. With respect to the books, I wish them not to be shipped till the spring, on account of the danger of injury during a winter passage. They are to be shipped to Richmond.\nI am just returned from a visit of two months to Monticello. I recollect nothing new among your friends in that country but the death of Jerman Baker and George Webb. I am with great and sincere esteem Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0432", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Invoice of Books and Articles to be Bought in Dublin and London, [11 October 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Donald, Alexander\nEnclosureInvoice of Books and Articles to be Bought in Dublin and London\nBooks to be purchased at Dublin, and shipped thence to Richmond in Virginia, to the care of James Brown.\nPrecedents in Chancery.\nPeere Williams\u2019\n reports\n These are all to be 8vo. editions and where they are not to be had in 8vo. they are not to be sent. The Irish 8vos. are preferred to the English because cheaper.\nAtkyn\u2019s\nVezey\u2019s\nWilson\u2019s\n Kaim\u2019s principles of equity.\n Ld. Raymond\u2019s\n reports\nSalkeld\u2019s\nStrange\u2019s\nFoster\u2019s\n Burrow\u2019s reports.\n Dunford & East\u2019s\nBrown\u2019s\nAmbler\u2019s\nBlackstone\u2019s\nDouglass\u2019s\n Hinde\u2019s practice in Chancery.\n Hale\u2019s Pleas of the crown\n Barnes\u2019s notes\n Buller\u2019s nisi prius.\nBlackstone\u2019s Commentaries. The Dublin edition in 4. vols. 12mo.\nThe above catalogue to be first ordered from Dublin, only directing the bookseller to give immediate notice to Messrs. Donald & Burton of such of the books as he cannot procure in 8vo. that they may order these from London.\nTh: Jefferson\nto be sent from London.\nMiddleton\u2019s life of Cicero. The 8vo. edition and no other.\nAtwood\u2019s Analysis of lectures on Natural philosophy.\nWhatever of Linnaeus\u2019s works has been translated and published by the Litchfield society since the Systema Vegetablilium which I have.\na hand spy-ing glass, sufficiently perfect to shew Jupiter\u2019s satellites. Dollond\u2019s are generally the best: but the above proof is sufficient to ensure it\u2019s being good, let who will make it. This article is pressingly wanted.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0434", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to D. Vassy, 11 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vassy, D.\nTh. Jefferson presents his compliments to M. Vassy and returns him the Prospectus and Catalogue of his valuable collection of books. He sincerely wishes success to his institution and hopes there are persons enough in Philadelphia whose leisure and circumstances will enable them to ensure it. He is sorry that his occupations put it out of his power to avail himself either of the society to be formed, or of the books appropriated to them. He is so constantly engaged that tho in the midst of a tolerable library of his own, he is, like Tantalus, forbidden to indulge his appetite.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0435", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Mease, 12 October 1792\nFrom: Mease, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia 12th Octr. 1792\nIt is with great pleasure that I forward to you the inclosed volume of the transactions of the Agricultural Society of New York, which was sent to me, in order to present to the Philosophical society of the City, by my friend Doctor Mitchell, in consequence of my having inclosed a copy of the queries respecting the hessian fly, to him, and requesting his answers thereon. I had known that he had paid particular attention to the history and effects of that destructive insect, and therefore expected that he would be able to communicate some important information thereon. In a letter which I received from him in August last he informs me that \u201ca summary account of my labours and their result on the subject of the Hessian fly, terminates my address to our Agricultural Society; the particulars in detail are related better by Mr. Havens, than by any other person whose account I have seen. His observations are in the main similar to my own, though we had some difference in opinion, about the number of generations, the insect went thro\u2019 in a Season.\n\u201cIn addition to what I had heretofore observed respecting this destructive insect, I remarked in the early part of the summer 1792; That the insect did not confine itself to the \u2018lower\u2019 joint, but had in many instances invaded the \u2018second,\u2019 and nested in considerable numbers without the sheath of it. In one case I saw the worms on the head, among the aristae of bearded wheat, but this was a case where the spike had scarcely protruded beyond the investing foliage.\u201d\nMy friend can justly claim the honor of the discovery, from all I have heard, of the fly being an entire American production, which I have lately heard has been thought due, and has accordingly been claimed by another person, who, whatever his merit may be is certainly not entitled to the praise of the present discovery, as it was communicated to me by letter in January last, and long before the person alluded to, had made known his ideas respecting the Country to which this insect belonged. I am with great regard your very obedient & very humble servant,\nJames Mease", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0436", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Nourse, 12 October 1792\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, 12 Oct. 1792. In conformity with a request from the Secretary of the Treasury for estimates of appropriations to be made by the United States for 1793, he asks for an estimate of the sums needed by \u201cyour Departmt.\u201d for submission to Congress at its next meeting.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0437", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 12 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 12. 1792.\nYour favor of Aug. 7. came to hand on the 6th. inst. and gave me the first certain information of your safe arrival. Mr. Otto being about to sail for London, furnishes me with an opportunity of sending the newspapers for yourself and Mr. Barclay and I avail myself of it chiefly for this purpose, as my late return from Virginia, and the vacation of Congress furnish little new and important for your information. With respect to the Indian war, the summer has been chiefly employed on our part in endeavors to persuade them to peace, in an abstinence from all offensive operations in order to give those endeavors a fairer chance, and in preparation for activity the ensuing season if they fail. I believe we may say these endeavors have all failed, or probably will do so.\u2014The year has been rather a favorable one for our agriculture. The crops of small grain were generally good. Early frosts have a good deal shortened those of tobacco and Indian corn, yet not so as to endanger distress. From the South my information is less certain, but from that quarter you will be informed thro\u2019 other channels. I have a pleasure in noting this circumstance to you, because the difference between a plentiful and a scanty crop, more than counterpoises the expences of any campaign. Five or six plentiful years, successively, as we have had, have most sensibly meliorated the condition of our country: and uniform laws of commerce introduced by our new government have enabled us to draw the whole benefits of our agriculture.\u2014I inclose you the copy of a letter from Messrs. Blow & Milhaddo merchants of Virginia, complaining of the taking away of their saylors on the  coast of Africa, by the commander of a British armed vessel. So many instances of this kind have happened that it is quite necessary that their government should explain themselves on the subject, and be led to disavow and punish such conduct. I leave to your discretion to endeavor to obtain this satisfaction by such friendly discussions as may be most likely to produce the desired effect, and secure to our commerce that protection against British violence, which it has never experienced from any other nation. No law forbids the seaman of any country to engage in time of peace on board a foreign vessel: no law authorises such seaman to break his contract, nor the armed vessels of his nation to interpose force for his rescue.\u2014I shall be happy to hear soon that Mr. B. is gone on the service on which he was ordered. I have the honor to be with great & sincere esteem, Dear Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0438", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 12 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 12. 1792.\nYour favor of the 1st. inst. came to hand on the 9th. and brought me the welcome news that you were all well, about which I was anxious, having left Martha not quite as well as I wished. The short proceeds of my sale the last year obliged me to a small one this year, which would have been unnecessary had the other yeilded as was reasonably expected. I therefore, while at home, sent orders to Bedford to sell a dozen negroes from thence, taking the opportunity of some sale in the neighborhood to carry them to. In Albemarle I have concluded to sell Dinah and her younger children, and wrote to my brother to find a purchaser in his neighborhood, so as to unite her to her husband, the circumstance which determined me to fix on her. I am sorry I did not know your wish, as I would have arranged my matters otherwise, so as to have sold the two you mention, and especially Caesar, notorious for his rogueries. On the contrary they are now engaged with the overseers for the crop. Would it not be practicable for you to sell their families at private sale in the neighborhood? Mr. E. Carter sold a great number in this way, and advantageously.\u2014I have been considering that it would be better to floor my stables with slabs from Henderson\u2019s. In this case the edges of the slabs must be taken off to a sufficient substance with a drawing knife, and the sleepers should be so laid, as  that the end of the slab under the manger may be a couple of inches higher than that at the front.\u2014I think you told me that none of the turneps came up in the ground below the lower roundabout. Would it not be well to make them remove their cowpen to that inclosure? as it will be a preparation for St. foin which I intend for that.\u2014I am giving you a great deal of trouble with my little memorandums. My distance must excuse it, and the prospect that I shall ere long be in the way to do my own business.\nMaria is living with a Mrs. Fullerton, whom, as far as I have seen, I like much. She is soon to remove nearer to me. Maria will only come to see me on Sundays. She promises that she will then write to Monticello, and I shall endeavor to make her do it. My love to my dear Martha, with my best compliments to Miss Jane, P.C. and my neighbors. I am with sincere esteem & attachment my dear Sir Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson\nFreneau\u2019s papers from Sep. 15. accompany this.\nFenno\u2019s have been sent to Mr. Madison to be forwarded to you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0439", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 12 October 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Oct. 12. 1792\nI send this letter in the hope of its overtaking Mr. Sterrett in London by whom I had the honor of writing to you on the 9th. I then informed you how long the French post had been interrupted and that it was supposed to be owing to the operations of the Austrian army in Flanders. It must now be attributed to some other cause, as we are officially informed of the raising of the siege of Lille, without recieving the post agreeably to expectation. I inclose you the governmental supplement to the Brussels gazette, which will shew in what light they present the raising of this siege.\nTheir saying not a word of their army near Ch\u00e2lons shews that there is nothing of a nature which they wish to be known. All doubts however have ceased with respect to the retrograde movement mentioned  in my last. It has excited different sensations in different minds, but an uniform astonishment in all. An epidemical disease which had manifested itself and the absolute want of provisions, with the impossibility of procuring them in a country so barren as that part of France, are given as the real causes by those who are warm friends to the Duke of Brunswic\u2014they say he has returned merely to join his magasines, and that he will immediately resume his march on Paris.\nA short time will shew whether this conjecture be founded in truth. For my part I persist in thinking that some of the leaders of the allied armies are playing a game in which they wish to see a great many chances turn up that they may sieze the most favorable. I developed to you in my No. 111. at great length some ideas which forced themselves on my mind in meditating on this subject. Some parts of the communication of M. Le Brun contained in the inclosed supplement of the Leyden gazette, may without much torture be brought to corroborate a part of what I then said. No other circumstance however has taken place to confirm it, nor can I find that any person here has any apprehensions similar to mine. All acknowlege the conduct of the combined powers to be extraordinary, astonishing and unaccountable. All ingraft conjecture on conjecture, but no one makes use of the same clew to get out of the labyrinth which I spoke of in my No. 111.\u2014and this of course renders it less probable that it is the true one.\nOne thing however of which I think we may be certain, is that if the real and only cause of the efforts of the combined powers had been the captivity of the King, and their only intention, to save and relieve him, the Duke of Brunswic would not have been where he is now so long after having published his declaration.\nIn addition to the retrograde movement of the combined armies you will see in the gazettes inclosed further details with respect to the success of the French arms on the Rhine and in Savoy. Nothing can exhibit more strikingly the desperate situation in which that unhappy country is placed, than the being forced to consider this apparent adversity of their invading enemies as a probable misfortune to themselves. Their successes abroad are unquestionably evils for humanity. The spirit which they will propagate is so destructive of all order and tranquillity\u2014and so subversive of all ideas of justice\u2014the system they aim at so absolutely visionary and impracticable\u2014that their efforts can end in nothing but despotism after having bewildered the unfortunate people, whom they render free in their way, in violence and crimes, and wearied them with sacrifices of blood, which alone they consider worthy of the furies whom they worship under the names of Libert\u00e9 and Egalit\u00e9.\nThe advices from Paris for the reasons I have mentioned are few and uncertain. The convention seems much more engaged in the department of war than in forming a new government. Like the first assembly they will find it more to their taste to be the centre of all power, than to distribute it to the various departments of a government. They are forced indeed to divide spoils with their galleries and the populace, but still their share of the honor and profit is sufficient to tempt strongly such men as compose that body.\nThe first intelligence of the combined armies retiring, will I apprehend, induce some member of the convention to urge the trial of the King, and if once proposed, I fear no body would be found to oppose it. The manner in which the Royal family is confined renders it difficult to be certain of their personal situation\u2014but it seems not to be doubted that the Queen\u2019s health has much suffered. One of the circumstances with respect to her which seems to be relied on, and which may serve as a guide to the others, is that she is so absolutely without attendance as to be obliged to wash the Dauphin\u2019s linen.\nNothing further is known with respect to the confinement of M. de la fayette and his companions. It would seem as if the Emperor and King of Prussia hoped to keep the infamy of this transaction out of the public mind, by keeping their victims out of the public view. The injustice of the proceeding cannot but revolt every impartial person\u2014its impolicy also would be more striking, if we could be sure that the ostensible designs of both the combined powers were the real ones.\nI have not yet had the honor of recieving any letter since that already so often acknowleged, delivered to me by M. Morris. Be pleased to accept assurances of the attachment & respect of, Dear Sir, your most obedient & humble servant\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0441", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel Carroll, 13 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carroll, Daniel\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 13. 1792.\nI have discovered that Mr. Hallet (the Architect now at Georgetown) has a wife here who, from his poverty, is in extreme distress, near her lying in, and in want of common necessaries. He is probably too modest to make known his distresses. I therefore communicate it to you privately that the Commissioners, if they owe him any thing, may without waiting his application, furnish him with some money, which may relieve both his and her distress. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I am glad Mr. M\u2019s letter to you was found. Two of mine have been sent me. Three more are as yet unheard of.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0442", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel Carroll, 13 October 1792\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGeorge Town Oct. 13th. 1792\nIt may be some satisfaction to you to know that the letter you dropd from Mr. Madison came to hand the next day by post. I conclude from thence that you have likewise got the packet.\nWe have been in anxious expectation of receiving some of the Pha. plans of the City of Washington with the Soundings on them.\nThe Sales average about \u00a380 \u214c Lott. Some were sold by Squares.  The average of those sold by Single Lotts about \u00a391 \u214c Lott. The Sales not considerable. We have a good prospect of doing well in the private Sales. Several of the late purchasers will become improvers and Settlers immidiately. I am, Dear Sir, with great esteem & respect yr most Ob Servt\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0443", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ernst Frederick Gayer, 13 October 1792\nFrom: Gayer, Ernst Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Octob. 13th. 1792\nI had some time ago the honor to lay before You a model of an instrument I had constructed, whereby three angles might be measured at the same time, in the same manner as by three persons with three different instruments, whereby as I flattered myself, the present method of ascertaining the longitude at sea might be much improved. I have since made several improvements to this instrument to render it more useful at sea for the above mentioned purpose. Tho\u2019 I am convinced that this is an invention of some utility, yet I am too diffident of my own knowledge and judgment to be assured that it will answer all the purposes intended thereby. From this cause I think it my duty to submit my instrument to the examination of those who are able to ascertain the real value thereof and I should be happy to have their opinion thereon. To whom could I therefore apply with more reason than to You, Sir, whose transcendent abilities are justly accounted the ornament of the Western hemisphere, and who have deigned to look on some of my work with a favorable eye. I therefore humbly solicit the favor, that You will please to appoint a time when You will permit me to lay this instrument before you and to explain the principles thereof. I have the honor to be with the utmost respect Sir Your most obedient and most humble servant\nErnst Frederick Gayer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0444", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 13 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 13. 1792.\nIn pursuance of powers which Mr. Short had confided to me, and urged by the circumstances of the moment, I thought it expedient to desire on the 19th. of April last that no transfer might be permitted  of any stock standing in his own name or in the name of any other for his use. The circumstances no longer existing which dictated that caution I desire that the caveat may be considered as withdrawn. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0445", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael and William Short, 14 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William,Short, William\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia, October 14. 1792.\nSince my letters of March 18th. and April 24. (which have been retarded so unfortunately) another subject of Conference and Convention with Spain, has occurred. You know that the frontiers of her Provinces as well as of our States, are inhabited by Indians holding justly the right of occupation, and leaving to Spain and to us only the claim of excluding other nations from among them, and of becoming ourselves the purchasers of such portions of land from time to time as they chuse to sell. We have thought that the dictates of interest, as well as humanity enjoined mutual endeavors with those Indians to live in peace with both nations, and we have scrupulously observed that conduct. Our Agent with the Indians bordering on the territories of Spain, has a standing instruction to use his best endeavors to prevent them from committing acts of hostility against the spanish settlements. But whatever may have been the conduct or orders of the government of Spain, that of their officers in our neighborhood has been indisputably unfriendly and hostile to us. The papers enclosed will demonstrate this to you. That the Baron de Carondelet their chief Governor at New Orleans has excited the Indians to war on us; that he has furnished them with abundance of arms and ammunition, and promised them whatever more shall be necessary I have from the mouth of him who had it from his own mouth. In short, that he is the sole source of a great and serious war now burst out upon us, and from Indians who we know were in peaceable dispositions towards us, till prevailed on by him to commence the war, there remains scarcely room to doubt. It is become necessary that we understand the real policy of Spain in this point. You will, therefore, be pleased to extract from the enclosed papers such facts as you think proper to be communicated to that Court, and enter into friendly, but serious expostulations on the conduct of their officers; for we have equal evidence against the  Commandants at other posts in West Florida, though they being subordinate to Carondelet, we name him as the source. If they disavow his conduct, we must naturally look to their treatment of him as the sole evidence of their sincerity. But we must look further. It is a general rule that no nation has a right to keep an Agent within the limits of another, without the consent of that other: and we are satisfied it would be best for both Spain and us to abstain from having agents or other persons in our employ or pay among the savages inhabiting our respective territories, whether as subjects or independent. You are, therefore, desired to propose and press a stipulation to that effect. Should they absolutely decline it, it may be proper to let them perceive, that as the right of keeping Agents exists on both sides, or on neither, it will rest with us to reciprocate their own measures. We confidently hope that these proceedings are unauthorized by the government of Spain, and in this hope, we continue in the dispositions formerly expressed to you, of living on terms of the best friendship and harmony with that country, of making their interests, in our neighborhood, our own, and of giving them every proof of this except the abandonment of those essential rights which you are instructed to insist on. I have the honor to be, with great and sincere esteem, Gentlemen, Your most obedt. & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0446", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Commissioners of the Federal District, 14 October 1792\nFrom: Commissioners of the Federal District\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGeorge Town 14th. Octr. 1792.\nMr. Hallet having informed us that the situation of his family, required his presence in Philadelphia, we have desired him to wait on you, and communicate with the President and you, respecting another Plan for a Capitol, which he engages to prepare. The plan which he has exhibited, and which was drawn by our directions, after his fancy piece, does not meet altogether with our approbation, nor does it appear to be agreeable to his own taste, and judgment.\nWe have given him a sketch of the internal arrangements which we thought wou\u2019d be most happy. It appears not to have been possible to accomodate the exterior of the fancy piece to those arrangements. We have therefore desired him to make any departure from it, he may approve of, in his future plan, consulting the President and your self on the subject.\nWe have not a doubt of his possessing the highest merits in his line; as every thing he has exhibited, though not approved of, has still evinced more taste, and practical skill, than has appeared in any of the numerous ones with which we have been favoured. We have had some conversation with Mr. Blodget, respecting an office of Agency for disposing of Lots, in the different States.\nIt appears to us, that a measure of that sort wou\u2019d be very eligible. When he has matured his Ideas on the Subject, he will lay them before the President.\nWe have since the Public Sales, disposed of four Lots by private contract\u2014Two at \u00a375. each, and Two at \u00a365. each, to some of our workmen who have promised us to improve them directly. We are Sir, with great Respect your Most obt Servts\nDd: Stuart\nDanl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0447", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 14 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nSir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 14. 1792.\nIt was not till yesterday that I learned what had happened to the letters and papers which were forwarded to you by the Sion. As she was bound directly for Amsterdam, it was thought better to submit to the risk of the sea, the only one we thought them exposed to, than, by sending duplicates, to run the further risk of their getting to other hands. As it has turned out we suffer all the inconveniencies of a loss by the sea, and are far from being satisfied as to the other danger. Copies of those several papers will be sent you by another vessel sailing from hence directly for Amsterdam. As soon as you receive them you will be pleased to proceed without loss of time in the execution of what they  commit to you, going by land or water as you shall judge best. The letter and instruction of Apr. 24. lodged with Mr. Fenwick requires your attention, as to it\u2019s safekeeping, tho\u2019 I send you copies herewith.\nI had ceased to write to you at Amsterdam since the date of mine of Mar. 18. because I thought no subsequent letter would find you there, and have since written only that of Apr. 24. lodged at Bordeaux, supposing no other could get to you before you would enter Spain, to which country I have experienced the almost impossibility of getting a letter. In the mean time I have received your Nos. 92. to 106. inclusive, except 102. or 103. One of these dated June 25. has been received, but not having it by me I cannot ascertain it\u2019s No. The other has not come to hand. The only article in any of these which seems to require answer is that wherein you mention the expediency of our having a Consul at Amsterdam. We have never named one, because no proper subject has ever been proposed. The appointment is not calculated to induce a person to go there, and we know of but one American settled there, and his character not ascertained. Indeed it will not be till we have some further experience, that we shall be able to know what sort of character will do for the consulship there. This appointment must therefore lie over.\nI have desired Mr. Taylor (now the Chief clerk of my office) to send you not only the sequel to the newspapers sent you in March, but another set of those if to be had, as also the laws and other printed papers then lost. From the newspapers you will learn the transactions and state of things here. With respect to the Indian war, this summer has been employed by us in disposing the Indians to peace, and preparing for war if they will not make peace. There is little probability of accomodation, and therefore a continuance of the war is rather to be expected.\u2014We have another tolerably fruitful year added to the five or six successively good ones which had preceded it. Early frosts have done some injury to the productions of the autumn.\u2014You cannot count on letters from hence regularly after you enter Spain. The most probable channel which occurs at present is Colo. Humphreys. It would therefore be well if you could settle any safe communication with him. If you go by water, this might be a motive for your landing at Lisbon rather than any other port. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your most obedient & Most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0448", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 14 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President and incloses him some letters for his perusal. Those from G. Morris and Mr. Short require immediate notice, because there are vessels about to sail by which answers should be sent. The President will see by Mr. Remsen\u2019s letter the peculiar misfortune of the dispatches to Carmichael and Short, of which, from their particular delicacy, it was thought best not to risk duplicates, because being put on board a vessel bound directly to Amsterdam, they seemed to run no other danger than of the sea. But it so turns out as to bring on them what is tantamount to a loss by the sea, and the possibility of their getting into other hands. This loss was not ascertained till yesterday. The clerks are now all employed in copying the dispatches over again to go by a vessel which sails for Amsterdam on Wednesday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0449", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Knox, 15 October 1792\nFrom: Knox, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia, 15 Oct. 1792. He encloses an account of arrivals from America to Dublin between 1 Jan. and 1 July 1792. The accounts from the other ports could not be readied before his departure from Ireland, but he expects them to be forwarded from Dublin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0450", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 15 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nSir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 15. 1792.\nI have duly received your favor of July 10. No. 4. but no other No. preceding or subsequent. I fear therefore that some miscarriage has taken place. The present goes to Bordeaux under cover to Mr. Fenwick who I hope will be able to give it a safe conveyance to you. I observe that you say in your letter that \u2018the marine department is to treat with you for supplies to S. Domingo.\u2019 I presume you mean \u2018supplies of money,\u2019 and not that our government is to furnish supplies  of provisions &c specifically, or employ others to do it: this being a business into which they could not enter. The payment of money here to be employed by their own agents in purchasing the produce of our soil is a desirable thing.\u2014We are informed by the public papers that the late constitution of France, formally notified to us, is suspended, and a new Convention called. During the time of this suspension, and while no legitimate government exists, we apprehend we cannot continue the payments of our debt to France because there is no person authorised to receive it, and to give us an unobjectionable acquittal. You are therefore desired to consider the paiment as suspended until further orders. Should circumstances oblige you to mention this (which it is better to avoid if you can) do it with such solid reasons as will occur to yourself and accompany it with the most friendly declarations that the suspension does not proceed from any wish in us to delay the paiment, the contrary being our wish, nor from any desire to embarras or oppose the settlement of their government in that way in which their nation shall desire it: but from our anxiety to pay this debt justly and honorably, and to the persons really authorised by the nation (to whom we owe it) to receive it for their use. Nor shall this suspension be continued one moment after we can see our way clear out of the difficulty into which their situation has thrown us. That they may speedily obtain liberty, peace and tranquillity is our sincere prayer.The present summer is employed by us in endeavors to persuade the Indians to peace, and to prepare for the ensuing campaign if our endeavors for peace should fail. That they will fail, we have reason to expect: and consequently that the expences of our armament are to continue for some time. Another plentiful year added to the several others which we have successively had is some consolation under these expences. Very early frosts indeed have somewhat shortened the productions of the autumn. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0451", "content": "Title: Paragraphs for the President\u2019s Annual Message to Congress, 15 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nThe interests of a nation, when well understood, will be found to coincide with their moral duties. Among these it is an important one to cultivate habits of peace and friendship with our neighbors. To do this we should make provision for rendering the justice we must sometimes require from them. I recommend therefore to your consideration Whether the laws of the Union should not be extended to restrain our citizens from committing acts of violence within the territories of other nations, which would be punished were they committed within our own.\u2014And in general the maintenance of a friendly intercourse with foreign nations will be presented to your attention by the expiration of the law for that purpose, which takes place, if not renewed, at the close of the present session.\nIn execution of the authority given by the legislature, measures have been taken for engaging some artists from abroad to aid in the establishment of our mint; others have been employed at home; provision has been made of the requisite buildings, and these are now putting into proper condition for the purposes of the establishment. There has been also a small beginning in the coinage of the half dismes and Cents, the want of small coins in circulation calling our first attentions to them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0452", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Remsen, 15 October 1792\nFrom: Remsen, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York October 15th. 1792\nI did myself the honour to answer your favour of the 7th. on the 11th. instant. The present serves principally to cover a french coin struck since the regeneration of the french government, or perhaps a medal to commemorate that celebrated event, which I take the liberty to send you, presuming you may not yet have seen a similar one: and also a letter for Mr. Taylor in answer to one I received from him, requesting me to enable him to comply with a certain order of the Senate of the U.S. respecting salaries, fees and emoluments to public Officers, so far as the same relates to the Patent fees I received while acting as Clerk to the Commissioners of useful arts, which he says you construe as comprehended therein.\nThe Commissioners, as you may recollect, Sir, having agreed to give their Clerk those fees for the extra services this business occasioned, and they being but inconsiderable, and a long time frequently intervening between the receipt of any two different fees, I never thought it necessary to keep more than a memorandum wherein I noted the fee on every patent as it became due, and when the Patent was delivered marked against it the amount and receipt of the fee. This memorandum I must have destroyed as no longer useful, on delivering over to Mr. Taylor such of the Patents as were made out ready for delivery. I have however now furnished him with such particulars as will enable him, I trust, to form an estimate with accuracy.\nAllow me to observe, Sir, that should the object of the abovementioned order, or any other circumstance, induce the Commissioners to make a new destination of these fees, I will chearfully acquiesce therewith and refund the sum I have received; altho\u2019 I really think it is nothing like a compensation for the additional services this business created for the Clerk, who besides attending to the ordinary part of it, was obliged to assist the claimants and patentees with their papers and specifications, and this last proved very troublesome often as well as confining.\nAll other fees have been regularly accounted for from time to time in the Contingent accounts as they were settled, as the Journal in the  Office below stairs will shew. I have the honor to be with the most respectful attachment, Dear Sir Your faithful & obedient Servt.\nHenry Remsen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0453", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Ward & Brothers, 15 October 1792\nFrom: Samuel Ward & Brothers\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew york 15 Octr. 1792\nHaving the three last years been interested in the Baltic trade we take the liberty to ask you if it is probable any commercial treaty will soon take place between the Court of Denmark and these States. At present the alien duty paid by Americans in their own Vessells amounts to \u00beth freight on Rice and very near half freight on Tobacco and on every other article the Laws of Denmark permit to be consumed there fifty \u214c Cent more than the duties paid by Nations in Treaty with them. We have already on our shipments to that Kingdom paid Six Hundred pounds Sterling alien duty\u2014principally on Tobacco purchased by us at Petersburgh Virginia and find we must send our produce in Foreign Ships to that place if no treaty is made to admit us to freight on equal terms.\nThis application is made to you Sir in consequence of our knowing that Mr. Saabye the United States Consule at the port of Copenhagen has Conveyed to you the ideas [of] that Court on this subject. We pray you sir as far as may be proper to advise us [as] soon as can conveniently be done that we may timely engage a British Ship to go to Virginia to Load if we have no prospect of any attentions being paid to enable us to sen[d our] own. We are very respectfully Yr Most Obedt Servts.\nSaml. Ward & Brothers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0454", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Fenwick, 16 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fenwick, Joseph\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 16. 1792.\nThe inclosed letters to Mr. Morris and Mr. Short are of a public and very important nature. Be so good as to forward Mr. Morris\u2019s by some conveyance you can perfectly confide in, and keep that to Mr. Short in your possession till he shall call for it in person or by letter, as was desired with respect to some dispatches in April last. I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0455", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 16 October 1792\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nFredericksburg Octr. 16. 1792.\nYou have before this I presume heard of the death of Colo. Geo. Mason which was about the 8th. of this month of the gout in the stomack. His patriotic virtues thro the revolution will ever be rememberd by the citizens of this country, and his death at the present moment will be sensibly felt by the republican interest. We intended to have rested a day or two with him on our way, and this event will probably render us a day sooner in Phila.\nWe expect Mr. Madison here tomorrow and to set out on the 20th. together. We may possibly stay a day at Mount Vernon. So that avoiding accidents we shall be in Phila. certainly by the 28. or 30th.\nR. H. Lee has notified to the assembly his determination to withdraw from his present station and in consequence thereof they have fixed on the 15. to supply his place the term of the successor to commence immediately after the election. Dr. Lee, Harvie, and F. Corbin were mentioned to me by the last post as the only competitors. I think it probable some other person may be brought forward, but this is conjecture only.\nI hear from Mr. Beckly there is no prospect of comfortable accomodations upon reasonable terms. I had hopes that one of Seckells houses might have been finished but presume tis not the case. Tis dreadful to take a po[st?] off the pavement again. However we will be there in time to look out before the commencment of the session. We should like (provided we cannot accomodate ourselves agreeably in your neighbourhood) to get the house Burr lived in last winter. I  think he told me he did not intend to keep it. Perhaps if Mr. Eppe[s] is with you he might collect the necessary information by the time we get there.\nShall thank you to send the inclosed to the Coachmaker Mr. Kerr. I am Dear Sir yr. affectionate friend & servant.\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0458", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 16 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Oct. 16. 1792.\nThe inclosed are duplicates of letters formerly sent to Mr. Short by the Sion. Tho\u2019 the vessel was lost, it is said the letter bag was saved. If so, and Mr. Short should have received the originals which were therein and under cover to you, and should be gone to Madrid, be pleased to keep these duplicates in your possession till he shall direct you what to do with them. But if he be still at the Hague, be pleased to deliver them into his own hands. I have the honour to be with great esteem Gentlemen Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0459", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 16 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President some letters just received. Colo. Fay having sent him a paper of Sugar-Maple seed, Th:J., on his request, asks the President\u2019s acceptance of the within.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0461", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 17 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 17. 1792.\nIn a letter from Monticello I took the liberty of saying that as soon as I should return here, where my letter books were, I would take the liberty of troubling you with the perusal of such parts of my correspondence from France as would shew my genuine sentiments of the new constitution. When I arrived in Philadelphia, the 5th. inst. I found that many of my letters had been already put into the papers, by the gentleman possessed of the originals, as I presume, for not a word of it had ever been communicated to me, and the copies I had retained were under a lock of which I had the key. These publications are genuine, and render it unnecessary to give you any further trouble than to see extracts from two or three other letters which have not been published, and the genuine letter for the payment of the French debt. Pardon my adding this to so many troubles as you have. I think it necessary you should know my real opinions that you may know how to make use of me, and it is essential to my tranquillity not to be mis-known to you. I hope it is the last time I shall feel a necessity of asking your attention to a disagreeable subject, being with sincere wishes for your tranquility & happiness, & with perfect respect, Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0463", "content": "Title: Estimate of the Domestic Expenses of the State Department for 1793, 18 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nourse, Joseph\nEstimate of the Expenses of the Department of Stateat home, for one Year, commencing 1. January 1793.\nDollrs.\nThe Secretary of State\u2019s salary\n One chief Clerk\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2007\u2007\u2007do.\n Three Clerks\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2007\u2007\u2007do.\nClerk for foreign Languages do.\nDollrs.\u2008\u2007\nOffice keeper and Messenger do.\nStationary of all kinds\nFirewood\nOffice rent\nA collection of the laws of the States, alreadybegun, to be completed to the present time,and continued\nNewspapers from the different States abt. 20a 4 dollrs.\nGazettes from, and Gazettes sent to, am.ministers abroad\nLaws of the 2d. Session of the 2d Congress tobe published in 5 newspapers at abt. 100.dollrs. each\nfor printing an edition of the same to bedistributed agreeably to Law\nwhole amount of the expenses of the Depart. at home\nDepartment of State Octr. 18th. 1792.\n Th: Jefferson\nNB. The act of the last Congress Ch.8.\u00a74. makes it a duty, on a certain contingency, for the Secretary of state to send special messengers for the purpose therein mentioned. But as the case is not likely to happen, it is thought unnecessary to propose a provision of money for it: and the less so as Congress will be in session at the time, and will doubtless make the provision in the moment, should it be wanting.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0464", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 18 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nPhila. Octobr. 18th. 1792.\nI did not require the evidence of the extracts which you enclosed me, to convince me of your attachment to the Constitution of the United States, or of your disposition to promote the general welfare of this Country. But I regret\u2014deeply regret\u2014the difference in opinions which have arisen, and divided you and another principal Officer of the Government; and wish, devoutly, there could be an accomodation of them by mutual yieldings.\nA Measure of this sort would produce harmony, and consequent good in our public Councils; the contrary will, inevitably, introduce confusion, and serious mischiefs\u2014and for what\u2014because mankind cannot think alike, but would adopt different means to attain the same end. For I will frankly, and solemnly declare that, I believe the views of both of you are pure, and well meant; and that experience alone will decide with respect to the salubrity of the measures which are the subjects of dispute.\nWhy then, when some of the best Citizens in the United States\u2014Men of discernment\u2014Uniform and tried Patriots, who have no sinister views to promote, but are chaste in their ways of thinking and acting are to be found, some on one side, and some on the other of the questions which have caused these agitations, should either of you be so tenacious of your opinions as to make no allowances for those of the other?\nI could, and indeed was about to add more on this interesting  subject; but will forbear, at least for the present; after expressing a wish that the cup which has been presented, may not be snatched from our lips by a discordance of action when I am persuaded there is no discordance in your views. I have a great\u2014a sincere esteem and regard for you both, and ardently wish that some line could be marked out by which both of you could walk. I am always\u2014Yr. Affecte\nG Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0465", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Currie, 19 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Currie, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 19. 1792.\nThe inclosed letter unfortunately went to Monticello after my departure from thence, and has followed me here. You will see by that that no new evidence has occurred as to the property of your debtor. I have had a conversation with Mr. Barton, and informed him of the grounds on which Mr. Morris retains a large sum in his hands, so that he will direct his interrogatories to this point particularly. Every attention in my power shall be paid to this business and particularly to get it finished while I am here. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0467", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 19 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 19. 1792.\nI received yesterday your\u2019s of the 7th. and am sincerely afflicted with the return of Anne\u2019s indisposition. Having little confidence myself in medecine and especially in the case of infants, and a great deal in the efforts of nature, I direct my hopes towards them. Her mother was so much lower for 6 months, and was recovered almost instantaneously by a good breast of milk, that it learnt me to confide in some good turn of nature in these cases. Her indisposition will increase greatly the interest I feel in the return of every post-day.\nWhen at Mount Vernon, on my way here, I asked of the President what his rotation of crops was. He told me it was of 7. years. To wit. 1. Corn and potatoes. 2. Wheat. 3. Buckwheat to be plowed in. 4 Wheat. 5. 6. 7. clover. His Corn and potatoes are in hills alternately 4. f. apart, and the alternation being in the cross row as well as the other, distances his corn to near 6. f. He says he makes as much corn as if there were no potatoes, and much more potatoes than corn. He is of opinion that a crop of potatoes improves the ground. His mixture of corn and potatoes would perhaps be a good way of beginning the introduction of potatoes into use in the farm but a continuance of it would leave us still exposed to the washings of the rain. My love to my dear Martha, and am with great and sincere esteem Dear Sir Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0468", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 19 October 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Oct. 19. 1792\nThe time which has elapsed since my last has sufficed to shew that the combined armies are really retreating from France, but not to shew what is the real cause of this unexpected and unaccountable circumstance. Every body here remains still immerged in the sea of conjecture: each swims or sinks according to his hopes or fears. It would be useless to fatigue you with all the vague and indigested ideas which this situation of things throws into the public; and the more so as a short time will necessarily throw more light on the subject, than the present conjectures of the best informed.\nI cannot help however mentioning to you, what I have heard suggested by a person of understanding, well acquainted with Dumouriez, the French general, and interested in the French contest. He thinks Dumouriez in his pourparlers with the enemy of which you have been previously informed by me, will have flattered the King of Prussia\u2014will have told him that the idea of a commonwealth in France could but be momentary\u2014that the nation however would never submit to a monarch who had betrayed them by perjury &c. &c\u2014that they would certainly seek for another who should have the least connexion possible with Louis the 16th.\u2014or Austria\u2014and that if the King of Prussia would detach himself from that alliance, he, Dumouriez, was persuaded that the nation would prefer him to any other &c. &c.\nThese observations delivered in the crowd of ideas suggested at present, struck me as being more conformable to what I mentioned in my No. 111. than any thing I have heard\u2014if you will substitute to the King of Prussia, the person mentioned in my abovementioned letter, it would seem to me, that the conjecture would be still more probable\u2014and that the retreat of the combined armies, would under that supposition become more intelligible; it being to be observed that the Austrian generals are as yet under the orders of the Duke of Brunswic and of course obliged to obey him as well in retreating as in advancing. The present explosion of the French arms in the Sardinian territory, and in Germany may perhaps have enabled Dumouriez to have persuaded the King of Prussia that the sacrifice of his alliance with Austria, and his retiring from French territory, might be a better means of attaining the end suggested in my No. 111.\u2014or that abovementioned\u2014than advancing to the gates of Paris.\nThe retreat of the armies seems at least to have opened many eyes which were before shut against the idea of the King of Prussia\u2019s having  sinister views in this business\u2014his friends are silent\u2014and those of the Emperor are manifestly under an anxiety which would indicate their fear of his being duped. They will probably now recollect the manner in which the King of Prussia excited the Belgick Congress and then abandoned them\u2014how he excited the late revolution in Poland and then abandoned it\u2014they will ask themselves whether it was really to be supposed that he wished to re-establish the Austrian power in France, by replacing Louis the 16th. on the throne with his former authority which would enable him from his close connexions with the house of Austria to crush any opposing neighbour.\nI have this moment learned that a manifest has arrived here published either by the King of Prussia or Duke of Brunswic, on the retreat of the armies. I have not seen it nor has the person who assures me of its being recieved here. It will probably throw light on the subject.\nIt is said that Dumouriez full of his triumph as he considers it over the allied armies has written to the convention his intention of going to Paris notwithstanding the decree passed in consequence of the Marquis de la fayette\u2019s proceeding, which forbids a general doing this. It is thought he will also enter with his army into the Austrian Netherlands. Should this be the case, and he meet with success, he may then pass the Rubicon with more certainty of siezing absolute power. The Representatives of the people will necessarily in the mean time go on losing their influence. All those who know Dumouriez must be sure of his incapacity to hold the helm even if chance should put it into his hand, and of course must see that the place will be soon vacant. It is perhaps that moment that it has been judged proper to wait for, by those who are suspected, and at present certainly with some foundation, to have had from the beginning ideas different from that which was published of rescuing the captive and unfortunate monarch.\nI have been lately told by a person on whom I can rely that one of the leading ministers of the country which I mentioned in my No. 111., has said it would be impossible hereafter to make use of the present monarch humbled and disgraced as he has been\u2014that it was more easy to place any other person on a throne than the same individual who had been precipitated from it &c. The person here who I told you had so much the confidence of that country, is reserved on the subject\u2014but when he does speak is evidently more favorable to the present reigning party in France, than to any other, reserving all his virulence for those who wished to support the late constitution. He, and still more those of his family who are more loquacious, dwell with some degree of complacency on the late resistance of the French  nation\u2014on the conduct of their troops in Savoy and Germany &c.\nThese are straws in the air (as was formerly observed by a person whose expressions no body is ashamed to borrow) but they serve to shew which way the wind blows.\nThe communication with Paris is still suspended. No post from thence has arrived here since the interruption already mentioned to you. We are indebted at present for what we know of the proceedings of the convention, to the English chanel.\nM. de la Colombe, aide de camp to the Marquis de la fayette, and stopped with him, has made his escape from the citadel of Antwerp\u2014he wrote to me from Rotterdam to know whether he would be safe in this country\u2014I did not suppose he would be if demanded by the Austrian government and gave him that opinion\u2014he proceeded in consequence without delay to England. When I saw the Grand Pensionary I thought it best to mention this circumstance to him as a mark of my confidence in him. He took much pains to convince me he would not have been delivered up\u2014and to shew me as I thought, that this country would in no case be influenced by Austria in their conduct towards France. I should rather apprehend from his manner of talking, though not a word was said on the subject, that if the Commonwealth of France was to send a minister here he would not be refused; now that the combined armies have retreated, although they certainly do not believe in the duration of the commonwealth.\nThe Grand Pensionary told me that France had given orders for the purchase of a considerable quantity of flour in America, which I think highly probable. He told me he had certain information of it.\nI inclose you the Leyden gazettes for general information and have the honor to be most respectfully, Dear Sir, your obedient & humble servant\nW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0469", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Ward & Brothers, 19 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Samuel Ward & Brothers\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Oct. 19. 1792.\nIn acknoleging the receipt of your favor of the 15th. inst. I am sorry it is not in my power to give any kind of answer to it without danger  of affecting injuriously our interests with the country therein named. I thought it right however to mention this to you that you might not be kept in suspence. I am Gentlemen Your most obedt. hu[mble servt]\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0470", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 20 October 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOctober 20th. 1792.\nThe letters of Gouvr. Morris give a gloomy picture of the Affairs of France. I fear with too much truth.\nIf the order of Senate dated the 7th. of last May is compleated, it must be with all Offices except the Judges.\nThe Post Office (as a branch of Revenue) was annexed to the Treasury in the time of Mr. Osgood, and when Colo. Pickering was appointed thereto, he was informed, as I find by my letter to him dated the 29th. of August 1791, that he was to consider it in that light.\nIf from relationship, or usage in similar cases (for I have made no enquiry into the matter, having been closely employed since you mentioned the thing to me, in reading papers from the War Office) the Mint does not appertain to the Department of the Treasury I am more inclined to add it to that of State than to multiply the duties of the other. I am always Yours\nGo: Washington\nP.S. The Letters of Mr. Seagrove to Genl. Knox are a continuation of the evidence of Spanish interference with the Southern Indians.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0471", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Garland Jefferson, 21 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, John Garland\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello October 21. 1792.\nI received your favor by Mrs. Carr about ten days ago. I shoud have been happy to have seen you while [you] were in Virginia; but that it was not convenient for you to send for me, was sufficient to prevent me from wishing it. Some days before the receipt of your letter, Mr. John Shelton of Goochland offered to board me if I would pay him by the quarter, to which I agreed; as I knew it would be in my power to make good this agreement, if matters were regulated as they were last year: and I hope the new regulation which has taken place, will make no difference. The season is now fast advancing which renders a supply of winter clothes necessary; I must therefore agreeable to your directions, request the favor of you to furnish me with the means of procuring them. My resources are unknown to the merchants of Richmond, if therefore I shoud apply to them for credit, in the course of human probabilities, [\u2026] I shoud have my feelings wounded by a denial, and I had rather not run the risque; if it is agreeable to you, I had rather have an order for money, than credit for goods. If I have the cash, I can have better choise, and make better bargains, and these things with me are matters of no little consequence. The amount of clothes, taylors, and shoemakers bills last winter, which was the first winter I ever acted for myself, was about twenty pounds: ten pounds I found sufficient for the expences of the spring; and the balance of what you allowed me, which was twenty pounds, was just enough to pay for board. My little affairs I may say with truth, were managed with the utmost oeconomy, and attention; nor did a ball, or a play call forth one shilling. These are amusements I can readily dispense with, to live independent of the world, all but my generous benefactor, and to set out with no other disadvantages, than those which are incident to poverty. I expect that in one year, which is the time you supposed it would require, I shall finish my course of reading. I might perhaps have finished sooner; but I think this winter had better be employed in reading greek, and roman history, which I imagine you supposed I had read. By directing my letters to Mr. George Jefferson of Richmond, I shall get them sooner than by any other person. Adieu my dear  Sir, and believe me to be with the most grateful esteem, Your most obliged, and very hble servant,\nJno G: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0473", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 22 October 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonday October 22. 1792\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson, requests to be informed, if there are any circumstances within his knowlege, more than are mentioned in the inclosed papers, which throw light upon the subject of them; particularly whether the discharge of the Vessels was communicated to the Baron De Steuben at the time it took place or at any time antecedent to the date of the Baron\u2019s last letter to Capt. Lewis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0474", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 22 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to the Secretary of the Treasury and is sorry he is unable to give him any information relative to the Ship Renown, having no recollection of the details of the armament of which she made a part. The expedition against Portsmouth was, as he thinks, by order of the Commander in chief, desiring the aid of the state to the Continental commander. Should it be decided that the vessel and cargo are to be paid for, it should be attended to that tobacco, during the greater part of the war, was not worth more than five or six shillings real money the hundred in Virginia, that probably it was at it\u2019s lowest value about the time of this expedition, and that a valuation in tobacco would be made according to it\u2019s price at the moment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0475", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 22 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTh Jefferson presents his compliments to the Secretary of the Treasury and incloses him a statement of the salaries and disbursements of his office here, and as perfect a one as he has materials to furnish of the foreign establishment according to the order of the Senate of May 7. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0476", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: Statement of the Domestic Salaries, Fees, and Disbursements of the Department of State, 22 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nEnclosureIStatement of the Domestic Salaries, Fees, and Disbursements of the Department of State\nStatement of the Salaries, Fees, and Emoluments, together with the actual disbursements and expenses, for One Year, ending 1 Octr. 1792, of the Department of State, in it\u2019s Domestic branch.\nNames.\n 1791.1 Octr.to 31Decr.\n 1792. 1 January to 31 March\n 1 April to 30. June\n 1. July to 1 Octr.\n Salary \u214c Annum\n Amount received, and disbursed.\nThomas Jefferson Secy. of State\n Henry Remsen Jr. Chief Clerk\n George Taylor Junr. Clerk\n George Taylor Junr. Chief Clerk\n Jacob Blackwell Clerk\n William Lambert\u2003do:\n George Pfeiffer\u2003do.\n Philip Freneau Clerk for foreign Languages\n Sampson Crosby, Office keeper &c.\n Sampson Crosby\u2003do.\n Office rent\nDisbursements & Expenses\nFees, received from individuals, agreeably to an act entitled \u201cAn Act to provide for the safekeeping of the Acts,\u201d &c. approved 15. Sep. 1789, and from time to time accounted for in the contingent account of the Department of State.\n \u2007\u20074.17\u2007\u2007Balance recd. from the Treasury\nFees, received from individuals agreeably to an Act entitled \u201cAn Act to promote the progress of useful Arts,\u201d approved 10. April 1790, which have been granted by the Board to the Chief Clerk of the  Department of State, in consideration of the extra duty his attendance on them necessarily imposed on him. Averaged at 4\u00bd dollars each patent\nDepartment of State October 22 1792.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0477", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: Statement of the Foreign Salaries and Disbursements of the Department of State, 22 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nIIStatement of the Foreign Salaries and Disbursements of the Department of State\nStatement of the Salaries of persons employed in the Foreign branch of the Department of State, as also of the actual disbursements and expenses in the discharge of their respective offices and employments from October 1. 1791 to July 1. 1792. Note, the persons employed abroad on the fund of the Act concerning foreign intercourse, are required to make up their accounts annually on the 1. July. Their disbursements, therefore, from July 1. to October 1. 1792. will not be known till their accounts of 1. July 1793 shall be received. For this reason the disbursements herein stated, are for the 9 first months only of the period named in the Order of the Senate of May 7. 1792. The accounts of Mr. Carmichael and Mr. Dumas have not been received\u2014therefore their disbursements cannot be stated.\nMr. Morris, Minister plenipotentiary\nat Paris\nsalary 9,000\u2008\u2007\u2007\n Mr: Pinckney\u2003\u2003\u2003do.\nat London\nColo. Humphreys Resident\nat Lisbon\n Mr: Short\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003do.\nat the Hague\nMr. Carmichael, Charg\u00e9 des affres.\nat Madrid\nMr: Dumas Agent\nat the Hague\nMr: Morris, Mr: Pinckney, and Mr. Short have recd. within the same period their outfits\u2014a year\u2019s Salary\nDisbursements.\nMr: Short Postage\n\u2003making dyes for Medals for foreign Ministers taking leave, and for Medals\n\u2003expenses of Mission to Amsterdam on the Loans\n \u2003towards\u2003\u2003do.\u2003\u2003to Madrid\n Colo. Humphreys\u2003Postage, Gazettes to Departmentof State, distressed AmericanSeamen, suppose \u00be of 171 D.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0478", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Hylton, 22 October 1792\nFrom: Hylton, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond 22 October 1792\nMy Brother being absent I cannot suffer Mr. Eppes to depart without acknowledging your polite and minute attention to the commission he troubled you with for me! But as the requisite time, mentioned, of the workman to finish a Carriage, denies my family the accomodation they imediately need, I am induced to adopt a temporary convenience untill I can send to Jamaica for Carriages I left behind.\nI feel no less particularly obliged for your readiness to proceed in this triffling Object among more momentuous concerns. And have the honor to be with much respect sir Your very obliged & mo hu sert.\nWm. Hylton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0479", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 22 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 22. 1792.\nThe bearer hereof, Mr. Saml. G. Dorr, of Albany, an ingenious citizen of these states, who has invented a machine for shearing cloth, proposing to go to England, I take the liberty of making him known to you, and of asking your countenance and protection to him should he on any occasion be in need of them. I have the honour to be with great respect & esteem, Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0480", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 22 October 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Oct. 22. 1792.\nMy letter of the last week missed the usual conveyance by the untimely departure of the post rider. I sent it to Charlottesville as customary the day before the ordinary post-day, but it was too late for the mail. In it I had given you an account of your loss by the frost at Poplar-forest which Clarke rendered me by letter of 10. inst. He says that you will have less Tobacco for market by one half than you would otherwise have had but makes no estimate of the quantity. Our loss is allmost total: he cut as much as will make 6 or 7 thousand weight but the greater part of it had been exposed to the first frost, of the 21. ult. and he thinks cannot stand inspection. From his silence I suppose there is none of yours in this predicament. He makes a greater quantity of Wheat than common at all the plantations: he is preparing it to be delivered on the bargain of which you were informed. I suspect you were but partially informed by your esteeming it so very advantageous: he has bound himself to take all the negro-clothing at 100 per Cent on prime cost and to wait for the ballance which may be due in money till the end of April.\nOur little Anna begins to make us some amends for the long heartache we have suffered on her account. She begins to recover her appetite and digestion and is in fine spirits.\nPatsy and Miss Jane have determined to pay a visit to their friends at Bizarre in Cumberland before the cold weather sets in. Change of air and the exercise of the carriage will contribute greatly to reinstate Anna, and by making journeys of 15 miles which is practicable on the road we shall take, we may prevent its being prejudicial to the little boy, who is rather of too tender an age for such a voyage. From Bizarre I shall proceed immediately to Richmond and shall execute your charge concerning the case of stone with the satisfaction I allways feel when honored with them. I am Dear Sir Your most aff. friend & obedt hble Servt.\nTh: M. Randolph jr.\nAbstract of the Diary.\ncloudy\nf.\nf.\nf.\nf.\nf.\nf.\n rain with N.E. Wind\nf.\nf Remarkable Aurora Bor: at 8 P.M. of this day.\nf\nf\nf\nf\nf\nf\nf\nf\nf\nf Smart frost on the top of the mntn.\nf\nFrost\nf\nHigh Wind from N. W.\nf.\nCloudy till 2 hours after Sun-rise: Ice.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0481", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 22 October 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Oct. 22. 1792\nIn my last of the 15th. ulto. I treated in a manner which I fear you will have found much too diffuse, the subject then in question. In letters which are to cross the Atlantic I find it difficult not to run into that fault\u2014and particularly as I have myself had so much more reason to complain of the laconicism than of the diffusion of my correspondents on that side of the ocean.\nInstead of sending you a duplicate of that letter I will briefly recapitulate a part of its contents. I shewed you that the diplomatic system of European powers had gone through a total change. That almost all Ambassadors were now called Ambassadors extraordinary\u2014that  the second order of foreign ministers (namely Env. Extr. and Min. Plenipo:\u2014Env. Ext.\u2014Min: Plenipo) was much augmented in number\u2014and that the third order (namely Ministers\u2014Ministers Resid. Residents &c.) had in consequence gone into disuse\u2014or was reserved only for the lowest and most insignificant courts. Usage has therefore introduced a difference in their manner of being treated, which places them out of the line of the corps diplomatique as it were. This is the more observable and the more humiliating in proportion as the corps diplomatique is more important in the place of their residence\u2014of course it would be less so at Paris or London than elsewhere\u2014and much so here where what they call the court, lives in some respects in society, and where the corps diplomatique is an object in the eyes of every body.\nHere for instance the usage is for the court to have what they call a circle\u2014where every body who can put on a dress coat may go to look at them, and here ministers of the third order when there are any, charg\u00e9s des affaires, Secretaries of legation, and private secretaries\u2014agents who are a class of people who act for little princes or perform subordinate offices for great ones (you recollect Dumas did not chuse to be put in that class when letters were addressed to him) are admitted. The court is in the usage also to give suppers where all foreign ministers are invited (except the third order) all foreigners who are presented to them, and all the principal inhabitants of the Hague\u2014the first of these suppers was given a few nights ago (the court having lately returned here)\u2014my not being there has been already the subject of the commerage of the Hague\u2014some said one thing and some another\u2014that it was a mark of the displeasure of the court\u2014that it was to please England\u2014and what not\u2014those who knew the real reason sometimes gave it\u2014but not always\u2014this would have been stopping a source of table talk\u2014if there was nothing more than not going to an ennuyeux souper, I should consider it an advantage\u2014or if it was only a circumstance that was personally disagreeable, I should not probably think it worth while to trouble you with it. But it seems to me that it is a desirable thing for every country to have their minister treated with as much respect as others, for various reasons and certainly more important for new countries than for old ones, whose place is already fixed in the public mind\u2014and who have fleets or armies to insure respect.\nFormerly the greatest crowns kept Residents but now only the most insignificant countries employ them or at the most insignificant courts. And if we chuse to keep up a connexion of this sort with European powers we must conform to their usages. I am at present the only person of the third order here. Poland has indeed a Resident, but  he is only a charg\u00e9 des affaires, the Envoy having lately left this place. It seems a little bizarre that on the one hand recieving marks of confidence which were certainly never given in a greater degree to any Ambassador ordinary or extraordinary, as to the amount of monies placed under my negotiation and at my disposition, I should on the other be kept in a grade which subjects me to be placed in a line with all the inferior tribe of agents, consuls &c, &c, which variety or convenience have given birth to. I am persuaded the present usage of ministers of the third order, was not known or adverted to in America\u2014at least it was unknown to me until I came to enquire into and experience it.\nThis is the more disagreeable because the economy of the U.S. is not consulted in it. England for instance would employ five min. ple. and pay much less than the U.S. do for two Min. Plen\u2014and three min. rest.\u2014and supposing it proper as it certainly is to make a difference between courts, two Env. Extr. and three Min. Plen\u2014as paid by England would cost only 30,820 dollars per Ann:\u2014whereas the present establishment of the U.S. of two Min. Plen. and three Min. Rest. cost 31,500 dollars per Ann.\u2014and I do not suppose that there is in the whole diplomatic sphere a single individual who will pretend to say that it is either as honorable or as advantageous for the U.S.\nI informed you in my last also of the usage of some of the European courts in their diplomatic system\u2014and particularly of England and Portugal, recommending the example of the first. And I mentioned my opinion with respect to what would be proper for the U.S. It seems to me to be desired that the greatest possible latitude should be left to the President. If Congress were only to note the gross sum for the foreign department, leaving all the rest to him it would be best\u2014if not they should at least allow him to employ the grades he thinks proper\u2014the salary and outfit of each not to surpass a given sum. In that case an establishment of the following nature would cost little more than the present and be certainly more honorable\u2014(I leave the salaries of London and Paris as at present, on account of their present occupants)\u2014\n2. Env. Extr. at\ndoll. 36,500 instead of\n2. Min.\n2. Sec. with the\n\u2003Plen. at\n\u2003table of the\n 2\u2009 Sec. at\n\u2003ministers\n3. Min. Plen. at\n 3\u2009 Mins.\n3. Sec. with the\n\u2003Rest. at\n \u2007\u2007table of the\n \u2007\u2007Minister\nviz. five ministers of the second order would be employed\u2014instead of two of the second and three of the third. And if the three Secretaries were not added, the expence per Ann. would be only 800. dollars more than at present. It is to be desired however that there should be a Secretary with each minister for the purpose of keeping the archives of the mission, so as to be always a guide for future ministers.\nI am exceedingly sorry not to have had an opportunity of acquiring the same information on this subject prior to the late establishment made by Congress and the appointments which succeeded\u2014but I hope it is not now too late, as the system must be acknowleged by all to be defective and capable of improvement. It will certainly be improved in time, but then I shall probably have no other interest in it than every other citizen of the U.S.\nIndeed I have always observed a kind of fatality as to myself in never reaping the crop I make preparations for\u2014insomuch that if I were disposed to be superstitious I should fear ever to prepare for what I most desire. One among a thousand instances of this kind is what has happened in this appointment. After the delay which took place in naming the Minister for Paris\u2014and after having been employed successfully in the delicate trust at Amsterdam I could not help flattering myself the choice would fall on me. In consequence thereof I sat myself most industriously to work to fit myself for being employed. I began a regular course of reading in the droit public and an examination of the treaties which form the basis of the connexion of the several European powers, beginning with those of Westphalia which gave a new face to these connexions\u2014and of the negotiations which produced those treaties and the principal succeeding ones in the last and the present century, a knowlege which I felt I should have occasion for. During this time M. Morris who although much better acquainted with what was to be the issue of the appointment, was differently employed\u2014from Charg\u00e9 des affaires of Mr. R. Morris he became at once Min. Plenipo: of the U.S. and will certainly find himself not at a loss, being one of those privileged geniusses who possesses by intuition all the knowlege he has occasion for.\nI do not mean to say that I repent the trouble I took in fitting myself for a line in which it is much less probable now that I shall remain than it was then, but only to remark the piquevil of seeing the place after my preparation go into the hands of another who took no trouble of that sort, and who was then employed in negotiating both for his employer and himself in landjobbing &c, and who seemed to have been allowed exactly the time he wished to close those kind of affairs, whilst I was kept as a stopgap for his convenience\u2014for from the time  the act was passed in the session of 1790, after which the minister was to have been appointed, until M. Morris\u2019s nomination, no other circumstance presents itself so naturally as the cause of the delay: and Mr. Morris\u2019s proceedings and sayings all tend to confirm that idea.\nThey leave no doubt that he had been consulted by the President, and knew he was to be nominated since he told me so previous to the nomination being made. The President consulted M. Pinckney also. I alone was not consulted\u2014for although my sentiments were known to you they were not to the President. I had no alternative left\u2014to accept what was offered or to be dismissed without even a certificate of good behaviour\u2014was all that was within my power. And this after having been made to pass through the fogs and ice and bogs of Holland during two winters successively\u2014after having been charged with the anxiety of money responsability\u2014and having exposed myself during the rest of my life to be called to the bar of public opinion by every envious calumniator, who may chuse it. I felt in the beginning that the mission was a mark of honorable confidence\u2014yet if I had had the alternative of refusing it I most certainly would have done it. The injury the public service would have recieved from the delay of my refusal\u2014the reliance that was placed on my accepting did not admit of hesitation although I felt it was the most disagreeable charge I could possibly take on myself. I hoped also if satisfactorily fulfilled that I should be rewarded by the honorable testimony of the appointment at Paris, which from the two persons who had previously filled it was unquestionably the most flattering place within the disposition of government (others may judge whether it will be in future equally flattering). The place I now have may perhaps be considered as a sufficient reward for the commission at Amsterdam which I do now most sincerely repent having ever been honored with notwithstanding it was executed with much more success than was expected and perfectly to the satisfaction both of the President and the public, as the Secry. of the treasury has informed me. However I think I may suppose that even if I had not been sent to Amsterdam, it is probable I should have stood more forward than any other for this place\u2014for I really do not see where another person could have been found who would have quitted other lines to cross the sea for a place which seems to be threatened with death at the moment of its birth.\nA letter which I have lately recieved from the Sec. of the Treasury, adds certainly to the honorable confidence which the President is pleased to place in me\u2014but increases at the same time in a very unexpected degree the responsibility as to the French debt which I had at least flattered myself, as M. Morris had done also, was a part  of his appanage as Minister at Paris. This surprized me the more as it was not originally the President\u2019s intention that any other than the Minister at Paris should be charged with this business\u2014for in his original instructions to the Sec. of the Treasury, of which he sent me a copy when I was first ordered to Amsterdam\u2014one article is that he the Secry. shall employ me in making the loans\u2014and in any transaction with the French government as to the debt, he shall employ the representative of the U.S. at Paris for the time being.\nIn consequence thereof whilst the nomination was uncertain I delayed whatever admitted of delay with respect to the French debt and particularly the settling the indemnity to be allowed them for the depreciation on assignats which the Secy. had authorized me to do. I reasoned thus: either I shall be appointed to Paris or I shall not. If appointed I can then settle this indemnity\u2014if not appointed it is a proof that another enjoys more of the President\u2019s confidence than I do, and of course more proper to settle this delicate point. When Mr. Morris arrived in Paris I put him in possession of every thing that had passed on this subject\u2014and he took it up as a part of his mission\u2014indeed long before his nomination was made he had been more active\u2014and seen more people\u2014and had more rendezvous with the ministers about American affairs\u2014and the American debt particularly than I had. It was natural therefore when clothed with a public character that the business should pass wholly into his hands\u2014and it was with pleasure that I felt myself exempted from this part of the money transactions. Every thing is so easy to Mr. Morris in conversation\u2014every obstacle is got over with so much facility in his plausible language that I did not doubt that this business of indemnity would be settled speedily and advantageously for the U.S. Large sums remained in our bankers hands to be paid to France\u2014they had been there for some time in hopes of their being converted into American productions for succour to the French islands\u2014a business which he had labored with much industry. When I left Paris it was agreed I should delay ordering those payments until he should have fixed the depreciation of former payments\u2014and that of the intended one. Finding that he delayed it I urged him with frequent importunity\u2014every letter gave me hope the delay would immediately cease\u2014and to a man who levels mountains and fills vallies with a few phrases I flattered myself an operation of paying money, where the creditor would certainly not occasion delay, would be an affair of a few moments. I warned him often of the necessity of terminating the business with the then existing government which was evidently drawing to an end. Nothing however was done as to the indemnity and a few days only before the King\u2019s suspension, an agreement was made with the commissaries for the  payment of 1,625,000 florins according to the then rate of exchange, which might have been done just as well six months before, and even without consulting with the commissaries, since it was nothing more than remitting money by bills of exchange, nothing being settled as to the indemnity\u2014before the payment could be made the King\u2019s suspension was known, as the same post brought Mr. Morris\u2019s order for the payment and the account of the suspension. This of course introduced some doubts as to the business in my mind\u2014in M. Morris\u2019s none at all as he said\u2014however he then discovered doubts as to the propriety of his powers, and after having occasioned this delay and made this arrangement which took the business entirely out of my hands and placed it beyond my reach, he found probably the best way for him was to find out the inadequacy of his powers and wrote me, he was determined not to take another step having just discovered from a reexamination of his powers and from your having charged him with a particular transaction that the business was committed wholly and of course exclusively to me.\nOn the 17th. of Aug. (viz. the day after recieving the account of the King\u2019s suspension and M. Morris\u2019s order to have the 1,625,000 florins paid to the French bankers at Amsterdam) I recieved the letter above alluded to from the Sec. of the treasury informing me that it was the President\u2019s intention that the whole of this business should remain with me. At any time this (however honorable it may appear) would have surprized me (after the President\u2019s original instructions and M. Morris\u2019s nomination) and would still more have pained me as money transactions are those which of all others are most disagreeable to me, and particularly when employed alone contrary to my repeated sollicitations to the Sec. of the treasury. But at present, this business having been undertaken, delayed, and put of my reach in my part, and brought into a situation which I by no means approved, my anxiety was much increased. I did not communicate this letter to M. Morris because I wished him to consummate the operation he had begun as to the 1,625,000 florins and because, there being no government then existing in France with whom I could treat or act, I hoped to be able previous to the resurrection of a new one, to obtain of the President that he should unite in this commission with me the Ministers at London or Paris or both; which I have asked in my letter to the Sec. of the treasury. The long interruption of the French post has prevented my hearing from M. Morris whether he persisted in taking no other step in the payment he had agreed for, (as he had announced to me) and for which the bill endorsed by our bankers to the commissaries of the treasury was remitted to him.\nAs the matter stands the U.S. have lost the advantage of settling the  indemnity to be allowed for depreciation, with the government which created the assignats. A long delay will take place in making future payments, on account of the situation of France and in the mean time they are paying a dead interest on the large sums in the hands of their bankers\u2014a payment that has been effected since the King\u2019s suspension (by M. Morris\u2019s repeated opinion in favor thereof notwithstanding my doubts as repeatedly expressed to him as to the propriety) it was agreed for a few days prior to the King\u2019s suspension. These disadvantages to the U.S. are to be imputed either to M. Morris or to me; and when I consider the idea of his infallibility entertained by many and the confidence placed in him by others, I must suppose that condemnation will be passed on me. However the Sec. of treasury, who has every article under his eyes and who has known every thing which I have done and left undone in this business from the reception of his first letter as to the indemnity in Octob. last will I am sure acknowlege that I am not in the wrong and that every idea of delicacy and propriety commanded imperiously the line I marched in. I imagine the public letters addressed to the several heads of departments are open of course to all, and I hope you will have taken the trouble to have read those I have written to the Secy. of the treasury on these subjects particularly in the course of the present year. I do not pretend to question M. Morris\u2019s infallibility, still it is a self evident truth with me that without him, these things would not have taken place. I don\u2019t doubt that in other lines he has rendered and will continue to render services as Minister of the U.S.\u2014which will more than counterbalance such inconveniences and delays.\nAt least he cannot but be satisfied with his lot, which has given him all the roses and me all the thorns in this business. He is placed at one jump in the most desirable place within the gift of the U.S. He has only to live and enjoy himself as long as France remains as at present and without any thing to do he has a salary nominally the double of mine\u2014at a place where the expences are not greater than here, and where the present gain on the exchange alone is fully adequate to his expences. I am removed from thence, sent here where every thing is disagreeable and expensive in the extreme\u2014obliged to correspond with two departments\u2014and employed in a business more delicate, and filled with much more anxiety than any he can have since he is even exempted from the responsibility of the debt formerly destined to the Minister at Paris, and now devolved on me as well as the loans. For this I am put in a commission, which from its rank places me below every decent citizen of the Hague and every foreigner who passes\u2014and uncertain even as to the continuance of such a place and obliged  to hope for it as a favor; from the situation into which I have brought myself by addicting myself to this career, contrary to your friendly advice, and which I now feel the necessity of continuing, for several reasons and particularly from a desire not to return to America after so long an absence with a grade which can never be honorable and by which I should in future be always measured, if it were thought worth while to think of me at all, instead of leaving me in the dust; where it would have been fortunate for me if I had always remained, instead of placing my happiness on the will of others\u2014but it is now too late to look behind. I said M. Morris\u2019s salary was the double of mine\u2014but in fact taking the rise of some articles in their price on one hand and the exchange with Paris on the other he may be considered as having had an outfit of between 70 and 80,000 livres\u2014and a salary of the same. His house rent for instance costs 3,500 livres which according to the exchange at the time of his renting it would make about 900 florins which would be the price of a very small house here.\nWhen I commenced this letter it was with the intention of its being a short one merely to recapitulate my last\u2014but unfortunately my mind wandered on a subject which never fails to carry me much beyond my intention and wish. I keep it therefore out of view as much as possible\u2014and with others I find it practicable\u2014but with you my dear Sir I find it impossible not to give way more than I ought to do to complaints, which though vain, relieve me for a moment from the load under which my mind constantly labors in reflecting on the manner in which I was treated during the suspension of the appointment and the preference given to a person whose appointment added to my mortification in my own view\u2014and dishonored me in the view of many at Paris. I have said too much and too often on this subject. I hope time will cicatrize the wounds which my feelings experienced on the occasion\u2014and as I ever have so I will continue to wish for the advantage of the U.S. in all their transactions both at home and abroad to whose hands soever they be committed. So long as I remain in their service I will not confine myself to wishes alone but make every effort to execute the orders which may be given me in the manner the most conducive to their interests. With these assurances, and the repetition of those of my unalterable attachment, I beg you my dear Sir, ever to consider me as Your friend & servant\nW: Short\nP.S. I suppose it probable you will know before the receipt of this letter whether the funds will be allowed for the continuance of this place. I hope as soon as you do you will be so good as to let me know it by a few lines, by duplicate at least\u2014and also the probable intentions of the  Prest. I hope the third order will be abolished and that wherever I may be employed it will be with the addition of Plenipo:\u2014Coeteris paribus I think I should prefer the Hague to Madrid. I wish it were possible to be consulted previously\u2014but suppose this may be difficult\u2014however after what has happened I should perhaps have some right to ask it, if the public interests would not suffer. I should like also to have a conditional cong\u00e9 in the case I should chuse to return to America next spring, though I am not certain I should make use of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0482", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Antoine Gautier, 23 October 1792\nFrom: Gautier, Jean Antoine\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nParis ce 23e 8bre. 1792.\nJe Suis tr\u00e8s Sensible au Souvenir que vous aves la bont\u00e9 de me conserver et tr\u00e8s reconnoissant de la lettre que vous m\u2019aves fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019ecrire: Il faut qu\u2019elle ait \u00e9t\u00e9 retard\u00e9e puisqu\u2019elle ne m\u2019est parvenue qu\u2019au milieu d\u2019Ao\u00fbt. Sans les circonstances, j\u2019aurois d\u00e9ja eu le plaisir de vous en offrir, Monsieur, mes remerc\u00eemens.\nJe joins ici la premi\u00e8re reponse que me fit Mr. Romilly. Je voulus lui parler moi m\u00eame et l\u2019ayant enfin rencontr\u00e9, il me parut difficile de l\u2019engager \u00e0 faire promptement la Montre que vous desireries. Je l\u2019ai encore v\u00fb une troisi\u00e8me fois et je me d\u00e9cide \u00e0 attendre vos nouveaux ordres, sans vous dissimuler cependant qu\u2019au milieu de nos circonstances, on ne pourra gu\u00e8res compter sur une \u00e9poque pr\u00e9cise pour la confection de l\u2019ouvrage.\nCelui de notre Constitution en est un qui absorbe les voeux et  l\u2019int\u00e9ret des bons Fran\u00e7ois: Nous sommes absolument d\u00e9nu\u00e8s de ce bien pour le pr\u00e9sent et il faut recommencer un nouveau travail. Puisse le g\u00e9nie bienfaisant qui a r\u00e9pandu enfin ses heureuses influences sur l\u2019Am\u00e9rique nous donner aussi le bonheur et la libert\u00e9 que nous cherchons. Vous aur\u00e9s appris Monsieur, avec int\u00e9ret que l\u2019arm\u00e9e Prussienne avoit \u00e9vacu\u00e9 la France, apr\u00e8s avoir menac\u00e9 Paris, mais vous vous ser\u00e9s afflig\u00e9 comme nous de beaucoup de cruelles sc\u00e8nes et du sang qui a coul\u00e9 \u00e0 Paris. Ce Passy, o\u00f9 vous auri\u00e9s desir\u00e9 vous transporter, \u00e9toit abandonn\u00e9 des habitans auxquels vous vouli\u00e9s bien penser. Ils sont tr\u00e8s reconnoissans du souvenir que vous voul\u00e9s bien leur conserver et passeront vraisemblablement l\u2019hyver dans ce retraitte. Mr. LeVeillard y a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9galement sensible. Il a eu sa part de peines et de sollicitudes, s\u2019\u00e9tant trouve fonctionaire public dans ces tems orageux. Veuill\u00e9s, Monsieur, disposer de mes foibles services dans toutes les occasions o\u00f9 je pourrai avoir le bonheur de vous \u00eatre bon \u00e0 quelquechose et agr\u00e9er l\u2019assurance des sentimens de d\u00e9vouement et de la consid\u00e9ration la plus distingu\u00e9e avec lesquels j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble & tres ob\u00e9issant Serviteur\nJ A Gautier", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0483", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 23 October 1792\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nFredg. Oct. 23. 92.\nI got here a few days ago, and shall set out in company with Col: Monroe tomorrow. Parker Giles and Venable are here also on their way to Philada. The information they give of the temper of the Assembly is in all respects favorable. The vacancy produced by R. H. Lee\u2019s resignation is filled with Col: J. Taylor. He had 90 odd votes, A. Lee, 39. and Corbin 33. Great efforts were made for A. L. among others it is said by the Supervisor. My brother writes me that the vote for vice P. is most likely to be unanimous in favor of the republican candidate, that the excise is generally reprobated; but the public temper as to direct taxes not yet ascertained. I have discovered that my inference from the expression in your letter at Bladensbg. was erroneous; which has relieved me from some inquietude. Adieu Yrs. affy.\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0484", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 25 October 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 23 October 1792\nMy last No. 12 was of the twenty seventh of Septr. Since that Period and within a few Days I have receivd yours of the 16th. of June. In sending the Gazettes it would be well I think to put them in an Envelope open at each End and direct them to the Consul at Havre who should be desird to forward them to me by the Stage. This will avoid the heavy Postage.\nThe unexpected Events which have taken Place in this Country since your Letter was written and of which you will have been inform\u2019d before this reaches you will shew you that I cannot untill I receive the President\u2019s further Orders take up any of the Objects to which it alludes not having indeed the proper Powers. I apprehend also the United States will wish to see a little into the Establishment of the new Republic before they take any decided Steps in Relation thereto. In this Case I may be yet a long Time without such Orders which is to me a distressing Circumstance because it involves a Degree of Responsability for Events which no human Being can foresee. It may indeed be replied that in a Position like mine the proper Conduct is to preserve a strict Neutrality and of Course to do Nothing but Cases often arise in which to do Nothing is taking a Part. I need not state the many Situations of that Sort which occur. I had it in Contemplation to leave Paris and visit Bourdeaux and Marseilles but I found it necessary to continue here for the Sake of such of my Countrymen as were in this City and who might in the Madness of the Moment have been exposed to Danger but certainly to Inconvenience a Proof of which is that the English who remaind after Lord Gower went away found it so difficult to obtain Passports tho possess\u2019d of those he had given that many after waiting for Weeks in fruitless Attendance went off at all Hazards without them.\nI informd you in my last that I believed the Plan for speculating on the Sum appropriated to the Use of St. Domingo was abandon\u2019d but a further Attempt was made by the Minister who press\u2019d me again on the Subject and I of Course again declin\u2019d referring him to Mr. Short who in fact is alone empowered in that Respect. What they may have since done I know not. The Intercourse with Holland is much  interrupted just now and a Letter which Mr. Pinkney forwarded for me by Colo. Smith from Mr. Short and which was put into the Post office at Dieppe has not yet come to Hand. I suppose that it relates to Monsieur de la fayette who is I am told at Wezel and of Course in the Power of his prussian Majesty.\nThe Gazettes will inform you of the Retreat of the prussian Army. I have been told on good Authority that the Canonade of the twentieth of September was only to amuse, that during it\u2019s Continuance the Duke of Brunswick made a masterly Movement by which he opened to himself the Roads to Rheims and to Chalons. That the french Army was so much in his Power that he might either have driven them away and dissipated them or if under every Disadvantage they would risque an Action that he could have cut them to pieces. And why didn\u2019t he? To this natural Question two Answers are given. It is said that the Plan fix\u2019d for the Campaign was that the King of Prussia at the Head of his Army should form the Point of a Wedge of which two Columns of Austrian Troops should form the Angles. The Right under General Clairfayt to penetrate to Soissons the left under the Prince de Hohenloe to penetrate after masking Thionville and Metz to Chalons. That by this Means the Magazines Sick and wounded of the three Armies would have been compleatly covered and the Police of the Country been maintaind by the Emigrants under the immediate orders of the King\u2019s Brothers. Another Body of Troops was at the same Time to make a powerful Diversion or to penetrate as Circumstances might permit or direct from the Brisgaw. You will observe that all which depended on the Austrians in the Plan above supposd did compleatly fail and that in consequence if the King of Prussia had advancd any farther the french would have closd in upon his Rear and of Course his sick his wounded and his Magazines would have been sacrificed. Perhaps his Retreat cut off. It is said that the three Days consumd in Treaty were to give time to the Columns in Question to advance and by their Demonstrations to drive off the Corps which infested one of his Flanks and menaced the other And to shew at the same Time that he had compleatly perform\u2019d his Stipulations. In Effect he had surmounted the Obstacles which nature had oppos\u2019d to his March, had disentangled himself from the Ardennes, and was compleat in Force and in View of the two great Plains of Champaign the one leading by Rheims and the other by Chalons to his Object. It is said that without the aid of the Columns in Question his further Progress would have been useless because he could not detach to the Right and Left so as to cut off the Communication between this City and the Southern and western Parts of the Empire. To this it is added  that a Season of which there is no parrallel in the Memory of Man and Disease beyond all reasonable Expectation had almost crippled the Dukes Army before he could extricate himself from the Defiles and drive off the Parties which were in Possession of them. This is one Solution of the Events which took Place subsequent to the twentieth. Another is of a different Nature. It is said that Monsieur Dumouriez convinced that an Opposition to the combin\u2019d Forces must prove unavailing and supposing that the Rivalry of Austria and prussia must prevent any Cordiality of Union being further induced to beleive that the prussian Cabinet would pursue its own seperate Interests when Occasion should offer without much Regard to previous Stipulations and would in Fact rather sacrifice Somewhat even of its particular Interest than aggrandize in any Degree a Rival Sore from antient and recent Injuries, Dumouriez prompted and encouraged by these Ideas sought eagerly the Occasions of Treaty with the King of Prussia. That at length he succeeded so far as to shew that Prince that the present was a favorable Moment for giving a final Blow to the House of Austria and that France and Prussia would find immense advantage in an Union by which he might take up again the Business he had abandon\u2019d in Poland and thereby foil the Schemes of both Russia and Austria. That a more evident advantage tho not more certain would be found in a Subsidy of two hundred Millions of livres and that he must see the Danger of the War in its present Situation and might thence the more easily estimate the Advantage of abandoning it. These Reasonings are said to have had the desird Effect and that a Kind of Treaty was actually entered into one Article of which related to the royal Family of this Country which is to be set at Liberty. I have been told farther that the executive Council here will not confirm that Part of the Bargain which relates to the Subsidy and the royal Family saying which is true enough that they are in this Respect without Authority. I must slightly mention another Solution of the late Movements because it is possible that it may be founded. A Lady I think Madame de Guisne but certainly the Daughter of Madame de Polignac is said to have made an Impression on his Majesty who is it seems very susceptible of violent tho not of lasting Affection. This young Lady is said to have been ill treated by her Mother and others who are among the principal Emigrants and to have us\u2019d her Influence with the King to avenge the Slights of her Countrymen and Relations. In the Midst of all these different Accounts of which perhaps not one is true the Leaders here seem to consider Prussia as weighing no longer in the Scale against them. Dumouriez is on his March to Brussels in which he means to take up his Winter Quarters, and there is in  this more of cool good Sense than at first Sight may appear. I have already communicated to you the State of Things here in what Regards Subsistence. The Country late the Seat of War is totally consum\u2019d. Never abundant it is now so bare that the Inhabitants will be reduc\u2019d to the utmost Streights and altho the Northern Frontier is not yet in the same State it would be not far from it before the End of January if the whole of the french Army late in the Center were stationed there. This Army is now very numerous and from the Want of Discipline consumes much more than is Usually allotted to one of equal number. It is furthermore very sickly and of Course the Followers must be greatly encreas\u2019d. If he can penetrate into Flanders and Brabant he not only saves the Provisions which would have been consum\u2019d in France but he destroys so much of the Resources of the Enemy. If he can create a Revolution which may be affected by a very small Number of the People while supported by a victorious Army he obliges the Emperor to confine his Efforts to a single Side of France namely that defended by the Ardennes in Part and in Part by the Rhine. And on this Side it will be very difficult to make any serious Impression so long as the French continue in their present Mind. These Objects justify some Risque by Mr. Dumouriez and he is better able to calculate the Extent of that Risque than any meer Spectator because he has long had Intelligence in that Country. The Undertaking is not however without considerable Difficulty. There are not indeed any strong Towns in his Way but there are three Strong Positions of which the first is near Mons the second still stronger on a Hill about Half Way to the best of my Recollection between Mons and Brussels and the third not far from Brussels itself. The military Face of that Country is you know understood by all military Men with perfect Exactness having been the Theatre of War for the two last Centuries. Of Course all the Advantages which it gives to disciplined Armies will be made Use of by those who are to defend it. Add to this that we approach the End of October and tho we are just now flattered with fine Weather it is not to be expected that those who go due North will meet with warm Nights and long Days in November. A Failure therefore must be fatal to many, but this is little thought of here just now because there is no Want of Men. It will count however in the next Season. Fortune has hitherto smild on the french Arms in a Manner unexpected to themselves and it may perhaps continue to do so. Much of this is in my Opinion owing to the Folly of their Oponents who seem to have fosterd the Determination to reduce them under a military Despotism. The divine Justice will never I hope permit such impious Plans to succeed and I always consider Princes and Generals and Statesmen  as meer Instruments and generally blind Instruments in the Hands of the Almighty to work out his Ends by Ways which are for the most Part inscrutable to us. I do not say any thing about the Incursions into Savoy and Germany both brilliant and the former of which bids fair to extend the french Republic to the Foot of the Alps because these Things fully detaild in the Gazettes speak for themselves.\nAs to the domestic Affairs here they are by no means quiet. The great Majority of the Convention is united in opposition to a few Members who are joind to some Cheifs in this City and meditate further Revolutions. They aver that those whom they call the Brissotines had no Wish to overturn the Monarchy but only to get the Loaves and Fishes for themselves and their Friends. That the Affair of the tenth of August happend not only without their Aid but contrary to their Wish. That having happend they did indeed take Advantage of it to obtain the executive Power for their particular Friends but that even then they would not consolidate the Revolution by destroying its Enemies a Business say they which was effected on the second of September and the following Days and which those who now solely enjoy the Fruits of it pretend to blame. The Brissotines on the other Hand contend that they alone are the true Friends of Republican Government for which they have incessantly labor\u2019d ever since the second Assembly met. That the Attachment they professed to the late Constitution was only simulated and was necessary to cover their Attack upon it. That in their various Decrees they constantly kept in View the Advantage to be gain\u2019d by obliging the King either to sanction what tho agreable to the popular Wish was contrary to the Constitution in which Case the Constitution would have become a dead Letter and have left the Field of Contest open between the King and the Legislature or else if the King withheld his Sanction it turn\u2019d the Voice of the People against him and left him in Consequence exposd to successful Attack whenever the favorable Moment should present itself. That it was they in short who brought forward the Plan of an Army of twenty thousand republicans under the Walls of Paris and who took private and effectual Measures to bring that Army into the field if as was apprehended the King should put a Veto on the Decree. That is was owing to these Measures that the Bretons and Marseillois and other f\u0153der\u00e9s were on the Spot to execute the Plans of the tenth of August &ca. &ca. These are the Outlines of the Arguments made Use of on either Side to convince the public that each is exclusively the Author of a Republic which the People find themselves possess\u2019d of by a Kind of Magic or at least a Slight of Hand and which nevertheless they are as fond of as if it were their own offspring. To these main Arguments are added a Number  of subordinate ones with all the little Accessories of Time Place and Circumstance. The Majority of the Convention however diffident of the People of this City and apprehensive that they may take it into their Heads to make another Revolution when they grow tired of the present State of Things have call\u2019d (privately) for a Guard from the different Departments. This now forms the Bone of Contention. You will see in the Gazettes the Arguments pro and con. I own that I think it a false Stroke in politics tho as a peaceable Citizen of Paris and interested in the Preservation of Order it is personally agreable to me. On the Ground of Argument it is clearly a Feature not republican and prima facie implies that the Convention means to do Things which a Majority of the Capital would disapprove and hence it follows again that either the Interests of the Capital and the Provinces are different or else that the Measures in Contemplation are contrary to the Inclinations of both. But it is not I think on the Ground of theoretic Argument that such Things are to be tried but from an Examination of probable Consequences. A Guard of this Sort evidently draws a strong broad Line of Separation between the City and the Convention. It gives of Course many Means for operating on the People to those who are oppos\u2019d to the Convention. It is among the Things to be calculated on that the Guard after it has been here some Time should catch the Spirit of the City be that what it may. In such Cases instead of Protectors they will find Enemies in their Guard: but admitting that this should not happen if the Guard be feeble it will be overaw\u2019d, if Strong those who can influence the Guard will command the Convention who in this Case will only have changd Masters. If any little Check should happen on the Frontiers it will be too unpopular to keep a considerable Body of Men for Parade who might be useful in Camp and as soon as they go the People rise at once to resent the Insult offerd to them. It seems probable therefore that this Guard will be among the Reasons why the Convention may leave this City and that would give a very serious Shock and in many Ways. It is to be noted also that when they take up the Report on a form of Government the Opposition will find vast Resources in the Opinions of the Majority let those be what they may. To these leading Points I might add a thousand little Things but you would be tired of such Particularities.\nWith Respect to the present Temper of the People of this Country I am clearly of Opinion that the great decided effective Majority is now for the Republic. What may be the Temper and Opinion six Months hence no prudent sensible Man would I think take upon him to declare. Much must depend on the Form of Government which shall be presented by the Convention. If vigorous it is very problematical  whether the Departments will adopt it unless compelled by a Sense of impending exterior Danger. If feeble it is humanly speaking impossible that it can control the effervescent Temper of this People and that appears sufficiently by the Fate of the late Constitution. Whether they will be able to strike out that happy Mean which secures all the Liberty which Circumstances will admit of combind with all the Energy which the same Circumstances require; Whether they can establish an Authority which does not exist, as a Substitute (and always a dangerous Substitute) for that Respect which cannot be restord after so much has been done to destroy it; Whether in crying down and even ridiculing Religion they will be able on the tottering and uncertain Base of metaphisic Philosophy to establish a solid Edifice of Morals; these are Questions which Time must solve. I am ever truly yours\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0485", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 23 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTh: Jefferson presents his respectful compliments to M. de Ternant. He has examined again with care the commission of M. de la Forest, and finds it impossible to consider it as any thing more than a Commission of Consul General for N. York, Jersey, Pensylva. and Delaware. If any thing more has been intended, the error has been in those who drew the commission, and this error we are not authorised to correct. Being corrected by a new commission, we shall be very happy to render the Exequatur conformable to that, as the one now inclosed is to the present commission. M. de Ternant will see on the next page an Analysis of the present commission and some observations on it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0487", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Lee, 24 October 1792\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond October 24th. 1792\nFor many sessions past has the General Assembly of this Commonwealth turned their attention towards the establishment of the boundary line between North Carolina and this State.\nIn the course of the last year the Executive received from the Governor of North Carolina the enclosed proceedings of the Legislature of that state and communicated the same to the General Assembly.\nIn consequence whereof, an Act was passed entitled \u201cAn Act concerning the southern boundary of this State\u201d and duely promulgated, copy of which I herewith forward.\nThis Commonwealth was governed on this occasion solely by a proper solicitude to prevent the possibility of subsequent difficulties which might arise from the want of an Acknowledged boundary between the two States.\nThe acquisition in territory or people was too small an object to engage the attention of a community whose conduct as a member of the American confederacy has been signally marked by her gifts and her Cessions. We could never conceive on the present Occasion opposition from any quarter to the complete execution of a law deemed essential to the peace and quiet of the two States.\nBut the copy of Governor Blounts letter, herewith transmitted, shews, that he considers himself bound by his duty as an officer of the United States to disregard the law establishing Walker\u2019s line as the Southern boundary of this Commonwealth.\nThus Sir, not only is the object of the General Assembly defeated, but the citizens living between the real line and the pretended line are subjected to unmerited sufferings, of which they justly complain.\nYou will find, among the papers, a copy of a Letter from Mr. Martin, whose information on this subject I believe to be worthy of full credit, and which goes to do away the ground of the opinion entertained by Governor Blount.\nI would enter more particularly into the explanation of this business, but really I conceive it by no means necessary as the transaction speaks for itself, and the accompanying papers declare the sense of Virginia and North Carolina on the Subject, and manifest the opposition made to the law of this Commonwealth, as well as the reasons for such opposition.\nLet me entreat you to lay the same before the President of the United States and to favour me with the President\u2019s decision as soon as may be convenient.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0488", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel Carroll, 25 October 1792\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBaltimore Oct. 25th. 1792\nYour favor respecting Mr. Hallet came to my hands just as I was leaving home. I presumed you received by him the letter which Docr. Stuart and myself wrote to you. I hope what we did for him was sufficient for his purposes, and that I shall meet him at George Town the 1st of Next week.\nOn my reaching this place I found a Letter from George Town giving me information that Mr. Blodgett had in consequence of what had passd between him and the Commissioners disposd of 12 Lotts (\u00a3100 each) to persons residing to the Northward who came down after the public Sale. The Commissioners have said something in their letter to you as well as the President respecting this Gentleman. I cannot forbear adding that he appears to me to be very much in earnest for the prosperity of the City of Washington, and I believe may have it in his power to render it great Service. I am, My dear Sir, with great esteem Yr most respectful hble Serv\nDanl Carroll\nP.S. I shoud be glad to hear something of the plans of the City with the Soundings.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0489", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 26 October 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCadiz, 26 Oct. 1792. Since his letter of 1 Oct. everything has remained tranquil in Morocco. He plans to return to Gibraltar or perhaps San Roque and remain there \u201cprobably untill I hear from America, or untill something from Barbary shall remove me.\u201d There being no end in sight to the struggle between the two Emperors, it is wise to consider what he should do if the conflict continues. He does not feel free to leave Spain without orders before his mission is completed, but thinks it absolutely necessary to have someone near Morocco \u201ccharged with the affairs of America.\u201d Instead of merely describing events in Morocco, he will for the first time offer his opinion of them. Matra, the British consul in Morocco, confirms Francisco Chiappe\u2019s intelligence about Suliman\u2019s orders to fit out the galleys from Tangier, though no action has been taken as yet. Suliman is \u201cMaster of all the sea ports from Tetuan to the river Omnirabi, or Morbeya which divides the Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco.\u201d If there is good reason to believe that Suliman has ordered cruises against Americans, the spirit of his instructions will justify a visit to him, \u201cand I make little doubt of an agreeable reception.\u201d Ischem must be left for later instructions, as nothing can be done with him under present circumstances. Mogador, Saff\u00e9, and Masagan are the ports from which he can annoy us, but he is not apt to be so inclined, having no naval force and little money, and the seizure of our merchant ships entering Mogador, which is all the injury we can expect at present, is unlikely because the duties we pay there on mules are of some consequence to him. Mutual fear of each other and the onset of the season for planting and for pressing olives, will temporarily delay the conflict between the brothers. \u201cIf either of them becomes the sole Monarch the Credentials that I have are as Applicable to him in all respects, except in the date, as they were to the late Emperor, but if the Dispute remains undetermined, and it shall be thought proper to treat with both, that will not be the Case, and therefore some new Instructions may be necessary. I Cannot answer for what may happen, but to enable me to do the business to the best advantage, I could wish that a good deal might be left to my own discretion, and my powers be extended, if I find a necessity of using them.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0490", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 26 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear daughter\nPhiladelphia Oct. 26. 1792.\nHaving not received a letter by yesterday\u2019s post, and that of the former week from Mr. Randolph having announced dear Anne\u2019s indisposition, I am under much anxiety. In my last letter to Mr. Randolph I barely mentioned your being recovered, when somewhat younger  than she is, by recurrence to a good breast of milk. Perhaps this might be worthy of proposing to the Doctor. In a case where weakness of the digesting organs enters into the causes of illness, a food of the most easy digestion might give time for getting the better of the other causes, whatever they may be. I think it should however be some other than your own, if a breast of milk is to be tried.\u2014I hope you are perfectly well and the little one also, as well as Mr. Randolph to whom present my sincere regards. Adieu my dear your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0492", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel Smith, 27 October 1792\nFrom: Smith, Daniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nKnoxville October 27th. 1792.\nFrom the habits I have ever been accustomed to consider you in, I have ventured to address you on matters of the utmost importance to this territory and also affects the general government.\nThat the Indians have not always been treated with justice by the whites is an undoubted truth: but since the treaties of New York and Holston with the Creeks and Cherokees I neither know nor have heard of any instance in which the indians do or have a right to complain of the citizens of the United States\u2014in this territory in particular I am confident they have none. They themselves do not even impute to us the least breach of those treaties. It would be tedious and disagreeable to enumerate to you the many barbarous and unprovoked violations they have been guilty of. Authentic proofs of which may be found in the office of the Secretary at war.\nI assure you that thus far the conduct of the frontier people of this territory, not only in observing the late treaties, but in entering  fully into the views of government in trying the experiment of good treatment to the indians on all occasions deserves the highest praise, fully relying that in case the experiment failed of producing a return of similar good conduct in the Indians that the federal government would in due time redress their wrongs. The time is now arrived that their sufferings and the honor and dignity of the government call aloud for redress, and they are in the daily expectation that it will be granted them, and I conceive it essential that government should understand that if redress is not speedily given all faith therein will be lost. The consequences are as easily conjectured as described.\nYou will ask to what cause is it owing that the indians behave so? I answer to two. First, Their mode of education. They know that not one of their nation can distinguish himself but by feats of war. 2d. To the influence of the Spaniards, who have lately made it their object to disunite them from us and attach them to themselves in which they graft on the stock which the British in time of the late war had planted. A Mr. Panton was in instrument in the British war, and may be considered a principal in this.\nI know how earnestly the United States wish for peace, no man can be more sincere in that wish than I am, but experience evinces the truth that peace is not to be had without a war to convince them of the strength and dignity of our government\u2014that they are not to be violators of treaties with impunity and the value of peace. On these premises a war well directed against the hostile part would be mercy, as it would check the evil before it becomes too general. I have the honor to be Sir with perfect respect & esteem Your most obedient and very Humble Servant\nDanl Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0494", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John F. Mercer, 28 October 1792\nFrom: Mercer, John F.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nAnnapolis Oct. 28. 1792\nI have taken the liberty to request of you information which you alone perhaps can give me, and which I conceive there is no impropriety in asking\u2014if there is however you will I know not answer\u2014it is only to be ascertained of the fact whether Mr. Charles Carrol of this State, has actually and effectually resigned his Seat in the Senate of the U. States. I am always with true attachment Dr Sir Yr friend & Ser.\nJohn F Mercer\nI have forwarded to Mr. Sy. Hamilton, a ful, explicit and direct answer to his Letter addressed to me, as also to that sent to Majr. Ross on [this?] Subject.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0495", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, 28 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 28. 1792\nI have the honor to inclose you a letter from the Minister of France with sundry papers which accompanied it respecting the unlawful proceedings of a Capt. Hickman of the schooner Dolphin, in bringing away from Martinique sundry slaves the property of persons residing there, and making sale of them in the U.S. and to ask the favor of you to advise what may be proper for punishing all offenders herein and doing justice to the parties injured. I have the honor to be with great & sincere attachment Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0497", "content": "Title: Report on the Proceedings of the Northwest Territory, 29 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nThe Secretary of State has had under consideration the Report of the proceedings of the Secretary of the Territory of the U.S. North West of the Ohio in the absence of the Governor from January the 1st. to June 30th. 1792. and\nReports\nto the President of the United States that there is nothing contained therein which requires any thing to be done on the part of the President of the United States.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0498", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 29 October 1792\nFrom: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Oct. 29. 1792.\nTho\u2019 the short time which has past since we had the honor of informing his Majesty of the contents of your letter of the 11th. of July of the present year, does not admit us to have received any  acknolegement whereby we might convince you again of the just conduct of our court, and the good disposition which subsists to preserve friendship and the best correspondances with the U.S. nevertheless as we have recieved advices from the Governor of Louisiana, which on one part confirm the suspicions which we insinuated to you in our answer to the said letter, \u2018that doubtless the Commissioners of the U.S. insisted on fixing the limits where it is known clearly to be prejudicial to Spain, and opposed to the interests of the Creek Indians,\u2019 and on the other part manifest the efforts which the said Governor has used to restrain the Indians from committing hostilities against the U.S. as they had determined, we have now the satisfaction to inclose to you an extract of the advices of the said Governor, concerning this object, as a new confirmation of the assurances of the good disposition and friendship which we have several times had the honor to give to the U.S.\nWe omit commenting on the insinuations from the Governor of Louisiana, because we are persuaded that your own good understanding will easily penetrate to the bottom of them, and that they will have much weight in your reflection.\nWe are induced equally to make the present communication by the consideration that we observe from the public papers, and some conversations, that the opinion prevails that Spain encourages the Creeks, at this moment, to commit hostilities against the U.S. and that those who explain themselves in this sense do not take time to examine into the true causes, and from whence they derive their root; nor do they appear to distinguish between the acts of individuals and those of nations. Moreover it appears to be our duty to guard our government from all charge and censure for the want of an amicable pre-admonition, whatever disagreeable consequences may probably result, if the U.S. do not desist from fixing the limits where they propose, or suspend all demarcation until the point is determined between our court and the U.S. by means of the negociation on foot; using at the same time the most efficacious means to prevent the exasperation of the minds of the Indians with threats and all usurpation of their lands.\nYou will be pleased to inform the President of the U.S of what we have here expressed, and we flatter ourselves that the measures which the government of the U.S. take will be such as may contribute to preserve the good harmony and friendship which has so happily subsisted hitherto, and which otherwise would be much endangered. We have the honor to subscribe ourselves with the most sincere esteem & greatest respect Sir &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0499", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Extract of Carondelet to Viar and Jaudenes, 24 September 1792\nFrom: Carondelet\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nEnclosureExtract of Carondelet to Viar and Jaudenes\nExtract of a letter from the Governor of Louisiana to the Charg\u00e9s des affaires of his Catholic Majesty near the U.S. written at New Orleans Sep. 24. 1792.\nThe favorable situation in which (as you inform me) the matters are which are in treaty between our Court and the U.S. of A. has engaged me to restrain the hostilities which the Creek nation had resolved to commence against the state of Georgia, to recover the lands which it has usurped from them since the treaty of limits agreed to by McGillevray in the year 1790, but null in effect, as having been rejected by the nation from the time it was informed of it\u2019s contents, as not having been ratified and confirmed by the Chiefs which compose their Council, and finally forasmuch as that the chiefs having already contracted in the year 1784. with Spain, they could not conclude with the U.S. a new treaty of limits, without their participation, nor could they stipulate in the said treaty, without an infraction of the friendship which subsists between them and Spain, that \u2018the Creek nation acknoleges itself under the protection of the U.S. of A. and not under the protection of any other sovereign whatever.\u2019\nI have engaged the Nation to await in peace the result of the negociations which are under treaty in Madrid: and I hope that the U.S. will take the same measure, and will suspend running the line of demarcation in that part until the conclusion of the negociation beforementioned: since on the contrary, and in the case that the Americans realize the menaces which they have thrown out against the said Indians, to destroy them in the autumn, it will indispensably kindle a very bloody war.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0500", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Ward & Brothers, 29 October 1792\nFrom: Samuel Ward & Brothers\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York 29 Octr. 1792\nWe thank you for yours of the 19th and are truly sorry it is out of your power to give us encouragement to ship in our own Vessel and accordingly shall make use of a foreign one.\nWe trust it will not be many years before an executive will pay attention to the Interests of that Class of Citizens who immediately pay all the Expences of the Government and eventually the largest proportion & are respectfully Y. most Obedt Servts.\nSaml. Ward & Brothers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0501", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Currie, 30 October 1792\nFrom: Currie, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond Octr. 30th. 1792\nI had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 19th. from Philadelphia, tother day enclosing that of Mr. Barton to you of Sepr. 20th. and only received Octr. 18th. and observe what he says on the Subject of my claim as well as your Observations in regard to it: I am exceedingly impressd by the pointed and friendly part you have taken to secure me this debt, and shall be still further Obliged by an unremitting attention to it by your advice &ca. till it is ultimately securd, and it will be a matter never to be forgotten by me; I hope you enjoy a great Share of health and happiness: and be assurd it will ever give me The most entire satisfaction to know you are well and happy. Mrs. Currie joins me in Our Warmest Wishes for you and Miss Jefferson. Adieu Dr Sir from Yr much obligd. & Very Hble Serv.\nJas. Currie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0502", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Yard, 30 October 1792\nFrom: Yard, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia, 30 Oct. 1792. He has returned to the United States with plans to remain for some time and therefore requests permission to resign as consul at St. Croix.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0505", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 31 October 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nOctober 31st. 1792.\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to transmit the enclosed letter to the Secretary of State, and request that he will have it translated for the President. It was put into the President\u2019s hands by Mr. Swanick, who informs him that a Vessel will Sail for Italy tomorrow or next day, and if the enclosed letter is of a nature to require an immediate answer, this Vessel presents an opportunity.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0506", "content": "Title: Notes of Cabinet Meeting on the Southern Indians and Spain, 31 October 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nOct. 31. 1792. I had sent to the President Viar and Jaudenes\u2019s letter of the 29th. inst. whereupon he desired a consultation of Hamilton, Knox, E.R. and myself on these points 1. what notice was to be taken hereof to Spain? 2. whether it should make part of the communication to the legislature. I delivered my opinion that it ought to be communicated to both houses, because the communications intended to be made being to bring on the Question whether they would declare war against any and which of the nations or parts of the nations of Indns. to the South, it would be proper this information should be before them,  that they might know how far such a declaration would lead them. There might be some who would be for war against the Indians if it were to stop there, but who would not be for it if it was to lead to a war against Spain. I thought it should be laid before both houses, because it concerned the question of Declaring war which was the function equally of both houses. I thought a simple acknolegement of the receipt of the letter should be made by me to the Spanish Charg\u00e9s, expressing that it contained some things very unexpected to us, but that we should refer the whole, as they had proposed to the negociators at Madrid. This would secure to us a continuation of the suspension of Indian hostilities which the Govr. of N. Orleans said he had brought about till the result of the negociation at Madrid should be known, would not commit us as to running or not running the line, imply any admission of doubt about our territorial righ[t] and avoid a rupture with Spain which was much to be desired wh[ile] we had similar points to discuss with Gr. Br.\nHamilton declared himself the advocate for peace. War would derange our affairs, greatly, throw us back many years in the march towards prosperity, be difficult for us to pursue, our countrymen not disposed to become souldiers, a part of the Union feeling no interest in the war, would with difficulty be brought to exert itself, and we had no navy. He was for every thing which would procrastinate the event. A year even was a great gain to a nation strengthening as we were. It laid open to us too the chapter of accidents, which in the present state of Europe was a pretty pregnant one. That while however he was for delaying the event of war, he had no doubt it was to take place between us for the object in question. That jealousy and perseverance were remarkeable features in the character of the Span. government with respect to their American possessions. That so far from receding as to their claims against us, they had been strengthening themselves in them. He had no doubt the present communication was by authority from the court. Under this impression he thought we should be looking forward to the day of rupture and preparing for it. That if we were unequal to the contest ourselves, it behoved us to provide allies for our aid. That in this view but two nations could be named, France and Engld. France was too intimately connected with Spain in other points and of too great mutual value ever to separate for us. Her affairs too were such that whatever issue they had, she could not be in a situation to make a respectable mediation for us. England alone then remained. It would not be easy to effect it with her; however he was for trying it, and for sounding them on the proposition of a defensive treaty of alliance. The inducements to such a treaty on their  part might be 1. the desire of breaking up our former connections, which we knew they had long wished. 2. a continuance of the statu quo in commerce for 10. years which he believed would be desireable to them. 3. an admission to some navigable part of the Missisipi by some line drawn from the lake of the woods to such navigable part. He had not he said examined the map to see how such a line might be run so as not to make too great a sacrifice. The navigation of the Missi. being a joint possession we might then take measures in concert for the joint security of it. He was therefore for immediately sounding them on this subject thro\u2019 our Minister at London yet so as to keep ourselves unengaged as long as possible in hopes a favorable issue with Spain might be otherwise effected. But he was for sounding immediately and for not slipping an opportunity of securing our object.\nE.R. concurred in general with me. He objected that such an alliance could not be effected with-out pecuniary consideration probably, which we could not give. And what was to be their aid? If men, our citizens would see their armies get foothold in the U.S. with great jealousy. It would be difficult to protect them. Even the French during the distresses of the late war excited some jealous sentiments.\nHamilton said, money was often but not always demanded, and the aid he should propose to stipulate would be in ships.\u2014Knox non dissentient.\nThe President said the remedy would be worse than the disease, and stated some of the disagreeable circumstances which would attend our making such overtures.\nKnox\u2019s indirect hints in favor of this alliance brought to my recollection his conversation of yesterday, and that he wished to it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0507", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 1 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States, November 1st: 1792.\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of State, to be lodged in his Office, a copy of the Constitution formed for the State of Kentucky, which has been transmitted to the President by Colo. McDowell, in compliance with an order of the Convention.\nThe President thinks it would be proper for him to cause a Copy of this Constitution to be laid before each branch of the Legislature, and requests that the Secretary of State will have them prepared in his Office, unless something should occur to him to render the laying them before the Legislature improper or unnecessary.\nThe President wishes that all papers which are to be laid before Congress by him may be ready to go in as soon as he has made his general communication to that body.\nTobias LearSecretary to the President of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0508", "content": "Title: Edmund Randolph\u2019s Opinion on the Theft of Slaves from Martinique, 1 November 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe attorney-general of the United States has the honor of replying to the communication of the Secretary of State, on the 28th. Ultimo, concerning the proceedings of Captain Hickman, in bringing away from Martinique certain slaves, the property of residents there.\nJudging from the documents, which have been forwarded to him, the Attorney-general would not hesitate to pronounce, that a theft has been committed. But the fact may turn out otherwise upon confronting testimony.\nIn like manner, the offence would seem to be a piracy. But it may prove, when the precise place of its commission shall be fixed, to be of a merely municipal kind.\nUnder these circumstances the government cannot give, it is presumed, any specific instructions to any officer of the U.S.; except to the attorney of the district of Georgia, as follows:\n1. To prosecute the culprits criminalites, as far as the law will permit; constantly having in view the restitution of the negroes to their true owner; and\n2. If criminal process should be insufficient to procure such restitution, to institute the necessary civil process for the like purpose, with the approbation of the owners or their agent. The last remark is made,  in order to impose the expence of a suit upon the individuals interested, rather than to assume any responsibility on the United States.\nEdm: RandolphNovember 1 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0509", "content": "Title: Revised Paragraph for the President\u2019s Annual Message to Congress, 1 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nInstead of the paragraph \u2018The interests of a nation &c.\u2014within our own,\u2019 formerly proposed, the following substitute is thought better.\nAll observations are unnecessary on the value of peace with other nations. It would be wise however, by timely provisions, to guard against those acts of our citizens, which might tend to disturb it, and to put ourselves in a condition to give that satisfaction to foreign nations, which we may sometimes have occasion to require from them. I particularly recommend to your consideration the means of preventing those aggressions by our citizens on the territory of other nations, and other infractions of the law of Nations, which furnishing just subject of complaint, might endanger our peace with them.\u2014And in general the maintenance &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0511", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 1 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to return the inclosed to the President. The following are the only alterations which he supposes might be proper.\npa. 4. line 2. and 3. He thinks it better to omit the passage marked with a pencil.\nsame page. three bottom lines. He sees no objection to the passage marked.\npages 6. and 7. The six lines marked he thinks would be better omitted.\npage 11. line 16. Perhaps the expression \u2018just state of our credit\u2019 would be better than \u2018high state of our credit.\u2019 Our efforts and our circumstances authorize us to say that we are justly entitled to the credit in which we stand.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0512", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Cobbett, 2 November 1792\nFrom: Cobbett, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWilmington, Delawar State, 2nd Nov. 1792.\nMy friend, whom Mr. Short has mentioned in the enclosed letter, procured it for me thinking you might have it in your power to serve me upon my landing in this country: but, conscious that I can have no other pretension to your notice at present than merely that founded on a recommendation, and wishing to avoid the importunate part too often acted by men in my situation, I have chosen this as the least troublesome way of paying my respects to you.\nAmbitious to become the citizen of a free state, I have left my native country, England, for America: I bring with me youth, a small family, a few useful literary talents and that is all.\nShould you have an opportunity of serving me, my conduct shall not show me ungrateful, or falsify the recommendation I now send you. Should that not be the case, I shall feel but little disappointment from it, not doubting but my industry and care will make me a happy and useful member in my adopted country. I am, with great respect, Sir, Your most obedient Servant,\nWm. Cobbett\nP.S. Sir, I am but a few days landed in America, and am settled here for the Winter, if no employment offers itself during that time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0513", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. P. P. Derieux, 2 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nDr Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 2. 1792.\nI received yesterday your favor of Oct. 22. and I have by the present post inclosed to Colo. Gamble Mr. Vaughan\u2019s order on John Hopkins for 250. dollars payable to Colo. Gamble for your account. This is an advance of Mr. Vaughan\u2019s, as the sales of your effects hitherto have been absorbed by the payment of duties, freight and other charges. I  shall not fail to have the remittances made to you as fast as the money is raised, and to keep you advised of the progress of the business. I am with great esteem to Mde. Derieux & yourself Dear Sir Your most obedient humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0515", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 2 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 2. 1792.\nI received yesterday your favor of Oct. 22. and am much relieved by the favorable account of dear Anne\u2019s health. The journey you meditate will probably be of service to her. It is more doubtful as to the young hero, as at his age they stand travelling worse. However the short stages you propose may prevent injury. Colo. and Mrs. Monroe arrived yesterday as also Mr. Madison. The members of Congress begin to drop in, and the winter\u2019s campaign opens on Monday. The less they do, and the more they leave to their successors, the better in my opinion. The election of this state has had an issue very favorable to the republican wishes. The Monocrats of this place (who are few tho\u2019 wealthy and noisy) are au desespoir. The nearer I approach the term of  my relief from their contests the more impatiently I bear them. They have kept up the ball with respect to myself till they begin to be tired of it themselves. Their chief object was to influence the election of this state, by persuading them there was a league against the government, and as it was necessary to designate a head to the league, they did me that honour. This indulged at the same time the personal enmity of a particular gentleman, who has written and written under all sorts of shapes and signatures without much advancing the cause of his party. Tho\u2019 I have no reason to be dissatisfied with the impression made, yet I have too many sources of happiness at home, and of the tranquil kind which alone is happiness to me, not to wish for my release.\u2014Maria is well. Present my affections to my dear Martha, and believe me to be most sincerely Your\u2019s &c.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0516", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 2 November 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Nov. 2. 1792\nThe hope that this letter will be still in time for the N. York packet induces me to address you again by that conveyance.\nSince my last the French have made several attempts to enter the Pays bas, in all of which they have been defeated, and it becomes every day more and more probable they will not be more successful as the Austrian troops which were in France are forming strong posts in those provinces under the command of the Duke Albert, Count de Clerfayt, and Prince de Hohenlohe\u2014the whole will consist of about 68,000 men. As yet there is no symptom of insurrection and I imagine will be none, unless the French army should meet with a success hardly to be expected in the face of disciplined troops and fortified places.\nThe police as you will observe from the Leyden gazettes, is in full activity and vigilance, and extended even to the French emigrants. This gazette does not speak of the principal defeat of the French troops  near Cond\u00e9 in which their loss was considerable. Their army under Genl. Custine as you will see has taken possession of Frankfort. The object of the excursion was to feel the pulse of the Germans and try if they were disposed to an insurrection. As yet there seems no symptoms of it and of course the present design is to indemnify themselves for the expence by putting the rich under contribution.\nI recommend particularly to your attention the No. 88. of the Leyden gazette with its supplement for the external and internal situation of France. You will find that Dumoustier who left France among the last of the emigrants has already become conspicuous. What he says of M. de Calonne is particularly remarkable as a proof of the sentiments professed by the allied courts. M. de Calonne and M. de Breteuil were the two chiefs of the emigrants\u2014rivals and enemies\u2014the former advocated the system of the ancien regime, and was supported by the Princes\u2014the latter was for conciliation and establishing a mixed government\u2014he remained at Brussels\u2014high in favor with the Austrian government\u2014and in the disgrace of the Princes. When they entered France they found themselves obliged to sacrifice M. de Calonne and to adopt M. de Breteuil. This was the triumph of the conciliatory system, in favor of which the Imperial cabinet certainly was. As to that of Berlin, few I believe know with certainty what they most desired. It is supposing much disinterestedness on their part to imagine they really wished to see France re-established at their expence for the Austrian family.\nI have the most satisfactory evidence that the late Emperor wished to see the English form of government established in France\u2014and that M. de Mercy had given some of the former chiefs of the revolution, such proofs of it as perfectly convinced and satisfied them. Time must now shew whether France will be more happy being left for the present to herself\u2014and also to whom the government will be confided\u2014what its form\u2014and duration. No time however is necessary to convince that it cannot be those who are at the helm at present\u2014unless indeed some such miracle should be wrought in their favor as lately took place. They may be already considered as at open war with the mob of Paris\u2014other mobs will probably join them\u2014and then the two armies will commence probably a civil war\u2014the most probable consequence of which, if left to themselves, will be dismemberment into separate governments until some man or body of men shall acquire sufficient force to put on them chains strong enough to bind them together. I still think however they will not be left to themselves\u2014although it is probable their enemies will not be the same they have been, nor act together in the same manner.\nYou observe the French seem averse to break with the Swiss  cantons. The canton of Berne however is disposed rather to count on their own force than the French dispositions. From the time of the French entering Savoy, they applied to the States General for the subsidy which they are bound by treaty to furnish them, which is equal to the pay of the troops of that canton in the Dutch service. This application is kept secret and so will be the payment of the subsidy if possible, lest the French should take umbrage\u2014there is no desire here to give it, the most perfect neutrality being really what is wished. The French are feared by this government, on account of the patriotic party here who are decidedly in their favor. It is evident the late successes of the French troops in Savoy and Germany, and the retreat of the allied armies give uneasiness here, on that account. Governments by force are naturally suspicious of danger and subject to fear. I really think myself they have nothing to apprehend from the patriotic party\u2014however they should know best and they are certainly under anxiety at present. Should Dumouriez fail in the low countries which is infinitely probable, they would be less uneasy here\u2014of course their fears will probably soon pass.\nIf the French commonwealth had sent a minister here immediately on the retreat of the combined armies and Dumourier\u2019s promise to winter at Brussels, I think he would have been more likely to have been recieved than at present. I think now he certainly would not be recieved.\nIt is highly probable Spain will not commence hostilities. It is much less so that France will not. Every department and district has de facto, the right of peace and war\u2014and it would not be surprizing that those bordering on Spain should declare it, even if the convention should not, elated as they are by their successes. The dispositions of the people in Catalonia particularly are said to be in favor of insurrection, which is the Arm the French count most on.\nI sent you the Logographe, as being the best journal of the assembly, until it was discontinued. The subscribers recieve in lieu of it the Journal des debats which I forward to you by vessels from Amsterdam and Rotterdam, in proportion as they come to my hands\u2014it is very irregular on account of the interruption of the post. As soon as the subscription ceases which will be soon, I shall cease sending it. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment Dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0517", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 2 November 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Nov. 2. 1792.\nI recieved yesterday, from the Sec. of the treasury a letter of Aug. 28. in which he tells me the accounting officers of the treasury have represented to him that a regular account of all the monies recieved by me from the commissioners or which they have paid by my direction, would be requisite in the examination and adjustment of their accounts\u2014and requests me therefore to furnish him with the account up to Nov. 1. 1792. He adds\u2014\u201cyour account, as Sec. to the embassy in France, I understand has been presented at the treasury, by Mr. Jefferson, terminating on the 24th. of Sep. 1789\u2014but none has been rendered since.\u201d\nI answer him today informing him of your directions with respect to the transmission of my accounts to your department annually\u2014which has been done with the accidental delay of that ending July 1. 1791.\u2014and that that ending July 1. 1792. was sent by triplicate immediately after the expiration of that term. I mention also the bills you left with me for 66,000\u20b6 and deposited afterwards in Mr: Grands hands to recieve their amount and keep it appropriated as you desired. These I state to him as the only sums which have been in my hands within my present recollection.\nWith respect to the payments made by the commissioners, although most of them had been by my orders which I recieved from him and transmitted to them, yet as I had made a point of never allowing one single farthing of it to pass through my hands, I had not expected to be involved in the comptability of the business, and of course had kept no account\u2014nor do I yet see what kind of account I could have kept which could have added to that which the commissioners informed me they transmitted regularly to the Sec. of the treasury. I mention to him however that I had sent to them yesterday immediately on the receipt of his letter to furnish me an account of the monies they had paid\u2014and that I should without delay transmit it to him\u2014begging him if it was not perfectly satisfactory in every particular to be so good as to inform me of it that I might procure whatever eclaircissements might be necessary\u2014adding that I was so well convinced of the commissioners having properly transacted the business and kept the proper vouchers, that I had no objection to be placed in the account although I had not expected it, as no part of the money went through my hands. I have thought it well to mention this subject to you\u2014and particularly what relates to my accounts as to my salary and contingencies recieved. The unfortunate miscarriage of my letter of Oct. 6. 1791. inclosing the first  copy of my account prevented your having it in time for that session of Congress\u2014but the duplicates I afterwards sent of it and the triplicate of my last account will I hope have put that matter right. You said you would be so kind as to arrange the several articles in the form you judged best. I hope you will do it and have them all finally settled as low down as July last.\nI knew it was a principle with our government that when a person was in their service they considered themselves as the absolute masters of all his moments and that they had a right to heap work on work as much as he could endure. In my case independent of the department of foreign affairs which I have in common with the other foreign agents that of the treasury is given me which so far from being an accessory, is much more painful and laborious than the principal, even as I conducted it\u2014and if as I should infer from the letter of the Secry. of the treasury, I was to have gone into the manutention of the money to have recieved it and paid it away\u2014and to have erected accounts conformably thereto, and to have gone backwards and forwards between Paris and Amsterdam as I did; and this without knowing at any one time that I should be employed three months longer (which was my case from the time of my recieving your first letters after your determining to remain in America) I know not what are the ideas of the Secy. of the treasury with respect to my abilities but I feel that I should have been unequal to the task without an assistant bookkeeper. I am convinced however the accounts have been properly kept by the commissioners and of course have no uneasiness on that head. I acknowlege also the principle of the government having a right to impose on their servants any task they please. It is impossible however not to consider the circumstances a little hard which have unavoidably placed all the honor and profit at Paris in diminishing the labor\u2014and placed neither honor or profit here where the labor is doubled. Time will shew soon whether this is to last and whether the U.S. continue their minister at Paris, in opposition to what has been done by all the European powers. (The Baron de Blome I believe has now left Paris\u2014he was detained after his recall by being confined by sickness to his bed.) The Minister remaining at Paris is as much an acknowlegement of the present government as if he was accredited to them. When I am asked about it here I observe that M. Morris cannot yet have recieved orders of any kind. One would suppose that M. Morris, of all others would be the least agreeable to such a government\u2014if it were not that the universality of his genius renders him fit for every thing. The time seems to be retarded when the great contest shall be decided of who or what is to govern in France. I should hardly think the U.S. would keep such a grade and at such an expence there\u2014even if it were not for  the disconvenance of the business\u2014an agent without public character would be more proper\u2014equally perhaps more useful\u2014and certainly more economical.\nI do not trouble you at present with respect to my future wishes\u2014my late letters have been much too full on that disagreeable subject. In all cases I beg you to be persuaded of the unalterable attachment & affection of Dear Sir, Your friend & servant\nW Short\nI observe in some American newspapers which have been lent me, a work announced under the title of the American Remembrancer, containing state papers, an abridgment of the Journals of Congress &c. by Jno. Carey. I will be much obliged to you to subscribe for me for a copy and send it to me by the first opportunity after its publication. As soon as I learn what is to become of me I shall take arrangements for procuring new American productions. During these three long years I have been kept so from month to month that I have never had time or courage for such things as were to be procured from America.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0520", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Anderson, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Anderson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nEdinburgh 3d Novr 1792\nI did myself the honour of writing to you a great many months ago, in answer to your very obliging letter accompanying the treatise on weights and measures which you was so obliging as send me\u2014which I read with great pleasure and improvement\u2014and for which I did return my best thanks, and now repeat them lest that letter should have been lost.\nAlong with this I send the 7, 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th Volumes of the Bee\u2014hoping the former volumes which were sent by the way of New York, to the care of Mr. Saml. Campbell bookseller there, have come safe to hand. If you should honour these papers with a perusal I hope you will discover that at least a desire to promote the welfare of mankind in general, without any limitation is conspicuous through the whole. I am ambitious of no other fame but that of being a friend to man\u2014not according to the newfangled meaning of that word but to its obvious and most unlimited signification.\nMy eye is directed towards the operations of your hemisphere, in the progress of which I take a very particular interest. There is a health, a vigour, and energy in the youth of society as well as of man which it is pleasing to contemplate. There is often an innocence also which gives it the highest charm\u2014and tho\u2019 there be at the same time excentricities of conduct that maturer wisdom might avoid\u2014these, to an upright mind will be tolerated. I observe however, that with you, as well as elsewhere a super abundance of health engenders certain diseases. But these\u2014by a steady management may be corrected.\nIn old societies, where a corruption of morals has laid the foundation of the basest political evils, it is impossible to contemplate those ebullitions of vice and weakness\u2014which under the sacred names of virtue and of freedom, lay the foundations of the most miserable despotism without feeling an indignant horror. Such is the situation of our unfortunate neighbouring country france\u2014which seemed but a short while  ago to promise to become a fine free and prosperous country\u2014But who can expect freedom or prosperity in a nation where religion is insulted\u2014and every moral virtue disregarded! Long, very long may it be before this radical disorder gets footing in your states\u2014and long may you, Sir, contribute to preserve their internal tranquillity and promote their general prosperity.\nAs my correspondence with the different countries in Europe is now pretty extensive, as well as through all the continent of India, I shall be proud to be able to contribute in any way towards obtaining any information (not respecting politics) you may wish to obtain. Either you or your friends may freely apply to me when you please. Letters, if beyond the bulk of a single sheet, or not exceding two ounces, will come to me safe and free of expence if addressed to me, under cover to Scrope Bernard Esqr. Under secretary of State London. I have the honour to be, with the most respectful esteem Sir Your Most obedt Hue. Servt\nJas: Anderson\nThis letter with the parcel is to be sent by the way of Liverpool in hopes of there obtaining a conveyance for Philadelphia. I send at the same time another to his Excellency Mr. Washington\u2014all of which I hope will come safe to hand.\nInclosed I have the honour of transmitting a letter from Ld. Buchan, which came to my care about a week ago. I have been very much obliged to his Ldp. for many communications.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0521", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael and William Short, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William,Short, William\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia November 3rd. 1792.\nI wrote you on the 14th. of last Month, since which, some other incidents and documents have occurred, bearing relation to the subject  of that letter. I, therefore, now inclose you a duplicate of that letter.\nCopy of a letter from the Governor of Georgia, with the deposition it covered of a Mr. Hull, and an Original passport signed by Olivier, wherein he stiles himself Commissary for his Catholic Majesty with the Creeks.\nCopy of a letter from Messrs. Viar and Jaudenes to myself, dated Octr. 29th. with that of the extract of a letter of September 24th. from Baron Carondelet to them.\nCopy of my answer of November 1st. to them, and\nCopy of a letter from myself to the President, stating a conversation with those Gentlemen.\n From these papers you will find that we have been constantly endeavoring by every possible means to keep peace with the Creeks; that, in order to do this, we have even suspended and still suspend the running a fair boundary between them and us, as agreed to by themselves, and having for object the precise definition of their and our Lands, so as to prevent incroachment on either side, and that we have constantly endeavored to keep them at peace with the Spanish settlements also: that Spain, on the contrary, or at least the Officers of her governments, since the arrival of the Baron de Carondelet, has undertaken to keep an Agent among the Creeks, has excited them, and the other Southern Indians to commence a war against us; has furnished them with arms and ammunition for the express purpose of carrying on that war, and prevented the Creeks from running the boundary, which would have removed the source of differences from between us. Messieurs Viar and Jaudenes explain the ground of interference on the fact of the Spanish claim to that territory, and on an Article in our treaty with the Creeks putting themselves under our protection. But besides that you already know the nullity of their pretended claim to the territory, they had themselves set the example of endeavoring to strengthen that claim by the treaty mentioned in the letter of the Baron de Carondelet, and by the employment of an Agent among them.\nThe establishment of our boundary, committed to you, will of course remove the grounds of all future pretence to interfere with the Indians within our territory; and it was to such only that the treaty of New York stipulated protection: for we take for granted that Spain will be ready to agree to the principle that neither party has a right to stipulate protection or interference with the Indian nations inhabiting the territory of the other. But it is extremely material also, with sincerity and good faith to patronize the peace of each other with the neighboring Savages. We are quite disposed to believe that the late wicked excitements to war, have proceeded from the Baron de Carondelet himself,  without Authority from his Court. But if so, have we not reason to expect the removal of such an Officer from our neighborhood, as an evidence of the disavowal of his proceedings? He has produced against us a serious War. He says in his letter that he has suspended it but this he has not done, nor possibly can he do it. The Indians are more easily engaged in a war, than withdrawn from it. They have made the attack in force on our frontiers, whether with, or without his consent, and will oblige us to a severe punishment of their aggression. We trust that you will be able to settle principles of friendly concert between us and Spain, with respect to the neighboring Indians: and if not, that you will endeavor to apprize us of what we may expect, that we may no longer be tied up by principles, which, in that case, would be inconsistent with duty and self-preservation. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of perfect esteem and respect, Gentlemen, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0522", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Novr. 3d. 1792.\nYour letter to Messrs. Carmichael and Short (now returned) is full and proper. I have added a word or two with A pencil, which may be inserted or not as you shall think best. The intention of them is to do away the charge of Sovereignty over more than are within our own territory.\nThe erazures from the Speech\u2014as you advise\u2014are made, except  exchange the word \u201chigh\u201d for \u201cjust.\u201d If facts will justify the former (as I think they indubitably do) policy, I conceive, is much in its favor: For while so many unpleasant things are announced as the Speech contains, it cannot be amiss to accompany them with communications of a more agreeable Nature. I am always\u2014Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0524", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Statement I, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nEnclosuresStatement I\nThe Department of State in Account\nDr.\nD.\nTo a warrant from the Treasury under the Act for foreign intercourse (1790 July 1)\n\u0192\nD\n Decr. 20\nTo the Treasurer\u2019s Excha. on Will. V. Staphs. & Hub. under do.\nTo do.\n \u0192\nTo do.\n May\u2008 7\nTo do. under Act of Mar. 3. 1791. c 16\nTo do. under Act for foreign intercourse\n June 30\nTo do. under the act of 1792. May 8. c.41 s.3\nTh: Jefferson\nwith the United States\nCr.\nD\n By paid Col. Humphreys on his mission to Madrid (as by his receipt)\n\u0192\nD\n Decr. 17\n By remittance to Mr. G. Morris (as by his letter Feby. 26. 91) the bill per contra for\n By do. to J.B. Cutting (as by papers given in to Congress) the bill per contra for\n By do. to Will. v. Staphorsts & Hub. (as by their acct. June 10. 91) the bill per contra for 99,000 =\n May 13\n By do. to do. subject to Humphreys & Barclay (as by lre. & rect.) the bill per contra for 32,175 =\n By do. to do. (as by their account Apr. 10. 92.) the bill per contra for\n July\u20073\n By do. to do. subject to T. Pinckney for purposes of Act May 8. 92. the bill per contra for 123,750.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0525", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Statement II, 3 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nStatement II\nAnalysis of the Expences of the U.S. for their intercourse with Foreign nations from July 1. 90. to July 1. 91. and from July 1. 91. to July 1. 92. taken from the accounts of Messrs. Short, Humphreys, Morris, Pinckney & Willinks, Van Staphorsts & Hubbard given in to the Auditor.\n                Outfit  Salary.   Secretary  Postage of state print-    Total\nExtraordinary\n Amsterdam on the subject of loans                         986.18\nMr. Cutting special services to American seamen            233.33      4,415.40.\nOrdinary\n                Outfit Salary        Postage Contingencies         Total\nExtraordinary\nMission to Amsterdam on subject of loans.            443.43\nDyes for medals as presents to foreign\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0526", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Bolling, Jr., 4 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bolling, John, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 4. 1792.\nThe property, of which you purchased a part, having been sold by me for the purpose of paying a debt of Mr. Wayles\u2019s to Farrel & Jones, all the bonds taken for the proceeds of the sale are delivered to Mr. Richard Hanson whom I have constituted my attorney for receiving and applying the monies. Among these are the two bonds you gave for \u00a3120. payable Dec. 15. 1792. and \u00a3120. payable Dec. 15. 1793. To him therefore at his residence in Petersburgh you will be so good as to pay them, and his receipt and proceedings relative thereto shall be good. I am Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0527", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, 4 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brown, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 4. 1792.\nAccording to the permission in your letter which I recieved at Monticello, I drew on you about a fortnight ago in favor of Messrs. Clow & co. for two hundred dollars, and have drawn on you to day in favor of the Revd. Matthew Maury for 1662/3 Doll. and in favor of John Garland Jefferson for seventy five Dollars. These last orders will probably be presented to you towards the latter part of this month.\nI expect that Colo. Bell has forwarded to your care a box of books and cask of hams for me. I will ask the favor of your attention to send them here before the ice sets in, consequently immediately.\nI have received the most pressing instances to encourage the sending flour to Marseilles, where, and in all the Southern parts of France, and in Italy there is likely to be great distress. The prospect is such that the Mayor and municipality of Marseilles have written a letter to the President of the U.S. praying his interference, and promising to sollicit a naval protection from the National assembly for our vessels from the streights to Marseilles and back again. These papers will be published  in the gazettes of this week for the information of the merchants. I am with great esteem Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0528", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Wilson Miles Cary, 4 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cary, Wilson Miles\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 4. 1792.\nI have duly received your favor of Oct. 10. and have extracted and communicated to the President that part which related to Mr. Wray. It rests with him alone to decide among the competitors, and I have no doubt of the weight of your recommendation.\u2014The chance of my surviving both yourself and your son, is so small a one, that to promise any thing on that event, is like promising nothing. Should Nature really play such a prank with us, I should with great zeal do any thing I could in aid of the education of your grandsons. This I should conceive it a duty to undertake, as much as I have conceived it a duty to avoid meddling with executorships knowing I should mismanage the affairs of others as much as I do my own.\nWhen I had the pleasure of seeing you at Celey\u2019s I little thought I could be induced to undertake the office which was just then notified to me. I suffered myself however to be overpersuaded into it, with a determination to retire from it as soon as I could with decency. I have fixed the moment of retirement at the close of the present session of Congress. Should your affairs bring you to Fluvanna after March next, I should hope you would venture 20 miles further. On my part should I at any time be led into the lower country, I shall certainly be tempted to take Celey\u2019s into my tour. Present my affectionate respects to Mrs. Cary, your son, & daughters, and accept the same yourself from Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0529", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Dickerson and Isaac Winfrey, 4 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dickerson, Joseph,Winfrey, Isaac\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Nov. 4. 1792.\nThe bonds you gave me for \u00a328 payable Dec. 15. 1792 and \u00a328. payable Dec. 15. 1793. are put into the hands of Mr. Richard Hanson whom I have constituted my attorney for receiving and applying the monies. To him therefore at his residence in Petersburg you will be pleased to pay them, and his receipt and proceedings relative thereto shall be good. I am Gentlemen your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0530", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Fay, 4 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fay, Joseph\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 4. 1792.\nI have to acknolege the receipt of your favor of Oct. 8 together with the seeds of the Sugar maple accompanying it. I have delivered a part to the President and will deliver another portion to Mr. Madison who is just arrived here. In the name of us all accept thanks for this present, which I deem valuable. I was not fortunate in my essay of the last year. Of 80. trees I bought in N. York, very few survived the transplantation. Do they begin to increase the quantity of sugar made with you?\nTomorrow begins the winter campaign of our legislature; no pleasant season for themselves or those connected with them. It\u2019s termination being fixed to the 4th. of March will induce them to undertake less and hasten it the more. I am with great esteem Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0531", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Hanson, 4 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hanson, Richard\nDr. Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 4. 1792.\nI now inclose you a power of Attorney for the collection of the bonds enumerated in the list which was inclosed in your letter of Octob. 27. with a special letter to the persons named in each bond notifying your power and desiring them to make the paiment to you at Petersburgh. There is one thing to which I must beg your particular attention, that is, to take measures for having clerks and sheriff\u2019s tickets paid either by the attornies you employ or by yourself. As they will be recovered in the judgment, they will be no deduction from the amount of the bond, and if in any instances they are suffered to come to me, besides the impossibility of my being able to judge of their justice, they will in many instances, perhaps in most, be paid twice. I must beg your permission therefore to presume them paid under the arrangements you will take, and that I may safely refuse paiment of them in every instance, even should a distress be threatened. I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0532", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Power of Attorney to Richard Hanson, [4 November 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hanson, Richard\nEnclosurePower of Attorney to Richard Hanson\nNow Know all men by these presents that I have constituted Richard Hanson of Petersburg in Virginia my Attorney in fact, with full powers to demand recieve and recover the said monies from the several debtors and all other persons who are or may become liable to pay the same, and to give discharges and acquittals thereon, and the same and every or any part thereof to apply to the discharge of the debt for which I am bound to William Jones of Bristol as surviving partner of Farrel & Jones. In witness wherof I have hereto set my hand and seal this 4th. day of November 1792. Witness\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0533", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Garland Jefferson, 4 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, John Garland\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 4. 1792.\nI have duly recieved your favor of Oct. 21. and now inclose you an order on Mr. Brown of Richmond for seventy five dollars, which according to your statement in the letter will suffice for your fall supply and a quarter\u2019s board. Before another quarter is out I shall be in Virginia and will take care to furnish you with another order in time. I do not recollect whether you had made a beginning of Greek at school or not. If you had not, or if you did not make such progress in it as to have got over some of the first authors, I would not advise your undertaking it. It is the most difficult of all languages, and perhaps the least useful to a lawyer. A copious course of history is very adviseable, to wit, Antient history preceding that of the Greeks, then the Greek, and Roman, finishing with Gibbons. Then general modern history as treated by Millot and Voltaire, next English and lastly American history. I am Dear Sir", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0534", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Adam Lindsay, 4 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lindsay, Adam\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov 4. 1792.\nI must now repeat to you my annual sollicitation to procure and send me 200 \u2114 myrtle wax candles. I do not know whether the mixing tallow with the wax be absolutely necessary. If not, I would wish them of the pure wax; but if some mixture be necessary, then as little as will do.\nWe have received official applications from the Mayor and municipality of Marseilles to the President of the U.S. praying that our merchants may be encouraged to send wheat and flour there in great quantities, and as soon as possible, as they are likely to be greatly distressed for it there, and in that part of Europe. This application will appear in the papers of this week. I am Sir Your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0535", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Matthew Maury, 4 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Maury, Matthew\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 4. 1792.\nI now inclose you an order on Mr. Brown of Richmond for the sum of fifty pounds, which will be paid on sight, which I hope will get to hand in time, as you mentioned that it would not be till the 1st. of December that you should want it.\u2014Finding that Dabney Carr\u2019s inclination did not lead him more to Physic than law, that his mother had thought of the former on reasons which she had not laid much stress on, and believing with you that while physic is more laborious, in it\u2019s practice, the law opens more chances of advancement, I have concluded, on my return which will be in March, to take him to Monticello and set him on a course of law reading. Still however, as he is so good a Latinist already, I would wish him to apply this winter chiefly to the Greek.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0537", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Reveley, 4 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Reveley, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 4. 1792.\nThe bonds you executed for David Ross and Reuben Smith for \u00a345.5 payable Dec. 15. 1792 and the like sum payable Dec. 15. 1793\nfor yourself and Robert Wilson for \u00a321.5 payable Dec. 15. 1792. and\u00a321.5 payable Dec. 15. 1793.\nfor yourself Wm. Mickle and Reuben for \u00a339.5. payable Dec. 15. 1792. and \u00a339.5\u2002payable Dec. 15. 1793.\nare delivered into the hands of Mr. Hanson whom I have constituted my attorney for the receipt and application of these monies. To him therefore you will be pleased to pay them at his residence in Petersburg, and his receipt and proceedings relative thereto shall be good. I am Sir your humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0538", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to F. P. Van Berckel, 4 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Berckel, F. P. van\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 4. 1792.\nIn the letter of Credence addressed by the President of the U.S. to their high mightinesses the States General of the U.N. presenting to them Mr. Short as Minister Resident for these states, an omission of title was observed. This proceeded from our want of information on that subject, and certainly not from a want either of friendship or respect. It is thought the best corrective of this error to send another letter with the proper title, to be substituted for that which was delivered. With the delivery of this we should have charged Mr. Short, but for the probability that, before it\u2019s arrival at the Hague, he will be departed on a special mission to the court of Madrid; and we are unwilling to delay till his return the rectification of this error. Permit me therefore Sir, to ask the favor of you to become the channel of conveyance for this letter, of assurances to their High Mightinesses that their reception of Mr. Short in the mean time is considered as a new proof of their friendship, which it will be always our endeavor to reciprocate and cultivate. Accept yourself those sentiments of esteem & respect with which I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0539", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph G. Chambers, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Chambers, Joseph G.\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 5. 1792.\nYour first favor of Aug. 13. came to my hands in Virginia and being dated from Mercersburg, Franklin county, I knew not how to send an answer, the first name being unknown to me, and there being a Franklin county in most of the states. I find on my return here that this is the state of your residence. The present state of things in France is so turbid, that it is impossible for one to see their way clear in any advice they should give relative to that country. The person however to whom it is best to address yourself on that subject is the Minister of France residing in this city. Every nation desiring to possess the means of destroying the greatest number possible of their enemies, your discovery, if found effectual in experiment, will not want patronage any where.\u2014If you should chuse to apply for an exclusive right here, it will be necessary to address the patent board established by Congress for that purpose. I am Sir Your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0540", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Cobbett, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cobbett, William\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 5. 1792.\nIn acknoleging the receipt of your favor of the 2d. inst. I wish it were in my power to announce any way in which I could be useful to you. Mr. Short\u2019s assurances of your merit would be a sufficient inducement to me. Public offices in our government are so few, and of so little value, as to offer no resource to talents. When you shall have been here some small time you will be able to judge in what way you can set out with the best prospect of success, and if I can serve you in it, I shall be very ready to do it. I am Sir your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0541", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Commissioners of the Federal District, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Commissioners of the Federal District\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGeorge Town Novr. 5th. 1792\nWe have to beg, you would lay before the President, of the United States, our request, that he would favor us, with a draft on the Governor of Virginia, for such a part of the donation of that state as is due for the second Year. Besides other circumstances, which require a replenishment of our funds, some of the Proprietors, have called on us for a payment, of the appropriations which have been made of their property, to which they are entitled by the terms of their alienation.\nWe have the pleasure to inform you that since the Public Sales we have sold by private bargains fifteen lots at one Hundred pounds each.\nInclosed is a list of the Lots sold and the Purchasers. As they are all Men of large property and from the Eastward, we consider it as the most valuable sale yet made. We must at the same time confess our obligations to Mr. Blodget for his instrumentality in effecting it.\nFrequent applications are made to us by the Merchants here for the Plans now executing in Philadelphia as most correct, to send to their correspondents in Europe. If finished, we must beg you will cause them to be forwarded on to us.\nWe have observed in a late Philaa. Paper, a description of a Machine for cutting and polishing Stone, which if it answers the description, must be very valuable.\nWe are sensible, your time at present must be much engaged; but when your leasure will permit it, we shall thank you to make some enquiry respecting it. We are sir with great respt. your Most Obt & very Hmbl. Svts.\nDd: Stuart\nDanl. Carroll\nP:S: Just as this letter was sending to the Post office, we recieved a letter from Mr. Taylor, which will be answered by the next Post.\nD: S:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0542", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Currie, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Currie, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHble Sir\nRichmond Novr 5th. 1792\nI did myself the honor of answering your polite letter lately received, inclosing Mr. Bartons to you on the Subject of my claim against Dr. J. Griffin. Your Very particular attention to this business demands and with effect my most gratefull thanks. Pray continue your friendly advice &c to Barton, to secure it Effectually and soon if possible. Mr. Geo. Wmson. will have the honor of delivering this letter, has lived some time with me and has now come to Philadelphia to finish his Studies in your Medical School: he is promising and a Very deserving young man, an acquaintance of Mr. J. Eppes\u2019s I believe. If it should So happen that you can render him any frendly office while in Philada. it will be considered as peculiarly obliging and very gratefull to me; and, helping forwards a very meritorious young man. Messrs. TMR. Jr. and P. Kerr are here both well as are all your young friends at Monticello. Adieu Dr Sir, from your Very Hble Servt.\nJames Currie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0543", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department Novr. 5th. 1792.\nI have duly considered the principal subject of the extracts from Mr. Morris\u2019s letters, which you did me the honor to send me, namely the adjustment or liquidation of the payments to France, and am of Opinion, that the Idea which appears to be that of Mr. Morris is the safest now to be pursued vizt.\u2014to ascertain the rate of exchange between Paris and Amsterdam, at each period of payment, as an eventual guide, and to leave the liquidation open till the completion of the entire reimbursement shall furnish an equitable rule, upon all the  circumstances of the case. While the United States do not wish to profit by any disorder in the affairs of France, neither ought they to suffer any loss in consequence of it. As further payments have been suspended till further order, there will be time for further consideration, before the payments recommence.\nThe Accounts furnished by the French Treasury have been committed to the Comptroller, with direction to make a full and critical examination, and to prepare all statements, and documents, which may be necessary completely to enlighten Mr. Morris.\nThe affair of the payment of the debt due to the French officers has been arranged. In your absence from the Seat of Government I wrote a letter to Mr. Morris on the subject of which the enclosed is a Copy. With great respect, I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0544", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson having had the honor at different times heretofore of giving to the President conjectural estimates of the expences of our foreign establishment, has that of now laying before him in page. 1. of the inclosed paper, a statement of the whole amount of the foreign fund from the commencement to the expiration of the act which will be on the 3d. of March next, with the actual expences to the 1st. of July last, and the conjectural ones from thence through the remaining 8. months, and the balance which will probably remain.\nPage 2. shews the probable annual expence of our present establishment, and it\u2019s excess above the funds allowed; and in another column the reduced establishment, necessary and most proper to bring it within the limits of the fund, supposing it should be continued.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0546", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: Estimate of the Foreign Establishment, 5 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nIIEstimate of the Foreign Establishment\nEstimate of the ordinary expence of the different diplomatic grades, annually.\nA Minister Plenipotentiary.\nA Resident.\nAgent.\nD\nD\nD\nD\nD\nOutfit 1/7 of\nOutfit 1/7 of\nSalary.\nSalary\nSalary\nExtras\nSecretary\nExtras\nExtras\nMedals to foreign ministers, suppose 5. to be kept here & to be changed once in 7. years will be about 654.6 annually.\nReturn 1/7 of\nReturn 1/7 of\nTo support the present establishment would require\na Reduction of the establishment, to bring it within the limits of D 40,000.\nD.\nfor\n Paris. Minister Plenipoty.\nfor\n Paris. a Minister Plenipty.\nLondon. do.\nLondon. do.\nMadrid. Resident\nMadrid. a Resident\nLisbon. do.\nLisbon. do.\nHague. do.\nHague. an Agent\nMedals to foreign ministers\nMedals to for ministers\nSurplus.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0550", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Garland Jefferson, 6 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, John Garland\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond November 6. 1792.\nI arrived in this place a day ago, in company with Mr. Peter and Samuel Carr, who I believe are on their way to Williamsburg. In consequence of a letter written to you a fortnight, or three weeks since, I expected to have found one in the office for me, but upon enquiry found none. The subject of my letter to you, was a request for money, or an order for money enough to supply myself with winter clothes, to pay taylors, and shoemakers bills &c. What I supposed might be necessary for that purpose, you have seen in that letter. Believe me Sir, it is my most earnest wish to cost you as little as possible. This wish has called forth every exertion in the frugal management of the money allowed by you for my support. If it was money earned by my labours, or which I had any way meritted, it would not impose upon me the same task of the most strick oeconomy. And I declare that if I thought the expences you incur on my account, were any inconvenience to you, that I should be willing to turn out half qualifyed, and to have every spark of genius, if there is any in me, buried and unknown.  Altho I know it woud condemn me for ever to labour in a groveling sphere where my toils woud scarce acquire a subsistence. I informed you also, that I had, before I received your last letter, agreed to pay for my board by the quarter, from a supposition that matters woud stand as they were the year before, in which case I shoud have the payment in my own hands. I expect to stay in this neighbourhood, till I shall hear from you. In the mean time, believe me to be my dear Sir, with the highest esteem, Your most grateful and obedient servant\nJno G: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0551", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Mayor and Municipality of Marseilles, 6 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mayor and Municipality of Marseilles\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Novr. 6th. 1792.\nYour letter of the 24th. of August, is just now received by the President of the United States, and I have it in charge from him to communicate to you the particular satisfaction he feels at the expressions of fraternity towards our Nation therein contained, to assure you that he desires sincerely the most speedy relief to France from her general difficulties, and will be happy to be instrumental in removing the special ones of the City of Marseilles in particular, by encouraging supplies of Wheat and Flour to be sent thither. Our harvest having been plentiful, our Merchants would of course feel sufficient inducements, in the assurances you give of a ready sale and good price, were it not for the apprehensions of the Barbary cruisers. Certain arrangements for a convoy, and the time, place, and manner of getting under it\u2019s protection, would remove these apprehensions: but it may be doubtful whether these can be notified to them in time to prepare their Adventures. They shall certainly, however, be informed of the wants of your City, and the inducements to go to it; and on this, and all other occasions, I beg leave to recommend our Commerce to the patronage of your Municipality, and to tender to you the homage of those Sentiments of respect and attachment, with which I have the honor to be, Gentlemen, Your most obedient, and Most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0552", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 6 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 6. 1792.\nI wrote you last on the 12th. of Octob. since which I have received yours of Aug. 29. with the papers and pamphlets accompanying it. I inclose you now the copy of a letter from Mr. Pintard our Consul at Madeira, exhibiting another attempt at the practice on which I wrote to you in my last, made by Capt. Hargood of the British frigate Hyaena to take Seamen from on board an American vessel bound to the E. Indies. It is unnecessary to develope to you the inconveniences of this conduct, and the impossibility of letting it go on. I hope you will be able to make the British ministry sensible of the necessity of punishing the past and preventing the future.\nCongress met yesterday, and the President will meet them to-day. In his speech, which will be in the newspapers accompanying this, you will see a detail of the important objects which are likely to occupy this session.\u2014We are in some danger of an Indian war on our Southern quarter, and have reason to believe it has been encouraged by some Spanish officers in that part. We trust it has not been with the approbation of their government. Having been long without an opportunity of writing to Colo. Humphreys by any direct conveyance, I trouble you with a letter to be forwarded to him by the packet. The one inclosed to Messrs. Carmichael and Short being of peculiar importance, I must beg your endeavors to find some conveyance for it in which you shall have full confidence. It had better go late, in order to go secretly and safely.\u2014The other letters inclosed are recommended to your care, and I have the honor to be with sentiments of sincere & high esteem & respect, Dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Nov. 9. 1792. A direct conveyance to Lisbon occurring, the letter for Colo. Humphreys is sent by that.\nTh:J", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0554", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 6 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Nov. 6. 1792\nIt is important that Mr. Short should recieve the inclosed letter; yet more important that it should get to no other hand than his. Being incertain whether he may not have left the Hague on a special mission to Madrid, before this reaches you I take the liberty of putting it under your cover, and of praying if he be gone, that you will keep it in your hands for his orders, unless a conveyance should occur in which you can put perfect confidence, and an assurance that it shall go into no post office. I have the honor to be Gentlemen Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0555", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Donald, 7 November 1792\nFrom: Donald, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 7th. Novemr. 1792\nI think that I informed you from Glasgow that the bill you had sent me on Messrs. Battier Zorlin & Co: for \u00a3 37.10.-Str. had been noted for non acceptance. This day it fell due, and I have the pleasure of informing you that the sum has been paid, and is Placed to your Credit with Donald & Burton. No bill has yet appeared on us from Paris or it would have been duly honoured, which will be the case whenever it appears. At this time I can only add, that I am with the most sincere respect & esteem Dear Sir Your obliged & obt. Sert.\nA Donald", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0556", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maury, 7 November 1792\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLiverpool, 7 Nov. 1792. He last paid his respects on 19 Sep. \u201cInclosed are the Returns of the prices of Corn copied from the London Gazette. This port, we expect, is not to open this Month to foreign Wheat.\u201d For other articles of our produce there has been no material deviation from his last price current.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0557", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 7 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 7. 1792.\nMy last to you was of the 15th. of Oct. since which I have recieved your Nos. 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. Tho\u2019 mine went by a conveyance directly to Bordeaux, and may therefore probably get safe to you yet I think it proper, lest it should miscarry, to repeat to you the following paragraph from it. \u2018We are informed by the public papers that the late constitution of France, formally notified to us, is suspended, and a new Convention called. During the time of this supension, and while no legitimate government exists, we apprehend that we cannot continue  the payments of our debt to France, because there is no person authorised to recieve it, and to give us an unobjectionable acquittal. You are therefore desired to consider the paiment as suspended until further orders. Should circumstances oblige you to mention this (which it is better to avoid if you can) do it with such solid reasons as will occur to yourself, and accompany it with the most friendly declarations that the suspension does not proceed from any wish in us to delay the payment; (the contrary being our wish) nor from any desire to embarras or oppose the settlement of their government in that way in which their nation shall desire it: but from our anxiety to pay this debt justly and honorably, and to the persons really authorized by the nation (to whom we owe it) to recieve it for their use. Nor shall the suspension be continued one moment after we can see our way clear out of the difficulty into which their situation has thrown us. That they may speedily obtain liberty peace and tranquillity is our sincere prayer.\u2019\nI am perfectly sensible that your situation must, ere this reaches you, have been delicate and difficult: and tho\u2019 the occasion is probably over, and your part taken of necessity, so that instructions now would be too late, yet I think it just to express our sentiments on the subject as a sanction of what you have probably done. Whenever the scene became personally dangerous to you, it was proper you should leave it, as well from personal as public motives. But what degree of danger, should be attended, to what distance or place you should retire, are circumstances which must rest with your own discretion, it being impossible to prescribe them from hence.\u2014With what kind of government you may do business, is another question. It accords with our principles to acknolege any government to be rightful which is formed by the will of the nation substantially declared. The late government was of this kind, and was accordingly acknoleged by all the branches of ours. So any alteration of it which shall be made by the will of the nation substantially declared, will doubtless be acknoleged in like manner. With such a government every kind of business may be done. But there are some matters which I conceive might be transacted with a government de facto, such for instance as the reforming the unfriendly restrictions on our commerce and navigation. Such cases you will readily distinguish as they occur. With respect to this particular reformation of their regulations we cannot be too pressing for it\u2019s attainment, as every days continuance gives it additional firmness and endangers it\u2019s taking root in their habits and constitution: and indeed I think they should be told, as soon as they are in a condition to act, that if they do not revoke the late innovations, we must lay additional and equivalent burthens on French ships, by name.\u2014Your conduct in the  case of M. de Bonne-Carrere is approved entirely. We think it of great consequence to the friendship of the two nations to have a minister here in whose dispositions we have confidence.\u2014Congress assembled the day before yesterday. I inclose you a paper containing the President\u2019s speech whereby you will see the chief objects of the present session. Your difficulties as to the settlements of our accounts with France, and as to the payment of the foreign officers will have been removed by the letter of the Secretary of the Treasury, of which, for fear it should have miscarried, I now inclose you a duplicate. Should a conveyance for the present letter offer to any port of France directly, your newspapers will accompany it. Otherwise I shall send it through Mr. Pinckney, and retain the newspapers as usual for a direct conveyance. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0558", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 7 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 7. 1792.\nYour private letter of Aug. 1. came duly to hand, and as soon as the Baltimore member arrives here, I will make enquiry after Made. de la Mariniere, and take measures for fulfilling your wishes. That also on the subject of Henri I have recieved, and was really glad to find that he was better provided for. The prospect of my want of him had changed, by a change in the disposition of the servant whose place I had proposed he should take: so that, if he had come, he would have been rather an embarrasment, and consequently the thing has turned out well. Still should he ever quit your service and chuse to try his fortune here, if he comes at his own expence, and will address himself to me in Virginia, I will interest myself in placing him.\u2014You know that when you mentioned to me at Paris my taking a part in this  government, I declared I would not. Mr. Madison wrote to me while there a like proposition which I knew came from the President, and I flatly refused. Unfortunately my letter had not got to hand when the President proceeded to the nomination of officers, and on my arrival in Norfolk I found myself named among them. It is useless to detail the declinings and pressings on both sides. I was at length induced to accept, but with a determination to retire as soon as I could with decency, and I soon fixed on the expiration of the first four years, which we may call the federal cycle, as the time for my retirement. It is now approaching, and my purpose unchanged and unchangeable. You know the distance I shall be from the seat of government, and the time which would be lost by letters coming there and returning here. Of course you will be so good as to direct your future public letters to the Secretary of state by title only till you shall know his name. I shall still be happy to hear from you as a private friend and may sometimes take the liberty of troubling you with a letter, being with great & sincere respect & esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0560", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 8 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 8. 1792.\nHaving, at the moment I was induced to undertake my present office, determined to retire from it as soon as decency would permit, and very early after, fixing on the termination of our first federal period of 4. years as the proper epoch for retirement, I now contemplate the approach of that moment with the fondness of a sailor who has land in view. The object of this private letter is to desire that you will be so good as to direct your future public letters to the Secretary of state by that title, and not by name, till you know who he will be, as otherwise all letters arriving after the 3d. of March would incur the expence, delay and risk of travelling 600. miles by post.\u2014The prospect of resuming the direction of my farm induced me to trouble you with the commission for the threshing machine, which I shall be happy to recieve, and shall take the most effectual methods of rendering public. I may perhaps, with your permission, take the liberty of troubling you sometimes with a line from my retirement, and shall be ever happy to hear from you, & give every proof of the sincere esteem & respect with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. We received information yesterday of the conclusion of peace with the Wabash and Illinois Indians. This forms a separation between the Northern and Southern war-tribes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0561", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Rodolph Vall-Travers, 8 November 1792\nFrom: Vall-Travers, Rodolph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir\nRotterdam, Harings-Vliet, 9ber. 8th. 1792.\nI humbly beg Leave to offer Your Honor, and to all the Worthies, who have bestowed on my poor Endeavours the glorious Title of Fellowship to their philosophical Labors, the Homage of my just Gratitude and Veneration. Were but my Abilities equal to my Zeal, and my nearly exhausted Fortune adequate to the many Means, within my Reach of effectually cooperating with your philanthropic Pursuits; I might flatter myself with the pleasing Hope, of answering your Expectations to your Satisfaction and mine. Shou\u2019d, at any Time, His Excellency, the worthy President of your united States, find Leisure, to revolve in his patriotic Mind, the Several Objects of my three Applications, (of 9b. 15. 1789; March, 20. Augt. lt. and 9b. 30. 1791;) You may then perhaps be authorised, to say something relative thereto; favorable to my Ambition of devoting myself entirely, to the Service of your prosperous Commonwealth, the litle Remainder of my laborious Career.\nMr. Short, your Envoy to this Republic, will be so obliging, to forward, any Comands of yours, and of your Phil: Society to me, and reciprocally to convey my Communications under your Protection.\nCaptn. Fred: Folger, of Baltimore, having charged Mr. Wm. Goodard, Bookseller, his Fellow-Citizen, with the Care of disposing of my Manuscript Account of all the mercantile Setlements, of European Companies, throughout the East-Indies, unfolding the Mysteries of their Trade; I was in Hopes, of recieving some Intelligence of the Success of his Attempts, since April last. His Silence, ever since, leaving me in a disagreable State of Suspense; I now request a speedy Return of My Work, to have it published in England; if not already published, or trans Scribed in America; contenting myself, in this Case, with a Compensation of \u00a350. sterl. for my Labor. I am most respectfully Honored Sir! Your obliged & obedient humble Servant:\nRodh. Vall-travers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0564", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Matthew McAllister, 9 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: McAllister, Matthew\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov: 9th. 1792.\nYou will receive herewith an opinion of the Attorney General of the United States, together with sundry other papers relative to a charge against a Capt: Hickman, a citizen of these States, for having brought from the Island of St. Domingo sundry slaves the property of inhabitants of that Island and having sold them here. You are desired on the part of the United States, to set on foot such proceedings against the offender as may be most likely to bring him to punishment according to the laws, and also to procure restitution of the slaves and a full indemnification to the parties who have suffered. This satisfaction having been demanded by the Minister of France our Government feels itself in duty bound to have all legal means employed for obtaining it. This letter is delivered to the Agent of the parties sufferers, who will undertake to furnish the necessary proofs. I have the honor to be with great esteem, Sir, Your most obedient and Most humble servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0565", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 9 November 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 9th. November 1792\nI avail myself of the present opportunity of forwarding to you the Gazettes &c up to the present date, they contain the transactions of an interesting and important period and I doubt not you will receive the same satisfaction I feel from the favorable turn affairs have lately taken in France. The outrages committed on the 10th. of August, but more particularly those of the 2d and 3d of September afflicted all the well wishers of that country, disgusted some and totally altered the sentiments of those who could not distinguish between the cause of freedom and the disorders attending the establishment of a particular revolution. The prospect however has much brightened within these few weeks. The exertions of the executive of the new Republic have been astonishing, their arms have been crowned with unparallelled success, discipline has been by severe examples enforced, the majority of the convention appear to be men of firmness determined to oppose a sanguinary faction; scarcely any body at present doubts the treachery of the late Court which gives a sanction to the revolution of the 10th. of August; unanimity on the great leading principles of government seems to pervade the great body of the people and if united at home France has nothing to fear from external attacks for the ultimate establishment of her liberty. The combination of crowned heads appears to have accelerated a crisis which seems rapidly approaching on the continent of Europe. We wait with impatience for the development of the mystery which surrounds the conduct of the King of Prussia, circumstances indicate that he is now persuaded of what I believe both his friends and ennemies foresaw when he entered this career; that he has been the dupe of Austria and Russia; for he has sacrificed his treasure his army and his reputation in consequence of their intrigues.\nMr. Short who had the principal agency in the business will undoubtedly have informed you of the epistolary consultation between himself, Mr. Morris and me on the subject of Monsr. de la Fayette: it will therefore only be necessary for me to add, that the fullest conviction that a public and unauthorized application by us in his behalf, would commit and might possibly embroil our Country, without rendering him any service, prevented me from strongly urging a public interference in behalf of a man to whom we owe so much.\nI am at length on the point of putting in train a business the delay of which has given me much uneasiness, but which the secrecy so essential to its success has prevented from being in greater forwardness.\nI have yet received no final answer from lord Grenville to the case of  Mr. Philip Wilson or to that of Captn. Standfast Smith with which last the business of impressment is in some measure connected, tho\u2019 I omit no proper opportunity of urging a decision. With the utmost respect & sincere esteem I remain Dear Sir Your most faithful & obedient Servant.\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0566", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, 9 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 9. 1792\nI take the liberty of submitting to your consideration sundry letters which have passed between Governor Martin, Governor Blount and myself relative to intrusions on the lands of the U.S. in the South-Western territory, and of asking your advice Whether any and what proceedings should be instituted for asserting the rights of the U.S. against the intruders? I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect Sir Your most obedt & most hble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0567", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 9 November 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Nov. 9. 1792\nIt was not my intention to have written to you by this post\u2014but an account just recieved from the armies in Flanders (and which may be relied on) is so absolutely different from what my late letters would have induced you to expect, that I can not forbear communicating  it. Dumouriez after an hot and bloody action has forced the Austrian army to give way and fall back towards Brussels. The action was near the same ground where 1800 Austrians in the spring routed and put to flight the French army under M. de Biron. The confidence in the troops who had formed their junction under the Duke Albert and M. de Clairfayt was so great that this defeat has excited a dismay almost without example. The accounts are as might be expected, very confused\u2014but there can be no doubt of the retreat of the Austrian army and the dismay at Brussels. It is said the court are retiring and that the archives of the government and the treasure are sent away. It is added also that the province of Flanders is in a state of much fermentation\u2014viz. the lower people. Dumouriez success is attributed to his superiority of numbers (which are stated, though not to be relied on, at from 90 to an 100,000) and his immense train of artillery and weight of metal. It is said he brought with him the canon of Douai Lille and Valenciennes and employed pieces which have been heretofore used only on ramparts. The Austrian army which engaged is said to have consisted of about 40,000. The losses on both sides are stated so differently as to shew that they are not known, being from 700. to 15,000.\nThis success of the French arms and the disorder and alarm at Brussels excite much uneasiness here. They consider Dumouriez arrival at that place as unavoidable, and it will certainly be much less surprizing than his late success. Still when I consider the kind of troops of which his army is composed and the discipline of the Austrian army, I cannot help still thinking it less certain than most people here. It should be taken into the account however that he will have now in his favor that large mass of people who are necessarily in favor of those whom they suppose the strongest\u2014and the terror discovered at Brussels will naturally fix their opinion as to this point.\nShould this blow be followed up and the Austrian troops expulsed from Brabant, it is impossible to calculate the effects it may produce\u2014they will be the greater in proportion to the little probability there appeared of such an event which no person could have supposed possible under any reasonable mode of calculation.\nThis will necessarily prolong the duration of the present government in France; which its authors must have considered in the beginning as momentary. I did not consider myself authorized to make payments to them on account of the French debt; imagining that the Republican form in its then rulers was in the agony of death in the moment of its creation. Nor do I think now that it is possible it can subsist, civil war seeming to me inevitable as soon as the danger of foreign enemies  is considered at an end. I wait with anxiety and impatience however to know the will of the President as to the monies in the hands of the commissioners at Amsterdam. Having written repeatedly to the Secretary of the Treasury on the subject, since the King\u2019s suspension, I hope ere long to recieve orders.\nThe last accounts from Vienna assure that vigorous preparations were making for another campaign in France. It remains to be seen what effect this unexpected turn in Brabant will produce. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment Dear Sir &c &c\nW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0568", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 9 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov: 9th. 1792.\nI have to acknolege the receipt of the several papers you were pleased to communicate to me relative to the charge against a capt: Hickman a citizen of these States, for having brought away from the Island of St. Domingo sundry slaves, the property of persons residing there, and for having sold them here. We feel real concern that such an act should have been comitted by one of our citizens, and shall lend to the agent of the parties injured, every aid which the laws permit. I have the honor to return you the papers, with the opinion of the Attorney General therein, and a letter to the Attorney for the United States in the district of Georgia where the offender is said to be. I presume I cannot better dispose of this letter than by committing it through you to the agent of the sufferers, who in delivering it according to its address, will concert with the Attorney of the district the proceedings necessary for procuring indemnification to the persons he represents and for inflicting due punishment on the offender. I have the honor to be with great esteem and respect sir Your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0569", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Turner, 9 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Turner, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia November 9th: 1792.\nIt appears from the Report of the Secretary of the Territory North West of the Ohio, that several regulations of importance in the present situation of that Territory, remain unprovided, on account of the absence of the persons invested with the legislative powers. I am charged by the President to bring this circumstance to your notice, not doubting but that the public exigencies of your Office will over-weigh in your mind any personal inconveniencies, which might attend your repairing to that Country. I have the honor to be, with great respect and esteem, Sir, Your most obedient and Most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0570", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Clarke, 10 November 1792\nFrom: Clarke, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonourable Sir\nRichmond Novr 10th 1792\nMr. William B. Giles member of congress, a considerable time past, was kind enough to take with him to philadelphia the Models and explainations of my new invented Machine which you have seen in miniature, when I saw you at Monticello. The Models and explainations together with a petition for a patent were inclosed in a box address\u2019d to you, which Mr. Giles promised he would deliver to you on his arrival at Philadelphia. But not having heard any thing respecting the matter since Mr. Giles\u2019s departure I am fearful that the Models petition &c have not been delivered to you. I have therefore taken the liberty of requesting that you will send your servant to Mr. Giles (if he  has not delivered them) and know where or in what situation they are which you will be kind enough to inform me by the Mail as soon as possible. If the box and its contents has reached you, you will be kind enough to send the patent by the mail to Richmond to the Care of The Honble. Mr. Wythe and be kind enough to inform me of the expence attending it which I will immediatly send. I hope your goodness will [pardon?] me for being thus troublesome. I am Honble Sir your Most Humb Srt\nJohn Clarke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0572", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Donald, 11 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Donald, Alexander\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 11. 1792.\nThis accompanies a duplicate of my letter of Oct. 11. troubling you with some small commissions, to which I must add the having some window sashes made for me agreeable to the inclosed directions, and the sending them to Virginia in the ensuing spring.\u2014But there is another commission with which I trouble you with real reluctance. It is to procure for me from Glasgow or Edinburgh a mason acquainted with both the cutting and laying stone (these two trades being united  there, tho\u2019 separately followed in England) sober, industrious, goodhumored, and on moderate wages, his lodging, and board to be found him. I could wish him to be engaged for five years, or such shorter term as he will insist on. Nothing less than the importance to me of having such a workman should have induced me to give you the trouble which I know this must give to yourself or friends in finding such a man, stipulating with him, sending him &c. but being about to resume the finishing of my house, I cannot advance a step without a mason. They are hardly to be got here at all who can unite the two parts of the trade, and the wages asked are beyond all reason. The sooner in the spring I can receive him the better, and the moment he lands at Richmond, he should be sent off by your friend there to Monticello, or he will get corrupted. 24. hours conversation with our workmen in Richmond, would so turn his head as that I could never be able to keep him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0573", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Directions for Window Sashes, 11 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Donald, Alexander\nEnclosureDirections for Window Sashes\n8. pair of Astragal and hollow, mahogany, window sashes, for windows 6. f. 6. I. high and 3 f. 3 I. wide in the clear of the architrave. The gobbets to be for panes 18. I. square. Both sashes to run up and down.\nThe above are drawings of some sashes made by Adam Dennis. No. 13. St. Clement\u2019s lane Lombard street, London, about the year 1774 for me. I should chuse those now desired to be made as nearly corresponding as the difference in the size of the glass will admit, and I would prefer their being made by the same man if living because his work was excellently done. Those he made were for panes of 12 I. square.\nAlso, 10. circular sashes of mahogany astragal and hollow, for circular windows of 3. f. 3 I. diameter, in the clear of the architrave. 4. panes to each of 18 I. radius. Each pane a quadrant.\nObserve that the sashes alone are wanting, and not glass for them.\nTh: JeffersonNov. 11. 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0574", "content": "Title: Notes on Alexander Hamilton, 11 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nNov. 11. 1792. Mr. Butler tells me that he dined last winter with Mr. Campbell from Denmark, in company with Hamilton, Laurence, Dr. Shippen, T. Shippen and one other person whom he cannot recollect, that after dinner political principles became the subject of conversation, that Hamilton declared openly that \u2018there was no stability no security in any kind of government but a monarchy.\u2019 That Laurence took him up, and entered the lists of argument against him, that the dispute continued long, and grew warm, remarkeably so as between them, that T. Shippen at length joined Laurence in it, and in fine that it broke up the company, Butler recommending to the company that the dispute having probably gone further than was intended, it ought to be considered as confined to the company.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0575", "content": "Title: Notes on the Circulating Medium of Philadelphia and Great Britain, 11 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nNov. 11. 1792. Blodget\u2019s calculation of the circulating medium of Philadelphia.\nthe Bank of U.S. their whole stock\n10. Millions.\n\u00bc of this payable in gold & silver\nof which \u00be only are paid\nsay\ndouble this amount issued in paper\nonly \u2153 of it here\nthe bank of N.A. has issued\n \u2007\u2007amount of circulating paper of both banks\n 3 millions\nadd the specie in circulation\nthis amounts to 60 D. each (of paper) for every inhabitant.\nand the bank of the U.S. draws 10. pr. Cent per ann. profit from that.\nthe circulating cash of Gr. Br. is\nabout\n 20. millns. \u00a3 sterl.\nthe circulating paper\nabout\nwhich is about 28. Doll. a head on the populn of Gr. Britn.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0576", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Campbell, 12 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Campbell, Samuel\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 12. 1792.\nI am to acknolege the reciept of your favor accompanied by the 7th. vol. of Dr. Anderson\u2019s Bee. Much pleased with this work, and desirous of continuing to recieve it, I should be obliged to you to be informed if Dr. Anderson has any correspondent at Richmond in Virginia through whom I could receive the work in future and pay the subscription, as I could not consent to permit Dr. Anderson to go on with the furnishing it but on the footing of other subscribers. I am Sir your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0577", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 12 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe President returns Judge Turner\u2019s letter which The Secretary of State submitted to his perusal.\nThe President has no copy of the Act of Virginia giving money for the federal buildings.\nThe President requests that the Secretary of State will at all times introduce such Characters to him as he may think proper to be introduced.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0579", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 12 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear Martha\nPhiladelphia Nov. 12. 1792\nThe last post day for Monticello, which was the 9th. slipt by me without my recollecting it. However as you are perhaps in Cumberland, a letter of this day may get to you only three days the later. I have nothing indeed to tell you but that I love you dearly, and your dear connections, that I am well, as is Maria. I hope your little one has felt no inconvenience from the journey, that Anne is quite recovered, and Mr. Randolph\u2019s health good. Yours is so firm, that I am less apt to apprehend for you: Still, however, take care of your good health, and of your affection to me, which is the solace of my life. Remember me cordially to Mr. Randolph. Yours &c\nTh. Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0580", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 12 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the Presidt. a letter from Mr. Pinckney. He will have that of waiting on him to-day to know what to say to the Commrs. of the Federal seat about the order for money on Virginia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0581", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 12 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President Judge Turner\u2019s answer.\u2014His office has been thoroughly searched, and no copy exists there of the act of Virginia giving money for the federal buildings: that of Maryland only is there. He is in hopes it may be among the President\u2019s papers.\nDr. Barton, a learned and very ingenious gentleman of this city,  mentioning to Th:J. that he had never had the honour of being presented to the President, asked to be presented. If the President has no objections Th:J. will take that liberty tomorrow at three aclock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0582", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Stephen Willis, 12 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willis, Stephen\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 12. 1792.\nHaving long ago fixed on the ensuing spring for the time of my retiring to live at home, I did, when there the last fall, endeavor to put things into a train for resuming my buildings. This winter is employed in getting framing, limestone, and bringing up stone for the foundation of the new part to be first erected. The demolition of the walls wherein the present staircase is run up, and of the Antichamber (about 60,000 bricks) will, with about 20,000 new bricks which I possess, suffice I hope for the first summer\u2019s construction, building to the water table with them. I shall begin about the first of April to dig my cellars, and then do the stonework, and as far as I can judge I shall be in readiness after that to do the brickwork. But I cannot be certain of it, because I am not at home to make sure that the winter\u2019s preparations will be completed. I have thought it best to give you my prospect of asking your attendance, according to promise, merely that you may, if possible, so arrange your engagments as to come to Monticello, if I can get ready for you, and if I cannot be ready, that it may be no disappointment to you. I am extremely anxious to do the part of my house meditated this summer if possible. My operations of the subsequent years will be more certain. I shall be obliged to you for an answer directed to me at this place, & am with great esteem Sir, Your humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0584", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 13 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Nov. 13. 1792.\nYour letter of the 5th. inst. came duly to hand, and you will recieve by tomorrow\u2019s stage 500. copies of the city of Washington with the soundings. It has been proposed here to sell them at 3/4 of a dollar, and the Boston plans at 3/8. On this you will be pleased to decide. I have the honor to inclose you the President\u2019s order on the Treasurer of Virginia for the second instalment of the money given by that state, and the letter of advice to the Treasurer (also inclosed) will explain to you why the draught is in that form.The merits of the machine for cutting and polishing stone shall be enquired into and communicated to you. In the mean time permit me to add that in the French Encyclopedie Methodique you will find the drawings of mills for this purpose.  The idea which has been suggested, of your employing a superintendant to execute all the details of your institution under your general orders, if finally approved by yourselves, would meet the approbation of the President. But whether it should be Mr. Blodget, of whom you appear to think well, or what other person, the President would leave entirely to yourselves. I have the honor to be with great esteem Gentlemen your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0585", "content": "Title: Enclosure: George Washington to Jacquelin Ambler, 13 November 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ambler, Jaquelin (Jacquelin)\nEnclosureGeorge Washington to Jacquelin Ambler\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 13. 1792.\nBe pleased to pay to Messrs. Johnson, Stuart and Carrol Commissioners of the Federal buildings on the Patowmac, or to their order, or the order of any two of them, the second instalment of the monies granted by the state of Virginia towards the said buildings.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0586", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 13 November 1792\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Hague, 13 Nov. 1792. For several months we have seen that a king without a people is nothing. We shall see what a people without a king can be. Having driven the enemy from France and invaded Germany, the French are welcomed as liberators in the Low Countries. 15\u201320 Nov. All around him precautions are being taken, especially against those within the country, who are dreaded as much as \u201cL\u2019Annibal ante portas.\u201d The document dated the 16th that TJ will find in No. 93 of the Gazette de Leyde was hurried to press to get the better of them. 23 Nov. The Austrian Netherlands are lost to Austria and wish to form a new republic with Li\u00e8ge, whence Dumouriez will probably dismiss the Chapter. He encloses a box and two packages from Vall-Travers to be delivered to their respective addresses. 30 Nov. After actions near Bruxelles, Malines, Louvain, and Tongres, Li\u00e8ge also has finally received  the victorious French, who are also going to take possession of the Limbourg region, and so are masters of all the Catholic Low Countries. Austria retains only the besieged citadel of Namur and the fortress of Luxembourg, which will probably be starved out. It is said that the citadel of Antwerp is at bay and will capitulate. 4 Dec. It is reported that the French have received a setback between Mainz and Worms while trying to relieve the latter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0589", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 13 November 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSr\nCharleston Novr: 13. 1792.\nIn consequence of your favour of the 8th: of October, the Agricultural Society have directed me to inform you that they will instantly take measures to lodge in the hands of Messrs: Bird, Savage, & Bird Merchants in London by the first of January in every Year for three Years certain, and thence every Year afterwards till countermanded by the Society the annual sum of Fifty Guineas, to be paid to the order of Mr: Cathalan to procure Olive Plants for the Society in the Mode pointed out by you. Mr: Peter Smith their Treasurer will remitt by the first Vessell a Bill to put Messrs: Bird Savage & Bird in cash for the ensuing January, and great care will be taken to prevent Mr: Cathalan being ever in advance for the Society. I beg the favour of you to forward the enclosed Letter to Mr: Cathalan and to direct such a mode for conducting the Enterprize as to you may seem best: but the Society would prefer, if feasible, the transmitting the plants by Ships immediately bound for this port, rather than by Vessells destined to other parts of the Continent. The Society have directed me to return you their best thanks for your great attention to the objects of their institution, and for the polite present you have made them of the Trait\u00e9 de l\u2019Olivier par Mr: Couture which has arrived safe. I have the honour to be with great respect & esteem Your most obedt: & most hble Sert\nCharles Cotesworth Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0591", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Remsen, 13 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Remsen, Henry\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 13. 1792.\nI am to acknolege the receipt of your favor of Oct. 15. and to thank you for the medal it contained, which was the first I had seen.\u2014You may remember that before your departure from this place I informed you of my intention to retire from my office in March next. Accordingly when I was in Virginia the last summer I put under way all the arrangements necessary for resuming my buildings the ensuing summer. In the course of these I shall have occasion for a great deal of Fresco painting, if Schneider of N. York works in that way effectually. You know he did some pannels of that work in the house I lived in in N. York. Would you be so good as to get leave to examine them now, see how their colours stand, and even try whether a towel dipped in soap and water and rubbed on them, will affect them? If you find them stand well, I should be very glad to know of Schneider whether  I may still count on his coming to do my work? I should probably employ him about 3. months in the summer of 1794. and as long in 1796. and should expect to pay him by the month and the expences of his journey there and back.\u2014I see that a vessel advertizes her voyage to the E. Indies from N. York. The Chinese have a thing made of a kind of bell metal, which they call a Gong, and is used as a bell at the gates of large houses &c. It is in fact precisely of the shape and size of a camp oven, about 20. I. diameter and 5. I. deep, and weighs about 40. \u2114 very coarsely made, being merely hammered out. It therefore can cost little and performs the effect of a very large and expensive bell. I wish for one to serve as the bell to a clock, which might be heard all over my farm. If you could interest yourself with the Captain to bring me one on his return, it would lay me under much obligation. They cannot be made here, because we know of no composition of metal with copper which will render it sonorous, and yet retain it\u2019s malleability. Yet this composition seems very commonly used in China for a variety of purposes. I am afraid you will think me a very troublesome acquaintance. I wish I could render you any service to atone for it being with very sincere esteem Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0592", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Christian Baehr, 14 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Baehr, Christian\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 14. 1792.\nI shall be obliged to you to make for me a waistcoat and pair of breeches of best scarlet French cloth, with small plain yellow buttons. Send them if you please by the stage, not by post. I am Sir your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0593", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Blount, 14 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Blount, William\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 14. 1792.\nHaving lately received two letters from the Governor of North Carolina, copies of which I now inclose, they have been submitted to the Attorney General of the U.S. for advice as to the measures which  might be legally pursued for vindicating the right of the U.S. His opinion I also inclose. In order to avoid the appearance of wishing to harrass the people, it might suffice, where the grantee is not in actual possession, to warn him against taking possession and to see that he does not. Where they have come to the lands, since the day named in my former letter, and remain in possession of them, it is difficult to say at this distance and with only our information, whether any and which of their cases have any equitable circumstances which should induce a permission to continue, on their giving an acknolegement that they hold subject to the future pleasure of the government of the U.S. This is submitted to your discretion, with an entire confidence that you will secure the right of the U.S. with as little trouble and injury to the intruders and grantees as you can.\u2014I have been authorised to have seals made for your territory, but not having as yet received any information as to the number requisite, and the purposes, I await the application from you. I have the honour to be with great esteem & respect Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0594", "content": "Title: Circular to Consuls and Vice-Consuls, 14 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Consuls,Vice-Consuls\nSir\nPhiladelphia. Nov. 14. 1792.\nPurposing to retire from my office at the close of our first constitutional period of four years, which takes place on the 3d. of March next, I am to beg the favor of you to direct your future public letters to \u2018the Secretary of State for the U.S of America at Philadelphia\u2019 by title and not by name, until that of my successor shall be known to you, to avoid the delay, risk and expence of their travelling post 200 leagues.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0595", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas FitzSimons, 14 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: FitzSimons, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 14. 1792.\nI happened to be out when Mrs. Jones did me the favor to call on me, but she left your letter, and as I do not know where to address to her I take the liberty of observing to you, that the Consuls of foreign powers residing with us, have no protection from the law of nations more than any other foreigners, they are open to the laws and tribunals of the country, may sue or be sued as other foreigners or natives. The government therefore cannot interpose either for or against them, but must leave them and their creditors or debtors to the ordinary course of the law. I take the liberty of asking you to communicate this to Mrs. Jones, & of assuring you of the sentiments of esteem with which I have the honor to be Sir your most obedt & most hble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0596", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Steele, 14 November 1792\nFrom: Steele, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nHouse of Reps. Novemr. 14th. 1792\nThe inclosed papers were put into my hand, in consequence of an idea having gone forth, that during the residence of the Brittish Minister at this place, some plan of indemnification might possibly be adopted for losses sustained by the depredations of the Enemy during the late War.\nI cou\u2019d not refuse to receive them from the unfortunate sufferers, and as I have done so, you will pardon the liberty I now take in submitting them to your inspection. Many thousands are similarly situated. I have the honor to be Sir With sentiments of perfect Respect Your most Obedient servant\nJno. Steele", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0597", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Barclay, 15 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barclay, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 15. 1792.\nThe object of this is merely to inform you that I sometimes hear from Mrs. Barclay and your family, and always that they are well. Whenever I recieve letters from you, I drop her a line informing her of it and of the place where you are, which I shall continue to do while I remain here. A set of newspapers are always laid by for you, and forwarded to Mr. Pinckney. As this is probably the last letter I shall write you, I beg you to be assured of my best wishes for yourself and family, and that I am with very sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0598", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, 15 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brown, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 15. 1792.\nYour favor of the 9th. came to hand this day. In answer to your question whether I think a vessel would be safe in her dealings at Marseilles, I beg leave to refer you to Freneau\u2019s paper of yesterday, wherein you will find a decree of the city of Marseilles for the protection of it\u2019s commerce, in which I own I should have full confidence. Vessels going on the faith of the invitation from the Mayor and municipality, would be entitled to peculiar protection, and I should be ready to give a certificate to yours that she goes expressly on that invitation, and recommending her to the particular patronage of the municipality. I should do the same for any other vessel going on the same ground.\u2014How far your vessel may be safe against the Algerines is a very different question; and I could not undertake to encourage any vessel to meet that danger without a Mediterranean pass: it being by no means an established point that the U.S. will redeem seamen taken at this time. I am with great esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0599", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Donath, 16 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Donath, Joseph\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 16. 1792.\nI shall be obliged to you to import for me Bohemian glass of the kind which you deliver at 16. Dollars the hundred square feet, and of the following sizes.\n100. panes 12. inches square.\n150. do. 18. I. square\n  50. do. in form of a quarter of a circle of 18. I. radius, thus,\n  Also to furnish me at present with 30. panes 18. I. by 24 I\n  That which is to be imported I shall wish to receive by midsummer, or not much later. I am Sir Your very humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0601", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 16 November 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Nov. 16. 1792\nYou will be much less surprized to learn that the French have entered Brussels, than you no doubt were to learn their success at Mons mentioned in my last. The government having taken the alarm and retired to Ruremond, the Austrian army seem to have thought of nothing since but securing a retreat. Accordingly they have been retiring successively and in much disorder\u2014passing by Brussels without venturing to enter the city.\nThe French troops entered it the day before yesterday and have advanced as far as Malines. They find friends every where among the people and may be considered as masters of Flanders, Hainault and the greater part of Brabant. They present themselves as liberators and not as conquerors. It remains to be seen whether this moderation will last and how they will marry together their principles and the aristocratical and theocratical sentiments of their new Freres and Amis.\nThe French and Austrian accounts of the action of the 6th. are exceedingly different, not to say contradictory. Dumouriez states the numbers to be 40,000. French and 28,000 Austrians of the former 300 killed and 600 wounded\u2014of the latter 4000 killed and wounded and 1500 deserters.\nIt is certain the French exhibited proofs of courage and conduct which could not have been expected in any but well disciplined troops. A panic seems to have siezed the Austrians since that time and made them abandon a country they could still have defended with success if the two armies alone were to be taken into consideration. Their sudden retreat is therefore attributed by some to their fear of the people of the large towns behind them and by others, to their doubts as to the intentions of the Prussian Monarch and by others to both.\nIt has been said for some time that he was preparing to march against the French troops at Mayence. His having remained so long quiet at Coblence, whilst the General Custine was augmenting the fortifications of Mayence, is inexplicable to every body here. Few doubt of his having betrayed the Emperor\u2014but they cannot account for a preponderating member of the Germanic body being a tranquil spectator of this entry into the Empire, by a power with whom he is considered as at war\u2014and indeed it seems impossible that he can avoid at least making a shew of opposing it.\nWhat is mentioned in the gazettes inclosed of the British minister remaining at Brussels, is true, and gives rise to various conjectures. The article of the convention signed at this place with respect to  Gr. Britain\u2019s guaranteeing the sovereignty of the pays bas, to the house of Austria is considered as non avenu from the defect of the ratification of the late Emperor. But even if it had been it does not appear that he could have counted on it in the present instance, as far as may be judged of from the possession of Savoy, being not noticed notwithstanding the treaties subsisting between their Britannic and Sardinian Majesties.\nAnother treaty which it is not doubted will be religiously observed is that with this country. It is thought here that application has been already made to obtain from the court of London an explicit and public declaration on the subject, by way of memento to the French Republic and in terrorem to the patriotic party here. It is certain if any thing can stop the Furia Frances\u00e9 it will be a determination of England firmly and fully expressed to oppose any attempts to a change here. If the French government have any thing fixed with respect to any foreign power it is their wish to be well at any price with England\u2014and this may be considered as the national wish also which has been cultivated for some time past. This also would be the most formidable if not the only arm that England could oppose to an army which has not been stopped by Austrian troops, if they were disposed to make an irruption into this country. Their conduct in leaving the people their own masters, in Savoy, Germany and Brabant, would necessarily secure them many friends here, independent of other considerations. The government of this country are manifestly uneasy. Many of their refugees are in Dumouriez army and of course will if listened to, sollicit a re-integration for themselves and relief for their country which they consider in bondage. A short time will indicate their intentions.\nAfter the King\u2019s suspension their H. M. signified to M. de Maulde that they considered him no longer a diplomatic character. He has since that time remained here, without seeing any body, and been engaged in the procuring arms ammunition &c. for the French republic. He has recieved notice that he is to be recalled and that M. de Genest, late charg\u00e9 des affaires at Petersburg is to be sent here. It is not yet known whether he has a public character and when he will arrive. Should he present letters of credence it will bring this country to the test and perhaps it may be the wish of the French government to have a pretext for complaint. I have the honor to be most respectfully Dear Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servant\nW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0602", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 16 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to submit to the inspection of the President a set of copper promisory notes, and coins, made by Boulton, the superiority of which over any thing we can do here, will fully justify our wish to set our mint agoing on that plan.\u2014They are obscured by the sea-air.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0603", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 16 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inform the President that the papers from Johanna Lucia Henrietta Hinrichsen, a Danish subject, state that she is entitled to inherit from her brother Daniel Wriesburg deceased two tracts of land in New Jersey and New York and she petitions Congress, and the states of New Jersey and New York to have justice done her, offering, if they will pay her the reasonable rents during her life and an indemnification for the detention hitherto, that she will cede to them the remainder after her death for the establishment of a charitable institution for the benefit of poor military persons, the plan of which she leaves to the President of the U.S. to settle.\nTh: Jefferson is of opinion that the incompetence of the General government to legislate on the subject of inheritances is a reason the more against the President\u2019s becoming the channel of a petition to them: but that it might not be amiss that Th:J. should inclose to the Governors of New Jersey and N. York the petitions addressed to their states, as some advantages are offered to them, of which they will take notice, or not, at their pleasure. If the President approves of this, and will return the petitions they shall be inclosed accordingly.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0604", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 17 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNovember 17th 1792\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respectful Compliments to The Secretary of State and sends two Copies of the Report of the Trustees of the Sinking Fund agreed upon last night with the requisite documents for each. This is the last day for presenting them; so that even if either House should not sit it will be proper to forward the Report to the Presiding Officer.\nThe S. of the T. will wait upon the Secretary of State at two oClock to day, if he hears nothing to the contrary, to adjust finally, the affair of Mr. Ternants application for the supply of St. Domingo.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0605", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, [17 November 1792]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSaturday near 3 oClock [17 Nov. 1792]\nMr. Hamilton regrets extremely that an unexpected occurrence has detained him so much beyond the hour mentioned to Mr. Jefferson, that he should fear interrupting him by calling. He requests Mr. Jefferson to mention some other early time convenient to him for the Interview.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0607", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, 17 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: President Pro Tempore of the Senate\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 17. 1792.\nI have the honor to inclose you, according to the directions of the law, a Report of the proceedings of the Trustees under the acts for the reduction of the Public debt, since the date of their last report; and to assure you of the sentiments of perfect respect with which I am, Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0608", "content": "Title: Report of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, [17 November 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,et al.\nTo: Congress\nThe Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate, The Chief Justice, The Secretary of State, The Secretary of the Treasury and The Attorney General respectfully report to The Congress as follows\u2014\nThat pursuant to the Act intitled An Act making provision for the reduction of the Public Debt and in conformity to resolutions agreed upon by them and severally approved by the President of the United States they have since their last Report caused purchases of the said Debt to be made through the Agency of Samuel Meredith Treasurer of the United States and William Seton Cashier of the Bank of New York respectively to the amount of Three hundred and twenty five thousand three hundred and seventy eight dollars and sixty two Cents; for which there have been paid Two hundred and forty two thousand, six hundred and eighty eight dollars and thirty one Cents in Specie as will more particularly appear by the several documents herewith submitted marked a, b, c.\nThat pursuant to the Act intitled \u201cAn Act supplementary to the Act making provision for the Debt of the United States\u201d and in conformity to resolutions agreed upon by them and severally approved by the President of the United States they have also caused purchases of the said debt to be made through the Agency of Samuel Meredith Treasurer of the United States to the amount of Thirty eight thousand seven hundred and fourteen dollars and fifty one Cents; for which there have been paid Twenty five thousand nine hundred and sixty nine dollars and ninety six Cents in specie as will more particularly appear by the document herewith submitted marked d:\u2014\nAn Abstract of the whole of which purchases is contained in the Statement e, herewith also reported amounting to Three hundred and sixty four thousand and ninety three dollars and thirteen Cents; for which there have been paid Two hundred and sixty eight thousand six hundred and fifty eight dollars and twenty seven Cents in specie.\nThat the said several documents marked a, b, c, d (which are submitted as part of this report) shew in detail the places where, the times when, the prices at which, and the persons of whom the purchases aforesaid have been made.\nThat the purchases now and heretofore reported amount together to One Million, four hundred and ninety five thousand, four hundred  and fifty seven dollars and eighty nine Cents; for which there have been paid Nine hundred and sixty seven thousand, eight hundred and twenty one dollars and sixty five Cents in specie; and for which credits have been passed on the books of the Treasury, as will be more particularly seen by the Certified Statement herewith also submitted marked f.\nOn behalf of the Board\u2014\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0609", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Chandler, 18 November 1792\nFrom: Chandler, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nFort Washington Novr. 18th. 1792\nWhen I made an application last June in Person to Genl. Knox, Secretary of War, for an appointment in our Foedral Army thare was no Vacancey but was promised the first that might happen.\nMy Inclination leads me to make the army my profession provided I can obtain an appointment in hops of which I shall continue in  this Cantry untill Spring in order the Better to Qualify myself for the Service. Before I Left Amherst I assisted the recruiting-bissnss as much as was in my power.\nI embarked with the Rifle corps from Virginia who Is now under the command of Majr. Randolph. Any service you may render me on this occasion will be thakfully recved and I hope not unwortheyly bestowed. Trusting in your favourable Sentiments of my pretentions I remain Sir Your Most Obedent & Very Humble Servent.\nRichd. Chandler", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0613", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Martha Jefferson Randolph, 18 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBizarre November 18 1792\nI am afraid my dear Papa has by this time allmost dispaired of ever recieving another line from me. I have no excuse for having neglected writing entirerly, tho a very good one for not doing it often, my mind has been in such a continual state of anxiety on account of Anne as to render me unfit for any thing. The hopes I had concieved of her recovery are all blasted by a relapse and that too at the time she appeard out of all danger. Every moment of my life is embitered by the aprehensions of losing her. Indeed she has for many months been an untarissable source of pain to me and will I fear continue so for the weakness of her constitution is such that the smallest excess in her diet brings on her disorder. Your Little name sake is a remarckably fine boy. He bore the fatigue of the journey better than any of us. Adieu my dear Papa. You must excuse this scrawl. It is written by the bed side where my little angel lies with a high fever upon her and Mr. Randolph\u2019s absence at this time adds greatly to my distress. Once more adieu and believe me dearest father with unalterable love yours\nM. Randolph\nGive my love to dear Maria. Tell her I have recieved her letter and will answer it as soon as I have it in my power.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0614", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 18 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inform the President that the papers from Monsr. Cointeraux of Paris contain some general ideas on his method of building houses of mud, he adds that he has a method of making incombustible roofs and cielings, that his process for building is auxiliary to agriculture, that France owes him 66,000 livres, for so  much expended in experiments and models of his art, but that the city of Paris is unable to pay him 600. livres decreed to him as a premium, that he is 51. years old has a family of seven persons, and asks of Congress the expences of their passage and a shop to work in.\nTh: Jefferson saw M. Cointeraux at Paris, went often to examine some specimens of mudwalls which he erected there, and which appeared to be of the same kind generally built in the neighborhood of Lyons, which have stood perhaps for a century. Instead of moulding bricks, the whole wall is moulded at once, and suffered to dry in the sun, when it becomes like unburnt brick. This is the most serious view of his papers. He proceeds further to propose to build all our villages incombustible that the enemy may not be able to burn them, to fortify them all with his kind of walls impenetrable to their cannon, to erect a like wall across our whole frontier to keep off the Indians, observing it will cost us nothing but the building, &c &c &c.\nThe paper is not in the form of a petition, tho evidently intended for Congress, and making a proposition to them. It does not however merit a departure from the President\u2019s rule of not becoming the channel of petitions to that body, nor does it seem entitled to any particular answer.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0616", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Fitzhugh, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fitzhugh, William\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 19. 1792.\nIn some letter, or in some conversation, it runs in my head that you conveyed an intimation to me that if I should be disposed to part with Tarquin you would rather wish to possess him again. Purposing to return in the spring to Virginia to live, I have thought of selling him. He has been favorably treated, is in fine order and health, and with respect to his lameness is exactly as when you knew him, that is to say has it occasionally and slightly only, perhaps when he is not critically shod. He is a fine creature for city use, or in a smooth country, and were I to remain here, could hardly be tempted to part with him. But the rough country to which I am retiring is peculiarly unaccomodated to him, and I happen in a carriage horse I have bought to have found a very fine riding horse. I mean to propose Tarquin for sale at 150. Dollars, and before I do it, think it a duty to mention it to you, and wait long enough for an answer, in full confidence you will consult your own wish only, and if that does not lead you to the acquisition, that you will consider this letter as nothing, since I have no doubt of meeting with a purchaser. The time of payment is immaterial, and if no opportunity of sending him occurs I could bring him on myself in March. I am with sincere esteem & respect Dr Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0617", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson. On reflection he concluded it to be most in order to address his communication on the subject of Mr. Ternant\u2019s application to the President. A copy which is sent herewith will apprise Mr. Jefferson of its precise import.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0618", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Adam? Hunter, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hunter, Adam\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 19. 1792.\nAmong other matters which Mr. Mazzei has desired me to wind up for him is the applying to you for a gun which he says your brother undertook to have mounted for him, but which was not done before he went away. If you will be so good as to deposit it with Mr. Joseph Jones of Fredericksburg, I hope he will be so good as to recieve it, and I shall find means of applying for it. Mr. Mazzei mentions that Mr. Hunter had offered him the mounting as a compliment; however if otherwise I shall be ready to answer any demand for him on that account. I am Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0619", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mifflin, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia, 19th. Novr. 1792.\nI trouble you with a copy of a letter, which I have received from the Counsel employed to support the interest of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in an Ejectment depending for the recovery of certain lands, the title deeds of which are, it seems, in the hands of the British Government, but, upon proper application, may be procured.\nPermit me, therefore, Sir, to request, that a letter may be written, under the authority of the General Government, directing the American Minister, at the Court of London, to use his agency for that purpose. I am, with sentiments of great respect and esteem, Sir, Your most obedt. servt\nThomas Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0620", "content": "Title: Notes on Alexander Hamilton, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nNov. 19. 92. Beckley brings me the pamphlet written by Hamilton before the war in answer to Common Sense. It is entitled \u2018Plain Truth.\u2019 Melancton Smith sends it to Beckley and in his letter says it was not printed in N. York by Loudon because prevented by a Mob, and was printed in Philada., and that he has these facts from Loudon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0621", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Page, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Page, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nPhiladelpa. Market Str. 214 Novr. 19th. 1792\nI am unhappy and ashamed to be again under the Necessity of troubling you in the Manner I did the last Session\u2014but an insufficient Number of Purchasers appearing at my Sales, which I honestly had  sufficient to have paid every Debt, could I have sold the Lands and Negros which I actually set up to the highest Bidder, reduced me to the expedient of promising Payment here, hoping that my Sales might be compleated or some Collection made of the Money due to me time enough for a Remittance to be had by the last Post\u2014but being disappointed I am extremely distressed for five hundred and 75 dollars for which sum if you will join me in a Note at the Bank of the United States you will infinitely oblige and greatly relieve the Feelings of your much obliged Friend\nJohn Page\nYou may be assured that you shall not be called on for this at any Rate. J.P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0622", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mann Page, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Page, Mann\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 19. 1792.\nI inclose you a note which I lately received from Mazzei.\u2014Among other objects he has desired me to wind up for him, is the recovering a gun which he left with Mr. Hunter to be mounted for him. If the convenience of your situation to Mr. Hunter will justify me in asking your aid in it, I would trouble you to make the application, and if successful to lodge the gun with Mr. Joseph Jones in Fredericksburg from whom I will find means of getting a conveyance for it.\nCongress have as yet decided on nothing very important, unless we may consider as such a rejection of an effort to permit the heads of departments to deliberate with them for the purpose of explanation, or perhaps of influence. I am with great & constant esteem Dr. Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0623", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Remsen, 19 November 1792\nFrom: Remsen, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York November 19th. 1792\nIn answer to your favor of the 13th. inst: I have now the honor to inform you, that I have examined the fresco paintings of Schneider in Mr. Bruce\u2019s house, and found them equally fresh and vivid as when first done. They bore this appearance before I tried their durability with a coarse towel dipped in soap suds. In that trial the center pannel, on which was painted a landscape, lost nothing; but another pannel nearly opposite to the door of your bed chamber, on which was painted a vase of flowers, slightly stained the cloth with red, which was the predominant colour in that piece. The painting was not however affected to appearance, tho\u2019 I rubbed it pretty hard for several minutes. I afterwards called on Schneider, and asked him if he would go to Virginia when you should want his services, and what his terms would be. He said that he would\u2014and that his terms would be two dollars a day during the time of his employment, that is, from his arrival and readiness to proceed to work \u2018till his discharge. On observing that I thought his demand extravagant, which I really think it is, he said he had mentioned that sum to you, and that for a less one he could not well support his family. He appears very desirous of your employment, as introductory among other things to an establishment in Virginia, for, besides what work he has from the Theatre, his art does not bring him more than a bare subsistence. He feels assured, he says, of executing to your satisfaction any kind of fresco paintings, if employed. I must now beg your directions, Sir, about bargaining with him, should you consent to his terms.\nI trust you will excuse my mentioning, that it has become the prevailing fashion to paint dining rooms and large halls, either green light blue or yellow, which looks extremely well. A border of paper or paint of a diferent colour or colours is added. The paint is mixd with oil, and bears washing. The mantle piece is painted of the same colour as the room, and the composition ornaments which are placed on it, of a different colour. I have seen a large dining room painted light blue, the ceiling being left white; the mantle piece and the wooden pieces extending from the mantle piece to the floor, were also painted blue like the walls, and the ornaments on the mantle piece and on the side pieces white, which formed a most pleasing contrast. Different shades of yellow also look well. I am told that great care must be taken by the painter in mixing his colours and putting them on. If he has to add to his paint pot before finishing a room, it is scarcely possible for him to get exactly the same kind of paint, and the smallest difference of colour is visible.\nA gentleman interested in the cargo of the Ship bound to India, has promised to go with me to Mr. Gouverneur, one of the owners who is going out in her, having advised my applying to him to bring back a Gong. You may therefore, Sir, rely on receiving one at the smallest possible expence. Capt. Smith of this place has been in that trade formerly: He tells me that the Gong is used as a bell in China, and that one of it\u2019s uses is to announce the approach of certain mandarins in their visitations thro\u2019 the streets, being carried before them and beaten on with a bamboe or other stick: that the common size is about 20 in. diameter and 5 in. deep, tho\u2019 it varies, and that it\u2019s depth should be left to the Chinese manufacturer, confining him to a certain diameter, if loudness of sound is the object in purchasing: and that Dr. Franklin procured one as a bell for a clock. Perhaps your examining that, if in Philadelphia, would enable you to give more particular directions about the size of the one you want. The Ship will sail the beginning of next month, perhaps as early as the first.\nA young gentleman who has been to Canton as a surgeon in one of our vessels, describes the Gong to be in shape like a frying pan without a handle: that the noise it produces when beaten on, is somewhat similar to that which would proceed from a pan if beaten on in like manner, but louder and shriller: that is suspended by a cord, or any thing flexible and elastic, so as to give way a little when it receives the stroke. He thinks a brass vessel of the same dimensions would be a tolerable substitute.\nBefore I wrote you, Sir, I intended to have enquired of Messrs. Brothers, Coster & Co. whether they had received any further tidings of the Sion\u2019s letter bag: but the sickness and death of one of my brothers, a very promising lad in his 13th. year, and other circumstances, had entirely driven it from my memory till this moment. I shall not fail to inform you of whatever I may hear respecting it, as your dispatches were of so important a nature, that the assurance of their being at the bottom of the Ocean would no doubt be more satisfactory than the risque of their getting into improper hands and inspected.\nI beg leave, Sir, to assure you that your commands cannot prove troublesome; that I shall always have time to execute them, and in their execution feel pleasure\u2014that being the smallest acknowledgment for the favors I have received from you. I hope you and your family, Sir, continue to enjoy health, being with the most respectful attachment\u2014Your faithful & obedient Servt.\nHenry Remsen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0626", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 20 November 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCadiz, 20 Nov. 1792. Nothing consequential has happened in Morocco since his last letter, nor is there much chance of anything decisive happening this winter. Mahomet Proty, the customhouse official at Tetu\u00e1n, the governor, \u201cthe Cadi,\u201d and two customhouse clerks recently brought 100,000 dollars in customs duties to Suliman at Fez. Suliman levied a fine of 100,000 dollars on the people of Tetu\u00e1n for delivering up to Slema the \u201cInsignias of Royalty\u201d entrusted to their care by the late Emperor Yezid. Having directed the Cadi to return, he holds the others hostage until the fine is paid and has put Proty and the governor in irons and confiscated their property, of which Benothman has gone to take possession with \u201call the other public effects at Tetuan.\u201d Proty\u2019s wives and children have fled to a sanctuary for safety. It seems unwise of Suliman to antagonize the people of Tetu\u00e1n, for a rebellion in the north would probably invite an invasion from Ischem that might extinguish all his hopes. Ischem arrived at Mogador on 14 Oct. and quelled a disturbance in the district of Sergnor. Suliman and Ischem each have about 12,000 men under arms, but both are afraid to cross the Morbeya. Ben Assar with 15,000 men governs the province of Abda in the name of Ischem, though he is virtually independent, and Mahomet Belarosi, the basha of the northernmost province of Duguela, has an army and is attached to Suliman. The rest of the Empire is mainly engaged in agricultural pursuits. Nothing has been done, nor is there much chance anything will be done, about fitting out the galleys from Tangier. Spain has informed the governors of Tetu\u00e1n, Tangier, and Larache that, being at peace with Morocco, it will take no part in its internal divisions, but that it would regard the fitting out of these vessels by Suliman as a declaration of war. Two xebecs are at Algeciras to keep watch on the galleys, and the governors have given assurances that no armed boats will be sent to sea. He has received this information from \u201cthe person through whose Department the Correspondence passed.\u201d American vessels have ventured as far as M\u00e1laga, where seventeen of them loaded fruit. Navigation to that place has become even more secure as a result of the return of the Portuguese squadron from Naples. Although some of the vessels have gone home, Ramirez remains on cruise with an 80-gun ship, a frigate, and two brigantines.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0627", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph G. Chambers, 20 November 1792\nFrom: Chambers, Joseph G.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMercersburg November 20. 1792.\nI have waited with impatience for an Answer on the subject of my last letter. Unseasonable Delays are incompatible with the nature and success of Military Projects. And I begin to be anxious lest the Tyrants of Europe should complete their Triumphs before you will suffer me to bring my Guns to bear upon them. Poland has bowed the neck to the yoke of Despotism: And France with Difficulty maintains the Conflict. But how mortifying is it to reflect on the contemptible insignificance of America, no more than the Dust of the Balance in this mighty and interesting Contest. I say interesting to us not only as Men but as a Nation. For if we in our present leisure be not able to defend and vindicate ourselves from the Insults and Ravages of a few perfidious Savage tribes what will be our situation when the combined interests of all the Despots of Europe shall prompt them (as in the Fable of the Frogs and fighting Bulls) to trample the guts out of us. May not an individual therefore be indulged. Nay, ought not such to be encouraged who are willing to risk somewhat for the honor of our Country and the interests of humanity. It is true the effects of Stratagems untried are not certain. Neither is the Issue of plans concerted on the best ground of experience: And it is only by soaring aloft into the regions of Probability that we attain to the most brilliant and important atchievments. Particularly in War every Operation is but a Project and the event always uncertain. But it is needless to insist. Your better judgment will easily anticipate every argument which might be urged on this head. I enclose a Certificate of the nature and Effect of my proposed method of Fire-Arms. I believe I explained myself more fully on this subject in a former letter. I might have procured any number of Signers but suppose these may be sufficient to authenticate the Fact from which a Judgment may be formed of the purposes to which it will apply. If this Experiment should seem to merit public Attention I would beg leave to suggest the propriety of concealing the Design of its application as the Effect would be greatly enhanced by a Surprise. For Improvments in the art of war publicly known are totally insignificant. I have not communicated my method to any person and but for particular reasons I would not have exhibited publicly. However I am not very apprehensive of any ones discovering the secret unless prompted by some higher motives than mere Curiosity. An ingenious person skilld in Gunnery might perhaps effect some kind of bungling imitation of it but he must exert a good deal of Thought who will bring the Invention as far as I have done.  It is uncertain how long this practice might continue a secret but the principal Dependence would be on an extensive preparation previous to its introduction. In Europe I presume it might be easy to provide changes of arms for Thirty or Forty thousand Men charged in this manner to be distributed on an impending Action. Other Manoeuvres must needs be conducted in a manner corresponding to the nature of the Weapons. And an Attack or Defence thus properly managed would most certainly confound the best appointed Army in the world. The first Charge would produce such incredible sudden havoc as must effectually deter others from entering the lists on terms so unequal.\nThe Bearer may be interogated as to farther particulars and a speedy Answer would greatly oblige as I wish to be relieved from suspense on a subject which applies to no purpose but the public service. Your Commands by the Bearer will be duly regarded or a letter by post to the care of Mr. Thomson Innkeeper near the Cove Gap would speedily come to hand. And remain Sir with the utmost Respect Your most Obedt. &c\nJ Gaston Chambers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0628", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mifflin, 20 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mifflin, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 20. 1792.\nI have the honor to acknolege the receipt of your favor of yesterday covering the letter of Mr. Serjeant in the case of ejectment Barclay v. Proctor, and have inclosed the letter to Mr. Pinckney with a  recommendation to lend his aid to the sollicitations of the parties interested, whenever it shall be necessary for obtaining what is right. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0629", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 20 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 20. 1792.\nI have this moment received from the Governor of this state the inclosed letter addressed to him, and have only time remaining to recommend the matter to your attention; only observing that in all these cases of patronising individual rights, the business of sollicitation is to be left to the private agent, and the aid of the minister to be given only by a general countenance and patronage and by his special interposition whenever any special obstacle occurs to the obtaining solid justice. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Dear Sir your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0630", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 20 November 1792\nFrom: Short, Peyton\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Nov. 20. 1792\nMy late private letters to you have been dated Sep. 15. Oct. 22. Nov. 2. I had hoped long before this to have had the pleasure of hearing from you as my public letters will have shewn that I was still at this place as well as the cause of my being here. You will probably have received the information (of the non-reception of the letter expected from you (and which I hoped to find here on my arrival,) whilst at Monticello, as I imagine you remained there during the summer, and although I knew you did not write from thence to me, yet I hoped in this case you would have merely acknowleged the reciept of my letters, and given me some idea of what would be done on account of the letters miscarried\u2014that the uncertainty of my position might have been as soon and as much as possible removed. I recieved yesterday a letter from M. Donald in London, who informs me you have written  to him in date the 11th. of October, I suppose from Philadelphia. As yet I have recieved no letter from you and remain therefore at this moment just as uncertain, as unsettled and as ignorant, as it has been my lot to be from the moment of my being in public employment.\nI have lately recieved a letter from M. Morris in which he informs me (I know not with what view he gives me the information, nor from whom he received it) that the present ministers of France complain much of my intention to place the late payment, made after the King\u2019s suspension, out of their reach, and consider that conduct as evincing an hostile disposition. In the present state of men\u2019s minds, and particularly the minister\u2019s minds, at Paris, I dare say it would not be difficult to inspire them with that construction on my proceeding in that business, if there were any artful and designing person there who from any motive should be desirous to encourage such a disposition with respect to me. In such times, what is very simple in itself and of itself would not be attended to, may be discolored and disfigured more easily and by every individual who chuses it than in any other. I have already informed you, but still more particularly the Secretary of the treasury, of the circumstances of this affair, and I briefly recall it here, that you may see what I did and judge whether I could or ought to have done otherwise, my intention being to fulfill my duty with respect to the U.S. and not to judge between the parties in France, or pay court to either of them.\nM. Morris agreed for the payment some days previous to the King\u2019s suspension and desired me to have it effected. I received this desire and an account of the suspension at the same time. I had been long anxious that the U.S. should get rid of the money they had on hand, by a payment to France on the one hand\u2014on the other, I saw the payment was to be made to persons who had displaced the agent acknowleged by foreign powers and who under the authority of the mob of Paris had usurped the government and who could only be considered by me (as it appeared to me) as private persons until acknowleged by the U.S. It must be observed also that at that time the allied powers were about making an entry in France, and according to all human probability would march immediately on Paris, so that every reason drawn from every source led to believe that the then ministry, could not hold the reins\u2014of all the contingencies the continuation of the Republic appeared the most impossible. A payment then made by the U.S. to a few men who might in a few days be driven from their posts and their country and not leave a vestige of their existence behind, appeared to me an impropriety that would admit of no excuse either by our government, or that which should succeed in France. My own  opinion would have been decidedly against the payment, but as it was M. Morris\u2019s agreement I determined to be guided by his. His letters of the 6th. and 9th. of August, after some delay owing to the post and my absence at Amsterdam, whither they were by mistake sent to me and crossed me on the road, did not get to my hands until the evening of the 16th. The next day was the French post and I waited therefore to recieve a letter from M. Morris, supposing it would give a further opinion, or a fresher one at least with respect to the payment. I recieved one accordingly dated the 13th. mentioning the Suspension and not a syllable with respect to the payment\u2014of course nothing against it. I determined therefore to have it made with such precaution as I thought would entitle the U.S. to take credit for the sum paid and be thus exempted from paying a further interest on it. I wrote then to our commissioners to make the payment and to take reciept expressing that it was on account of the debt due to France and to be held at the disposition of His M. C. Majesty. Such a reciept as it appeared to me left the matter of right to be discussed between the French bankers at Amsterdam and the French government and left the U.S. absolutely out of the question\u2014if contrary to the clause they paid the money to the Republic, and Louis the 16th. or his family were restored, they could not reproach the U.S.\u2014if not restored, the Republic or any other government established, would have been glad to have recieved the money and paid our consent to annul the clause abovementioned by consenting to the payment counting as it ought to have done from the time of its being agreed for, and thus stop the interest from that time.\nThe French bankers asked time to consider of the clause proposed by our commissioners and after some delay declined accepting it. This circumstance and my desire to hear further from M. Morris occasioned the payment to be deferred until the 5th. of Sep. when it was made and there the business ended. Now you may judge whether in itself this precaution on my part could really be cause of complaint to the present ministers. I know them and their way of thinking and I am sure it would not\u2014yet I can readily believe that it might be presented to them in colors that might mortify their pride and wound their selflove, if there were any person of address near them who had an interest to do it. As to myself I care little about it: I did what was my duty\u2014or at least what appeared to me to be my indispensable duty. I flatter myself it will appear in the same light to our government and of course I am very indifferent as to the light in which it appears or may be made to appear to any other.\nM. Morris informs me the whole council (in France) are personally  his enemies\u2014which he gives me as a kind of reason for his unaccountably refusing for a long time simply to see that the commissaries of the treasury had expressed in livres according to their agreement with him, the value of the florins paid here by his order and under his agreement with them. On the whole the part he has acted has been far from being useful in this business to the U.S. though he will no doubt much more than make up for it in other things\u2014without him the payment would not have been delayed until the moment of the suspension\u2014and the U.S. would not now have on hand large sums on which they are paying a dead interest\u2014and know not how to dispose of. So long as the business appeared simple he was ready to act and I was therefore glad to turn the matter over to him\u2014but as soon as difficulties came on he found out that he had no power &c. &c.\u2014and made this discovery even after agreeing for the payment and before consummating it declaring he would take no further step and leaving the business in that situation to me\u2014as if he was in all cases entitled to the roses and the privilege of leaving the thorns to others. He tells me in a letter just recieved from him that he has written to the commissaries to get the note of the late payment, so that I suppose he considers the council as no longer his personal enemies. What he has now done is useless as I had previously directed the commissioners to get this note from the commissaries (which they have done)\u2014on his declaring that he would take no further step in the business.\nOn the whole it will be a little singular if in a business which was left wholly to him I shall be made to appear in fault\u2014and not less so if he should be represented at present as a friend to French revolution and I the contrary\u2014and neither the one or the other would surprize me.\nI cannot end my letter without acknowleging that I may in some instances be unjust with respect to M. Morris, as I feel that the manner in which he was placed at Paris, hurt me more than any other would have done, on account of the manner in which he conducted himself and imposed on me in pretending he did not know he was to be appointed, although he afterwards gave me proofs of the contrary\u2014and also from the idea of being supplanted by the charg\u00e9 des affaires of M. R. Morris who had employed him exclusively as long as he had occasion for him\u2014and seemed after that to have turned him over to the public to employ him jointly. I doubt whether the Medicis began in as high a strain as that\u2014and I own it is a grating consideration to see a private citizen of the U.S. already placing one of his clerks in the first foreign post in the gift of government\u2014or having the appearance of doing it, in the eyes of many. In such cases Men begin sometimes  with the appearance in order to secure the reality afterwards. The most expeditious way of rising in power is unquestionably to inspire the idea of possessing power\u2014as the best way for a merchant to make a fortune is to acquire the reputation of already possessing a capital. I wish now though it is too late that I had never had anything to do with public life\u2014or at most been an architect in order to exert myself on the new federal city. I think much on that chapter as it ought to be the most convenient and most beautiful city that was ever founded\u2014we have the example of all the world before us\u2014and we have I fear adopted a bad one as I learn that a great number of the streets are to be obliquely tending to one point. If so I consider the whole business spoiled\u2014and shall be sure that there will be never anything perfect under the sun. I inclose you a Leyden gazette in which you will see an office of My Lord Auckland\u2014which it seems arrived the very day I wrote my last mentioning such an one was expected. Yours faithfully\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0631", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Shubrick, 20 November 1792\nFrom: Shubrick, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nCharleston South Carolina Novr. 20th. 1792.\nAs every discovery which may tend to promote the Marine of our Country, must be a subject of importance; I take the liberty of communicating to you, who, have taken a decided interest in favor of her shipping, an account of some experiments, which, I made thro\u2019 the last summer, on a tree, that flourishes on the sea Islands of the Southern States. In reflecting on the difficulties, to which the navigation of America is exposed, it naturally occurred, that every expedient which should lessen the expence of a voyage, would be a step towards their removal; and place her on the sure foot of competition. The trade to the Southern States, and to countries situated in Southern latitudes, was  peculiarly injurious, from the necessity there was, of frequently graving the vessels, engaged in that business. This necessity, I thought might be obviated. I knew that the palmetto logs, which had been used in the building of our wharves, had resisted the worms which are so injurious to shipping; and had never been known to decay under water, but being apparently of a loose texture within, it never was supposed, that they could be made use of, in the form of boards; I, however, determined to make the experiment, and accordingly sawed a number, sufficient to sheath a small rowing boat, which, I kept moored thro\u2019 the summer, in a situation, exposed to the attack of that destructive insect. She has been examined by persons of judgement, and they have decided in favor of the experiment. But, as I knew also, that a single experiment, tho\u2019 ever so compleat, was not always satisfactory, I determined to make a comparative experiment, and therefore sheathed a two inch pine plank, with a palmetto board, 3/4ths. of an inch thick, and moored it near the rowing boat, about the first of April, where it remained \u2019till the 24th. October, it was then taken out, and examined. The result of this measure has given strength to the experiment, and has answered my highest expectation. The palmetto was as free from worms, barnacles, weeds and grass, and was as clean, as the day it was put into the water, but the pine was perforated in a variety of places, and was entirely covered with barnacles, as you will perceive by the vestiges of them remaining upon the plank. I have transmitted by this conveyance a piece of the plank, and board; upon which the experiment [was made] for your observation, and inspection; and have also transmitted the certificate of the persons who examined the boat.\nIf you are of opinion, that any further experiment should be made, to ascertain the superior advantages of this sheathing, permit me, to suggest to your consideration, the propriety of ordering it to be made, upon the Custom House Cutter, to be employed upon this station, the Captain of which, is well qualified, to give it a fair trial, and to decide upon the merits of it, having been brought up to the business of a shipwright, and having followed that profession many years. The result of an experiment made under the sanction of Government, will establish the reputation of the discovery, if it shall be found to possess those superior advantages that I suppose it does. I will only add, that Capt. Benn, the master of an English Ship called the Sovereign, is so convinced of it\u2019s benefits, that he is determined to put two boards of this tree, on the bottom of his vessel, now nearly ready to proceed on a voyage to London. I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, & esteem, Sir, Your most Obedient, Humble Servant,\nTho: Shubrick\nP.S. The palmetto tree has hitherto been used in this State, only in the construction of wharves, as it acquires under water, a degree of solidity capable of resisting the stroke of an axe, and will last for ever, but, out of that element, it will crumble to dust, in the course of a very few years.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0632", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 20 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nPhiladelphia Novr. 20th. 1792.\nYour letter on the subject of further supplies to the Colony of St. Domingo, has been duly received and considered. When the distresses of that Colony first broke forth, we thought we could not better evidence our friendship to that, and to the Mother Country also, than to step in to it\u2019s relief, on your application, without waiting a formal authorization from the national Assembly. As the Case was unforeseen, so it was unprovided for on their part, and we did what we doubted not they would have desired us to do, had there been time to make the application, and what we presumed they would sanction as soon as known to them. We have now been going on more than a twelvemonth, in making advances for the relief of the Colony, without having as yet received any such sanction; for the Decree of 4 Millions of Livres in aid of the Colony, besides the circuitous and informal manner by which we become acquainted with it, describes and applies to operations very different from those which have actually taken place. The wants of the Colony appear likely to continue, and their reliance on our supplies to become habitual. We feel every disposition to continue our efforts for administering to those wants; but that cautious attention to forms, which would have been unfriendly in the first moment,  becomes a duty to ourselves; when the Business assumes the appearance of long continuance, and respectful also to the National Assembly itself, who have a right to prescribe the line of an interference so materially interesting to the Mother Country and the Colony.\nBy the estimate you were pleased to deliver me, we perceive that there will be wanting to carry the Colony through the month of December, between 30, and 40,000 Dollars, in addition to the sums before engaged to you. I am authorized to inform you that the sum of 40,000 Dollars shall be paid to your Orders, at the Treasury of the United States, and to assure you that we feel no abatement in our dispositions to contribute these Aids from time to time, as they shall be wanting for the necessary subsistence of the Colony: but the want of express approbation from the national legislature must ere long produce a presumption that they contemplate perhaps other modes of relieving the Colony, and dictate to us the propriety of doing only what they shall have regularly and previously sanctioned.\nTheir Decree beforementioned, contemplates purchases made in the United States only. In this they might probably have in view, as well to keep the business of providing supplies under a single direction, as that these supplies should be bought where they can be had cheapest, and where the same sum will consequently effect the greatest measure of relief to the Colony. It is our wish, as undoubtedly it must be yours, that the monies we furnish, be applied strictly in the line they prescribe. We understand, however, that there are in the hands of our Citizens, some bills drawn by the administration of the Colony, for articles of subsistence delivered there. It seems just that such of them should be paid as were received before bon\u00e2 fide notice that, that mode of supply was not bottomed on the funds furnished to you by the United States, and we recommend them to you accordingly. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and respect, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0633", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 21 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTh: Jefferson has the honour to inclose to the Secretary of the Treasury a copy of his letter to M. de Ternant, communicated to the President and approved by him; also a copy of the note of approbation from the French court of which he spoke to him, with the estimate of M. de la Forest which the Secretary of the Treasury might perhaps wish to keep by him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0634", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 21 November 1792\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nYesterday in concert with Mr. Izard to whose wishes I am forced to accomodate I agreed to the postpon\u2019ment of the report upon weights and measures untill the first monday in Decr., that Mr. Ritenhouse might in the mean time make the experiment of the rod. It was moved by Mr. Ellsworth and seconded by Mr. Read to postpone it untill the next session, but withdrawn upon this motion. Mr. Sherman objected to delay with a view of going into the temporary plan suggested in your report. In this idea many seem to incline\u2014but all are willing to have the subject discussed, and I particularly wish that Mr. R. would turn his attention to the above object and furnish a satisfactory result in time. Very affecy. I am dear Sir yours\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0635", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. P. P. Derieux, 22 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\n      Dr Sir\n      Philadelphia Nov. 22. 1792.\n     I have engaged Mr. Vaughan to make an advance of a second sum of 250. dollars, an order for which on Mr. Hopkins I inclose to Colo. Gamble by this post. This makes up the sum which your note to me expressed as necessary for your present accomodation. For the residue you will have to wait not only till these sums are replaced, but till the sales beyond that shall be effected. The assortment was not quite as judicious as I had hoped, there being less than was expected of the glass which was a sure object, while the main part was in feathers, laces &c uncertain in their sale, and perisheable if not sold. However you may rely on Mr. Vaughan\u2019s exertions to dispose of them as early as a due attention to their value will admit. I am with much esteem Dr Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0636", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jacob Hollingsworth, 22 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hollingsworth, Jacob\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 22. 1792.\nI have duly received your favor of the 18th. and am really concerned that the person you had mentioned to me will not undertake my business, because from your account of him I think he would have suited me, as, tho the chief of my business would be that of a farmer, yet it involves in a small degree a variety of other things. Perhaps a reasonable augmentation of price might induce him: if so and you will be so good as to let me know what advance of wages would be, I will immediately say whether it would suit me to give them. If he will not go, I must renew my request to you to recommend a proper person to me, of your neighborhood, known to yourself, and who will go for reasonable wages. I am anxious to provide myself from your neighborhood because the degree of farming there practised is exactly that which I think would be adopted in my possessions, and because the labour with you being chiefly by Negroes, your people of course understand the method of managing that kind of laborer. I beg you to excuse the trouble I give you, which I would not do, were I able otherwise to procure such a person as I describe. I am with esteem, Sir your humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0637", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel L. Hylton, 22 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hylton, Daniel L.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 22. 1792.\nI am to acknolege the receipt of your favor of the 10th. and am puzzled what to say on the subject. My first object is to be sure of the price. The mortgage of the Green briar lands I consider as almost nothing, so distant, probably so worthless, so difficult to be got at by the law, and so little likely to be sold for even any thing. I do not know Dr. Taylor\u2019s circumstances: but Mr. Eppes tells me he is sure he could get good security. Now if I could have two good persons (say Dr. Taylor and some other responsible one) bound personally, I would accept the Greenbriar mortgage in supplement. Observe that when I ask for two responsible persons, I do not count Mr. Banks as one. This being in Dr. Taylor\u2019s power, I think he cannot in candour hesitate to agree to it. If he refuses, I must leave it to yourself altogether to  consider whether he is himself in such circumstances as to make me sure of the money.\u2014I really wish to sell the land that I may wind up with Mr. Hanson. As some alterations of the deeds I sent you may be necessary, I pray you to get it done by some able lawyer.\u2014I have another task for your friendship. Martin and myself disagreed when I was last in Virginia insomuch that he desired me to sell him, and I determined to do it, and most irrevocably that he shall serve me no longer. If you could find a master agreeable to him, I should be glad if you would settle that point at any price you please: for as to price I will subscribe to any one with the master whom he shall chuse. Any credit may be given which shall be desired in reason. Perhaps Martin may undertake to find a purchaser. But I exclude all idea of his own responsibility: and I would wish that the transaction should be finished without delay, being desirous of avoiding all parley with him myself on the subject.\u2014You see, my dear Sir, what free use I make of your good dispositions. I can only say that placed in any situation where I could be useful to you, I should do as much for you. But your troubles are approaching their end, because I approach the term when I shall be in a situation to do my own business.\u2014Mr. Banks wrote me a letter from Alexandria on the subject of the Elkhill lands. If you will be so good as to tell him that I leave the matter wholly to you, it will save me the necessity of writing a letter to him, and a letter saved is a relief to me. My affectionate respects to Mrs. Hylton & am with great & sincere esteem Dr. Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0638", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 22 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear Martha\nPhiladelphia Nov. 22. 1792.\nThe last letter received from Mr. Randolph or yourself is of Oct. 7. which is near seven weeks ago. I ascribe this to your supposed absence from Monticello, but it makes me uneasy when I recollect the frail state of your two little ones. I hope some letter is on the way to me. I have no news for you except the marriage of your friend Lady  Elizabeth Tufton, to some very rich person, but whose name could not be recollected by Mr. Hammond, my informer. Maria is well, but not yet become industrious in letter writing. Present my warmest esteem to Mr. Randolph. Adieu my dear your\u2019s affectionately & for ever\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0639", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Leacock, 2[3] November 1792\nFrom: Leacock, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhilada. Novr. 25th. [i.e. 23] 1792.\nMy being at the Pot ash works of Richd. Johns (on business) when Mr. Jefferson came there, to make some Enquiery respecting the manufactury of Pot and pearl-ash, (and, Expressing an intention of beginning the business in the forests of Virginia, where he purposed having the timber Cut down and burnt in the open air,) I considered it my duty to speak a few words on the occasion, having once been Engaged in that undertaking. I informed you sir, that it did not answer the Expected End. I had an Amazing quantity of wood prepared and piled up in large heaps and set fire to, and Expected to have a plentiful harvest of ashes to hale to the works, and was much disappointed. The rapidity of the fire was so excessive as to raise the ashes as they formed, and the wind wafted them away. I am told the Russians burn their wood in Kilns, built under the Knolls of hills, into which the wood is Easily rolled, and, where \u2018tis consumed to advantage, but the construction of these kilns, I am unacquainted with, therefore must leave it to be Explained by some person who may have seen it. Probably I may be able to find out such a person, and should you Express a wish of that sort, I will then do it chearfully. With respect to making good Pot and Pearl-ash, be assured it is but a simple thing, in which care is the Essential matter. The Lye must be Clear, or it will not be good after all the trouble, and the Lye ought to be strong, ere it is Evaporated into black salts, in order that less time may be required, and, consequently, less wood, and less Expence. The process of making these salts into Pot ash, is very simple, many artists melt them Easily in open kettles, I have been inform\u2019d, but my kittle was always covered with sheet Iron, and I think Richard Johns has improved on it. His fire is so intensely hot as to burn out all the black vegetable oil, which, when left in, is the Cause of the sulphurious smell found in some ill manufactured pot-ash, which is unfit for the  bleaching of Linnen. Should Mr. Jefferson incline to make Pearl-ash, it will be necessary to have an ovan for scorching the black salts, as the artist terms it, that is, to burn out the blackness of the salts, with a moderate fire made with dry oak, which is the best of wood for the purpose, and after the scorching is completed, it is then to be put into the kettle with a quantity of water sufficient to imbibe the alkalis and set to boil, after which put all the disolved part into a Clean tub to settle for some days, when the white Lyes are to be returned into the kettle, to be Evaporated into white Pearl ash, and carefully stirred, till Evry Lump on breaking, is found to be thoroughly white, and this is the whole art of making Pearl ash in Kettles. This new mode of boiling the scorched salts and putting the solution into the tub to settle, is productive of another good End, i.e. that of leaving all the Neutral-salts, adhering to the side and bottom of the tub, therefore this is pure Pearl-ash, and is of more value (if duely Estimated,) than what has not gone throug this process. Should Mr. Jefferson require further information, I would advise him to apply to Mr. Johns, who is competent to it, and makes as good Pot and Pearl-ash, as any I have ever seen. I am sir, your sincere well wisher & huml. servt.\nJoseph Leacock\nNB. Should any blackness rise on Evavorating the white Lyes in the kettle, care must be taken to skim it off instantly, Ere it settles down again. These black skimings are not to be thrown away, but to be put into tubs among fresh ashes to Extract the alkali.\nI can see no reason why those Kilns may not be made on low grounds, in the form of a Cellar walled up, into which the wood may be Easily rolled and burnt, probably it may be necessary to dig a flue below the bottom as an aid hole, to kindle, and keep the fire lively. With respect to Pearl-ash ovans, I must inform you there are several sorts in use. The original ovan, which is a very good one, has two fire places within the arch, one on Each side the door. I need not describe the particular construction of this complete ovan, as their are draughts of it in this City more accurately deleniated than I can describe with my pen. Their is another kind, which I think Equally good, and less trouble in making, and that at Mr. Johns\u2019s is similar to it, but, was I in want of an Ovan for the purpose of scorching the black salts, in order to make them into Pearl-ash in Kettles, as mentioned above, the ovan should be built seperate, from any connection with the kettles. I directed Colonel Anderson of Maryland, to build such an Ovan, haveing the fire behind, to play through a wide, but narrow Apperture over the bottom to the front, with a Chimney to carry the  smoke off, just within the door through the Crown of the arch. This ovan has succeeded admirably well he informs me, and says the arch is very low, not more than 14 or 16 Inches high.\nColonel Anderson is daily Expected in this City, and should Mr. Jefferson desire to talk with him on the subject, and will be pleased to intimate it to me, I will inform him. Was my knowledge more Extensive, I would chearfully communicate it.\nThe burning of Leached ashes with Expectation of gaining more alkali, is but a poor affair. There is in this City a german book, wrote by a Pot-ash maker, in which he gives the result of many Experiments made on such ashes with a view to ascertain wether \u2018twas worth the trouble and Expence, and concluded it to be a dirty unproffitable business and not worth following.\nIt will be in my power to procure you the perusal of this book, should you desire it sir.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0640", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 23 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States, November 23d. 1792\nT. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of State the Commissions which were sent to the President for his signature, which they have received.\nT. Lear begs leave to observe that in the Commission of Mr. Joy, it is expressed: \u201cHe demanding and receiving no Fees or Perquisites\u201d\u2014which appears to be contrary to the fourth Section of the Act passed during the last Session of Congress, entitled, \u201cAn Act concerning Consuls and Vice Consuls.\u201d If the matter should strike the Secretary in the same light as it does T. Lear, it will undoubtedly be rectified.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0641", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Leacock, 24 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Leacock, Joseph\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 24. 1792.\nI consider as a particular kindness the information you are pleased to give me on the subject of pot and pearl ash. It is a business in which I wish to engage moderately and cautiously, and being entirely unacquainted with it myself, I wish for good information before I proceed. I understand that a cord of wood makes two bushels of ashes, and that two bushels of ashes make 10. \u2114 of pot ash, worth 5d. a pound. This then seems to give me 4/2 a cord for my wood, which I must otherwise burn in waste on the lands I clear on my farms: besides that I have a vast deal of woodlands unfit for culture, and too remote from the farms for the timber to be used at all. 4/2 a cord for this appears a profitable price. Pot-ash being the simplest process, I have no thought of trying pearl ash. I would not engage in this business at all, if I had not both the wood and the labour within myself. If my neighbors can be induced to hire the clearing of their lands at half price, or to take care of their ashes and sell them at the usual price, it will be so much gain on which I do not count. If in the pursuits of your business you ever pass this part of the town in the forenoon, I am generally at home in that part of the day, and will be thankful to you to step in. I am Sir your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0643", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James McHenry, 25 November 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: McHenry, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 25. 1792.\nMr. Morris, our Minister at Paris, has recommended to me a Madame de la Mariniere, whom the troubles of St. Domingo have driven to Baltimore. He did it at the request of the Duke de Penthievre. Want of acquaintance myself in Baltimore, leaves me no means of complying with their request to procure her introduction into the best company, but to sollicit your attentions to the lady. The characters who interest themselves for her are a security to us that our services will be worthily bestowed, and will I hope excuse the liberty I take in recommending her to you. I am with great esteem Dear Sir your most obedient & most humble sert\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0646", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andrew Ellicott, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Ellicott, Andrew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nCity of Washington Novm. 26th 1792\nI have taken the liberty of sending you an Almanac for the year 1793, which I calculated, and compiled during my sickness last september.\u2014The Astronomical part is adapted to the meridian, and latitude of the City of Washington. I am Sir your Hbl. Servt\nAndw. Ellicott", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0647", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maury, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLiverpool, 26 Nov. 1792. Despite the proclamation prohibiting the exportation of British wheat and flour that he advised of on 13 Nov., this port continues shut. News of the disaster to the American tobacco crop is generally known, but has not yet had any effect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0649", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 26 November 1792\nFrom: Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAmsterdam the 26 November 1792\nImmediately on receipt of your esteemed favor of 10 Ulto. We paid unto Messrs. W. & J. Willink, and N. & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard Holld. Cy. \u01922221.14. for your account, which they place to credit of the United States, and inclose you their Receipt for same.\nWe beg you will not put yourself to any the least Inconvenience, to reimburse the Advance We are in for you, We assuring you, It is perfectly at your Service, and that We are glad your Confidence in our Disposition to oblige you, induced you to apply to us on the Subject.\nEver happy, in availing ourselves of all Opportunities, to evince our desire to render you the agreeable Offices in our Power, We are with the greatest Esteem and Respect Sir Your most obd hble Servt\nN. & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0651", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Rittenhouse, 27 November 1792\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nThe money granted by his Excellency the Presidents Warrant in July last being appropriated for paying for the House and Lot for the Mint and for purchasing Copper, except 900 Dollars, And Considerable Expences having since arisen for Additional Buildings, Furnaces Horse-Mill and Machines of various kinds I find it necessary to apply for another warrant for the Sum of Five Thousand Dollars, which will not be drawn from the Treasury faster than is absolutely necessary. The works are now nearly compleated and a particular account of the Expences shall be made out as soon as the several Bills can be got in and paid. I am, Sir, your very humble Servt.\nDavd. Rittenhouse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0653", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 28 November 1792\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon Novr: 28th. 1792.\nBy some extraordinary delay, I received only a few days since, and by the same vessel which carries this letter, your Dispatch of the 13th of Decr: last. I immediately took the necessary steps for complying with your instructions, by writing to Mr. Carmichael on the subject and putting that letter into the care of the Spanish Ambassador\u2019s Courier.\nI have already remarked to you, that, although we are so near to Spain, it is often difficult to obtain News from thence. Even the Portuguese Minister for foreign affairs assured me, in a late conversation, that he knew less of what was really going on in Spain than in the most distant Country of Europe, and in short that he could learn nothing of the politics of the Court. These observations appeared to apply more immediately to French affairs as we had been speaking on them. Now we have, however, an article of intelligence which may be relied on, and which you will not find in the Madrid Gazettes: it is the change of administration there. The Comte d\u2019Aranda has gone out of the office of prime Minister, and the Duke d\u2019Alcudia has come into his place. You will probably remember the Duke d\u2019Alcudia to be the same person lately known as the Queen\u2019s favorite by the name of  Godoi. He had previously been advanced from a simple particular in the Corps of Guards to be a Leiutenant General, a Grandee of the first Class, and a Duke, with a revenue of about \u00a360,000 Stirlg in landed estates. Besides it was understood he had an almost unlimited credit on the Treasury. He is disliked by the nobility, abominated by the People, extremely extravagant, and insufferably vain. He appears to be precipitating his fall by causing honours and emoluments to be accumulated upon himself in an unusual and almost unheard of manner. At this crisis, it would seem also that the folly of Kings in making such appointments tends more to bring the Sovereign Power into contempt and detestation than all the democratical writings of the age. It is said, however, that the person appointed assistant to the new Minister (the name of which person is Llaguna I believe) is a man of talents and knowledge of business. Here it is not yet known with certainty whether the nomination of the Duke d\u2019Alcudia is entirely owing to private Court intrigues, or partly to a change of political measures with respect to France.\nThe sudden conversion of the french Monarchy into a Republic, the disgraceful retreat of the allied armies from that Territory, and the distinguished successes of the french arms in every quarter have exceedingly depressed the spirits of their Adversaries. The Duke de Coigny and the son of the french Ambassador at Lisbon have just returned from their Campaign with the Emigrants. They both bear the marks of fatigue in having lost much flesh: but I have been informed the former does not consider it as a finished affair. They are to repair to their colours in the Spring.\nEvery thing still remains very quiet here. There is a certainty of the pregnancy of the Princess of Brazil, though it has not been formally announced.\nThe Queen of Portugal, continuing always in the same state She has been for a long time past, is now little more spoken of than if She were not in existence. The places of public amusement are again opened, without even a pretext of Her Majesty\u2019s amelioration.\nThe wealth of this Country daily encreases. To instance in a single article I cite the following fact. Last year they exported about 54,000 bags of Cotton to England; this year the exportation has amounted to about 63000 bags, and these are valued at nearly \u00a315 Stirling on an average.\nIt is with sincere pleasure I can inform you, that I now never hear the US. of America mentioned but with that respect to which they are, on this side of the Atlantic, universally believed to be entitled from their happy government and flourishing situation. The sentiments are very different from what they were some years ago.\nI have not long since received a letter from Mr. Church dated at Bordeaux, in which he advises me that his Commission had just reached him by way of England, but that the season was so far advanced it would be impracticable to remove his family before Spring, although it was possible he might find a passage for himself from some other port.\nMr. Barclay was lately well and at Cadiz. With sincere & great esteem I have the honour to be Sir Your Most obedient & Most humble Servant\nD. Humphreys\nP.S. I enclose a Paper on the cultivation of Cotton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0654", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 28 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States Novr. 28th: 1792\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to inform the Secretary of State that as the former sum of 10,000 dollars, for the use of the Mint, was drawn from the Treasury in pursuance of his order for that purpose, he thinks it best that the same form should be observed on the present occasion; he has therefore drawn the enclosed order for five thousand dollars to be applied to the purposes of the mint agreeably to the Director\u2019s letter of the 27th inst. to the Secretary.\nAnd, that the President will take an opportunity of making an arrangement with the Secretary of the Treasury on the other subject mentioned in the Secretary of State\u2019s letter to him of this date.\nTobias Lear Secretary to the President of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0655", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Rittenhouse, 28 November 1792\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBy Act of Congress the Copper Coinage is limited to 150 Tons. This, counting the Ton to be 20 Hundreds, neat Weight, will produce near 8 Millions of Cents, making no allowance for waste in Coining;  and supposing the number of families in the United States to be 400,000 will be near 20 Cents to a family. This appears to me to be too great a proportion by more than one half, especially if we consider the great weight of the Copper Coins, and the small silver to be struck which will make the Copper Much less necessary. Perhaps 30 or 40 Tons imported from Sweden would be sufficient, at least at first, more may be ordered if found necessary.\nFrom some Swedish Coins in my possession it appears that Copper, when Coined, is worth in Sweden about 16 Cents \u214c \u2114. Avoirdupois. That Coined at the Mint of the United States will be worth 26 Cents. I am, Sir, with great respect, Your very humble Servant\nDavd. Rittenhouse\nPS. There is now in the Mint 4 or 5 Tons of old Copper and more may be expected tho\u2019 I think not in any great quantity. Some dependance may likewise be placed on the produce of American Mines.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0659", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Fitzhugh, 29 November 1792\nFrom: Fitzhugh, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nChatham Novr. 29. 1792\nYour Favour of the 19th, only got to my Hands last night, on my return from Richmond, or it shoud immediatly have been answer\u2019d. I am much obliged to you for the offer of Tarquin, and shou\u2019d, if I was a young Man again, prefer him to any Horse I know, but at present I am furnish\u2019d with two most excellent riding nags, of smaller Size. I think you have rated him, considerably under his Value. Geldings are  selling very high in Virginia, and I am persuaded, if you bring him with you next Spring, that you may get a much better Price for him than 150 Dollars. I am with much Esteem Dear Sir Your sincere Frd. & mo. Ob. Ser\nW Fitzhugh", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0660", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Harrison, 29 November 1792\nFrom: Harrison, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department Auditors Office 29. Novr. 1792\nTo avoid the delay which, from a want of Information, sometimes attends the passage of Salary Accounts, I find it necessary to request that you will be pleased to direct a list to be made out, for my guidance in future, of all the Civil Officers who have been commissioned by the president of the United States; with the dates of their Appointment, and Death or Resignation, annexed. I have the honor to be, with great Respect, Sir Yr. obed. hble Srt.\nR. Harrison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0661", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 29 November 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States, November 29th: 1792\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to inform the Secretary of State, that a bill for ten thousand dollars will be drawn by the Treasury of the U.S. on our Holland Bankers payable to Mr. Pinckney, for the purpose of obtaining Copper for the Mint. The President, however, suggests, that it would not perhaps be best to confine Mr. Pinckney strictly to Sweeden for the purchase of the Copper, but to leave it to his discretion to obtain it where it can be had on the most advantageous terms, after calling his attention to Sweeden, for the reason mentioned in the letter from the Director of the Mint to the Secretary of State.\nTobias LearSecretary to the President of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0665", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 30 November 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Nov. 30 1792\nI return you a thousand thanks for your friendly letter of Oct. 16 and its enclosed extracts of those of March 18 and April 24. I recieved it the day before yesterday from Amsterdam with the others accompanying it. I have written already to M. Morris and spoken to the French Minister, who is still here incognito as it were, to know if I can pass through France with the certainty of not being stopped on the Spanish frontier. He assures me there is not the smallest doubt and has written to ask for passeports to put it out of question. They will be here in eight days. It is important before leaving this place to be assured of that as it would otherwise be best to pass at once through England, and embark in the packet for Lisbon. You may be assured I will give every possible attention to the important business confided to us\u2014and what you call your sermonizing I consider as a proof of your friendship which is very dear to me. I will not omit to procure for you the collection of Cortezs letters if possible\u2014and attend also to your desire with respect to the Spanish dollar.\nI feel how much I owe you for what you did with respect to the caveat because I know your aversion to interfering\u2014it is certainly the greatest proof of friendship you could give me. My affairs have been managed since I left Virginia as most Virginia affairs. Colo. Skipwith promised me to do better and after having kept them for some time in his hands, at length turned them over to M. Donald who on leaving Richmond turned them over to M. Browne. I do not know him\u2014but M. Donald says he is much to be relied on\u2014but I feel I am much more in his power than I would wish to be\u2014because it is more I believe than necessary\u2014all my stock is in his name\u2014and he can of course do what he pleases with it. He wrote me he had kept it in his name to avoid the necessity and trouble of my sending a power of attorney to recieve the interest, according to the rules established. But I think having it in my own name, saving all risks would be well worth the trouble of sending a power of attorney\u2014though I know not if that is the only inconvenience. M. Browne converted my State certificates into the assumed debt\u2014if I had been consulted I think I should have preferred the State security to undergoing such a loss in having them assumed\u2014but as he did for the best\u2014I made no objection\u2014and probably he was more in the way of judging what was for the best. He at a venture a long time ago laid out my certificates I think for bank stock leaving me the alternative to accept it or not on giving notice to Messrs. Donald & Burton. I immediately gave notice that I did not chuse it\u2014of course the affair is as to me non avenue. The last letter which I received from Mr. Browne which was last year, stated my funds in his hands as received from Colo. Skipwith and purchased with interest since as follows\u201415000 dollars 6. p. cents\u201411,256. dollars 3. p. cents\u2014and 7,504. dollars deferred. This was a great drawback occasioned by the assumption. He had some small debts to recieve and Colo. Skipwith had still something to pay up, I think. I left with him upwards of \u00a35000 in certificates when I left Virginia\u2014viz. he recieved them from B. Harrison\u2014and a sum in cash from Harvie which I could never learn either from him or any body else the amount of\u2014nor how disposed of. He has often promised me to send an account of it but never did. As to Browne\u2019s statement he can best know whether it is just, but I suppose it to be so. In consequence of your kind and friendly offer I now ask the favor of you, to decide for me the propriety of having the funds placed in my own name\u2014if there should be no other inconvenience than simply that of sending a power of attorney to recieve the interest, it seems to me much less than the security in having the funds in my own name. In that case I will thank you to have it done. I shall write to M. Donald and to M. Browne to  desire the latter to follow your instructions in whatever concerns me. My standing orders with him are to have the interest laid out regularly in more of the principal either 6. or 3. p. ct. or deferred, whichever is most advantageous\u2014and I wish that system to be followed unless you see cogent reasons against it. This has always been my desire and if Colo. Skipwith had followed it I should now have been very differently circumstanced. M. Donald also recieved from M. Parker a certain sum in certificates which he keeps in his name\u2014it was a part of what I gave Parker the cash for in June 89. at Paris. He was to have invested it for me in America on the best terms. The same cash I had previously put in your hands at Paris and afterwards M. Grands. I had liked to have lost it with Parker who was near or quite bankrupt\u2014a part was lost\u2014viz. not laid out for me after being kept until it was too late. I purpose laying out a part of what I possess in lands when I return to America and to become a farmer and manufacturer perhaps\u2014but certainly a farmer. The present dispersion of my family makes me more uncertain than I would wish to be as to the place of my settlement. I have been long separated from my brother and sisters\u2014but I wish to be with them or near them when I settle myself. I know not how or where my sister is settled in Kentuckey\u2014but hope it is in the neighbourhood of my brother\u2014which will probably decide me in favor of that country. I imagine my Sister Eliza will consent to go with me if I should not find her there. I should have thought she would have gone with my brother\u2014or at least with my sister whose marriage I have learned only from you. My brother\u2019s letter which was not inclosed to you as he expressed in his letter, would no doubt have given me all this information. I regret exceedingly its loss. I take the liberty of inclosing one for my sister, which I ask the favor of you to convey. I imagine she is still at Colo. Skipwiths\u2014but know nothing on the subject.\nI know nothing of what has become of my western lands sold me by Harvie, nor the 1000 acres near Norfolk. I know not how it happens but I have never been able to learn any thing from any body respecting them. The papers were in Colo. Skipwith\u2019s hands. He or my brother I suppose still has them. I never could learn whether the title from Harvie to the Norfolk lands was ever recorded.\nI am sorry to find you are certain the diplomatic grade will not be advanced. It seems unaccountable that the U.S. should put themselves gratuitously on the footing of the most insignificant countries\u2014for only such have such grades at the courts where we are\u2014and indeed I believe there are none who have at present\u2014here at least there is no resident except myself and one by interim from Poland\u2014if they will not augment the salary they should at least change the name,  for their own sake and that of their agents, and add plenipotentiary even with the same salary. I cannot devise a single reason against it. There are many for it\u2014however they may do as they please. They will change in time\u2014and then it will be a matter in which I shall not be concerned. I know not what motive they can have for putting their agents in the position of being often humiliated\u2014always less in the way of information\u2014and that in paying as much or near it as other powers pay to have their agents agreeably situated and respected. They have probably good reasons for this since they will not change the system. I have done my duty in stating the inconvenience and impropriety of the present system\u2014as to the rest I will neither care or do any thing further about it.\nShould Congress not augment the foreign fund, I think it was to be inferred from your letter that the place here would be discontinued. From whence comes it that this is the place which passes before that of Lisbon\u2014our commercial connexions with this country are more considerable than with Portugal, and the money holders of this country, or their favorable opinion is more important than that of any part of the whole of Portugal. It would seem natural that they should be pleased to see here a representative of the U.S. and particularly to see one on the footing of the representatives of other great powers. I should imagine the Sec. of the treasury would wish to have this place preserved\u2014and I should hope that if both your sentiments combined it would be preserved. I have no idea I should prefer Madrid. The most agreeable thing under present circumstances would be for the President to give me my choice as soon as he could\u2014and I think I am in some degree entitled to this kind of treatment after all that has happened. Whatever may happen, I shall be ever my dear Sir, your obliged & faithful friend & servant\nW: Short\nI desire much to know whether the U.S. intend keeping their minister at present at Paris. I imagine M. will be your successor. If the P. should chuse it, he certainly will be, for it seems public opinion is unavailing against his will in such cases. I am sorry you persist in your design\u2014and fear you have reasons for it which may be disagreeable\u2014but I cannot concieve what they are. My private letters to you unacknowleged are Sep. 15. Oct. 22. Nov. 2. 20.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0666", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Traquair, [30 November 1792]\nFrom: Traquair, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nphilad, Corner of 10th and Market Street [30 Nov. 1792]\nBeing informed that a Gentelman is going to Scotland in order to give incuregment to some of My Contray men in the Mason line to Come to America: if So, Ther is a Mr. Alexander Crawford Mason Shakespear Squair Edinburgh a warm frind to America: who writes me he intends to Come himself after Settling his business for he is one of the prinsaple buildars in the New Town of Ednb. At any rate he will do his utmost to finde good Workmen and in that way that there Laws Can not fine falt with. I hop the abuve hints will be of Service if Sutch is not neaded, I hop you will pardon the freedom of one who wisheth the prosperity of America, and the good of his Contrey men. I am Sir with the Graitest respect your Huml. Servt\nJames Traquair\nP.S. Mason: includs both Ston Catter and Builder in Scotland. I have wrote myself for 2 to Come the next Spring: to the Same Man: if any thing in my pour is neaded to forward Sutch a Lowdable desine I am at your Service. J.T.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0667", "content": "Title: Petition of Oliver Evans to the Patent Board, [ca. 1 December 1792]\nFrom: Evans, Oliver\nTo: Patent Board\nTo Thos Jefferson Henry Knox and Edmund Randolph Esres.\nThe petition of Oliver Evans of NewCastle County delaware State Miller Respectfully Sheweth\nThat your Petitioner did as early as the year 1774 begin diligently to search for an inanimate power that he might apply to the purpose of propelling land Cariages without Cattle and by a long course of  study and practical experiments he in the year 1786 discovered and invented the means of applying the power of steam and the pressure of the atmosphere to the said purposes as well as to many other useful purposes in a simple and Cheap manner By means of steam engines of his own invention of a peculiar construction in which water or any other dense fluid is used between the hot steam and the working parts of the engine to prevent the steam from escaping and from heating the working parts too hot by which means the steam may be greatly heated so that it will work with great power either with or without the aid of the pressure of the atmosphere or the use of a condenser or vacuum These engines are of such simple Construction that they may with Convenience be applied to move any kind of machinery that requires either a Circular or Vibrating motion And to the propelling of land Cariages with heavy burdens in an easie cheap and powerful manner.\nYour petitioner therefore prays that this bord will be pleased in pursuance of the act entitled the act to promote the progress of usefull arts to Cause letters patent to be made out granting to your petitioner his heirs Executors Administrators and assigns for the Term of fourteen years the sole and exclusive right and liberty of propelling land Carriages by the power of steam and the pressure of the Atmosphere and of making constructing and useing and vending to others to be used the said Engines and improvements by him invented and your petitioner will ever pray &c.\nOliver Evans", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0668", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Harrison, 1 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Harrison, Richard\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 1. 1792.\nWhen the nomination of Consuls, at the present session of Congress shall be proceeded to, I will take care that Mr. Gouverneur\u2019s recommendation of Mr. Stevenson be duly laid before the President. I thank  him for his attention to the little commission for the Chinese Gong. I had desired Mr. Remsen of New York to get the favor of some person going in the vessel bound from that port to China, to bring me one of about 21. inches diameter. I am glad he addressed himself so well as to Mr. Gouverneur and am thankful for his undertaking. I am with great esteem Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0669", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Jones, Jr., 1 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jones, Samuel, Jr.\nPhiladelphia Dec. 1. 92.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to acknolege the receipt of a copy of the Transactions of the society for Agriculture &c at New York, and to return his thanks for the acceptable present to the President, as also to Mr. Jones for the transmission of the same, with Dr. Mitchill\u2019s Outlines of Natural history &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0670", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maury, 1 December 1792\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLiverpool, 1 Dec. 1792. He annexes a copy of his last letter; the enclosed price current shows \u201cthe amazing Fall of Stocks.\u201d This port will probably be opened to foreign wheat and flour on or before the next quarter day in February. He strongly recommends that American mariners in vessels bound for British ports be given \u201cregular Documents of their Citizenship.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0672", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 1 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to submit to the President the inclosed draught of a clause which he has thought of proposing to the committee to whom the President\u2019s letter with the accounts of the Department of state are referred. He will have the honor of waiting on the President at one aclock, as well to explain any parts of it as to take his pleasure on the whole matter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0674", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Smith Barton, 2 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barton, Benjamin Smith\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Dr. Barton and has the pleasure to inform him that the Indian is now in Philadelphia to whom he had formerly proposed to address our South-sea adventurer. He is now under inoculation; but whenever well enough he will ask the favor of Dr. Barton and Mr. Michaux to meet him here and have a conference on the expedition. He thinks the return of these Indians will afford Mr. Michaux an excellent opportunity of being conveyed to Kaskaskia in perfect safety and without expence, and that such a lift as this should by no means be neglected. He mentioned it to Michaux,  who seemed to have some idea of a previous trip to S. Carolina which it would be well to dissuade him from if possible.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0678", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Simeon Baldwin, 3 December 1792\nFrom: Baldwin, Simeon\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew Haven Decr. 3d. 1792.\nAt the request of Mr. Andrew Law, I take the Liberty to inclose to you, a Copy of The Rudiments of Music &c. and of The Musical Magazine &c of which he is the Author, and as such has entered both in my office according to Law. It is Mr. Laws request that you will be pleased to forward to me a Certificate acknowledging the receipt of them. I have the honor to be with great respect your very Hble Servt.\nSimeon Baldwin Clk of the Distt. of Connecticut", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0680", "content": "Title: Clause for Bill on Offenses against the Law of Nations, [3 December 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nBe it enacted &c.\nthat wherever any offence against the law of Nations, for which no act of Congress hath yet presented specific punishment, shall be committed by a citizen of the U.S. the same shall be cognisable before the Circuit courts on presentment or information and indictment, shall be tried by a jury of the district where he is apprehended or to which he shall be first brought, and shall be punished at the discretion of the court, by imprisonment not exceeding months, or by fine not exceeding the double of the damages done, or by both: but if the offence be murder then he shall be punished by death.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0682", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 3 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\n      Dear Sir\n      Philadelphia Dec. 3. 1792.\n     I take the liberty of troubling you to forward the inclosed letters to Mr. Cathalan and Fenwick; and as you may very possibly be applied to in the course of the business, I send them open that you may be acquainted with the train into which it is put. When you shall have read them, be so good as to seal and forward them. Knowing the interest you take in the success of this essay, it would be presumptuous in me to sollicit your attentions to it. My retirement will render mine useless: and I shall be happy in knowing that tho\u2019 your position is not the most favorable for superintending it, yet it will be much within your reach and encouragement. A line from you to Cathalan, assuring him that you look towards it with interest, will have a good effect on him.\n     I do not write you a publick letter by the packet because there is really no subject for it. The elections for Congress have produced a decided majority in favor of the republican interest. They complain, you know, that the influence and patronage of the Executive is become so great as to govern the legislature. They endeavored a few days ago to take away one means of influence by condemning references to the heads of department. They failed by a majority of 5 votes. They were more succesful in their endeavor to prevent the introduction of a new means of influence, that of admitting the heads of departments to deliberate occasionally in the house in explanation of their measures. The proposition for their admission was rejected by a pretty general vote. I think we may consider the tide of this government as now at the fullest, and that it will from the commencement of the next session of Congress retire and subside into the true principles of the Constitution. An alarm has been endeavored to be sounded as if the republican interest was indisposed to the payment of the public debt. Besides the general object of this calumny, it was meant to answer the special one  of electioneering. It\u2019s falshood was so notorious that it produced little effect. They endeavored with as little success to conjure up the ghost of anti-federalism, and to have it believed that this and republicanism were the same, and that both were Jacobinism. But those who felt themselves republicans and federalists too, were little moved by this artifice; so that the result of the election has been promising. The occasion of electing a Vice president has been seised as a proper one for expressing the public sense on the doctrines of the Monocrats. There will be a strong vote against Mr. Adams, but the strength of his personal worth and his services will I think prevail over the demerit of his political creed. I am with great & sincere esteem, my dear Sir, Your most obedt & most humble servt\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0683", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Philip Wilson, 3 December 1792\nFrom: Wilson, Philip\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLondon, 3 Dec. 1792. He has received no acknowledgment of his many applications to the President, Senate, and Congress, but particularly to TJ, concerning the destruction of his ship Mentor. In compliance with TJ\u2019s instructions, Pinckney submitted a statement of his case to Lord Grenville, who laid it before Pitt. But neither of them has as yet responded to his complaint, \u201cand Mr. Pinkney is submitting to the Delay with mildness least they refuse to settle with me until a settlement with the United States in general may take place.\u201d On behalf of himself and his family of eight, he asks TJ to obtain from Congress an order on Pinckney \u201cto supply me with a quarterly support, and mony to pay some pressing Debts, until a settlement can be concluded.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0685", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Gamble, 4 December 1792\nFrom: Gamble, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond Decemr. 4th. 1792\nYour letter of the 22nd. ulto. is at hand and the second draught for 250. Dollars in favor of me for Mr. De Reux, on Mr. Hopkins, honored. I have wrote Mr. De Reaux and await his directions for the disposition thereof.\nTo morrow being the important day for choosing a President and Vice. P. of course engages peoples minds and Conversation. The dread of Jealousy in the other states, should both Offices be filled from Virga. appears to draw the attention of the Electors from Mr. Jefferson, to Mr. Clinton. Mr. Adams appears unpopular. And I apprehend too little pains has been taken by Gentlemen in Congress and others in Office at the seat of Government to inform Such as either are Electors or who could influence those who are. All seem to depend on Vague rumors. Prejudice and Caprice must direct. I trust an overruling providence will order right. Pardon the digression. The date of my Letter will I hope apologize as at this period peoples minds and conversations are engaged on politics. I am Sir respectfully your mo. obt hum st\nRo. Gamble", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0686", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Commissioners of the Federal District, 5 December 1792\nFrom: Commissioners of the Federal District\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGeorge Town 5th Decr. 1792\nWe have now to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, inclosing to us the Presidents order on the Treasurer of Virginia for the second instalment due from that State. The plans are also received, and we shall have them distributed for sale immediately, at the price you have rated them. We beg you to inform the President, that we shall take into mature consideration, at our next meeting, the several matters mentioned by him; particularly that respecting an Agent for conducting the sale of Lots, in the different States; as soon as Mr. Blodget shall have submitted to us his plan. Our conversation with him on this subject, was but short; but approving of the idea, we mentioned it to the President, at his request, to give him an opportunity of explaining himself more fully. From this conversation, we were led to expect, he would have submitted to the President\u2019s consideration, some digested plan on the subject. We are sorry to inform you, that there has not only been a great want of punctuallity among those who purchased at the first sale, in their second payments; but even among those who were purchasers at the last, of their first advance. They have all been written to pressingly.\nWe have received a Letter from Mr. Mullikin to Mr. Herbaugh, offering to set up a mill for cutting stone: we shall postpone answering it till we are informed of the result of your enquiries respecting it.  We have not an opportunity of consulting the Encyclopedie Methodique, but think it probable, that Mr. Hallets design of a mill of that kind, which he has shewn us, is derived from that Source. We have equal discouragements to our attempts to procure Mechanics from Scotland, with what Mr. Vanstaphorst\u2019s letter presents us, and have consequently just reasons to fear a poor progress next spring. A Mr. Thornton of Philadelphia, informs us, he has a plan of a Capitol to send us. As we expect by our next meeting, Mr. Hallets plan will be ready to send on to the President, we have desired him to lay his before you, for the President\u2019s inspection, in the first place, that he may have an opportunity of judging of their comparative merits.\nWe are happy to inform you that the outlines of the Territory are nearly completed; and that Mr. Ellicot informs us, we shall have it in our power next month of sending in our report to the President on this subject. We are Sir, with great Esteem & respect your Mo Obedt hble Servts\nDd: Stuart\nCommns:\nDanl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0687", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Green, 5 December 1792\nFrom: Green, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York Decr. 5th. 1792\nFrom the moment of Mr. Pinkney\u2019s departure for Great Britain, until the present, I have been making arrangements for a voyage thither; in obedience to what I understood to be the wish of the executive, as well as to that imperious necessity which arises from the  sequestration of property so very considerable, as that it has been my singular fate to sustain, as a Citizen of these States, by the operation of that Government. It is extremely difficult to select a proper Agent to employ there, and therefore I go.\nIt is well known that I have embarked my all in a commerce ultimately advantageous to this Country, and that I have proceeded without any apprehension of ill-consequence from the Citizenship of the country, I had prefered to all others in the Universe, in a commerce which has not only been tolerated, but participated in by the only party (the English East-India Company) which could pretend to suffer an injury by it.\nI have been defeated in any appeal to a British court of justice by an application to my circumstances of a doctrine, which if the relative situation of the two countries had not rendered it void, was wholly unjust with respect to me, who was sanctioned by the United States in Congress, to commence the commerce in question; and allowed by those interested in Great-Britain, to continue it.\nThe importance and delicacy of this affair, will I flatter myself, excite the most effectual protection; and that powerful interference which may be deemed to be due to a Citizen, representing an injustice of such personal and political magnitude.\nMomentous as the question to be agitated is, to my own fate and fortune I cannot be supposed without an uncommon degree of anxiety as to the issue. So much depends on the instructions our Minister has already received; or on those which I may have the honor to carry with me by the January packet, that I shall be forgiven the extreme earnestness with which I now solicit your public protection as a much injured Merchant; and also the extension of your private friendship and patronage to my case; and that such representation and orders be given to the Minister as may warrant and direct his application and claims for me, Nationally and individually, to a full and complete reparation.\nIt would doubtless add infinitely to my present sacrifices, and distressing dilemma, to be under the necessity of returning home, without redress; and particularly if it should be necessary, for the purpose of procuring to Mr. Pinckney, any fresh orders and instructions.\nIf I have omitted any thing, to impress on your mind the fullest conviction on the subject, I will have the honor, at an instants command, to wait on you; but if such is its persuasion, as to preclude the necessity of any farther information from me, or any new appeal to it\u2019s justice and sympathy, then I may not possibly present myself to you until towards the end of the month.\nI wait the honor of your answer, and remain with great respect and consideration Sir! Your Most Obedient & Very humble Servant\nWilliam Green", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0688", "content": "Title: Memorandum on James Traquair, 5 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nTraquair, Stone cutter, corner of 10th. and Market streets Philade. now writes to his friend in Edinburgh to send me a person capable of laying and cutting stone @ \u00a330. sterl. a year, to be found every thing but his clothes, and to be engaged 4. years. He can be in Virga. by May or June. He is to be delivered at Richmond, to Mr. Brown. I am to pay his passage (supposed 5. Guineas) and wages from the time the ship sails. Perhaps he may agree to give up one half his wages till he arrives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0689", "content": "Title: Edmund Randolph\u2019s Opinion on Offenses against the Law of Nations, 5 December 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMemoranda\nNeither of the two cases is cognizable in the U.S. criminaliter; because they arose within the local jurisdictions of Florida and St. Domingo.\nGenerally speaking; Incendiaries, poisoners, and other very high offenders may be demanded by the sovereign, from whose territory they fled; and ought to be delivered up; according to the law of nations. But no power exists in the U.S.; by which such a surrender can be made.\nCiviliter, however, damages may be recovered in the courts of the U.S., under the jurisdictions established by the judicial law, if an alien be a party; and in the state courts, if both plaintiff, and defendant be citizens.\nThe federal judiciary has also cognizance of offences against the law  of nations, because that law is attached to the U.S. from the nature of the subject, without an express adoption of it; and because offences, cognizable under the authority of the U.S. are clearly subjected by the judicial law to the circuit court. This Mr. J. seems to doubt, and is therefore referred to the 11th. Section.\nIt is presumed, that congress ought not specially to provide, (considering the circumstances of our country,) for the surrender of malefactors, sheltered in the U.S. Nor can their interposition be necessary; unless it be, to define explicitly those acts, which perhaps may not be absolutely offences against the law of nations, and yet are injurious to our harmony with foreign nations; if any such there be.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0690", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Auldjo, 6 December 1792\nFrom: Auldjo, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCowes, 6 Dec. 1792. After a considerable absence from home he received TJ\u2019s letter of 31 May with the laws passed in the last session of Congress. He will observe the Consular Act and accordingly nominates the merchant John Auldjo and, \u201cif two are required,\u201d James MacKenzie, both of London, to provide security for him. He asks TJ to advise Pinckney accordingly. Nothing interesting to America has occurred in these parts since his last letter. The government has augmented the naval forces and called out part of the militia in response to French military successes in Holland and other considerations, but he trusts that hostilities will be avoided. Corn prices are high because of a light crop, but a proclamation prohibiting exports is in effect and he thinks they have now reached their peak.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0692", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 6 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear Martha\nPhiladelphia Dec. 6. 92.\nI have this day received yours of the 18th. November and sincerely sympathize with you on the state of dear Anne, if that can be called sympathy which proceeds from affection at first hand, for my affections had fastened on her for her own sake and not merely for yours. Still however experience (and that in your own case) has taught me that an infant is never desperate, let me beseech you not to destroy the powers of her stomach with medecine. Nature alone can re-establish infant-organs; only taking care that her efforts be not thwarted by any imprudencies of diet. I rejoice in the health of your other hope. Maria is well. Remember me affectionately to Mr. Randolph and be assured of my unceasing love for you both. Adieu my very dear Martha\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0694", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Eppes, 7 December 1792\nFrom: Eppes, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nEppington Decbr 7. 1792\nI have for some time past intended writing to inform you that the Injunction fild by Cary\u2019s Executors against us is dissolv\u2019d. The Executor has promisd me in very pointed terms to pay a considerable part of the debt in January next, as there are but few claims here against Mr. Wayles\u2019s Estate and those very inconsiderable. You will be so obliging as to inform me what you wish to have done with your proportion whether I shall send it to you or apply to any particular purpos here. The Janny I purchas\u2019d for you is still here if you chuse her to be sent elsewhere you will be pleas\u2019d to inform me; If you suffer her to remain with me there will be a very good Jack in this Neighborhood next spring and she shall in all respects be treated as my own. The Jack was got by the Ryall Gift out of one of Mazzei\u2019s Jannys he is large and well formd. We are all well and join in our best wishes for your and Polly\u2019s health. I wrote Jack a few days ago. I am Dr Sir Your Friend\nFrans. Eppes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0696", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Waller Johnston, [ca. 8 December 1792]\nFrom: Johnston, John Waller\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJ. W. Johnston, presents, his most respectful Compliments, to Mr. Jefferson, and begs leave to observe, that he was a Candidate, for the place of keeper of the Light-house, on Cape-Henry; but Mr. W. Lewis, of Fredericksburg, had applied before him; and had lately got the appointment, but on the 16th Ulto. Suddenly died at Norfolk. J. W. Johnston, has therefore, now come forward; to offer himself to the Secretary of the Treasury, for keeper. J. W. Johnston, has lived in the Custom-house, at Bermuda-Hundred, for Several years; but extreme weekness of eyes; has obliged him, to give up that employment. The place of keeper of the Light-house appearing in every respect calculated to Suit him; he had communicated his wish to Several of his friends; among whom was David M. Randolph, esqr. but being at his fathers in Spotsylvania Cty. indisposed at the time of hearing of Mr. Lewis\u2019s death he thought proper, to come forward to offer his Service. If Mr. Jefferson, will condesend so far as to communicate his wish to the Secretary, he will ever consider it a most singular favor and most humbly begs and will hope for pardon for this peice of intrusion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0697", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 8 December 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Dec. 8. 1792\nIn my last of Nov. 30 I had the honor of informing you I had recieved on the 28th. the letters and papers relative to the Spanish business, and that I should lose no time in setting out for Madrid agreeably to your orders. I mentioned the steps I had taken in order to ascertain whether I could be assured of passing the Spanish frontier (in the case of a general prohibition) by writing to M. Morris and speaking to the French minister here. The French post by which an answer might have been recieved, instead of arriving yesterday evening did not come in until this morning, occasioned by a storm which retarded the passage at Moerdyk. I did not recieve a letter as I expected from M. Morris. The French minister counts with certainty on his answer on tuesday next. I shall set out the day after probably through France\u2014but if that route is found too uncertain to be relied on, after the answer from Paris, through England and embark for Lisbon. Either route will be infinitely disagreeable at This season, which is uncommonly stormy at this moment\u2014that through Brabant and France is not without risk from the state of things in those countries where every individual is exposed to popular suspicion and sometimes to popular fury too precipitate to admit of examination. The present state of some of the departments particularly through which I should pass adds to this danger from the numbers who have assembled in violation of the decrees of the convention, and offering violence to the members sent to instruct and appease them. Still this route is so much shorter than that through England, that I cannot think myself justifiable in adopting the latter but in the case of necessity fully established. The desire which I have in all cases to execute the orders of the President in the manner the most expeditious and the most conformable to his wishes will prevent my taking into consideration any circumstances of the route which may be only personally disagreeable.\nI have employed some time in a very attentive examination of the  papers you have transmitted to me and particularly your report to the President intended as instructions to Mr. Carmichael and myself. It leaves nothing to be added on the score of reason and argument; and if the question is to be decided by those arms we may have great confidence that the wishes of the U.S. will be fully complied with. I cannot dissemble to you however that what is right in the case of the navigation of the Mississipi is very far from being acknowledged so at Madrid, if I may judge from circumstances and particularly the conversation here of a brother of the Minister Gardoqui. It is probable the brothers have the same sentiments and that they are those also of the court. My conversations here with the brother were vague and desultory of course, as I avoided the appearance of affectation in bringing them to that point. I found from him, who is a merchant and of course considers the foreign possessions of his country as an absolute mercantile property, that the greatest objection to the free navigation would arise from an idea that it would open the door to a commerce with these American possessions\u2014and also that our constant passage and mixing with the inhabitants either publicly or clandestinely would excite in them the desire of independence. I endeavored to shew him his error in this latter idea from observing that it would be natural for the inhabitants of the U.S. if they were obliged to struggle for what they considered their unquestionable right, to wish to see such a desire among the Spanish settlements in order that they might be joined in their struggle\u2014but on the contrary if the navigation was placed on the footing desired by the U.S. the ground then changed and it became immediately their interest to see the neighbouring country dependent on a foreign government as the surest means of preventing their own citizens from being disposed to emigrate to it. I doubt whether he could be brought to consider it in the same light. He left this place some days before I recieved your letters, on his way to London. He had been some time in this country and particularly at Amsterdam where he negotiated a loan for Spain, as I formerly mentioned to the Secretary of the Treasury, at 4\u00bd. p cent interest. His stay at Amsterdam will have produced a desirable effect, as it served to convince him fully of the superior and established credit of the U.S. among the moneylenders of that place; a circumstance which cannot fail to give much weight to the arguments of the U.S. in the assertion of their rights.\nI have the honor of enclosing you a paper which will shew the modern French way of treating subjects of that kind\u2014not that I propose it as a model\u2014but as a means which has had as yet unopposed success. I recieved a letter from Antwerp this morning dated the 6th which informed me the French vessels were within a league of the  city. The paper inclosed was presented to the officers of the bureau on the Scheld and forwarded here by express. I know not what step their H. Mightinesses will take under the wing of their protectors. It is said these latter are arming in their ports\u2014without them this country would find it necessary to yield for the present to the storm in order to weaken its effects.\nAfter entering Liege Dumouriez made a demand of passage through Maestricht for 1500 men. This excited much uneasiness not to say terror, here. It kept the States general assembled extraordinarily, at different intervals, during two days. He at length desisted from his demand\u2014it is not known fully for what reason, but supposed that he changed the plan of entering Ruremonda with a design of marching towards the Rhine.\nI must beg leave to refer you to the Leyden gazettes inclosed for further details as to French affairs. You will see that they have taken a very different turn from what I expected, or I believe any other person. The duration of the present order of things has already surpassed my expectation\u2014but leaves me still in the persuasion that there must be still changes before there be a fixed government in that country. The opinions which I have given, have been formed at a distance; those which you will have recieved from Mr. Morris formed on the spot will have been much more to be relied on. The affairs of that country have so absolutely engrossed the attention of all the political world, and are so interesting to the U.S. that I could not avoid treating of them in my correspondence with you, more than of those of this country, which have been little remarkable since my arrival here. The fixation of their quotas of contribution to the public charges\u2014and change in their system of marine\u2014with both of which you have been informed, are the principal objects worthy of attention. By the latter a corps of marine officers is to be kept in constant pay, to begin from the 1st. of January next with different pay according to their grades from 720 florins to 150. p. Ann. The whole annual expence to be about 150,000 florins. The manner in which I have resided here, with the daily expectation of being called off to Madrid had disabled me from obtaining in a manner to be relied on, such information as is to be desired, and which might be obtained by time and proper pursuit, relative to their East and West India affairs. The connexion of the U.S. with foreign powers being principally of a commercial nature, this country seems well deserving of their attention from the rank which it holds in the list of those who recieve their exportations. Its commerce also will be doubly interesting to the U.S. when they commence their remittances for the interest and reimbursements of the large sums which they have loaned here.\nTo return to the subject of Spain from which I have been drawn off by the Scheld; you will be informed before you recieve this letter of the change which has lately taken place in the Ministry of that country. It is certain that it is condemned by the public voice. As Count Daranda was the avowed supporter of a pacific system with France many have concluded that a change of ministry supposes a change of system on that article. This is however probably not the case\u2014and although it is by no means certain that peace will be preserved between the two countries yet I think it may be considered nearly certain, that if war should take place it will be commenced by France. This country has a considerable army formed on the Spanish frontier\u2014and on a discontented part of the frontier. They are elated with their late successes\u2014fanatic in the propagation of their system of Libert\u00e9 and Egalit\u00e9\u2014and a decree has already been passed by the convention for extending their succour to all oppressed people who should ask for it. These ingredients seem much more likely to produce war, than the present composition of the Spanish ministry, where they will probably be more ready to collect money for gratifying the personal fancies of the court than for making war.\nThis change of ministry may produce however a change in another part of the system, which is more to be attended to\u2014I mean with respect to England. You know that Count Daranda was the open enemy of English influence. Spain can count no longer on the family compact, and is at the mercy as it were of England as to her foreign possessions. I have heard it said here, I know not on what ground, that it was probable the English cabinet had contributed to this change of the ministry\u2014it was however by a person not in the way of being certainly informed, and I consider his opinion as the effect of a moment of ill humour, although it may be true in fact.\nI am informed by several persons here well acquainted with the tutor given to the young minister, that he is a man of real merit. He will be the person who will in fact be charged with the conduct of foreign negotiations.\nShould M. Gardoqui be charged as is probable with our particular negotiation, he will be deprived of one argument which I observe he used with Mr. Jay, the forbearance of the King as to the debt of the U.S. The payment has been commenced some time ago (as the Secretary of the Treasury was informed by me). It would have been commenced sooner if an answer could have been obtained by M. Carmichael from the Spanish ministry\u2014and would have been completed long ago, if they would have simply said they would recieve it at Amsterdam where they were making a loan. As it is, our  Commissioners are paying it off as fast as they can collect good bills on Madrid, without raising the exchange to the disadvantage of the U.S. There has been a late considerable delay on account of a rise, and the hope of Spain\u2019s asking to recieve the balance here.\nI should have thought Jay\u2019s correspondence at Madrid and his negotiation at Paris with Count Daranda, would have been important for Mr. Carmichael and myself\u2014as you did not transmit it I imagine you judged otherwise. There will be no copy I suppose at Madrid, of his official correspondence from thence, as the American mission have not as yet adopted the very necessary usage practised by other countries, of having regular archives for the mission. Previously to my leaving Paris access was given me to the bureau of foreign affairs by the then Minister to examine Reyneval\u2019s memorial of mediation between Mr. Jay and Ct. Daranda. It did not strike me as being of an efficacious nature. This circumstance however put under my inspection a very important despatch from Ct. Vergennes to M. de la Luzerne in the summer of 1783. As this was not intentionally submitted to me I know not how far I should have a right to make use of the information obtained by it, on any future occasion which might present itself. I should be sorry it should be ever neccessary on account of the manner in which I came by it, although I was only passive, and under the principle of that minister who made a public profession that he would abolish all diplomatic mystery, and in consequence of which the access was granted to me.\nThis letter will not go through England and will therefore be longer on the way probably than usual. It will be sent by duplicate from Amsterdam. I have the honor to be most respectfully Dear Sir &c &c\nW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0698", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 8 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a letter from the Commissioners of Washington.\nAlso begs leave to add to the list of candidates for the light house of Cape Henry, the name of John Waller Johnson, who has hitherto served in the Customs under Colo. Heath. He is recommended as a person of worth by a Mr. Waller Lewis of Spotsylvania, who is himself a man of worth. He has been a voyage or two to sea coast wise, which is all the knowlege he has of the distresses of that element.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0699", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jacob Hollingsworth, [9] December 1792\nFrom: Hollingsworth, Jacob\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSr\nElkton [9 D]ecbr. 1792\nYours of 22 Novbr. I Receved and should have answered it sooner, But Could not accomadate you with a Young Man which I thought would Suit you Untill yesterday, when I think I have found one which I have Eavery Hopes will, a Sartain Mr. Samuel Biddle who was Born with in Five Mills of me. He was Brought Up to farming by his Father who is as neat a Farmar as Eany in our Neghbourhood, and as Honest a old Gentle man as Eany at all, From Charractor, tho his Farme not Large nough to imploy his Sons as he has a Modrat Quantoty of Neagros now by the industery of his Sons, the young Man has been an overseear for three yeers past and I Expect nows well how to mange Neagros tho not in a very harsh manar he says he will undrtake to manage them but not with they are Reasonably fed and Clothed, ths  tirms for a year is Forty Five pounds if your Farme is not more than two Hundred Miles from this and if more you Must pay his travling Expensis from there untill he Reaches the Farme, and he will be glad to go as soon as posable if you and he Can agree as he Expets New years Day is the Common time of Entereng the years Busines, as he Expects to be Ready then. He Desurs you will Commit your tirmes to wrighting, and your Requests Untill he See yous and a full informati of the Situation and to know whiather its at a Quarter or a Mentioned House or if the House is Reasonably good, and your answer as soon as posable as he will attend here on Satterdy next for it. Sr. I have Eavey Hopes from the Carractor of his Famaly, and Knowing his father to have Brought him up in the Exact Mode of farming you want that he will answer Eavery purpose. Remain your very Huml. Servt,\nJacob Hollingsworth\nNB pleas to pardon my Request when at leasure to informe me when Congress provides for Lost Certificates when proppr Vouchers apper, or Qualificatisons with County Seals are Brought forward.\nJH", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0700", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Leiper, 9 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Leiper, Thomas\nDecember 9. 1792.\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Lieper and, according to the conditions of his lease, informs him he shall relinquish it at the end of three months from this date. He thinks it probable he can find a good tenant for Mr. Lieper, and shall do it with pleasure. Nothwithstanding what was done by the plaisterer the passage leaked excessively with the last rain.\u2014Th:J. will be obliged to Mr. Lieper for an acknolegement of the receipt of notice lest the date should be forgotten.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0706", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peyton Short, 10 December 1792\nFrom: Short, Peyton\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWood[ford] (Kentucky). 10th. Decr. 1792\nI once more enclose you a small packet addressed to my Brother. I fear I shall become troublesome\u2014but at the same time cannot but hope that the Benevolence of your Heart will lead you to pay some attention to the Communications of two friends and relatives, separated from each other at the distance of nearly one fourth of the Globe, and when Business, independent of those Sentiments, which Nature has interwoven in the Heart, makes it necessary they should sometimes hear from each other.\nThe difficulty of keeping alive such a Correspondence I hope, will be received as an apology for the frequent repetition of the same Liberty. The pride of my heart would forbid my receiving such a Load of obligations from any but the friend of Mankind. I am, dear Sir, with every Sentiment of Esteem\u2014Yrs &c\nPeyton Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0707", "content": "Title: Thoughts on the Bankruptcy Bill, [ca. 10 December 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nExtempore thoughts and doubts on very superficially running over the bankrupt bill.\nThe British statute excepts expressly farmers, graziers, drovers, as such, tho they buy to sell again. This bill has no such exception.\nThe British adjudications exempt the buyers and sellers of bank stock, government paper &c. What feelings guided the draughtsman in adhering to his original in this case and departing from it in the other?\nThe British courts adjudge that artists may be bankrupts if the materials of their art are bought, such as shoemakers, blacksmiths, carpenters, &c. Will the body of our artists desire to be brought within the vortex of this law? It will follow as a consequence that the master who has an artist of this kind in his family, whether hired, indentured, or a slave, to serve the purposes of his farm or family, but who may at leisure times do something for his neighbors also, may be a bankrupt.\nThe British law makes a departure from the realm i.e. out of the jurisdiction of British law, an act of bankruptcy. This bill makes a departure from the state wherein he resides, (tho\u2019 into a neighboring one where the laws of the U.S. run equally) an act of bankruptcy.\nThe Commrs. may enter houses, break open doors, chests, &c. Are we really ripe for this? Is that spirit of independance and sovereignty which a man feels in his own house, and which Englishmen felt when they denominated their houses their castles, to be absolutely subdued, and is it expedient that it should be subdued?\nThe lands of the bankrupt are to be taken, sold &c. Is not this a fundamental question between the general and state legislatures?\nIs Commerce so much the basis of the existence of the U.S. as to call for a bankrupt law? On the contrary are we not almost merely agricultural? Should not all laws be made with a view essentially to the husbandman? When laws are wanting for particular descriptions of other callings, should not the husbandman be carefully excepted from their operation, and preserved under that of the general system only, which general system is fitted to the condition of the husbandman?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0708", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Brown, 11 December 1792\nFrom: Brown, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond 11th Decem 1792\nI have the honor to acknowlege receipt of your favor of the 15th. Ulto. In consequence of your first information on the Subject of wheat and Flour being wanted in Europe I immediately secured two Cargos, which are now shipping and will sail for Europe by the 25th: Currt. Say the American ship Bowman Capn. Aaron Jeffery of 330 Tons and the Grand Duk Capn. John Pollack a British ship of 300 Tons. I propose ordering these ships to Falmouth for orders from Donald & Burton, who Might be induced to Send them to Marselles in consequence of letters from you to the Mayor and Muncipality of Marselles, if you can with propriety send me a few lines for each Ship, you will lay me under greate obligations. These two ships will carry 20 @ 22,000 Bush. wheat and 2000 Ble. Flour, which with the ships and Freight are valuable, not less than 15,000 \u00a3 Stg., too much to hazard without caution. I have now to inclose you Bill Loading for your Cask Hams and Box Books which will reach you before this and the Vessell sailed 10 days ago. With much Respect I am Dear Sir Your obt Hbl St\nJames Brown\nWheat 6 @ 6/6d.\nFlour 33 and 36/.\nTobacco 24 and 25/.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0709", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 11 December 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBy the President\u2019s Command T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of State the Draft of a Proclamation, which the President requests may be prepared for his Signature. The President likewise wishes the Secretary\u2019s opinion whether this Proclamation should be published in the papers here, or whether it would be proper to send it to Georgia only for publication.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0710", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Biddle, 12 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Biddle, Samuel\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 12. 1792.\nHaving asked the favor of Mr. Hollingsworth to look out for a person in his neighborhood who would be willing to go to Virginia and overlook a farm for me, he informs me that you will undertake it, for a hundred and twenty dollars a year. He seems to have mistaken me in the circumstance of time, as he mentions that you would expect to go about the new year. I had observed to him that I should not want a person till after the next harvest. The person who now takes care of the place is engaged for the ensuing year, which finishes with us about November: but I should wish you to be there by seed time in order to prepare the crop of the following year. The wages are a good deal higher than I expected, as Mr. Hollingsworth mentioned that the usual wages in your neighborhood were from \u00a325. to \u00a330. Maryland currency. However I consent to give them, and the rather as there will be some matters under your care beyond the lines of the farm. I have a smith and some sawyers who will require to be seen once a day, and the first year of your being there I shall have some people employed in finishing a canal, who will also be to be attended to.\nThe place you are to overlook is that on which I live, and to which  I shall return in March next. It is 70. miles above Richmond on the North branch of James river, exactly where it breaks through the first ridge of little mountains, near the village of Charlottesville, in Albemarle county. It is 225 miles from Elkton, a South West course. From this description you may find it in any map of the country. The climate is very temperate both summer and winter, and as healthy as any part of America, without a single exception.\nThe farm is of about 5. or 600. acres of cleared land, very hilly, originally as rich as any highlands in the world, but much worried by Indian corn and tobacco. It is still however very strong, and remarkeably friendly to wheat and rye. These will be my first object. Next will be grasses, cattle, sheep, and the introduction of potatoes for the use of the farm instead of Indian corn in as great a degree as possible. You will have from 12 to 15 laborers under you. They will be well clothed, and as well fed as your management of the farm will enable us, for it is chiefly with a view to place them on the comfortable footing of the laborers of other countries, that I come into another country to seek an over-looker for them, as also to have my lands a little more taken care. For these purposes I have long banished tobacco, and wish to do the same by Indian corn in a great degree. The house wherein you will live will be about half a mile from my own. You will of course keep batchelor\u2019s house. It is usual with us to give a fixed allowance of pork. I shall much rather substitute beef and mutton, as I consider pork to be as destructive an article in a farm, as Indian corn. On this head we shall not disagree, and as I shall pass Elkton in March, I will contrive to give you notice to meet me there, when we may descend to other details. But for the present I shall wish to recieve your answer in writing, that I may know whether you consider yourself as engaged, so that I need not look out for another. I leave you free as to the time of going from harvest till Christmas. If you will get yourself conveyed as far as Fredericksburg, which is as far as the stages go on that road, I will find means of conveying you from thence, which will be 70. miles. So far respects the farm over which I wish to place you.\nBesides this I have on the opposite side of the little river running through my lands, 2000 acres of lands of the same quality, and which has been cultivated in the same way, which I wish to tenant out at a quarter of a dollar an acre, in farms of such sizes as the tenants would chuse. I would hire the labourers now employed on them from year to year to the same tenants, at about 50. dollars for a man and his wife, the tenant feeding and clothing them and paying their taxes and those of the land, which are very trifling. The lands to be leased  for 7. years or more, the laborers only from year to year, to begin next November. I would like the farms to be not less than 200. acres, because such a farmer would probably like to hire a man and his wife as labourers. I have mentioned these circumstances to you, because I have understood that tenants might probably be got from Maryland, and perhaps it would be agreeable to you to engage some of your acquaintances to go and settle so near where you will be. Perhaps you could inform me in what other part of Maryland or the neighboring states tenants might be more probably found, and I should willingly incur the expence of having them sought for. Your assistance in this would particularly oblige me. I would ease the rent of the first year, that the tenant might get himself under way, with as few difficulties as possible: but I should propose restrictions against cultivating too great a quantity of Indian corn. In expectation of hearing from you immediately I am Sir your humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. There is a market for wheat, rye &c in two little towns on each side of my lands, neither more than two miles and a half distant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0713", "content": "Title: Notes of a Conversation with George Hammond, 12 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nDec. 12. I made the communication to Mr. Hammond. He said the attendance of Govr. Simcoe was a circumstance only mentioned by him, but not desired: that he would decline it without difficulty; declared it to be their most ardent wish that peace should take place, for their fur trade was entirely interrupted; and he urged as decisive proofs of the sincerity of their wish, 1. that they had kept the late Indian council together 6. weeks at a very great expence, waiting for the 6. nations. 2. that the Indians at that council were so perfectly satisfied of their desire that they should make peace, that they had not so much as mentioned in council the applying to the British for any supplies.\u2014I immediately communicated this to the Presidt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0714", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 12 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDr Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 12. 1792.\nThe present will be delivered you by Mr. Greene, whose demand on the justice of the British government was the subject of frequent conversations between us, and of a particular letter, when you were here. The magnitude of his losses will call for all the attentions and patronage we can give him consistently with those considerations of ultimate friendship and peace between the two nations which higher duties oblige us to cultivate. The ground on which this was to be advanced however was so perfectly explained and understood between us, that I should not now have repeated the ideas then expressed, but to furnish Mr. Greene occasion to present himself to you, as he proposes to go to England to conduct his claim himself. You will be so good as to permit him to apply to your patronage, whenever his case shall need, and, in your opinion, justify your interposition. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect Dear Sir your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0716", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, 13 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brown, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 13. 1792.\nBy a Capt. Swaile who sailed from hence yesterday for Richmond I took the liberty of sending to your care a box of merchandize addressed to Mr. Randolph at Monticello and will ask the favor of you to forward it.\u2014In a letter to him about a fortnight or three weeks ago, I desired him to have the cask of hams, if not yet sent off from Richmond, carried back to Monticello, but that I still wished the box of books should come on to this place. Hearing nothing of them, I fear they will be excluded by the ice which we may shortly expect to have in this river. I am with much esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I inclose Swaile\u2019s reciept.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0719", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Everette, [13 December 1792]\nFrom: Everette, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n      North Second St [13 Dec. 1792]\n     Inclos\u2019d Colo. Jefferson will find a letter from Dr. Gilmer. As its contents are partly relative to little Miss Randolph\u2019s health; C. Everett with most respectful compliments, takes this opportunity to present it. He is much concern\u2019d at the many unfriendly detentions, that prevented its more early arrival; at the same time he laments, that the hurried accession of the variolous Fever must preclude him the pleasure, he otherwise, should have taken in being the Bearrer. C. Everett, tho.\u2019 is extremely happy to announce the reestablishment of health at Montichello, and an increase of animal powers in the constitution of the Park: previous to his departure from Albemarle.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0720", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John F. Mercer, 13 December 1792\nFrom: Mercer, John F.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nDecr. 13th. 92. Annas.\nI put pen to paper to induce you to reply or rather to remind you of your promise to convey me some information from those interesting Scenes, France and our Amn. Parliament. Mr. Potts elected the Senator here is I fear at the acme of Aristocracy, Colo. Stone got 19 votes against him the only two polled for. There was certainly a very limited choice. Mr. A. got all the votes here as V.P. tho\u2019 only 8 attended. This is really no critereon of the public disposition altho\u2019 Maryland certainly is not the seat of Republicanism. There were not 700 votes taken for Electors in the whole state yet more than 20,000 were given for Representatives\u2014great pains were taken for Mr. A., none against him. I did write one Letter from Philadelphia, to this place to Mr. R. Sprigg Junr. a very influential Member of the Legislature enclosing a paper of Lucius exhibiting Extracts from Mr. A.s political Treatises directing a republication. This was intercepted and never came to hand, as were also, two others the only political Letters I wrote from Philadelphia during my stay. I am not uneasy at  any of my sentiment being disclosed, but it is really a public mischief, that interesting Communications on a public subject are so liable to obstruction. I wished this to have arriv\u2019d. I have taken the liberty to mention these things to you as I beleive the Post Office is within your department. I have also to beg a favor of you. A very worthy and sensible friend of mine passed the meridian of life, Mr. Andrew Skinner Ennals of Baltimore Town, whom I recollect to have formerly mentioned to you, is still very desirous of being employd in some public Office. He writes me of today, that Mr. Henry his friend in Congress, informs him that the Bill respecting weights and measures may probably receive an ultimate determination before my return and that it presents the most favorable opening to his views of any Plan now before the Government. Mr. Basset of Delaware is I beleve also his very particular friend and has suggested to him likewise, the propriety of some immediate step. I can only observe with respect to him, that his integrity and accuracy in business have secured him, unlimited confidence here and his other amiable Qualities, strong personal friendships, which include me and my Connections. If any thing can be done by you to favor the views of this Gentleman, without interfering with your prearrangements, it will be adding sensibly to many obligations, that I feel with pleasure, altho\u2019 hopeless of an opportunity of returning them. I am al[ways] My Dr Sir Yr. sincere friend & respectful hbl Se[vt]\nJohn F Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0721", "content": "Title: Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, 13 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n1792. Dec. 13. The President called on me to see the Model and drawings of some mills for sawing stone. After shewing them he in the course of subsequent conversation asked me if there were not some good manufactories of Porcelaine in Germany, that he was in want of table china and had been speaking to Mr. Shaw who was going to the East Indies to bring him a set, but he found that it would not come till he should be no longer in a situation to want it. He took occasion a second time to observe that Shaw said it would be 2. years at least before he could have the china here, before which time he said he should be  where he should not need it.\u2014I think he asked the question about the manufactories in Germany merely to have an indirect opportunity of telling me he meant to retire, and within the limits of two years.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0722", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 13 December 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 13 Decr. 1792\nColo. Smiths intended return to America by the packet affording a well grounded expectation of a safe and expeditious conveyance I avail myself of it to forward your Gazettes and to relate such circumstances concerning my mission as have not been contained in my former letters. In my first communications I mentioned the civility with which I was received at St. James\u2019s and at the office of foreign affairs; the only circumstance worth remarking in my conference with the King was that lord North\u2019s rope of sand appeared not to have been entirely effaced from his Majesty\u2019s memory, which I infer from his mentioning the differing circumstances of the northern and southern parts of our country as tending to produce disunion: I declined entering into any discussion on the subject, observing only that we agreed very well at present and hoped a continuance of the same disposition. I have been constant in my attendance at the Kings Lev\u00e9es since the return of the Court to Saint James\u2019s, and placing myself in the circle of foreign Ministers his Majesty never fails to have a few moments conversation with me on the weather or other topic equally important; but, notwithstanding the great variety of incident which has lately occurred in European politics, he never touches that subject with me: indeed not only the King but most of his courtiers and (except the Pole) all the foreign Ministers seem to consider the Americans as united in principles with the French and as having by example at least assisted in exciting the commotions with which great part of Europe is  convulsed and consequently as not very desireable associates. Some of the foreign ministers with whom I am most intimate have told me that this idea prevails; at the same time they have been polite enough to make themselves a proper distinction between the mode of conducting the revolutions in the two countries. Altho\u2019 I consider this as an honorable testimony of the good conduct of my country yet it serves to keep me at a greater distance from those with whom it is my business to have most intercourse than would otherwise be the case.\nMr. de Chauvelin the French minister still resides here but has not been at Saint James\u2019s since the 10th. of August, we exchanged visits on my first arrival since which I have not seen him.\nThe Queen received me with affability at my Audience, but at the drawing Room though She condescends to say a few words to me yet she gives a marked priority to any person near: it is in short very evident that I am by no means in favor at this moment in any of the Apartments at St. James\u2019s.\nYou may be assured, Sir, that I avoid every thing that may tend to widen this distance by keeping as clear as possible of all European Politics, by forbearing all mention of the cold civility which I experience and in general by aiming at a conciliatory conduct. Of the diplomatic Corps the Minister of Poland converses freely with me and we are on good terms, the rest consider me as one who, with respect to the present european politics neither rejoyces in their joy nor is afflicted with their sorrow: they all however paid me the compliment of the first visit, except the Prussian and with him I have no acquaintance. This Evening since writing the above the Prussian Minister sent me his card. One of them Monsr. Tronchin of Geneva has repeatedly desired me to present him with the most respectful and affectionate sentiments to his friend Mr. Jefferson.\nAs soon after my arrival here as the death of Admiral J. P. Jones was ascertained I endeavor\u2019d to obtain information whether Mr. Barclay was still at Gibraltar, or had returned to Morocco; but not knowing his correspondent here, and Mr. Johnson our Consul not being able to clear up the uncertainty it was some time before I learnt that he was still at Gibraltar. The particular injunctions of caution in the conveyance which I received with Mr. Barclays dispatches, and the secrecy which I knew to be so essential to the success of his operations determined me to intrust them to none but a confidential person. I accordingly endeavor\u2019d to find some one of our countrymen, (who are frequently here without much business) who might be induced to undertake the conveyance; but tho\u2019 in addition to my own enquiries I requested our Consul and several American Gentlemen to endeavor  to procure a confidential person to undertake a journey for me without naming the direction it was a considerable time before I met with success. The rage for quitting the City which emptied all the western parts of this town during the summer months seemed to have swept away all our unemployed country men; and the failure of Mr. Shorts dispatches for which I could not account, the miscarriage of some of my private letters, added to the extraordinary jealousy and watchfulness of correspondences here, made me unwilling to employ any but an American in this business. At length however I prevailed on a Mr. Lemuel Cravath a native and citizen of Massachussets to undertake the delivery of the dispatches into Mr. Barclays hand, whether at Gibraltar or Morocco, and to remain a few weeks with Mr. Barclay if he should require it to reconvey his answer; for which service I agreed to pay him one hundred Guineas besides defraying his expences. No Vessel for Gibraltar or any neighbouring port offered immediately, but Mr. Cravath availed himself of the first which occurred, and embarked about a month ago in an english Vessel bound to Cales, from whence he may readily get to Gibraltar: so that if the wind has proved favorable Mr. B. may by this time have set out on his mission. I fear the terms of Mr. Cravaths journey will be considered as expensive, but when I reflected on the importance of the object and the delay which had already occasioned me so much uneasiness I would undoubtedly have given much more had he insisted on it. I trust however that Mr. Barclay could not have arrived at a better time at his place of destination to avoid interruption in his negociations from the European powers as their attention is now wholly engrossed by the more interesting theatre of politics in Europe.\nWhile I am on that subject I have to mention that I have been requested by a friend of Mr. Barlow of Connecticut, with whose character and productions in verse and prose you must be acquainted, to propose his services as Consul on the coast of Barbary. I mentioned nothing of any appointment having taken place but undertook to write to you on the subject.\nAnother important business committed to my charge has been attended with equal delay with that last mentioned, I mean procuring certain officers for the Mint: immediately after my arrival here the Ministers left London, but my old acquaintance Mr. Burges being left at the head of the foreign office I mentioned to him (as directed) our intention of employing persons to go from hence, if it was not considered by this Government as interfering with their laws against the exportation of Artificers. Mr. Burges would not immediately undertake to determine on it himself but said he would consult one of the  cabinet Ministers: they were not frequently in town and when there more important business occupied the whole of their time. This continued a long time and made me regret that I had not addressed a note on the subject to lord Grenville: I have since had reason to think that regret needless as I have as yet received no final answer to business submitted by note, procrastination seeming to be the principle of this administration, at least with regard to us. At length Mr. Burges informed me he had not had an opportunity of mentioning the matter to the cabinet minister but he had now no doubt himself on the subject and thought therefore that I might with propriety proceed. My researches have not yet met with success. Mr. Bolton states his reasons for the difficulty of obtaining one person capable of undertaking the united offices of chief coiner and engraver; and the salaries seperately are not a sufficient inducement to prevail on capital artists to quit their country: at the same time that the propriety of begining the coinage in a proper stile would prevent me from engaging any but a superior artist even without the last injunction of the President on the subject which is itself decisive. Mr. Drost from whom I expected assistance is in Paris and if I fail in an application now in agitation I will refer the business as directed to Mr. Morris who may there avail himself of Mr. Drosts advice and assistance.\nI have before mentioned the procrastination of this government. Mr. Philip Wilson\u2019s case is an instance of it as I have not been able to procure a decision, altho\u2019 his situation has occasioned me to be more importunate than I otherwise should have been. I inclose a letter from him\u2014he is now in the utmost distress encumbered with a wife and 7 or 8 children whom he has not the means of maintaining. I procured for him a loan of one hundred pounds soon after my arrival which cleared off some old scores and I believe saved him from a jail\u2014but he is still in the greatest penury. I should hope that Congress might be induced to afford him a temporary support \u2018till he can obtain some reparation for his loss. The deposition of the Captain of the British Man of War by which his Vessel was driven ashore clearly ascertains this fact and that it took place after the expiration of the time limited in the Armistice and yet this treasury hesitates to make him compensation.\nMr. Morris a few weeks ago received information from Mr. Carmichael that overtures had been made by the spanish court to that of Great Britain which Mr. Carmichael apprehended were unfavorable to our interests: in consequence of Mr. Morris having communicated this intelligence to me I have endeavor\u2019d to obtain some knowledge of the business, but I can only learn (and that more from circumstances than direct information) that a negociation is on foot\u2014but whether  the douceur offered by Spain to induce this Court to enter openly and heartily into the combination against France is such as will affect our interests I can not learn. As I am not instructed in cases of this nature I should be happy to have some general directions for my conduct in case I learn that negociations in which we may be eventually interested are in agitation: the events which have lately taken place in France and the spirit which at present agitates a great part of Europe seem also to indicate the propriety of instructions to meet the cases which the present eventful period may produce.\nI have unofficially and expressly in my private capacity made applications to the Prussian Minister here to endeavor to interest him in favor of Monsr. la Fayette and to obtain if possible a knowledge of the intentions of the Court of Berlin respecting him. The Minister promised to write for information, but I have not yet obtained an answer.\nYou will observe by the Gazettes that there are at present in this country strong indications of an approaching war; if however the french behave with prudence respecting the affairs of Holland I think it will yet be avoided. So many prudential considerations strongly urge the propriety of a pacific system that nothing short of dividing Holland from this country will induce a contrary conduct: the Parliament is convened to meet this day and I presume that early in the Session the intentions of this Court will be shewn. Press warrants are not yet issued. I had taken several opportunities of suggesting to lord Grenville the propriety of forming regulations which might obviate the inconveniencies our trade is liable to from this practice and on the present appearances I strongly urged the propriety of something being immediately done: he desired me to state in general terms my request in writing which I did immediately on my return home, but I have not since heard from him.\nI have frequent applications from people wishing to emigrate to the United States, it would be of utility for me to be informed of the encouragement given to settlers in the several States, and if the office of each legation were furnished with copies of the Laws of all the States it would not be an unnecessary expence.\nThe inclosed letter to the Comptesse de Caradeux was committed to my charge by the Portugueze minister\u2014if this Lady should not happen to be at Philadelphia I apprehend that directions where to forward it to her may be readily obtained from the numerous french refugees in Philadelphia.\nHaving understood from a conversation which passed between us when I was in Philadelphia that my appointments were to be made  good to me here without reference to the fluctuations of exchange and on enquiry finding that the par of exchange between this place and Philadelphia fixed the dollar at 4/6 I stated my outfits of 9000 dolrs. to Messrs. Vanstaphorsts &c at \u00a32025 sterling payable here. I enclose a copy of their answer to which I have made no reply, but if you are of opinion that my appointments should be paid according to my statement you will be pleased to instruct our bankers accordingly. I should scarcely trouble you on this occasion but as I find from the great enhancement of all articles of expenditure in this place that I must inevitably be out of pocket I wish to make the ballance against me as small as possible.\nI make no apology, Sir, for the details in this long epistle which relate to business; for the part of it consisting of chit chat I have to beg your excuse, but as so favorable a conveyance seldom occurs you need be under no great apprehension of similar intrusions. I have the honor to be [with] the utmost respect & sincere Esteem Dear Sir Your faithful and obedient Servant\nThomas Pinckney\n14th. Since writing the above the Kings speech was delivered in Parliament a copy of which is inclosed with the Leyden Gazettes. I am on the point of calling on Colonel Smith with my dispatches; if he should not be able to take the bulkier newspapers I will send them by a Vessel which sails for new york in two days time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0724", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Clarke, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clarke, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 14. 92.\nYour favor of the 3d. came to hand yesterday. The model had been received some time ago. The patent-board sets but once a month, on the last Saturday. An accident prevented their sitting the last month. Your petition will be examined at their session of this month, and lie over for final decision till the last Saturday of the next month, according to an established rule. Due attention shall be paid to it. I am Sir your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0725", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nDecemr 14th. 1792\nNecessary attention in my Office, and the badness of the day preventing me from having the honor of waiting upon you as early as the case requires, I take the liberty to draw your attention to a little inaccuracy which has inadvertently taken place in the President\u2019s proclamation of the 12th. Instant. You will perceive that in promising  the reward of 500 dollars, it is offered for \u201cthe above named persons,\u201d altho no persons have been previously mentioned by Name. Whether they are really known and it was intended, but omitted, to mention them by Name, or the above described persons or the persons refered or alluded to was intended to be the Idea, it is not in my power to say, but confiding that the liberty I have taken would only be ascribed by You to an attention to the public Service, I have Presumed so far as to bring this little matter into your view. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedient Servant\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0726", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. P. P. Derieux, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 14. 1792.\nBy some accident your favor of Nov. 19. did not come to my hands till the 8th. inst. In the mean time I had on the 22d. of Nov. inclosed a second order from Mr. Vaughan to Colo. Gamble for another 250. D of which I wrote you advice on the same day and have Colo. Gamble\u2019s acknolegement of the receipt dated the 4th. of Dec. Mr. Vaughan has promised me for to-day or tomorrow a note of the best articles to be ordered from Bordeaux here. As soon as he furnishes it I will take the first occasion of forwarding it with your letter to Bordeaux. Tho\u2019 at present there is no vessel that we know of going there either from this port New York or Baltimore.\u2014Be so good as to inform Dr. Gilmer that his eleve Everet is here, and under way with the smallpox. My best wishes to him and family and to Mrs. Derieux, & am Dear Sir your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0727", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department Decr 14 1792\nI have the honour to inclose you the copies of two letters to me\u2014with my answers thereto\u2014which concern the Commerce between this  Country and St. Domingo and to be With Respect Sir Your Obed Servt\nAlex Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0728", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 14 December 1792\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 14th. Decr. 1792. 2 oClock p.m.\nI have waited \u2018till the last moment of Colo. Smiths departure in order to have forwarded by him the address and debates thereon, but as the papers are not yet out I write this additional line to inform you that the address which is as usual an echo of the speech was carried by a Majority of about 250 to 90 and that the speeches delivered by the Ministers in both Houses spoke more fully on the necessity of a war with the French than what you will find contained in the Kings Speech. I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your faithful & obedt Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0729", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Martha Jefferson Carr, 15 December 1792\nFrom: Carr, Martha Jefferson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Brother\nSpring Forest. Decr. 15. 92\nYou wrote me some time ago that you could discharge any pressing debts for me. My haveing a Daughter Married and to fix off for Kentucky after which it is hardly probable that I shall ever see her agane has put me to some unusual expence this together with my bad management Obliges me to ask your assistance. If you could let me have Seventy five or Eighty Pounds you would do me a great favor. Mr. Myers the Merchant I have delt with has but a small Capatal and wishes to receive payment of my account before he purchases his spring goods. He intends to Philadelphia and offers to call on you if I will give him an Order. I hope my Dear Brother this will not put you to inconvinience but write and let me know perhaps Mr. Myers might be put off untill next fall.\nThe pure air of Monticello has proved in my case so efficacious that I have not had a return of my fever since my return from thence. I am now recruiting but any distress or Anxiety of mind has always thrown me back and I at present look forward with dred to a piriod which approaches when I am to be separated (perhaps forever) from an Affectionate and dutyfull Child. Adieu Dear Brother [Yours Most] Affectionately\nM Carr\nPS Present my best love to Dear Polly MC", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0731", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Pearce, 15 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pearce, William\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 15. 1792.\nThe newspapers tell us you have invented a machine by which 700. \u2114 of cotton a day can be cleaned of it\u2019s seed. Knowing that this operation has been one of our greatest difficulties in the course of our houshold manufacture in Virginia, I feel much interest in this discovery. The purpose of this letter is merely to ask of you whether the newspaper information be true. Because if it be, I shall have the hope that the benefit of it will reach us in such time and way as you shall find convenient.\nShould any circumstance bring you to Philadelphia between this and March next, I will thank you to call on me. I am Sir your humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0732", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Ambrose Vasse, 15 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vasse, Ambrose\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 15. 1792.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has handed on to me a letter from you complaining of the nonacceptance of some bills drawn by the  government of St. Domingo to pay for property of yours. Tho\u2019 I am apprehensive it will not be in my power to procure you a prompt relief, yet the sooner it is taken up, the sooner it will be obtained. If you do me the honor to call on me any morning convenient to yourself, I shall be ready to confer with you on the subject in order to consider what best can be done in the case. I am Sir your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0733", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Bellini, 16 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bellini, Carlo (Charles)\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 16. 1792.\nThe bearer hereof, Mr. Edwards, son of the Senator of that name from Kentuckey, proposing to go to Williamsburg for the benefit of the schools for law, and French there I take the liberty of presenting him to your acquaintance and friendly aid. He possesses a good understanding, considerable reading, and great thirst after information, and I am persuaded that any friendly offices you may be so good as to render him will be sown on a good soil. I am happy in this and every occasion of recalling myself to your recollection and to that of Mrs. Bellini, of assuring you of my unalterable esteem and attachment, and of renewing my prayers for your health and happiness. Express to her, if you please these my sincere sentiments and accept yourself assurances of the same equally sincere from Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0735", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bishop James Madison, 16 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, Bishop James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 16. 1792.\nMr. Edwards, son of the Senator from Kentucky, goes to Williamsburg for the benefit of the law school in the college. He is a young man of understanding, considerable reading, and great avidity for knowlege. As such permit me to recommend him to your notice and patronage, and to your aid also in procuring books which generally forms one of the principal difficulties in the way of young students as yet unprovided with a library of their own. Your disposition to patronize rising genius has encouraged me to present this gentleman to your notice, and furnishes me with one of those occasions, which I seize with pleasure, of repeating to you assurances of the sincere esteem & attachment with which I am Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0737", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 17 December 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCadiz, 17 Dec. 1792. Even though he could wish to hold this letter until the contents can be confirmed, he sends it by way of Gibraltar and Baltimore for want of a vessel sailing from here to America. A vessel which arrived at Gibraltar from Tangier on 13 Dec. brings word from Peter Wyke, the Swedish consul there, that Ischem has had his father-in-law Rachmani executed and that Bashas Ben Assar and Belalarosi have declared war against him. If true, Ischem will be unable to avoid certain defeat and the Bashas \u201cwill place whom they please upon the throne. It is an important Event in Morocco, and will probably sooner than was expected, put an end to the Disturbances of that Country.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0738", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 17 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Dec. 17. 1792.\nKnowing that there was a Mason here (Traquair) who was in the practice of importing workmen in his own line from Edinburgh, I took occasion to enquire of him whether it might not be possible for you to have some imported thro the means of his correspondent, whom he represented as having both address and zeal to forward his countrymen to this country to which he means after some time to come himself. He is of opinion that this person can and will forward numbers to you if desired, and that he will be contented with the customary premium of a guinea a head for all sent, which he supposes will cover the little expences he may be at. Their passage will be to be paid, and he expects the wages of good plain workmen will be about 30. guineas a year and their board. The best workmen, that is, such as can carve a Capital will be higher. He thinks he can send common labourers also. If you think proper to try this chance, Mr. Traquair will become the channel of inducing his friend to engage in it.\u2014A thought strikes me here, which I will venture. Traquair is a capital stone cutter here. If you are in want of such a one, possibly inviting him to Washington under pretext of consulting about the importation of workmen, he might on sight of the place, be induced to move all his hands there. The experiment would cost you his expences there and perhaps daily pay. I have the honor to be with great esteem Gentlemen your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0740", "content": "Title: Notes on the Reynolds Affair, 17 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nDec. 17.the affair of Reynolds & his wife.\u2014Clingham Muhlenb\u2019s clerk.\ntestibus F. A. Muhl. Monroe. Venable.\u2014also Wolcott et <forsan> Wadsworth.\nknown to J.M. E.R. Beckley & Webb.\n<Reynolds was speculating agent in the speculns of Govt. arrearages. He was furnished by Duer with a list of the claims of arrearages due to the Virga. & Carola. lines & bought them up, against which the Resolns of Congress of June 4 1790 were levelled. Hamilton advised the President to give his negative to those resolns.>", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0742", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 18 December 1792\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Hague Dec. 18. 1792\nMy public letter of this day will inform you of the causes of my being detained here till now. And that I leave this place certainly to-morrow for Madrid by the way of France. I mentioned in my last (private) of Nov. 30. how my affairs stood in Mr. Browne\u2019s hands and my desire to have them placed in my own name. The reason he gave me for keeping them in his was to avoid the trouble of a power of attorney to recieve interest. I write him a letter on the subject which I inclose you open for your inspection. It contains the proper power of attorney for recieving the interest in the case of his placing the funds as I desire in my own name. The only objection which occurs to me is one arising from a kind of delicacy, which is false perhaps, but which I feel. Although these funds are the product of my patrimony sold for that purpose, yet having been and still being in public life, I fear it might be supposed by some that I had been engaged in speculating. However having never done this nor any thing of the kind which could not meet in front the  public opinion, I prefer doing it and having these funds entered in my name, unless you should see forcible reasons, which do not present themselves to me, for the contrary. I therefore send you the letter for M. Browne open, asking the favor of you to make use of it, or not as you may think proper, expressing my own wish to be that it should be done.\nThe unsettled vagabond kind of life that I have led for some years has obliged me to leave my papers and effects in a very scattered position. As I really concieve my passage through France not without some kind of risk on account of the situation of affairs in that country, I take the liberty of making a kind of testamentary mention, of them. I shall leave some books and papers of consequence at the Hague. Messrs. V. Staphorst & Hubbard will take them into their care, if any accident should happen to me. I leave with them also my will with other papers sealed, which they will not open, until they hear from America, if it should become necessary. I have also in the care of the proprietor of the Hotel D\u2019Orleans, Rue des petits Augustins, where I lodged at Paris\u2014several trunks with clothes and papers and one trunk sealed\u2014and my library packed up of which the catalogue is with me. I mention these things only by way of caution, and hope it will be an useless caution.You will see I have that hope since I am going still to speak to you of my future wishes. It is impossible for me to say how I should like Madrid. I think I should prefer the Hague\u2014but I cannot be sure\u2014however if I were obliged to decide absolutely without trial I should I think say the Hague\u2014but above all things I would wish to be consulted on my choice. Madrid is so much out of the way of hearing often from America. If it be possible let me be asked or have time to consider this matter. After the manner in which I have been treated\u2014after the manner in which I have acted I have certainly some kind of right to this\u2014if I have a right to any thing. What I should like better than either would be to be sent to Paris (in the case Morris should be appointed as I suspect to another place). I should be indifferent as to the grade at Paris. There the corps diplomatique are so little in evidence that it is of much less moment to the feelings to be of the second or third order\u2014and as to the difference of salary that would make no difference\u2014because my rule would be to spend the salary allowed and no more and to me personally it is equal to live at the rate of 4500 or of 9000 dollars. I have many reasons to wish to be at Paris for a short time say one or two years at most and perhaps much less\u2014they are reasons which you would approve if I could communicate them to you which I would do if we were together\u2014they are such as all would approve. I fear I shall be a long time  without hearing from you when you quit Philadelphia. You consider the Spanish post as unsafe. Send me your letters under cover to M. Fenwick at Bordeaux, and I shall recieve them just as safely as if at Paris or London\u2014or if there should be war with France send them to some person at Cadiz\u2014or Colo. Humphries at Lisbon. However I dare not flatter myself you will write to me from Monticello.\nI inclose you a state of your account with V. Staphorst & Hubbard with a note explanatory\u2014you will see that all your funds were placed in their hands by me agreeably to your directions. The only articles I have not charged to you and deducted from your funds are two trifling ones amounting to 135. livres\u2014not livres in specie\u2014but in paper at the rate of 44\u00bd. demi sous of Holland to the petit ecu, or three livres.\nIn order to satisfy M. Hamilton\u2019s request in the best manner I send him in his letter, herewith inclosed, two accounts I have obtained from our commissioners at Amsterdam. 1. The state of all the payments they made to the French treasury by my order. 2. The state of all the monies whatsoever they have paid to me or on my draughts from the time of your leaving Paris to July 1. 1792. To render this state complete it contains three draughts made by me for your account viz. \u01924403 1-bo. Sep. 1. 1790\u2014\u01921328.17. Oct. 22. 1790\u2014\u01922199.5 Dec. 30. These were for your furniture packing &c. &c.\u2014and also for articles sundries purchased or procured by your order for your or public account. I did not enter these articles in my account with the U.S.\u2014transmitted annually to you\u2014they were credited to the U.S. by you in your account as I understood you. In my letters of advice for the two first and my reciept for the last sum I expressed their destination that they might not enter into my account but remain alone between you and the U.S. It is possible however the commissioners in forwarding the general account may have placed them in mine contrary to my intention\u2014that would have been most conformable to the system of book keeping\u2014but I wished it to appear always that I followed the rule I prescribed to myself of not drawing for any part of my salary before it became due. This would have appeared not to have been the case if these draughts had been carried to my account. I refer the Sec. of the treasury to your account or to you, to explain any thing that may want it in this business\u2014as that will shew that these draughts were not for my salary and contingencies\u2014but in your account and that the U.S. have been credited therefor by you.\nI must subjoin the repetition of my request that you will be so good as to have my accounts with the U.S. up to July. 1. 1792. reduced to the form you may think proper and completely settled before you leave Philadelphia. I hope it is done already\u2014yet I cannot help repeating the  subject. I flatter myself it will have been found just to have allowed me the six hundred and odd florins I lost by Nomeny. That is the only article that admits of any question, the rest being all vouched or ascertained. Pray tell me what I should do with the vouchers?\nIt has been absolutely impossible to procure in any part of Holland the Memoires des Commissaires, for which I am exceedingly sorry. I have an edition among my books at Paris\u2014but it is packed up and it will be impossible to get at it\u2014as I know not in which case it is. I have written to my bookseller there, who is a very active industrious man, to employ himself diligently in hunting up another edition. When he procured me mine he told me it was very rare, but I hope he will succeed, as I give him this previous notice.\nI inclose a letter for my brother to which I ask your kind and friendly attention. I am as I shall ever be, my dear Sir, your friend & servant\nW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0743", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 18 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to send the President 2 Cents made on Voigt\u2019s plan, by putting a silver plug worth \u00be of a cent into a copper worth \u00bc of a cent. Mr. Rittenhouse is about to make a few by mixing the same plug by fusion with the same quantity of copper. He will then make of copper alone of the same size, and lastly he will make the real cent, as ordered by Congress, four times as big. Specimens of these several ways of making the cent will be delivered to the Committee of Congress now having that subject before them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0745", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Smith Barton, [19 December 1792]\nFrom: Barton, Benjamin Smith\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWednesday-morning, 10 oCl. [19 Dec. 1792]\nYou will place me under a very great obligation by letting me have, by the bearer of this note, the sum of Sixty Dollars, which, I pledge my honour, shall be returned to you punctually on the 5th day of January next. I am sensible, Sir, that I am taking a very great liberty, but a disappointment of a peculiar nature will, I hope, with your goodness, plead an apology. I am already too sensible of your kindness to me not to feel a great deal in asking this favour. I remain, with great esteem & respect, &c. Sir, Your humble & obedient servant, &c.\nBenjamin Smith Barton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0747", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John F. Mercer, 19 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mercer, John F.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 19. 92.\nI recieved yesterday your favor of the 13th. I had been waiting two or three days in expectation of vessels said to be in this river and by which we hoped more particular accounts of the late affairs in France. It has turned out that there were no such vessels arriving as had been pretended. However I think we may safely rely that the D. of Brunswick has retreated and it is certainly possible enough that between famine, disease, and a country abounding with defiles, he may suffer some considerable catastrophe. The Monocrats here still affect to disbelieve all this, while the republicans are rejoicing and taking to themselves the name of Jacobins which two months ago was affixed on them by way of stigma. The votes for Vice President, as far as hitherto known stand thus.\nAdams\nClinton\nN. Hampshire\nMassachusets\nRhode island\nConnecticut\nN. York\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\n Bankrupt bill is brought in, with some very threatening features to landed and farming men, who are in danger of being drawn into it\u2019s vortex. It assumes the right of Seizing and selling lands, and so cuts the knotty question of the Constitution whether the general  government may direct the transmission of land by discent or otherwise.\u2014The post office is not within my department, but in that of the treasury.\u2014I note duly what you say of Mr. Skinner, but I do not believe any bill on Weights and measures will be passed. Adieu Dr. Sir yours affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0748", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, 20 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brown, James\nDr. Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 20. 1792.\nYour favor of the 11th. was received the day before yesterday, and I now inclose you a letter for each of the two ships mentioned therein.I have just recieved information that the National convention of France have reduced the duty on American tobacco carried in French ships from 18\u20b6\u201315s to 10\u20b6. on that carried in American ships from 25\u20b6. to 12\u20b6. and determined to admit the tobacco of all other countries at 15\u20b6. Certificates of American growth must be carried, signed by the French Consul if there be one at the port, if not then by a custom house officer or justice of the peace.\nMy draughts on you have been as follow.\nDollars\n Oct.\n 23. in favr of\nClow & co.\n Nov.\nJ. G. Jefferson\nMr. Maury\nClow & co.\ndo.\n Dec.\ndo.\nMr. Eppes writes me word that an injunction of a judgment obtained by Mr. Wayles\u2019s executors against Cary\u2019s executor, being dissolved, the executor has undertaken to make a considerable payment in January. He does not say how much, but has asked me what he is to do with my dividend of it. I have taken the liberty of desiring it may be paid into your hands, subject to my orders. The entire judgment was for a very great sum: I believe not less than 2500, or 3000 \u00a3 sterl. but judging from the ordinary course of things in Virginia, I presume the paiment promised will fall much short of the sum total. As soon as I can get further information I have asked from Mr. Eppes, I will trouble you again on the subject.\u2014The sloop Richmond is arrived here this day. I am with great esteem Dr. Sir your most obedt humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0749", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 20 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\n      Philadelphia. Dec. 20. 1792.\n     In consequence of the invitation expressed in the letter of the Mayor and Municipality of Marseilles to the President of the United States, inclosed in your letter to me of Aug. 24. desiring that supplies of wheat and flour might be sent from the U.S. to Marseilles, a load of wheat and flour is now shipped on board the British ship the Grand Duke, Capt. John Pollock of 300. tons, and destined for your port. At the desire of the owners I have thought it proper to certify this fact to you, and to recommend the vessel, crew and cargo to your special patronage before the Mayor and Municipality, or other persons in authority, should any circumstances render it necessary for their safety. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect, Sir your most obedt & most humble servt\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0750", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 20 December 179[2]\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 20 Decemr. 1793 [i.e. 1792]\nOn the 20th. October past died here Mr. C. P. Raguett, Citizen of Philadelphia, agreeable to the Laws of the United States and with the approbation of the Police of this Country I proceeded to take an Inventory of his effects, a copy of which I have the honor to inclose you for the advice of those whom it may concern. Mr. Raguett has left many debts here unpaid and there are now attachments in my hands for a much greater value than the effects he has left here will amount to. The creditors here, insist on a Sale and dividend of the proceeds which I shall be obliged to comply with in following the forms prescribed by Law.\nThere are among the papers of Mr. Raguett a number of Plots of Lands in the state of Kentucky, powers of attorney from many Gentelemen in Pensylvania and Virginia to sell for their account sundry parcels of Lands. These plots and powers I shall retain seperate from the effects of Mr. Raguett, and hold them for the disposal of those to whom that right may belong. I presume it will be interesting to those who deputed Raguett to dispose of their Lands to know what progress he had made therein, I am of opinion there has been no Sales effected by him as there appears to be no note among his papers concerning the conclusion of any Sale. I have the honor to be Sir your most Obd & Hble Servt.\nJoseph Fenwick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0752", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Condorcet, 21 December 1792\nFrom: Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCe Vendredi 21 decembre L\u2019an 1er de la republique\nGenest qui vous remettra cette Lettre est ambassadeur de La republique francaise aupr\u00e8s de la votre. Il etait emploi\u00e9 en Russie o\u00f9 Son zele pour la libert\u00e9, lui a m\u00e9rit\u00e9 l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre exclus de  toute correspondance avec le minist\u00e8re russe, et de ne plus recevoir de r\u00e9ponse du notre.\nSon pere et lui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 en france les premiers amis des americains parmi les emploi\u00e9s du gouvernement. Ce Sont eux qui nous on fait connaitre votre declaration d\u2019independance, votre declaration des droits.\nNotre republique fond\u00e9e comme la votre Sur la raison, Sur les droits de la nature, Sur l\u2019egalit\u00e9, doit \u00eatre votre veritable, alli\u00e9e, nous ne devons plus en quelque sorte former qu\u2019un Seul peuple, nous avons les m\u00eames int\u00e9rests, et Surtout celui de detruire toutes les institutions anti naturelles. Les Rois de l\u2019Europe ne cachent plus le projet de se reunir pour d\u00e9truire partout la libert\u00e9. Ne croyez pas qu\u2019il fassent grace \u00e0 la votre et que l\u2019\u00e9loignement p\u00fbt la defendre. Ils comptent pour rien l\u2019or et le sang de leurs sujets.\nNous ne craignons pas que le Sentiment des americains pour La fayette puisse nuire a l\u2019estime que meritent nos derniers efforts pour obtenir entiere libert\u00e9.\nVous avez connu comme moi La fayette, vous l\u2019avez vu tenir peut \u00eatre avec bonne intention au projet d\u2019arr\u00eater le cours de notre revolution, et de remettre la reste \u00e0 l\u2019action lente et douce des lumieres, Mais vous l\u2019avez vu aussi S\u2019entourer d\u2019intriguans. Reconcili\u00e9 avec les Lameth que vous avez vu Ses enemis, au moment de la fuite du Roi, il a Suivi avec eux l\u2019ide\u00e9 absurde impolitique, immorale de r\u00e9compenser cette fuite par de nouvelles concessions. Entrain\u00e9 par eux, il a emploi\u00e9, la violence, la corruption, les calomnies pour etouffer la voix d\u2019une nombreuse portion de citoyens qui voulait au Contraire profiter de cette fuite pour detruire la royaut\u00e9. Il a reussi et la nation fatigu\u00e9e a paru accepter unanimement la constitution nouvelle.\nC\u2019est alors que je me Suis absolument S\u00e9par\u00e9 de La fayette qui ne pouvait plus \u00eatre pour un homme un peu clairvoiant que l\u2019ennemi de la libert\u00e9 et le chef des Royalistes. Il s\u2019est bientot d\u00e9clar\u00e9 hautement l\u2019adversaire de tous ceux qui dans le corps legislatif Soutenaient les droits du peuple, il a fait tous ses efforts pour avilir les repr\u00e9sentans de la nation et relever la cour. Il a d\u00e9termin\u00e9 le renvoi des ministres patriotes, et leur remplacement par des hommes incapables et m\u00e9prise\u00e9s. Enfin Au 10 Aoust Seul des generaux emploi\u00e9s, il a fait arr\u00eater les commissaires de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e nationale, et essai\u00e9 d\u2019engager Son arm\u00e9e \u00e0 lever l\u2019\u00e9tendart de la guerre civile.\nGouvern\u00e9 par des intriguans, c\u2019est Son ascendant qui a perdu ce malheureux La Rochefoucauld homme vraiment vertueux et ami de la libert\u00e9, mais trop faible pour ne pas Se laisser conduire quand une fois on l\u2019avait tromp\u00e9.\nQuant \u00e0 La fayette c\u2019est aussi cette incertitude de caractere que vous  lui connaissiez, ce gout pur une fausse finesse, ce penchant \u00e0 S\u2019entourer d\u2019intriguans dont il etait l\u2019instrument quand il croiait en faire les siens, qui l\u2019ont entrain\u00e9 plus loin qu\u2019il n\u2019aurait voulu, et une fois lanc\u00e9, Son orgueil l\u2019a emp\u00each\u00e9 de reculer.\nTelle est Sa v\u00e9ritable histoire, et j\u2019espere que l\u2019opinion des americains ne Sera pas influenc\u00e9e par la reconnaissance au point de balancer entre un faux homme et un grand peuple.\nAgreez, les assurances de mon Sincere et inviolable d\u00e9vouement.\nCondorcet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0753", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 21 December 1792\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 21. December 1792.\nI have received your favors of the twelfth of July and fifteenth of October. The last reach\u2019d me yesterday by Express from Bordeaux. I am astonish\u2019d to find that so late as the middle of October you had received but one of my Letters. I had taken every Precaution against Miscarriages but there is no answering for the Negligence of those one is obliged to employ in the Ports. I shall transmit you herewith the Copies of No. 1. 2. and 3 altho the Time which has elapsed will have reduc\u2019d them to the value of waste Paper, excepting the last. I have written to Monsieur Merlino but have receiv\u2019d no answer, and really know not where to find him. I shall however keep a Lookout.\nWhen I mention\u2019d supplies to S. Domingo, I certainly meant that such supplies should be purchased by French Agents in the United States, and that the money should be advanc\u2019d by us in Diminution of our Debt; upon such Terms as that the United States should not loose in the Mode of Payment but the contrary, besides the Advantage of expending such large Sums in the purchase of Objects the Growth Produce and Manufacture of our Country, and of its industrious Inhabitants. As to Specific Supplies, I had declared in pointed Terms that the American Government would by no means enter into Stipulations of any Kind with Relation thereto. I am happy to find that on this Occasion my Sentiments have so fully coincided with yours.\nIt gives me also great releif to be informed, that until further Orders, the Payments are suspended. You will have seen that on this Point I have been hard run, and I do assure you that if Fear or Interest would have induc\u2019d me to swerve from the Line of Duty, there were not wanting sufficient motives. But it is not needful to relate such particulars, and you may rely that I shall not communicate your present Instruction respecting our Debt unless I shall be of opinion that it will become serviceable to the Honor or Interest of the United States.\nI see with concern that the Indian War is like to continue. This war prevents the Investments of European money in the Purchase of our Waste Lands, and I have already expressed to you my Conviction that this Species of Investiture would be as salutary as the engrossing of our domestic Debt is pernicious. The distress\u2019d State of Things here induces many to Turn their Attention towards us, and consequently occasions numerous Applications to me. I endeavour, as far as Propriety will admit, to Lead People to a Preference of American Lands but am sorry to observe that the Disposition to invest in our Funds is predominant; and that we shall thereby become tributary to those who obtain, below its Value, a Share of those Funds. I think it my Duty to mention this to you, to the End that if any Measures can be devised to enhance the value with you, and thereby lessen the Negotiations, or at least obtain thereon the competent Value, such Measures may be adopted.\nAltho I step very much out of my Sphere for the Purpose, I feel myself bound also to mention, respecting this Indian War, some Ideas which have formerly suggested themselves to me, and which the Circumstances of the present Moment seem to favor in a peculiar Manner. I cannot but think that it would be well to build a Fleet on Lake Erie, having for that Purpose established a strong Post at presqu\u2019isle, which is I beleive the only good Harbour on the South Side of that Lake, and to send also a Flotille from Oswego with Flour and Salt Provisions to be transported by way of Niagara. As to this last measure, if not obstructed by the british, it would considerably lessen the Expence, and if oppos\u2019d would terminate that Situation of demihostility which has but too much existed with them. If a Body of fifteen hundred Men were sent with all the needful Stores by water, in good vessels, they might establish a strong Post near the Miami Towns, and carry on from thence a war of Devastation which would force the Savages to abandon the Country, and that is I beleive the only effectual Means of obtaining peace with them.\nYou will find enclos\u2019d herewith my Letters No. 12 and 13. of the twenty seventh of September and twenty third of October. I have had  no good Opportunity since the latter of those dates. If, indeed, America had been at the Distance of only fifty leagues, I should have given you every two or three days the State of Men and Things, but plac\u2019d as we are both morally and Phisically in respect to this Country, I should only have wearied you by the little uninteresting Histories of Persons and Projects whose existence will soon be consign\u2019d to an endless oblivion. It has however appeared to me important to obtain as nearly as may be, a View of the greater Events which may probably arise; because the Conduct of the United States will I presume be squar\u2019d rather to that State of Things which you may conceive likely to be establish\u2019d, than to the fluctuating Chances of an Hour which passes away.\nI shall resume then my Account of Things where I last left it, namely in the Projected Invasion of Flanders; and first it may be proper to cast an Eye on the Structure and Consistence of the french Armies. The leading Feature here is an Artillery which is, beyond all controversy, the best in Europe, and likely to continue so from two Causes. First, that the Frenchman is by Nature a better Artillerist than almost any other Man, it being in his Temper (and if I may say so) in his Blood and Marrow to act suddenly and without Deliberation. Hence he becomes very dexterous in those Things which are to be perform\u2019d at a single Motion, and by a single glance, but rarely acquires a knowledge of any Business which requires constant close and undissipated Attention. Secondly, the Excellence of the French Artillery depends upon the great care and Culture of their Natural Disposition. The able Men who have formerly been at the Head of their military Affairs, had the merit of knowing the Character they had to do with, and therefore (quitting what appeared unattainable in the military Art) sought Perfection there where Frenchmen could find it. They dispaired of forming solid Columns of Infantry, moving with the exact Precision of german Discipline. It happens therefore, that the present french Army differs less from what the french army have been heretofore than would easily have been suppos\u2019d. The same Enthusiasm of Interprize, the same Contempt of Danger, the same Impetuosity of Valor, and the same Impatience of Control, still mark the Nation which inhabits antient Gaul. They have as heretofore overrun Flanders, made Impression on Germany, and occupied Savoy. Dumouriez in his Flemish Expedition, combin\u2019d the arts of a politician with the Bravery of an experienced Soldier. You know that the Inhabitants of the low Countries were indispos\u2019d to the Domination of the House of Austria; particularly since the Attempts of Joseph the second to weaken the Influence of the Priesthood. During the latter part of his  reign, there had sprung up three Parties viz. the Bigots who wanted a kind of Theocracy, to be exercised by the Priesthood. The nobility and substantial Burghers who wish\u2019d to establish a free and well organiz\u2019d Constitution, and the french Party or those who were desirous of levelling the Nobles, and above all the Church, which possesses as you know the greatest part of the Flemish Territory. On the Return of Imperial authority, after the revolt under Vandernoot and Van Eupen, the second Party abovemention\u2019d naturally enough fell in with the Government, as they had already experienc\u2019d no little Tyranny from the Priests, and saw much Danger in the Prevalence of french Ideas. They stickled however for a Confirmation of antient Charter\u2019d Rights, and the Disputes on that Chapter were still open. They hoped that the war (whose avowed Object on the Part of France was to drive out the House of Austria) would induce the Emperor to cede the Points in Controversy. The Cabinet of Vienna (on the other Hand) beleiving in a certain victory over the french Government, rather wish\u2019d than feared Revolt; and when the Face of Affairs had materially changed, it was too late to retreat, since the Concession of weakness neither conciliates affection nor commands respect. The Agents of the different Parties, who had preserved a Connection more or less direct with Dumouriez, were urgent with him to go into Flanders, as soon as the prussian Army began to retreat, and he adroitly flatter\u2019d each with the Hope of favoring its particular Views. This was done at the Expence of a little Lying, which does not cost him much. By these means, the crafty Priests were as compleatly dup\u2019d as their Adversaries, and more so. After the Battle of Jemappe, when he had taken possession of Mons, he took care to proscribe the Adherents to the Emperor, which left but two parties to deal with; and altho the Ecclesiastics began to perceive their Danger it was now too late to retreat, and they were oblig\u2019d to pretend an Attachment which they did not feel, and which serv\u2019d his temporary Purpose as effectually as if it had been sincere. But he had too much Sense not to know that measures hostile to the real Interests of the Country could only be carried into Effect by those who have no common Interest with the Country. In a word by the Populace of the large Towns, which having some Chance to gain by turning all Things topsy turvy, and which being happily secure against the Possibility of loss because it has nothing to loose, is always the ready Instrument of Mischief to those who can bring themselves to use it for destructive Purposes. He therefore publish\u2019d a Proclamation which may in few words be translated into an Order to be free, according to his Ideas of Freedom, on Pain of military Execution. As a Military Man, he had almost insur\u2019d Success by advancing with three  Armies, the least of which was equal to all the Force which the Enemy could muster, and the Center (which he commanded) was double to what was spread over the different Parts of that level Country. At the affair of Jemappe he commanded 86000 Men, altho they were not all in Action, because 80000 cannot act together on only two Sides of 18000. By the bye this Affair, notwithstanding the Accounts publish\u2019d, was decided by the immense Train of heavy Artillery which the french employ\u2019d; and the proof is in the Retreat of the Austrians who carried off their Cannon\u2014a Thing impossible had the Lines been taken, as was said, by Assault. But Truth is that the Assault was given after the Retreat was begun, and the Hungarian Grenadiers who brought up the rear were in Course cut to Pieces.\nDumouriez, as soon as he had got fairly in Possession of Brussels, began to develope his particular Plans. It was never his Intention to continue (if he could avoid it) in the Capacity of a servile agent to the Executive Council, but they also were aware of his views, hence the Course of his Successes naturally tended to a Breach between them. There were additional Reasons on each side both of Safety and Advantage, too tedious to enumerate because, it is sufficient to state those Sentiments which may govern Events, without developing all the Sources from which they Originate. The Council gave Orders for opening the Scheld, with Design to captivate by that measure the attention of the People of Brabant and lessening his Influence, encrease their own. He struggled against that Measure, but in Vain. Having however made the Step, he form\u2019d the Plan of attacking the Dutch, who were by no means prepared to receive him; and the Party in that Country which calls itself patriotic, and which others would be very apt to Term Aristocratic, immediately open\u2019d an Intelligence with him. The Governing Powers here, in the midst of all these Plans (and intoxicated by Success perhaps) declared themselves the Allies of all those who would revolt against establish\u2019d Authority, and the Enemies of all those who would not revolt. They determin\u2019d that every body should be free French Fashion, and should pay the Expence which might attend the making of them free. This last address to the Purse was not perhaps well calculated for the Taste either of the Hollanders or Flemings, but the latter must for the present submit to whatever Impositions may be laid on them, being in the Power of this Country. Shortly after the Plan was laid for invading Holland, of which the above mention\u2019d Decree was a partial Execution, two Circumstances arose which changed the measures of the Council. The French Army began to lessen very much; but this is a Subject which I must treat seperately, and therefore barely mention it in this Place.  The other Circumstance was that the ministers and Agents they had employ\u2019d in London, assured them that altho the Declaration respecting the Scheld had occasion\u2019d much Alarm, and irritated at the same Time the british Cabinet, yet they might avoid Hostilities if they did not actually invade the Dutch Territory. They, in Consequence, gave Orders to Dumouriez to abandon his Design upon the Netherlands, and turn his Arms to another quarter. This he refus\u2019d to obey, but being reiterated, and Things here being a little different from what he hoped, he has within these few Days submitted; but I shall come to this Part of the History presently, and here I will conclude as to Holland, by adding that the Agents of the patriotic Party press the Government hard to attack their native Country immediately, but are told that the Time is not favorable, that they will certainly march that Way by and bye, but that at present they have not sufficient Force nor Supplies. You will observe that Mr. Le Brun declares to the Assembly that they are guiltless of any Design against Holland, and that England cannot justly complain on that Score. I presume, however, that the british ministry are exactly inform\u2019d of the Contrary; but be that as it may, you may rely on what I relate to you. In respect to the Flemish, before I leave them, I must tell you that their Antient Hatred to the French is all revived, and is, (if possible) more violent than ever. Several Reasons for this appear from what I have already said, but there is one Cause affecting equally all the neighbours of France, and which it may be well in this place to mention. It would seem, at first sight, somewhat strange that the People in the world the most amiable at Home should be the most disagreable abroad, but that is strictly true. The morals, or rather the want of morals, in this Country places every one at his Ease. He may be virtuous if he pleases, but there is no necessity either to be or to appear so, consequently both good Men and bad Men can enjoy the Society of Paris; but when the French go abroad they desire to introduce among other People the same free and easy Principles, which does by no means suit the Taste of those who consider a chaste and orderly Deportment as essential to the Peace and Happiness of civil Society. The open Contempt of Religion also, cannot but be offensive to all sober minded Men. Add to this, a Stile of Conversation which runs on the insulting Comparison between their own Usages and those of the People with whom they live. In this they naturally (and I beleive justly) give a Preference to their own, but this Preference becomes irksome to others; especially if in the Expression of it there should be mingled some little Contempt, which is not uncommon. The french Emigrants had wearied out all those Countries which for two years past they have infested, and had accumulated on their  own Heads the Antipathies which had been previously extended to all their Countrymen. Nay, from this Hatred to them, sprung up a Kind of Lefthanded Love for the Jacobines, it being natural to like those who war on the persons whom we dislike. But no sooner do the French Armies enter into a Country than the Scene changes. The Emigrants do not indeed find Favor, but the original Sentiments of the People return in Regard to the French Nation. These Sentiments are universally unfavorable, as I observed (with Sorrow and Surprize) in a Journey I made two years ago thro Flanders, and a Part of Germany viz. that which is the Seat of the War.\nThe Irruption into Germany, under Custine, was attended with the same rapid Success as that of Dumouriez into the low Countries. Mayence was surrender\u2019d, rather to the Assignats than to the Arms of France, it is beleived. Francfort naturally fell as being a neutral City. Contributions were raised in both, and you will see, with Astonishment, that the Deputies sent from Francfort to solicit the Remittment of her Contribution, were made Prisoners here when their City was retaken by the prussian and hessian Forces. This Recapture was attended with strong Circumstances to shew that Hatred of the French which I have above mentioned. Custine\u2019s advance into Germany was certainly hazarded beyond the rules of Prudence, and it will be well if he escapes with no further loss than what he has already suffered. His present Situation is certainly critical, since the Council have thought proper to order on Dumouriez to his Releif. And here, by the way, it may be well to remind you, that the Distance from Valenciennes to Liege is about one Half the Distance from Liege to Mayence, and that the former is a level open Country the latter a Country of Defiles, at least for a considerable part of the Distance. Add to this the Season, which is already severe in that quarter, and must in all human Probability become more so every day, and you will easily see why Dumouriez in agreeing (at last) to obey his Orders, has declared that he will by no means be responsible for the Success. You will recollect, also, the Diminution of the french Armies, which it is proper now to State more particularly.\nThe Alarm Spread through France after the Affair of the tenth of August; the Call to defend their Country, a Call which must ever be efficacious so long as Men are endued with the Feelings of Men; the boiling Spirit of the Nation and the Strenuous Exertions of those against whom the Duke of Brunswick had denounced an inexpiable War, had called into the Feild 600,000 Men. Presently France renew\u2019d the appearance of a Nation of Warriors overflowing on every Side, and bearing down with an irresistable Impetuosity every Obstacle.  Her Enemies who had never brought against her, in the whole, above 150,000 and who were much reduced by Sickness and Fatigue, found themselves obliged to retire, and had no Resource but to impede a Progress which they could not prevent. This Government, on the other Hand, sensible that the next Campaign would press them hard, and feeling (in Spite of delusive Appearances) that a paper System of Finance must at length sink under the enormous Weight of their Expences, thought it wise to push to the utmost their Successes, and were little solicitous about a Loss of Men which they could supply more easily than their Enemies. But there is to the phisical powers of Man a narrower bound than to his moral Conceptions. Excessive Fatigue, Want of Necessaries and bad accomodations have carried many to the Grave. Not a few have fallen in action. At the present moment there are, in the different military Hospitals, 75000 sick Beds, and at Liege the hospital Stores are so greatly deficient, that the Inhabitants have been compelled to furnish all their Spare Beds and Mattrasses, notwithstanding which many of the Sick Soldiers lie on the Straw. The Extent of Country which they occupy, and the projected changes in Government contrary to the wish of the Majority of the People, render it necessary to keep up Garrisons, beyond those which are placed on the Communications. A great Proportion of the Volunteers, who had turn\u2019d out at first to defend their Country, who had afterwards been prompted by a national Spirit and Temper to march into the neighbouring States, and who from the same Spirit and Temper pursued as long as their Limbs would support them; Sinking at last under fatigue have stop\u2019d, and from that moment it is in their Nature to return: such of them at least as are able, of Consequence the Troop in Condition to Act are, comparatively speaking, but a Handful, tho still numerous. You will see by the Gazettes that the Armies of France have frequently been straitened for Subsistance, and surely this is not to be wondered at. Lorrain is so compleatly eaten up that (as I am credibly inform\u2019d) above 100,000 of its Inhabitants had left it before the present month, from the Want of Food. A contagious Dyssentry has swept off numbers in that Quarter. You know the Country from aix la Chapelle to Coblence, and that having been the Theatre of War (almost) since the Begining of August it will be impossible to find any Thing in it, and that, Confin\u2019d by the Ardennes on one Side and the Rhine on the other, Nothing can be brought to it but by a Land Transportation of at least fifty Leagues. I fear that even had Dumouriez quartered his Troops as he intended in and about Liege, it would have been extremely difficult to have collected Magazines, especially for his Cavalry. What must it be when  he gets to the neighbourhood of Bonne. Beurnonville is you will see pushing with an Army of 30000 Men towards Coblentz by the way of Treves. A rugged Country of Fastnesses, defended by the Winter and 15000 Austrian Troops, is opposed to him. Consequently his Progress is slow and by and bye his Convoys will be expos\u2019d to Parties from the Garrison of Luxembourg. Thus you see, Sir, that France is warring at present against Nature herself as it were, and sanguine Men hope for Success. If it be obtained, the Enemy will open next Campaign under manifest Disadvantages. But we must not yet enter into that Consideration.\nYou will have seen that the Jacobine Club is as much at War with the present Government as it was with the preceeding. Victory or Death is the word with both Parties. Hitherto the majority of the Convention has had rather the advantage, altho they frequently decree what they do not wish. The Ministers, possessing vastly more Patronage than any Monarch since Louis the fourteenth, secur\u2019d by that Means the Influence of the Majority, their Friends; and the Jacobines, tho backed by the parisian Populace, have been several Times within an inch of Ruin. Luckily for them, their Adversaries are many of them timid, while the Jacobine Leaders are daring and determined. It is now some Time ago since the Jacobines dispatched Bon Car\u00e9re to make overtures to Dumouriez, whose quarrel with the Council was then just breaking out. It was then understood, that if Dumouriez threw up his Commission in Disgust, his Army would presently retreat back to Valenciennes; And this it was supposed, would justify a Coup de Main in this City, and extend the Influence of it thro all France. Ever since this Embassy of Bon Car\u00e9re, Things have been ripening fast on both sides. At present there is a Schism in the Ministry, and Pache, the Minister of War, throws his weight into the Scale of Opposition. Dumouriez has (I am told) acceeded, notwithstanding the Adulations and Concessions of the other Party, and the Coalition now nearly ballance their Opponents. A late Circumstance brought forward a Shew of Forces, and tho it is rather Anticipating on a different Subject I must State it here. The Brissotines, finding themselves hard push\u2019d towards the Killing of the King and apprehensive (not without reason) that this might be a signal for their own destruction, determin\u2019d on a measure not a little hazardous, but decisive. This was the Expulsion of the Bourbons, a Blow principally levelled at the Duke of Orleans. The Motion was carried, but the Convention have been obliged to suspend the decree, and that is I think equivalent to a Repeal. The Suspension was pronounced under the Influence of the Tribunes, evidently. Many members have talked  of leaving Paris, but the same Fear which controls them while in this City, will prevent them from quitting it. At least such is my Opinion.\nI come now to the Trial of the King, and the Circumstances connected therewith. To a Person less intimately acquainted than you are with the History of human Affairs, it would seem strange that the mildest monarch who ever fill\u2019d the French Throne, One who is precipitated from it precisely because he would not adopt the harsh measures of his Predecessors, a Man whom none can charge with a Criminal or Cruel Act, should be prosecuted as one of the most nefarious Tyrants that ever disgraced the Annals of human nature. That he, Louis the sixteenth, should be prosecuted even to the Death. Yet such is the Fact. I think it highly probable that he may suffer, and that for the following Causes. The Majority of the Assembly found it necessary to raise, against this unhappy Prince, the National Odium, in order to justify the dethroning him (which after what he had suffered appeared to be necessary even to their Safety) and to induce the ready adoption of a Republican Form of Government. Being in Possession of his Papers, and those of his Servants, it was easy (if they would permit themselves to extract, to comment, to suppress, and to mutilate) it was very easy to create such Opinions as they might think proper. The Rage which has been excited was terrible, and altho it begins to subside, the Convention are still in great Streights, fearing to acquit, fearing to condemn, and yet urged to destroy their Captive Monarch. The violent Party are clamorous against him for Reasons which I will presently state. The monarchic and Aristocratic Parties wish his Death, in the Beleif that such Catastrophe would shock the national Feelings, awaken their hereditary Attachments, and turn into the Channels of Loyalty the impetuous Tide of Opinion. Thus he has become the common Object of Hatred to all Parties, because he has never been the decided Patron of any one. If he is saved it will be by the Justice of his Cause, which will have some little Effect, and by the Pity which is universally felt (tho none dare express it openly) for the very harsh Treatment which he has endur\u2019d. I come now to the motives of the violent Party. You will see that Louvet (whose Pamphlet with many others I send you) has charged on this Party the Design to restore Royalty in the Person of the Duke of Orleans. This mans Character and Conduct give but too much room to suspect him of criminal Intentions. In general I doubt the public Virtue of a Profligate, and cannot help suspecting appearances put on by such Persons. I have, besides, many particular Circumstances which lead me to believe that he has, from the begining, play\u2019d a deep and doubtful Game; but I beleive also that on the present occasion, as  on some preceeding, he is the Dupe. Shortly after the tenth of August, I had Information, on which you may rely, that the Plan of Danton was to obtain the Resignation of the King, and get him appointed Chief of a Council of Regency (composed of his Creatures) during the minority of the Dauphin. This Idea has never, I beleive, been wholly abandon\u2019d. The Cordeliers (or Privy Council which directs the Jacobine Movements) know well the Danger of interverting the Order of Succession. They know how to appreciate the fluctuating Opinions of their Countrymen, and tho they are very willing to employ the Duke of Orleans in their Work, I am much mistaken if they will consent to elevate him to the Throne. So that, for his Share of the Guilt, he may probably be rewarded with the Shame of it; and the mortifying Reflection that, after all the Conflicts of his political warfare, he has gained no Victory but over his own Conscience.\nIt is worthy of Remark that altho the Convention has been now near four months in Session, no plan of a Constitution is yet produc\u2019d. Nevertheless the Special Authority committed to them by the People, and the only Authority perhaps which cannot be contested, was to prepare such Plan.\nI shall now Sir, make a few Reflections on the State of foreign Powers. The Adoption of Savoy as an Additional Department, forms one Ground on which the Adversaries of this Country contend that their Protestations against Conquest were only delusive. But the Declaration that they would erect the Standard of Liberty every where &c &c. forms the great Cause with some, and Pretext with others, for endeavouring to crush the Republic. On the Conduct likely to be pursued by Great Britain, altho that of Holland stands in close connection, I shall not permit myself to hazard much Conjecture; because Mr. Pinckney will I am persuaded keep you fully inform\u2019d, and because the Accounts which Mr. Short has given you will also throw light on the same Subject. I have already troubled you with some Ideas respecting the interior State of Great Britain, and I add here my opinion that sooner or later they must go into the War. Mr. Hammond\u2019s Manoeuvers will give you some good Clue, I think, and perhaps hostile Decisions at St. James\u2019s may produce pacific Dispositions among the Indian Tribes. I am sure I need not add that it would be well to make the Indians, as the Price of Peace, declare who set them on. Perhaps, in Resentment of that Conduct which may be pursued, they may take it in their Heads to make Mr. Simcoe a visit. The Elector of Hanover, as Member of the German Empire, must come into the Field; and from Inclination and Interest he will do so, I think, fully. The Contingent of Saxony will be sent  forward with Speed, and notwithstanding the debauch\u2019d Temper of the Elector of Bavaria, as his Dominions in the palatinate are expos\u2019d as well as his Duchy of Juliers, he must exert himself. A Strong Squadron of British Men of war would rouse all Italy. And without them, the french Arms may make considerable progress in that fertile feeble Country. As to Spain, I think the Court is too Corrupt and too profligate to make any considerable Efforts. Bankrupt almost in full Peace, with the Mines of Mexico and Peru at their Disposal, what would a War produce? The Chances are that France will make an Inroad, rather than suffer one in that Quarter. Russia menaces, but the State of Finances and the great Distance must make her Efforts fall Short of her Wishes. Every Art is used on each side to influence the Turk, and I own to you that I rather apprehend that England and the imperial Courts combin\u2019d will prove successful, especially as Monsieur de Choiseul Gouffier is now openly active there on the part of the Emigrant Princes. Should his Highness interfere, he will draw after him all the barbary Powers; and the Want of the Grain usually drawn from them, will not be the least Evil that will thereby fall upon the Provinces bordering on the Mediterranean Sea. Austria and Prussia are making their utmost Efforts, and the Prince of Hesse who, (strange as it may seem) is adored by his Subjects will second those Efforts to the utmost of his Ability. Such my dear Sir is the foreign Storm lowring over this Country, in which you will see that my Predictions, respecting Corn, have been hitherto exactly verified. How they are to obtain Supplies from abroad, in the Face of the Maritime Powers, I own myself at a loss to conjecture. It is nevertheless in this awful Moment, and immediately after expediting the orders to recruit their Army to 600000 Effectives, in order to sustain the Land War, that they affect to wish Britain would declare against them, and actually menace (as you see) the Government with an appeal to the Nation. There are cases in which events must decide on the quality of Actions, which are bold or rash according to the Success. The Circumstance of a War with Britain becomes important to us in more Cases than one. The question respecting the Guarantee of American Possessions may perhaps be agitated, especially if France should attempt to defend her Islands. There will doubtless be many in the United States who will contend that the Treaty made with the King is at least suspended (if not abrogated) by the abrogation of his Office and Authority. Without entering into the numerous Arguments on this Subject, some of them forcible, and all of them plausible, I will only pray your Indulgence while I express my wish that all our Treaties (however onerous) may be strictly fulfilled according to their true Intent and meaning. The  honest Nation is that which like the honest Man \u201chath to its plighted Faith and vow forever firmly stood, and tho it promise to its Loss yet makes that Promise good.\u201d I feel nevertheless the full Force of your Observation, that until the Nation shall have adopted some regular Form of Government, we may not know in what matter or to what Persons our Obligations are to be acquitted.\nBefore I close this too long Letter, excuse me for mentioning that a Statue of General Washington ordered by the State of Virginia is finished, and requesting to know to what Place it is to be forwarded and when. With sincere Esteem and Respect I am my dear Sir, your obedient Servant\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0754", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 21 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 21. 1792.\nWe have as yet no direct confirmation from France of the retreat of the D. of Brunswick. However so many circumstances are stated in the English papers as to leave no doubt of the fact.\u2014Wheat is fallen from 125 to 113 cents. This has been effected by the bank here, which refused to merchants purchasing wheat here the aids it has been in the habit of furnishing. Merchants no longer getting their bills discounted at the bank, have been obliged to draw bills of exchange and also to sell their stock to make their purchases of wheat. The consequence has been that exchange, stock and wheat have fallen. However the demand will continue and be great.\u2014Will you be so good as to ask of smith George a list of the tools of which he has need to enable him to do good work in every way in which he can work. I shall be glad to get them while here.\u2014You have heard of the proposed tax  on horses. It is uncertain what will be it\u2019s fate. Besides it\u2019s partiality, it is infinitely objectionable as foisting in a direct tax under the name of an indirect one.\u2014A bankrupt bill is brought in in such a form as to render almost all the landholders South of this state liable to be declared bankrupts. It assumes a right of seizing and selling lands. Hitherto we had imagined the general government could not meddle with the title to lands.\u2014My love to my dear Martha & am Dear Sir Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0755", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hans Rodolph Saab\u00ffe, 22 December 1792\nFrom: Saab\u00ffe, Hans Rodolph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCopenhagen, 22 Dec. 1792. He hopes TJ has received his letter of 31 July. He has received TJ\u2019s letter of 31 May with the laws passed at the last session of Congress and will pay particular attention to the Consular Act. He would have given surety to the minister in Paris if that official had not hinted that it would be better to have someone in America give it. Consequently, he encloses his bond and has requested \u201cS. Wards & Brothers in New york and Messrs. Gibbs & Channing in Newport\u201d to guarantee his further obligations. He asks TJ to demand the \u201cseperate Bond\u201d from them. Until a minister or agent of the United State is appointed to reside here, he will obtain reimbursement from the minister in Paris for his consular expenses and provide him with information of interest to the American people. Since it is too late in the year to expect more American ships, he encloses a list of all such ships which have passed or arrived here since 1 July. As American trade with Denmark increases, a treaty of commerce between the two countries becomes more necessary. For a number of years it has been profitable to reexport flour shipped here from America, despite an edict which, while permitting the free export and import of grain, stipulates that foreign grain intended for domestic consumption be carried on Danish vessels. Great shortages in France and the numerous armies waging war against her have created a brisk demand for flour. An indifferent Danish corn crop has produced a need for foreign rye, but the barley and oat crops have yielded enough for export. Crop shortages in Poland, the Baltic ports, and the Mediterranean countries have caused a great rise in prices, and American produce, if priced moderately, might be sold advantageously next spring in France, Spain, and Portugal. At present rice, rum, and indigo will sell well here, but not tobacco. The high price of grain will increase the consumption and price of rum and rice. He hopes that this information and the enclosed price current will be useful. Trading companies here have shown how wild speculations can cause fluctuations in a country\u2019s stock without affecting its internal condition. This has also been the case with fluctuations in the value of American stocks, from which no conclusions unfavorable to the United States can be drawn. He hopes that peaceful relations can be achieved with the Indians and wishes continued prosperity to the United States.\n5 Jan. 1793. He has offered to help Capt. Fredenbourg of Philadelphia or New York, whose ship, the Gothenburg, was wrecked in December on the west coast of Jutland. Enclosed are duplicates of the letters \u201cby which I have desired Mess. Wards and Gibbs to become security for me.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0757", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 23 December 1792\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon Decr. 23d. 1792.\nThe sudden departure of a Swedish ship for New York affords me an opportunity of conveying to you the Spanish and Portuguese Gazettes to this date. How long I shall continue to be able to forward  them is uncertain, since a new order has been issued here within three days past on the subject of News-Papers. They are now for the first time prohibited from being read or admitted at Coffee and other public Houses. I do not know how far Government will attempt to prevent all foreign Papers from being received by Individuals. It appears to me this impotent display of Jealousy is rather late, and will be ineffectual in producing the consequences desired from it. Prohibition will excite curiosity. It is impossible to exclude News Papers and other Publications from such a maritime Town as Lisbon. The Citizens are very much addicted to meet at Coffee Houses and Lemonade Shops, as well as to assemble in groupes at the public Square and in little circles at other sunny Positions. Government has as yet taken no precautions to prevent this. What must often be a subject of conversation may easily be conjectured. However, every thing is still extremely tranquil. The Queen, and the Administration remain without alteration. Her Majesty\u2019s birth day has been kept at the Palace of Ajuda, this week. The Diplomatic Corps were two days successively at Court. On both occasions they were introduced seperately to the Prince, the Princess of Brazil, and the other Princesses. To each of whom they had individually to make an oral Compliment. All the Ministers of this Court, except M. de Pinto, are sick.\nAn unusual number of foreigners has come to pass the winter here, some on account of the encreasing reputation of the goodness of this climate, others to avoid the troubles in France and Italy where they were accustomed to spend the season. The Police is consequently a little more vigilant than usual, in enquiring into their names, characters and motive for coming here. There have been a few emigrant Priests and others from France. They are not very well received. Amongst others, M. de Calonne arrived in the last Packet, under the assumed name of Baron Ringler. He at first proposed remaining at Lisbon until he could hear from Madrid; but he set off in two or three days after his arrival for that Place, and it has been privately intimated to me from a creditable quarter, that his departure was hastened by a hint from this Court.\nThe Chevr. de Freire is here. He will soon return to England, from whence he is expected to sail for the U.S. immediately after the vernal Equinox.\nOne American Ship has just arrived with wheat, which will sell to good advantage. Several more are hourly expected, and I am happy to add that the prospects for disposing of American produce here and in other quarters of Europe are much better than they have been for a considerable time past.\nI have received, within a few days, a letter from Mr. Barclay who  was at Cadiz: but who intended soon to return to Gibraltar. From Mr. Carmichael I have heard nothing lately. I wrote to him again on the 14th instant, by a private conveyance, in order to obtain the verified account of Don Joseph Torino against the U.S. that it may be paid. Of Spain we have nothing new since the change of Ministry; except that the Spanish Ambassador here has appeared to take some pains in announcing, that their Cordon of Troops on the frontiers was very formidable, consisting of 88,300 Men, including Militia with Regulars. This departure from the common line of Diplomatic Secresy carries with it rather the appearance of design and might induce a suspicion of the weakness or apprehensions of his Court. You will observe, in one of the Gazettes of Madrid, the Decree for placing the Duke d\u2019Alcudia at the Head of Administration, as mentioned in my last. I have the honour to be With real esteem & great respect Sir Your Most obedt & Most humble Servant\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0758", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Brown Cutting, 24 December 1792\nFrom: Cutting, John Brown\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 24 Decr 1792\nOn friday evening last died Mr. Rumsay of Maryland. On the evening before while sitting with some members of the Society for encouraging british arts sciences and manufactures (who from the high opinion they entertain\u2019d of his genius had frequently consulted him at their meetings) he complain\u2019d of a sudden pain in his head, and resting it on his hand on the table in an instant became apparently lifeless. Medical aid being immediately had, a vein was open\u2019d and symptoms of life returned: he was put into a warm bed\u2014under the care of a good nurse who administer\u2019d the remedies which were prescribed by the most eminent of the faculty. But his disorder baffled their skill: and tho\u2019 nothing was left unattempted that coud be devised to restore him he expired in a few hours, without struggle, and without having recovered the free use of his speech or faculties.\nAs the seat of his malady was in his head\u2014after his death it was open\u2019d. What I had before conjectur\u2019d now became confirm\u2019d\u2014that over plied with energies of thinking, some of the vessals of the brain  were fairly worne out: Accordingly there had happen\u2019d a rupture of one of them\u2014which was manifestly the immediate cause of his death. This day he is to be decently inter\u2019d near Westminster Abbey.\nUnaided by education, unacquainted with those rudiments of science that are furnish\u2019d by books or taught by masters\u2014his mind seem\u2019d to be as it were embued in the elementary principles of mechanics. Of the most intricate combinations of these he had almost an intuitive perception. Theories the most complicated sprung up spontaneously and correctly in his thoughts\u2014and by dint of incessant research, invention and experiment he wou\u2019d reduce them to practice\u2014and shape them to purposes of utility. Beside several subordinate proofs of his ingenuity and strength of original invention he has finish\u2019d his nautical steam-engine. He had completed its mechanism and ascertained beyond all doubt its important and effectual agency in the impulsion of Ships through the water\u2014privately in the presence of a few of his intimates. On the very day of his decease Sir Joseph Banks, and others eminent for their skill and reputation in science were to have been invited to witness an exhibition of this Experiment. I trust I have good grounds for believing that a discovery that may be rendered so beneficial to navigation\u2014and especially to the navigation of our immense and rapid rivers\u2014will not become extinct\u2014but survive its Inventor.\nIn a word in Mr. Rumsay we have lost a citizen the vigour and extent of whose intellect in this particular department of most useful science, has seldom been surpass\u2019d\u2014and according to many of the best judges here\u2014very, very seldom equal\u2019d. I have the honor to be with sentiments of true attachment & respect Your Most Obedt Sert:\nJohn Brown Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0759", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jacob Hollingsworth, 24 December 1792\nFrom: Hollingsworth, Jacob\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSr\nElkton 24. Decbr. 1792\nYours of 12 I Recievd, with the inclosed to Mr. Biddle, which I Delivered Him shortly after the Reciet of it, and Refered it to his Full Consideration Untill this Day when I Recievd his Verble answer  from himselfe with a Full Determination to Meat you here in March next with his Brother who has a small Famaly as a Renter on one of your Farmes, and he thinks one or two others of his Neighbours who appear Disposed to Give your Countery a trial. Mr. Biddle has arainged his Business so as to be Ready by the First of November Next or Octtobre if wanted. I have Requested him to wright you fully on the Subject, he is Reather a Defident young Man, tho I am Much pleased with his Brothers Going as the whole Famaly has Eaver Supported a entiar Honist Charracter and Natives of america for not Less than three Sentery Nearly from information. Remain Your Very Huml Servt\nJacob Hollingsworth\nNB When you think propper Pleas to appoint the Day in March which you think you will be here as they will attend you\nJH", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0760", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Elias Vanderhorst, 24 December 1792\nFrom: Vanderhorst, Elias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBristol, 24 Dec. 1792. He wrote to TJ on 10 Oct. by the Harriot, Capt. Howland, to Boston, and sent a duplicate by the Sisters, Capt. Webb, to Norfolk, but has not heard from TJ since. He encloses the \u201cState of this Market at this time\u201d for American produce and notes that Bristol was opened on 15 Oct. to the importation of wheat for three months, at the end of which time this privilege is expected to be extended until the end of next summer. Opinions here are divided on the question of war between Britain and France. The preparations underway in this kingdom point to war, but the \u201cprice of Stocks with Some other circumstances\u201d indicate that peace will be preserved. He hopes for peace and that the alarm is nothing more than a ministerial maneuver. According to a 15 Dec. letter from Le Havre, rice is selling there at 40 to 42 livres\u2014it was then on the decline but is not expected to fall below 36 livres for some time\u2014and Virginia tobacco at 45 to 57 livres, with an exchange rate of only 19d. This letter also predicts that the French government will soon offer a bounty for imported grain and corn because of the great shortage of provisions in most parts of that country. He encloses recent newspapers. P.S. According to a report generally accepted here, France and Spain have just concluded an offensive and defensive alliance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0761", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Rutherford, 25 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rutherford, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 25. 1792.\nI have considered, with all the attention which the shortness of the time would permit, the two motions, which you were pleased to put into my hands yesterday afternoon, on the subjects of weights and measures, now under reference to a committee of the Senate, and I will take the liberty of making a few observations thereon.\nThe first I presume is intended as a basis for the adoption of that alternative of the Report on measures and weights which proposed retaining the present system, and fixing it\u2019s several parts by a reference to a rod vibrating seconds, under the circumstances therein explained. And to fulfil it\u2019s object, I think the resolutions there proposed should be followed by this \u2018that the standard, by which the said measures of length, surface and capacity shall be fixed, shall be an uniform cylindrical rod of iron, of such length as, in latitude 45.\u00b0 in the level of the ocean, and in a cellar or other place of uniform natural temperature, shall perform it\u2019s vibrations, in small and equal arcs, in one second of mean time: and that rain-water be the substance to some definite mass of which the said weights shall be referred.\u2019 Without this the committee employed to prepare a bill on these resolutions, would be uninstructed as to the principle by which the senate mean to fix their measures of length, and the substance by which they will fix their weights.\nThe second motion is a middle proposition between the first and the last alternatives in the Report. It agrees with the first in retaining some of the present measures and weights, and with the last, in compounding and dividing them decimally. If this should be thought best, I take the liberty of proposing the following alterations of these resolutions.\n2d. For \u2018metal\u2019 substitute \u2018iron.\u2019 The object is to have one determinate standard. But the different metals having different degrees of expansibility there would be as many different standards as there are metals, were that generic term to be used. A specific one seems preferable, and \u2018iron\u2019 the best because the least variable by expansion.\n3d. I should think it better to omit the chain of 66. feet, because it introduces a series which is not decimal, viz. 1: 66: 80. and because it is absolutely useless. As a measure of length it is unknown to the mass of our citizens; and if retained for the purpose of superficial measure, the foot will supply it\u2019s place and fix the acre as in the 4th. resolution.\n4th. For the same reason I propose to omit the words \u2018or shall be 10. chains in length and 1. in breadth.\u2019\n5th. This resolution would stand better if it omitted the words \u2018shall be one foot square and one foot and twenty cents of a foot deep, and.\u2019 because the second description is perfect and too plain to need explanation. Or if the first expression be preferred, the second may be omitted as perfectly tautologous.\n6th. I propose to leave out the words \u2018shall be equal to the pound Avoirdupois now in use, and\u2019 for the reasons suggested on the 2d. resolution, to wit, that our object is to have one determinate standard. The pound Avoirdupois now in use is an indefinite thing. The committee of parliament reported variations among the standard weights of the exchequer. Different persons weighing the cubic foot of water, have made it, some more, and some less than 1000 ounces avoirdupois, according as their weights had been tested by the lighter or heavier standard weights of the exchequer. If the pound now in use be declared a standard, as well as the weight of 16,000 cubic cents of a foot of water, it may hereafter perhaps be insisted that these two definitions are different, and that being of equal authority, either may be used, and so the standard pound be rendered as uncertain as at present.\n7th. For the same reason I propose to omit the words \u2018equal to seven grains Troy.\u2019 The true ratio between the Avoirdupois and Troy weights is a very contested one. The equation of 7000. grains Troy to the pound Avoirdupois is only one of several opinions, and is indebted perhaps to it\u2019s integral form for it\u2019s prevalence. The introduction either of the Troy or Avoirdupois weight into the definition of our Unit, will throw that Unit under the uncertainties now inveloping the Troy and Avoirdupois weights.\nWhen the House of representatives were pleased to refer to me the subject of weights and measures, I was uninformed as to the hypothesis on which I was to take it up. To wit whether on that that our citizens would not approve of any material change in the present system, or on the other, that they were ripe for a complete reformation. I therefore proposed plans for each alternative. In contemplating these I had occasion to examine well all the middle ground between the two, and among others which presented themselves to my mind was the plan of establishing one of the known weights and measures as the unit in each class, to wit, in the measures of lines, or surfaces, and of solids, and in weights, and to compound and divide them decimally. In the class of weights I had thought of the ounce as the best unit, because calling it the thousandth part of a cubic foot of water, it fell into the decimal series, formed a happy link of connection with the system of Measures on the one side, and of Coins on the other by admitting an equality with the dollar without changing the value of that, or it\u2019s  alloy materially. But on the whole I abandoned this middle proposition on the supposition that if our fellow-citizens were ripe for advancing so great a length towards reformation as to retain only four known points of the very numerous series to which they were habituated, to wit, the foot, the acre, the bushel and the ounce, abandoning all the multiples and subdivisions of them, or recurring for their value to the tables which would be formed, they would probably be ripe for taking the whole step, giving up these four points also, and making the reformation complete; and the rather as in the present series and the one to be proposed there would be so many points of very near approximation, as, aided in the same manner by tables, would not increase their difficulties, perhaps indeed would lessen them by the greater simplicity of the links by which the several members of the system are connected together.\u2014Perhaps however I was wrong in this supposition. The representatives of the people in Congress are alone competent to judge of the general dispositions of the people, and to what precise point of reformation they are ready to go. On this therefore I do not presume to give an opinion, nor to pronounce between the comparative expediency of the three propositions, but shall be ready to give what aid I can to any one of them which shall be adopted by the legislature. I have the honor to be with perfect respect, Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0762", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gaudenzio Clerici, 26 December 1792\nFrom: Clerici, Gaudenzio\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPavia the 26th. December 1792\nThese lines come to You, Sir, from an acquaintance of Yours perhaps Long forgotten\u2014I hope they find You in good health, and hope they find You favorably disposed to give them a Kind reception: I intend them merely as a mark of a never-ceasing gratitude which wanted to this day an opportunity to be displayed, and as a weak but candid demonstration of the highest esteem I preserve for Your personal qualifications.\nI doubt not, Sir, but Your eyes have followed step by step the great strugglings for the desired great event of European Liberty, and are now fixed on Kellermann and Anselme, who planted the Tree of Liberty at the two gates of Italy, the first on the deep snows of Mount-Cenis, and the Second near the foot of Mount Tenda. The prospect of an approaching topsy-turvy of our several Political Systems must therefore be interesting objects of your Curiosity, and on that account, I thought, could probably obtain your consent to open a correspondency of Letters with You as soon as the scenes of action shall begin on this side of the Alps, and during the changes and chances which are near to take place in this Country\u2014Intending that, only, to contribute in satisfying your share of Curiosity, facts would come to You with a very dry plain sincerity, and written for the future in italian; it being equally easy to You to understand me, and much easier for me to express myself to You.\nThe french forces designed to fall upon Suza and Cuneo and to penetrate the frontiers of our Petty-King Amedeus are about one hundred thousand at this very day, and it is said will before Spring be brought to two hundred: a large fleet of about thirty Sails of war with troops of disbarco is actually sailing along the coasts of Genoa, and  some others arrived at Porto-fino and at Leghorn, which by all appearances seem to be designed for the Popish shores. Only forty thousand Austro-Sardi Troops are guarding the frontiers of Piedmont; three or four thousand soldiers including invalids and all in the Austrian Lombardy, where preparations are made to receive twenty thousand more coming daily from Germany, half-starved with cold and with very mean and meagerly looks: and on the side of the Popish shores nothing but undisciplined militia e miliziotti to hinder the french from Landing. For Piedmont orders are issued for all the People to arm themselves in case of invasion, and tryed all sorts of engines and cunning speculations to sponge the cash in Circulation, and to call by fair promises from the several provinces all gold and Silver plates belonging to Churches or to individuals within the walls of the Capital and under the immediate Paw of Government: but our Eminenze, Altezze, Eccellenze ed Illustrissimi Nabobs thought better slily to send their gold and silver out of the Country; and the People at large begin clearly to perceive that in opposing the french they should have nothing but their purses emptied, and their heads broken and their chains newly forged in case they defended well the cause of their King. The general motto of the People is through all Piedmont and through the Austrian Lombardy \u201cVenghino i francesi; venghino anche i Turchi: peggio di quelli che siamo non potiamo essere.\u201d After all, the cause and the fate of france being already decided, the Italians will, I think, endeavour to set forth in such happy occasion all their poor remainder of publick Spirit to change their destiny; and it seems we are not such slaves as to refuse Liberty which is offered us by so powerful a Support; and with examples before us of so disinterested and generous proceedings: So truly insignificant as we are reduced, we should certainly despair of ever attempting a revolution by ourselves without foreign assistance; but the immediate necessity of a reformation, the excess of our misery, the glorious Successes of the french armies and the appearing terrors and weakness of our several governments will, I doubt not, raise up our Spirits as soon as the Tree of freedom be transplanted in our Plains, and unite the generality of us into action to settle at once the balance of so many diferent interests among so many Kings, Princes and noble and Ecclesiastick Commonwealths, of so many Capitals to be reduced to provincial Cities; of so many bodies of Political Systems to be molded into an only general one. \u2018Till then we Ly in Supinity and timourousness subdued to all and the same iniquities and extortions established by Laws and force of Superstition and to the same arbitrary powers; floods of doubts  and terrors are inspired by our monkish militia, our nobility, by our bankers and money-dealers whose trade would be reduced to nothing in establishing a single coinage throug all Italy, and by so many thousand families that live on the corruptions, the nature and abuses of our present governors and governments: nothing to this day but the horn of Calumny against our deliverers, and the breath of discouragements are permitted to blow in our journals and gazzettes: Patriotick voices are but little heard in the Crowd and their horns can be blown but at the peril of being instantly banished or confined or worse. I do what I can for the common cause of humanity, and Sar\u00e1 quel che Sar\u00e1 for myself. I am in nothing at all attached to the prosperity of the french armies by any personal interest, and promise myself but very little advantage in the revolution and change of things in my own Country, being neither Land Lord nor tenant nor having any goods to be merchant of, yet I am strongly attached to the french principles of republicanism by sentiment, and by the affinity they have to the principles that have been first planted in me by the hospitable round-headed planters of the Transatlantick woods and shores.\nThey were the treasure I have gathered in better than five years residence among them; and truly I was very pleased with their Lessons, especially because never heard them speaking of nobility and titles but with a due contempt, I could have wished it had been less usual to begin asking the qualities and qualifications of any man or woman by \u201cis he rich? is she rich\u201d? but I guess this will be the European jargon after the overthrowing of all genealogical Trees. Something must be in fashion but poverty shall always and every where be out of fashion and in very light consideration whilst the two factions of the rich and of the poor tread on the same soil.\nComte Dal verme and I are now but acquaintances by Sight: he came two years ago to the enjoyment of his father\u2019s large fortune, married a young Lady by the name of Taverna and suddenly divorced with his unfortunate friends. He has no views but to preserve what he has got, and his speculations are for money and money still. He will certainly unguibus et rostro defend his interest.\nChevr. Castiglioni loves dearly his joujou of St. Maurizio and Lazaro and his family title, and his hobby-horse is altogether in Botanick\u2019s.\nI have been to this day the wandering Son of unfavorable Circumstances and for want of a better employment I undertook to teach foreign Languages to this university of Pavia, and shall certainly fix myself in Italy if the Tree of Liberty and equality is transplanted with the desired Success amongst us.\nI beg You will Let me Know, Sir, the best and Surest channel to direct my letters\u2014And beg to address me\u2014Milan\u2014Poste restante.\nGaudenzio Clerici to Mr. Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0763", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Dobson, 26 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dobson, Richard\nSir\nPhiladelphia. Dec. 26. 1792.\nI this moment recieve your favor of the 18th. covering my bond No. 1. to Farrell & Jones. The paiments which have been made on that and the bill of exchange have been by different persons, at different times, in money and I believe tobacco. I am not certain that I possess an exact list of them. However, if I do, it is in Virginia where I left most of my private papers when last there, under the intention of being there again in March, and the certainty that the winding up the affairs of my office here would put it out of my power to attend to any thing private till then. In the last letter your father wrote me before his departure he says \u2018on my return we can readily settle the small balance that remains due on the bill of exchange and bond.\u2019 I question indeed if a personal interview may not be necessary for the settlement either with himself or somebody for him. However be this as it may I must beg this matter may lie till my return which will be within little more than two months, sooner than which I could not take time for it, nor do I know that I can sooner pay the balance, my resources for it being in Virginia. In the mean time, the matter being unsettled, I return you the bond inclosed, and am Sir your most obedt humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0765", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jones, 26 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jones, John\nSir\nBy a catalogue of instruments and prices which you gave me when in London in 1785. I observe you make and sell for two guineas and a half a New Manual orrery and Planetarium, described in your pamphlet printed in 1784. If you will be so good as to pack one of these properly for me and deliver it to Mr. Alexander Donald of the house of Donald & Burton, Angel court, Throckmorton street, he will recieve and pay you for it on sight of this letter, which will be necessary as I have not written to him on the subject. He will also forward it with some other articles for which I have written to him. Will you be so good at the same time as to write me an answer to the following queries?\nMartin in his 3d. Philosophic Britannica pg. 369. speaks much in favor of his new Reflecting Pocket telescope with a Megaloscope, sufficient to show Jupiter\u2019s moons. Has it been brought into use? How has it answered and what is it\u2019s price?\nDr. Maskelyne in the Ephemeris page 154. speaks of [Dollond\u2019s] refracting telescope with 3. object glasses, of 46. I. focal length, which he says is equal to those of 10. feet with a double object glass. The price [\u2026]?\nThe sizes of Globes, and their prices from 12. Inches to the largest, the Celestial supposed to have Bayer\u2019s characters, the terrestrial with Cook\u2019s discoveries?\u2014Direct your letters to Thomas Jefferson at Monticello Virginia. I am Sir your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0766", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 27 December 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nCadiz 27th. Decr. 1792\nOn the 24th. I received under Cover from Mr. Pinckney several papers from Philadelphia, dated the first and eleventh of June, to which the most unremitting attention will be shewn. Affairs in Morocco Continue in the State they were in when I last wrote to you, neither of the Brothers having Moved from his Capital, Nor can we yet learn what the intentions of the Basha\u2019s are, though I have advices from Tangier as late as four days ago, and from Mogadore of the Nineth of this Month. Inclosed are,\nA letter to the President to acknowledge the receipt of his Commands of the 11th. of June, a few lines written in the Cypher I received from London, and Copies of what I wrote to you the 17th. and 19th. of this Month. I remain, Sir, Your Most obedient Servant\nThos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0767", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 27 December 1792\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCadiz 27. Decr. 1792.\nAs it is impossible to pass Bills at Gibraltar for the necessary Sum, and as the exportation of it from Cadiz would be attended with an expense of four thousand Dollars; there is no mode left but for me to pass to Lisbon, where I think it may be raised, without a communication of the Business to any person but Mr. Humphreys. If it cannot be done there, I must depend on Mr. Pinckney\u2019s sending it from London. I shall return to Gibraltar as soon as possible from Lisbon and exert every nerve to finish the Business.\nThos. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0768", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Nancarrow, 27 December 1792\nFrom: Nancarrow, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJno. Nancarrow sincerely asks pardon for not paying earlier attention to the obliging request of Secretary Jefferson\u2014he has been unusually engaged with a number of Farmers who are in Town at a considerable expence.\nJ. N. thinks he knows from experience that one man cannot throw water 45 feet high, because a small column would be dispersed long before it could reach that height, and a column of sufficient size to produce that effect will require two men.\nIn a few days J. N. will with pleasure pay every attention to this matter in his power, as he expects to have finished his business with the People from the Country by that time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0769", "content": "Title: Notes of a Conversation with George Washington on French Affairs, 27 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nThursday Dec. 27. 92. I waited on the President on some current business. After this was over, he observed to me he thought it was time to endeavor to effect a stricter connection with France and that G. Morris should be written to on this subject. He went into the circumstances of dissatisfaction between Spain, Gr. Brit. and us, and observed there was no nation on whom we could rely at all times but France, and that if we did not prepare in time some support in the event of rupture with Spain and England we might be charged with a criminal negligence. (I was much pleased with the tone of these observations. It was the very doctrine which had been my polar star, and I did not need the successes of the Republican arms in France lately announced to us, to bring me to these sentiments. For it is to be noted that on Saturday last (the 22d.) I received Mr. Short\u2019s letters of Oct. 9. and 12. with the Leyden gazettes to Oct. 13. giving us the first news of the retreat of the D. of Brunswic, and the capture of Spires and Worms by Custine, and that of Nice by Anselme.) I therefore expressed to the President my cordial approbation of these ideas: told him I had meant on that day (as an opportunity of writing by the British packet would occur immediately) to take his orders for removing the suspension of paiments to France which had been imposed by my last letter to G. Morris, but was meant as I supposed only for the interval between the abolition of the late constitution by the dethronement of the king and the meeting of some other body invested by the will of the nation with powers to transact their affairs. That I considered the national convention then assembled as such a body, and that therefore we ought to go on with the paiments to them or to any government they should establish. That however I had learned last night that some clause in the bill for providing reimbursement of the loan made by the bank to the U.S. had given rise to a question before the house of representatives yesterday which might affect these paiments; a clause in that bill proposing that the money formerly borrowed in Amstdm. to pay the French debt and appropriated by law (1790. Aug. 4. c. 34. s. 2.) to that purpose, lying dead as was suggested, should be taken to pay the bank, and the Presidt. be authorized to borrow 2. millions of Dol. more out of which it should be replaced, and if this should be done the removal of our suspension of paiment as I had been about to propose, would be premature. He expressed his disapprobation of the clause abovementioned, thought it  highly improper in the legislature to change an appropriation once made, and added that no one could tell in what that would end. I concurred, but observed that on a division of the house the ayes for striking out the clause were 27. the Noes 26. whereon the Speaker gave his vote against striking out, which dividing the house, the clause for the disappropriation remained of course. I mentioned suspicions that the whole of this was a trick to serve the bank under a great existing embarrasment. That the debt to the bank was to be repaid by instalments, that the 1st. instalment was of 200,000 D. only, or rather 160,000 D. (because 40,000 of the 200,000 would be the U. States\u2019 own dividend of the instalment) yet here were 2,000,000 to be paid them at once, and to be taken from a purpose of gratitude and honor to which it had been appropriated.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0770", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 28 December 1792\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 28 Decemr. 1792\nI have the honor of your favors of the 8th. and 10 October the first introducing Doctr. Waters who received from me during his short stay that attention your recomendation merets and shal always claim. He left this some days past for Montpellier with some hope and prospect of recovering his health.\nThe second ordering 500 bottles of best vin rouge ordinaire of Bordeaux in strong bottles which shall be complyed with as you desire. If no oppertunety presents for James River we shall profit of one to Philadelphia or Charleston if to the latter with orders to my Correspondent to forward it on to Mr. James Brown of Richmond.\n There remains on our Books against you since 11th. April 1791 \u00a3143\u20139\u20130 Tours. also \u00a318\u20139\u20136 S. Carolina Currency for freight and sundry expences paid by Messrs. Robert Hazlehurst & Co. of Charleston on a shipment of wine made you and the President in March 1791 via Charleston \u214c the Eliza Capt. Tilden, which sums we shall take the Liberty to enclude in our draft on Donnald & Burton for the wine now to be sent you rateing them at the exchange at the periods they became due. With the greatest respect I have the honor to be Sir your most Obdt & Humble Servant\nJoseph Fenwick\nSir\nThe delay the vessel by which this was intended to go has met gives me an oppertunity of owning the riecipt of your favor of the 2 December past concerning the olive plants and olive Berries you wish to be transported from Merseilles to Charleston for the agricultural society.\nI shall give every aid and advice to any person Mr. Pinkney or Mr. Cathalan may address to me with the care of those plants for their direct or best passage to Charleston or the next safest port to send them to in case no vessel shou\u2019d offer direct \u2018till there be danger of losing the season.\nJoseph Fenwick\nBordeaux 20 Jany. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0771", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Hawkins, 28 December 1792\nFrom: Hawkins, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHops are planted in checks of six feet square; a foot square at the check spaded a foot deep and manured, seven cuttings are planted in each check. The following is a minute of the expence and produce of hops at stowmarket in Suffolk.\nExpences\nStock \u00a325 for poles, the interest of which\nRent \u00a32. Tythe \u00a31. rates 14/\nThree load of poles at 22/ annually\nmanure four loads a year\nLabour \u00a33.10.\ncarriage of poles and sharpening\nPicking 6 ct. drying, & Carting 10/ \u214cct.\nBagging 3/. Kiln 5/.\nDuty at /1d. and 15 perct.\nCarting to Sturbitch fair 1/6\nFences and draining\nInterest of this sum.\nThe price has been as follows\n average suppose \u00a35.\n Expences\n profit\nIn one other plan I find an acre has produced 13 ct. and in an other 20 ct.\nThe acre contained twelve hundred hills or cheks, three poles to the check, or 3600 to the acre. The average value is what we want, as to the expence you can readily see the saving with us.\nBeing on the subject of farming I will give you some information on grasses.\nMr. Bassett informed me that the best grass which he has is called  white bent and he believed it was brought in his neighbourhood by the birds, he promised me some of the seed. Upon examining the Hortus Kewensis, I find it to be known in England and is the Agrostis.\nAgrostis.\nTriandria Digynia \nCal. 2\u2014valvis, uniflorus, corolla paulo minor. Stigmata, longitudinaliter hispida.\nalba.\n7. A. panicula laxa, calycibus muticis \u00e6qualibus, culmo repente.\nWhite Marsh Bent-grass.\nNat. of Britain\nFl.\nJuly\nHardy.\nPerennial\nWhen you see Mr. B., speak to him about it, and I am sure you will apply for some of the seed; from his discription it is greatly superior by being brought to this country, to any in that country, or to Timothy for moist lands. Adieu,\nB.H.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0772", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 28 December 1792\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Dec: 28. 1792.\nThis letter is borne by Serjeant Sydnor whom I must request you will aid in his suit to the Secretary of War for advancement in the army. His fondness for a military life induced him to accept of a post far inferior to what his character and acquirements intitled him.\nBy giving him any assistance in your power to retrieve his loss you will much oblige Sir your most sincere friend & hble Servt.\nTh: M. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0773", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Rittenhouse, 29 December 1792\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nI have inclosed four copies of a bill drawn by the Treasurer of the U.S. on Messrs. W. and J. Willink and Nicho. and Jac. Van Staphorst & Hubbard of Amsterdam for 24,750 current guilders equal to 10,000 Dollars, which you will please to transmit to Mr. Pinckney at London for the purpose of obtaining copper for the mint of the U.S. either from Sweden or elsewhere. The copper to be in sheets not less than one eighth of an inch in thickness, as most suitable for coinage. I am Sir with the most perfect esteem your humble servt\nDavd. Rittenhouse. Director of the mint.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0774", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame d\u2019Enville, 30 December 1792\nFrom: Enville (Anville, Danville), Louise Elisabeth de La Rochefoucauld, Duchesse d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLa Rocheguyon 30 Xbre. 1792.\nVous vous rapell\u00e9s peut-\u00eatre, Monsieur, combien Votre jugement exquis, Votre bel \u00e2me et Votre profonde Sagacit\u00e9 calmaient mes inqui\u00e9tudes dans le commencement de notre R\u00e9volution; j\u2019\u00e9tais bien eloign\u00e9e alors de prevoir les Suites funestes dont may belle-fille et moi Sommes les malheureuses Victimes. Les Sentimens de mon fils vous \u00e9taient connus; aucun Sacrifice ne lui \u00e0 cout\u00e9 pour procurer le bonheur de son Pays. Sa r\u00e9compense a \u00e9t\u00e9 un assassinat commis sous nos yeux. Cette Catastrophe \u00e9teint tout mon bonheur et tous mes plaisirs; aussi excellent fils que bon Citoyen, j\u2019ose dire qu\u2019il poss\u00e9dait toutes les Vertus; ce n\u2019\u00e9tait pas ass\u00e9s pour nous livrer au desespoir. Deux jours auparavant mon petit fils Charles a \u00e9t\u00e9 tu\u00e9 de sang froid dans la Prison qu\u2019il avait Soutenu avec le courage que donne l\u2019innocence. Ils on p\u00e9ri tous les deux Sans crainte et Sans remords et onleSait dans ce  monde la plus malheureuse des meres; et ma belle fille, Veuve de l\u2019un et Soeur d l\u2019autre, la plus d\u00e9sol\u00e9e. Cette jeune femme dou\u00e9e de toutes les qualit\u00e9s les plus estimables et les plus aimables, ajoute encore \u00e0 mes terrible malheurs. Qu\u2019un bon esprit comme le V\u00f4tre, Monsieur, nous Serait utile et adoucissant; M. Schort aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 pour nous une Veritable ressource, et Vous nous l\u2019av\u00e9s enlev\u00e9; il \u00e9tait Si bien Vu en france, qui tous ceux qui le connaissaient ne doutaient pas qu\u2019il ne fut Votre successeur. M. de la fayette en avait \u00e9crit en Amerique, personne ne S\u2019attendait que M. Morise lui fut pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9. N\u2019y aurait-il aucun moyen de nous le rendre lorsqu\u2019il aura termin\u00e9 Vos affaires dans les Provinces Unies? Le premier y Serait mieux plac\u00e9, du moins pour son phisique, les canaux le fatigueraient moins que les r\u00fces; je le crois d\u2019ailleurs tr\u00e8s capable puisque l\u2019on la nomm\u00e9: mais je suis persuad\u00e9e que Mr. Schort remplirait tout aussi bien cet emploit.\nJe Vous demande pardon, Monsieur, des d\u00e9tails ou je Suis entr\u00e9e Sur mes cruels douleurs; mais les bont\u00e9s dont vous avez honnor\u00e9 mon fils et l\u2019amiti\u00e9 que Vous m\u2019avez toujours t\u00e9moign\u00e9e m\u2019ont peut \u00eatre rendue indiscrette.\nRecevez, je vous prie, Monsieur, l\u2019assurance de tous les sentiments qui vous Sont dus \u00e0 tant de titres.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0776", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 30 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 30. 1792.\n My last to you was of Nov. 7. since which I have recieved your Nos. 8. and 9. I am apprehensive that your situation must have been difficult during the transition from the late form of government to the re-establishment of some other legitimate authority, and that you may have been at a loss to determine with whom business might be done. Nevertheless when principles are well understood their application is less embarrassing. We surely cannot deny to any nation that right whereon our own government is founded, that every one may govern itself under whatever forms it pleases, and change these forms at it\u2019s own will, and that it may transact it\u2019s business with foreign nations through whatever organ it thinks proper whether king, convention, assembly, committee, President, or whatever else it may chuse. The will of the nation is the only thing essential to be regarded. On the dissolution of the late constitution in France, by removing so integral a part of it as the king, the National assembly, to whom a part only of the public authority had been delegated, sensible of the incompetence of their powers to transact the affairs of the nation legitimately, invited their fellow citizens to appoint a national convention. During this defective state of  the national authority, duty to our constituants required that we should suspend the paiment [of] the monies yet unpaid of our debt to that country, because [there] was no person or persons substantially authorized by the nation of France to receive the monies and give us a good acquittal. On this ground my last letter desired you to suspend paiments till further orders, with an assurance, if necessary, that the suspension should not be continued a moment longer than should be necessary for us to see the reestablishment of some person or body of persons with authority to receive and give us a good acquittal. Since that we learn that a Convention is assembled, invested with [full] powers by the nation to transact it\u2019s affairs. Tho\u2019 we know [this?] from the public papers only, instead of waiting for a formal [an]nunciation of it, we hasten to act upon it, by authorising you, if the fact be true, to consider the suspension of paiment, directed in my last letter, as now taken off, and to proceed as if it had never been imposed; considering the Convention, or the government they shall have established as the lawful representatives of the nation, and authorised to act for them. Neither the honor nor inclination of our country would justify our witholding our pai[ment] under a scrupulous attention to forms. On the contrary they [lent] us that money when we were under their  circumstances, and [it] seems providential that we can not only repay them the [same] sum, but under the same circumstances. Indeed we wish to omit no opportunity of convincing them how cordially we desire the closest union with them. Mutual good offices, mutual affe[ction] and similar principles of government seem to have destined the two people for the most intimate communion, and even for a complete exchange of citizenship among the individuals composing them.\nDuring the fluctuating state of the Assignats of France, I must ask the favor of you to inform me in every letter of the rate of exchange between them and coin, this being necessary for the regulation of our customhouses.\u2014We are continuing our supplies to the island of St. Domingo at the request of the Minister of France here. We could wish however to recieve a more formal sanction from the government of France than has yet been given. Indeed we know of none but a vote of the late national assembly for 4. millions of livres of our debt, sent to the government of St. Domingo, communicated by them to the minister here, and by him to us: and this was in terms not properly applicable to the form of our advances. We wish therefore for a full sanction of the past and a complete expression of the desires of their government as to future supplies to their colonies. Besides what we have furnished publicly, individual merchants of the U.S. have carried considerable supplies to the island of St. Domingo, which have been sometimes purchased, sometimes taken by force, and bills given by the administration of the colony on the minister here, which have been protested for want of funds. We have no doubt that justice will be done to these", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0778", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 30 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 30. 1792\nMy last letters to you have been of the 13th. and 20th. of Nov. since which I have recieved yours of Sep. 19. We are anxious to hear that the person substituted in the place of the one deceased is gone on that business.\u2014You do not mention your prospect of finding for the mint the officers we were desirous of procuring. On this subject I will add to what was before mentioned to you, that if you can get artists really eminent, and on the salaries fixed by the law, we shall be glad of  them: but that experience of the persons we have found here would induce us to be contented with them rather than to take those who are not eminent, or who would expect more than the legal salaries.\u2014A greater difficulty has been experienced in procuring copper for the mint, than was expected. Mr. Rittenhouse, the Director having been advised that it might be had on advantageous terms from Sweden, has written me a letter on that subject, a copy of which I inclose you with the bill of exchange it covered. I should not have troubled you with them had our resident in Holland been in place. But on account of his absence, I am obliged to ask the favor of you to take such measures as your situation will admit for procuring such a quantity of copper to be brought us from Sweden as this bill will enable you. It is presumed that the commercial relations of London with every part of Europe will furnish ready means of executing this commission.\nWe as yet get no answer from Mr. Hammond on the general subject of the execution of the treaty. He says he is waiting for instructions. It would be well to urge in your conversations with the minister the necessity of giving Mr. Hammond such instructions and latitude as will enable him to proceed of himself. If on every move we are to await new instructions from the other side the Atlantic, it will be a long business indeed.\u2014You express a wish in your letter to be generally advised as to the tenor of your conduct in consequence of the late revolution in France, questions relative to which you observe incidentally present themselves to you. It is impossible to foresee the particular circumstances which may require you to decide and act on that question. But, principles being understood, their application will be less embarrassing. We certainly cannot deny to other nations that principle whereon our own government is founded, that every nation has a right to govern itself internally under what forms it pleases, and to change these forms at it\u2019s own will: and externally to transact business with other nations thro\u2019 whatever organ it chuses, whether that be a king, convention, assembly, committee, president, or whatever it be. The only thing essential is the will of the nation. Taking this as your polar star, you can hardly err.\u2014I shall send you by the first vessel which sails (the packet excepted on account of postage) two dozen plans of the city of Washington in the Federal territory, which you are desired to display, not for sale but for public inspection, wherever they may be most seen by those descriptions of people worthy and likely to be attracted to it, dividing the plans among the cities of London and Edinburgh chiefly, but sending some also to Glasgow, Bristol Dublin &c.\u2014Mr. Taylor tells me he sends you the public papers by every vessel going from hence to London.  They will keep you informed of the proceedings of Congress, and other occurrences worthy your knowlege. I have the honor to be with great & sincere esteem, Dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Tho\u2019 I have mentioned Sweden as the most likely place to get copper from on the best terms, yet if you can be satisfied it may be got on better terms elsewhere it is left to your discretion to get it elsewhere.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0779", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 30 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSunday Morning 30th. Decr. 1792\nThe Letter to Mr. Pinckney meets my ideas\u2014but after mentioning Sweden as the Country most likely to obtain Copper from, I think it would be better not to confine him to the purchase there.\nG W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0781", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Pearce and Thomas Marshall, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Pearce, William,Marshall, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPaterson Decr. 31st. 1792.\nYour favour of the 15th. Inst: came to hand on Saturday last, and have to Inform you that the true Account of our Machine was publish\u2019d in the N. York Daily Advertiser of the 24th. Inst: in that Statement we carefully avoided every Exaggeration; we have divided our Machine for the Convenience of Stopping, Oiling, Cleaning &c into Twelve parts, each of these Divisions we calculate as equal to the production of 25 \u2114 of Clean\u2019d Cotton per Day making 300 \u2114 for One Machine in 12 hours, but every Experiment more fully proves to us that each Stop or Division will produce upon an Average 36 \u2114 in the Same time making 432 \u2114 in One day, but diffidence induced us to Rate it at 300 Weight. They may be brought by Water, Horse or Hand, and Except in the latter Case require only the Attendance of Young Children. Thinking we have a plan in View of further Improvement, which is now preparing for trial, We Wish to forbear entering into Particulars at present. As Soon as Convenient, One of us shall Visit Philadelphia, but in the Mean time most ernestly and Respectfully Solicit a line of Advice from you, in the hope of which, we remain with the utmost Deference Sir Yr Most Obedient Humble Servants\nWm. Pearce\nThomas Marshall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0782", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear Martha\nPhiladelphia Dec. 31. 1792.\nI received three days ago Mr. Randolph\u2019s letter of the 14th. from Richmond, and received it with great joy as it informed me of the reestablishment of dear Anne\u2019s health. I apprehend from an expression in his letter that some of mine may have miscarried. I have never failed to write every Thursday or Friday. Percieving by the Richmond paper that the Western post now leaves that place on Monday, I change my day of writing also to Sunday or Monday.\u2014One of the Indian chiefs now here, whom you may remember to have seen at Monticello a day or two before Tarlton drove us of, remembers you and enquired after you. He is of the Pioria nation. Perhaps you may recollect that he gave our name to an infant son he then had with him and who, he now tells me, is a fine lad.\u2014Blanchard is arrived here and is to ascend in his balloon within a few days. The affairs of France are going on well.\u2014Tell Mr. Randolph that I write him a letter by this post in answer to the application to rent Elkhill; but under the possibility that the sale of it may be completed, I inclose his letter to Mr. Hylton with a desire that he will return it to me if the place is sold, otherwise to forward it to Mr. Randolph. My best esteem to him and our friends with you. Adieu, my dear, your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0784", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Elias Vanderhorst, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Vanderhorst, Elias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBristol, 31 Dec. 1792. He wrote on 24 Dec., but as the ship Charles is detained by contrary winds, he adds two newspapers. These and other accounts make it appear that England is \u201cdetermined to go to war with France, an event, which should it take place, cannot, in my opinion, but be extremely injurious to both Nations\u2014but, unfortunately for mankind in general, the Interest of the People at large, and that of their Rulers, are but too often placed in opposition, and the one sacrificed, to the emolument of the other.\u201d The report mentioned in his last of an alliance between France and Spain is now generally discredited. Parliament has done nothing about the expected Corn Bill. The price of corn has declined a little and a further reduction is expected.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0785", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 31 December 1792\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nI do not recollect perfectly what your sentiments were respecting the application of Mr. De la Forest\u2014and being to give an answer to the Secretary of the Treasury on this occasion I should be glad to receive them previously thereto.\nThe difficulty of the case you well know arises from the unauthorised  request, and the hazard of advancing monies without it. I am Yours sincerely\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0786", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 31 [December 1792]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonday 31st. Jan [i.e. 31 Dec. 1792]\nIf you have not closed your letter to Mr: Pinckney I wish you would desire him to be very attentive to the embarkation of Troops for America\u2014especially Quebec\u2014and to give the earliest advice of the measure\u2014and of the numbers. Yours &c.\nG W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0787", "content": "Title: Jefferson\u2019s Account of the Bargain on the Assumption and Residence Bills, 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n[Ed. Note: These undated notes, conjecturally assigned to 1792, were printed in Vol. 17: 205\u20138 as part of a group of documents on the constitutionality of the Residence Bill.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0788", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Nancarrow, with Drawing by Jefferson, [1792\u20131793]\nFrom: Nancarrow, John,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nOn the second plate following page 233, Fig. 3. Dessein d\u2019une machine pour elever l\u2019Eau par le moyent du Vent.\nThis machine is simple, easily constructed and capable of raising water to any height provided the pumps are made in the Jack-head form.\nJ. N. thinks he has seen one of these Engines with wooden sails instead of Cloth.\nN.B. This book may be kept 3 weeks unless J. N. be called on to go into the Country sooner.\n[Drawing by TJ on a separate sheet:]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-24-02-0789", "content": "Title: Note on the National Debt, [1792\u20131793?]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nWithout pretending to minute exactness we may say that strike off the assumption which is 3/9 of the whole debt foreign and domestic, borrow money to pay the residue at \u2154 of the interest, which is equivalent to getting rid of two of the remaining 6/9 and our real debt would have been 4/9 of what it now is. The surplus of moderate taxes after supporting government and paying the interest of the real debt, honorably yet prudently used at market might have made sensible impression on the remaining capital of debt: so as to leave no hazard in pronouncing that the debt is three what it needed to have been.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0122", "content": "Title: Enclosure: James Cole Mountflorence\u2019s Account of the French Revolution, 11 November 1792\nFrom: Mountflorence, James Cole\nTo: \nEnclosureJames Cole. Mountflorence\u2019s Account of the French Revolution\nCopy of a Letter from an American Officer in Paris to his friend in Virginia, brought by the Amiable Antoinette.\nDear Sir\nParis 11th. Novbr. 1792\nI have not written to you since the memorable 10th. of August, but do not accuse me of neglect, The tyrannical proceedings of the Municipality of Paris who had erected themselves into one of the most tremendous inquisitorial courts, ten times more arbitrary than the star chamber, or the Dominicans Inquisition in Spain and sicily made it unsafe even for a stranger to trust his thoughts to paper locked up in his desk; much more dangerous would it therefore have been to send a letter by post containing any political intelligence. No doubt you have had in America such various and different reports concerning the french Revolution, that you must be at a loss to find out the truth from the many opposit accounts you have received; and indeed I will confess to you that it is a difficult matter for a man even on the spot and who is attatched to none of their parties, not to be mislead by the persons from whom he gets his information. When the late french constitution was adopted in 1791 contrary to the Wish and opinion of a large number of the then Legislators, who wanted a republican form of government, a party was immediately formed in the jacobin Club, determined to overthrow the constitution and abolish Royalty. The members of this Club (disseminated in Societies establish\u2019d on the same principles, in every Town of France corresponding with each other, but of which the Paris club seems to be the head or great council) contributed very much to the Revolution, and to their Exertions France is indebted for the Destruction of arbitrary Power and for the Constitution of 1791, most of the Legislators of the first national Assembly, belonging to that Club; But this Constitution having retained a hereditary King, a Schism immediately took place, and those who were averse to Monarchy combined together in order to overset it; Most of the Societies of Marseilles and of other Towns in the South of France joined that Party who preserved the Name of Jacobin, and may be compared to the most furious Roundheads under the Reign of Charles the first, the others who were for maintaining the Constitution lately adopted, were distinguished by the Name of \u201cFeuillants.\u201d The most violent Spirit of Party broke out at the first Meeting of the Second Legislature, when the jarring Interests of the two most powerful Factions, the Jacobin and Feuillant, together with the ineffectual Efforts of those Members who were still attached to the Clergy, Nobility and all the Errors of the old Government produced that unwise Measure of declaring War to the Emperor, without the least Necessity and almost without Provocation. All Parties were for War, tho\u2019 actuated by very different motives; the Jacobins desirous of rendering the King odious and of throwing him into every Embarassment, flattered themselves that the Influence of the Queen in the Council would prevent the King from Sanctioning the Legislature Decree for War; in that case they would have taken pains to represent to the People that he was inimical to the Welfare and Glory of the Nation, and thereby alienate more and more from him the Affections of the People; on the other hand, should he Sanction the Decree, as he really did, they would have an Opportunity of accusing him as head of the Executive Department  for all the unavoidable Misfortunes of the War, charging him with the Bad Situation of Warlike and other Supplies, the frontier Towns were in, the Want of Discipline in the Army, and the Divisions subsisting between the Officers of all Rank; altho those Circumstances were the natural Consequences of Three Years Anarchy and Confusion produced by the Revolution; yet they Knew well that the People in general do not reflect, but believe implicitly what is told them by those Persons who have gained their Confidence, by pretending to be their Friends; The feuillants voted for the War, in the Belief that it would give Stability and Energy to the new form of Government, it being natural to suppose that those who were still displeased at some Articles of the Constitution, would nevertheless rally themselves under its Banners to oppose a foreign foe; the Royalists, who sighed for the old Arbitrary Government, and the Aristocrats desirous of restoring the Priviledges and Immunities of the Nobility and Clergy, were satisfied with the War, expecting that the confused Situation France was in, would have made it impossible for her to carry on the War without restoring to the King, Nobility and Clergy their former insufferable Power; all Parties therefore concurred to the adopting of a Measure so impolitical and so contrary to the true Interest of the Nation.\nWar was therefore undertaken with all possible Disadvantage, and the Marquis De la Fayette was appointed to the Command of one of the Armies. The Jacobins Kept Agents and Emissaries in every Army and in every Regiment, in order to gain Proselytes, to alienate the Affections of the Soldiers from the Prince, and to induce them to mistrust such of their officers as were of a noble Descent, preaching up the Doctrine of universal Equality. The Insubordination produced by their Machination caused the Miscarriage of the first Attack upon Mons, on the Retreat from which Place, the mislead Soldiery cut to [\u2026] General Dillon, who had served with so much honor and Courage in the American War. The Experienced Count De Rochambeau, who commanded the french forces at the taking of Lord Cornwallis\u2019s Army at York, resigned the Command of the Army on the Rhine, not being able to put up with the Indiscipline so industriously introduced in his Army; but La Fayette remained at his Post, and with his well Known Activity and conciliating manners, he succeeded in reestablishing Good Order and Discipline in his Army, having taken the judicious Precaution of expelling from it all the Jacobins and Every Person who held Discourses against the Constitution, him and his Army had sworn to maintain.\nThe Jacobins persuing their favorable Plan of susciting Difficulties upon Difficulties to the King, their Adherents in the National assembly promoted a Decree to call under the Wall of Paris a Camp of 30,000 Men, to be composed of \u201cFeder\u00e9s\u201dof every Department; and another submitting the  Clergy who had not taken the new test-Oath, to be apprehended at the Demand of several Persons not even on Oath, and to be transported out of the Country. The King\u2019s Council discovered the Precipice which the sanction of the [co]up-decree would have precipitated him in, as this intended Army near Paris would have been composed only of such F\u00e9der\u00e9s as were Jacobins; or influenced by them, by the uncommon Pains they had taken throughout the Kingdom to procure themselves Adherents, and to place them in most of the Civil public Offices; therefore Not only the King\u2019s Existence would have been endangered by Such measure, but the Constitution itself would have run the Risk of being subverted. As to the other Decree respecting the Clergy nonconformist, it was unconstitutional in its Principles, and would have given lieu to the most arbitrary Proceeding against One Portion of the Citizens of france, and a pretty considerable one too. The King\u2019s Refusal to sanction those two Decrees was made use of to represent to the People that he was not their friend, nor had the good of the Nation at heart, since he opposed their Wishes expressed by their Representatives in the national Assembly; With similar Sophistry and some more powerful Means, the Jacobins caused the Inhabitants of the Suburbs of St. Anthony and St. Marceau to repair to the Number of Several Thousand Men, armed with all kind of Weapons to the King\u2019s Palace on the 20th. June; Resistance would have been vain, as the Municipality took no Pains to prevent this Insurrection, which they had the appearance of rather favoring; As all the News papers must have given you a Circumstancial Account of the Events of that day, in which the spirited Conduct of the King gained him so many Partisans, I shall only add on that Subject that it is now evident that the Scheme of the Jacobins for that Day was twofold, that is to say to terrify the King into a Sanction of the two above recited Decrees, otherwise to carry matters to the last Extremities with him; But his Firmness and Courage on this Occasion imposed in so wonderful manner on the Multitude, that they departed without having done any bodily hurt to the King, after having abominably insulted the Queen with the most opprobrious Language. Upwards of Seventy Departments out of the 83, sent affectionate and respectful Adresses to the King, congratulating him on his spirited Conduct, his miraculous Escape from the imminent Dangers he had been exposed to, and devoting to Execrations the Authors and Promoters of the indecent Scenes of that Day. The Jacobins having thus failed in this attempt, used every Effort to march to Paris, without any order from Government, all the F\u00e9der\u00e9s, they could possibly raise in the Departments where they had the most Influence, in which they partly succeeded; but the Army of Lafayette were  moved with Indignation at the Events of the 20th. June; they presented very spirited Adresses to their General, and some of the Regiments even expressed their Resolution of marching to Paris to protect the King\u2019s Person; The Marquis in order to prevent a Step of which the Consequences might have involved the Kingdom in a open civil War, and left the frontiers exposed to the Ravages of the Enemy, came to Paris with only some of his Aids-de-Camp, presented himself at the Bar of the National Assembly, informed them of the Sentiments of his Army on the Events of the 20th. June, denounced the Jacobins as Enemies to the Government and Constitution, and declared to them that he would maintain the Constitution of the Nation against all Parties and Factions whatsoever. This Spirited Measure of the Marquis, irritated more than ever the Jacobins who directed all their Fury against him, and from that Moment his Ruin seemed unavoidable; With the Greatest acrimony they moved in the Assembly for a Decree of Accusation against him, that is to say an Impeachment of high Treason, but the Virtue and Innocence of this  brave Patriot triumphed of his factious Enemies in a very glorious Manner on the Day that was set apart by the Assembly to determine whether there should be a Decree of Accusation against the Marquis or not; Two Thirds of the Legislature having voted that there was no Ground for Such a Decree, to the great Mortification of the Jacobins; this did happen in the first Week of August. But Some time before in the latter part of July, the Jacobins expected that with the assistance of the F\u0153der\u00e9s (who were still flocking to Paris, without any Legal Order to that Effect, but by the mere Influence of that violent Party) they would be able to seize upon the Royal family and Such of the Members of the Assembly who were attached to the Constitution: Santerre Commandant of the Paris National Guards and one of them, promised to raise forty Thousand Men; accordingly a Plan of Operations was fixed upon and reduced into Writing by Mr. Barbaroux of Marseilles and now one of the Members of the Convention, and Signed at \u201cCharenton\u201d (a Village about Six Miles from Paris) by Such of the Members of the Assembly who were of that party and other Persons of Influence; the 28th. of July was the Day fixed upon to carry this Scheme into Execution; a large Party of Feder\u2019s from Marseilles were to arrive that Day, and it had been agreed that Santerre would contrive to march his Men out as far as Charenton, as if to meet the Marseillois, and welcome them with a Treat; all the Conspirators were to Assemble at the same place, and Santerre men were each of them, that is to say as many as there would have been of the Marseillois, take one of them home with him, in order to carry him at Midnight at the Several Stations and Posts agreed upon in the Vicinity of the King\u2019s Palace, to attack it on all Sides all at Once; but to the great Dismay of the Conspirators, Santerre could only parade about Fifteen hundred Men; that Number joined to the Marseillois did not appear sufficient for the Purpose, and therefore they once more postponed the Execution of their Design. The King well knew all the Designs of his Enemies, but could not guard himself against them; for Some time before the 10th. August, the most abominable Songs were Sung Night and Day under the Windows of his Apartments and those of the Queen, and they were insulted upon every occasion. It is very probable that he had thought of retiring to Rouen, as part of the Swiss-guards had been sent there, and Great Numbers of the Nobility and Clergy had taken Shelter in that town, where they were less exposed by the Urbanity and Moderation of the Inhabitants to personal Insults and Dangers than in any other town of France. Nothing was more natural and less criminal even for an Individual who finds himself in the Midst of his Enemies, and Knowing his Life to be in the greatest Danger, to endeavor to Save himself, by escaping to another Place, yet it was reported in Paris that the King had a Design of flying out of that City, and it was looked upon by  the Mob as a very Great Crime. I believe tho\u2019 that if He had been able to get to Rouen, the Counter-revolution would not have happened; the Greatest part of the Army would have remained in his Interest, and all those who were attached to the Constitution would have flocked to him; the Jacobins were well aware of this, and therefore they had him watched in the strictest manner and hurried the Execution of their Plan.\nOn the 9th. of August a little before Midnight, the Allarm-bells rung all over Paris, and the General war beat in every Street; Three or Four Days before, this Event had been advertised and posted up in Every Street of Paris, recommending to all Good Citizens who wished to maintain the Constitution; to rally themselves near the King and Protect him and Royal family from the premeditated Massacre; What Noblemen and Officers were in Paris had repaired to the King\u2019s Palace on the 9th., in order to defend the hereditary Representative of the People; the Bataillon of National Guards on Duty with two field Pieces promised to defend the King\u2019s Persons, and Similar Assurances he received from Several Corps of the Same troops; In the Night Some of the Municipal officers at the King\u2019s Request came to him, and promised to use their Efforts to preserve Order and prevent Any Violence; During the Night all Paris was under arms, and Mr. Roederer (a Jacobin) one of the Municipal officers having been called upon for Orders by the officers of the Swiss and National Guards, could not help ordering to repell force by force; for which Order he was afterwards impeached. The 10th. Early in the Morning the King himself reviewed his Swiss-Guards, gave them some Money and had Some Extraordinary Drink distributed to them. About Eight oClock Some of the Municipal officers returned to the King, informed him that their Efforts to contain the People in order had been vain, and insisted upon his going with the Royal family into the house of Assembly then Sitting, as the only safe place for them. Arrived in the Middle of the Legislature, Some Members represented that all Paris was in Arms, that Order and Law were intirely out of Question, that the People was so inraged that not only the Life of the King but even the Existence of the Legislature itself were in Danger; that there was no way left to quell the People that Surrounded the Palace to the Number of Thirty or forty Thousands with all the field pieces that were in the City, but Enacting immediately a Decree suspending the King from all his Functions as head of the Executive, till the Meeting of a Convention. The Decree was enacted in a few Minutes in the presence of the King and Royal family, and as a D\u00e9putation of 12 Members were repairing from the Assembly to the People around the Palace with a Copy of the Decree, the F\u0153der\u00e9s of Marseilles who were nearest to the Gates of the Palace-Yard, attempted to force them; the Swiss Guards who were there on Duty repulsed them with a well directed fire; I never heard a better Platoon fire on a field day; upwards of Eleven Hundred of the Assaillants in a few Minutes fell to the Ground; the Swiss finding that the Company of Artillery and the Bataillon of National Guards on Duty did not join them in the Defense of the Palace, Seized upon the two field pieces that were in the Yard loaded with Grape shots, and fired them with great Execution; they pursued their Advantage, Sallied out of the Yard into the Place \u201cdes Carouzels\u201d crowded with National Guards and F\u0153der\u00e9s, took two of their field-pieces, and brought them into the Yard; they acted with so much Spirit and Bravery, that they would have undoubtedly scattered and dispersed the Numerous Bands of their Enemies, if Several thousand Men coming into the Place by all the Avenues (at the general Cry uttered with Design through all the Streets of Paris, \u201cthat the\n Swiss were murdering the People\u201d) pressing forward those that were in the Place, drove them along Pall-mall with the Swiss into the Palace Yard, where a Dreadful Slaughter ensued; after expending all their Amunition they retired into the Palace where they were most inhumanely Massacreed; In vain they cried for Quarters, not One of them was Spared, except about 150 who had the Good luck to escape by the tops of Houses to the National Assembly, where they were with great Difficulty protected for several Days from the Fury of the People. The Palace having been ransacked, Every man of the Swiss Nation was hunted after in Paris with the greatest Industry, and as many as they found they put to instant Death; they did the Same with most of the Nobility and Such of the Regular Clergy and Monks who had not taken the Test-Oath. Such of the Nobility, Clergy and People of the King\u2019s household who were Spared, were confined in the Several Prisons, which were soon filled up.\nThe Constitution thus violated, Law and Order having given Way to Anarchy, Confusion and Horror, the King and his family whose lives were sought after by the Misguided Parisians and F\u0153der\u00e9s, were sent Prisoners under a strong Guard to the Temple, formerly a Palace of his Brother. The Municipality usurped the sovereign Command, and suffered the Assembly to continue their Sittings till the Meeting of the Convention for form-sake only, and in order to enact such Decrees as suited their Views and Interest; Guards were ordered on all the Avenues to Paris; not a Soul was permitted to go out of the City whose Streets were every hour sullied with Some of the most horrid and atrocious Murders; The Jacobins had very industriously circulated a Report throughout the Kingdom (which tho\u2019 ever so absurd, gained Credit with the People at large) that the King had formed the Design of murdering all the Patriots; that the Aristocrats, the Nobility and the Clergy were of his Party, that they begun the Execution of this Plan on the 10th. August, but that the Bravery and Spirit of the Parisians and F\u0153der\u00e9s in defending themselves defeated the Intents and Purposes of the Court who became the Victims of their own Perfidy and Treachery against the Nation. What contributed much to the implicit faith given to this false Representation of Facts, was the Tyrany of the ruling Party; Any One who would had dared to contradict the Report by relating what he had seen with his own Eyes, who could have been so unmindful of his own personal Safety as to offer even an Argument to show the Improbability or rather the Impossibility of such Designs in the King, would have had immediately his throat cut, Such being the arbitrary Proceedings of those Days, which are not much altered even now; People then of the mildest Dispositions, out of fear, or out of Confidence in the false Recitals of the Events of the 10th., were heard to say that the People did take a terrible Vengeance both of the Evils formerly done to them and of those attempted against them. It was enough to be put to Death on the Spot without Trial or Jury, that any ill looking or Shabily drest fellow who met You in the Streets, said that you were an Aristocrat, or a friend of Genl. La Fayette; the Rights of Individuals and then of Nations were equally violated; the Dwellings of Ambassadors and Envoys of foreign Nations and Princes were no longer  held sacred, nor their Persons free from Insults, trying to escape from those Scenes of repeated Horrors; Most of them retired to their Respective Courts; Our Worthy Representative \u201cMr. Governeur Morris\u201d stood his Ground, not without running the greatest Danger for his Personal Safety, tho\u2019 he had always conducted himself with the greatest Caution and Prudence, but the Jacobins never admitted of any Neutrality, and whoever did not join them and approve of all their Measures, was sure to be devoted to the Fury of their Satellites; tho\u2019 it was certainly the Only Conduct that a foreign Minister could with any Degree of Propriety adopt, that of being of no party and not to intermeddle with the Jarring Interests of the Contending Parties. Some few of the Departments at first had Spirit enough to disapprove of the Events of the 10th., and to declare their Resolutions of maintaining the Constitution they had sworn to preserve, but they were compelled by the Numbers who gave their Assent to what had been done to the Measures that were pursued, to acquiesce to them also.\nAt First, Genl. La Fayette\u2019s Army were struck with Amazement and Indignation, but the Emissaries of the Jacobins worked up so effectually the Minds of the Soldiery, that the General finding that he could not with what few men remained staunch to the Constitution, oppose the Torrent of the Counter-revolutionists, he left his mislead Army, and repaired to Germany where he was taken up by the Austrian Troops, detained Prisoner by Order of the Emperor, and sent into Confinement at Wezel where he remains still. What a Folly! What an Absurdity then to suppose that the Brave La Fayette, One of the Champions of Liberty, was a Traitor to his Country, bribed by its Enemies and sold to the Emperor? Would he now be a Prisoner among them, had he been so base a Villain? The Shadow of the Legislature intirely influenced by the all Powerful Jacobins offered a Reward to whoever should bring to them la Fayette, or put him to Death. A more horrid Motion was at that time made in the Assembly and had like to be carried into Effect; that was to raise a Body of Twelve hundred Regicides or King\u2019s Murderers, who were to be well paid and equiped; their Services were to introduce themselves in Disguise or otherwise in the Enemy\u2019s Camps, and Countries; to Assassinate the Emperor, the King of Prussia, the Duke of Brunswick, the Austrian and Prussian Generals, the Princes of France, and the Marquis De la Fayette; this Motion was seconded and heard with Patience and without Indignation in the Assembly of about Seven hundred Representatives of the People of France, a Nation but a little ago reknowned thro\u2019 the World for its humanity and Benevolence.\nThe Fury of the People being somewhat abated, as Murders became less Frequent, The Monsters who had prompted them to all Kind of Crimes, at the Beginning of September, instigated them with the Design of slaughtering all the Prisoners detained in the Several Jails of Paris to the number of several Thousands, those detained for Debt excepted. This diabolical Scheme was put into Execution by not more than Three or Four hundred Men in a [\u2026]\n never attempted to prevent this unnecessary and abominable Effusion of human blood, altho\u2019 the Massacre lasted pretty near a Week, the Murderers not being numerous enough to go to all the Prisons at Once, but they went on deliberately from One Jail to another, destroying coolly and deliberately all those who had the Misfortune to be therein confined. The Kennels of all Streets in Paris were tinged with Blood, but the most Cruel Sight that shocked my Eyes, was the head of the Princess Lamballe full of Blood, with all the hair on it, carried in Triumph through the Streets of Paris, on the Spear of a Pike, at the general Acclamation of the Populace and Boys shouting, \u201cVive la Nation\u201d! Some Days previous to the general Massacre of the Prisoners, this unhappy Princess a near Relation to the King, had been confined in one of the Jails, because it was known that she was very much in the Confidence of the Queen, or rather that she might experience the Same horrible Fate designed for the other Prisoners. The Day before the Slaughter at the Jail where she was, it was well Known by Every body in Paris, that the infernal blood thirsty Executioners were [\u2026] remove this devoted Princess, nor was even the ordinary Guard reinforced. After cutting off her head in the Street before the Prison\u2019s Gate, they mangled her naked Body by cutting her open, taking out her Heart and Intrails, and cutting off her privy parts, which after having washed at a neighbouring Fountain, they carried also exulting On the Point of a Pike through the Streets of Paris. \nThe Assembly having decreed that Members should be elected in every Department to meet in Convention at Paris by the latter End of September, to pronounce on the fate of the King, the same Tyrany that directed Every Measure of the Municipality of Paris, presided at the Elections of Delegates to the Convention. Matters were carried so far, that all those who were Known or suspected of pitying the King\u2019s Confinement and that of the royal family, all those who preserved an Attachment to Genl. La Fayette and to the Constitutions, all those who had signed Petitions to the King subsequent to the 20th. June reprobating the Insults offered to him on that Day, and all those who were suspected of detesting the Horrors and Violences daily committed, were excluded from the [\u2026] place in Several Departments, yet it was not the Case all over the Kingdom. Can therefore the present Convention be properly called the free Representatives of the French Nation? whilst in Several of the most populous Cities, the principal Characters, the Land holders, monied men, Merchants and Gentlemen were excluded from Voting and from being elected. About that time Attempts were made in Paris to promote what they improperly called an \u201cAgrarian Law,\u201d but which in fact was nothing else but to divide equally all the Properties and Riches of France between the Jacobins and their Adherents.\nBefore I entertain you with the Proceedings of the Convention it will not be amiss to relate to you the Warlike Operations of Austria and Prussia. Those two Powers had agreed together that the Duke of Brunswick at the head of the Prussian Army should endeavor to penetrate to Paris to deliver the King, and facilitate thereby the assembling of the french Royalists, without losing any time by besieging Places or fighting pitched Battles; that the Austrian Army should follow the Duke at three or four Days March Distance, in order to [\u2026] the [french] [\u2026] in [\u2026] to facilitate the Supplies of the Prussians, and protect their Retreat in case of Necessity. The Prussian Army after taking Longwy and Verdun which made no Resistance, advanced into the Province of Champaign, the Duke of Brunswick having got between Genl. Kellermann\u2019s and Dumourier\u2019s Armies. Paris was open to him, at about only one hundred Miles Distance, without a Single fortified Town on his Way, or any Troops to oppose him, but a few unarmed Bataillons of newly levied National Guards unarmed; but the Austrians had not followed the Duke as it had been agreed, which rendered his Situation exceedingly critical; his Army had already suffered very much by Sickness, Scarcity of Provisions, and Want of almost Every Necessary; his Cavalry was almost intirely ruined; in that Situation, had he pursued his March to Paris, abandonned by the Austrians, in case of a Repulse, His whole Army must have been sacrificed, being so far ingaged in His Enemy\u2019s Country, destitute of Supplies, and two formidable Armies on his Rear, besides Numberless fortified Towns. The King of Prussia was himself with his Army; and probably directed the Operations; he was moved with Resentment at the Conduct of the Austrians; Flags begun to pass and repass between the french and Prussian Armies, the Consequences of which were, as it is generally thought now, an Agreement entered into by the french and Prussians that the Prussians should immediately evacuate all the french territory, and that the french [\u2026] Retreat; that is the more probable as they were suffered to retire into Germany without any Attempts being made upon them by the French, the first day excepted (which was the Effect of a Misunderstanding) and that they evacuated Verdun, longwy, all Lorain  and Alsatia, where it is very evident they might have with Safety taken up Winter Quarters; Besides the King of Prussia, after his Retreat from France, having taken Possession with his Troops of the strong City of Luxemburg, notified the Emperor that he would Keep in his hands that town, untill he should be indemnified of his Expences and Losses marching at his Sollicitations into France. Whatever may have been the true Cause of the Prussians sudden Retreat, Dumourier had the whole honor and Merit of driving the Prussians out of France.\nThe Convention a few days after making an House, took upon themselves, without consulting their Constituents to pass a Decree abolishing at once \u201cRoyalty\u201d in France, which they declared to be a Republic; Afterwards they Resolved that another new Constitution or Form of Government, should be prepared and redacted by their Body, which should be offered to the People at Large for their Approbation or Refusal; A Committee of Nine Members of the Convention was appointed to that Effect, and Thomas Paine, the Author of \u201cCommon-Sense,\u201d who wrote so much in favor [\u2026] astonishing that the Convention should have declared absolutely the Extinction of the Constitution of 1791, without referring their Opinion to the People at Large for their Assent, and at the same time enact that a New plan or form of Government should be submitted to them for their Approbation, as if it required a different or a greater Power to Create than to abolish? But Contradictions have marked every Step of the French Revolution, and it seems to be One of the Characteristics of that Nation.\nTwo Parties seem now to be formed among the Republican Members of the present Convention; the One desirous of reestablishing Order and Law, putting an End to all further arbitrary Proceedings, and wishing in order to provide for the legal Protection of Persons and Properties to bring to condign Punishments the Authors and Promoters of all the atrocious and unnecessary Murders perpetrated for some time Past to the great Contempt of Law and good Government; the other Party conscious of their own Guilt, by the Share they have had in those horrible Deeds, endeavor to throw Difficulties in the Way of the others, and pursue with great Earnestness the Plan of bringing the King and Queen to Trial, seeking after their Blood, whilst the other party wish to Save their Lives. Indeed there\u2019s very little Harmony in the Convention, and the Dissentions there prevailing, may possibly occasion some very great Trouble in Paris. The Constitution Committee have not yet made any Report, intending to present to the Convention an intire Plan of a form of Government to be accepted or rejected in toto.\nHaving given you an impartial Account of this Year\u2019s transactions in Paris, permit me to remark to You, that the Noble and Glorious Cause of Liberty, for which You and I have so often fought and bled in America, is almost  dishonored in France by the Horrors and Cruelties committed by designing and ferocious Men, who make use of the Word only, as a Pretence to violate in the most flagrant Manner all the most precious and unalienable Rights of Men. Under a free Government like ours, the Liberties of Individuals cannot nor ought not to be infringed; the Citizen is to find Security for his Person and Property under the protection of the Law which abhors all tyranical Proceedings. In my Next I will inform you of the Progress of the Convention. Yours\n   The Days following the 10th. August, the Municipality ordered the Several Sections to appoint confidential Persons, that is to say hot headed Jacobins, to search in the Dead of the Night Every house in Paris, to examine Papers, and to take up every Person whom they might have suspected of not favoring their party; this order was executed with so much Zeal, that Thousands in less than four or five Days filled up the Jails of Paris, who were afterwards murdered at the General Massacre of the 2d., 3d. and 4th. September; A Pamphlet, a Letter, or any piece of Writing reflecting on the Jacobins, or expressing an Attachment to the King, or to the Constitution, or to Mr. Lafayette, found in the Possession of any man, was sufficient to Send him to Prison, had he been happy enough not to be butchered on the Spot.\n   They have in truth and in fact surpassed in Cruelties and Horrors any thing of the Kind that has ever happened; they have not yet, it is true, put their Sovereign to Death, but they are thirsty of his Blood; and with Difficulty will it be Spared. It is a self evident truth, that any Nation or People have an imprescriptible Right of being governed as they please, and it is equally true, that a Republican form of Government is more analogous to the Rights of Men; Therefore if a great Majority of the french are tired of a Kingly Government and wish a Democratical one, they have an undoubted Right to Send their King about his Business, the former Contract being annulled; at the Same time it is unnecessary to accuse him of Crimes never committed, and it is dishonoring the glorious Cause of Liberty, to make use of falsities, Murders and the most abominable Cruelties in order to serve it.\n   The Constitution had left to the King the power of ratifying and negativing the Decrees of the Legislature, before they became Laws; the King\u2019s Ratification or Approbation was called his Sanction, and his Negative, was distinguished by his Veto; from which the Blackguards of Paris, designed under the Appellation of \u201cSans-culottes\u201d (without Breeches) in their infamous Songs made against the King, called him Monsieur Veto.\n   The feuillants had already divided themselves into two Parties, since their Seperation from the Jacobins; towitt those who were Constitutionalists, or wished to maintain the Constitution in all its Points, and those who tho\u2019 attached to the Constitution, wanted an Alteration in it to establish an Upper house of Legislature; even these last thought that a War would favor their Design.\n   Such is the name made use of to distinguish the National Guards of the Several Departments from the National Guards of Paris.\n   France which was formerly divided into Provinces and Military Governments, is since the Revolution divided into Eighty three Districts, called Departements.\n   The Constitution had established a liberty of Worship for all Religions, but had preserved a National One, the Ministers of which had Revenues and livings; but none of the Clergy could have these Livings without taking a particular Oath for that purpose; those who held any of the Livings and refused to take the Oath were to be removed from them, and others substituted in their places.\n   Never was Patriotism, Courage and Virtue persecuted with more Virulence, than in the Case of this brave General, a Son of Liberty, and who fought so nobly in America for her Rights the Calumny the most absurd and Pamphlets the most scurrilous were propagated, and every base Subterfuge resorted to, in order to ruin him in the Minds of the People; in the National assembly he was accused as the only Cause of the french Arms bad Success in the Austrian Netherlands by not cooperating with Genl. Luckner\u2019s Army, and that by his inaction he had obliged the french troops to evacuate that Country; Lafayette published in his Defence, his whole Correspondence with Luckner, by which it appeared that when Genl. Luckner marched against Courtray, the Marquis acting in concert with that General, advanced with his Army another Way in the Enemy\u2019s Country, in order to make a Diversion and favor thereby his Operations; that Correspondence contained likewise a letter from the Marquis to that General, after the taking of Courtray, offering to join their forces in order to reduce all the low Country before the Arrival of the Prussian Army, that were on their March; Luckner\u2019s Answer was his Refusal to adopt that plan, and ordering a Retreat back to france, to cover that Country. Sometime before the 10th. August, Genl. Luckner came to Paris, and it was reported that being at Dinner with some of the Leaders of the Jacobins he had Said that Genl. La Fayette had proposed to him to march both their Armies to Paris to free the King from the Tyranny and Persecutions of the Jacobins; and that Monsieur De Puzy, la fayette\u2019s Aid-de-Camp, was the officer who brought him that Proposal; Information of this Circumstance having been given to the Assembly by Some of the Members who declareere preshey were present at this Conversation, the Assembly Ordered that De Puzy should appear at the Bar of the house to Answer the Charge exhibited against him, and that the Marquis should answer in Writing. In Every other Country than France, the Event of that Accusation which proved to be malicious false and without any Ground, would have conciliated to the Marquis the Esteem and Affections of his fellow Citizens covering at the Same time his base Accusers with Shame and Infamy; but it happened otherwise. La Fayette\u2019s Answer was that of a Gallant officer and a Virtuous Patriot moved with Indignation at the Injustices and Persecution of a violent Party; \u201cCe n\u2019est pas vrai\u201d (it is false) was the Laconic Defense of this Brave Man, and his only Answer to so heinous a Charge. Mr. De Puzy his Aid-de-camp and coaccused appeared at the Bar of the Assembly with that Serenity and Firmness which are the Appendages of a virtuous man conscious of his own Innocence and shocked at the Presence of his Enemies and vile Accusers; But what must have been their Confusion, could Such Monsters blush when he produced all the Letters that passed between the two Generals since the pretended Conversation that gave Rise to the Accusation, in Several of which Luckner denies positively, with that frankness So common to an old Veteran of four Score that Knows more about fighting than of the pitiful Intrigues of political Parties, that he ever did Say or think any thing of his Colleague like the Charge preferred against him, giving him at the Same time the greatest Assurance of his Respect and Esteem. Notwithstanding this Ample Justification of a Charge exhibited on a Hearsay Testimony, the Base Calumniators remained unpunished, and continued their Diabolical Machinations against The M[\u2025]\n   This Conspiracy was related in my presence by Mr. Barbaroux himself, and Now it is a Matter frequently talked of in the Convention, where the Conspirators who signed the said Articles, will not suffer any Man to plume himself of having contributed to bring about the Counter-revolution of the 10th. August, but such as met at Charenton. As this is now a Matter of Notoriety not only acknowledged but even boasted of by Some of the principal Characters in the Convention, What Opinion can we form of Men that published and circulated thro\u2019 all france that they had the most Evident Proofs of the Designs of the King to massacre all the Jacobins and Patriots on the 10th. August, whilst on the Contrary it was themselves who put into Execution a premeditated Plan conceived long before, and often postponed by the Circumstances?\n   Some Gentlemen of the United States of America, who happened then to be in Paris, were taken up on the 10th. August, compelled to be armed, and were dragged along to the Attack of the Palace on the 10th. August, without any Consideration or Respect for their Country. No Redress has been given for Such Violation of the Rights of Nations insulted in the persons of their Citizens.\n   About this time the Duke of Brunswick at the head of an Army of about Eighty thousand Men had entered france, taken the Town of Longwy, and was marching towards the Center of the Kingdom; the Cruel Murderers made the Invasion of the Prussian Army their Pretence for Killing the Prisoners alledging that as it was necessary that most of the National Guards should march from Paris to Stop the Progress of the Enemy, in their Absence the Prisoners might revolt and put to Death their Wives and Children. A very plausible Story indeed to justify the Murder of near Ten Thousand defenceless Victims in cold Blood!\n   That is to Say Huzza for the Nation, or Long live the Nation!\n   She was a Person of the greatest Affability; Kind, generous and compassionate; and spent great part of her Revenue in Deeds of Charity. The Unhappy and the Persecuted were always sure to find Protection and Relief from her benevolent Hand.\n   All the Prisoners of Paris having been thus massacred, the Same Murderers, repaired to Orleans; where the State Prisoners against whom there had been Decrees of Accusation were confined, among whom were Several Ministers of State and Some of the first Nobility of the Kingdom; they carried them to Versailles, where they were all put to Death in the same Cruel Manner as those of Paris.\n   Immediately after the 10th. August, they erected a New Tribunal to judge in a Summary manner all suspected Persons; this new Set of Judges of the Jacobins Tribe, condemned to Death Mr. La Porte, the King\u2019s Intendant for having obeyed the King\u2019s Orders, which he was bound to do; Mr. Du Rosoy a Man of Letters, who had redacted a Newspaper previous to the 10th. August under the Title of the \u201cGazette de Paris,\u201d which was distributed and read all over Paris, france and Europe, was also condemned on account of his Same Gazette, for his Opinions of Attachment to the Constitution, and Dislike of the Jacobins and their proceedings. Those two unhappy Gentlemen were immediately executed with several others; it was enough to be brought before that Tribunal to be condemned to Death; the Massacre at the Prisons put an End for that time to their bloody Operations.\n   On the first Approach of the Enemies to the Frontiers of France, Genl. La Fayette had ordered Genl. Dumourier, who commanded a detached Body of his Army at the Camp of Maulde, to evacuate that Camp, and to join him with all his forces; Dumourier devoted to the Jacobins and who had flattered himself before he left Paris to join the Army that he would ruin the Marquis, refused to comply with this Order and wrote to the National Assembly to justify his Disobedience, representing the Marquis\u2019s Order as impolitical, and tending to favor the Entry of the Enemies into France. He was not punished for his Disobedience, tho\u2019 the Moment he succeeded Genl. Lafayette in his command, he Ordered himself the Evacuation of the Camp of Maulde. This will give an Idea of the Principles of this now Commander in Chief of the french Armies.\n   This Mr. Dumourier is the Same Man who being Minister and Secretary of State, wormed himself into the King\u2019s Confidence and induced him to turn out of the Ministry the Patriot and popular Ministers, Roland, Claviere and Servan; this Change of Ministry was made use of by the Jacobins to discredit more and more the King with the People, and as soon as Dumourier had made the King commit that \u201cfaux-pas,\u201d he resigned himself his place as Secretary of State, leaving the King without hardly a Single Minister, after having plunged him in the greatest Embarrassment-this is the Man who has been preferr\u2019d to the brave General La Fayette, who supplanted him in his Command, and who now enjoys all the Confidence of the French Nation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0039", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Letter of Credence from the Provisional Executive Council of France, 30 December 1792\nFrom: Le Brun,et al.\nTo: Washington, George\nEnclosureLetter of Credence from the Provisional Executive Council of France\nIn the name of the French Republic.\nIn virtue of the law of the 15th. of Aug. last which attributes to the Executive Provisory council all the functions of the Executive power, and of the Decree of the National Convention of the 21st. Sep. following, which continues the public authorities which were in activity at this last epoch.\nWe citizens forming the Executive Provisory council of the Republic to the United States of North America.\nVery Dear, great friends and Allies. Having resolved to give a successor to the citizen Ternant, minister plenipotentiary of the French republic near  you, we have chosen, to replace him, in the same quality, the Citizen Genet, Adjutant General and Colonel in the service of the republic. The marks of zeal and patriotism which he has given until now persuade us that he will conduct himself in a manner to render his person agreeable to you. We pray you, very dear, great friends and allies, to add entire faith to whatsoever he shall be charged to say to you on the part of the republic, above all, when he shall assure you of our dispositions to concur to the advantage and prosperity of the US. We have no doubt he will employ all his attention to convince you of the desire of the French nation to strengthen more and more the bonds of friendship and fraternity which ought to unite two free people, made for reciprocal esteem, and to consolidate between them the most perfect harmony.Written at Paris the 30. Dec. 1792. the 1st. year of the republic\nthe citizens forming the Provisory Executive council of the republ. of France\nsigned. Le Brun. Claviere. Garat. Roland. Pache. Monge.\nBy the Provisory Executive council\nGrouvelle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0112", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Carondelet\u2019s Speech to the Cherokee Nation, 24 November 1792\nFrom: De Arnesto, Andrew Lopez\nTo: Cherokee Nation\nCarondelet\u2019s Speech to the Cherokee Nation\nTo the chiefs, warriors and others of the Cherokee nation.\nBrothers. I have seen with much satisfaction the chiefs Respiracion, Chickamoga Charles, and the Bloody-fellow warrior of your nation: I have heard their words, which I will preserve in my heart. The losses and misfortunes of your nation have afflicted me, and I desire sincerely to relieve them.\nI transmit to the great king of the Spains whatever your messengers have said to me. His Majesty keeps in his heart all the coloured people, he desires their happiness, and that all of them should live in peace, and preserve their lands. The great king will employ with pleasure his mediation between your nation and those of the North your allies, with the US. his friends, for the reestablishment of peace between both, and that all may be content.\nBrothers. Your messengers will tell you what they have seen and heard, the good counsels which I have given them, the strict union which I procure for the happiness of the coloured men our good friends, and to keep at a distance from them in future the miseries of war. Let your nation suspend all hostility against the US. keeping themselves within their lands on the defensive, while the good king treats of peace between you and the Americans your neighbors, and obtains from them the lands necessary for your habitations, with a demarcation of limits which may leave no more room for contest.\nYou will let me know your claims as to limits that I may immediately inform the great king of them, and if the other nations of the North, your allies, will let me know theirs, I will procure that they may be comprised in the same treaty, which shall terminate your differences with the US.\nGiven, these presents, signed with my hand, sealed with the seal of my arms, in the city of New Orleans the 24th. of Nov. 1792.\nthe Baron of Carondeletby order of his Seignory\nAndrew Lopez de Arnesto\n(signed) the baron of Carondelet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0243", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: Patent Issued by William Blount, 10 August 1792\nFrom: Blount, William,Smith, Daniel\nTo: \nEnclosuresIPatent Issued by William Blount\nLiteral copy of a patent given by Govr. Blount.\nNo. 6. William Blount governor in and over the territory of the US. of A. South of the river Ohio, and Superintendant of Indian affairs for the Southern district, to all who shall see these presents Greeting.Know ye that in consideration of the proofs of fidelity and friendship which we have had of the Indian called Ittahoomastuble of the Choctaw nation, maintaining close union with the US., of his valour and consequence with the neighboring nations, and of his good disposition and knowlege to command, desiring to recommend such good qualities, I do appoint him Chief and Grand Medal admonishing him of the value he ought to put thereon, the obligation to govern his people well, and the respect he is to bear the people of the US. venerating the name of the President.For these reasons we require all citizens of the US. to acknolege him Chief and Grand Medal as aforesaid, the same to the Indians of his nation, that they respect and obey him. Given under my hand and seal in the said territory this 10th. day of Aug. 1792.\nby the Governor, signed Daniel Smithsigned Wm. Blount", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0244", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: Relation of Ugulayacabe, [after November 1792]\nFrom: Ugulayacabe\nTo: \nRelation of Ugulayacabe\n[after November 1792]\nCopy of the relation of Ugulayacabe of the occurrencies of his journey to Cumberland.\nHe said that on his return from visiting his father the Chief of New Orleans, from whence he came with a very handsome present, which had contented and satisfied him much, he met in the road two Americans, who persuaded him pressingly to go to Cumberland, where he would receive (as they told him) a good present. Ugulayacabe answered them, that he had then been to see his father at N. Orleans who had given him whatever he desired, that the Spaniards were his Whites, that he desired no others; after which answer they sollicited him no more. But having arrived at his nation, they went to his cabin, and teased him so much, that he found himself under the necessity of consenting to take the journey to Cumberland, with the design of seeing if it was true that Pyamingo had ceded lands to the Americans, as he had heard say, and if in truth these were solliciting them from the Indians, as they had informed him. That having arrived at Cumberland, they spoke to Governor Blount, who caressed him much, and proposed to him to establish a factory or magazine of trade at Bear creek, which Ugulayacabe refused, because he did not desire any such establishment there nor any where else; that he had the Spaniards for his Whites, that they furnished his nation all the goods they wanted, that he might see by the cloaths he had on, that he wanted for nothing: that on this Govr. Blount looked at him with evil eyes, and said to him \u2018you have sold your lands well to the Spaniards\u2019 to which he replied it was not so, since they had no need of them: that then Govr. Blount asked him if he would assist the Americans if they should have war with the Whites, to which Ugulayacabe answered that he would stand back and let them fight one another, but that he would never permit the Americans to establish themselves further in advance than where they were. That Govr. Blount gave him a great coat, and a hat, a very pretty little one, which he could not get on his head, and so gave it to his son because he was going to be married: that the Americans gave a dozen cart loads of goods to the Indians for the value (as they told him) of 5000. dollars: that he had little ammunition, no axes, mattocks, nor hatchets, some guns, much whiskey, victuals in abundance, meat at pleasure.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0771", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 2 [January] 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Hammond, who not having been here before on the New Year\u2019s day, Th:J. takes the liberty of informing him that those who chuse to pay visits of compliment to the President to-day are recieved at twelve aclock.\u2014While on this subject he will add that the 4th. of July is another anniversary on which those who chuse it visit the President. Those are the only days of the year on which this is done; and therefore are mentioned together.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0772", "content": "Title: Memorandum to James Madison, [after 12 January 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n[after 12 Jan. 1792]\nNotes on the alloy of the Dollar\ndwt grs.         dwt\nThe Spanish dollar, till 1728, had 11\u20134 of pure metal to every 12 of mixed\nsince 1772\nThe above is from the Encyclopedie\ngrs mixed\ngrs alloy\ngrs mixed\ngrs alloy\nThe 1st.\ndollar gives this proportion\nThe 2d.\nThe 3d.\nThe vote in the Senate for reducing the dollar from 375.64 grs. pure metal to 371.25 is a presage of what may be expected in the other house: if an opposition to that reduction be desperate, and it\u2019s motives liable to be mistaken, would it not be better to let it pass, and to try whether the quantum of alloy may not be usefully changed thus?\ngrs\nThe dollar proposed in the bill is to contain\npure metal.\nInstead of 44.75 grains alloy, add only\nalloy\nit will make the Dollar of\nmixed metal\nwhich is exactly the Unit proposed in the Report on Measures, weights and coins, viz the Ounce or cubic inch of rain water.\nThat Avarice which attaches itself to the pure metal will see some saving also in the reduction of the alloy, both in the alloy saved, and the greater worth of what remains because the more base metal you add, the less is the worth of the mass.\nIt will preserve this link of the general system and the possibility of establishing it. \nIt will try the dispositions of the Representatives towards that system.\nIt will give us a coin, which instead of 25.8 dwt. of alloy in the pound of mixed (which is that proposed in the bill and taken exactly from the base dollar of 1772) will give us one of 22.75 dwt. of alloy only in the pound, which is extremely near to that of the Dollar of 1728\u20131772, to wit 22.5 dwt. in the pound (because 288 grs. mixd : 27 grs. alloy :: 240 dwt. : 22.5 dwt.) and coming nearer to the alloy of our gold, of 20 dwt. in the pound, may render more probable some future attempt to raise the pure metal so as to bring the alloy in both coins to the same measure, when the effect on the public debt shall be out of the question.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0774", "content": "Title: Circular to the Governors of the States, 1 March 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Governors of the States\nSir\nPhiladelphia March 1st. 1792\nI have the honor to send you herein enclosed two copies, duly authenticated, of an Act concerning certain fisheries of the United States, and for the regulation and government of the fishermen employed therein; also of an Act to establish the Post office and Post roads within the United States; also the ratifications, by three fourths of the Legislatures of the several States, of certain articles in addition to and amendment of the Constitution of the United States, proposed by Congress to the said Legislatures; and of being with sentiments of the most perfect respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0775", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 3 March 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States, 3 Mch. 1792. By the President\u2019s command he transmits the \u201creturn of the enumeration of the Inhabitants of South Carolina\u201d received from the marshal there, a letter from Governor Pinckney which, if necessary, the President wishes TJ either to answer or to report to him about, and two pardons signed by the President to which the seal must be affixed. The President wishes to have a copy of the \u201caggregate of each description of persons\u201d in the South Carolina return laid before the House of Representatives that meets today.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0776", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 13 March 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States, March 13th. 1792.\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of State the draft of a letter to the King of France, which meets the President\u2019s approbation; and to enclose the Resolution of the House of Representatives with the signature of the Speaker.\nAs it is possible that the Senate may come forward with a Resolution on this occasion; the President asks, if it would not be best to delay preparing the letter to the King as long as can be done with security to the present opportunity, in order to comprehend the sentiments of the senate if they should be expressed?\nThe Resolution of the House is dated the 10th.\u2014the letter will therefore be dated the same, or a subsequent day.\nTobias Lear Secretary to the President of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0777", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 16 March 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States, 16 Mch. 1792. By the President\u2019s command he transmits a 28 Oct. letter from Chiappe, which the President asks TJ to consider and report whatever may demand his attention. The President wishes to see TJ \u201csome time between this and two o\u2019clock as he can make it most convenient.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0778", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 16 March 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States, 16 Mch. 1792. Transmits by the President\u2019s command a copy of the Senate resolution extending the negotiation proposed at Madrid to commerce.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0780", "content": "Title: Notes on Cotton, [ca. 24 March 1792]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nCotton.\n Dunlap\u2019s paper. 1792. Mar. 24.\nNashville. \u2018I have made 600. \u2114. of cotton on half an acre of land, but on a moderate calculation an acre will produce 1000. \u2114.\u2019", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0781", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 31 March 1792\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States, 31 Mch. 1792. Transmits by the President\u2019s command letters from James Seagrove so that TJ could \u201ctake extracts therefrom for the purpose mentioned this day.\u201d The President wishes to know if the copies sent to him of the letter of George Hammond are intended to be forwarded to Seagrove by the Secretary of War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0786", "content": "Title: Dissenting Opinion on the Sinking Fund, [12 April 1792?]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nThe Secretary of State continuing to dissent from any estimate of [the par of the sixes at more than 20/ the pound, of] the true value of the three percents at more than 10/ the pound [and of that of the deferred sixes at such a sum as at a compound interest of 6 per cent would produce 20/ at the term of paiment].", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0787", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Lambert, 17 April 1792\nFrom: Lambert, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia, 17 Apr. 1792. John Roney, a former lieutenant in the Virginia line of the Continental Army, and Michael Ford, who was trained in a merchant\u2019s counting house and writes a very good hand, both clerks to the Commissioner of Loans for Virginia who were formerly in the office of the Commissioner of Accounts for that state, regard their employment as precarious and\nwish to obtain posts in the executive departments of the United States. Since the Treasury and War Departments have no vacancies, he asks that they be recommended to David Rittenhouse for clerkships at the Mint when it begins operations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0788", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 12 May 1792\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury Department, 12 May 1792. Requests that the patent for 214,285 acres, when sealed and recorded, \u201cbe delivered to the bearer The Rev. Mr. Cutler.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0789", "content": "Title: Edmund Randolph\u2019s Notes on Jefferson\u2019s Letter to George Hammond, [ca. 16 May 1792]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nA cursory reading suggests for consideration the following hints.\n\u2713 pa. 7.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20031. When the just distinction is pressed between the covenanting and recommendatory parts of the treaty, would it be improper to refer to the knowledge, which Mr. Oswald must have had of the confederation, and therefore of its incapacity to warrant our ministers to go farther upon the points recommended?\npa. 23.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 2. The doctrine of alienage is not free from difficulty.\nAs it existed at common law, it could not exist relatively to those who were formerly members of the same empire: for this disability must be born with a man. It sprang then from the law of nations only. But when a foreigner is permitted to hold lands, and no restriction is connected\nwith the words, giving that licence, is not an enjoyment of them by personal residence a clear consequence?\npa. 30.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20033. The similitude of an act of confiscation to an office\nfound seems correct. But to what species of office? That of intituling; which can hardly be said to give possession without entry. See Buller\u2019s nisi prius on this head. I have not consulted it; not having it with me. \npa. 42.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20034. Levari facias is said to affect the profits only of lands.\nBut if the profits do not exceed the annual interest, the creditor will become the proprietor for ever, altho\u2019 he will not acquire a freehold.\n\u2713 43. 44.\u2003\u2003\u2003 5. I do not see, that it has been thought fit to reply to\nMr. H\u2019s remark on the laws, allowing a tender of property, that this was the same and no other measure, dealt out to the citizens as well as foreigners.\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20036. There are some positions in the answer, which militate against the attempts, now made by the debtors in Virginia; The most obvious are, that treaties under the confederation were superior to the laws of the states, and that the lawyers in Virginia have so declared. I question the universality of the latter fact.\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20037. Messrs. Monro and Giles are undoubtedly mistaken in saying, that suits have been generally sustained in the state-courts for british debts contracted before the war.\n\u2713\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20038. Is not a peculiar asperity to be found in speaking of\nmurders, rapes, robberies, trespasses &c. Does the subject require it? \npa. 52.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20039. Do we know enough of Brailsford vs. Morris from\nthe newspaper to say, that it proves the point, for which it is quoted; or does what is published absolutely reach the matter in hand?\npa. 59.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u200310. Can it be important to diminish the value of our\ndebts to G. B; and if not, is it clear, that they are so much within the compass of payment? and if not clear, may not the ease of paying be retorted upon us under some future circumstances with great affect?\npa. 60.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u200311. The true situation of the Maryland bank-Stock is in some particulars different from your representation.\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u200312. I once supposed, that a distinction between a claim of interest on an open account or bond was maintainable. My principle was, that the penalty became the debt, from which equity would not absolve without a payment of interest. But being thrown into the arms of equity, it partakes of every subject within its cognizance, and may therefore be modified, as an open account.\n\u2713 pa. 5.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u200313. In examining Pagan\u2019s case, I have been led to believe, that some aid may be drawn to his antagonist, from considering, that the whole of british hostility was carried on under the colour of acts of parliament, not the law of nations. Does not this discharge us from the liberality, due to other enemies?\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u200314. I know not, what circuit court has allowed interest during the war. The case in Connecticut is the nearest; but it is too indistinctly known to be cited by me.\nThe above observations are too much hurried, to have any thing deserving reliance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0790", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Eliza House Trist, [ca. 30 May 1792]\nFrom: Trist, Eliza House\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nMr. Madison consented that Mrs. Pine Shou\u2019d finnish a portrait of him self\u2014which was began by Mr. Pine: The Morning he left the city he desired that I wou\u2019d refer the Ladies to you for payment; and you will also please to receive it under your roof. I am Your &ca \nE. Trist", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0791", "content": "Title: Memorial from William Green, 11 June 1792\nFrom: Green, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo, Thomas Jefferson, Esquire, Secretary of State. The Memorial of William Green of New York, Merchant, Most humbly Sheweth.\nThat your Memorialist is a Citizen of the United States of America, and hath Carried on a Trade under the Flag of the said States, to the East Indies, in which a Very large Capital is involved.\nThat in the Course of his dealings, he hath exported from, as well as sold therein, large quantities of East India Goods, all which he had, from time to time, imported on his own Account, directly from the East Indies, unconnected with any Foreigner, or foreign Interest.\nThat in the Year One thousand Seven hundred and eighty six, having occasion to make large Remittances to Europe, he exported from the Port of Newport, Rhode Island, in a Ship, solely belonging, to himself, of the burthen of Seven hundred Tons, (Coppered and Copper bolted,) called the Hydra, and Navigated according to the Laws of the United States, and in sundry other Vessels, to the Port of Ostend, in the Austrian Netherlands, Merchandize, to the Value of Near Fifty thousand pounds Sterling, which he Consigned, under certain Conditions, to John Buchannan and Robert Charnock, two British Merchants, established there, and having so done he returned immediately to his Family and establishment at Newport aforesaid.\nThat soon after his return to America, he received Advices, that the Conduct of his said Correspondents, John Buchannan and Robert Charnock, was extremely dishonest, and irregular; They having suffered Bills of Exchange drawn on them, on his Account, and by their Consent, to be protested, and at the same time having made away with his property, under a Feigned Sale, and rendered no proper Account thereof to his Agent in London, who is as Respectable a Merchant as any in that Capital.\nThat a prevailing reason with Your Memorialist, for Confiding his property to the Management of the said British Merchants, John Buchannan and Robert Charnock, was, that particular Article of the Treaty between the United States and Great Britain, whereby it is stipulated, that there should be no Legal Impediment to the Recovery of the Full Value in Sterling Money of all, Bona Fide, debts heretofore Contracted.\nThat the said Conduct of the said British Merchants, obliged Your Memorialist, after his Removal from Newport to New York, which took place in the Year One thousand seven hundred and eighty eight, to make a Voyage to England; to look after, and recover the said property; to Effect which; on his Arrival there, he was obliged to bring an Action against the said John Buchannan and Robert Charnock, in the Court of\nKing\u2019s Bench, but being invited by the said John Buchannan and Robert Charnock, to go to Ostend, under an offer of an Amicable Settlement, he was there Arrested under the Most frivolous pretences, and kept in Confinement Thirteen Months, with a View, to detain him from prosecuting the said Action, so that he was unable to bring it to Trial until Hilary Term, One thousand seven hundred and ninety, when he was Nonsuited on the following principles; which however interesting to him, appear also to have involved questions of Public Right, relative to the United States, and on the ground of these Rights, and on his Claims of Protection, in the Trade he has been Carrying on, he founds his hopes of redress, from the Wisdom and Policy of the Executive of these United States.\nYour Memorialist presumes to assert, that he carried Complete Evidence into that Court, for the Conviction of the Defendants, in the said Action, in a Debt of near Thirty thousand pounds Sterling, against which, the said British Subjects, John Buchannan and Robert Charnock, who appeared in Court in their defence, put up no other plea than the following\u2014Vizt.\nThat your Memorialist, although Married to a Native of these States, settled for some years, and Naturalized therein, and several of his Children being Natural born Subjects thereof, had been once reputed a British Subject, and therefore had no right to trade to the East Indies, without a Licence from the English East-India Company, and having traded there without such licence, that all your Memorialist\u2019s Bargains, with British Subjects, were null and of no Effect in Law, and that therefore They were not Legally responsible to him, for that the said William Green having trenched on the Monopoly of the said English East-India Company, by Shipping of East-India Goods, from America to Ostend, They were exempt by Law as British Subjects, from being obliged to Account with him (although he is Avowedly a Citizen of the said United States) for the whole or any part of the said property, and their Counsel therefore Moved the Court to protect the said John Buchannan and Robert Charnock in the said exemption, in which Lord Kenyon, the presiding Judge, and Lord Chief Justice of England acquiesed, and Ordered your Memorialist to be Nonsuited, and he was accordingly obliged to suffer a Nonsuit, after expending near Three thousand pounds Sterling in endeavouring to recover his Aforesaid property.\nThat that Judgment, which went to Annihilate, or to Confer upon British Subjects, so great a proportion of the Capital of your Memorialist, must appear the more extraordinary, when it is known, that not sixteen hours before, the said Lord Chief Justice of England, had Adjudged Your Memorialist under the very same Circumstances of an East India Trade, to pay a Tradesman of London, the Sum of Two\nthousand pounds Sterling and upwards, although your Memorialist was not then and never had been indebted to the said Tradesman, in that, or any other sum of Money whatever, the Circumstances of this part of the Case of your Memorialist stands thus. Your Memorialist in the year 1784, had remitted to an English Merchant resident in London the sum of Twenty thousand pounds Sterling and upwards, for Certain Mercantile Purposes; and in the following years 1786 and 1787, remitted such farther sums to the said Merchant, as to make in favor of your Memorialist, a very large Cash ballance, having which in his hands, the latter end of the last mentioned year, the said English Merchant became a Bankrupt to the Immense loss of your Memorialist, the said Tradesman, was one of Many with whom the said Merchant, whilst in Credit, had dealt, and he had bought Goods of the said Tradesman, during the said year 1784, which Goods he the said Merchant had in that very year shipped to the Order of your Memorialist, and received for the same full payment from your Memorialist; the said Tradesman\u2019s plea against your Memorialist was, that the said Merchant had not paid the whole Amount of his debt, and that your Memorialist, having derived benefit from the Goods, supplied to him, was responsible for the deficiencies of his Correspondent, the said English Merchant; in the Justice of which plea, the Court Acquiesed, and decided accordingly; and your Memorialist was of Course most unjustly Compelled as an American Merchant, to pay to him the sum of Two thousand and twenty pounds Sterling, which he had before paid to the said English Merchant, altho\u2019 in the same Term, and almost with the same breath, your Memorialist had been totally refused, any right to recover debts from British Subjects, because he had been Carrying on a Trade to the East Indies; the Proofs of this Branch of your Memorialist\u2019s Case is Contained in the affidavit of William Maxwell, sworn before Joshua Johnson Esquire, Consul of the United States for the Port of London, which Maxwell, was the only evidence produced in Court to support the plea of the said Tradesman.\nYour Memorialist after having expended near Three thousand pounds Sterling as aforesaid, in the pursuit of Justice, returned home, to his Family to New York in the Month of June 1790, from which period he hath been almost Constantly employed in putting the Affairs of his Capital in America in proper Order, and in Authenticating in the best manner possible, the very great Wrongs, Injuries and Losses, which it hath been the Misfortune of your Memorialist to sustain, as a Citizen of and under the Flag of the United States.\nYour Memorialist for this last mentioned purpose, went to England in the Winter of that year, in a Brigantine belonging to himself, Called the Rachel, concerning which Vessel, he hath already by Letter, made particular references: and Joshua Johnson Esquire, being about that  time appointed to be Consul of the United States, for the Port of London, and your Memorialist Conceiving the said Joshua Johnson Esquire, to be vested with all the Powers usually given to Consuls, for the protection of Trade, applied to him, by Letter requesting that in his Public Capacity, he would call to his Aid, such a Number of American Merchants, as might then be in London, in order to form a Committee, to receive and authenticate Evidence, and to prepare such a Conclusive report upon the whole Circumstances of his Case, as might reasonably justify the Executive Government of the United States, in Remonstrating to the British Court, upon the Unparalell\u2019d treatment which your Memorialist has met with, and in a solicitation of the redress of his Grievances; the result was, that Duncan Ingraham Esquire then of Philadelphia Merchant, Samuel Broome Esquire of New York Merchant, and John Brown Cutting Esquire were the Gentlemen approved of by Mr. Johnson for this Important employment.\nDriven out of the Courts of Justice in England, under the before stated Circumstances, your Memorialist was left without any other resource than to put all the Important evidence, which he could have produced, to support his Plea, against the said British Merchants, John Buchannan and Robert Charnock, upon Consular Record, and he therefore entreated the Gentlemen, who attended at the Court of King\u2019s Bench, on the Trial; and who were prevented from giving evidence in the said Court, by the said Lord Chief Justice, to proceed voluntarily before the above said Joshua Johnson Esquire, and render upon Oath their true and sufficient Testimony to establish the Merits of the Case; an Authentic Copy of that body of Evidence, notarially Attested, and Certified by the said Joshua Johnson Esquire, is herewith humbly submitted to your Consideration.\nThus it appears that whilst the British Government, are frequently procuring Laws to be enacted, for the purpose of Checking and restraining the Trade of Foreigners in India, the English East-India Company, with a proper Knowledge of what is right and expedient, adapting its regulations for its dependencies, to the happiness and prosperity of its Asiatic Subjects, have opened upon the payment of a Certain Tariff, upon Imports and Exports, all their Ports in India to Foreigners of every Nation in Europe, as well as to the Ships and Vessels, and Citizens of these United States.\nIt was thus your Memorialist was permitted to trade in Calcutta, where his Ship the Hydra, bearing the Flag of the United States, was Admitted to a regular Entry at the Custom-House of the said City, and where the Amount of the Duties paid to the English East-India Company, by your Memorialist, upon his Imports and Exports therefrom, in that Ship, in the year 1785, amounted to the Sum of Four thousand four  hundred and ninety four Pounds thirteen shillings and eleven pence Sterling; and the Trade is still carried on in the same Manner from these United States, upon the payment of similar duties, to the English East-India Company, although your Memorialist has been punished by the Sequestration of More than Two thirds of his Capital, in favor of the said British Merchants, John Buchannan and Robert Charnock; and as he himself Conceives, in Violation of every principle of Moral or political Justice, as well, of that particular Article of the Treaty, between these United States and Great Britain, which has been already quoted, and under which, Our Courts of Justice are so intirely free and open, to the Claims of every British Suitor.\nYour Memorialist, with great Respect and Deference, states these Circumstances in order to shew, from whence some of these Confusions arise, which are perpetually happening on the part of the British Administration, to An Immense disadvantage, and loss to the Commerce of the Citizens of these United States.\nHence too Arises, the power of the said British Merchants, John Buchannan and Robert Charnock to withold from your Memorialist, his property, which by a Certified Account, signed by Duncan Ingraham, Samuel Broome, and John Brown Cutting Esquires, including the Interest at five per Cent arising upon their balance, Amounted on the thirty first day of December 1790, to no less a Sum than Thirty seven thousand nine hundred and forty three pounds six shillings and seven pence three farthings Sterling.\nHence too Arises, the Power of the said British Merchants, to detain in the Port of Ostend from your Memorialist, his Ship the Hydra, Coppered and Copper bolted, and of the burthen of Seven hundred Tons, ever since she sailed from Rhode-Island, in the latter end of the year 1786, and the said British Merchants, as if in Mockery, have spread the Flag of these United States, at her Mast-head, on all the usual Festivals for the space of these Five last years.\nHence too Arises, the incapacity of your Memorialist, to recover any part of the Vessel and Cargo, which he sent from the Port of Philadelphia to India, in the Spring of the year 1788, which Vessel was called the Betsey, Commanded by Edward Kirby, was loaded with one hundred and eighty Tons of Wines and Liquors; and taken jointly, is estimated at the value of Forty thousand Dollars; the Vessel was sold by order of the Consignee, after her Arrival in Calcutta, in the latter end of the same year, but your Memorialist has never received Any part of the Amount of the Sales of the said Vessel or Cargo, and British Subjects by the decision of the said Lord Chief Justice of England, being declared to be exempt in Law, from any necessity of accounting with him, or to him, for the whole, or Any part of the property, which as a Citizen of  these United States, he hath embarked in the said Trade to the East-Indies; It is therefore only from the Virtue or Conscience of the said Consignee, that he has the smallest hope of obtaining any Satisfaction for the same, which Considering the present state of Mercantile Societies, and the Many thousand Leagues distance, between the two Countries, may be Considered as a Matter extremely problematical.\nHence too arises, other incapacities to which Your Memorialist is unfortunately subject, as a Citizen of these States; for, Your Memorialist having sold, or Consigned for Sale, large quantities of East-India Goods to British Merchants resident in the West-India Islands, to whom in many instances, he has given Very long and extensive Credits, Your Memorialist by this extraordinary Law doctrine of the said Lord Chief Justice of England, is debarred of All right of recovery, in any English Chief, or subordinate Court of Law, and the said Consignees or Debtors, are of Course at Liberty to pay him, or not, at their Will and Pleasure.\nThe Earnest and Sincere desire of your Memorialist to Avoid Any kind of Personal Litigation, with the said British Merchants, John Buchannan and Robert Charnock, hath induced your Memorialist not only before the Institution of his Action against them in the Court of King\u2019s Bench, in England, but Very frequently since that time, and when all other Means had failed, even by Public and printed Advertisements, prefixed at the Gates of the Royal Exchange of London, to offer and propose to leave the Settlement of the Amount of the Debt, which they owed to him, and the periods and extent of their payments, to the Arbitration of Any Committee of American and British Merchants, which might be mutually chosen in that City, for that purpose (Nay Your Memorialist hath also made offer, to submit it even to the Arbitration of British Merchants alone) in all the Various Ways that are attested to have been employed, by the Aforesaid Joshua Johnson Esquire, for it as little suited with the Natural Affections of your Memorialist to be longer absent from his Family in America, than indispensable Necessity required, as it was in the highest degree inconvenient and dangerous to your Memorialist, to trust his remaining property in America, during his Absence to the Management of Factors and Clerks.\nThe Amount of property, Virtually and Effectively, sequestered from your Memorialist by the Aforesaid Sentence of the said Lord Chief Justice of England, are as follows\u2014Vizt.\nItem 1st. a Balance upon Account due from John Buchannan and Robert Charnock, arising from the Sales of East India Goods, and other property Consigned to them, by your Memorialist from Newport Rhode Island, the latter end of the year 1786, which Balance sustained by Authentic documents, is Attested by Duncan Ingraham Esquire, Samuel Broome Esquire, and John Brown Cutting Esquire,  to be on the thirty first day of December 1790, the Sum of \u00a337943.6s.7\u00bd d. Sterling\u2014which in Spanish Milled Dollars @4/3 is Dollars.\nItem 2nd, To the Amount of a Sum of Money, which Your  Memorialist was Unjustly obliged by the Sentence of the said  Lord Chief Justice to pay for a pretended debt, to a Trades-man  of London, one James Chapman, for a parcel of Goods,  which had been supplied by him, to a Merchant of that City,  who was your Memorialist\u2019s Correspondent\u2014and to whom  he made full payment for the same, several years before, but  for which nevertheless, his present English Correspondent,  who was his bail in the Action, was obliged to pay over again,  to the said Tradesman, being the sum of \u00a32020 Sterling  which in Dollars @4/3, is,\nItem, 3rd. To the Amount of Sundry Debts due to your  Memorialist, from sundry British Merchants Residents in the  West India Windward Islands, but which the Lord Chief Justice  of England, declares your Memorialist hath no Legal  right to recover, and which are in Consequence sequestered  from him: Your Memorialist Very much under-rates this Article,  to Avoid fractions at the sum of\nItem, 4th. To Amount of the Value of the Brigantine Betsey  Captain Edward Kirby Commander and of her Cargo,  which Vessel sailed from Philadelphia to Calcutta in the  Spring of the year 1788, and Arrived there in the Month of  December of the same year, the proceeds of which Vessel and  Cargo, notwithstanding all the Efforts of your Memorialist, to  have the same remitted to this Country, Yet remain in  the hands of the Consignees, who Are British Merchants established  there and the sum whereof, is effectively sequestered  from your Memorialist, under the Sanction of the aforesaid  Decision of the Lord Chief Justice of England, and which is  Considerably under-rated at the Sum of,\nDollars\nMaking the whole Amount of the present damage sustained by him, two hundred and Sixty eight thousand and sixty One Dollars.\nThe feeble powers of Your Memorialist Are not Adequate to resist with Any effect, the Mighty but Cruel Policy, which declares and justifies, the Measures of impoverishing, distressing, and discouraging the Commerce of the Citizens of these United States. Everything that was possible to be done by your Memorialist, to recover his property by Law, or in an Amicable Manner by Arbitration from the said British Merchants, has Already been done, but without any other effect, but  that of Involving your Memorialist deeper and deeper, in a fruitless and expensive Struggle, whilst They, by a Combination of Circumstances, such as a large Capital of their own, a great property of Your Memorialist\u2019s which they detain in their hands, a Profligacy of Principle almost beyond Conception or Credibility; together with the powerfull protection of the Courts of Justice of England, hold him in open defiance, as a Citizen of these United States, and leave him to the inevitable Necessity of Appealing, to the humanity, Wisdom and power of the Government of these United States for Relief and Protection.\nYour Memorialist therefore with All due Respect to the Government of his Country, with the firmness of a Citizen, claiming its protection, exhibits this Complaint; unfolds his Grievances; states the Facts of it; and offers the proofs; trusting and expecting; that the National Executive; apprized of the true Nature of a Mischief, that may extend far beyond the Case of your Memorialist, to points touching Important Rights, and the Interests of Many American Citizens, will consider\u2014he beseeches You to Consider\u2014to examine the premises\u2014to Attend to the Prayer of his Memorial\u2014to grant it\u2014It is this\u2014That the Executive will demand for him from the British Government, and insist on his Obtaining, a Just indemnification for the great Losses, and damage, which as an American Citizen and Merchant, he hath most injuriously sustained.\nPhiladelphia June the 11th. 1792  William Green", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0792", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Carey, 13 July [1792]\nFrom: Carey, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nFriday, July 13. [1792]\nHaving amended my proposals in conformity to the ideas you were pleased to suggest, permit me (with sincerest thanks for the favors conferred on me in the commencement of my undertaking) to enclose you a few copies, on the eve of your departure, in hopes they may come into the hands of some of your friends in Virginia. I have the honor to be, with perfect respect, Sir, your most obliged humble Servant,\nJ: Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0794", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Carroll of Carrollton, 9 August 1792\nFrom: Carroll, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDoughoragen, 9 Aug. 1792. At his request he introduces the bearer, \u201cMr. Cassanave,\u201d an upright and amiable gentleman who will explain his future views and schemes. He has received from him a strong letter of recommendation by Bishop Carroll reporting that several of Baltimore\u2019s principal merchants have provided similar letters and is confident that TJ will render him any services in his power. P.S. He sends his respects to Madison.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0795", "content": "Title: Petition of Jonathan Williams, Jr., to the Patent Board, 20 November 1792\nFrom: Williams, Jonathan, Jr.\nTo: Patent Board\nNorthern Liberties of Philadelphia, 20 Nov. 1792. Having been \u201cformerly engaged in the business of refining and claying Sugar\u201d in London, he requests a patent for a new multiaperture mold he has invented for claying and whitening refined sugar, as explained by the annexed memoir and figures. Maple sugar manufacture would benefit much by claying or whitening on the spot, which would greatly reduce the expense of transportation and enable the molasses produced by refining to remain at its point of origin, \u201cwhere it is much wanted for consumption or distillation.\u201d To promote this infant manufacture, he offers to exempt from the patent the claying of sugar at the places of its growth, albeit restricting this exception to the inland country to avoid frauds involving the claying of foreign sugar, a distinction that will \u201coperate like a bounty on american sugar\u201d and increase its production by making it more competitive.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0796", "content": "Title: Directions for Building the Great Clock, [1792\u20131793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nThe great clock.\nThe works are 15 I. deep, from the plate to the farthest point in the back. A circle of 12 I. radius round the center of the hour circle, will barely cover the remotest point of the works.\nThe center of vibration of the pendulum is 7. I. above the back end of the axis of the hour hand.\nThe arc of vibration is (at the bob) 18. I.\nThe same arc, at 7. I. below the center, will be 3. I.\nThen a toothed wheel of 2. I. on the back-end of the axis of the hour hand, taking in an equal wheel whose axis will be of course 2 I. horizontally from that of hour hand, will be clear of the vibration of the pendulum, and may turn an hour hand on the reverse face of the wall on a wooden hour plate of 12. I. radius. There need be no minute hand, as the hour figures will be 6. I. apart. But the interspace should be divided into quarters and 5. minute marks. The fore and back hour-plates will not be concentric.\nThe axis of the second hand 4 \u2159 I. from that of the hour-hand (i.e. their centers)\nThe radius of the second circle (i.e. length of hand) 1\u00be I.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1792", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/02-02-02-0002", "content": "Title: Memorandum Books, 1792\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n              James Market money 4.D.\u2003still due 8d.\n              Recd. from bank by Francis 50.D.\n              Pd. Wages of servts. Francis 7.D\u2003his wife 3.D.\u2003James 7.\u2003Cuffy 4.\u2003Robert 7.\u2003John 7.\u2003}\u200335.D.\n              Gave J. W. Eppes ord. on bank for 17.D.\n              Recd. from Treasurer an order on the bank for 875.D.\n              Gave order on bank for a post bill for 116.67 paiable to TMRandolph junr. for a horse (Matchless) bot. in Sep.\u20035. years old last spring.\n              Gave ord. on bank for 51. 62 post bill for Christian Baehr taylor of N. York. \n              Do. for 70.53 to George Meade for quarter cask Madeira.\n              Do. to Seche for myself for 50.D.\n              Gloves 3/9\u2014shoeing horses 33/6.\n              Inclosed to Christian Baehr the bill for 51.6 D. ante.\n              Do. to Dan. Hylton for TMRandolph junr. the bill for 116.67.\n              Gave the following orders on the bank\n              Cash still\u2005 in bank\u2005 360.82.in hand34.\n              Pd. Starr shoemaker in full 8.D.\n              Francis for 12. bush. oats 4.D.\n              Recd. from bank by Francis 50.D.\n              Gave ord. on bank in favr. Billington taylor in full 65.42.\n              Pd. for Universal asylum 5.33.\n              An Analysis of the receipts & paiments of the two last quarters, towit from July 7. 91. to Jan. 13. 92. the date of this present entry.\n                  \u2002 July\u2002 7. \u2002 Cash in hand & bank\u2003479.08\u2003Aug.17.recd. from Lieper400.  Sep.1.do.200.2.recd. from J. M.18.4Oct.4.recd. from Jas. Brown50.7.do. from Treasury875.do. from Lieper100.errors short entry9.622132.10  Oct.25.amt. of paimts.1678.18  cash in hd. & bank453.922132.10Oct.25.Cash in hand & bnk.453.92Nov.12.balce. from J.W.E.14.Dec.2.recd. from Lieper992.23.do.200.92.Jan.4.do. from Treasury875.7.do. from Lieper100.2634.9292.Jan.13.amt. of paimts.2458.22cash in hd. & bank167.39\u2003(exclus. I.W.E.)\u2003Short entries9.322634.92\n              Pd. John Mole 5.D.\u2003He leaves my service.\n              Pd. mending marble table .11.\n              (Note Mr. Remsen tells me that 6. cord of hiccory last a fire place well the winter.)\n              Pd. for fur gloves 2.D.\n              Recd. from bank by Seche 20.D.\n              James market money 10.D.\n              Postilion whip 6/\u2003Maria .5.\n              Recd. bank by Seche 30.D.\n              James for charcoal 6.D.\u2003Myrtle candles of last year out.\n              Pd. Mrs. Pine for Burgess for a cloak for Maria \u00a33\u20138.\n              Recd. bank by Seche 30.D.\n              Pd. Farren an impudent surcharge for Venetn. blinds 2.66.\n              Do. for Lamoureux 44 \u2114 tallow candle 40/4.\n              Plaisterer of stove 1.D.\n              Recd. from bank by Seche 30.D.\n              Petit for cutting wood in cellar .30. Note there remain but 2 or 3 days stock of the 21\u00be cords of maple & ash bot. ante.\n              Recd. from bank by Seche 40.D.\n              James market money 51/10 + 8d = 7.D.\u2003his month\u2019s allowance 7.D.\u2003Cuffy 4.D.\u2003Gustavus 7.D.\u2003Fras. 7.D.\u2003his wife 3.D.\n              Pd. 2 oz. lenitive electuary .25.\n              Petit Desert money on acct. 10.D.\n              Robertson. repairg. horseshoes 16/.\n              Recd. from bank by Seche 25.D.\n              Recd. from bank by Seche 40.D.\n              Pd. Billy\u2019s wife washing to Dec. 31. a quarter for myself 20.D. and 2. months for Maria 4.D.\n              Maria for shoes 1.D.\n              Petit Desert money on acct. 10.D.\n              Recd. order from Lieper on the bank for 100.D.\n              Recd. from the bank by Seche 40.D.\n              Gave Brining for fixing stove &c. ord. on bank for 25.75.\n              Gave Mrs. Pine for balance of quarterly acct. ord. on bank 45.60.\n              Borrowed of James Madison ord. on bank for 150.D.\n              Lodged J. Madison\u2019s ord. in bank.\n              Recd. from bank by Seche 50 D.\n              Mrs. Pine supplementory acct. for Maria 10.4.\n              J. W. Eppes ord. on bank for 20.D.\n              Recd. from bank by Seche 60.D.\n              Mr. Peale 2 years subscription from Nov. 1790 2.D.\n              Mr. Vaughan arrearages of Sbscrptn. to Philosoph. society 20.D.\n              Pd. Joseph balance of his expences from Richmd. 6.13.\n              Note Mr. Hylton had pd. the stage for him 6.5 & had furnished him in cash 10.D.\n              Gave Mr. Fitsimmons ord. on bank for 20.21 D. for 107 \u2114 Bourbon coffee furnished by Mclaughlin & Taggart. \n              Pd. servts. wages. Francis 7.D.\u2003his wife 3.D.\u2003Gustavus 7.\u2003James 7.\u2003Cuffy 4. = 28.D.\n              Borrowed of Mr. Madison order on bank for 150.D. & lodged it there.\n              Pd. for 1. cord of oak for the kitchen 3.D.\n              Recd. from bank by Seche 40.D. also a bank post note for 16.5 D.\n              Indorsed the post note to Mr. Hylton. See his lre. of Feb.\n              Pd. Palmer shoes for Maria 5.D.\n              Recd. from the bank by Seche 35.D.\n              Wood out. Pd. for half a cord hiccory 25/\u2003cutting .25.\n              Pd. for cord of hiccory 5.75. cutting in part .25.\n              James 7.D. (omission here of 10.D. to Petit.)\n              Recd. from bank by Seche 25.D.\n              Recd. from bank by Seche 20.D.\n              Gave J. W. Eppes ord. on bank for 10.D.\n              Pd. Petit for making 6. stocks 1.25.\n              Godfrey Welzell for repairing Spinett 50/.\n              Recd. from bank by Seche 20.D.\n              Recd. of Mr. Blair for Philip Mazzei 36.375.D.\n              Gave Petit on acct. for a \u2114 tea 2.33.\u2003cord of oak 2.66.\n              Pd. postage .15\u2014charity 1.D.\n              Pd. Cuffy wages 4.D. He leaves my service.\n              Recd. from treasury ord. for 875.D. on bank of U. S.\n              Pd. Delany duty on a pipe of Lisbon wine 27.20.\n              Servts. wages. towit James 7.D.\u2003Gustavus 7.D.\u2003Josep. 7.D.\u2003Francis 7.D.\u2003his wife 3.D.\n              Pd. freight of box from Richmd. 2.D.\n                  \u2002\u2114  D.   Gave Mclaughlin\u2005  & Taggert for\u2005 105.   Bourbon coffee for myself\u2005 22.52     107.\u2005  do. for J. Madison\u2005 23.78 order on bank of U. S. for amt.46.30  \n              Gave J. Madison ord. on bank of U. S. for 275.98.\n              Gave James Reynolds ord. on bank of U. S. for 141.33 in full for lookg. glasses.\n              Pd. Mr. Madison travellg. balance of our last journey to Virginia and error of short calculn. in the above order on bank 4.\n              Gave Dr. Benj. S. Barton order on bank of U. S. for 40.83 at the desire of TMRandolph jr. to whom charge it. \n              Recd. from bank of U. S. a post bill for 24.5 payable to Adam Lindsay, to whom remitd. it for candles.\n              Pd. Dobson for a book 2.5.\n              Recd. from bk. of U. S. by Seche 100.D.\n              Recd. by Fras. from bank U. S. 50.D.\n              Maria .5\u2014Mrs. Pine ord. on bank U. S. 20.1 D. for disbursemts.\n              Pd. duty on Brugnols .8\u2014pd. for book 1.D.\n              Pd. Frederick Gayer for a set of punches by ord. on bk. U. S. 23.20.\n              Maria for pictures 3.D.\n              Postage 1/4\u2003freight 2. hhds. tobo. 6.D.\u2003drayage in Virga. .66. These are the last of the crop of 1790.\n              Recd. by Fras. from bk. of U. S. 50.D.\n              Pd. Voigt mendg. Mrs. Hylton\u2019s watch 3.666.\n              Pd. Bertaut for feathers 12/.\n              Pd. Francis for a spade 1.D.\n              Recd. by Francis from bk. U. S. 20.D.\n              Pd. to Dispensary 5.D. & subscribed to pay annually a guinea. Notice of withdrawing to be given Bp. White or T. Pleasants.\n              Lodged in bk. of U. S. Lieper\u2019s note for 200.D. endorsed by me. Note it is pd. for my tobo. of 1790, and is probably somewhat over the balance.\n              Credit bank & charge Lieper for discount 197.94 + 2.06.\n              Recd. of bk. of U. S. by Seche 50.D.\n              Pd. servts. wages to wit Francis for himself & wife 10.D.\u2003Joseph 7.D.\u2003Gustavus 7.D.\u2003James 7.D.\u2003Sam 4.D.\n              Pd. a quarter\u2019s washing endg. May 1. 26.D.\n              Pd. Francis 46. loads of earth 1.45.\n              Pd. duty on clock importd. last year 7.52.\n              Recd. from bank of U. S. by Seche 25.D.\n              Pd. Robertson shoeing horses 12/.\n              Petit for a cord of oak 20/\u2003charges 6/7.\n              Francis for earth for garden 8/2\u2014drayage of olive trees 2/6.\n              Pd. Morris for plants 1.D.\n              Recd. of Pritchard by Mr. Madison for 50. maps 2.D. cash & his note on bk. of U. S. for 43 D. = 45.D.\n              Recd. from bank U. S. by Seche 30.D.\n              Pd. Steward for a book 6.D.\n              Pd. drayage of Olive & Caper plants .25.\n                Lodged in bank Brown\u2019s draught on Clow & co. recd. fromT. M. Randolph junr. to repay advance of Apr. 9.\u2003 D.40.83   Lodged there also Pritchard\u2019s note 43.    83.83   \n              Pd. Fenno for half year\u2019s gazette ending Mar. 3. 1.5 D.\n              Petit for half a pound tea 1.D.\n              Endorsed a note of E. Randolph payable to me or bearer at 30. days sight for 700.D. merely as his security that he might receive the money on it from the bank.\n              Gave Mrs. Pine order on the bk. U. S. for 142.13 in full.\n              Gave Capt. Weymouth ord. on Lieper for 90.D. for frt. of sd. tobo.\n              Pd. seeing a small Seal .125.\n              Pd. portage of cask of wine from Vanuxem & Lombard 1.D. to Petit.\n              Pd. Mrs. Pine for Mr. Madison\u2019s picture 37.33.\n              Mr. Lieper hs. pd. to the bk. of N. A. D. Hylton\u2019s bill on me in favor of Wm. Austin 66.67 D. on acct. of exp. tobo. at Richmd.\n              Pd. James 7.D.\u2014William for a half month 2.D.\u2003Joseph 7.D.\u2014Gustavus 7.D.\u2014Francis 10.D.\u2003Maria .5.\n              Pd. Petit for cambrick he furnished me for stocks 44/6.\n              Recd. from T. Lieper his note at 64. days sight for\u2003844\u2005D.\u2003gave him my note payable in like manner for684\u2003these are to be discounted at bank of U. S. makg.\u20051528.D. \n              and are in due time to be taken up by him being in payment for my tobo. of 91. sold to him. I endorsed both notes, and am, if necessary, to endorse once more others to take them up, so as to extend the credit for him to September.\n              Pd. Dunlap for gazettes of 1791. bound 11.D.\n              Repd. Mr. Taylor acct. of portage of hay to Clymer 10.D.\n              Pd. Genl. Irvine for James Madison 10.D. to make up deficiency of money left, viz. he left 40.D. & the acct. was 50.D.\n              Pd. Petit for cord of oak 22/\u2003exp. 6/9.\n              I have credit at the bank of the U. S. for Lieper\u2019s and my\n              Drew bill of exchange on Nichs. & Jacob Van Staphorst & Hubbard in favr. of John Dobson for 1014. gilders worth 400.D. at the present excha. of 35\u00bdd per gilder.\n              Recd. from Thos. Pinkney his excha. on Willinks, Van Staphorsts & Hubbard in favr. of John Dobson for 2535 gilders at 30. days sight, for which I give him credit on the bank of the U. S. for 1000.D.\n              Inclosed the two bills before mentioned to John Dobson to be applied towards discharge of my bond to Jones for \u00a3500. due July 19. 1791.\n              Gave the ord. on bank of U. S. above mentd. in favor of Thos. Pinckney for 1000.D.\n              Recd. of bank of U. S. cash 50.D.\n              Pd. Mr. Cassinove for 100. Vanillas 4.D.\n                Pd. Crosby\u2005  for blank bills of Excha. 1.D.    for blank bonds .6.   \n              Gave James Bringhurst for an antt. acct. an order on the bank of the U. S. for 33.33.\n              Pd. Miss Gilmore for work for Maria 2.25.\n              Pd. McElwee for paintg. &c. in Petit\u2019s room 4.62.\n              Pd. Petit 5.D. Recd. from bk. U. S. by Petit 50.D.\n                Pd. Guest\u2005  for 25 yds. linen 20.D.    for 3. yds. muslin for Maria 3.D.  \n              Gave Maria for ribbon &c. 6/8.\n              Pd. for odd nos. of Museum 1.D.\n              Gave Pennington for sugar ord. on bk. U. S. 21.D.\n              Gave Herbst & Lex for quarter\u2019s grocery acct. endg. Apr.\u2003\u2003ord. on bk. U. S. 35.3 viz. \u00a37\u20137\u20134 last quarter + 5\u201317\u20135 in part this.\n              Recd. from bk. U. S. by Petit 40.D.\n              Recd. from bk. U. S. a post bill for 6\u00bd D. which I remittd. to Adam Lindsay for 2. barrels cyder.\n              Pd. Francis Stable exp. 1.07\u2003Maria for shoes 1.\n              Pontage to Mr. Ross\u2019s 1/8.\n              Portage of wine 1/\u2003of sugar 11d.\u2003Maria .5.\n              Gave John Bringhurst ord. on bk. U. S. for 16.55 last quarter\u2019s acct.\n              Recd. from bk. U. S. by Petit 30.D.\n              Pd. Langstrotts china, vz. 1. doz. coffee\u20031. doz. tea cups & saucers\u200311. tumb. 8.66 D.\n              Pd. Morris teapots &c. 2.D.\n              Pd. for 4. lookg. glasses for D. Hylton 24/.\n              Recd. by Petit from bk. U. S. 50.D.\n              Pd. freight of stores to Virginia 4.66.\n              Pd. an Italian for stores, viz. oil \u00a35\u20135\u201311.\n              Gave in charity 3.D.\n              Recd. from Treasurer warrant for 875.D. & lodged in bank of U. S.\n              Pd. Wm. Redwood for a quarter cask Lisbon 30.D. by ord. on bank.\n              Pd. Robertson shoeing horses 24/.\n              Recd. from bank of U. S. by Petit 75.D.\n              Gave Robertson ord. on bank for 1. gross porter 22.73 D.\n              Pd. servts. wages viz. Francis 7.D.\u2003his wife 3.D.\u2003Gustavus 7.\u2003Josep 7.\u2003James 7.\u2003the black 4. = 35.D.\n              Pd. on sbscribg. to Blair\u2019s sermons .25.\n              Pd. John Bringhurst acct. last quarter by ord. on bk. 33.35.\n              Pd. for spectacles for George Twyman 4.D.\n              Half a year\u2019s rent due Lieper this day & to be allowd. him in acct. viz. 333.33.\n              Gave Freneau ord. on bank for 21.D. being first half year\u2019s subscription of 14. Charlottesville subscribers. \n              Recd. from the bank by Petit 100.D.\n              Pd. Gordon 2. pr. men\u2019s mockeseens 4.D.\u20032 pr. women\u2019s do. 3.33.\n              Pd. Petit for stockgs. & hdkchfs. for Maria 5.D.\n              Delivd. 75.D. at the mint to be coined.\n              Gave orders on the bank viz.\n              \u2003Petit for cash for myself\u200375.\u2003}\u2003322.29Benj. W. Morris, for stores, vz. brandy, rum &c.64.04H. & J. Ingles in full63.25J. W. Eppes120. \n              Pd. quarter\u2019s washg. endg. July 31.\u200326.D.\n              Pd. Stine for forage 3.73.\n              Gave Maria for sash 1.D.\n              Pd. Williams for drawg. my portrait 14.D.\n              Gave orders on bank. to wit\n              Pd. Mary Byal for work for Maria 5/6.\n              Pd. Margt. Gilmer work for Maria 23/3.\n              Recd. from bk. U. S. by Petit 100.D.\n              Balance remaining in bank 109.55.\n              Pd. Palmer 1 pr. shoes Maria 8/4.\n              Pd. another shoemaker 2. pr. do. 2 D.\n              Do. his wages for next month 7.D.\n              Recd. Lieper\u2019s note for \u00a389\u20139\u20134 = 238.57 which with the one ante June 7. for 844.D. makes up (as he says) the balance for my tobo. of 1791. Consequently I am to provide for payment of the note of 684.D. at the bank, and therefore left with him my note for 691.D. to take up that of 684. in due time.\n              Pd. for fiddle strings .97\u2003for muslin 25.6.\n              Pd. wages of the scullion 1.66.\n              Recd. from the mint 1500. half dismes of the new coinage.\n              Set out for Monticello.\n              Pd. pontage at Grey\u2019s .12.\n                Chester.\u2005  lodging, &c. this eveng. & tomorrow morng. 3.81    servts. .30  \n                Elkton. \u2005  barber .15    Hollingsworth lodgg. &c. 3.28\u2003servts. .15  \n              Susquehanna. Rogers breakft. dinner &c. 2.6\u2003servts. .5\u2003ferrge. 1.67\n                Baltimore.\u2005  barber .2    Grant\u2019s brkft. dinner &c. 3.33\u2003servts. .4  \n                Elkridge. \u2005  ferrge. .34    Spuryear\u2019s\u2005lodging &c.\u20053.1 servts..35 \n              Spuryear\u2019s. brkft. &c. 1.46\u2003servts. .6\n              Bladensburg. Ross. dinner &c. 1.74\u2003servts. .3\n                George town.\u2005  powder .4\u2003barber .2    Shuter lodgg. brkft. &c. 4.9\u2003servts. .15 reprs. of Phaeton .33\u2003ferrge. 1. \n              Alexandria. turnpike .2\u2003baiting horses .75\n              A child .05\u2003ferrge. & ferrymen .65\n              Lansdown\u2019s guide .8\u2003cord .1\u2003grog .15\n                Elkrun church.\u2005  reprs. of phaeton .58    Shoemake.dinnr. lodgg. &c. 2.5 servt. .15 \n              Adams\u2019s mill. corn .2\n              Mr. Madison\u2019s servts. .5\n              Arrived at Monticello. (cash on hand 81.03)\n              Small houshold exp. 1.\n              Gave in Charity 3.D.\n              Patsy small hhd. exp. 1.5.\n              Gave bond to Henderson McCaul & co. for \u00a394\u201317\u20131\u00bd sterl. paiable July 19. 1796. with int. from Sep. 1. 1771. to Apr. 19. 1775. and from Apr. 19. 1783. till paid. Note this was for a balance of my mother\u2019s not included in the settlement or bonds formerly given.\n              Pd. Buster portage from Richmond 1.6.\n              Patsy small hhd. exp. 2.5.\n              Smith George to pay Mickie for 45. \u2114 iron 2.4.\n              On settlement with Bowling Clarke I owe him \u00a3158\u201313. which he is to repay himself out of balances due in Bedford, & by the sale of beef & pork there this fall.\n              Recd. from George Twyman for spectacles 4.\n              Exp. Charlottesville pd. .1.\n              Patsy small hhd. exp. 1.6.\n              Inclosed to D. Rittenhouse Lieper\u2019s note of 238.57 D. out of which he is to pay for Equatorial instrument for me.\n              Gave Marks\u2019s waggoner .8.\n              A. Brydie at Milton for 10. \u2114 coffee 2.8.\n              Recd. from James Brown 50.D. on acct. of my tobo.\n              Patsy small exp. 2.D.\n              Mrs. Key old balance for fowls 9/.\n              Jupiter to pay for 10. \u2114 butter .95.\n              Gave in Charity 6.D.\n              Left Monticello.\n              Gave vales at Mr. Madison\u2019s .375.\n              Stevensburg. dinner &c. 1.5.\n              Shoemake\u2019s. breakft. &c. 1.16\u2003vales .166.\n                Dumfries.\u2005 barber .25.    dinner lodging &c. 5.95\u2003vales .41.  \n              Colchester. ferrge. .5.\n              Mount Vernon. vales 2.D.\n                George town.\u2005 ferriage 1.D.    advertisement 1.D.    barber .25.    dinner &c. 2.63\u2003vales .4.   \n              Bladensburg. lodging &c. 4.35\u2003vales .37.\n              Spuryear\u2019s. baiting horses .666.\n                Baltimore.\u2005 barber .25.    persian &c. for Maria .81.    dinner lodging &c. 5.11\u2003vales .5.   \n              Webster\u2019s. breakft. &c. 1.2\u2003vales .25.\n              Bush. baiting horses .53\u2003vales .12.\n                Susquehanna.\u2005 ferrge. & ferrymen 2.D.    dinner lodging &c. 4.83\u2003vales .34.   \n                Elkton.\u2005 breakfast &c. 1.27\u2003seeing a camel .25.    mending harness .33\u2003vales .25.  \n              Christeen. baiting horses .53\u2003vales .12.\n                Wilmington.\u2005 barber .25.    dinner lodging &c. 4.6\u2003vales .33.   \n              Chester. breakfast &c. 1.46\u2003vales .5.\n              Schuylkill ferriage .16.\u2003Arrived at Phila. Cash on hand 8.51.\n              Analysis of the preceding travelling expences.\n                \u2003for\u2005 myself & Maria\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 12.57   for our servant 5.05   for 4. horses 20.38   for vales 6.43   for ferriages 4.02    contingencies 3.64 \u2003\u2003Total52.1\u2003\u2003gave Maria .5.  \n              Mr. Taylor has lodged in the bank of U. S. for me a quarter\u2019s salary 875. Dol.\n              He has out of that taken up my note ante July 13. for 691.Dol.\n              Recd. from bank of U. S. by Petit 75.D.\n              Pd. a shawl for Maria 5/6.\n              Pd. Joseph his wages & board for Sep. & his board for the first 5 days of Octob. 16.33 D.\n              Pd. James for August and September 14.D.\n              Pd. Francis Seche for wages & board from Sep. 1. to this day 19.D.\u2003He now leaves my service & John Riddle comes. \n              Note that Petit had received from the bank by my order\u2003\u2003dollars and had paid as follows for the latter half of July & August viz. to Francis 29. Doll. to Gustavus 26. to Joseph 26 D. and for himself 24.D.\u2014He has also recd. 10.D. from Mr. Taylor on my account.\n              Recd. back from Mr. Rittenhouse Lieper\u2019s note for 238.57 D. inclosed to him ante Aug. 13. Returned it to Lieper and took a fresh one, which deposited in the bank of U. S.\n               Note the bank of U. S. has recd. a quarter\u2019s salary for me, 875 Dol. due the 1st. inst. and have out of it taken my note for 691.D. ante July 13. \n              Pd. for visiting cards .5.\n              Received from bank of U. S. by Petit 50.D.\n              I have credit at the bank for 236.08 on Lieper\u2019s note for 238.57.\n                Gave ord. on bank to J. Shepherd for\u2005 clothes for James\u2005 19.75    do. for myself 10.     29.75   \n              Do. to Pennington\u2019s for sugar 18.02.\n              Do. to Vanuxem & Lombart for a cask of claret 40.\n              Do. to John Bringhurst in full 33.92. \n              Paid Hyde for 4. dinners furnished for 2 persons 9.46.\n              Paid balance to bank of North America 7.62.\n              Pd. for 4\u00bc cords of ash @ 27/6 + 2/6 cutting + 3/9 carting + cording 20.28.\n              Pd. Petit for Whitesides & Collier for 6. pr. cotton stockings 6.66.\n              Recd. from bank of U. S. by Petit 30.\n              Gave order on bank in favor of John Bringhurst 33.92.\n              Do. in favor of H. Pepper for beer from Jan. 7. to Oct. 8. 53.D.\n              Pd. Petit to repay Mr. Taylor (ante Oct. 8) 10.D.\n              Gave David Seckel for pasturg. horses ord. on bank for 39.3.\n              Pd. Gordon for a pr. mocassin shoes 2.D.\n              Here should have come in the Analysis which by mistake was placed on verso of the next leaf.\n              Maria .5\u2003repd. Petit for havg. fiddle bows mended 1.13.\n              A waggon load of charcoal 7.5.\n              Pd. Gayer for 9. punches 3.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 50.D.\n              Petit on account 10.D.\n              Pd. Standley for 2200. \u2114 hay 20.7. (Heiltzheimer says that a horse well fed with grain requires 100. \u2114 hay a week, & without grain 130. \u2114)\n              Gave Maria for her Mantua maker (Miss Langley) 2.07.\n              Drew bill on James Brown in favr. Clow & co. for 200 D. & recd.\u2003\u2003.\n              On settlement with Petit this day I owe him a balance of 530.96 Dol. exclusive of the wages of the current month.\n              Gave him a statement of the account and an acknolegement of the balance subjoined.\n              Pd. James error in accts. 1.06.\n              Gave Jabez Emery, collector of taxes, order on bank for 23.47 D. for taxes.\n              Pd. for 2 cords of oak 52/\u2003cordg. 8d.\u2003cartg. 7/6\u2003cutting 5/ = 8.69.\n              Pd. Petit on acct. 10.D. in part of wages of currt. month.\n              Recd. by do. from bank 25.D.\n              Pd. mending instruments .26.\n              Pd. John Riddell for Al. Austin for his boots 7.\n              Pd. for dying a pr. breeches .75.\n              Gave Maria entrance money with Moller 6.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 75.\n              Pd. servants wages. to wit John 5.4\u2003Gustavus 7.\u2003Joseph 7.\u2003James 7.\u2003Brown 3. (his wages are 5.D. pr. month) = 29.4.\n              Pd. Petit in full of wages for last month 8.5.\n              Pd. mendg. ring 4.D.\u2003pd. for thermometer 7.D.\n                  D.\u2005    Inclosed J. Garland Jefferson order on James Brown for\u2005 75.    Inclosed Revd. Matthew Maury do. on do. 166. 67     241. 67   \n              Recd. from bank by Petit 50.\n              Pd. Robertson for shoeing horses 4.13.\n              Pd. for 13 cords of ash, maple & oak 43.92.\n              Pd. for 2 packs visiting cards 4/.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 20.D.\n              Pd. for 2 oz. gum tragacanth .25.\n              Gave Maria to pay Moller a month\u2019s music 6 D.\n              Recd. from Clow & co. 200.D. for my draught to that amount on James Brown.\n              Deposited the sd. 200.D. in the bank of the U. S.\n              Pd. Morgan for a stove 7.D.\n              Pd. Carey a year\u2019s subscription for Americn. Museum 1.2.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 75.\n              Pd. carting 13. cords of wood 7.8.\n              Pd. Petit 30.96 in part of his balance ante Oct. 23. which reduces it to 500.D.\n              Pd. mending ivory pocket book .25.\n                Pd.\u2005 John Riddle leather breeches for himself 5.D.    do. rye & rye straw 3.03.   \n              Pd. Crukshanks for Naut. Alman. for 1793.4.5.6. 4.44.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 50.D.\n              Dec. 1.Pd. washerwoman a quarter\u2019s washing endg.\u2005Oct. 6. 20.D. \n              Pd. Crukshanks for a book 1.66.\n              Pd. Moller for music 1.66.\n              Pd. J. Barclay for 1. doz. claret 7.D.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 25.D.\n              Inclosd. to McKean atty. for J. Shepherd the ord. on the bank ante Oct. 9. which had not been delivd. to him.\n              Indorsed a note for J. Page for 575 D. payable at the bank of the U. S. at 60. days from date.\n              Gave Mrs. Fullarton order on the bank for 11.89 for things purchased for Maria.\n              Recd. from Clow & co. 200 D. for a bill on James Brown.\n              Deposited in the bank of the U. S. 175.D.\n              Pd. do. for Oellers subscription to assemblies & concerts 16.D. \n              Recd. by do. from bank 75.D.\n              Pd. Mr. Bet a subscription for missionaries 15.D.\n              Gave Jos. Donath ord. on bank for 23.09 for 14449 sq. feet of glass.\n              Pd. Crosby for books 5.8.\n              Gave Maria to buy silk .8.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 60.D.\u2014pd. him in part wages 5.D.\n              Pd. Crosby for books 2.D.\n              Pd. servants wages viz. John 7.\u2003Robert 7.\u2003Joseph 7.\u2003James 7.\u2003Brown 5.\u2003Petit balance of his wages 13.5.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 75.D.\n              Pd. John for 12. bushels oats 4.4.\n              Recd. from Clow & co. for draught on Mr. Brown 200.D.\n              Pass over next page. \n               An Analysis of the receipts & paiments of the three last quarters viz. from Jan. 13. 92. to Oct. 13. 92.\n              other liquors\n              market money\n              debts pd. & acquisitions\n              travellg. expences\n              Contingencies\n              Credt. of rent Lieper\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\n              Recd. from Brown\n              Bank for Treasy.\n              short entries of paimts.\n              Adding these three quarters to the last one of the last year to wit from Oct. 26. to Jan. 13. it stands thus (omitting Debts pd.) and adjusting articles marke thus*\n              Gave Maria for cloke &c. 2.\n              Gave James Springer order on bank for 10.31 for 1500 \u2114 hay.\n              Pd. Crosby for books 8.13.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 70.D.\n              Pd. glazier John Stock 2.6.\n              Pd. Capt. Swail freight of box of servts. clothes to Richmd. .5.\n              Gave Petit order on bank for 49.48 as follows.\n              \u00a3\u2002for Biggs11\u20130\u20131}\u2002for servants clothes at Monticello.for Cope2\u20133\u20136for Whitesides & Collier\u20051\u201311\u201363\u201316\u20130for 12 hdkchfs. for myself18\u201311\u20131=\u2003\u200249.48 \n              Gave Maria to pay for clothes 9.15.\n              Pd. for diamond to cut glass 6.\n              Gave Dr. Barton order on bank for 60.D. in loan. \n              Recd. from bank by Petit 55.D.\n              Pd. Petit\u2005what I borrowed on the 15th. viz.9.06a \u2114 of tea\u2003\u2003\u200227/6\u2002}\u2005\u00a32\u20132\u20136\u2003=\u2003\u2003Making hdkchfs.6/5.67housewashing9/table exp. Dec. 9\u201415 (32)26.76Pd. for dying 10 waistcoats & breeches 5.33.41.49 \n              Pd. Maria for Moller 5.\n              Recd. from Mr. Madison the 10.D. ante June 8.\n              Gave Maria for fringe .25.\n              Gave do. to pay for makg. coat 1.2.\n              Pd. portage of a book .26.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1792}
]